1928 Michigan Wolverines football team
Before and during the season, a feud developed between head coach Tad Wieman and athletic director Fielding H. Yost, who had been the head coach until 1927. The team opened the season with four consecutive losses, the worst start by a Michigan football team to that point in time. During the losing streak, the Wolverines lost to Indiana, a program that had never beaten or even scored a point against a Michigan team, and Wisconsin, a program that had not beaten a Michigan team since 1899. The Wolverines finished the season with three wins and a tie; their victory over Big Ten champion Illinois spoiled an otherwise perfect season for the Illini. After the season, Wieman was removed as the team's head coach and replaced with Harry Kipke.


1928 Michigan Wolverines football team
Quarterback/halfback George Rich was the team captain. Left tackle Otto Pommerening was selected as the team's most valuable player and as a consensus first-team player on the 1928 College Football All-America Team. Fullback Joe Gembis was the team's leading scorer with nine points on three extra points and two field goals.


1928 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season and Wieman-Yost feud
In 1927, Michigan compiled a 6–2 record with Bennie Oosterbaan winning All-American honors for the third consecutive year. The 1927 team also included All-Big Ten Conference honorees Louis Gilbert at halfback and Ray Baer at guard. Oosterbaan, Gilbert, and Baer graduated in 1928, leaving coach Tad Wieman to rebuild the core of his team with new personnel.


1928 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season and Wieman-Yost feud
The 1928 season saw conflict between Wieman and athletic director Fielding H. Yost. Before the season began, Yost became restless and announced that he would return to his head coaching responsibilities. After taking control from Wieman, Yost then announced to newspapers the night before the season opener that Wieman was once again the head football coach. Wieman told friends that Yost had failed to notify him in advance, and "he was the most surprised man in the country" when Yost made the announcement.


1928 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season and Wieman-Yost feud
In October 1928, newspapers across the country reported that there had been a break between Yost and Wieman. The Detroit News reported, "While no official word of any eruption has been issued, it is well known in inner circles that Wieman is in rebellion and thinking seriously of leaving Ann Arbor." Wieman reportedly contended that he had never really been allowed to take control of the team and felt that he was being used as a scapegoat for the team's poor showing.


1928 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season and Wieman-Yost feud
In late October 1928, the athletic department issued a joint statement from Wieman and Yost denying any estrangement and noting that their relationship was too long and intimate to be jeopardized by "any minor misunderstandings." In an apparent compromise over responsibility for the team's poor showing, the statement noted, "For the handling of the football team up to October 5, Mr. Yost assumes full responsibility. Since the above date Mr. Wieman has been in charge as head coach."


1928 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 1: Ohio Wesleyan
On October 6, 1928, the inexperienced Michigan team opened its 1928 season with a 17–7 loss to Ohio Wesleyan at Michigan Stadium. The game drew a crowd of between 50,000 and 55,000 persons, the largest crowd to watch an opening game in Michigan history. Michigan's lone touchdown was set up when Danny Holmes intercepted a pass and returned the ball to the Ohio Wesleyan two-yard line. George Rich then ran for the touchdown, and Joe Gembis kicked the extra point. Ohio Wesleyan scored touchdowns in the second and third quarters and kicked a field goal from the 27-yard line in the fourth quarter.


1928 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 1: Ohio Wesleyan
The Ohio Wesleyan band played "that old familiar air, 'We Don't Give a D--m for the Whole State of Michigan'" as it marched onto the field. The song was credited with inspiring Ohio Wesleyan to upset the Wolverines. According to another account, Ohio Wesleyan coach George Gauthier, a Michigan State alumnus, led his team in singing the song in the locker room before the game began.


1928 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 1: Ohio Wesleyan
Ohio Wesleyan's victory was branded "the greatest upset" in Michigan football history. It was also the first for a team from Ohio over the Wolverines since 1921.


1928 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 2: Indiana
On October 13, 1928, Michigan lost to Indiana by a 6–0 score before a crowd of 40,000 at Michigan Stadium. There were nearly 55,000 empty seats in the stadium. Harry Bullion of the Detroit Free Press criticized Michigan's tackling and blocking and described the match as "a listless game". Neither team scored through the first three quarters. In the fourth quarter, Indiana drove for a touchdown. Hoosier halfback Frank Faunce faked an end run and cut back to the inside, running 18 yards for the game's only score. Indiana missed the kick for extra point.


1928 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 2: Indiana
The victory was Indiana's first ever against the Wolverines, and Faunce's touchdown marked the first time in a series dating back to 1900 that an Indiana team had scored a single point against a Michigan team. The Hoosiers out-gained the Wolverines by 206 rushing yards to 40. The Indianapolis Star described the game as "the greatest football day in Indiana's history within recent years."


1928 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 3: at Ohio State
On October 20, 1928, Michigan lost its rivalry game with Ohio State by a 19–7 score before a crowd of 72,723 at Ohio Stadium in Columbus, Ohio. Ohio State dominated the game with 13 first downs to only one for Michigan. Byron Eby led the Buckeyes with 74 rushing yards on 17 carries. Michigan's touchdown was scored in the first quarter after a Michigan punt took an unexpected bounce, grazed Ohio State back Charles Coffee, and bounded into the end zone where it was recovered by Leo Draveling for a touchdown. Joe Gembis kicked the extra point. The defeat broke Michigan's six-game winning streak against Ohio State, a streak that dated back to 1922.


1928 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 4: Wisconsin
On October 27, 1928, Michigan lost to Wisconsin by a 7–0 score before a crowd of 55,000 on a partially rain-soaked field at Michigan Stadium. The game remained scoreless until the final two minutes of the fourth quarter when the Badgers' Sammy Behr threw a pass to Bo Cuisinier who grabbed the ball from the arms of a Michigan defender and ran the remaining 25 yards for a touchdown. It was Wisconsin's first victory over a Michigan football team since 1899. The loss was Michigan's fourth in a row to open the 1928 season, the first time in school history that Michigan had opened a season so poorly.


1928 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 5: Illinois
On November 3, 1928, Michigan defeated Illinois by a 3–0 before a crowd estimated at 90,000 persons at Michigan Stadium. In a match dominated by defense, Michigan gained 95 yards from scrimmage on 43 attempts, while Illinois gained 122 yards on 50 attempts. Joe Gembis scored the game's only points in the first quarter on a field goal from placement from the 35-yard line. Gembis' field goal was set up when Alvin Dahlem intercepted a pass and returned it to the Illini 20-yard line. Frosty Peters missed on two field goal attempts for the Illini. The outcome proved to be the only defeat for Robert Zuppke's Illini during the 1928 season, as Illinois won the Big Ten championship and shut out Northwestern, Chicago, and Ohio State.


1928 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 6: at Navy
On November 10, 1928, Michigan played Navy to a 6–6 tie before a crowd of approximately 35,000 at Municipal Stadium in Baltimore. After a scoreless first half, Johnny Gannon of Navy returned the second-half kickoff for 72 yards to Michigan's eight-yard lines. Gannon then ran for the touchdown on third down. Gannon's kick for extra point went wide. Michigan fullback Joe Gembis was injured prior to the game and was unavailable to play against Navy. Michigan tied the game in the fourth quarter when backup fullback Stanley Hozer led a 50-yard drive culminating with a short touchdown run. Michigan's kick for extra point was blocked. As time ran out, Navy attempted a field goal that went wide of the goal post.


1928 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 6: at Navy
Michigan wore "bright yellow jerseys" for the game. One newspaper account described the new jerseys, unveiled for the Navy game, as "screeching yellow" and "of almost a screaming canary" color. The new jerseys "caused quite a stir", and was the first time in "many, many years" that Michigan had discarded its regular blue outfits. Coach Wieman ordered the yellow jerseys after Navy refused to depart from its traditional blue jerseys.


1928 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 7: Michigan State
On November 17, 1928, Michigan won its rivalry game against Michigan State by a 3–0 score before a crowd of 28,067 at Michigan Stadium in Ann Arbor. Morris Hughes kicked a field goal from placement for Michigan in the second quarter. Michigan out-gained Michigan State by 110 net rushing yards to 29, and Michigan State out-gained Michigan in passing yards by 74 yards to 33 yards.


1928 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 7: Michigan State
Despite the victory, Harry Bullion wrote in the Detroit Free Press that Michigan "played one of the worst football games they ever thought the system in force at Ann Arbor could display to public scrutiny." Michigan State's head coach for the 1928 season was Harry Kipke, the former Wolverine All-American who became Michigan's head coach starting in 1929.


1928 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 8: Iowa
On November 24, 1928, Michigan defeated Iowa by a 10–7 score before a crowd of nearly 70,000 at Michigan Stadium. Michigan again wore its "screaming yellow jerseys" rather than the traditional blue jerseys. Iowa halfback Willis Glassgow ran 55 yards for a touchdown in the first quarter. Michigan fullback Joe Gembis kicked a field goal from the 27-yard line in the second period. Michigan halfback Alvin Dahlem ran 15 yards for a touchdown in the third quarter to put Michigan in the lead. Gembis kicked the extra point.


