1933 Uruguayan Constitutional Assembly election, Aftermath
The Assembly produced a new constitution which was approved in a referendum, and promulgated the following year. It abolished the National Council of Administration, replacing it with a nine-member Council of Ministers, in which the second party was guaranteed three members. It also gave the party that had finished second in parliamentary elections half the seats in the Senate.


1933 Uruguayan Primera División, Overview
It was contested by 10 teams, and Nacional won the championship.


1933 Utah State Aggies football team
The 1933 Utah State Aggies football team was an American football team that represented Utah State Agricultural College in the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) during the 1933 college football season. In their 15th season under head coach Dick Romney, the Aggies compiled a 4–4 record (4–3 against RMC opponents), finished sixth in the conference, and outscored all opponents by a total of 115 to 61. The team won all three of its home games by a combined score of 69 to 0.


1933 Utah Utes football team
The 1933 Utah Utes football team was an American football team that represented the University of Utah in the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) during the 1933 college football season. In their ninth season under head coach Ike Armstrong, the Utes compiled a 5–3 record and outscored opponents by a total of 129 to 78.


1933 VFA season
The 1933 Victorian Football Association season was the 55th season of the Australian rules football competition. The premiership was won by the Northcote Football Club, after it defeated Coburg by 16 points in the Grand Final on 7 October. It was the club's third VFA premiership, and the second in a sequence of three premierships won consecutively from 1932 until 1934.


1933 VFA season, Central ground
Through 1933, the Association secured the Motordrome (which was renamed Olympic Park during the season after its concrete motor racing track was demolished) to use as a central venue. The venue hosted all finals, and served as a neutral venue for some home-and-home matches. Moves to expand its use as a central venue in 1934 led to a dispute between the Association and the councils which ran the suburban grounds.


1933 VFA season, Premiership
The home-and-home season was played over twenty-two matches, before the top four clubs contested a finals series to determine the premiers for the season. The finals series was played for the first time under the Page–McIntyre system, which replaced the amended Argus system which had been in use since 1903.


1933 VFA season, Premiership
Starting from this season, percentage was calculated as the number of points scored per hundred points conceded, which is consistent with the modern definition. Until this year, it had been calculated as points conceded per hundred points scored.


1933 VFL Grand Final
The 1933 VFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Richmond Football Club and South Melbourne Football Club, held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne on 30 September 1933. It was the 37th annual Grand Final of the Victorian Football League, staged to determine the premiers for the 1933 VFL season. The match, attended by 75,754 spectators, was won by South Melbourne by a margin of 42 points, marking that club's third premiership victory. Richmond's total of 4.5 (29) remains the lowest score conceded by South Melbourne since the famous Round 12, 1919 match against St. Kilda where South scored 17.4 (106) in the last quarter.


1933 VFL Grand Final
Bob Pratt kicked three goals for South Melbourne which saw him overtake Gordon Coventry as the 1933 season's leading goalkicker.


1933 VFL Grand Final
South Melbourne's premiership side was often referred to as the "foreign legion" due to the high number of players in the team who had been recruited from interstate. The majority of their recruits around that time came from Western Australia which earned South Melbourne the nickname "Swans".


1933 VFL Grand Final
This was the first of two successive years in which these teams met in the premiership decider. In the 1934 VFL Grand Final it was Richmond which emerged victorious. South Melbourne did not win another premiership for 72 years, eventually winning the 2005 AFL Grand Final — as the "Sydney Swans" — having relocating to Sydney in 1982.


1933 VFL season
The 1933 Victorian Football League season was the 37th season of the elite Australian rules football competition.


1933 VFL season, Premiership season
In 1933, the VFL competition consisted of twelve teams of 18 on-the-field players each, plus one substitute player, known as the 19th man. A player could be substituted for any reason; however, once substituted, a player could not return to the field of play under any circumstances.


1933 VFL season, Premiership season
Teams played each other in a home-and-away season of 18 rounds; matches 12 to 18 were the "home-and-way reverse" of matches 1 to 7.


1933 VFL season, Premiership season
Once the 18 round home-and-away season had finished, the 1933 VFL Premiers were determined by the specific format and conventions of the Page–McIntyre system.


1933 VFL season, Grand final
South Melbourne defeated Richmond 9.17 (71) to 4.5 (29), in front of a crowd of 75,754 people. (For an explanation of scoring see Australian rules football).


1933 VPI Gobblers football team
The 1933 VPI Gobblers football team represented Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute , now known as  Virginia Tech the 1933 college football season. The team was led by their head coach Henry Redd and finished with a record of four wins, three losses and three ties (4–3–3).


1933 VPI Gobblers football team, Players
The following players were members of the 1933 football team according to the roster published in the 1934 edition of The Bugle, the Virginia Tech yearbook.


1933 VPI Gobblers football team, Season summary, at Alabama
Against the Crimson Tide of the University of Alabama, VPI lost 27-0 in front 10,000 spectators at Denny Stadium. Alabama took a 6–0 first quarter lead after Riley Smith scored on a five-yard touchdown run. They extended their lead to 18–0 at halftime on touchdown runs of one-yard by Joe Demyanovich and ten-yards by James Angelich in the second quarter. Alabama then closed the game with a 16-yard Dixie Howell touchdown run and a tackle of the Gobblers' Ray Mills for a safety in the third for the 27–0 win.


1933 Vanderbilt Commodores football team
The 1933 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University in the 1933 college football season. The 1933 season was Dan McGugin's 29th year as head coach. 1933 was the first year of the SEC Vanderbilt was a founding member of the conference.


1933 Vermont Catamounts football team
The 1933 Vermont Catamounts football team was an American football team that represented  the University of Vermont as an independent during the 1933 college football season. In their second year under head coach John H. Burke, the team compiled a 3–5 record.


1933 Villanova Wildcats football team
The 1933 Villanova Wildcats football team represented the Villanova University during the 1933 college football season. The head coach was Harry Stuhldreher, coaching his ninth season with the Wildcats. The team played their home games at Villanova Stadium in Villanova, Pennsylvania.


1933 Virginia Cavaliers football team
The 1933 Virginia Cavaliers football team represented the University of Virginia during the 1933 college football season. The Cavaliers were led by third-year head coach Fred Dawson and played their home games at Scott Stadium in Charlottesville, Virginia. They competed as members of the Southern Conference, finishing with a conference record of 1–3–1 and a 2–6–2 record overall. After the season, Dawson resigned as head coach. He had an overall record of 8–17–4 at Virginia.


1933 Virginia gubernatorial election
The 1933 Virginia gubernatorial election was held on November 7, 1933 to elect the governor of Virginia.


1933 Virginia state highway renumbering
In 1933, the U.S. state of Virginia renumbered almost all of its state highways. This renumbering was caused by the assignment of numbers from 600 up to the new secondary system, but all three-digit numbers were affected. At the same time, all numbers that conflicted with U.S. Routes - except State Route 13 - were renumbered, and all long overlaps with U.S. Routes were eliminated. Several new routes had the same numbers as U.S. Routes and served as their extensions.


1933 Virginia state highway renumbering, List of routes
Prior to 1933, routes were assigned by district. Two-digit routes generally crossed district lines, while three-digit routes were assigned with their first digit as the district number. The new system also grouped routes by district, but not as strictly (these routes could cross lines) and with no room for expansion; thus additional routes, starting later in 1933, often received numbers from 283 up.


1933 Volta a Catalunya
The 1933 Volta a Catalunya was the 15th edition of the Volta a Catalunya cycle race and was held from 10 June to 18 June 1933. The race started and finished in Barcelona. The race was won by Alfredo Bovet.


1933 WANFL season
The 1933 WANFL season was the 49th season of the Western Australian National Football League in its various incarnations. It was the last year of a seven-team senior competition, and saw George Doig, during the second semi-final, become the first player to kick one hundred goals in a season.


1933 WANFL season
The premiership was won by East Fremantle, who claimed its sixth straight minor premiership, after it defeated fourth-placed Subiaco in the Grand Final. Subiaco's feat in reaching the premiership decider was itself a remarkable one, given that the Victorian Football League had deprived it of the majority of it star players: only six of its 1931 Grand Final team played in the corresponding match two seasons later, and the Maroons had been last or second last for most of 1933 before entering the four at the last minute. Old Easts led all season: despite losing a number of key players to the Sydney Carnival during July and August, the blue and whites won two of three games when depleted.


1933 WANFL season
Claremont-Cottesloe finished with its third consecutive wooden spoon, but defender “Sammy” Clarke became the first player to win the Sandover Medal in his debut season.


1933 WANFL season, Home-and-Away season, Round 3
Ted Tyson kicked thirteen goals for the Cardinals, who surpass their highest league score, beating a previous best of 18.20 (128) against Claremont-Cottesloe in 1926 and becoming the last of the seven WANFL teams to kick their first 20-goal score.


1933 WANFL season, Home-and-Away season, Round 4
A determined and eager Royals team – chastened by its poor early-game form against Claremont-Cottesloe – inflicts South Fremantle’s worst defeat and the Royals’ biggest win since the second round of 1918 and the biggest win in the league since the Royals lost to East Fremantle by 94 points in 1930.


1933 WANFL season, Home-and-Away season, Round 9
The dominance of youngsters Smith and Bant in the ruck and the leadership of Stewart Daily allows Subiaco – last after the clubs had met each other once – to inflict East Fremantle’s first loss in a scrappy game.


1933 WANFL season, Home-and-Away season, Round 12
Bottom side Perth trailed East Fremantle by 39 points at three-quarter time; Perth mounted a comeback, kicking nine goals straight in the final quarter, but fell ten points short.


1933 WANFL season, Home-and-Away season, Round 13
West Perth defeated East Perth after being in defence all of the last quarter then kicking two late goals. The winner from Frank Hopkins came when Royal defender Glew did not hear a “play on” call.


1933 WANFL season, Home-and-Away season, Round 16
Subiaco, two weeks after being last, moved up to fourth with a second narrow win over East Fremantle.


1933 WANFL season, Home-and-Away season, Round 18
South Fremantle staged a comeback to defeat Perth after trailing by six goals. It was the biggest half-time deficit any team had overcome to win since 1912, and allows the red and whites to retake Subiaco’s place in the four.


1933 WANFL season, Home-and-Away season, Round 21
George Doig becomes the first WANFL player to kick 100 goals when he kicks the fifth of seven in the last quarter of a second-semi preview that shows Old Easts ahead of the Cardinals in preparation.


