1931 Texas A&M Aggies football team
The 1931 Texas A&M Aggies football team represented Texas A&M during the 1931 college football season.


1931 Texas Longhorns football team
The 1931 Texas Longhorns football team represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 1931 college football season.


1931 Texas Mines Miners football team
The 1931 Texas Mines Miners football team was an American football team that represented Texas School of Mines (now known as the University of Texas at El Paso) as an independent during the 1931 college football season. In its third season under head coach Mack Saxon, the team compiled a 7–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 136 to 84.


1931 Texas Tech Matadors football team
The 1931 Texas Tech Matadors football team represented Texas Tech University as an independent during the 1931 college football season. In their second season under head coach Pete Cawthon, the Matadors compiled a 6–3 record and outscored opponents by a combined total of 150 to 66. The team played its home games at Tech Field.


1931 The Citadel Bulldogs football team
The 1931 The Citadel Bulldogs football team represented The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina in the 1931 college football season. Red Floyd served as head coach for the second season. The Bulldogs played as members of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association and played home games at Johnson Hagood Stadium.


1931 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
The 1931 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship was the 41st staging of the Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Tipperary County Board in 1887.


1931 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
Toomevara won the championship after a 5-04 to 2-00 defeat of Moycarkey-Borris in the final. It was their ninth championship title overall and their second title in succession.


1931 Toronto Argonauts season
The 1931 Toronto Argonauts season was the club's 45th season since its inception in 1873 and its 22nd season in the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union. The team finished tied with the Hamilton Tigers for second place in the IRFU with three wins and three losses and failed to qualify for the playoffs.


1931 Toronto Argonauts season
This was the first IRFU season in which the forward pass was allowed by the rules of the game. The first forward pass completion in Argonauts' history was thrown by halfback Teddy Morris to halfback Bill Darling for a gain of twenty-five yards during the opening game of the season in Hamilton, which the Argos lost 12–7.


1931 Toronto Argonauts season
The Argonauts' top player in 1931 was halfback Frank Turville, winner of the 1930 Jeff Russel Memorial Trophy, around whose punt-catching, ball-carrying and kicking abilities the Argos' offence revolved. This season also saw the debut of Teddy Morris, future star player, Russel-Trophy winner and multiple Grey-Cup winning head coach of the Argonauts.


1931 Toronto Argonauts season, Preseason
In 1931 the Argos, Balmy Beach and the University of Toronto launched a new preseason competition for the "city championship", the winning club to receive the Reg DeGruchy Memorial Trophy. The Argos defeated the University reserves squad in the first round, but lost in the final to the Beach, reigning Grey Cup champions.


1931 Toronto municipal election
Municipal elections were held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, on January 1, 1931. William James Stewart was elected mayor after winning a close contest again former mayor Sam McBride.


1931 Toronto municipal election, Toronto mayor
Incumbent mayor Bert Wemp needed major abdominal surgery did could not run. Running to replace him was former mayor McBride, who had been defeated by Wemp in the 1930 campaign. He was opposed by Alderman Stewart, who won the vote by a slim margin.


1931 Toronto municipal election, Board of Control
Two incumbents were defeated on the Board of Control: Claude Pearce and W.A. Summerville. Former controller Albert Hacker, who had been defeated the previous year regained a seat. The other new seat was won by Alderman J. George Ramsden.


1931 Toronto municipal election, City council
Results taken from the January 2, 1931 Toronto Star and might not exactly match final tallies.


1931 Tour de France
The 1931 Tour de France was the 25th edition of the Tour de France, which took place from 30 June to 26 July. It consisted of 24 stages over 5,091 km (3,163 mi).


1931 Tour de France
The race was won by French cyclist Antonin Magne. The sprinters Charles Pélissier and Rafaele di Paco both won five stages.


1931 Tour de France
The cyclists were separated into national teams and touriste-routiers, who were grouped into regional teams. In some stages (2, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 12), the national teams started 10 minutes before the touriste-routiers.


1931 Tour de France
One of these touriste-routiers was Max Bulla. In the second stage, when the touriste-routiers started 10 minutes later than the national teams, Bulla overtook the national teams, won the stage and took the lead, the only time in history that a touriste-routier was leading the Tour de France.


1931 Tour de France, Innovations and changes
In 1931, the touriste-routiers started 10 minutes later than the national teams in some stages (2, 3, 4, 6, and 12). The number of rest days in the Tour de France was reduced to three.


1931 Tour de France, Innovations and changes
The time bonus for the winner, which had been used before in the 1924 Tour de France, was reintroduced.


1931 Tour de France, Teams
For the second year, the race was run in the national team format, with six different teams. Belgium, Italy, Germany and France each sent a team with eight cyclists. Australia and Switzerland sent a combined team, each with four cyclists. The last team was the Spanish team, with only one cyclist. In addition, 40 cyclists joined as touriste-routiers.


1931 Tour de France, Teams
The French team was favourite, because they had dominated the 1930 Tour. The most competition was expected from the Belgian team, followed by the Italian team.


1931 Tour de France, Race overview
In the early flat stages, the sprinters dominated. In the second stage, Austrian Max Bulla won the stage. He was a touriste-routier, and had started ten minutes later than the A-class cyclists. He became the first, and only, touriste-routier to lead the Tour de France, and as of 2011 is the only Austrian to have led the race. Max Bulla was the only Austrian cyclist to win a stage in the Tour de France until 2005, when Georg Totschnig won the 14th stage.


1931 Tour de France, Race overview
After the fifth stage, Charles Pélissier and Rafaele di Paco shared the lead, thanks to the time bonus. After the seventh stage, the race was still completely open: the first 30 cyclists in the general classification were within 10 minutes of each other.


1931 Tour de France, Race overview
The defending champion, André Leducq, was not in good shape. His teammate Antonin Magne took over the leading role in the French team. In the first mountain stage, Belgian Jef Demuysere was away, with Antonin Magne trying to get him back. After a while, Jef Demuysere flatted, and at that moment Magne passed him. Magne had not seen Demuysere, and still thought he was chasing him. He kept racing as fast as he could, and finished four minutes ahead of Antonio Pesenti. In the next stage, a large group finished together, and Magne was still leading the race with Pesenti as his closest competitor.


1931 Tour de France, Race overview
In the fourteenth stage, Pesenti was away with two teammates. The French team tried to get them back, but didn't succeed. In the end, Magne chased them by himself, but he could not get back to the Italians. His lead decreased to five minutes. In the fifteenth stage, the Italians tried it again, but they were reeled back in by Charles Pélissier. Then Jef Demuysere got away, and won the stage with a margin of two minutes on Magne.


1931 Tour de France, Race overview
Before the penultimate stage, Magne was still leading the race, closely followed by Pesenti. Magne was not sure if he would win the race, because that stage would be over cobbles, on which the Belgian cyclists were considered experts. The night before the stage, Magne could not sleep, and his roommate Leducq suggested that he could read some fan mail. Magne considered reading fan mail before the race was over as giving bad luck, but one oversized letter made him curious.


1931 Tour de France, Race overview
Magne opened it, and read a letter from a fan who claimed that Belgian cyclist Gaston Rebry (who had won the 1931 Paris–Roubaix race over the same cobbles) had written to his mother that he was planning to attack on the penultimate stage, together with Jef Demuysere. Leducq thought the letter was a joke, but Magne did not take the risk and told his teammates to stay close to Rebry and Demuysere. After 60 km, Rebry and Demuysere took off, and Magne followed them. The Belgians took turns to attack Magne, but they could not get away from him. They finished more than seventeen minutes ahead of Pesenti, which secured the victory for Magne and had Demuysere overtake Pesenti for the second place.


1931 Tour de France, Results
In stages 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 12, the national teams started 10 minutes before the touriste-routiers; in all other stages all cyclists started together. The cyclist to reach the finish in the least time was the winner of the stage. The time that each cyclist required to finish the stage was recorded. For the general classification, these times were added together. If a cyclist had received a time bonus, it was subtracted from this total; all time penalties were added to this total. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey.


1931 Tour de France, Results
The team classification was calculated by adding up the times in the general classification of the three highest ranking cyclists per team; the team with the least time was the winner.


1931 Tour de France, Results, Stage winners
Five stages were won by touriste-routiers: Stages 2, 4, 7, 12 and 17, the highest number of stages ever won by touriste-routiers.


1931 Tour de France, Results, Other classifications
The organing newspaper, l'Auto named a meilleur grimpeur (best climber), an unofficial precursor to the modern King of the Mountains competition. This award was won by Jef Demuysere.


1931 Tour de France, Aftermath
After the Tour de France was over, the winner Antonin Magne was so tired that he had to rest for several weeks.


1931 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12
The 1931 Tour de France was the 25th edition of the Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Tour began in Paris with a flat stage on 30 June, and Stage 12 occurred on 13 July with a flat stage to Marseille. The race finished in Paris on 26 July.


1931 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12, Stage 1
30 June 1931 - Paris to Caen, 208 km (129 mi)


1931 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12, Stage 2
1 July 1931 - Caen to Dinan, 212 km (132 mi)


1931 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12, Stage 3
2 July 1931 - Dinan to Brest, 206 km (128 mi)


1931 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12, Stage 4
3 July 1931 - Brest to Vannes, 211 km (131 mi)


1931 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12, Stage 5
4 July 1931 - Vannes to Les Sables d'Olonne, 202 km (126 mi)


1931 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12, Stage 6
5 July 1931 - Les Sables d'Olonne to Bordeaux, 338 km (210 mi)


1931 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12, Stage 7
6 July 1931 - Bordeaux to Bayonne, 180 km (110 mi)


1931 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12, Stage 8
7 July 1931 - Bayonne to Pau, 106 km (66 mi)


1931 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12, Stage 9
8 July 1931 - Pau to Luchon, 231 km (144 mi)


1931 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12, Stage 10
10 July 1931 - Luchon to Perpignan, 322 km (200 mi)


1931 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12, Stage 11
12 July 1931 - Perpignan to Montpellier, 164 km (102 mi)


1931 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12, Stage 12
13 July 1931 - Montpellier to Marseille, 207 km (129 mi)


1931 Tour de France, Stage 13 to Stage 24
The 1931 Tour de France was the 25th edition of the Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Tour began in Paris with a flat stage on 30 June, and Stage 13 occurred on 13 July with a flat stage from Marseille. The race finished in Paris on 26 July.