1928 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Post-season
After the season, tackle Otto Pommerening was named the most valuable player on the 1928 Michigan team. He was also a consensus first-team tackle on the 1928 All-America team, receiving first-team honors from the Associated Press, United Press, Collier's Weekly (Grantland Rice), and the International News Service. Pommerening was also the only Michigan player to be honored on the 1928 All-Big Ten Conference football teams.


1928 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Post-season
Wieman was removed as the team's head coach in late May 1929.


1928 Michigan Wolverines football team, Personnel, Varsity letter winners
The following players won varsity letters for their work on the 1928 football team: Players who started at least half of Michigan's games are displayed in bold.


1928 Michigan Wolverines football team, Personnel, aMa letter winners
The following players won aMa letters for their work on the 1928 football team:


1928 Michigan gubernatorial election
The 1928 Michigan gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1928. Incumbent Republican Fred W. Green defeated Democratic nominee William Comstock with 69.94% of the vote.


1928 Middle Tennessee State Teachers football team
The 1928 Middle Tennessee State Teachers football team represented the Middle Tennessee State Teachers College (now known as Middle Tennessee State University) during the 1928 college football season. The team captain was Hubert Swann.


1928 Middlesbrough West by-election
The Middlesbrough West by-election, 1928 was a parliamentary by-election held for the British House of Commons constituency of Middlesbrough West on 7 March 1928.


1928 Middlesbrough West by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the death of the sitting Liberal MP, Trevelyan Thomson who had held the seat since 1918. Although Middlesbrough West had been Liberal since 1918 and the predecessor seat of Middlesbrough had been Liberal since 1886 (with the exception of the 1900 general election), no recent contest had been three-cornered and Trevelyan Thompson had made the seat so much his own that he had not even been opposed in 1924. So, there was no reliable way of knowing how the votes would fall.


1928 Middlesbrough West by-election, Candidates, Liberals
The Liberals selected Frank Kingsley Griffith, a thirty-eight-year-old barrister from London and formerly unsuccessful candidate at Bromley at the general elections of 1922, 1923 and 1924. Griffith was also Chairman of the National League of Young Liberals. It was reported that Trevelyan Thomson's wife, Hilda, had been approached as a possible candidate in succession to her husband but that her health ruled her out.


1928 Middlesbrough West by-election, Candidates, Unionists
The Unionists chose as their candidate, local councillor and businessman Stanley Sadler. Sadler was the son of Samuel Sadler the first Conservative Member of Parliament for Middlesbrough and the founder of Sadler & Company, a chemicals business. Stanley Sadler was a former Mayor of Middlesbrough.


1928 Middlesbrough West by-election, Candidates, Labour
The candidate adopted for the Labour Party was also a local councillor. Huddersfield born Alonzo Ralph Ellis was a trade union official and councillor in Bradford.


1928 Middlesbrough West by-election, Candidates, Labour
The adoption of these candidates meant this was the first three-cornered contest in the constituency since it was created in 1918.


1928 Middlesbrough West by-election, Issues
Griffith issued his election address on 24 February, declaring himself an out and out Free Trader and stating that never before had Free Trade been so vital to industrial recovery at home and international amity abroad. The government's policy of protectionism was not applicable to the great national industries like iron and steel or shipping. He urged the government to put in hand great schemes of work and to allow local authorities to do the same to improve the infrastructure and create employment.


1928 Middlesbrough West by-election, Issues
It was ludicrous he argued to be paying the unemployed benefit to do nothing while improvement schemes such those at Middlesbrough docks were held up because of poor government accounting. Ellis countered by declaring that what was wanted was 100% socialism. The government must intervene to provide employment – or work with a capital W, in his words. Sadler had previously put forward an argument that those receiving poor law relief (unemployment benefit) should lose their right to vote if they refused to take work.


1928 Middlesbrough West by-election, Issues
He was challenged on this during the campaign and said that at a time of high unemployment this should not apply as people were out of work through no fault of their own but in better economic times a man who would not work should not be entitled to vote. It was reported however that Sadler was a strong defender of the Unionist government record in office and was particularly assured on the questions of safeguarding in industry (protectionism) and the economy.


1928 Middlesbrough West by-election, Result
The result was a narrow hold for the Liberals over Labour, a margin of just 89 votes, with the Tories in third place.


1928 Middlesbrough West by-election, Result
The poll showed that the popularity of the government was waning. Sadler and the Unionists had been expecting a higher vote and Labour advanced to a strong second place, presaging their win at the 1929 general election. For the Liberals the retention of the seat was a relief. The result of this by-election came on the same day as the by-election in St Ives in Cornwall, which was a Liberal gain from the Unionists. This double triumph for the Liberal Party was a boost to party morale, renewed under the dynamic leadership of Lloyd George and to the radical policy agenda of the coloured books and the manifesto We Can Conquer Unemployment being produced at this time.


1928 Middlesbrough West by-election, Aftermath
Despite his slim majority this time however Griffith went on to hold the seat at the general elections of 1929, 1931 and 1935, the last of these in a three-cornered fight against Labour and National Labour opponents. When Griffith was appointed a county court judge in 1940, the seat was retained for the Liberals by Harcourt Johnstone in the resulting by-election, although under the wartime truce between the political parties, he was not opposed. Stanley Sadler clearly did not find national level politics congenial as he never fought another Parliamentary election.


1928 Middlesbrough West by-election, Aftermath
A R Ellis tried to win Middlesbrough West again in 1929 and then unsuccessfully contested Nottingham South in 1931. This turned out to be a false dawn for the Liberals however, as the result of the 1929 general election produced a strong advance in terms of the popular vote and percentage of poll share but only a modest improvement in the number of seats held overall.


1928 Milan–San Remo
The 1928 Milan–San Remo was the 21st edition of the Milan–San Remo cycle race and was held on 25 March 1928. The race started in Milan and finished in San Remo. The race was won by Costante Girardengo.


1928 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team
The 1928 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team represented the University of Minnesota in the 1928 college football season. In their fourth year under head coach Clarence Spears, the Golden Gophers compiled a 6–2 record and outscored their opponents by a combined score of 182 to 36.


1928 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team
Guard George Gibson and end Ken Haycraft were named All-Americans by the Associated Press and Look Magazine. Gibson, Haycraft and quarterback Fred Hovde were named All-Big Ten first team.


1928 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team
Total attendance for the season was 146,185, which averaged to 29,237. The season high for attendance was against Chicago.


1928 Minnesota gubernatorial election
The 1928 Minnesota gubernatorial election took place on November 6, 1928. Republican Party of Minnesota candidate Theodore Christianson defeated Farmer–Labor Party challenger Ernest Lundeen.


1928 Minnesota lieutenant gubernatorial election
The 1928 Minnesota lieutenant gubernatorial election took place on November 6, 1928. Incumbent Lieutenant Governor William I. Nolan of the Republican Party of Minnesota defeated Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party challenger Thomas J. Meighen and Minnesota Democratic Party candidate Fred Pfaender.


1928 Mississippi A&M Aggies football team
The 1928 Mississippi A&M Aggies football team represented the Mississippi A&M Aggies of Agricultural and Mechanical College of the State of Mississippi during the 1928 college football season.


1928 Mississippi State Teachers Yellow Jackets football team
The 1928 Mississippi State Teachers Yellow Jackets football team was an American football team that represented the Mississippi State Teachers College (now known as the University of Southern Mississippi) as an independent during the 1928 college football season. In their first year under head coach William B. Saunders, the team compiled a 4–5 record.


1928 Missouri Tigers football team
The 1928 Missouri Tigers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Missouri in the Big Six Conference (Big 6) during the 1928 college football season. The team compiled a 4–4 record (3–2 against Big 6 opponents), finished in a tie for second place in the Big 6, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 138 to 102. Gwinn Henry was the head coach for the fifth of nine seasons. The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium in Columbia, Missouri.


1928 Missouri Tigers football team
The team's leading scorer was Robert Mehrle with 32 points.


1928 Missouri gubernatorial election
The 1928 Missouri gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1928 and resulted in a victory for the Republican nominee, former Congressman Henry S. Caulfield, over the Democratic nominee, Francis M. Wilson, and several other candidates representing minor parties.


1928 Missouri lieutenant gubernatorial election
The 1928 Missouri lieutenant gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1928. Republican nominee Edward Henry Winter defeated Democratic nominee Frank Gaines Harris with 52.47% of the vote.


1928 Mitropa Cup
The 1928 season of the Mitropa Cup football club tournament was won by Ferencváros in a final against Rapid Wien. This was the second edition of the tournament.