1933 WANFL season, Finals, First semi-final
Subiaco’s much greater pace allowed it to confortably beat the Royals in warm conditions with an excellent third quarter


1933 WANFL season, Finals, Second semi-final
Old Easts came back from a three-goal half-time deficit to reverse the 1932 second-semi result although Benton holds George Doig to 2.3 (15).


1933 WANFL season, Finals, Preliminary final
Subiaco establish a lead of 48 points in their best first quarter until the second round of 1986 leading 9.8 (62) to 2.0 (12); West Perth mounted a strong comeback, but fell four points short


1933 WANFL season, Finals, Grand Final
On a sultry day that reached 83 °F (28.3 °C) during the match, Subiaco fight with extreme pluck but the work of previous weeks gives the Maroons little chance against their fresh and powerful rivals.


1933 WANFL season, Notes
The other pre-1934 clubs’ first 20-goal scores were: Perth – 25.24 (174) v Subiaco in 1904; East Fremantle – 21.11 (137) v Midland Junction in 1905; Subiaco – 20.15 (135) v West Perth in 1913; South Fremantle – 22.15 (147) v Midland Junction in 1916; East Perth – 21.8 (134) v West Perth in 1926; Claremont-Cottesloe – 21.14 (140) v East Perth in 1929. North Fremantle kicked its only 20-goal score of 25.24 (174) against Subiaco as early as 1902.


1933 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team
The 1933 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team was an American football team that represented Wake Forest University during the 1933 college football season. In its first season under head coach Jim Weaver, the team compiled a 0–5–1 record.


1933 Washington & Jefferson Presidents football team
The 1933 Washington & Jefferson Presidents football team was an American football team that represented Washington & Jefferson College as an independent during the 1933 college football season. The team compiled a 2–8–1 record and was outscored by opponents by a total of 47 to 122. Hank Day was the head coach.


1933 Washington Huskies football team
The 1933 Washington Huskies football team was an American football team that represented the University of Washington during the 1933 college football season. In its fourth season under head coach Jimmy Phelan, the team compiled a 5–4 record, finished in seventh place in the Pacific Coast Conference, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 88 to 81. Bill Smith was the team captain.


1933 Washington Senators season
The 1933 Washington Senators was a season in American baseball. They won 99 games, lost 53, and finished in first place in the American League. It was the third and final pennant of the franchise while based in Washington. The team was managed by Joe Cronin and played home games at Griffith Stadium. They lost the best-of-seven World Series in 5 games to the New York Giants.


1933 Washington Senators season
It would be the last time a Major League Baseball postseason series would be held in Washington until the 2012 season. The Senators franchise, which moved to Minneapolis–St. Paul after the 1960 season, has since won three American League pennants (1965; 1987; 1991) and two World Series (1987 and 1991) as the Minnesota Twins. The Series also marked the last time the nation's capital hosted a World Series game until the Washington Nationals -- spiritual successors to the Senators -- played in and ultimately won the 2019 World Series over the Houston Astros in seven games.


1933 Washington Senators season, Regular season
Player-manager Cronin was selected to the All-Star team as the starting shortstop and finished second in MVP voting. He also led the Senators with 118 runs batted in. 19-year-old infielder Cecil Travis had five hits in his major league debut.


1933 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1933 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1933 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1933 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1933 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1933 Washington Senators season, 1933 World Series, Game 1
October 3, 1933, at the Polo Grounds in New York City


1933 Washington Senators season, 1933 World Series, Game 2
October 4, 1933, at the Polo Grounds in New York City


1933 Washington State Cougars football team
The 1933 Washington State Cougars football team was an American football team that represented Washington State College during the 1933 college football season. Eighth-year head coach Babe Hollingbery led the team to a 3–3–1 mark in the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) and 5–3–1 overall.


1933 Washington State Cougars football team
The Cougars played their three home games on campus at Rogers Field in Pullman, Washington; two road games were played nearby, in Moscow and Spokane.


1933 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship
The 1933 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship was the 33rd staging of the Waterford Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Waterford County Board in 1897.


1933 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship
Erin's Own won the championship after a 7-06 to 1-03 defeat of Dunhill in the final. This was their 7th championship title overall and their 7th title in succession.


1933 Wellington City mayoral election
The 1933 Wellington City mayoral election was part of the New Zealand local elections held that same year. In 1933, elections were held for the Mayor of Wellington plus other local government positions including the fifteen city councillors, also elected biannually. Thomas Hislop, the incumbent Mayor sought re-election and retained office unopposed with no other candidates emerging. The polling was conducted using the standard first-past-the-post electoral method.


1933 Wellington City mayoral election, Background
The Labour Party chose not to stand a candidate for the mayoralty and decided to put all its resources in to winning a majority on the council, thinking this was the best way to achieve their goals. Labour actually polled more votes than the conservative Citizens' Association, but won fewer seats by virtue of most Labour votes being won by several popular candidates with the rest of the ticket trailing well behind them, whilst the Citizens' vote was far more evenly spread among its candidates. This was to be the first of five local elections where Labour won a majority of votes but did not gain control of the council. However Labour did manage to carry on momentum to win a by-election later in the year and thereby increase their representation.


1933 Wentworth by-election
The Wentworth by-election of 1933 was held on 22 December 1933. The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Labour MP, George Henry Hirst. It was won by the Labour candidate Wilfred Paling.


1933 West Tennessee State Teachers football team
The 1933 West Tennessee State Teachers football team was an American football team that represented West Tennessee State Teachers College (now known as the University of Memphis) as a member of the Mississippi Valley Conference during the 1933 college football season. In their tenth season under head coach Zach Curlin, West Tennessee State Teachers compiled a 7–1–1 record.


1933 West Virginia Mountaineers football team
The 1933 West Virginia Mountaineers football team was an American football team that represented West Virginia University as an independent during the 1933 college football season. In its third season under head coach Greasy Neale, the team compiled a 3–5–3 record and was outscored by opponents by a total of 145 to 87. The team played its home games at Mountaineer Field in Morgantown, West Virginia. Arthur Swisher was the team captain.


1933 Western Australian secession referendum
A secession referendum was held on 8 April 1933 in the Australian state of Western Australia, on the proposal that the state withdraw from the Australian Federation. The proposal won a majority of the votes and a petition to give effect to the decision was subsequently sent to the British Parliament, where a parliamentary joint select committee ruled it invalid.


1933 Western Australian secession referendum, Questions
There were 237,198 registered voters. The result on the first question was 138,653 in favour and 70,706 against. Question Two was rejected by a vote of 119,031 to 88,275. Only six of the fifty electoral districts recorded a No vote on the first question, five of them being in the Goldfields and Kimberley regions.


1933 Western Australian secession referendum, Aftermath
The Constitution of Australia, which established the Australian federation in 1901, had originally been an act of the British Parliament, and a petition was sent to it from Western Australia, asking that the Australian Constitution be changed to give effect to the separation vote. A joint select committee was set up by the British Parliament to consider the petition, and it decided that the request could not be acted upon because it did not have the support of the Australian federal government, as required by the 1931 Statute of Westminster.


1933 Western Australian secession referendum, Aftermath
Pressure for any further action was reduced by the victory of the anti-secession Labor Party in the Western Australia state election which was held on the same day as the referendum. The establishment of the Commonwealth Grants Commission in May 1933 helped alleviate some of the grievances that had motivated the secessionist movement.


1933 Western Australian secession referendum, Legacy
In the many decades after the 1933 referendum, it is invoked when Western Australian industry groups publicly complain about issues with the federal government in Canberra.


1933 Western Australian state election
Elections were held in the state of Western Australia on 8 April 1933 to elect all 50 members to the Legislative Assembly. The one-term Nationalist-Country coalition government, led by Premier Sir James Mitchell, was defeated by the Labor Party, led by Opposition Leader Philip Collier.


1933 Western Australian state election
The election occurred at the height of the Great Depression, and was notable for four reasons. Firstly, it is, to date, the only Western Australian election at which a sitting Premier has been defeated in his own seat, with Sir James Mitchell losing his Northam seat to Albert Hawke. It has also been the only election (apart from the ministerial by-elections in December 1901) where over half a Ministry have been defeated at an election—apart from Mitchell, Hubert Parker, John Scaddan and John Lindsay all lost their parliamentary seats.


1933 Western Australian state election
Secondly, three future Premiers, Frank Wise (1943–1945), Albert Hawke (1953–1959) and John Tonkin (1971–1974), were elected to Parliament on the same day. Thirdly, it was held on the same day as the secession referendum, which was passed by 68% of voters despite their choice of a party to lead the State who had persistently opposed secession. Finally, the Nationalists fell to third place at the election in terms of seats, meaning that the Country Party, who had more seats in parliament, were able to name the Opposition Leader until Labor's eventual defeat in the 1947 election. This result was in part possible due to the malapportionment in the Western Australian parliament which created more seats in mining areas, where the Labor Party was dominant, and in agricultural areas, where the Country Party was dominant.


1933 Western Australian state election
Two changes of affiliation had occurred in the previous term, which resulted in the Country Party increasing their parliamentary strength in the Assembly to 12 members. Arnold Piesse, who as an independent had defeated former Country Party leader Alec Thomson in his Katanning seat at the 1930 election, joined the Country Party, as did Richard Sampson, the long-serving member for Swan who had been elected a Nationalist.


1933 Western Australian state election, Retiring members
At the time of the election, the seat of West Perth was vacant. Its previous member, former Attorney-General and Nationalist MLA Thomas Davy, died suddenly on 18 February 1933, aged 42, while playing bridge with his wife and two friends at the Savoy Hotel. He was succeeded at the election by Robert Ross McDonald, who went on to lead the Nationalist Party from 1938 and was instrumental in forming the Western Australian branch of the Liberal Party in 1945.


1933 Western Australian state election, Results
At the election, 10 sitting members were defeated—nine Nationalists and one Country member. 8 of these seats were won by Labor, while Sussex was won by fellow Nationalist Edmund Brockman, and in Mount Marshall, Independent candidate Frederick Warner defeated Country member and Minister John Lindsay. (Warner went on to join the Country Party.) The only loss to Labor was the seat of Pilbara, which had been vacated by retiring member Alfred Lamond, and was won by the Nationalists' Frank Welsh.


1933 Western Australian state election, Results
Western Australian state election, 8 April 1933Legislative Assembly << 1930–1936 >>


1933 Western State Hilltoppers football team
The 1933 Western State Hilltoppers football team represented Western State Normal School (later renamed Western Michigan University) as an independent during the 1933 college football season. In their fifth season under head coach Mike Gary, the Hilltoppers compiled a 3–3–1 record and outscored their opponents, 66 to 64. Center Maurice Tingstad was the team captain.