1931 Tour de France, Stage 13 to Stage 24, Stage 13
14 July 1931 - Marseille to Cannes, 181 km (112 mi)


1931 Tour de France, Stage 13 to Stage 24, Stage 14
15 July 1931 - Cannes to Nice, 132 km (82 mi)


1931 Tour de France, Stage 13 to Stage 24, Stage 15
17 July 1931 - Nice to Gap, 233 km (145 mi)


1931 Tour de France, Stage 13 to Stage 24, Stage 16
18 July 1931 - Gap to Grenoble, 102 km (63 mi)


1931 Tour de France, Stage 13 to Stage 24, Stage 17
19 July 1931 - Grenoble to Aix-les-Bains, 230 km (140 mi)


1931 Tour de France, Stage 13 to Stage 24, Stage 18
20 July 1931 - Aix-les-Bains to Evian, 204 km (127 mi)


1931 Tour de France, Stage 13 to Stage 24, Stage 19
21 July 1931 - Evian to Belfort, 282 km (175 mi)


1931 Tour de France, Stage 13 to Stage 24, Stage 20
22 July 1931 - Belfort to Colmar, 209 km (130 mi)


1931 Tour de France, Stage 13 to Stage 24, Stage 21
23 July 1931 - Colmar to Metz, 192 km (119 mi)


1931 Tour de France, Stage 13 to Stage 24, Stage 22
24 July 1931 - Metz to Charleville, 159 km (99 mi)


1931 Tour de France, Stage 13 to Stage 24, Stage 23
25 July 1931 - Charleville to Malo-les-Bains, 271 km (168 mi)


1931 Tour de France, Stage 13 to Stage 24, Stage 24
26 July 1931 - Malo-les-Bains to Paris, 313 km (194 mi)


1931 Tour de Hongrie
The 1931 Tour de Hongrie was the sixth edition of the Tour de Hongrie cycle race and was held from 4 to 8 September 1931. The race started and finished in Budapest. The race was won by István Liszkay.


1931 Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F-10 crash
On March 31, 1931, a Fokker F-10 belonging to  Transcontinental and Western Air crashed near Bazaar, Kansas after taking off from Kansas City Municipal Airport, Kansas City, Missouri.


1931 Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F-10 crash
The scheduled flight was from Kansas City to Los Angeles, with a stopover in Wichita. On this first leg, the wooden structure of one wing failed, causing the plane to crash, killing all eight people on board, including Notre Dame football coach Knute Rockne.


1931 Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F-10 crash
The investigation found that the wooden wing became moist over time, causing the glue connecting the wing to the body to weaken, allowing the wing to separate. The crash brought about significant changes in airplane safety, the airplane industry, and was of cultural significance, due to the death of Rockne and the public perception of the safety of aircraft.


1931 Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F-10 crash, The crash
The Transcontinental and Western Air flight was a Fokker F.10 Trimotor en route from Kansas City to Los Angeles on March 31, 1931. On the first leg of the flight to Wichita, the airplane crashed into an open field a few miles southwest of Bazaar; all eight on board died, including famed football coach Knute Rockne, of the University of Notre Dame.


1931 Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F-10 crash, The crash
Questions have been raised about the exact sequence of events in the crash, and eyewitness accounts raise further questions about the exact sequence of events and the associated technical analysis.


1931 Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F-10 crash, The crash
Numerous factors complicated the subsequent investigation, resulting in difficulty establishing, with certainty, the cause of the crash. The investigation was initially undermined by a severe shortage of evidence: When government investigators first arrived at the crash site, they found that most of the wreckage had been taken by souvenir hunters and scavengers, leaving only engines, wings and propeller.


1931 Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F-10 crash, The crash
Among the issues speculated is that the craft may have been dealing with turbulence, or icing on the aircraft, or both—which could have resulted in flying conditions that may have led to control difficulty, and an overstressing of the wing. (As evidence, some cite the co-pilot's radio call to Wichita, an hour into the flight, saying, "The weather here is getting tough. We're going to turn around and go back to Kansas City.") Later theories conclude that the pilots thought their difficulty controlling the plane was due to clear-air turbulence, and the transmission was sent before they were aware of the wing's deficiency, if indeed they ever knew before the wing failed.


1931 Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F-10 crash, The crash
It is often claimed that the flight went down in or shortly after a thunderstorm, but meteorological records show that there was no significant convective activity at the time.


1931 Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F-10 crash, The crash
The late morning accident was arguably caused by the composition of the aircraft. The wings of Fokker Trimotors were manufactured out of wood laminate; in this instance, moisture had leaked into the interior of one wing over a period and had weakened the glue bonding the structure. One spar finally failed; the wing developed uncontrolled flutter and separated from the aircraft. In any case, the structural condition of the wooden wing is widely agreed to have been at least a significant contributory factor.


1931 Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F-10 crash, Public impact and aviation legacy
Although the accident is best known for causing the death of Rockne, it also led to major changes in American aviation that radically transformed airline safety worldwide. Other comparable crashes had occurred before, but this one, which killed a popular national hero, brought a national outcry for getting "answers to the mystery" as the public demanded solutions that might prevent such disasters in the future.


1931 Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F-10 crash, Public impact and aviation legacy, Rockne mourned and questions raised
The most notable person aboard was Knute Rockne, head football coach at the University of Notre Dame and a national hero. Revered as more than simply the football coach with the most wins to his credit of all time, Rockne—famed for coaching his players towards both victory and morality—was a beloved figure at the start of the Great Depression. Despite his Norwegian immigrant origins, he was regarded as the "All-American" icon of virtuous strength and honorable success.


1931 Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F-10 crash, Public impact and aviation legacy, Rockne mourned and questions raised
Rockne, 43, was on his way to Los Angeles to participate in the production of the Hollywood motion picture The Spirit of Notre Dame (released October 13, 1931). A father of four, Rockne had stopped over in Kansas City to visit his two eldest children, sons Bill and Knute, Jr., in boarding school there at Pembroke Hill.


1931 Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F-10 crash, Public impact and aviation legacy, Rockne mourned and questions raised
The sudden, dramatic death of Rockne startled the nation, and triggered a national outpouring of grief, comparable to the deaths of presidents. President Herbert Hoover called Rockne's death "a national loss." King Haakon VII of Norway (Rockne's birthplace) posthumously knighted him and sent a personal envoy to the massive funeral, held at the Basilica of the Sacred Heart on the Notre Dame campus. Thousands from around the world gathered at the funeral, which was broadcast around the globe.


1931 Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F-10 crash, Public impact and aviation legacy, Rockne mourned and questions raised
Driven by the public feeling for Rockne, the crash story played out at length in nearly all of the nation's newspapers and gradually evolved into national demand for a public inquiry into the causes and circumstances of the crash.


1931 Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F-10 crash, Public impact and aviation legacy, Airline regulation and operations
At first, the accident brought changes to the operations of both TWA and the Aeronautics Branch of the US Department of Commerce, forerunner of the American Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).


1931 Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F-10 crash, Public impact and aviation legacy, Airline regulation and operations
All Fokker Trimotors in U.S. airline service were temporarily grounded, and they were henceforth required to undergo more frequent and rigorous inspections and maintenance. The expense of this, compounded with the bad publicity associated with Rockne's death, almost sank TWA, while aircraft manufacturer Fokker suffered a serious blow to its reputation and sales.


1931 Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F-10 crash, Public impact and aviation legacy, Airline regulation and operations
The intense public interest in the cause of the accident forced the Department of Commerce to abandon its policy of keeping the results of aircraft accident investigations secret.


1931 Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F-10 crash, Public impact and aviation legacy, Airline regulation and operations
Many references claim that the accident was also the impetus for the formation of the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB), an independent investigative organization and the predecessor of the National Transportation Safety Board, but the CAB was not formed until 1940, five years after an accident involving US Senator Bronson M. Cutting underlined the department's conflicts of interest with respect to their associations with airlines and their provision and maintenance of navigational aids.


1931 Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F-10 crash, Public impact and aviation legacy, Airline regulation and operations
Nevertheless, the Rockne crash created a public expectation for the U.S. government to provide objective reviews of crashes and public release of the findings, beginning the tradition of public air crash investigation reports, which began to pinpoint and publicize blame for accidents, forcing safety improvements by both government and industry.


1931 Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F-10 crash, Public impact and aviation legacy, Aircraft design and technology
The disaster discredited wood-framed aircraft, and it effectively forced airlines to adopt all-metal aircraft. The result was a leap forward in aircraft design quality and safety, as manufacturers developed advanced all-metal designs under pressure from the airlines. Various aircraft safety innovations were proposed and promoted, largely in response to the crash. Overall, the success and/or development of three key aircraft in aviation history were driven largely by the Rockne crash:


1931 Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F-10 crash, Public impact and aviation legacy, Airline safety revolution
With these superior, safer aircraft matched to greatly increased and more public government inspection and regulation of aviation, crash rates plummeted to a tiny fraction of those of the wooden airliner years.


1931 Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F-10 crash, Public impact and aviation legacy, Airline safety revolution
Today, the legacy of the crash is simply that the most dangerous way to travel in 1931—airlines—radically transformed into what has now become the safest way to travel.


1931 Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F-10 crash, Memorials and commemorations
The Knute Rockne Memorial at the crash site near Bazaar, Kansas, memorializes Rockne and the 7 others who died with him. The tall, engraved-granite marker, a memorial dedicated to the victims and topped with the name "Rockne", stands surrounded by a wire fence with wooden posts; it was maintained for many years by James Easter Heathman, who died in 2008, who, at age 13 in 1931, was one of the first people to arrive at the site of the crash.


1931 Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F-10 crash, Memorials and commemorations
Now part of the Heathman family estate, the memorial and crash site are on private property, off-road, and accessible only by arrangement with the landowners, or during memorial commemorations. A memorial ceremony is held at the crash site memorial (and at a nearby schoolhouse) every five years since the crash, drawing relatives of the victims, and Rockne / Notre Dame fans, from around the world. In 2011, on the 80th anniversary of the crash, over 150 people gathered, including former Football Hall of Fame director Bernie Kish. Speeches were made, a bagpipe played, and a small plane flew over the crowd at the crash site, on the exact minute of the crash.