1928 Mitropa Cup, Quarter-finals
Playoff between Rapid Wien and MTK resulted in 1-0 victory for Rapid Wien.


1928 Mitropa Cup, Semi-finals
Playoff between Viktoria Žižkov and Rapid Wien resulted in 3-1 victory for Rapid Wien.


1928 Montana Grizzlies football team
The 1928 Montana Grizzlies football team represented the University of Montana in the 1928 college football season as a member of the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC). The Grizzlies were led by third-year head coach Frank W. Milburn, played their home games at Dornblaser Field and finished the season with a record of four wins, five losses and one tie (4–5–1, 0–5 PCC).


1928 Montana State Bobcats football team
The 1928 Montana State Bobcats football team represented Montana State College (later renamed Montana State University) in the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) during the 1928 college football season. In its first season under head coach Schubert R. Dyche, the team compiled a 4–4–1 record (3–2 against RMC opponents), finished sixth in the conference, and was outscored by a total of 121 to 81.


1928 Montana gubernatorial election
The 1928 Montana gubernatorial election took place on November 6, 1928. Incumbent Governor of Montana John E. Erickson, who was first elected governor in 1924, ran for re-election. Erickson only narrowly won the Democratic primary against future Governor Roy E. Ayers, and advanced to the general election, where he was opposed by U.S. Attorney Wellington D. Rankin, the former Attorney General of Montana. Although Herbert Hoover carried the state in a landslide in the presidential election that year, Erickson won re-election to his second term as governor in a landslide over Rankin.


1928 NC State Wolfpack football team
The 1928 NC State Wolfpack football team was an American football team that represented North Carolina State University as a member of the Southern Conference (SoCon) during the 1928 college football season. In its fifth and final season under head coach Gus Tebell, the team compiled a 4–5–1 record (1–4–1 against SoCon opponents), finished in 17th place in the conference, and outscored opponents by a total of 157 to 100.


1928 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans
The 1928 College Basketball All-American team, as chosen retroactively by the Helms Athletic Foundation. The player highlighted in gold was chosen as the Helms Foundation College Basketball Player of the Year retroactively in 1944.


1928 NCAA Swimming and Diving Championships
The 1928 NCAA Swimming and Diving Championships were contested at Hutchinson Gymnasium at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania as part of the fifth annual NCAA swim meet to determine the team and individual national champions of men's collegiate swimming and diving in the United States.


1928 NCAA Swimming and Diving Championships
Only individual championships were officially contested during the first thirteen-NCAA sponsored swimming and diving championships. Unofficial team standings were kept but a team title was not officially awarded until 1937.


1928 NCAA Swimming and Diving Championships
Michigan is acknowledged as this year's unofficial team champion, the second such title (and second consecutive) for the Wolverines.


1928 NCAA Track and Field Championships
The 1928 NCAA Track and Field Championships was the seventh NCAA track and field championship. The meet was held at Soldier's Field in Chicago, Illinois in June 1928.


1928 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Track events
100-yard dash  1. Claude Bracey, Rice Institute 9.32. George Simpson, Ohio St.3. Wes Foster, Washington St.4. George Hester, Michigan5. Arthur Engle, Iowa St.6. Hermansen, Northwestern


1928 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Track events
120-yard high hurdles 1. Dwight Kane, Ohio Wesleyan 14.72. Morris Penquite, Drake3. Harold Trumble, Nebraska4. Ralph Pahlmeyer, Wisconsin5. Don Cooper, Michigan6. Percy Beard, Alabama Poly


1928 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Track events
220-yard dash 1. Claude Bracey, Rice Institute 20.92. George Simpson, Ohio State3. H.L. Henson, Michigan State4. Arthur Engle, Iowa St.5. Root, Chicago6. Lambacher, Ohio Wesleyan


1928 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Track events
220-yard low hurdles 1. Frank Cuhel, Iowa 23.22. Steve Anderson, Washington3. Don Cooper, Michigan4. Edwin Spence, College of City of Detroit5. Dwight Kane, Ohio Wesleyan6. Richard Rockaway, Ohio St.


1928 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Track events
440-yard dash 1. Emerson Spencer, Stanford 47.72. Russell Walter, Northwestern3. Snitz Snider, Alabama Poly4. George Baird, Iowa5. Strong College, of City of Detroit6. Ernest Knotz, Georgia Tech


1928 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Track events
880-yard run 1. Virgil Gist, Chicago 1:54.42. Hal White, Illinois3. Robert Orlovich, Illinois4. Emmett Brunson, Rice Institute5. Lindus Caulum, Iowa St.6. Gorby, Northwestern


1928 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Track events
One-mile run 1. Rufus Kiser, Washington 4:17.32. Leroy Potter, Michigan Normal3. Hanson, Oregon St.4. Galen Elliott, North Carolina5. Frank Stine, Illinois6. Harold Fields, Indiana


1928 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Track events
Two-mile run  1. David Abbott, Illinois 9:28.82. D. Cleaver, Idaho3. Poco Frazier, Kansas4. Haworth, Penn5. William Clapham, Indiana6. Charles Bullamore, Wisconsin


1928 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Field events
Broad jump 1. Ed Hamm, Georgia Tech 25 feet, 0 inches2. Dyer, Stanford3. Striff, Oregon St.4. Rice, College of Ozarks5. Tom Humes, Washington6. Cyrus Spangler, Kansas


1928 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Field events
High jump 1. Bob King, Stanford 6 feet, 4½ inches2. Parker Shelby, Oklahoma 3. Warren Anson, Ohio St.4. Robert Carr, Illinois4. Summerfield Brunk, Drake4. Frey, Chicago4. Jack Cline, Central Michigan


1928 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Field events
Pole vault 1. Ward Edmonds, Stanford 13 feet, 6½ inches 2. William Droegemueller, Northwestern3. Vic Pickard, Pittsburgh4. Frank Glaser, Marquette4. J.B. O'Dell, Clemson4. Harold McAtee, Michigan St.4. Weldon Cabaness, Rice Institute4. Norman Heinsen, Illinois4. Albright, Coe


1928 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Field events
Discus throw 1. Eric Krenz, Stanford 149 feet, 2 inches 2. Leo Baldwin, Texas3. Peter Rasmus, Ohio St.4. Lorin Hagerty, Iowa5. Welch, Pittsburgh 6. Emerson Nelson, Iowa


1928 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Field events
Javelin 1. Lee Bartlett, Albion 216 feet, 7 inches 2. Goode, McKendree3. Rice, College of the Ozarks4. Kibby, Stanford5. George Mackinnon, Minnesota6. Sparling, Stanford


1928 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Field events
Shot put 1. Harlow Rothert, Stanford 49 feet, 10¾ inches 2. Eric Krenz, Stanford3. Herman Brix, Washington4. White, Kansas St. Teach. 5. Daniel Lyon, Illinois6. Foster, Stanford


1928 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Field events
Hammer throw 1. Wilford Ketz, Michigan 163 feet, 8¾ inches 2. Donald Gwinn, Pittsburgh3. Justin Dart, Northwestern4. Emerson Nelson, Iowa5. Vern Lapp, Iowa6. Joseph Ujhelyi, Ohio St.


1928 NCAA Wrestling Championships
The 1928 NCAA Wrestling Championships were contested at the first annual NCAA-sponsored wrestling meet to determine the individual national champions of collegiate wrestling in the United States. The inaugural edition was hosted by the Iowa Agricultural College (now known as Iowa State) at State Gymnasium in Ames, Iowa.


1928 NCAA Wrestling Championships
Unlike all later editions of the event, no team championship was awarded. A total of seven individual championships were awarded across seven corresponding weight classes. Oklahoma A&M, nonetheless, won four of the seven weight classes and have been subsequently deemed the 1928 unofficial national team champions.


1928 NFL season
The 1928 NFL season was the ninth regular season of the National Football League. The league dropped to 10 teams after both the Cleveland Bulldogs and the Duluth Eskimos folded before the season. The Buffalo Bisons also had a year out from the league, and the Rochester Jeffersons, after missing two seasons of play, finally folded. The Detroit Wolverines were an expansion club. Meanwhile, the Providence Steam Rollers were named the NFL champions after finishing the season with the best record.


1928 NFL season, Championship race
After four weeks, the Chicago Bears and the Detroit Wolverines were both unbeaten. On October 21, the Packers beat the Bears, 16–6, leaving Detroit, at 2–0–0, at the top of the standings. On November 3, near Philadelphia, the Frankford Yellow Jackets (4–1–0) hosted Detroit (3–0–0), and beat them 25–7. The next day, Detroit (3–1–0) lost 7–0 at Providence (4–1–0), and the Yellow Jackets and the Steamrollers were tied for the lead at the end of Week Seven.


1928 NFL season, Championship race
Frankford played a series against Pottsville in Week Eight, winning 19–0 at home, and 24–0 on the road, for a 7–1–1 record that put it in first place ahead of Providence. In Week Nine, on November 18, the Providence Steam Roller (5–1–1) hosted the Frankford Yellow Jackets (7–1–2) in Rhode Island, in a regular season game that ultimately would determine which team would win the NFL championship. Providence's 6–0 win put the Steam Roller in first place, and it didn't lose any of its last three games, finishing at 8–1–2, while Frankford finished second at 11–3–2. Had the Yellow Jackets beaten the Steamrollers, their records at season's end would have been 12–2–2 and 7–2–2, respectively. Providence was formally awarded the championship at the post-season meeting of the NFL owners.