1933 Wichita Shockers football team
The 1933 Wichita Shockers football team was an American football team that represented Wichita University (now known as Wichita State University) as a member of the Central Intercollegiate Conference (CIC) during the 1933 college football season. In its fourth season under head coach Al Gebert, the team compiled an 8–2 record.


1933 Wightman Cup
The 1933 Wightman Cup was the 11th edition of the annual women's team tennis competition between the United States and Great Britain. It was held at the West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills, Queens in New York City in the United States.


1933 William & Mary Indians football team
The 1933 William & Mary Indians football team represented William & Mary during the 1933 college football season.


1933 William & Mary Norfolk Division Braves football team
The 1933 William & Mary Norfolk Division Braves football team represented the Norfolk Division of the College of William and Mary, now referred to as Old Dominion University, during the 1933 college football season. They finished with a 5–3 record and outscored their opponents 68–58.


1933 Wimbledon Championships
The 1933 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The tournament was held from Monday 26 June until Saturday 8 July 1933. It was the 53rd staging of the Wimbledon Championships, and the third Grand Slam tennis event of 1933. Jack Crawford and Helen Moody won the singles titles.


1933 Wimbledon Championships, Finals, Men's Singles
Jack Crawford defeated  Ellsworth Vines, 4–6, 11–9, 6–2, 2–6, 6–4


1933 Wimbledon Championships, Finals, Men's Doubles
Jean Borotra /  Jacques Brugnon defeated  Ryosuke Nunoi /  Jiro Sato, 4–6, 6–3, 6–3, 7–5


1933 Wimbledon Championships, Finals, Women's Doubles
Simonne Mathieu /  Elizabeth Ryan defeated  Freda James /  Billie Yorke, 6–2, 9–11, 6–4


1933 Wimbledon Championships, Finals, Mixed Doubles
Gottfried von Cramm /  Hilde Krahwinkel defeated  Norman Farquharson /   Mary Heeley, 7–5, 8–6


1933 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles
Jean Borotra and Jacques Brugnon successfully defended their title, defeating Ryosuke Nunoi and Jiro Sato in the final, 4–6, 6–3, 6–3, 7–5 to win the Gentlemen' Doubles tennis title at the 1933 Wimbledon Championship.


1933 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles, Seeds
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.


1933 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles
Jack Crawford defeated the defending champion Ellsworth Vines in the final, 4-6, 11-9, 6–2, 2-6, 6-4 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1933 Wimbledon Championships.


1933 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles, Seeds
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.


1933 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed Doubles
Enrique Maier and Elizabeth Ryan were the defending champions, but lost in the quarterfinals to Gottfried von Cramm and Hilde Krahwinkel.


1933 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed Doubles
Von Cramm and Krahwinkel defeated Norman Farquharson and Mary Heeley in the final, 7–5, 8–6 to win the Mixed Doubles tennis title at the 1933 Wimbledon Championships.


1933 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed Doubles, Seeds
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.


1933 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed Doubles, Draw, Top half, Section 2
The nationalities of RG de Quetteville and Mrs HW Backhouse are unknown.


1933 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles
Doris Metaxa and Josane Sigart were the defending champions, but Metaxa did not compete. Sigart partnered with Peggy Scriven, but lost in the third round to Kitty Godfree and Peggy Michell.


1933 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles
Simonne Mathieu and Elizabeth Ryan defeated Freda James and Billie Yorke in the final, 6–2, 9–11, 6–4 to win the Ladies' Doubles tennis title at the 1933 Wimbledon Championships.


1933 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles, Seeds
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.


1933 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles
Helen Moody successfully defended her title, defeating Dorothy Round in the final, 6–4, 6–8, 6–3 to win the Ladies' Singles tennis title at the 1933 Wimbledon Championships.


1933 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles, Seeds
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.


1933 Wisconsin Badgers football team
The 1933 Wisconsin Badgers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Wisconsin in the 1933 Big Ten Conference football season. The team compiled a 2–5–1 record (0–5–1 against conference opponents) and finished in last place in the Big Ten Conference. Clarence Spears was in his second year as Wisconsin's head coach.


1933 Wisconsin Badgers football team
Halfback Robert Schiller was selected as the team's most valuable player. Harold Smith was the team captain. No Wisconsin players received All-American or All-Big Ten honors in 1933.


1933 Wisconsin Badgers football team
The team played its home games at Camp Randall Stadium, which had a capacity of 32,700. During the 1933 season, the average attendance at home games was 13,579.


1933 Wisconsin milk strike
The 1933 Wisconsin milk strike was a series of strikes conducted by a cooperative group of Wisconsin dairy farmers in an attempt to raise the price of milk paid to producers during the Great Depression. Three main strike periods occurred in 1933, with length of time and level of violence increased during each one.


1933 Wisconsin milk strike
The cooperative milk pool attempted to coordinate their efforts with larger farm groups, specifically the National Farm Holiday Association and Wisconsin Farmers' Holiday Association. However, during each strike, the larger farm holiday groups ended their strikes prematurely leaving the milk pool to conduct its strike alone.


1933 Wisconsin milk strike, Rationale
Wisconsin's Past and Present lists the price of evaporated milk from 1927 to 1929 as $4.79 / 100 lb with 46% to farmers, 33% to manufacturers and 21% to merchandisers. That price fell to an average of $3.48 / 100 lb, with individual farmers receiving a smaller percentage of the proceeds: 30.5% to farmers, 43% to manufacturers and 26.5% to merchandisers between 1930 and 1933. This decrease, combined with inflation during the Depression, put small farmers in an extremely difficult position.


1933 Wisconsin milk strike, Rationale
Farmers who produced milk for bottling were able to remain solvent, but those who produced milk for cheese, butter and other uses were driven into poverty. The price of milk that was going to urban areas for bottling was around $1.50 for a hundred pounds while the milk going to cheese and butter factories was only getting $0.85 for a hundred pounds of milk. This created a kind of civil war between the two types of dairy farmers. Milk to be bottled was largely unaffected by the strikes.


1933 Wisconsin milk strike, Rationale
In the 1930s, Wisconsin was the largest producer of milk in the United States. According to the 1930 decennial census, there were more than 125,000 dairy farms in the state. 63% of all land in Wisconsin was farmland and 71% of that land was used for dairy farming.


1933 Wisconsin milk strike, Rationale
Methods employed in the strikes were initially to simply not sell milk unless a previously agreed upon price of $1.50 per hundred pounds had been met. When the strikers realized they were grossly outnumbered and that some of the members were selling at a reduced price, they resorted to roadblocks to prevent milk deliveries to the manufacturers. Fixed road blocks were established and trucks were turned back if they contained milk. If they refused to turn back, the strikers forcibly dumped the milk at the roadside.


1933 Wisconsin milk strike, Rationale
In the early strikes, the deliveries simply took alternate routes to avoid the fixed roadblocks. During later strikes, the strikers took to the roads in search of delivery trucks and forced them to turn back as they were found. When they couldn't stop the deliveries, the strikers sometimes resorted to tainting the delivered milk with kerosene or oil, or in a few cases, throwing bombs at the creameries.


1933 Wisconsin milk strike, Rationale
The state attempted to get milk to market by breaking up the road blocks or escorting convoys carrying milk to their destinations. Tear gas was employed to disburse larger groups of strikers and in one instance guardsmen with fixed bayonets forced farmers from their position. Railways and interurban trains were used to bypass the roadblocks, but some rail lines were blocked by strikers and at least one freight yard was infiltrated resulting in the dumping of the milk in the yard.


1933 Wisconsin milk strike, Rationale
At this time there were other farmer organizations in different Mid-Western states that had already been protesting the rise in dairy prices and other farm problems. These farmers leagues had a lot to do with the "Farmers Holiday" organization that emerged in 1932 and 1933 in certain areas that worked with another organization called The United Farmers League that was a communist led group that formed in 1930 and 1931 that worked with Farmers Holiday.


1933 Wisconsin milk strike, Rationale
The Farm Holiday Association had done strikes related to other areas of agriculture related industries such as strikes on livestock in different states and trying to keep farmers in different states on the same side of boycotts and protests. Farmers Holiday had a larger impact in the Wisconsin milk strikes by doing milk strikes in other states around the same time and attempting to coordinate strikes to be more affect across state lines targeting certain cities.


1933 Wisconsin milk strike, February strike
The first set of strikes ran from February 15 to 22. They were mainly confined to strike strongholds centered on the area controlled by the Wisconsin Cooperative Milk Pool, led by Walter M. Singler, in the Fox Valley.


1933 Wisconsin milk strike, February strike
The first blood shed in the strike was reported to be near Appleton, Wisconsin, when milk convoy guards threw heavy objects like horse shoes at a group of 100 strikers.


1933 Wisconsin milk strike, May strike
The second in the series of strikes ran from May 13 to 19. These strikes spread to a larger part of Wisconsin and resulted in more violence than the February strike.


1933 Wisconsin milk strike, May strike
In Shawano County, the Journal sentinel reported 30 people were injured when National Guardsmen, sworn in as deputies charged with keeping the roads open, and pickets "engaged in a pitched battle" in front of a dairy plant. "The strikers won the skirmish, dumping the milk and driving the deputies to cover by throwing back their own tear gas bombs," the Journal Sentinel reported on May 15, 1933.


1933 Wisconsin milk strike, May strike
National Guardsmen with fixed bayonets and tear gas forced pickets from Durham Hill in Waukesha County, May 16, 1933.


1933 Wisconsin milk strike, May strike
25,000 pounds (11,000 kg) of milk was deliberately tainted with kerosene at a creamery near Farmington in Jefferson County.


1933 Wisconsin milk strike, May strike
On May 16, a guardsman shot two teenagers, killing one of them, after they failed to stop their vehicle in Racine County.


1933 Wisconsin milk strike, May strike
On May 18, a farmer in his 50s was killed when he fell or was pushed from the running board of a milk delivery truck after it left a picket road block between Saukville and Grafton in Ozaukee County.


1933 Wisconsin milk strike, May strike
On May 19, the milk pool received a temporary peace with the state government in Madison to discuss options to end the strikes. The five points the milk pool wanted examined were: First, to recall the National Guard away from protests. Second, followed by abolition of the two-price system for milk. Third, the reorganization of Department of Agriculture. Fourth, the prohibition against chain stores manufacturing and processing of food to make them weaker. And, fifth, being recognition for the organization of dairy farmers.