1931 Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F-10 crash, Memorials and commemorations
The Matfield Green rest stop and travel plaza on the Kansas Turnpike near Bazaar and the crash site used to have a large, glassed-in exhibit on the west side of its center foyer commemorating Rockne (chiefly), as well as the other crash victims, and the crash.


1931 Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F-10 crash, Memorials and commemorations
The passengers and crew of the flight were K. Rockne, H. J. Christansen (Chicago), J. H. Hooper (Chicago), W. B. Miller (Hartford, Conn.), F. Goldthwaite (New York), C. A. Lobrech (Chicago), Pilot Robert Fry, and Co-Pilot Jess Mathias.


1931 Transjordanian general election
Early general elections were held in Transjordan on 10 June 1931, following the dissolution of the Legislative Council elected in 1929 after it failed to pass the budget annex.


1931 Transjordanian general election, Electoral system
The 1928 basic law provided for a unicameral Legislative Council. The 16 elected members were joined by the six-member cabinet, which included the Prime Minister. The term length was set at three years.


1931 Transjordanian general election, Aftermath
Abdallah Sarraj formed a new government, which also included Tawfik Abu al-Huda, Odeh al-Qsous, Omar Hekmat, Shokri Sha'sha'ah and Adeeb al-Kayed. On 18 October 1933 a new government was formed by Ibrahim Hashem, which included Odeh Al-Qsous, Sa`id al-Mufti, Shokri Sha'sha'ah, Hashem Khiar and Qasem Al-Hendawi. The Council became the first to serve a full term, and lasted until 10 June 1934.


1931 Tulane Green Wave football team
The 1931 Tulane Green Wave football team represented Tulane University during the 1931 Southern Conference football season. The team posted an undefeated regular season, but lost in the Rose Bowl to national champion USC. It is one of the best teams in school history.


1931 Tulane Green Wave football team, Game summaries, Ole Miss
Tulane opened the season with a 31–0 victory over Ole Miss. The starting lineup was DeColigny (left end), Cunningham (left tackle), Calhoun (left guard), Lodrigues (center), Scafide (right guard), Upton (right tackle), Dalrymple (right end), Dawson (quarterback), Glover (left halfback), Zimmerman (right halfback), Felts (fullback).


1931 Tulane Green Wave football team, Game summaries, Texas A&M
In the second week of play, Tulane defeated Texas A&M 7–0. The starting lineup was DeColigny (left end), Cunningham (left tackle), Calhoun (left guard), Lodrigues (center), Scafide (right guard), Upton (right tackle), Dalrymple (right end), Dawson (quarterback), Glover (left halfback), Zimmerman (right halfback), Felts (fullback).


1931 Tulane Green Wave football team, Game summaries, Spring Hill
The Spring Hill College Badgers lost to Tulane 40–0  .


1931 Tulane Green Wave football team, Game summaries, Mississippi A&M
Mississippi A&M was beaten 59–7. The starting lineup was Haynes (left end), Bankston (left tackle), Scafide (left guard), Lodrigues (center), Calhoun (right guard), Upton (right tackle), Dalrymple (right end), Richardson (quarterback), Roberts (left halfback), Hodgins (right halfback), Lemmon (fullback).


1931 Tulane Green Wave football team, Game summaries, Auburn
Don Zimmerman eclipsed 100 yards rushing in the 27–0 defeat of Auburn. Felts scored three touchdowns.


1931 Tulane Green Wave football team, Game summaries, Georgia
Tulane defeated the Georgia Bulldogs 20–7. Tulane scored first on a 33-yard pass from Zimmerman to Vernon Haynes. Nollie Felts plunged in from the 1-yard line for the next touchdown. A pass from Georgia's Homey Key to Buster Mott netted 60 yards and a touchdown. After a botched punt, a double pass play led to Payne sprinting around left end for Tulane's final score.


1931 Tulane Green Wave football team, Game summaries, LSU
Tulane defeated rival LSU 34–7. The starting lineup was Haynes (left end), DeColigny (left tackle), Scafide (left guard), Lodrigues (center), McCormick (right guard), Upton (right tackle), Dalrymple (right end), Dawson (quarterback), Zimmerman (left halfback), Glover (right halfback), Felts (fullback).


1931 Tulane Green Wave football team, Game summaries, Washington State
Tulane had an intersectional victory to close the regular season, over Washington State 28–14 .


1931 Tulane Green Wave football team, Postseason, Rose Bowl
Tulane lost in the Rose Bowl to Southern California by a 21–12 score. The Trojans had six All-Americans in their lineup: tackle Ernie Smith, guards Johnny Baker and Aaron "Rosy" Rosenberg, halfback Erny Pinckert and quarterbacks Orville Mohler and Gaius Shaver.


1931 Tulane Green Wave football team, Postseason, Rose Bowl
Down 21 to 0 in the third quarter, Zimmerman led a running attack which ended with a 6-yard pass to Haynes for the score. Tulane's other score was a run by "Wop" Glover set up by 11 and 15 yard passes from Zimmerman to Jerry Dalrymple. Tulane still managed a Rose Bowl record for yardage gained.


1931 Tulane Green Wave football team, Postseason, Awards and honors
One article which attempts to retroactively name Heisman Trophy winners before 1936 named Dalrymple as the recipient for 1931. He was the season's only unanimous All-American; and is still the only unanimous All-American in school history.


1931 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team
The 1931 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team represented the University of Tulsa during the 1931 college football season. In their seventh year under head coach Gus Henderson, the Golden Hurricane compiled an 8–3 record and outscored 256 to 55.


1931 Turkish general election
General elections were held in Turkey in 1931. The Republican People's Party was the only party in the country at the time, as the Liberal Republican Party that had been set up the previous year had already been dissolved. Voter turnout was reported to be 88%.


1931 Turkish general election, Background
Candidates were nominated by the Council of the Presidency of the CHP. Unlike in previous elections, candidates were sought from across the country and a total of 1,176 nominations for the 287 candidates.


1931 Turkish general election, Electoral system
The elections were held under the Ottoman electoral law passed in 1908, which provided for a two-stage process. In the first stage, voters elected secondary electors (one for the first 750 voters in a constituency, then one for every additional 500 voters). In the second stage the secondary electors elected the members of the Turkish Grand National Assembly.


1931 Turkish general election, Electoral system
Although the country was a one-party state at the time, thirty seats were set aside for independents. Independent candidates were required to be "republican, nationalist and sincere."


1931 U.S. National Championships (tennis)
The 1931 U.S. National Championships (now known as the US Open) was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor grass courts at the West Side Tennis Club, Forest Hills in New York City, United States. The tournament ran from 3 September until 10 September. It was the 51st staging of the U.S. National Championships and the fourth Grand Slam tennis event of the year.


1931 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Champions, Men's doubles
Wilmer Allison /  John Van Ryn defeated  Gregory Mangin /  Berkeley Bell 6–4, 8–6, 6–3


1931 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Champions, Women's doubles
Betty Nuthall /  Eileen Bennett Whittingstall defeated  Helen Jacobs /  Dorothy Round 6–2, 6–4


1931 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Champions, Mixed doubles
Betty Nuthall /  George Lott defeated  Anna McCune Harper /  Wilmer Allison 6–3, 6–3


1931 U.S. National Championships – Men's Doubles
The Men's Doubles tennis competition, part of the 1931 U.S. National Championships, was held from August 25 to September 2, 1931 on the outdoor grass courts at the Longwood Cricket Club in Chestnut Hill, MA, United States. Third-seeded Wilmer Allison and John Van Ryn defeated fourth-seeded Gregory Mangin and Berkeley Bell 6–4, 8–6, 6–3 in the final to win the title.


1931 U.S. National Championships – Men's Doubles, Seeds
Nine teams of players were seeded for the men's doubles event; eight U.S. teams and one foreign team. Wilmer Allison and John Van Ryn were the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.


1931 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles
First-seeded Ellsworth Vines defeated fourth-seeded George Lott 7–9, 6–3, 9–7, 7–5 in the final to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1931 U.S. National Championships.


1931 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles, Seeds
The tournament used two lists of eight players for seeding the men's singles event; one for U.S. players and one for foreign players. Fred Perry is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.


1931 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles
First-seeded Helen Wills Moody defeated Eileen Bennett Whittingstall 6–4, 6–1 in the final to win the Women's Singles tennis title at the 1931 U.S. National Championships.


1931 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles, Seeds
The tournament used two lists of eight players for seeding the women's singles event; one for U.S. players and one for foreign players. Helen Wills Moody is the champion; others show in brackets the round in which they were eliminated.


1931 U.S. Open (golf)
The 1931 U.S. Open was the 35th U.S. Open, held July 2–6 at Inverness Club in Toledo, Ohio. Billy Burke won his only major title, defeating George Von Elm in a marathon 72-hole playoff, the longest in tournament history.


1931 U.S. Open (golf)
Von Elm, the 1926 U.S. Amateur champion, held the 54-hole lead at 217 after rounds of 75-69-73. Burke, playing just ahead of Von Elm in the final round, carded a 73 and a 292 total. Von Elm bogeyed 12, 14, 15, and 16, and needed a birdie at 18 to force a 36-hole playoff on Sunday.


1931 U.S. Open (golf)
In the playoff, Von Elm and Burke were still tied after 36 holes, with Von Elm making a birdie on the 36th to extend it. In the era prior to sudden-death, 36-hole playoffs were required to break ties, so another was held the following day.


1931 U.S. Open (golf)
In the morning round, Von Elm shot a 76 and led by a stroke, but Burke took the lead late in the afternoon round at the 32nd and extended it to two strokes at the 34th. A bogey on the final hole narrowed Burke's victory margin to one stroke, 148 to Von Elm's 149. Burke reportedly smoked 32 cigars during the tournament, and quipped afterwards: "George Von Elm lost 15 pounds (7 kg). I gained three."