1928 NFL season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1928 NSWRFL season
The 1928 New South Wales Rugby Football League premiership was the twenty-first season of Sydney’s top-level rugby league club competition, Australia’s first. During the season, which lasted from April until September, nine teams from across the city contested the premiership, culminating in a final between Eastern Suburbs and South Sydney.


1928 NSWRFL season, Season summary, Earl Park riot
The season of 1928 was infamous for the Earl Park riot. In a St George home game 21–3 victory over Balmain, Tony Russell of Balmain became involved in a running feud with George Carstairs, the St George captain.


1928 NSWRFL season, Season summary, Earl Park riot
Referee Brannaghan began to lose control of the match when he sent off St George forward Harry Flower early in the second half but allowed Balmain players to stay on the field. After a later incident between Russell and Carstairs resulted in the latter being knocked unconscious and Brannaghan merely cautioning Russell, the crowd's aggravation grew and the situation escalated.


1928 NSWRFL season, Season summary, Earl Park riot
The Earl Park crowd took matters into their own hands by storming the field in an attempt to injure Russell. Police arrived and intervened using handcuffs, batons and fists but not before Russell was badly beaten by the crowd. He suffered leg and head injuries and was put into the same ambulance as George Carstairs where it was reported that Russell attempted to assault Carstairs and ambulance officers had to intervene to restrain him.


1928 NSWRFL season, Season summary, Earl Park riot
A week later, a NSWRL investigation blamed crowd violence and not the players or officials for the disturbance.


1928 NSWRFL season, Finals
Heading into the finals, top placed St. George and Eastern Suburbs were in top form, with St. George losing their only match in round 3 and Eastern Suburbs losing to St. George in round 7 of the 14-week competition. With Saints and Easts finishing on 26 points each, no playoff for the minor premiership was staged to award a right of challenge in the finals, thus negating the good work done by both sides during the premiership rounds and ultimately providing an easier route than otherwise for Souths to take the title away from both minor premiers.


1928 NSWRFL season, Finals
In the semi-finals, Eastern Suburbs beat fourth-placed North Sydney to make the final, whilst South Sydney beat St. George, whom they had lost to 9–8 just three weeks earlier.


1928 NSWRFL season, Finals, Final
A crowd of 25,000 were at the Royal Agricultural Society Grounds to watch the final between South Sydney and Easts, refereed by Lal Deane. George Treweek scored Souths' first try, crashing over under the posts after Easts' fullback Toby fumbled the high kick. Wearing converted. Then Jack Why, Root and Brien combined to put Williams over and Souths took an 8–0 lead. Before the half-ended Wearing kicked a penalty goal from halfway and Quinlivan crossed for another Souths try and a 13–0 lead at the break.


1928 NSWRFL season, Finals, Final
The second stanza started no better for Easts when Hardy took the ball close with the line wide open only to see his pass dropped. Harry Kadwell struck back for Souths who went to a 16–0 lead before the floodgates opened – Cavanough scored from the next kick-off and then Kadwell crossed again. Easts’ only try of the match was by Steel under the posts and was the last of the match with the bell sounding shortly after. Thus the Rabbitohs took their fourth successive title and become the first club to achieve this feat.


1928 NSWRFL season, Finals, Final
South Sydney 26 (Tries: Harry Kadwell (2), George Treweek, Reg Williams, Oscar Quinlivan, Harry Cavanough. Goals: Benney Wearing 2, Oscar Quinlivan 2)


1928 NYU Violets football team
The 1928 NYU Violets football team was an American football team that represented New York University as an independent during the 1928 college football season. In their fourth year under head coach Chick Meehan, the team compiled a 8–2 record. Ken Strong led the nation in scoring.


1928 National Challenge Cup
The 1928 National Challenge Cup was the annual open cup held by the United States Football Association now known as the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup.


1928 Navy Midshipmen football team
The 1928 Navy Midshipmen football team represented the United States Naval Academy during the 1928 college football season. In their third season under head coach Bill Ingram, the Midshipmen compiled a 5–3–1 record, shut out five opponents, and outscored all opponents by a combined score of 121 to 21.


1928 Navy Midshipmen football team
The annual Army–Navy Game was canceled due to disagreement over player eligibility standards.


1928 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team
The 1928 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Nebraska in the Big Six Conference during the 1928 college football season. In its fourth and final season under head coach Ernest Bearg, the team compiled a 7–1–1 record (5–0 against conference opponents), won the Big Six championship, and outscored opponents by a total of 144 to 31. The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium in Lincoln, Nebraska.


1928 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Before the season
Coach Bearg's Cornhuskers had accomplished many feats, but had yet to put up a conference title banner during his tenure. The Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association had split up following the 1927 season, with the smaller schools (Drake, Grinnell, Oklahoma A&M, and Washington (MO)) forming a new league, the similarly named Missouri Valley Conference. The schools which remained in the MVIAA (Iowa State, Kansas, Kansas State, Missouri, Nebraska, and Oklahoma) were henceforth commonly referred to as the Big Six Conference, although the league's name technically was not changed. The result was that the league no longer had teams from smaller schools which were typically easily overwhelmed by Nebraska. Securing a league title was now more difficult than ever.


1928 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Roster
Andrews, Ralph #15 FBAshburn, Clifford #37 EBroadstone, Marion #54 TBushee, Charles #45 EChaloupka, Howard #55 EDrath, Walter #40 GEno, Gordon #56 TFarley, George #21 HBFisher, Morris #17 EFrahm, Harold #35 HBGallaway, William #47 GGreenberg, Elmer #46 GHolm, Elmer #31 GHowell, Edward #29 FBJames, Theodore #36 EJeffries, Ralph #30 GJustice, Charles #48 GLewandowski, Adolph #18 ELong, Andrew #32 HBLucas, Leroy #52 TMaasdam, Felber #24 C


1928 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Roster
McBride, Clark #13 HBMcMullen, Dan #66 GMorgan, Clifford #16 EMunn, Glenn #50 TNelson, Clarence #20 HBParker, Jerry #34 FBPeaker, Harold #11 QBPhillips, Donald #57 CPrucka, Frank ERay, George TRichards, Raymond #49 TRowley, Claude #23 HBRussell, Fay #53 QBScherzinger, Victor #22 FBSimic, Adolph #25 ESloan, Clair #26 FBUrban, Willard #33 EWitte, Willard #19 QBWostoupel, Adrian #93 HBYoung, Robert HBZuver, Merle #42 G


1928 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Iowa State
Iowa State allowed the Cornhuskers just one touchdown in the first half, which was earned through fierce competition. After the break, the Cyclones continued to thwart Nebraska and made big gains of their own, yet somehow failed to turn any of their advances into points on the board. The Cornhuskers found the end zone one more time and finished the scoring, opening the conference slate in the new Big 6 with a shutout victory and pulling farther ahead of Iowa State in the series, 18-4-1.


1928 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Montana State
The Cornhuskers started off slowly in the home opener, managing to lead the Bobcats 13-6 at the half, but it was all Nebraska when the teams returned to the field. Montana State allowed several big key plays which handed all of the momentum to the Cornhuskers, who rolled off another 13 points and took the win in the first meeting of these teams.


1928 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Syracuse
Syracuse, long a source of frustration for the Cornhuskers, arrived in Lincoln to open Nebraska's non-conference slate. Both teams utilized extensive forward passes in a game of aerial attacks. Nebraska's first touchdown was countered not too long after by Syracuse before the half. Both teams fought back and forth in the second half but never found the scoreboard, and the game was ultimately decided by the successful Nebraska 1-point place kick in the first quarter, as the kick after the Orangemen's lone touchdown had failed. Nebraska at last had evened up the series at 3-3 against Syracuse all-time.


1928 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Missouri
In recognition of the established rivalry that had emerged between these teams in the recent years, the programs agreed to trade possession of a trophy, to be held by the current victor. An old bell (later to be known as the Victory Bell) was secured for this purpose, and was engraved with the score of the 1927 7-6 Missouri triumph. Not long before the kickoff, Missouri was presented with the bell.


1928 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Missouri
It was an intense atmosphere as Missouri was unbeaten on the year, and still wearing the badge of three straight Cornhusker defeats. In front of a stadium and conference record crowd in Lincoln, at the Nebraska's homecoming game, the Cornhuskers took command of their destiny and made a strong push for the conference title by shutting the Tigers completely down. With only a 7-0 lead by the half, it looked to be a game, but as the game wore on the Cornhuskers rolled without opposition. Missouri's three-game win streak over Nebraska was snapped, and the Cornhuskers improved to 15-6-1 over the Tigers. The bell was then carried back across the field and turned over to Nebraska until such time that Missouri could secure a future win against the Cornhuskers.