1933 Wisconsin milk strike, October-to-November strike
The third series of strikes ran from October 21 to November 18 and a larger portion of Wisconsin was affected by them.


1933 Wisconsin milk strike, October-to-November strike
Creameries near Plymouth and Fond du Lac, Wisconsin were bombed around November 1, 1933. A cheese factory near Belgium, Ozaukee County, Wisconsin was dynamited and burned, the 4th of the week. Creameries in Krakow and Zachow, in Shawano County, Wisconsin, were bombed Friday, November 3, 1933. In all, seven creameries were bombed and thousands of pounds of milk were dumped.


1933 Wisconsin milk strike, October-to-November strike
On October 28, 1933, a 60-year-old farmer was killed at a picket line in the Town of Burke, Wisconsin after a single bullet was fired into the crowd by a passenger in a car stopped by the crowd. The farmer killed had not been part of the picket and was there delivering food to the strikers. The shooter had been angered over a headlight a striker had broken while the shooter's vehicle was running the picket line earlier in the night. The shooter was later sentenced to two to four years in prison after pleading guilty to manslaughter charges.


1933 Wisconsin milk strike, Aftermath
Local newspapers reported that farmers lost $10 million during the strikes. After 1933, Singler's Cooperative Milk Pool purchased creameries to help increase the profits of its members, but the milk pool later faded into obscurity. The economy eventually improved, helping smaller farmers to earn more money, but it is not clear if the strikes aided this recovery.


1933 Wisła Kraków season
The 1933 season was Wisła Kraków's 25th year as a club.


1933 Women's British Open Squash Championship
The 1933 Ladies Open Championships was held at the Queen's Club, West Kensington in London from 27 March - 1 April 1933. Susan Noel won her second consecutive title defeating Sheila Keith-Jones in the final. The Championship was held later than usual because the leading players were involved in a tournament in the United States.


1933 Women's Western Open
The 1933 Women's Western Open was a golf competition held at Olympia Fields Country Club, the 4th edition of the event. June Beebe won the championship in match play competition by defeating Jane Weiller in the final match, 3 and 2.


1933 World Archery Championships
The 1933 World Archery Championships was the 3rd edition of the World Archery Championships. The event was held at the Ranelagh Club in London, Great Britain in July and August 1933 and was organised by World Archery Federation (FITA). It was the first time that separate men's and women's competitions were organised.


1933 World Fencing Championships
The 1933 World Fencing Championships were held in Budapest, Hungary.


1933 World Figure Skating Championships
The World Figure Skating Championships is an annual figure skating competition sanctioned by the International Skating Union in which figure skaters compete for the title of World Champion.


1933 World Figure Skating Championships
Men's competitions took from place February 18 to 19 in Zurich, Switzerland. Ladies' and pairs' competitions took place from February 11 to 12 in Stockholm, Sweden.


1933 World Series
The 1933 World Series was the championship series of the 1933 Major League Baseball season. A best-of-seven playoff, it was played between the National League (NL) pennant winner New York Giants and the American League (AL) pennant winner Washington Senators. The Giants defeated the Senators in five games for their first championship since 1922 and their fourth overall. Key to the Giants' World Series triumph was the pitching of aces "King" Carl Hubbell and "Prince" Hal Schumacher.


1933 World Series
This would be the last World Series played in Washington, D.C., until 2019. The Giants next won the World Series in 1954, their final title in New York City as the franchise moved to San Francisco after the 1957 season.


1933 World Series, Background
New York Giants majority owner John McGraw retired as manager in 1932 after 30 years at the helm, naming his protégé, young star first baseman Bill Terry, recently the last .400 hitter in the National League, as his player-manager successor. Somewhat similarly, former superstar hurler Walter Johnson also retired in 1932 as Washington Senators manager in favor of young star shortstop Joe Cronin as their new player-manager. (McGraw watched the Series from the stands, and died four months later.)


1933 World Series, Background
The Senators were the surprise team of 1933, breaking a seven-year monopoly on the AL title jointly held by the New York Yankees and Philadelphia Athletics from 1926 to 1932. But this could also be called a joint 13-year monopoly by all three, since the Senators had also won in 1924 and 1925 and the Yankees won from 1921 to 1923. 43-year-old future Hall of Famer Sam Rice, in his last year with the Senators, had only one at bat during the series, picking up a pinch hit single in the second game.


1933 World Series, Summary
NL New York Giants (4) vs. AL Washington Senators (1)


1933 World Series, Matchups, Game 1
Mel Ott had four hits and three RBI in Game 1, hitting a two-run home run in the first and RBI single in the third with two on, all off of Lefty Stewart. Travis Jackson scored the Giants' last run on a groundout off of Jack Russell. Carl Hubbell struck out ten, allowed two unearned runs (on groundouts by Joe Cronin in the fourth with two on and Joe Kuhel with the bases loaded in the ninth) and pitched a five-hitter.


1933 World Series, Matchups, Game 2
The Giants overcame a 1–0 deficit (as a result of Goose Goslin's third inning home run) with a six-run sixth inning. They loaded the bases with no outs on a single, double and intentional walk off of General Crowder before Lefty O'Doul hit a pinch-hit single that scored two runs. RBI singles by Travis Jackson, Gus Mancuso, Hal Schumacher and Jo-Jo Moore each scored a run. Hal Schumacher pitched a five-hitter for a 6–1 victory, giving New York a 2–0 lead.


1933 World Series, Matchups, Game 3
The Senators scored two runs in the first inning on Joe Cronin's RBI groundout with runners on second and third followed by Fred Schulte's RBI double. Next inning, Ossie Bluege hit a leadoff double and scored on Buddy Myer's double. They got one more run in the seventh when Luke Sewell singled, stole second, moved to third on a groundout and scored on Myer's double. Earl Whitehill held New York to five hits in the shutout. To date, this is the last World Series game in which a Washington team won at home.


1933 World Series, Matchups, Game 4
Carl Hubbell went all eleven innings in the 2–1 win. He induced Cliff Bolton to ground out into a bases-loaded, game ending double play. Bill Terry's home run off of Monte Weaver put the Giants up 1–0 in the fourth, but the Senators tied the score in the seventh when Joe Kuhel reached on an error, moved to second on a sacrifice bunt and scored on Luke Sewell's single. Travis Jackson singled to lead off the 11th, moved to second on a sacrifice bunt, and scored the game winning run on Blondy Ryan's single.


1933 World Series, Matchups, Game 5
In the second, Hal Schumacher's two-run single with runners on second and third put the Giants up 2–0 off of General Crowder. Kiddo Davis hit a leadoff double in the sixth and scored on Gus Mancuso's double to extend the lead to 3–0. Fred Schulte hit a game-tying three run homer in the sixth after two, two-out singles. for the Senators. Mel Ott's second home run of the series in the tenth off of Jack Russell won the Series for New York. Dolf Luque earned the win with 41⁄3 shutout innings of relief for Schumacher.


1933 World Series, Composite line score
1933 World Series (4–1): New York Giants (N.L.) beat Washington Senators (A.L.)


1933 World Series, Aftermath
Until winning the National League pennant in 2019, Washington, D.C., had not hosted another World Series game since 1933. In 2012, the Washington Nationals, formerly the Montreal Expos, brought postseason play back to Washington for the first time in 79 years but lost the National League Division Series (NLDS) after being one strike away from eliminating the St. Louis Cardinals after their early 6–0 lead had evaporated. In 2019, the Nationals won their first postseason series since their move—the Wild Card Game, NLDS, and NLCS—as their October stints in 2014, 2016, and 2017 had all ended in NLDS losses.


1933 World Series, Aftermath
(While in Montreal, the franchise made only one postseason appearance, winning the 1981 NLDS that was created due to that season's players' strike, then losing the 1981 NLCS.) The 2019 Nationals went on to win the World Series, which ended a 95-year championship drought for the city, dating back to the Senators' win in 1924.


1933 World Series, Aftermath
This first Washington Senators franchise became the Minnesota Twins during the 1960–61 offseason, and would not reach the World Series again until 1965 as the Twins—since then, they have won two World Series, in 1987 and 1991.


1933 World Series, Aftermath
The second Washington Senators, inaugurated in 1961 to replace the first edition on its way to Minnesota, became the Texas Rangers in 1972, who were also defeated four games to one in their first World Series ever by the now San Francisco Giants in 2010, with both Series 77 years apart starting in the Giants' home park and the Giants losing only Game 3 on the road in each. The Rangers were then defeated again in 2011 by the St. Louis Cardinals, when they had two chances to win in Game 6 when they came within one strike of winning.


1933 World Snooker Championship
The 1933 World Snooker Championship, known at the time as the Professional Championship of Snooker, was a snooker tournament held between 23 March and 16 June at various venues in England, with the final beginning on 12 June 1933 at Joe Davis's Saloon in Chesterfield, England. It was the seventh edition of the championship, and Joe Davis won his seventh title by defeating Willie Smith by 25 frames to 18 in the final. The highest break of the tournament was 72, compiled by Davis in the fortieth frame of the final.


1933 World Snooker Championship, Background
The World Snooker Championship is a professional tournament and the official world championship of the game of snooker. The sport was developed in the late 19th century by British Army soldiers stationed in India. Professional English billiards player and billiard hall manager Joe Davis noticed the increasing popularity of snooker compared to billiards in the 1920s, and with Birmingham-based billiards equipment manager Bill Camkin, persuaded the Billiards Association and Control Council (BACC) to recognise an official professional snooker championship in the 1926–27 season.


1933 World Snooker Championship, Background
In 1927, the final of the first profesional snooker championship was held at Camkin's Hall; Davis won the tournament by beating Tom Dennis in the final. The annual competition was not titled the World Championship until 1935, but the 1927 tournament is now referred to as the first World Snooker Championship. Davis also won the title each year from 1928 to 1932, with Dennis runner-up in four of the first six years of the championship, the exceptions being 1928, when Fred Lawrence lost to Davis in the final, and 1932 when Clark McConachy was the defeated finalist.


1933 World Snooker Championship, Background
For the 1933 championship, the preliminary heats and semi-finals were to be best of 25 frames, played over three days, with the final contested over 49 frames across six days. The entry fee was set at five guineas per player (equivalent to £375 in 2019), with a five guineas sidestake required for each match. Entry fees would be used to provide prize money for the finalists, with 60 per cent going to the champion, and gate receipts for each match would be divided equally, after expenses (including 5 per cent of the gross receipts for the BACC), between the two players concerned.