1931 U.S. Open (golf)
Following this tournament, the USGA reduced the length of all future playoffs to 18 holes, which remained the format until 2018. A second playoff round was played in 1939 and 1946. Sudden-death after 18 holes was added in the 1950s, but was not needed until 1990, and was used again 1994 and 2008.


1931 U.S. Open (golf)
Leo Diegel made a hole-in-one during the second round, only the third in U.S. Open history and first since 1922. He missed the playoff by two strokes and finished in third place. Low-amateur went to Philip Perkins, who finished in a tie for seventh. Three-time British Open champion Henry Cotton played the first of two U.S. Open appearances this year, missing the cut. Defending champion Bobby Jones retired from competition in 1930 and did not compete.


1931 U.S. Open (golf)
This was the second U.S. Open at Inverness, which hosted eleven years earlier in 1920. It later hosted in 1957 and 1979, and the PGA Championship in 1986 and 1993.


1931 UCI Road World Championships
The 1931 UCI Road World Championships took place in Copenhagen, Denmark. Unusually, the race was not run as a traditional road race, but rather as an individual time-trial.


1931 UCI Road World Championships – Men's road race
The men's road race at the 1931 UCI Road World Championships was the fifth edition of the event. The race was held as an individual time trial rather than a mass start. The race took place on Wednesday 26 August 1931 in Copenhagen, Denmark. The race was won by Learco Guerra of Italy.


1931 UCI Track Cycling World Championships
The 1931 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were the World Championship for track cycling. They took place in Copenhagen, Denmark from 21 to 30 August 1931. Three events for men were contested, two for professionals and one for amateurs.


1931 UCLA Bruins football team
The 1931 UCLA Bruins football team was an American football team that represented the University of California, Los Angeles during the 1931 college football season. In their seventh year under head coach William H. Spaulding, the Bruins compiled a 3–4–1 record (0–3 conference) and finished in ninth place in the Pacific Coast Conference.


1931 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year
The 1931 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year was the sixth year of greyhound racing in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The total annual attendance across the country for 1931 increased to 17,906,917 from 17,119,120 (in 1930), a fifth consecutive annual increase.


1931 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Summary
Mick the Miller was a now household name in the United Kingdom following his achievement in winning a second English Greyhound Derby. A third Derby win was the primary target for the year but before the event started he successfully defended his Wembley Spring Cup title during March. He won heat and semi final before claiming the final on 23 March in a track record time of 30.04. After three more races he then participated in the 1931 English Greyhound Derby. The exploits of Mick the Miller was propelling many other greyhounds to national fame at the time.


1931 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Summary
He retired on a high with an undefeated run to St Leger glory. The final opposition had included Virile Lad, the brilliant bitch Bradshaw Fold and the Derby champion Seldom Led. He was retired to stud with Jack Masters in Norfolk and later starred in a film called Wild Boy produced by Gainsborough Pictures, along with stars of the day, Sonnie Hale, Bud Flanagan and Chesney Allen.


1931 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Tracks
At least 17 new tracks opened during 1931, including a new stadium on the Park Royal site in London. The Associated Greyhound Company that owned the tracks of Towneley and Darnall and the lease at Craven Park went bankrupt. Towneley was then bought by Captain Ramsbottom.


1931 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Tracks
The Duchy of Cornwall proposed allowing greyhound racing to take place at The Oval, to generate income for the Kennington area, the proposal failed following protests from neighbours and Christian groups.


1931 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Ireland
Following a meeting by the Irish Coursing Club on 4 August, the idea of a major racing calendar schedule was discussed and circulated to the Irish tracks. The Kilkenny dog Little Chummie completed a significant double by winning the National Cup at Shelbourne Park and the unofficial 1931 Irish Greyhound Derby at Harold's Cross Stadium.


1931 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Competitions
A greyhound called Future Cutlet arrived on the scene, sired by Mutton Cutlet he had come over from Ireland after being purchased for £600 by W.A. Evershed to race at Wembley Stadium. He was trained by Sidney Probert and was then entered for the 1931 Cesarewitch at West Ham Stadium. He set a new national record for the 600 yards in the heats before winning the event. Mick the Miller finished runner-up.


1931 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Competitions
Altamatzin won the Welsh Greyhound Derby before defeating Mick the Miller in a match race on 15 August, at the Welsh White City. Future Cutlet secured a second major trophy by virtue of winning the Laurels at Wimbledon. Another greyhound that had appeared during the year was a brindle dog called Wild Woolley, the April 1930 whelp, came to prominence when winning the Trafalgar Puppy Cup.


1931 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Competitions
Bradshaw Fold confirmed her status as the leading bitch by reaching a third consecutive Oaks final but a third place finish meant that she would retire with only a Coronation Stakes to her name.


1931 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, News
The Greyhound Racing Association's (GRA) Hook Estate and Kennels at Northaw opened.


1931 USC Trojans football team
The 1931 USC Trojans football team represented the University of Southern California (USC) in the 1931 college football season. After a season-opening loss to the Saint Mary's Gaels, USC beat the Tulane Green Wave in the 1932 Rose Bowl and won the national championship after shutting out six of its opponents.


1931 USSR Chess Championship
The 1931 USSR Chess Championship was the 7th edition of USSR Chess Championship. Held from 10 October to 11 November in Moscow. The tournament was won by the future world champion Mikhail Botvinnik. The competition had the largest number of players up to that edition and had an extensive set of preliminary qualifiers in which about 500 players took part.


1931 United Kingdom census
The United Kingdom Census 1931 was a census of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland that was carried out on 26 April 1931. A census in Northern Ireland had been taken in April 1926, so no census was taken there in 1931. The questions asked were similar to those in 1921, with the addition of a question about everyone's usual place of residence, as opposed to where they actually were on that night.


1931 United Kingdom census, Geographical scope
The census for England and Wales, the Channel Islands, and the Isle of Man was stored in London. The census returns for Scotland were stored separately in Edinburgh.


1931 United Kingdom census, Destruction of 1931 census for England and Wales
The census for England and Wales was destroyed by fire in December 1942, during the Second World War, while in store at the Office of Works in Hayes, Middlesex, in an event that was not attributed to enemy action. The 1931 census for Scotland was not affected by this fire.


1931 United Kingdom census, Destruction of 1931 census for England and Wales
There was no census taken in 1941 due to the Second World War; however, the register taken as a result of the National Registration Act 1939, which was released into the public domain on a subscription basis in 2015 with some redactions, captures many of the same details as the census and has assumed greater significance following the destruction of the 1931 census.


1931 United Kingdom general election
The 1931 United Kingdom general election was held on Tuesday 27 October 1931 and saw a landslide election victory for the National Government which had been formed two months previously after the collapse of the second Labour government. Collectively, the parties forming the National Government won 67% of the votes and 554 seats out of 615. The bulk of the National Government's support came from the Conservative Party, and the Conservatives won 470 seats. The Labour Party suffered its greatest defeat, losing four out of every five seats compared with the previous election.


1931 United Kingdom general election
The Liberal Party, split into three factions, continued to shrink and the Liberal National faction never reunited. Ivor Bulmer-Thomas said the results "were the most astonishing in the history of the British party system". It is the most recent election in which one party (the Conservatives) received an absolute majority of the votes cast (despite over 97% of the votes being cast for either a party or alliance led by a leader or recent ex-leader of the Labour Party), and the last UK general election not to take place on a Thursday. It would be the last election until 1997 in which a party won over 400 seats in the House of Commons.


1931 United Kingdom general election, Background
After battling with the Great Depression for two years, the Labour government of Ramsay MacDonald had faced with a budget crisis in August 1931. The cabinet deadlocked over its response, with several influential members, such as Arthur Henderson, unwilling to support the budget cuts (in particular a cut in the rate of unemployment benefit) which were pressed by the civil service and opposition parties. Then, Chancellor of the Exchequer Philip Snowden refused to consider deficit spending or tariffs as alternative solutions.


1931 United Kingdom general election, Background
When the government resigned, MacDonald was encouraged by King George V to form an all-party National Government to deal with the immediate crisis.


1931 United Kingdom general election, Background
The initial hope that the government would hold office for a few weeks, and then dissolve to return to ordinary party politics, were frustrated when the government was forced to remove the pound sterling from the gold standard; meanwhile the Labour Party expelled all those who were supporting the government.


1931 United Kingdom general election, Background
The Conservatives began pressing for the National Government to fight an election as a combined unit, and MacDonald's supporters from the Labour Party formed a National Labour Organisation to support him; MacDonald came to endorse an early election to take advantage of Labour's unpopularity. However the Liberals were sceptical about an election and had to be persuaded. Former Liberal leader David Lloyd George firmly opposed the decision to call an election and urged his colleagues to withdraw from the National Government.


1931 United Kingdom general election, Background
A main issue was the Conservatives' wish to introduce protectionist trade policies. This issue not only divided the government from the opposition but also divided the parties in the National Government: the majority of Liberals, led by Sir Herbert Samuel, were opposed and supported free trade, but on the eve of the election a faction known as Liberal Nationals under the leadership of Sir John Simon was formed who were willing to support protectionist trade policies.


1931 United Kingdom general election, Background
In order to preserve the Liberals within the National Government, the government itself did not endorse a policy but appealed for a "Doctor's Mandate" to do whatever was necessary to rescue the economy. Individual Conservative candidates supported protective tariffs.


1931 United Kingdom general election, Background
Labour campaigned on opposition to public spending cuts, but found it difficult to defend the record of the party's former government and the fact that most of the cuts had been agreed before it fell.


1931 United Kingdom general election, Background
Historian Andrew Thorpe argues that Labour lost credibility by 1931 as unemployment soared, especially in coal, textiles, shipbuilding and steel. The working class increasingly lost confidence in the ability of Labour to solve the most pressing problem.


1931 United Kingdom general election, Background
The 2.5 million Irish Catholics in England and Scotland were a major component in the Labour base in many industrial areas. The Catholic Church had previously tolerated the Labour Party, and denied that it represented true socialism. However, the bishops by 1930 had grown increasingly alarmed at Labour's policies towards Communist Russia, towards birth control and especially towards funding Catholic schools. They warned its members. The Catholic shift against Labour and in favour of the National Government played a major role in Labour's losses.