1928 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Kansas
Nebraska was 4-0 and had outscored the season's opponents 69-12 so far, and the contest in Lawrence was more of the same. It mattered little that Kansas, like Missouri before them, was unbeaten so far this year, as the Cornhuskers held Kansas back to start off, and then overpowered them on the way to a shutout victory in front of the Jayhawks' homecoming crowd. Nebraska had not yet allowed any conference foes to score a single point on them this season, and Kansas fell to 9-24-2 against the Cornhuskers all-time.


1928 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Oklahoma
For the third straight game, Nebraska met an undefeated conference foe, and for the second straight game, it was the opponents' homecoming event. This game was different, however, in that the Sooners became the only Big 6 team to score on the Cornhuskers for the entire 1928 season. Unfortunately for Oklahoma, those 6 points were swept away by the Nebraska onslaught which racked up 44 points before time expired. With the victory, Nebraska advanced to 6-1-1 in the series.


1928 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Pittsburgh
The Cornhuskers hoped to avenge the defeat handed to them by Pittsburgh last year, but the win would elude both teams on the muddy field that day. Nebraska was on its heels for much of the contest, failing to even get a first down in the course of the game as the plan of attack was primarily about defense. The Panthers, unable to score all day, were forced to settle for the scoreless tie. The series between these squads was left evenly matched at 1-1-1.


1928 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Army
The Cornhuskers traveled to West Point for the first ever meeting of the Cadets with any Big 6 team. The Army squad was an eastern team to be feared, carrying only one loss on their season to date, and it looked to be a major event as Nebraska itself was rolling along with just the scoreless tie of last week making any blemish on the record. The teams seemed evenly matched to start, and it wasn't until the 2nd quarter than Nebraska put the first points on the board.


1928 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Army
Settling back to hold the three-point lead, the Cornhuskers went into a strong defensive mode, but the Army squad found the end zone in the third quarter anyway. Night fell, and play was complicated by the darkness on the unlit field, yet Army managed one more late touchdown to firmly seal the game and hand the Cornhuskers their first and only loss of 1928.


1928 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Kansas State
Nebraska faced conference foe Kansas State in the final game of the year, closing out the season in a Lincoln snowstorm at Memorial Stadium. Nebraska made the first strike early in the first quarter and went on the prevent the Aggies from ever finding the scoreboard to catch up. As Kansas State eventually began to fold later in the game, the Cornhuskers tacked on a late safety to seal the outcome and push their commanding history over the Aggies to 12-0-1. With the win, Nebraska was unbeaten in conference play and clinched the league title.


1928 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, After the season
Coach Bearg finally obtained the league title after four previous attempts fell short, and when his squad finally did bring the banner home it was against a much tougher league than the MVIAA had been before evolving into the Big 6. Bearg, having secured the title, was offered the head coaching position at Washburn, his alma mater, and departed the Nebraska program after improving his final record in Lincoln to 23-7-3 (.742). Coach Bearg also left Nebraska's overall record improved at 220-74-20 (.732) and his perfect conference slate for 1928 helped improve Nebraska's league record to 54-8-5 (.843). Nebraska then set about the task of searching for their eighteenth head football coach.


1928 Nebraska gubernatorial election
The 1928 Nebraska gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1928, and featured former Mayor of Falls City Arthur J. Weaver, a Republican, defeating Democratic nominee, former Governor Charles W. Bryan.


1928 Nevada Wolf Pack football team
The 1928 Nevada Wolf Pack football team was an American football team that represented the University of Nevada in the Far Western Conference (FWC) during the 1928 college football season. In their fourth and final season under head coach Buck Shaw, the team compiled a 0–7–1 record (0–3–1 FWC) and finished last in the conference.


1928 Nevada Wolf Pack football team, Previous season
The Wolf Pack finished the 1927 season 2–6–1 and 1–3 in FWC play to finish in fifth place.


1928 New Bedford textile strike
The 1928 New Bedford textile strike was a mass work stoppage of approximately 30,000 machinery operatives in several of the large cotton mills located in New Bedford, Massachusetts, USA. The strike, which ran for several months during the spring and summer of 1928, is remembered for the prominent role played by the Workers (Communist) Party of America in mobilizing the immigrant workers of the region.


1928 New Bedford textile strike
The strike began April 16, 1928, over a proposed 10 percent wage cut for factory operatives. Strikers demanded not only the abolition of the planned cut in wages but a 20 percent wage increase and implementation of the 40-hour work week. After considerable controversy control of the strike passed from the Communist-led Textile Mill Committee (TMC) to sundry craft unions affiliated with the American Federation of Labor.


1928 New Bedford textile strike
The strike ended in early October when negotiators for the seven non-Communist craft unions representing the strikers accepted the offer of mill owners for a 5 percent wage cut and promises of 30 days' notice before implementation of any further wage reductions. After ratifying the contract over the weekend, strikers defied a last ditch TMC effort to derail the agreement and returned to work on Monday, October 8.


1928 New Bedford textile strike
As a radical-led labor stoppage in the American textile industry, the New Bedford strike was the successor to the 1926 Passaic strike and the precursor to the 1929 Gastonia strike, both of which tumultuous events are better remembered to history.


1928 New Bedford textile strike, History, Background
During the 19th Century the coastal city of New Bedford, Massachusetts, emerged as the largest whaling port in the world. Some 10,000 seamen shipped from New Bedford to kill and process whales into oil for lighting and machine lubricants and bone for use in corsets. The life was difficult and hard for whaling ship crews but lucrative for shipbuilders, shipowners, and merchants, and the local economy prospered.


1928 New Bedford textile strike, History, Background
The situation began to change in the years after the American Civil War, however, with the profitability of whaling falling dramatically with the discovery and widespread manufacture of kerosene for fuel and petroleum-based machine oil for use as a lubricant. An increased emphasis began being placed on obtaining baleen for corsets, which mandated trips to Arctic waters where baleen whales proliferated. This would end catastrophically in the winter of 1871, when an early return of ice on the ocean trapped and annihilated the entire Arctic fleet, including 32 ships based in New Bedford. A second, smaller catastrophe followed in 1876, resulting in the loss of 12 more ships. By the end of the 1870s prosperous shipbuilders and merchants were looking to leave the dying and unprofitable whaling industry in favor of new forms of capital investment.


1928 New Bedford textile strike, History, Background
Other cities throughout the Northeastern region during the second half of the 19th Century based their local economies upon textile manufacturing, with some 600 mills being scattered across the region by the start of the 1860s. Other lower cost mills dotted the American South, staffed by a labor force willing to accept lesser wages in the wake of a collapsed post-war economy. These mills specialized in low cost, easily produced cotton goods of middling quality, leaving an opening in the marketplace for finely produced cotton textiles. It was to the manufacture of these finer milled goods that New Bedford investors turned when the local economy pivoted from the manufacture of whale oil to fabrics.


1928 New Bedford textile strike, History, Background
While the Wamsutta Mills, established in 1846, predated the turn of the local economy from whaling to textile making, between 1880 and the coming of World War I the pioneer firm had been joined by another 32 companies, valued at a massive $100 million and employing 30,000 people. The industry prospered and New Bedford boomed in the four decades after 1880, growing in population from 40,000 to more than 120,000.


1928 New Bedford textile strike, History, Background
Many of these new arrivals were immigrants — English, Irish, and Germans with prior experience in the milling industry, followed later by French-Canadians, Poles, Syrians, and Portuguese (including the descendants of former slaves from the Portuguese colonies of the Azores and Cabo Verde). Very few American blacks worked in the mills of New Bedford, with one 1900 survey counting just 25 out of a population of just over 11,000 factory workers. These workers lived in densely populated neighborhoods at the north and south of the city, with the owning and financial class living in the prosperous city center.


1928 New Bedford textile strike, History, Wage cut and work stoppage
During the middle years of the 1920s, competitive pressure in the era of post-World War I deflation kept wages of factory operatives unusually low, with the Massachusetts Department of Labor reporting average weekly wages for New Bedford textile workers of $19.95. Things deteriorated further during the first three months of 1928, with that same governmental body making note of a further weekly wage fall to just $19.00.


1928 New Bedford textile strike, History, Wage cut and work stoppage
Local employers, feeling the pressure of modern factories in the low-wage South sought further wage reductions in an effort to remain competitive. In April 1928 united action was enacted by the New Bedford Cotton Manufacturers' Association in unilaterally slashing wages a further 10 percent across the board. This cut was met by the collective action of the New Bedford Textile Council, which approved a work stoppage slated to begin on Monday, April 16, 1928 by a vote of 2,571 to 188. The job stoppage in protest of the proposed 10 percent cut in wages to affect almost all of the 30,000 workers employed in the cotton, rayon, and woolen mills of New Bedford.


1928 New Bedford textile strike, History, Wage cut and work stoppage
Seven craft unions directly represented about 8,000 of New Bedford's textile workers. These included locals of the American Federation of Textile Operatives, an independent organization. The deteriorating wage situation spurred militance in many of these locals, however, and in April and May 1928 a move was made to join the United Textile Workers (UTW), a larger and more potent labor organization affiliated with the American Federation of Labor (AFL).