1933 World Snooker Championship, Summary
There were five entries: defending champion Joe Davis, Tom Dennis, and first-time championship participants Walter Donaldson, Willie Leigh, and Willie Smith. Donaldson and Leigh were drawn to play each other in the first round, with the winner meeting Davis in the semi-finals; Smith and Dennis would contest the other semi-final.


1933 World Snooker Championship, Summary
Donaldson and Leigh played their first round match at the Lounge Hall, Shakespeare Street, Nottingham from 23 to 25 March. Leigh won the first frame after Donaldson went in-off when potting the final black ball. He added the second after clearing from the brown to the black, then moving into a 4–0 lead. In the evening session, Donaldson took the first frame. He missed the pack of reds when breaking off in the next frame, but still won it.


1933 World Snooker Championship, Summary
The first day finished with the scores at 4–4, and each player won two frames in the morning session of the second day to make it 6–6. The score was eight frames all after the first two days. It was still level, at 10–10 following the morning session on the third day. In the concluding session, Donaldson opened a two frame lead at 12–10, and, after Leigh had taken the following frame, compiled the highest break of the match, 71, in winning the 24th frame to secure victory at 13–11.


1933 World Snooker Championship, Summary
Smith and Dennis played their semi-final at the Burroughes and Watts Hall in Newcastle upon Tyne from 10 to 12 April. Smith moved into a 6–2 lead on the first day, winning both sessions 3–1. On the second day Smith again won the both sessions 3–1 to lead 12–4. Smith won the first frame of the third day to achieve a winning margin at 13–4. The remaining dead frames were played and Smith finished 16–9 ahead.


1933 World Snooker Championship, Summary
The other semi-final and the final were played at Joe Davis's Saloon in Vicar Lane, Chesterfield. Davis met Donaldson in the semi-final scheduled for 29 to 31 May. Davis took a 3–0 lead before Donaldson won frame 4. Davis then won all four frames in the evening to lead 7–1 with breaks of 54 in frame 7 and 67 in frame 8. Davis continued to dominate and extended his lead to 11–1 in the afternoon. In frame 11 Donaldson had led 60–6 but Davis made a 57 clearance to win the frame.


1933 World Snooker Championship, Summary
He then claimed the first two frames in the evening to secure victory at 13–1, winning the match a day early. Donaldson won the two dead frames which finished the evening session. In 1939, Donaldson recounted to an interviewer in The Billiard Player that "[Davis] annihilated me. He wiped me right off the table" and that "I saw at once that there was far more in the game than I had ever dreamt of."


1933 World Snooker Championship, Summary
The final between Davis and Smith was originally planned for 6 days with 8 frames per day (9 on the final day). Davis won all four afternoon frames on the first day but Smith took three of the four frames played in the evening, to leave Davis 5–3 ahead. On the second day, Smith claimed all four afternoon frames to lead 7–5. At this point it seems that the match was reduced to five days since six frames were played in the evening. Davis won five of these to lead 10–8. He had a break of 53 in frame 14.


1933 World Snooker Championship, Summary
On the third day Smith won three of the five afternoon frames while each player won three frames in the evening session (which was extended from four to six frames) to leave Davis 15–14 ahead. Davis won three of the five frames on the fourth afternoon to leave the score at 18–16. Davis then won four of the five frames in the evening to extend his lead to 22–17. He had a break of 55 in frame 37. On the final afternoon, Davis made a break of 72 to win frame 40, the highest of the match.


1933 World Snooker Championship, Summary
He then added the next frame to lead 24–17 and, although Smith took the third frame of the session, Davis won the last frame in the afternoon to take the match 25–18 and win the title for the seventh time. Five dead frames were played in the evening, after which the Mayor of Chesterfield, Arthur Swale, made the presentations. The referee was Mr A Marshall, "the one-arm champion".


1933 World Snooker Championship, Main draw
Match results are shown below. Winning players and scores are denoted in bold text.


1933 World Table Tennis Championships (January)
The 7th World Table Tennis Championships were held in Baden bei Wien from January 31 to February 5, 1933.


1933 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Doubles
The 1933 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Doubles was the seventh edition of the men's doubles championship. Sándor Glancz and Viktor Barna defeated Lajos Dávid and István Kelen in the final by three sets to two. Barna playing with his new doubles partner Glancz, won his fifth consecutive doubles title.


1933 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Singles
The 1933 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Singles was the seventh edition of the men's singles championship.


1933 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Singles
Viktor Barna defeated Stanislav Kolář in the final, winning three sets to one.


1933 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Team
The 1933 World Table Tennis Championships – Swaythling Cup (Men's Team) was the seventh edition of the men's team championship.


1933 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Team
Hungary won the gold medal with a perfect 10–0 match record. England and Austria tied for bronze.


1933 World Table Tennis Championships – Mixed Doubles
The 1933 World Table Tennis Championships – Mixed Doubles was the seventh edition of the mixed doubles championship.


1933 World Table Tennis Championships – Mixed Doubles
István Kelen and Mária Mednyánszky defeated Sandor Glancz and Magda Gál in the final by three sets to two.


1933 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's Doubles
The 1933 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's Doubles was the sixth edition of the women's doubles championship. Mária Mednyánszky and Anna Sipos defeated Emilné Rácz and Magda Gál in the final by three sets to one.


1933 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's Singles
The 1933 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's Singles was the seventh edition of the women's singles championship. Anna Sipos defeated Mária Mednyánszky in the final by three sets to nil, to win the title.


1933 Wyoming Cowboys football team
The 1933 Wyoming Cowboys football team represented the University of Wyoming in the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) during the 1933 college football season. In its first season under head coach Willard Witte, the team compiled a 2–6–1 record (1–6–1 against RMC opponents) and was outscored by a total of 114 to 54.


1933 Yakima Valley strike
The 1933 Yakima Valley strike (also known as the Congdon Orchards Battle) took place on 24 August 1933 in the Yakima Valley, Washington, United States. It is notable as the most serious and highly publicized agricultural labor disturbance in Washington history and as a brief revitalization of the Industrial Workers of the World in the region.


1933 Yakima Valley strike, Background
Since 1916, the Yakima Valley had felt the presence of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW, or Wobblies), which positioned itself in conflict with local authorities and business interests. The meeting hall opened by the IWW in Yakima during the fall of that year was promptly raided by local police, who arrested its inhabitants, closed the building, and denied Wobblies the right to hold the street meetings which they regarded as essential to their organizational effort among the harvest workers flooding into the valley.


1933 Yakima Valley strike, Background
The Yakima strikes began with hop pickers in the Yakima Valley. The demands of the hop pickers were not of anything uncommon during the 1930s, with striking for regular eight-hour work days, the end of child labor in the yards, and a minimum wage of 35 cents per hour for men and women alike. At the time, the current rate for common labor was 10 to 12 cents an hour, with hop farmers claiming that they could not pay any more than 12 ½ cents per hour for labor due to lack of profit they made in sales.


1933 Yakima Valley strike, Background
In 1932, Yakima Valley hops sold for 11 to 14 cents a pound. Then, effective 7 April 1933, Congress legalized 3.2 percent beer and wine. States rapidly moved to repeal the Eighteenth Amendment. The effect of these events on hop prices was dramatic: in April and May, Valley papers reported sales of the remaining uncommitted 1932 crops at 40 to 50 cents; the Yakima Morning Herald for nearly a month showed prices up to 75 cents per pound. The forthcoming crop for 1933 commanded 20 to 30 cents. Three- and four-year contracts were being signed for 18 to 25 cents.


1933 Yakima Valley strike, Background
On the second day of the strike, the Yakima County Sheriff called the Washington State Patrol to send aid in which resulted in twenty-two officers coming to the aid of the Yakima County Sheriff's office by the next morning. Although eight picketers were arrested, it did not discourage picketers from continuing their activities. The IWW attorney had contacted the hop growers to see if he could bring about a peaceful settlement to the strike, but the hop growers never responded to the attorney. The strike had fizzled out with little success when matched against the hop growers, sheriffs, and state patrolmen, especially with the Yakima Chamber of Commerce giving the law enforcement and business owners' their support.


1933 Yakima Valley strike, Background
In order to ensure that peace was maintained on the hop farms, Chief Criminal Deputy H.T. "Army" Armstrong persuaded local growers to enforce a "night hop patrol" in which at least six men would be on patrol at all times during the harvest in order to protect the fields from sabotage.


1933 Yakima Valley strike, Timeline
The Yakima valley was an important hops and apple district; many men would travel to the valley during the summer seeking work. After the men were laid off due to being transient workers, they became provoked to strike in regards to the lack of work offered, in which farmers responded by creating vigilante bands around the orchards.


1933 Yakima Valley strike, Timeline
On August 14, several dozen men assembled at the Sunnyside Canal Bridge near the lower valley community of Sawyer. Some entered the orchard of Anna Mitchell where they talked to peach pickers about wages. While some protestors were reaching out to the pickers working at the orchard farms, others held their position on the bridge to try to dissuade the pickers from crossing the bridge to work for the farmers on the north side of the canal. With word spreading quickly of the protestors at the bridge, farmers gathered in order to out-number the strikers.


1933 Yakima Valley strike, Timeline
Both sides had armed themselves with homemade clubs or tree limbs. The protest turned physical when protestors refused to remove themselves from the bridge. Farmers banded together to throw protestors over the bridge in to the canal to "cool them off" in order to calm down the protestors. Seeing as the farmers were well-organized and prepared for strikes, along with having the county sheriffs and state patrolmen coming to their aid, the protests of 15 and 16 August were a complete failure.


1933 Yakima Valley strike, Timeline
The IWW and the pickers reached the peak of their strike on 23 August 1933 when several hundred workers gathered in Selah, elected a strike committee of seven members, and demanded an eight-hour day plus 50 cents an hour. They also voted for a strike at eleven o'clock the next day. In the early morning hours of August 24, about twenty picketers gathered at the Selah ranch and sixty at another, but local farmers and sheriffs patrolled the area in order to keep the pear harvest in operation.


1933 Yakima Valley strike, Timeline
At about 11:00 am, a group of sixty to one hundred picketers gathered at the large Congdon Orchards ranch, three miles west of Yakima, where pears were being picked. The men carried signs which advocated striking and discouraged "scabbing." Two sheriff deputies were called, and they told the pickets to move on. The picketers left the orchard, some to continue to picketing along the road and others to gather at the grassy and tree-shaded triangle of land in the middle of the intersection of what is today Nob Hill and 64th avenues.