1931 United Kingdom general election, Outcome
The mainstream Labour vote fell sharply; the 20 seats contested by National Labour however saw 13 wins. The National Government promised came about. This was as to 470 of its 518 seats through Tories, 518 being a landslide or super-majority for safety, denoting no high taxation, large deficits, superinflation nor great currency devaluation but also for a government of national unity, all talents and spreading of state investments and relief measures nationwide to tackle the poverty and downturn of the Great Depression.


1931 United Kingdom general election, Outcome
Most Government MPs were under the leadership of Stanley Baldwin but MacDonald (Nat. Lab.) remained Prime Minister in the new National Government.


1931 United Kingdom general election, Outcome
The main group of Liberals lacked the funds to contest all viable seats yet won almost as many as the Labour Party. More MPs (72) were elected under a Liberal ticket (ballot description) of some type than the tally of Labour and National Labour MPs (65), but the three-way split in their party meant that the main Labour group would be the second-largest in the Commons.


1931 United Kingdom general election, Transfers of seats
This differs from the above list in including seats where the incumbent was standing down and therefore there was no possibility of any one person being defeated. The aim is to provide a comparison with the previous election. In addition, it provides information about which party gained the seat.


1931 United Kingdom general election, Results by constituency
These are available at the PoliticsResources website, a link to which is given below.


1931 United Kingdom general election in Northern Ireland
The 1931 United Kingdom general election in Northern Ireland was held on 27 October as part of the wider general election. There were ten constituencies, seven single-seat constituencies with MPs elected by FPTP and three two-seat constituencies with MPs elected by bloc voting.


1931 United Kingdom general election in Northern Ireland, Results
This election saw no change in the distribution of seats from Northern Ireland.


1931 United Kingdom general election in Northern Ireland, Results
In the election as a whole, a National Government which had been formed before the election was returned with Ramsay MacDonald of National Labour as Prime Minister. Also in the government were the Conservative Party, which included the Ulster Unionists, and the Liberal Party.


1931 United Kingdom general election in Scotland
The 1931 United Kingdom general election in Scotland was held on 27 October 1931. Of the 74 seats representing Scotland, 71 seats represented burgh and county constituencies contested under the First past the post electoral system, and 3 represented the Combined Scottish Universities multi-member University constituency.


1931 United Kingdom general election in Scotland
The election saw massive gains for the Unionists across the country, with the party winning nearly 70% of all Scottish seats. The parties forming the National Government together won 64% of the vote, and 86% of the seats. In contrast the Labour party, which had been the largest party in Scotland following the 1929 election (where it had won 42% of the Scottish vote), was relegated into fourth place.


1931 United Kingdom general election in Scotland
Following the election, with Labour appearing to teeter on the edge of the electoral abyss in Scotland, the Independent Labour Party increasingly moved apart from Labour, ultimately dissociating from the party in March 1932. The ILP had dominated the Labour movement in Scotland since 1918, dominating community based activism, and essentially forming the Labour party in Scotland. This had ultimately served to undermine the organizational growth of the Labour party in Scotland.


1931 United States House of Representatives elections
There were special elections to the United States House of Representatives in 1931 to the 71st United States Congress and 72nd United States Congress. After the 1930 house elections, the Republicans held a narrow majority of 218 seats, the smallest possible majority in congress. However, following these elections, the democrats gained 3 seats resulting in a democratic house majority. This democratic majority was only further increased in the 1932 house elections and would survive for 63 years, with the republicans only briefly holding the house following the 1946 and 1952 house elections. Republicans would only hold house control for a significant amount of time following the Republican Revolution of 1994.


1931 United States Senate special election in Vermont
The 1931 United States Senate special election in Vermont took place on March 31, 1931. Republican Warren Austin was elected to the United States Senate to serve the remainder of the deceased Frank L. Greene's term, defeating Democratic candidate Stephen M. Driscoll. Austin replaced Frank C. Partridge, who was appointed to fill the seat until a special election could be held and was defeated in the special primary.


1931 United States gubernatorial elections
United States gubernatorial elections were held in 1931, in four states. Kentucky, Louisiana and Mississippi hold their gubernatorial elections in odd numbered years, every 4 years, preceding the United States presidential election year. New Jersey at this time held gubernatorial elections every 3 years, which it would abandon in 1949.


1931 United States gubernatorial elections, Notes
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1931 Upper Hunter state by-election
The 1931 Upper Hunter state by-election was held on 7 October 1939 for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Upper Hunter because of the death of William Cameron (Nationalist). The Country Party did not nominate an official candidate because the seat had been held by the Nationalist Party. Malcolm Brown was nominated as an independent country candidate, and was supported in his campaign by the leader of the Country Party, Michael Bruxner.


1931 Upper Hunter state by-election, Results
Malcom Brown won the seat on Labor preferences, and joined the Country Party once he entered Parliament.


1931 Uruguayan Primera División
The Uruguayan Championship 1931 was the 28th official championship of Uruguayan football history.


1931 Uruguayan Primera División, Overview
The tournament consisted of a two-wheel championship of all against all. It involved eleven teams, and the champion was the Montevideo Wanderers.


1931 Uruguayan Primera División, Notes and references
This article about a CONMEBOL/South American association football competition is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1931 Uruguayan parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Uruguay on 29 November 1931. The various factions of the Colorado Party won the most seats in the Chamber of Deputies.


1931 Utah State Aggies football team
The 1931 Utah State Aggies football team was an American football team that represented Utah State Agricultural College in the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) during the 1931 college football season. In their 13th season under head coach Dick Romney, the Aggies compiled a 6–2 record (5–2 against RMC opponents), finished second in the conference, and outscored all opponents by a total of 147 to 72.


1931 Utah State Aggies football team
Center John Vranes and halfback Delbert Young received first-team all-conference honors in 1931.


1931 Utah Utes football team
The 1931 Utah Utes football team represented the University of Utah during the 1931 college football season. Utah won its fourth consecutive conference championship in 1931 and for the third consecutive year was undefeated in conference play. Utah outscored its opponents 301–31 over the course of the year.


1931 VFA season
The 1931 Victorian Football Association season was the 53rd season of the Australian rules football competition. The premiership was won by the Oakleigh Football Club, after it defeated Northcote by three points in the Grand Final on 26 September. It was the club's second VFA premiership, achieved in only its third season of senior competition, and it was Oakleigh's second premiership in a row.


1931 VFA season, Premiership
After playing sectional games in 1930, the Association reverted to a simple season format, with each club playing eighteen home-and-home matches, before the top four clubs contested a finals series under the amended Argus system to determine the premiers for the season.


1931 VFL Grand Final
The 1931 VFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Geelong Football Club and Richmond Football Club, held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne on 10 October 1931. It was the 35th annual Grand Final of the Victorian Football League, staged to determine the premiers for the 1931 VFL season. The match, attended by 60,712 spectators, was won by Geelong by a margin of 20 points, marking that club's second premiership victory. It was also the first - and only - season of Charlie Clymo, a legend who only coached one season, but won the honours in that season.


1931 VFL season
The 1931 Victorian Football League season was the 35th season of the elite Australian rules football competition.


1931 VFL season, Premiership season
In 1931, the VFL competition consisted of twelve teams of 18 on-the-field players each, plus one substitute player, known as the 19th man. A player could be substituted for any reason; however, once substituted, a player could not return to the field of play under any circumstances.


1931 VFL season, Premiership season
Teams played each other in a home-and-away season of 18 rounds; matches 12 to 18 were the "home-and-way reverse" of matches 1 to 7.


1931 VFL season, Premiership season
Once the 18 round home-and-away season had finished, the 1931 VFL Premiers were determined by the specific format and conventions of the Page–McIntyre system. This was the first season to feature the new finals format, with the league predominantly using variations of the Argus System over the previous thirty seasons.


1931 VFL season, Premiership season, Round 6
Round 6 was a split round, but the two-halves of the round were unusually played almost three weeks apart. Three matches played on King's Birthday Monday (8 June), and the other three matches played Saturday 27 June – the Saturday between Rounds 8 and 9. This means that six teams played their Round 7 and 8 matches before their Round 6 match.


1931 VFL season, Finals
All of the 1931 finals were played at the MCG so the home team in the Semi Finals and Preliminary Final is purely the higher ranked team from the ladder but in the Grand Final the home team was the team that won the Preliminary Final.


1931 VPI Gobblers football team
The 1931 VPI Gobblers football team represented Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute in the 1931 Southern Conference football season. The team was led by their head coach Orville Neale and finished with a record of three wins, four losses and two ties (3–4–2).


1931 VPI Gobblers football team, Players
The following players were members of the 1931 football team according to the roster published in the 1932 edition of The Bugle, the Virginia Tech yearbook.


1931 Valentine earthquake
The 1931 Valentine earthquake occurred on August 16 of that year with a moment magnitude of 6.5 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (severe). Though no casualties were reported, the quake caused damage to many homes and buildings in the town of Valentine. It remains the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in Texas history.


1931 Valentine earthquake, Damage
Every building in the town excluding those made from wood frames sustained damage. Many chimneys toppled or cracked following the quake. The local school facility was damaged beyond repair, and its yard sustained minor cracks. Buildings built with adobe had walls collapse, while wooden structures displayed cracked ceilings. Other walls consisting of concrete, brick, and similar materials had large cracks. Tombstones were reported to have been rotated somewhere within the town. Damage also occurred in the counties of Brewster, Culberson, Jeff Davis, and Presidio.


1931 Valentine earthquake, Damage
Several landslides resulted from the tremor. Such incidents took place in the Van Horn Mountains, the Chisos Mountains, southwest of Lobo, near the Big Bend, and to the northwest near Pilares and Porvenir. In New Mexico, the Guadalupe Mountains also hosted landslides; in Picacho, rock- and mudslides were reported. Hydrologic issues occurred in several artificial water bodies, leading to muddied water.


1931 Vanderbilt Commodores football team
The 1931 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University in the 1931 Southern Conference football season. The 1931 season was Dan McGugin's 27th year as head coach.