1928 New Bedford textile strike, History, Wage cut and work stoppage
Most of the minority of New Bedford workers who were unionized ahead of the 1928 strike were from the highly skilled trades — loom fixers, weavers, warp twisters, and the like — who were generally native-born and English-speaking. Those unorganized were more often than not unskilled or low skilled immigrants, forced to perform the dirtiest and most monotonous jobs and barred by union protection by the rigid craft structure of the New Bedford union movement.


1928 New Hampshire Wildcats football team
The 1928 New Hampshire Wildcats football team was an American football team that represented the University of New Hampshire as a member of the New England Conference during the 1928 college football season. In its 13th season under head coach William "Butch" Cowell, the team compiled a 3–2–3 record, and were outscored by their opponents, 34–30. The team was shut out five times, although three of those games ended as scoreless ties. The team played its home games in Durham, New Hampshire, at Memorial Field.


1928 New Hampshire Wildcats football team, Schedule
The 1928 game was the last meeting between New Hampshire and Rhode Island until 1942.


1928 New Hampshire Wildcats football team, Schedule
The Maine game was attended by Governor of New Hampshire Huntley N. Spaulding.


1928 New Hampshire Wildcats football team, Schedule
Wildcat captain Lyle Harlan Farrell would go on to serve as headmaster at Proctor Academy in Andover, New Hampshire, where the fieldhouse carries his name.


1928 New Hampshire gubernatorial election
The 1928 New Hampshire gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1928. Republican nominee Charles W. Tobey defeated Democratic nominee Eaton D. Sargent with 57.50% of the vote.


1928 New Jersey gubernatorial election
The 1928 New Jersey gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1928. Republican nominee Morgan Foster Larson defeated Democratic nominee William L. Dill with 54.88% of the vote.


1928 New Jersey gubernatorial election, Primary elections, Republican primary, Results
Following the election, Carey alleged that many Democrats, at the behest of Jersey City boss Frank Hague, crossed party lines to vote for Larson.


1928 New Mexico A&M Aggies football team
The 1928 New Mexico A&M Aggies football team was an American football team that represented New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts (now known as New Mexico State University) during the 1928 college football season. In their second year under head coach Ted Coffman, the Aggies compiled a 4–5 record and shut out three opponents. The team played its home games on Miller Field, sometimes also referred to as College Field.


1928 New Mexico Lobos football team
The 1928 New Mexico Lobos football team represented the University of New Mexico as an independent during the 1928 college football season. In their ninth season under head coach Roy W. Johnson, the Lobos compiled a 5–2–1 record.


1928 New Mexico Lobos football team
The loss to New Mexico Military on October 13 marked the end of a 13-game unbeaten streak (11 wins and 2 ties), a seven-game winning streak, and 12-game home winning streak. Those streaks remain the longest in school history.


1928 New Mexico Lobos football team
In the team's October 6 victory over Montezuma College, M. Nelson set a school record with a 95-yard interception return. Nelson's return remains the fourth longest in school history through the end of the 2017 season.


1928 New Mexico Lobos football team
Halfback John Dolzadelli and guard John P. "Jack" McFarland were the team captains. Dolzadelli was invited to play in the East–West Shrine Game at the end of the 1928 season; he was the first New Mexico player to be so honored.


1928 New Mexico gubernatorial election
The 1928 New Mexico gubernatorial election took place on November 6, 1928, in order to elect the Governor of New Mexico. Incumbent Republican Richard C. Dillon won reelection to a second term.


1928 New Year Honours
The 1928 New Year Honours were appointments by King George V to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of the United Kingdom and British Empire. They were announced on 30 December 1927.


1928 New Year Honours
Unusually, only women were named as recipients of the Order of the British Empire in the 1928 New Year Honours.


1928 New Year Honours
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.


1928 New Year Honours, United Kingdom and Colonies, Privy Councillor
The King appointed the following to His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council:


1928 New Year Honours, United Kingdom and Colonies, The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire
Only women were named as recipients of the Order of the British Empire in this list.


1928 New Year Honours, United Kingdom and Colonies, King's Police Medal (KPM)
His Majesty has also graciously consented to a bar to the King's Police Medal being handed to the next-of-kin of the undermentioned officer, who died on the 26th December, 1926, and who would have received the decoration had he survived:


1928 New Year Honours (New Zealand)
The 1928 New Year Honours in New Zealand were appointments by King George V on the advice of the New Zealand government to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by New Zealanders. The awards celebrated the passing of 1927 and the beginning of 1928, and were announced on 2 January 1928.


1928 New Year Honours (New Zealand)
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour.


1928 New York Giants (MLB) season
The 1928 New York Giants season was the franchise's 46th season. The team finished in second place in the National League with a 93–61 record, 2 games behind the St. Louis Cardinals.


1928 New York Giants (MLB) season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1928 New York Giants (MLB) season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1928 New York Giants (MLB) season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1928 New York Giants (MLB) season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1928 New York Giants (MLB) season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1928 New York Giants season
The 1928 New York Giants season was the franchise's 4th season in the National Football League. The team finished a disappointing sixth with a 4-7-2 record after winning the NFL title in 1927. The Giants played two games against the Detroit Wolverines and failed to win either one (a 28-0 loss in Detroit and a 19-all tie at the Polo Grounds); at season's end, Giants owner Tim Mara bought the entire Detroit franchise (mostly to secure the services of star tailback Benny Friedman) and merged the two clubs under the Giants' name.


1928 New York Giants season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1928 New York Yankees (NFL) season
The 1928 New York Yankees season was their second and final in the league. The team failed to improve on their previous output of 7–8–1, winning only four games. They finished seventh in the league.


1928 New York Yankees (NFL) season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1928 New York Yankees season
The New York Yankees' 1928 season was their 26th season. The team finished with a record of 101–53, winning their sixth pennant, finishing 2.5 games ahead of the Philadelphia Athletics. New York was managed by Miller Huggins. The Yankees played at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they swept the St. Louis Cardinals. Pitcher Urban Shocker died in September due to complications from pneumonia.


1928 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1928 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1928 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1928 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1928 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1928 New York state election
The 1928 New York state elections were held on November 6, 1928, to elect the governor, the lieutenant governor, the state comptroller, the attorney general, a U.S. Senator and a judge of the New York Court of Appeals, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate.


1928 New York state election, History
The Socialist state convention met on July 15 at Albany, New York.


1928 New York state election, History
The Republican state convention met on September 29 at Syracuse, New York.


1928 New York state election, History
The Democratic state convention met on October 2 at Rochester, New York.


1928 New York state election, Result
Four Democrats and two Republicans were elected in a tight race.


1928 New York state election, Result
The Democratic, Republican and Socialist parties maintained automatic ballot access, the Socialist Labor Party did not re-attain it, and the Workers Party did not attain it.


1928 New Zealand general election
The New Zealand general election of 1928 was held on 13 and 14 November in the  Māori and European electorates, respectively, to elect 80 MPs to the 23rd session of the New Zealand Parliament.


1928 New Zealand general election
1928 was the year postal voting was introduced for certain specified groups (e.g. invalids) who could not get to a polling booth on election day.


1928 New Zealand general election, The election
The 1928 election was held on Tuesday, 13 November in the Māori electorates, and on Wednesday, 14 November in the general electorates to elect a total of 80 MPs to the 23rd session of Parliament. A total of 844,633 electors were registered on the European roll, of which 743,691 (88.05%) turned out to vote. All 80 electorates were contested. 47 and 29 electorates were in the North Island and South Island, respectively, plus the 4 Māori electorates.


1928 New Zealand general election, The election
In 1927, a faction of the decaying Liberal Party formed a new organisation, which was eventually named the United Party. In 1928, to the considerable surprise of most observers and many members of the party itself, United won a considerable victory, taking Auckland East and Grey Lynn from Labour. The United Government came to power with Labour support. Labour, forming the official opposition since 1926, were thus replaced by Reform. Six Independents were elected (most with allegiances to the main parties. Four of these backed United, one supported Reform and one favoured neither.


1928 New Zealand general election, The election
The Bay of Islands electorate went to Harold Rushworth of the Country Party after a recount of the votes, but the election was declared void January 1929. Rushworth won the resulting by-election. This marked the Country Party's first entry into Parliament, where it would retain a presence until 1938.


1928 New Zealand general election, Result by party
The table below shows the result of the 1928 election.


1928 New Zealand general election, Initial composition of the 23rd Parliament
The United Party was organised in the House of Representatives, prior to the dissolution of the 22nd Parliament.


1928 New Zealand general election, Initial composition of the 23rd Parliament
...the United Party were assembled yesterday in Wellington when Sir Joseph Ward accepted the leadership of the party. It had previously been decided, by unanimous resolution, that the party should go to the polls as "The United Party"...