1933 Yakima Valley strike, Timeline
Farmers within a ten-mile radius started calling other farmers to let them know about the picketing that had taken place and to rally up farmers to resist the pickers. The farmers began to walk the picketers still hanging around the orchards towards the town, specifically "The Triangle". Once the picketers were in that area, the farmers insisted that Triangle was private property and demanded that the workers immediately vacate it. The strikers complied, moving on to the highway. Yet, as soon as they did so, the farmers voiced an object to their being congregated on public property.


1933 Yakima Valley strike, Timeline
Although it is not clear who struck the first blows, apparently several farmers stepped forward and told the picketers to move out of the area. There was a brief discussion, then violence broke out. Men went down almost immediately. The bloody altercation involved 250 vigilantes and 100 picketers; of those 100 picketers, 61 workers were taken to the county jail.


1933 Yakima Valley strike, Aftermath
The strike was broken up on the night of August 24 due to the Washington National Guard breaking up a protest meeting with tear gas. As well, public assemblies were banned and highways and trains were searched for transients. National Guardsmen destroyed all the transient camps and hobo jungles in the vicinity. A public stockade of heavy timbers and barbed wire was erected to hold the prisoners awaiting trial. On two occasions, local vigilante committees seized prisoners as they were released, took them miles into the country, and beat them; once, the vigilantes tarred and feathered their victims and put linoleum cement in their shoes before freeing them.


1933 Yakima Valley strike, Aftermath
The prisoners were charged with criminal syndicalism, later changed to vagrancy. At the trial on December 17, 1933, twelve men eventually pleaded guilty to vagrancy and agreed not to take civil action against the county, while non-resident Wobblies promised to leave the county for at least one year; in return, Yakima authorities dropped all other charges. The Yakima repression "utterly smashed" the strike and agricultural unionism in the Valley, but the wooden stockade remained on the county courthouse grounds until 1943 as a "silent reminder to future malcontents that the spirit of 1933 remained alive in the region".


1933 Yale Bulldogs football team
The 1933 Yale Bulldogs football team represented Yale University in the 1933 college football season. The Bulldogs were led by first-year head coach Reginald D. Root, played their home games at the Yale Bowl and finished the season with a 4–4 record.


1933 Your House Is Mine
1933 Your House Is Mine is the second studio album by Missing Foundation, released in 1988 by Purge/Sound League.


1933 anti-Nazi boycott
The anti-Nazi boycott was an international boycott of German products in response to violence and harassment by members of Hitler's Nazi Party against Jews following his appointment as Chancellor of Germany on January 30, 1933. Examples of Nazi violence and harassment included placing and throwing stink bombs, picketing, shopper intimidation, humiliation and assaults. The boycott was spearheaded by some Jewish organizations but opposed by others.


1933 anti-Nazi boycott, History, Events in Germany
Following Adolf Hitler's appointment as German Chancellor in January 1933, an organized campaign of violence and boycotting was undertaken by Hitler's Nazi Party against Jewish businesses. The anti-Jewish boycott was tolerated and possibly organized by the regime, with Hermann Göring stating that "I shall employ the police, and without mercy, wherever German people are hurt, but I refuse to turn the police into a guard for Jewish stores".


1933 anti-Nazi boycott, History, Events in Germany
The Central Jewish Association of Germany felt obliged to issue a statement of support for the regime and held that "the responsible government authorities [i.e. the Hitler regime] are unaware of the threatening situation," saying, "we do not believe our German fellow citizens will let themselves be carried away into committing excesses against the Jews." Prominent Jewish business leaders wrote letters in support of the Nazi regime calling on officials in the Jewish community in Palestine, as well as Jewish organizations abroad, to drop their efforts in organizing an economic boycott. The Association of German National Jews, a marginal group that had supported Hitler in his early years, also argued against the Jewish boycott of German goods.


1933 anti-Nazi boycott, History, US and UK: Plans for a boycott
In Britain the movement to boycott German goods was opposed by the conservative Board of Deputies of British Jews. In the United States a boycott committee was established by the American Jewish Congress, with B'nai B'rith and the American Jewish Committee abstaining. At that point, they were in agreement that further public protests might harm the Jews of Germany.


1933 anti-Nazi boycott, History, US and UK: Plans for a boycott
Unrelenting Nazi attacks on Jews in Germany in subsequent weeks led the American Jewish Congress to reconsider its opposition to public protests. In a contentious four-hour meeting held at the Hotel Astor in New York City on March 20, 1933, 1,500 representatives of various Jewish organizations met to consider a proposal by the American Jewish Congress to hold a protest meeting at Madison Square Garden on March 27, 1933. An additional 1,000 people attempting to enter the meeting were held back by police.


1933 anti-Nazi boycott, History, US and UK: Plans for a boycott
New York Supreme Court Justice Joseph M. Proskauer and James N. Rosenberg spoke out against a proposal for a boycott of German goods introduced by J. George Freedman of the Jewish War Veterans. Proskauer expressed his concerns of "causing more trouble for the Jews in Germany by unintelligent action", protesting against plans for and reading a letter from Judge Irving Lehman that warned that "the meeting may add to the terrible dangers of the Jews in Germany".


1933 anti-Nazi boycott, History, US and UK: Plans for a boycott
Honorary president Rabbi Stephen Samuel Wise responded to Proskauer and Rosenberg, criticizing their failure to attend previous AJC meetings and insisting that "no attention would be paid to the edict" if mass protests were rejected as a tactic. Wise argued that "The time for prudence and caution is past. We must speak up like men. How can we ask our Christian friends to lift their voices in protest against the wrongs suffered by Jews if we keep silent? … What is happening in Germany today may happen tomorrow in any other land on earth unless its is challenged and rebuked.


1933 anti-Nazi boycott, History, US and UK: Plans for a boycott
It is not the German Jews who are being attacked. It is the Jews." He characterized the boycott as a moral imperative, stating, "We must speak out," and that "if that is unavailing, at least we shall have spoken." The group voted to go ahead with the meeting at Madison Square Garden.


1933 anti-Nazi boycott, History, US and UK: Plans for a boycott
In a meeting held at the Hotel Knickerbocker on March 21 by the Jewish War Veterans of the United States of America, former congressman William W. Cohen advocated a strict boycott of German goods, stating that "Any Jew buying one penny's worth of merchandise made in Germany is a traitor to his people." The Jewish War Veterans also planned a protest march in Manhattan from Cooper Square to New York City Hall, in which 20,000 would participate, including Jewish veterans in uniform, with no banners or placards allowed other than American and Jewish flags.


1933 anti-Nazi boycott, History, March 27, 1933: A National Day of Protest
A series of protest rallies were held on March 27, 1933, with the New York City rally held at Madison Square Garden with an overflow crowd of 55,000 inside and outside the arena and parallel events held in Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Philadelphia and 70 other locations, with the proceedings at the New York rally broadcast worldwide.


1933 anti-Nazi boycott, History, March 27, 1933: A National Day of Protest
Speakers at the Garden included American Federation of Labor president William Green, Senator Robert F. Wagner, former Governor of New York Al Smith and a number of Christian clergyman, joining together in a call for the end of the brutal treatment of German Jews. Rabbi Moses S. Margolies, spiritual leader of Manhattan's Congregation Kehilath Jeshurun, rose from his sickbed to address the crowd, bringing the 20,000 inside to their feet with his prayers that the antisemitic persecution cease and that the hearts of Israel's enemies should be softened. Jewish organizations — including the American Jewish Congress, American League for Defense of Jewish Rights, B'nai B'rith, the Jewish Labor Committee and Jewish War Veterans — joined together in a call for a boycott of German goods.


1933 anti-Nazi boycott, Boycott
The boycott began in March 1933 in both Europe and the US and continued until the entry of the US into the war on December 7, 1941.


1933 anti-Nazi boycott, Boycott
By July 1933, the boycott had forced the resignation of the board of the Hamburg America Line. German imports to the US were reduced by nearly a quarter compared with the prior year, and the impact was weighing heavily on the regime. Joseph Goebbels expressed that it was a cause for "much concern" at the first Nuremberg party rally that August. The boycott was perhaps most effective in British Palestine, especially against German pharmaceutical companies when nearly two-thirds of the 652 practicing Jewish doctors in Palestine stopped prescribing German medicines.


1933 anti-Nazi boycott, Boycott
A significant event in the boycott took place on March 15, 1937 when a "Boycott Nazi Germany" rally was held in Madison Square Garden in New York City.


1933 anti-Nazi boycott, Nazi counter-boycott
The Nazis and some outside Germany portrayed the boycott as an act of aggression, with the British newspaper the Daily Express using the headline: "Judea Declares War on Germany" on March 24, 1933. Nazi officials denounced the protests as slanders against the Nazis perpetrated by "Jews of German origin", with the Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels proclaiming that a series of "sharp countermeasures" would be taken against the Jews of Germany in response to the protests of American Jews.


1933 anti-Nazi boycott, Nazi counter-boycott
Goebbels announced a one-day boycott of Jewish businesses in Germany of his own to take place on April 1, 1933, which would be lifted if anti-Nazi protests were suspended. This was the German government's first officially sanctioned anti-Jewish boycott. If the protests did not cease, Goebbels warned that "the boycott will be resumed... until German Jewry has been annihilated".


1933 anti-Nazi boycott, Nazi counter-boycott
The Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses threatened by Goebbels occurred. Brownshirts of the SA were placed outside Jewish-owned department stores, retail establishments and professional offices. The Star of David was painted in yellow and black on retail entrances and windows, and posters asserting "Don't Buy from Jews!" (Kauf nicht bei Juden!) and "The Jews Are Our Misfortune!" (Die Juden sind unser Unglück!) were pasted around. Physical violence against Jews and vandalism of Jewish-owned property took place, but the police intervened only rarely.


1933 anti-Nazi boycott, Aftermath and legacy
The boycott, instead of reducing the harassment of Jews in Germany, was one of the preludes to the destruction of the Jews during the Holocaust.


1933 anti-Nazi boycott, Aftermath and legacy
The Haavara Agreement, together with German rearmament and lessened dependence on trade with the West, had by 1937 largely negated the effects of the Jewish boycott on Germany. Nevertheless, the boycott campaign continued into 1939.


1933 anti-Nazi boycott, Aftermath and legacy
An unevenly-honored social convention among American Jews during the 20th and early 21st-century was the boycotting of Volkswagen, Mercedes-Benz and BMW products, and other corporations which had profited from the Nazi war effort.