1931 Vermont Catamounts football team
The 1931 Vermont Catamounts football team was an American football team that represented  the University of Vermont as an independent during the 1931 college football season. In their second year under head coach David L. Dunn, the team compiled a 1–8 record. Coach Dunn resigned as head coach at the conclusion of the season.


1931 Victorian Legislative Council election
On Saturday 6 June 1931, an election was held in the Australian state of Victoria to choose 17 of the 34 members of the Victorian Legislative Council, the upper house of the Victorian parliament. Preferential voting was used.


1931 Victorian Legislative Council election, Results, Legislative Council
Victorian Legislative Council election, 6 June 1931Legislative Council << 1928–1934 >>


1931 Victorian Legislative Council election, Candidates
Sitting members are shown in bold text. Successful candidates are highlighted in the relevant colour. Where there is possible confusion, an asterisk (*) is also used.


1931 Villanova Wildcats football team
The 1931 Villanova Wildcats football team represented the Villanova University during the 1931 college football season. The head coach was Harry Stuhldreher, coaching his seventh season with the Wildcats. The team played their home games at Villanova Stadium in Villanova, Pennsylvania.


1931 Virginia Cavaliers football team
The 1931 Virginia Cavaliers football team represented the University of Virginia during the 1931 college football season. The Cavaliers were led by first-year head coach Fred Dawson and played their home games at the newly-constructed Scott Stadium in Charlottesville, Virginia. They competed as members of the Southern Conference, finishing with a conference record of 0–5–1 and a 1–7–2 record overall.


1931 Volta a Catalunya
The 1931 Volta a Catalunya was the 13th edition of the Volta a Catalunya cycle race and was held from 6 September to 13 September 1931. The race started and finished in Barcelona. The race was won by Salvador Cardona.


1931 WANFL season
The 1931 WANFL season was the 47th season of the Western Australian National Football League and the first under that moniker, having been called the West Australian Football League (WAFL) until 1930.


1931 WANFL season
The season saw East Fremantle win its fourth consecutive premiership for the second time, having already done so between 1908 and 1911. It also saw a major revival by East Perth, who had fallen to a clear last in 1929.


1931 WANFL season
The Great Depression and consequent search for work saw the beginning of the first major drain of Western Australian players to powerful VFL clubs, with the loss of George Moloney to Geelong, Ron Cooper to Carlton and Keith Hough to South Melbourne, where Hough never played a single match due to the WANFL's refusal to grant the VFL Swans a clearance.


1931 WANFL season
Subiaco, a power since 1924, lost star rover Johnny Leonard to country Victoria but, despite four consecutive losses mid-season, won eight straight to reach the Second-Semi and Grand Finals only to face a much larger player drain than seen so far in the WANFL.


1931 WANFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 4
Bill Faul takes a decisive mark of a long shot to win a thrilling match and leave Subiaco as the early pacesetter.


1931 WANFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 5
South Fremantle show they will challenge for the premiership with a fine display led by a dominant centreline where R. Doig is outstanding.


1931 WANFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 6 (Foundation Day)
East Fremantle gave one of the worst displays of goalkicking in WA(N)FL history, kicking 4.28 (52) in fine conditions, but still take top position from their derby rivals.


1931 WANFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 7
Despite some of the most brilliant marking seen in WA(N)FL football by centre half-back Lawn, East Perth, unable to use the wind in the second quarter, lose the advantage in the last.


1931 WANFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 8
With captain-coach Gepp kicking ten goals, Claremont-Cottesloe recorded its first win of the season.


1931 WANFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 9
With Doug Oliphant kicking eight goals, Perth come back in the last quarter to record a thrilling win.


1931 WANFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 10
On a day of heavy rain after a cold and dry June, Claremont-Cottesloe surprise South Fremantle to leave the three-time premiers three games clear on top, whilst Perth displace West Perth from the four and leave Subiaco's place in jeopardy after three straight defeats.


1931 WANFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 11
A five-goal third quarter sees East Perth – seemingly out of touch at half-time – take a narrow lead from the Maroons and hold on in a goalless final quarter, with the result leaving Subiaco ahead of only Claremont-Cottesloe.


1931 WANFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 12
Claremont-Cottesloe's third and last win is marred by a severe injury to captain-coach Gepp – who continues to direct the team when being carried off.


1931 WANFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 14
In a fierce match with numerous brawls on a wet afternoon, East Perth end Old Easts' run of ten victories with a superb display of skill, led by Cronin who controlled the centre and a fine defence.


1931 WANFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 15
South Fremantle defeated West Perth despite kicking two goals fewer than its opponent, the first time this had occurred in a senior game since 1920.


1931 WANFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 17
The top four was clearly decided with four rounds to play as a result of West Perth's loss.


1931 WANFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 18
Roy McGlinn kicks ten goals for Old Easts, whilst a high-class thriller between the Maroons and Royals ultimately gives Subiaco the "double chance" in the new Page System of finals.


1931 WANFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 19
Ted Tyson, later to become the second most prolific goalkicker in WANFL history, kicks nine goals for the Cardinals, leaving him level with Oliphant as leading goalkicker (though having played an extra game).


1931 WANFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 21
East Fremantle kicked 9.1 (55) with the breeze in the third quarter after East Perth had kicked 0.6 (6) with it in the second.


1931 WANFL season, Finals
Starting from this season, the league adopted the Page–McIntyre system of finals, in the same year as was done in the VFL. It eliminated the need for a challenge final and the uncertainty about the number of finals matches to be played, involving a fixed four finals matches exclusive of draws. This year, the first semi-final was drawn and this ensured the latest ever finish to a season, which reached as late as mid-October.


1931 WANFL season, Finals, First semi-final
East Perth waste numerous chances in a dour second half, kicking 3.13 (31) to 3.5 (23)


1931 WANFL season, Finals, First semi-final replay
East Perth, in a remarkably similar game to the draw, played excellent football in the second quarter but this time just held off South Fremantle.


1931 WANFL season, Finals, Second semi-final
East Fremantle's direct game ensures it stays ahead of a disappointing Subiaco, despite the Maroons having won their previous eight matches and Old Easts having only seventeen men on the field in the second half.


1931 WANFL season, Finals, Preliminary final
East Perth just failed to make up a 23-point deficit with a strong southerly wind.


1931 WANFL season, Finals, Grand Final
Subiaco's weakness in attack on a perfect day for football ensures it cannot threaten Old Easts' hold on the WA(N)FL premiership.


1931 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team
The 1931 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team was an American football team that represented Wake Forest University during the 1931 college football season. In its third season under head coach Pat Miller, the team compiled a 4–4 record.


1931 Washington & Jefferson Presidents football team
The 1931 Washington & Jefferson Presidents football team was an American football team that represented Washington & Jefferson College as an independent during the 1931 college football season. The team compiled a 6–4 record and outscored opponents by a total of 112 to 89. Bill Amos was the head coach.


1931 Washington Huskies football team
The 1931 Washington Huskies football team was an American football team that represented the University of Washington during the 1931 college football season. In its second season under head coach Jimmy Phelan, the team compiled a 5–3–1 record, finished in fifth place in the Pacific Coast Conference, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 166 to 83. Paul Schwegler was the team captain.


1931 Washington Senators season
The 1931 Washington Senators won 92 games, lost 62, and finished in third place in the American League. They were managed by Walter Johnson and played home games at Griffith Stadium.


1931 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1931 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1931 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1931 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1931 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1931 Washington Senators season, Farm system
Hagerstown club transferred and renamed twice: to Parkersburg, June 28, and to Youngstown, July 12, 1931


1931 Washington State Cougars football team
The 1931 Washington State Cougars football team was an American football team that represented Washington State College during the 1931 college football season. Head coach Babe Hollingbery led the team to a 6–4 overall record, 4–3 in the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC).


1931 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship
The 1931 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship was the 31st staging of the Waterford Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Waterford County Board in 1897.


1931 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship
Erin's Own won the championship after a 4-07 to 0-03 defeat of Tallow in the final. This was their fifth championship title overall and their fifth title in succession.


1931 Wellington City mayoral election
The 1931 Wellington City mayoral election was part of the New Zealand local elections held that same year. In 1931, elections were held for the Mayor of Wellington plus other local government positions including fifteen city councillors. The polling was conducted using the standard first-past-the-post electoral method.


1931 West Tennessee State Teachers football team
The 1931 West Tennessee State Teachers football team was an American football team that represented West Tennessee State Teachers College (now known as the University of Memphis) as a member of the Mississippi Valley Conference during the 1931 college football season. In their eighth season under head coach Zach Curlin, West Tennessee State Teachers compiled a 2–5–2 record.


1931 West Virginia Mountaineers football team
The 1931 West Virginia Mountaineers football team was an American football team that represented West Virginia University as an independent during the 1931 college football season. In its first season under head coach Greasy Neale, the team compiled a 4–6 record and was outscored by a total of 122 to 91. The team played its home games at Mountaineer Field in Morgantown, West Virginia. John Doyle was the team captain.


1931 Western State Hilltoppers football team
The 1931 Western State Hilltoppers football team represented Western State Normal School (later renamed Western Michigan University) as an independent during the 1931 college football season. In their third season under head coach Mike Gary, the Hilltoppers compiled a 5–2 record and outscored their opponents, 86 to 51. Fullback Al Briggs was the team captain.


1931 Westminster St George's by-election
The Westminster St. George's by-election, 1931 was a parliamentary by-election held on 19 March 1931 for the British House of Commons constituency of Westminster St. George's.


1931 Westminster St George's by-election, Vacancy and electoral history
The seat had become vacant on 14 February when the constituency's Conservative Member of Parliament (MP), Sir Laming Worthington-Evans, died aged 62. He had sat for the constituency since the 1929 general election, having previously been MP for Colchester since 1910; he had served in the cabinets of David Lloyd George and Stanley Baldwin during the 1920s.


1931 Westminster St George's by-election, Background
The by-election took place during a campaign, led by the press magnates Lord Beaverbrook and Lord Rothermere, to remove Stanley Baldwin as Leader of the Opposition. The vehicles for their campaign were the United Empire Party and the Empire Free Trade Crusade.