1928 New Zealand general election, Initial composition of the 23rd Parliament
The Evening Post newspaper reported on the same day that:


1928 New Zealand general election, Initial composition of the 23rd Parliament
The Rt. Hon. Sir Joseph Ward took his seat as Leader of the United Party in the House of Representatives this afternoon, Mr G.W. Forbes, who has led the Nationalist Party up to the present, relinquishing his former place in favour of Sir Joseph. From now until the end of the session the Nationalist Party ceases to exist under that name.


1928 New Zealand rugby league season
The 1928 New Zealand rugby league season was the 21st season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand.


1928 New Zealand rugby league season, International competitions
New Zealand lost a series against Great Britain, 1-2. New Zealand were coached by Thomas McClymont and included; Craddock Dufty, Roy Hardgrave, Claude List, Len Scott, Maurice Wetherill (c), Stan Prentice, Frank Delgrosso, Lou Hutt, Wally Somers, Jim O'Brien, Tom Timms, Mick O'Brien, Vern Goodall, Hec Brisbane, Trevor Hall, Alf Townsend, Bert Eckhoff and Tim Peckham.


1928 New Zealand rugby league season, International competitions
Auckland Province lost to Great Britain 14-9 after leading 9-8 while Auckland City lost 26-15. Auckland City included Craddock Dufty, Len Scott, Claude List, Roy Hardgrave, Maurice Wetherill, Stan Prentice, Frank Delgrosso, Jim O'Brien, Wally Somers, Lou Hutt, Trevor Hall, J Payne and Alan Clarke. Auckland Province included Joe Menzies from South Auckland as well as Dufty, Scott, List, Beattie, W Hanlon, Jim Amos, Bill Peckham, Neville St George, Dick Moisley, Hall, J Payne and R Jenkinson from Auckland City.


1928 New Zealand rugby league season, National competitions, Northern Union Cup
Auckland held the Northern Union Cup at the end of the season. Auckland won the trophy by defeating South Auckland 22-3 in June before defeating Canterbury 66-26 in Auckland to defend the trophy.


1928 New Zealand rugby league season, National competitions, Inter-district competition
Otago traveled to Auckland in September, being defeated 42-22 at Carlaw Park.


1928 New Zealand rugby league season, National competitions, Inter-district competition
Jim Amos, Roy Hardgrave, Craddock Dufty, Allan Seagar, Hec Brisbane, Len Scott and Claude List represented Auckland while Canterbury included Ted Spillane. Otago included Bert Eckhoff.


1928 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Auckland
Devonport won the Auckland Rugby League's competition. Marist won the Roope Rooster, Stormont Shield and Labour Day Knockout Competitions. Grafton Athletic won the Norton Cup.


1928 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Auckland
Jim Amos played for City. Marist included Hec Brisbane, Jack Kirwan, Jim O'Brien, Gordon Campbell, captain Charles Gregory and Wilf Hassan.


1928 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Canterbury
Marist Old Boys won the Canterbury Rugby League's McKeon Cup.


1928 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Canterbury
Marist Old Boys defeated Greymouth Marist 22-13 to win the Thacker Shield.


1928 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Other Competitions
The Hikurangi Rugby Club withdrew from the North Auckland rugby union competition in 1928, helping to establish rugby league in Northland. The Northland rugby league team first played in 1929.


1928 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Other Competitions
Marist Old Boys defeated the Otago Rugby League's Christian Brothers 17-10 to win the Gore Cup.


1928 New Zealand rugby union tour of South Africa
In 1928, the New Zealand national rugby union team (the All Blacks) undertook a three-month tour of South Africa. The series of four Test matches was drawn 2–2 and the overall tour record was sixteen wins, five losses and one draw.


1928 Newfoundland general election
The 1928 Newfoundland general election was held on 2 June 1928 to elect members of the 27th General Assembly of Newfoundland in the Dominion of Newfoundland. The Liberal Party led by Richard Squires defeated the Conservative Party led by Frederick C. Alderdice and formed the government with the support of Fishermen's Protective Union members. Legislation had been introduced so that persons named to the Executive Council were no longer required to run for reelection. Helena E. Squires, elected in a 1930 by-election, became the first woman elected to the Newfoundland assembly.


1928 Newfoundland general election
In April 1925, women over the age of 25 had been granted the right to vote; in the 1928 general election, 90 per cent of women eligible to vote cast a ballot.


1928 Nicaraguan general election
General elections were held in Nicaragua on 4 November 1928 to elect a president, half of the deputies and a third of the senators of the National Congress.


1928 Nicaraguan general election
"The electoral mission had given three months' training, in special schools in each province, to the marine and navy enlisted men who were to be chairmen of most of the 432 local electoral boards. The chairmen of the 13 departmental electoral boards were for the most part officers from the United States Army."


1928 Nicaraguan general election
Two minor parties, Conservative Republican and Liberal Republican, requested the National Board of Elections (NBE) the right to appear on the ballot. The NBE unanimously refused both requests.


1928 Nicaraguan general election
The large turnout of 88% of those registered resulted in an unequivocal victory for the Liberal Party. More importantly, the defeated Conservatives professed its willingness to abide by this outcome. "Dince the Liberal Party had discarded its extreme nationalism and anti-imperialism which it had acquired under José Santos Zelaya, the United States was able to install a Liberal president in 1928 without sacrificing even the least security for its interests in the country."


1928 Nicaraguan general election
"Although the National Guard got off to a promising start, the continued rivalry between Nicaragua's traditional political parties ultimately led to its politicization. In the elections of 1928, the Guard seemed to supervise polling effectively, and at the time there were reasons to believe that it could develop into a cohesive and professional policing force. Following his decisive electoral victory, however, José María Moncada Tapia of the Liberal Party worked to convert the institution into a political force of the Liberals."


1928 Nigerian general election
General elections were held in Nigeria on 28 September 1928. The Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP) won three of the four elected seats in the Legislative Council.


1928 Nigerian general election, Electoral system
The 1922 Nigeria (Legislative Council) Order in Council provided for a 46-member Legislative Council, of which 23 were ex-officio officials, four were nominated officials, up to 15 were appointed unofficial members and four were elected (three in Lagos and one in Calabar). The 23 ex-officio officials included the Governor, the Chief Secretary and their deputy, the Lieutenant Governors and secretaries of the Northern and Southern Provinces, the Attorney General, the Commandant of the Nigerian Regiment, the Director of Medical Services, the Treasurer, the Director of Marine, the Comptroller of Customs, the Secretary of Native Affairs, together with ten senior residents.


1928 Nigerian general election, Electoral system
The franchise was restricted to men aged 21 or over who were British subjects or a native of Nigeria who had lived in their municipal area for the 12 months prior to the election, and who earned at least £100 in the previous calendar year. The right to vote was withheld from those who had been convicted of a crime and sentenced to death, hard labour or prison for more than a year, or were of "unsound mind". Only 3,011 people registered to vote in Lagos and 500–600 in Calabar.


1928 Nigerian general election, Electoral system
All eligible voters could also run as candidates unless they had an undischarged bankruptcy, had received charitable relief in the previous five years or were a public servant. Candidates were required to obtain the nomination of at least three registered voters and pay a £10 deposit. The term of the council was five years.


1928 Nigerian general election, Campaign
Five candidates contested the three Lagos seats, of which three were from the NNDP; Crispin Adeniyi-Jones and Eric Moore, who were incumbent members, having been elected in the 1923 elections, as well as the barrister and businessman T. A. Doherty. The other candidates were J. B. Benjamin, an engineer, and E. M. E Agbegi, a barrister, both of whom ran as independents. In Calabar C. W. Clinton of the Calabar Ratepayers' Association was the only candidate, and was elected unopposed.


1928 Nigerian general election, Results, List of members
Governor Graeme Thomson appointed 14 unofficial members to the Legislative Council, of which seven were Europeans and seven Africans (an increase from six Africans in the 1923 elections). The seven Europeans represented commercial interests, with three representing the banking, mining and shipping sectors, and four representing commercial interests of Calabar, Kano, Lagos and Port Harcourt. The seven Africans represented African Traders, the Colony of Lagos, Oyo Province, Rivers district, the Egba and the Ibo,  as well as one seat representing the cities of Benin and Warri.


1928 Nigerian general election, Results, List of members
The only new appointees were I T Palmer, who held the new Benin-Warri seat, and L White, who replaced J B Jones as the Port Harcourt representative.


1928 Nigerian general election, Aftermath
During the term of the Legislative Council several members were replaced; A S Agbaje became the appointed member for Oyo Province on 30 January 1930, T Hepburn became the commercial member for Kano on 23 June 1930 and G T Basden became the appointed member for the Ibo on 28 January 1933.


1928 North Carolina Tar Heels football team
The 1928 North Carolina Tar Heels football team represented the University of North Carolina in the 1928 college football season.