1933 college football season
The 1933 college football season saw the Michigan Wolverines repeat as winners of the Knute Rockne Memorial Trophy as national champion under the Dickinson System.


1933 college football season
The unofficial east–west championship game, the Rose Bowl, was between Stanford (8–1–1) who was ranked behind USC and unranked Columbia (7–1). The Columbia Lions won the Rose Bowl game 7–0.


1933 college football season, September
September 23 USC opened its season with a doubleheader against Occidental College, and Whittier College. Using a combination of varsity and reserves, the Trojans won 39–0 and 51–0, respectively. Although future President Richard M. Nixon had been on the freshman football team at Whittier, he was not part of the varsity squad that played against USC. Oregon defeated Linfield College 53–0. Stanford beat San Jose State 27–0


1933 college football season, September
September 30 Stanford narrowly defeated UCLA 3–0,  USC beat Loyola Marymount 18–0, and Oregon won at Gonzaga 14–0. Army opened with a 19–6 win over Mercer College. Minnesota beat visiting South Dakota State 19–6. Pittsburgh beat Washington & Jefferson 9–0.


1933 college football season, October
October 7 USC defeated Washington State 33–0, Stanford beat Santa Clara 7–0, and Oregon got past Portland College 14–7. Minnesota and Indiana tied 6–6. Michigan (whose team included Gerald Ford as a center) beat Michigan State 20–6, Purdue beat Ohio University 13–6, and Ohio State rolled over Virginia 75–0. Army beat Virginia Military Institute (VMI) 32–0 Pittsburgh beat West Virginia 21–0. Nebraska beat visiting Texas 26–0. Princeton opened its season with a shutout (40–0) over Amherst.


1933 college football season, October
October 14 In Minneapolis, Minnesota and Purdue played to a 7–7 tie. In Chicago, Stanford and Northwestern played to a 0–0 tie. Oregon won at Washington 6–0, and USC beat St. Mary's 14–7. Army defeated Delaware 52–0 and Pittsburgh beat Navy 34–6. Ohio State defeated Vanderbilt 20–0. Michigan beat Cornell 40–0. Nebraska won at Iowa State 20–0. Princeton recorded its second shutout, a 45–0 win over Williams. Tennessee suffered its first defeat since 1930, losing 10–2 against Duke.


1933 college football season, October
October 21 Michigan beat visiting Ohio State 13–0. Minnesota (1–0–2) hosted  Pittsburgh (3–0–0), with the home team Gophers winning, 7–3. Purdue won at Chicago 14–0. In Portland, USC and Oregon State played to a 0–0 tie. Stanford won at the University of San Francisco, 20–13. In Cleveland Army beat Illinois 6–0. Nebraska won at Kansas State 9–0. Oregon beat Idaho 19–0 in a Friday Night game. Princeton beat Columbia, 20–0, to stay unscored upon.


1933 college football season, October
October 28 USC narrowly won at California, 6–3, Oregon won at UCLA 7–0, and Stanford lost at Washington 6–0. Michigan won at Chicago 28–0, Ohio State beat Northwestern 12–0, Minnesota beat Iowa 19–7, and Purdue won at Wisconsin 14–0. Army won at Yale 21–0. Pittsburgh won at Notre Dame 14–0. Nebraska beat Oklahoma 16–7. Princeton narrowly won, but stayed unscored upon, with a 6–0 win over Washington & Lee.


1933 college football season, November
November 4 Oregon beat Utah 26–7. Stanford beat the Olympic Club 21–0 and Army beat Coe College 34–0. Purdue beat Carnegie Tech 17–7. Michigan won at Illinois, 7–6, Ohio State beat Indiana 21–0. Minnesota and Northwestern played to a 0–0 tie. Pittsburgh beat Centre College 37–0. Nebraska stayed unbeaten with a 26–0 win over Missouri. Princeton extended its shutout streak to five with a 33–0 win at Brown.


1933 college football season, November
November 11  In Los Angeles, USC (6–0–1) hosted Stanford (5–1–1). The Trojans suffered their first defeat in 27 games, losing 13–7, in a game that ultimately decided the Pacific Coast championship. Michigan defeated Iowa 5–3. At Portland, Oregon beat Oregon State, 13–3 to extend its record to 8–0–0. Army won at Harvard 27–0. In Phildadelphia, Ohio State beat Penn 20–7 and Purdue won at Notre Dame 19–0. Pittsburgh beat Duquesne 7–0 and Nebraska defeated Kansas 12–0Princeton beat Dartmouth, 7–0, for its sixth straight shutout.


1933 college football season, November
November 18 USC (6–1–1) handed visiting Oregon (8–0–0) its first defeat, 26–0. Michigan (6–0–0) and Minnesota (3–0–3), both unbeaten,  played to a scoreless tie. Pittsburgh (6–1–0) hosted Nebraska (5–0–0) and won 6–0. Princeton beat visiting Navy 13–0. In seven games, it had outscored its opponents 164–0. Stanford beat Montana 33–7. Army defeated Pennsylvania Military Institute, 12–0. Ohio State won at Wisconsin 6–0. Purdue suffered its first loss of the season, falling 14–6 to visiting Iowa.


1933 college football season, November
November 25 Princeton was finally scored upon, after holding its first seven opponents scoreless. The streak was broken by Rutgers, which lost 26–6. USC won at Notre Dame, 19–0 and Stanford beat California 7–3. The annual Army–Navy Game took place in Philadelphia, and Army won 12–7. Ohio State closed its season with a 7–6 win over Illinois and Michigan won at Northwestern 13–0, Minnesota beat Wisconsin 6–3, and Purdue won at Indiana 19–3. Nebraska beat Iowa 7–6


1933 college football season, November
Thanksgiving Day fell on November 30 in 1933. Nebraska defeated Oregon State 22–0 to close its season at 8–1–0. Oregon won at St. Mary's, 13–7. Pittsburgh beat Carnegie Tech 16–0.


1933 college football season, December
December 2 In Los Angeles, USC (8–1–1) hosted Georgia (8–1–0) and won 31–0Army (9–0–0) and Notre Dame (2–5–1) met at Yankee Stadium. The Fighting Irish pulled off a 13–12 upset. Princeton, no longer having to maintain a streak of shutouts, won at Yale 27–2 to finish as the nation's only unbeaten and untied team.


1933 college football season, 1934 Rose Bowl
The Columbia Lions defeated the Stanford Indians (now Cardinal) 7–0. Cliff Montgomery, the Columbia quarterback, was named the Rose Bowl Player Of The Game when the award was created in 1953 and selections were made retroactively.


1933 college football season, Dickinson System
The AP sportswriters' poll would not begin continuously until 1936. (although, the first time was a one instance publishing in 1934) Frank G. Dickinson, an economics professor at the University of Illinois, had invented the Dickinson System to rank colleges based upon their records and the strength of their opposition. The system was originally designed to rank teams in the Big Nine (later the Big Ten) conference. Chicago clothing manufacturer Jack Rissman then persuaded Dickinson to rank the nation's teams under the system, and the Rockne Memorial Trophy was awarded to the winning university.


1933 college football season, Dickinson System
In an AP story with the caption "Figure This Out! ", the system was explained:"For each victory of a first division team over another first division team, the winner gets 30 points and the loser 15 points. For each tie between two firstdivision teams, each team gets 12.5 points. For each victory of a first division team over a second division team, the first division winner gets 20 points and the second division loser 10 points. For each tie between two second division teams, each gets 15 points.


1933 college football season, Dickinson System
For each tie between a first division team and a second division team, the first division team gets 15 points and the second division team gets 20 points. Then, after each team has been given its quota of points its final "score" is tabulated by taking an average on the number of games played."


1933 college football season, Final Dickinson rankings
Michigan (7–0–1), Minnesota (4–0–4) and Princeton (9–0) were all unbeaten, and Princeton was untied as well. Based on its schedule, Michigan was ranked highest by Professor Dickinson. As in 1932, Dickinson, an economics professor at the University of Illinois, included four Big Ten Conference teams among the best in the US. In 1933, they were Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio State, and Purdue.


1933 double eagle
The 1933 double eagle is a United States 20-dollar gold coin. Although 445,500 specimens of this Saint-Gaudens double eagle were minted in 1933, none were ever officially circulated, and all but two were ordered to be melted down. However, 20 more are known to have been rescued from melting by being stolen and found their way into the hands of collectors before later being recovered. Nine of the recovered coins were destroyed, making this one of the world's rarest coins, with only 13 known specimens remaining—only one of which is privately owned.


1933 double eagle
The two intentionally spared coins are in the U.S. National Numismatic Collection, ten others are held in the United States Bullion Depository at Fort Knox, and the one remaining recovered coin was sold in 2002 to private collector Stuart Weitzman (who remained anonymous at the time) for US$7.59 million (equivalent to $11.4 million as of 2021) —the second-highest price paid at auction for a single U.S. coin. The coin sold at auction in June 2021 for $18.8 million dollars.


1933 double eagle, Production
In 1933, in an attempt to end the 1930s general bank crisis, U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 6102, which provisions included:


1933 double eagle, Production
Section 2. All persons are hereby required to deliver on or before May 1, 1933, to a Federal Reserve bank or a branch or agency thereof or to any member bank of the Federal Reserve System all gold coin, gold bullion, and gold certificates now owned by them or coming into their ownership on or before April 28, 1933, with the exception of the following:


1933 double eagle, Production
Congress additionally passed the Gold Reserve Act in 1934, which outlawed the circulation and private possession of United States gold coins for general circulation, with an exemption for collector coins. This act declared that gold coins were no longer legal tender in the United States, and people had to turn in their gold coins for other forms of currency. The 1933 gold double eagles were struck after this executive order, but because they were no longer legal tender, most of the 1933 gold coins were melted down in late 1934 and some were destroyed in tests. Two of the $20 double eagles were presented by the United States Mint to the U.S. National Numismatic Collection, and they were recently on display in the "Money and Medals Hall" on the third floor of the National Museum of American History.


1933 double eagle, Production
These two coins should have been the only 1933 double eagle coins in existence. However, unknown to the mint, a number of the coins (20 have been recovered so far) were stolen, possibly by the U.S. Mint cashier, and found their way via Philadelphia jeweler Israel Switt into the hands of collectors. The coins circulated among collectors for several years before the Secret Service became aware of their existence.