1931 Westminster St George's by-election, Background
The campaign had had some success. The Conservative Central Office had withdrawn support for its own candidate at the 1929 Twickenham by-election, who supported the Empire Free Trade policy. The UEP had won the 1930 Paddington South by-election from the Conservatives. The split in the right-wing vote between Conservative and UEP candidates at the Islington East by-election in February 1931 had allowed Labour to hold a seat they had been expected to lose.


1931 Westminster St George's by-election, Background
David Cannadine has argued that due to the actions of Beaverbrook and Rothermere now Baldwin's position as leader seemed to be becoming untenable and it was anticipated that he would resign as Conservative Party leader.


1931 Westminster St George's by-election, Candidates
The industrialist Sir Ernest Willoughby Petter announced his candidacy on 28 February as an Independent Conservative opposed to Baldwin's leadership of the Conservative Party. Petter had founded the Petters Limited engineering company from which Westland Aircraft was separated in 1915. Though he claimed to be free of party and running at the request of the electors, he was eagerly backed by the Beaverbrook and Rothermere papers, the Daily Express and Daily Mail.


1931 Westminster St George's by-election, Candidates
The Conservatives originally selected John Moore-Brabazon. He withdrew on 28 February, saying he could not defend Baldwin. Baldwin, under pressure to resign as Leader of the Conservative Party, toyed with the idea of resigning his safe Worcestershire seat of Bewdley and contesting the by-election himself. On 1 March Baldwin called Neville Chamberlain to see him and the latter understood Baldwin intended to resign the leadership of the Conservative Party at once. However the same evening William Bridgeman urged Baldwin to remain as leader and suggested he contest the by-election. Further discussions with Chamberlain and other colleagues convinced him not to be the candidate, but also not to resign at least while the by-election was in progress.


1931 Westminster St George's by-election, Candidates
The eventual Conservative candidate was Alfred Duff Cooper, who had been MP for Oldham from 1924 until his defeat in 1929. He had been Financial Secretary to the War Office from 1928 to 1929.


1931 Westminster St George's by-election, Candidates
In 1929 there had been a Labour candidate for the constituency, but Labour did not contest the by-election.


1931 Westminster St George's by-election, Campaign
One notable speech during the campaign was by Stanley Baldwin. At the Queen's Hall on 17 March he attacked the press proprietors, uttering the often-quoted words: "What the proprietorship of those papers is aiming at is power, and power without responsibility – the prerogative of the harlot through the ages". The latter phrase had been suggested to him by his cousin Rudyard Kipling.


1931 Westminster St George's by-election, Campaign
Cannadine who has highlighted the significance of the speech in the relationship between politicians and the press argued that comparing the press with a harlot was "devastating"  especially "coming from Baldwin, whose public persona was that of an honest, decent Christian gentleman of unimpeachable character and integrity." The Glasgow Herald reported that "London has never seen anything quite like" Baldwin's speech and noted that it was the most "aggressive and bellicose speech" Baldwin had ever made.


1931 Westminster St George's by-election, Aftermath
After the result was announced Duff Cooper said that his win had been "a great victory for the true interest of the Conservative Party" and said the lesson to be learned was that in the future the party must "stand together behind one leader".


1931 Westminster St George's by-election, Aftermath
The Conservative victory at the by-election was an important factor in Baldwin's retention of the Conservative Party leadership. Following the collapse later that year of the Labour Government, the Conservatives would unite with the Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald to form the National Government, which enjoyed a landslide victory at the polls that autumn.


1931 Westminster St George's by-election, Aftermath
Cooper was unopposed at the general election later that year, and remained MP for the constituency until 1945.


1931 Wightman Cup
The 1931 Wightman Cup was the ninth edition of the annual women's team tennis competition between the United States and Great Britain. It was held at the West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills, Queens in New York City in the United States.


1931 Wilberforce Green Wave football team
The 1931 Wilberforce Green Wave football team was an American football team that represented Wilberforce College (now known as Wilberforce University) during the 1931 college football season. Led by head coach Harry C. Graves and assistant coach Corrothers, the team was recognized as the 1931 black college national champion. The team compiled an undefeated, untied 8–0 record and outscored opponents by a total of 201 to 30. The team secured its claim to the black college championship with its victory over Tuskegee on October 24. Tuskegee had been undefeated in 35 previous starts.


1931 William & Mary Indians football team
The 1931 William & Mary Indians football team represented the College of William & Mary as a member of the Virginia Conference during the 1931 college football season.


1931 William & Mary Norfolk Division Braves football team
The 1931 William & Mary Norfolk Division Braves football team represented the Norfolk Division of the College of William and Mary, now referred to as Old Dominion University, during the 1931 college football season. They finished with a 1–0–1 record.


1931 Wimbledon Championships
The 1931 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The tournament was held from Monday 22 June until Saturday 4 July 1931. It was the 51st staging of the Wimbledon Championships, and the third Grand Slam tennis event of 1931. Sidney Wood and Cilly Aussem won the singles titles.


1931 Wimbledon Championships, Finals, Men's Doubles
George Lott /  John Van Ryn defeated  Jacques Brugnon /  Henri Cochet, 6–2, 10–8, 9–11, 3–6, 6–3


1931 Wimbledon Championships, Finals, Women's Doubles
Dorothy Shepherd-Barron /  Phyllis Mudford defeated  Doris Metaxa /  Josane Sigart, 3–6, 6–3, 6–4


1931 Wimbledon Championships, Finals, Mixed Doubles
George Lott /  Anna Harper defeated  Ian Collins /  Joan Ridley, 6–3, 1–6, 6–1


1931 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles
Wilmer Allison and John Van Ryn were the defending champions, but Allison did not compete. Van Ryn partnered with George Lott, and defeated John Doeg and George Lott in the final, 6–2, 10–8, 9–11, 3–6, 6–3 to win the Gentlemen' Doubles tennis title at the 1931 Wimbledon Championship.


1931 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles, Seeds
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.


1931 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles
Sidney Wood was declared winner of the title by default over Frank Shields in capturing the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1931 Wimbledon Championships. Shields withdrew due to a knee injury sustained during his semifinal match against Jean Borotra. This made Wood the only player in the title's history to win without having to compete in the final. Bill Tilden was the defending champion, but did not compete.


1931 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles, Seeds
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.


1931 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed Doubles
Jack Crawford and Elizabeth Ryan were the defending champions, but did not participate.


1931 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed Doubles
George Lott and Anna Harper defeated Ian Collins and Joan Ridley in the final, 6–3, 1–6, 6–1 to win the Mixed Doubles tennis title at the 1931 Wimbledon Championships.


1931 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed Doubles, Seeds
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.


1931 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles
Elizabeth Ryan and Helen Wills Moody were the defending champions, but did not participate.


1931 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles
Phyllis Mudford and Dorothy Shepherd-Barron defeated Doris Metaxa and Josane Sigart in the final, 3–6, 6–3, 6–4 to win the Ladies' Doubles tennis title at the 1931 Wimbledon Championships.


1931 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles, Seeds
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.


1931 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles
Cilly Aussem defeated Hilde Krahwinkel in the final, 6–2, 7–5 to win the Ladies' Singles tennis title at the 1931 Wimbledon Championships.


1931 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles
Helen Moody was the defending champion, but did not participate.


1931 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles, Seeds
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.


1931 Wisconsin Badgers football team
The 1931 Wisconsin Badgers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Wisconsin in the 1931 Big Ten Conference football season. The team compiled a 5–4–1 record (3–3 against conference opponents), finished in sixth place in the Big Ten Conference, and was outscored by all opponents by a combined total of 110 to 104. Glenn Thistlethwaite was in his fifth and final year as Wisconsin's head coach.


1931 Wisconsin Badgers football team
Guard Greg Kabat was selected by the Associated Press (AP) and Central Press (CP) as a third-team player on the 1931 College Football All-America Team, and by the AP and the Big Ten team captains as a first-team player on the 1931 All-Big Ten Conference football team.


1931 Wisconsin Badgers football team
Tackle Harold Smith was selected as the team's most valuable player. Smith was also the team captain.


1931 Wisconsin Badgers football team
The team played its home games at Camp Randall Stadium, which had a capacity of 38,293. During the 1931 season, the average attendance at home games was 15,068.


1931 Wisła Kraków season
The 1931 season was Wisła Kraków's 23rd year as a club.


1931 Women's British Open Squash Championship
The 1931 Ladies Open Championships was held at the Queen's Club, West Kensington in London from 19 to 23 January 1931. Cecily Fenwick won her third title defeating Nancy Cave in the final. A record 44 entries were received for the 1931 Open Championship


1931 Women's Western Open
The 1931 Women's Western Open was a golf competition held at Midlothian Country Club, the 2nd edition of the event. June Beebe won the championship in match play competition by defeating Mrs. Melvin Jones in the final match, 3 and 2.


1931 Woolwich East by-election
The Woolwich East by-election of 1931 was held on 15 April 1931. The by-election was held due to the elevation to the peerage of the incumbent Labour MP, Henry Snell. It was won by the Labour candidate George Hicks.


1931 Workers' Summer Olympiad
The 1931 Workers' Olympiad was the third edition of International Workers' Olympiads. The games were held from July 19 to July 26 at Vienna, Austria.


1931 Workers' Summer Olympiad
Some 100,000 athletes participated the Olympiad, number includes the ones taking part at the mass gymnastics event. Games had about 250,000 spectators and they were larger than 1932 Los Angeles Olympics, both in number of participants and spectators. The opening ceremony Das Große Festspiel was written by Austrian writer Robert Lucas, music was composed by Argentinian composer Erwin Leuchter together with Franz Leo Human.


1931 Workers' Summer Olympiad
Workers' Olympiad was the largest sporting event held in Vienna by then. Praterstadion (today known as Ernst-Happel-Stadion) and an outdoor swimming pool Stadionbad were finished for the games. Final of the football tournament was played at Praterstadion in front of 60,000 spectators as the Austrian amateur team Freie Vereinigung der Amateur-Fußballvereine Österreichs beat the German team of Arbeiter-Turn- und Sportbund by 3–2.


1931 Workers' Winter Olympiad
The 1931 Workers' Winter Olympiad was the third edition of International Workers' Olympiads and the second Winter Olympiad. The games were held from February 5 to February 8 at the Austrian town of Mürzzuschlag.