1933 double eagle, Production
The matter came to the attention of mint officials when an investigative reporter looked into the history of the coins he had spotted in an upcoming Stack's Bowers coin auction and contacted the Mint as part of his research. As a result, an official investigation into the matter was launched by the Secret Service in March 1944. Prior to the investigation, a Texas dealer sold one of the coins to a foreign buyer, and it left the U.S. on February 29, 1944.


1933 double eagle, Production
During the first year of the investigation, seven coins were seized or voluntarily turned in to the Secret Service and were subsequently destroyed at the Mint; an eighth coin was recovered the following year and met the same fate. In 1945, the investigation identified the alleged thief and his accomplice, Switt, who admitted to selling the nine (located) coins, but said he could not recall how he obtained them. The Justice Department tried to prosecute them, but the statute of limitations had passed. A ninth coin was recovered and destroyed in 1952.


1933 double eagle, Production
In contrast, the 1933 Eagle was issued before Roosevelt's withdrawal order, so they may be legally owned by private citizens. However, it is estimated that no more than 40 exist, the rest having been melted, making them exceptionally rare.


1933 double eagle, Farouk Specimen, 1944 Export and Subsequent Disappearance
The missing double eagle was acquired by King Farouk of Egypt, who was a voracious collector of many things, including imperial Fabergé eggs, antique aspirin bottles, paperweights, postage stamps—and coins, of which he had a collection of over 8,500. In 1944 Farouk purchased a 1933 double eagle, and in strict adherence with the law, his ministers applied to the United States Treasury Department for an export license for the coin. Mistakenly, just days before the mint theft was discovered, the license was granted.


1933 double eagle, Farouk Specimen, 1944 Export and Subsequent Disappearance
The Treasury Department attempted to work through diplomatic channels to request the return of the coin from Egypt, but World War II delayed their efforts for several years. In 1952, King Farouk was deposed in a coup d'etat, and many of his possessions were made available for public auction (run by Stacks Bowers) – including the double eagle coin (1933 Saint-Gaudens Double Eagle. | Stacks Bowers). The United States government requested the return of the coin, and the Egyptian government stated that it would comply with the request. However, the coin disappeared and was not seen again in Egypt.


1933 double eagle, Farouk Specimen, 1996 Reappearance
In 1996, a double eagle surfaced again after over 40 years of obscurity, when British coin dealer Stephen Fenton was arrested by U.S. Secret Service agents during a sting operation at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York. Although he initially told investigators he bought the coin over the counter at his shop, he later changed his story. Under sworn testimony, he insisted the double eagle had come from the collection of King Farouk, though this could not be verified. Criminal charges against Fenton were subsequently dropped, and he defended his ownership of the coin in civil court.


1933 double eagle, Farouk Specimen, 1996 Reappearance
The civil case was settled in 2001 when it was agreed that ownership of the double eagle would revert to the United States government, and the coin could then legally be sold at auction to the highest-bidding private owner. The United States Treasury issued a unique document to "issue and monetize" the coin, thereby making it a legal-tender gold coin in the United States.


1933 double eagle, Farouk Specimen, 1996 Reappearance
When the coin was seized, it was transferred to a holding place believed to be safe: the treasury vaults of the World Trade Center. When the court settlement was reached in July 2001, only two months before the Trade Center was destroyed, the coin was transferred to Fort Knox for safekeeping.


1933 double eagle, Farouk Specimen, 2002 Sale
On July 30, 2002, the 1933 double eagle was sold to an anonymous bidder at a Stacks Bowers auction held in New York for $6.6 million, plus a 15-percent buyer's premium, and an additional $20 needed to "monetize" the face value of the coin so it would become legal currency. This brought the final sale price to $7,590,020.00, almost twice the previous record for a coin. Half the bid price was to be delivered to the United States Treasury, plus the $20 to monetize the coin, while Stephen Fenton was entitled to the other half. The auction took less than nine minutes.


1933 double eagle, Farouk Specimen, 2021 Sale
The 2002 buyer remained anonymous for nearly two decades, until March 2021, when it was revealed in a New York Times article to be collector Stuart Weitzman. Weitzman's decision to reveal himself as the coin's owner since 2002 coincided with his decision to sell it, in a Sotheby's auction scheduled for June 2021. The coin was cataloged as Lot 1 in Sotheby's June 8, 2021 auction, and sold that day for $18,872,250.


1933 double eagle, Discovery of ten more coins
In August 2005, the United States Mint announced the recovery of ten additional stolen 1933 double eagle gold coins from the family of Philadelphia jeweler Israel Switt, the illicit coin dealer identified by the Secret Service as a party to the theft who admitted selling the first nine double eagles recovered a half-century earlier. In September 2004, the coins' ostensible owner, Joan Switt Langbord, voluntarily surrendered the 10 coins to the Secret Service. In July 2005, the coins were authenticated by the United States Mint after working with the Smithsonian Institution, as being genuine 1933 double eagles.


1933 double eagle, Discovery of ten more coins
According to various accounts, Israel Switt had many contacts and friends within the Philadelphia Mint, and reportedly had access to many points of the minting process. A secondary source reports that the Secret Service found that only one man, George McCann, had access to the coins at the time and served prison time for similar embezzlement in 1940. Switt may have obtained the stolen 1933 double eagles through a relationship with the head mint cashier. One theory is that McCann swapped previous year double eagles for the 1933 specimens prior to melting, thus avoiding compromise of accounting books and inventory lists.


1933 double eagle, Discovery of ten more coins
Coin experts in the numismatic world have advanced an argument that Switt could have legally obtained the 1933 coins when he was exchanging gold bullion for coins. Although the Mint records clearly show that no 1933 double eagles were issued, there were allegedly three weeks in March 1933 when new double eagles could possibly have been legally obtained. The mint began striking double eagles on March 15, and Roosevelt's executive order to ban them was not finalized until April 5. On March 6, 1933, the Secretary of the Treasury ordered the Director of the Mint to pay gold only under license issued by the Secretary, and the United States Mint cashier's daily statements do not reflect that any 1933 double eagles were paid out.


1933 double eagle, Discovery of ten more coins
Until the early 1970s (when President Nixon took the United States off of the gold standard and President Ford signed legislation that again made it legal for the public to own gold bullion), any recovered 1933 double eagle, as gold bullion, was required to be melted. Therefore, while double eagles recovered prior to 1974 were melted down, any double eagle recovered now can be spared this fate. Currently, with the exception of the one sold on July 30, 2002, 1933 double eagle coins cannot be the legal possession of any member of the public, as they were never issued and hence remain the property of the United States government.


1933 double eagle, Discovery of ten more coins
On October 28, 2010, United States District Court judge Legrome D. Davis released a 20-page decision regarding claims to the coins by descendants of Israel Switt, leading to a trial in July 2011. On July 20, 2011, after a ten-day trial, a jury ruled unanimously in favor of the United States government concerning ownership of the ten additional double eagles. The court concluded that circumstantial evidence proved that Israel Switt had illegally obtained the coins from the United States government and that they are thus still government property. The decision was affirmed on August 29, 2012, and the plaintiffs planned to appeal.


1933 double eagle, Discovery of ten more coins
The ten double eagles were stored at the Fort Knox Bullion Depository. They were shown to jurors in Philadelphia during the July 2011 trial, and were then returned to Fort Knox, where they were to remain until a decision was made regarding their disposition. In April 2015, a United States federal appeals court ordered the coins returned to the Langbord family because the original asset seizure was conducted improperly, as the government failed to file a judicial civil forfeiture complaint within 90 days of the family's seized asset claim.


1933 double eagle, Discovery of ten more coins
This order was reversed on July 28, 2015, and in October 2015, an en banc session was held with 13 judges from the Third Circuit Court of Appeals, where they heard oral arguments in the ongoing appeal. On August 1, 2016, the judges reversed the previous ruling, finding the coins to be property of the United States government. The Langbords appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which on April 17, 2017 denied certiorari.


1933 double eagle, Unauthorized replicas
In 2004, the National Collectors Mint (NCM) released gold-plated replicas of the 1933 double eagle, ostensibly under the authority of the Northern Mariana Islands, a U.S. Commonwealth. The NCM advertised and certified the coins as "legal tender of the CNMI", a bogus designation.


1933 double eagle, Unauthorized replicas
The replica coins did not include any "replica" or "copy" indications on their faces. The replica coins matched the original coins in concept of design, but they were not exact duplications of the coin. The only difference in basic design between the NCM replicas and the original double eagle was the addition of the CNMI territorial seal under the U.S. motto on the reverse.


1933 double eagle, Unauthorized replicas
After some controversy over the nature and marketing of these replicas, the coins were reissued with the word "copy" stamped across the eagle's abdomen.


1933 in Afghanistan
The following lists events that happened during 1933 in Afghanistan.


1933 in Afghanistan, February 1933
Towards the end of the month a "Crazy Fakir" appears in the Khost district in the south of Afghanistan, proclaiming that the ex-king Amanullah will soon arrive. At his instigation a number of tribesmen take up arms with the intention of marching on Kabul, and they receive considerable reinforcements from the Wazir and Mahsud tribes across the Indian border. They meet the government troops which were sent south to oppose them in the neighbourhood of Matun, and some sharp fighting takes place at the end of February and beginning of March.


1933 in Afghanistan, February 1933
The tribesmen from across the border then begin to withdraw at the bidding of some of their elders who were sent by the British authorities to recall them, and the uprising soon comes to an end. Later in the year one of the ringleaders, Tor Malang, is executed with some of his associates, but the "Crazy Fakir", who fled abroad, is allowed to return with the assurance of a free pardon, on account of his advanced age.


1933 in Afghanistan, July 1933
Afghanistan becomes a party to the Eight-Power Pact of Nonaggression formulated by the Soviet Union.


1933 in Afghanistan, October 6, 1933
The first Afghan minister, Habibullah Tarzi, arrives in Tokyo. It was decided earlier in the year to establish an Afghan legation there on account of the increasing demand in Afghanistan for Japanese textiles, chemicals, and machinery.


1933 in Afghanistan, November 8, 1933
King Mohammed Nadir Shah is assassinated at a school prize-giving in the courtyard of the palace. The assassin proves to be a servant of Yusufzai Sardar Ali Gholam Nabi Khan, who was executed for conspiracy and treason exactly a year previously, and his motive was to revenge his master. He is executed along with a number of his associates on December 22. Nadir Shah reigned for just over four years, during which time he laboured chiefly to instil into his subjects a desire for national unity and for peaceful progress in the arts of civilization.