1931 Workers' Winter Olympiad, Country ranking
Participating nations are ranked by positions, since no medals were awarded at the Workers' Olympiads.


1931 World Archery Championships
The 1931 World Archery Championships was the inaugural edition of the World Archery Championships. The event was held in Lwów, Poland in August 1931.


1931 World Archery Championships
Following the competition, on 4 September, the World Archery Federation (FITA) was formally founded by the four nations which sent representatives to the Championships (Sweden, Czechoslovakia, France, Poland) along with representatives of the United States, Hungary and Italy.


1931 World Archery Championships, Results, Individual
Competitors shot arrows from three distances, 30 meters, 40 meters and 50 meters, at a round static ringed target. The scores in each round were aggregated, and competitors ranked by total score.


1931 World Archery Championships, Results, Team
An unofficial team competition was also held. Three teams of three archers each entered, two representing Poland and a third team from France, who won the tournament.


1931 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the founding of the International Federation of Gymnastics which was founded in 1881, a commemorative competition was held in Paris, on July 11 & 12, in conjunction with that year's Bastille Day. Although it has at times been referred to as the "First Artistic Men's World Championships", its results often seem to be ignored by various authorities in the sport.


1931 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
44 individuals from 10 nations participated in this competition. 14 events were contested. Individual rankings were determined.


1931 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships, Men's individual all around, Medalists
There was a special clause to the rules that in order for any individual to be properly termed 'World Champion', they had to demonstrate a certain level of competency among all 14 events, scoring at least 60% of all of the points that could be possibly awarded on each event. Therefore, the highest-ranking gymnast, Heikki Savolainen of Finland did not actually end up becoming World Champion; rather, 2nd-place finishing Alois Hudec of Czechoslovakia, who was the only individual to score at least 60% on all 14 events, ended up becoming 'World Champion' at this competition.


1931 World Fencing Championships
The 1931 World Fencing Championships were held in Vienna, Austria.


1931 World Figure Skating Championships
The World Figure Skating Championships is an annual figure skating competition sanctioned by the International Skating Union in which figure skaters compete for the title of World Champion.


1931 World Figure Skating Championships
The competitions took place from February 28 to March 1 in Berlin, Germany. It was the second year when all competitions were held at the same location and the same time, but the first time in Europe.


1931 World Series
The 1931 World Series featured the two-time defending champion Philadelphia Athletics and the St. Louis Cardinals. The Cardinals beat the Athletics in seven games, a rematch and reversal of fortunes of the previous World Series.


1931 World Series
The same two teams faced off during the 1930 World Series and the Athletics were victorious. The only day-to-day player in the Cardinals' lineup who was different in 1931 was the "Wild Horse of the Osage", Pepper Martin—a 27-year-old rookie who had spent seven seasons in the minor leagues. He led his team for the Series in runs scored, hits, doubles, runs batted in and stolen bases, and also made a running catch to stifle a ninth-inning rally by the A's in the final game.


1931 World Series
The spitball pitch had been banned by Major League Baseball in 1920, but those still using it at that time were "grandfathered", or permitted to keep throwing it for the balance of their big-league careers. One of those who "wet his pill" still active in 1931 was Burleigh Grimes, with two Series starts, two wins and seven innings of no-hit pitching in Game 3. "Wild" Bill Hallahan started and won the other two for the Cards, and saved Game 7.


1931 World Series
The Athletics had captured their third straight American League pennant, winning 107 games (and 313 for 1929–31). But this would prove to be the final World Series for longtime A's manager Connie Mack. As he did after the Boston "Miracle Braves" swept his heavily favored A's in the 1914 Series, Mack would break up this great team by selling off his best players, this time out of perceived economic necessity rather than pique and competition from the short-lived Federal League.


1931 World Series
It would be the A's last World Series appearance in Philadelphia and it would be 41 years—and two cities—later before the A's would return to the Fall Classic, after their successive moves to Kansas City in 1955 and Oakland in 1968. This would also be the city of Philadelphia's last appearance in the Series until 1950. It was also the last World Series until the 2017 edition in which both teams who had won at least 100 games in the regular season went the maximum seven games.


1931 World Series, Summary
NL St. Louis Cardinals (4) vs. AL Philadelphia Athletics (3)


1931 World Series, Matchups, Game 1
The A's scored four runs in the third, enabling Lefty Grove to win Game 1 despite giving up 12 hits, three by Pepper Martin. The Cardinals struck first in the first inning on three consecutive one-out singles, the last of which to Jim Bottomley scoring a run. After a strikeout, Martin's double scored another run. In the top of the third with runners on first and second, Mule Haas's double scored Philadelphia's first run. Two consecutive walks by Paul Derringer loaded the bases and tied the game, then Jimmie Foxx's single scored two more runs. In the top of the seventh, Al Simmons's two-run home run put Philadelphia up 6–2, the game's final.


1931 World Series, Matchups, Game 2
Pepper Martin's two hits and two stolen bases, scoring both Cardinal runs, supported Hallahan's three-hit shutout. The Cardinals scored the game's first run in the second when Pepper Martin doubled off of George Earnshaw, stole third and scored on Jimmy Wilson's sacrifice fly, and the game's second run in the seventh when Martin hit a leadoff single, stole second, moved to third on a groundout and scored on Charlie Gelbert's fielder's choice.


1931 World Series, Matchups, Game 3
Grimes pitched a two-hitter and contributed a two-run single in the fourth. He had a shutout until Al Simmons hit a two-run homer with two outs in the ninth. St. Louis struck first in the second when with runners on first and third via a walk and single, Jimmie Wilson's single and Charlie Gelbert's lineout scored a run each. They added to their lead in the fourth off of Lefty Grove on Burleigh Grimes's two-run single with runners on second and third, and added another run in the ninth off of Roy Mahaffey on Jim Bottomley's double.


1931 World Series, Matchups, Game 4
George Earnshaw pitched a brilliant two-hit shutout, walking one and striking out eight. Simmons RBI double in the first inning after a walk and two groundouts was all Earnshaw needed. Philadelphia added to their lead in the sixth off of Syl Johnson on Jimmie Foxx's home run and Jimmy Dykes's single after a Bing Miller double. Martin had both Cardinal hits.


1931 World Series, Matchups, Game 5
Martin was a thorn in the A's side in the series, getting three hits and four RBI to lead St. Louis to a 5-1 victory. Through five games, Martin leads all regulars with a .667 (12-18) average. St. Louis struck first in the first on Pepper Martin's sacrifice fly with runners on second and third. Martin's home run after a double in the sixth made it 3–0 Cardinals. The A's scored their only run in the seventh on Bing Miller's groundout after two one-out singles. The Cardinals added to their lead in the eighth when George Watkins walked off of Rube Walberg, stole second and scored on Martin's single and in the ninth off of Eddie Rommel on Charlie Gelbert's single with two on.


1931 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
The Athletics broke a scoreless tie with four runs in the fifth, Grove winning his second game of the series with a five-hitter, tying the series. After an error and walk off of Paul Derringer, Dib Williams's RBI single scored the game's first run. Two two-out walks loaded the bases and scored another run. Mickey Cochrane's RBI single scored a run, then a walk to Al Simmons scored another. St. Louis scored their only run in the sixth when Jake Flowers doubled and scored on Frankie Frisch's single.


1931 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
The A's added to their lead in the seventh off of Jim Lindsey. Max Bishop hit a leadoff single, moved to second on a bunt groundout, and scored on Al Simmons's single. After a single and hit-by-pitch loaded the bases, a walk to Jimmy Dykes scored a run and an error scored two more.


1931 World Series, Matchups, Game 7
The Cardinals struck first in the first when with runners on second and third via two single and a bunt groundout, a wild pitch by George Earnshaw to Pepper Martin scored a run and a strike three wild pitch to Ernie Orsatti scored another. A two-run home run by George Watkins in the third gave the Cardinals a 4-0 lead, but the Athletics scored two in the ninth on Doc Cramer's bases loaded two-run single, Hallahan getting the last out, saving the victory for Grimes. Despite going 0–for–6 in Games 6 and 7, Pepper Martin was the leading hitter of the series with a .500 (12–for–24) batting average.


1931 World Series, Composite line score
1931 World Series (4–3): St. Louis Cardinals (N.L.) over Philadelphia Athletics (A.L.)


1931 World Snooker Championship
The 1931 World Snooker Championship was a snooker tournament held at the Lounge Hall in Nottingham, England from 27 April to 1 May 1931. Despite increasing interest in the game of snooker, only two players entered the competition for the title: defending champion Joe Davis and three-times runner-up Tom Dennis. It was the fifth time that the World Snooker Championship had been contested since its inception in 1927. Davis won his fifth World title by defeating Dennis 25–21. Dennis led 19–16 at one stage but Davis won 9 of the next 11 frames to take the title. The highest break of the match was 72, compiled by Davis in the 41st frame.


1931 World Snooker Championship, Background
The World Snooker Championship is a professional tournament and the official world championship of the game of snooker. The sport was developed in the late 19th century by British Army soldiers stationed in India. Professional English billiards player and billiard hall manager Joe Davis noticed the increasing popularity of snooker compared to billiards in the 1920s, and with Birmingham-based billiards equipment manager Bill Camkin, persuaded the Billiards Association and Control Council to recognise an official professional snooker championship in the 1926–27 season.


1931 World Snooker Championship, Background
In 1927, the final of the first snooker world championship was held at Camkin's Hall; Davis won the tournament by beating Tom Dennis in the final. Davis also won the title in 1928, 1929, and 1930, with Dennis runner-up in three of the first four years of the championship, the exception being 1928, when Fred Lawrence lost to Davis in the final.


1931 World Snooker Championship, Championship details
The closing date for entries for the championship was 28 February 1931. Only two players entered, Joe Davis and Tom Dennis and so only one match was necessary, with the players left to decide the date and venue for a contest over 49 frames. The match was played from 27 April to 1 May. There were ten frames played each day with five frames in the afternoon and five in the evening (four on the final day). The match was held at The Lounge Billiard Hall, Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, which was owned by Dennis.