1928 North Carolina gubernatorial election
The 1928 North Carolina gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1928. Democratic nominee O. Max Gardner defeated Republican nominee Herbert F. Seawell, with just over 55% of the vote. This was, relatively, a close election for the time in North Carolina, with Gardner receiving the smallest percentage of the vote that any Democratic gubernatorial nominee won between 1900 and 1956. The result came against the backdrop of divisions in the state Democratic Party over the controversial nomination of Alfred E. Smith for president. Gardner supported Smith, who lost the state to Herbert Hoover.


1928 North Dakota Agricultural Bison football team
The 1928 North Dakota Agricultural Bison football team was an American football team that represented North Dakota Agricultural College (now known as North Dakota State University) in the North Central Conference (NCC) during the 1928 college football season. In its sixth season under head coach Stanley Borleske, the team compiled a 3–4–1 record (1–3 against NCC opponents) and finished in a three-way tie for third/last place out of five teams in the NCC. The team played its home games at Dacotah Field in Fargo, North Dakota.


1928 North Dakota Flickertails football team
The 1928 North Dakota Flickertails football team, also known as the Nodaks, was an American football team that represented the University of North Dakota in the North Central Conference (NCC) during the 1928 college football season. In its first year under head coach Charles A. West, the team compiled a 6–1–1 record (4–0 against NCC opponents), won the program's first conference championship, and outscored opponents by a total of 210 to 37.


1928 North Dakota Flickertails football team
Three North Dakota players were selected as first-team players on the 1928 All-North Central Conference football team: center Stuart MacMillan; end Willis Shepard; and tackle Eddie Showers. Shepard was also the team captain.


1928 North Dakota Flickertails football team
Back Cy Kahl became the first North Dakota athlete to play in the National Football League, signing with the Portsmouth Spartans in 1930. Two other members of the 1928 team went on to play in the Canadian Football League: Bill Mjogdalen and Curt Schave.


1928 North Dakota Flickertails football team
The 1928 team was inducted in 2003 into the University of North Dakota Athletic Hall of Fame.


1928 North Dakota gubernatorial election
The 1928 North Dakota gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1928. Republican nominee George F. Shafer defeated Democratic incumbent Walter Maddock with 56.50% of the vote.


1928 Northampton by-election
This was a parliamentary by-election for the British House of Commons constituency of Northampton.


1928 Northampton by-election, Previous MP
The sitting Conservative MP, Sir Arthur Holland died on 7 December 1927, causing a by-election. He had been the MP here since 1924, when he gained the seat from Labour.


1928 Northampton by-election, Electoral history
The Liberal party lost the seat in 1923 and at the 1924 election, the seat became a Labour/Conservative marginal.


1928 Northampton by-election, Candidates
The Conservative candidate selected to defend the seat was A.F.G. Renton, who had come second at Leeds West in the 1924 general election. The defeated Labour MP from 1924, Margaret Bondfield was elected MP for Wallsend in the 1926 by-election, so Labour had to find a new candidate. They selected Cecil L'Estrange Malone. In the 1918 general election, Malone was elected as the Coalition Liberal MP for Leyton East. Around 1919-20 he became a Communist and stood down from parliament prior to the 1922 general election. He unsuccessfully stood as the Labour candidate for Ashton-under-Lyne at the 1924 general election.


1928 Northampton by-election, Candidates
The Liberal candidate, Sydney Cope Morgan had not contested the last election. A fourth candidate entered the contest in the figure of a 53-year-old Manchester baker, E.A. Hailwood. He had also stood as an Independent Conservative candidate at the 1927 Southend by-election, coming fourth. He put himself forward as a candidate protesting against Baldwin's lack of leadership as Prime Minister.


1928 Northampton by-election, Campaign
The appeal of Augustine Hailwood was made principally on the issue of trade. He called for the introduction of protective tariffs which he argued would benefit the local shoe and boot industry.


1928 Northampton by-election, Result
Hailwood had taken just enough votes off the official Conservative candidate to enable Labour to win.


1928 Northampton by-election, Aftermath
Neither Morgan nor Hailwood contested the 1929 general election. However, L'Estrange and Renton faced each other again.


1928 Northern Arizona Lumberjacks football team
The 1928 Northern Arizona Lumberjacks football team was an American football team that represented Northern Arizona Teachers College at Flagstaff (now known as Northern Arizona University) as an independent during the 1928 college football season. In their second year under head coach Rudy Lavik, the Lumberjacks compiled a 7–1 record, shut out five of eight opponents, and outscored all opponents by a total of 274 to 37.


1928 Northern Illinois State Teachers football team
The 1928 Northern Illinois State Teachers football team represented Northern Illinois State Teachers College in the 1928 college football season. The team competed in the Illinois Intercollegiate Athletic Conference, which was also known as the Little Nineteen. They were led by third-year head coach Roland Cowell and played their home games at Glidden Field, located on the east end of campus. The Teachers finished the season with an 0–6–1 record and an 0–2–1 record in conference play. Leslie Hedberg was the team's captain.


1928 Northwestern Wildcats football team
The 1928 Northwestern Wildcats team represented Northwestern University during the 1928 college football season. In their second year under head coach Dick Hanley, the Wildcats compiled a 5–3 record (2–3 against Big Ten Conference opponents) and finished in a tie for seventh place in the Big Ten Conference.


1928 Norwegian Football Cup
The 1928 Norwegian Football Cup was the 27th season of the Norwegian annual knockout football tournament. The tournament was open for all members of NFF, except those from Northern Norway. The final was played at Halden Stadion in Halden on 14 October 1928, and was contested by the defending champions Ørn and the four-time former winners Lyn. Ørn successfully defended their title with a 2–1 victory, securing their third Norwegian Cup trophy.


1928 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team
The 1928 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team represented the University of Notre Dame during the 1928 college football season. Led by eleventh-year head coach Knute Rockne, the independent Irish compiled an uncharacteristic 5–4 record and were outscored 99 to 107.


1928 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team
In Cartier Field's final game on November 17, Notre Dame lost its first game on campus in 23 years, upset 27–7 by undefeated Carnegie Tech.


1928 Nova Scotia general election
The 1928 Nova Scotia general election was held on 1 October 1928 to elect members of the 39th House of Assembly of the Province of Nova Scotia, Canada. It was won by the Conservative party.


1928 Nova Scotia general election, Further reading
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1928 Nova Scotia general election, Further reading
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1928 Oglethorpe Stormy Petrels football team
The 1928 Oglethorpe Stormy Petrels football team represented Oglethorpe University in the sport of American football as member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) during the 1928 college football season. The 1928 season was highly anticipated. The Petrels were expected to do very well. However, the only game that was considered a true success was Oglethorpe's victory of her rival, Mercer.


1928 Ohio Bobcats football team
The 1928 Ohio Bobcats football team was an American football team that represented Ohio University in the Buckeye Athletic Association (BAA) during the 1928 college football season. In their fifth season under head coach Don Peden, the Bobcats compiled a 6–3 record and outscored opponents by a total of 256 to 72.


1928 Ohio State Buckeyes football team
The 1928 Ohio State Buckeyes football team represented Ohio State University in the 1928 college football season. The Buckeyes compiled a 5–2–1 record and got their first win over Michigan in six seasons. They Buckeyes outscored their opponents 135–35. It was John Wilce's last season as head coach. He finished his tenure at Ohio State with a 78–33–9 record and 4–7 against Michigan with three Big Ten Conference titles.


1928 Ohio gubernatorial election
The 1928 Ohio gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1928. Republican nominee Myers Y. Cooper defeated Democratic nominee Martin L. Davey with 54.79% of the vote.


1928 Okeechobee hurricane
The Okeechobee hurricane of 1928, also known as the San Felipe Segundo hurricane, was one of the deadliest hurricanes in the recorded history of the North Atlantic basin, and the third deadliest hurricane in the United States, only behind the 1900 Galveston hurricane and Hurricane Maria. The hurricane killed an estimated 2,500 people in the United States; most of the fatalities occurred in the state of Florida, particularly in Lake Okeechobee. It was the fourth tropical cyclone, third hurricane, and only major hurricane of the 1928 Atlantic hurricane season.


1928 Okeechobee hurricane
It developed off the west coast of Africa on September 6 as a tropical depression, but it strengthened into a tropical storm later that day, shortly before passing south of the Cape Verde islands. Further intensification was slow and halted late on September 7. About 48 hours later, the storm strengthened and became a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. Still moving westward, the system reached Category 4 intensity before striking Guadeloupe on September 12, where it brought great destruction and resulted in 1,200 deaths. The islands of Martinique, Montserrat, and Nevis also reported damage and fatalities, but not nearly as severe as in Guadeloupe.


1928 Okeechobee hurricane
Around midday on September 13, the storm strengthened into a Category 5 hurricane and peaked with sustained winds of 160 mph (260 km/h). About six hours later, the system made landfall in Puerto Rico; it remains the only tropical cyclone on record to strike the island at Category 5 intensity. Very strong winds resulted in severe damage in Puerto Rico; 24,728 homes were destroyed and 192,444 were damaged throughout the island, leaving over 500,000 people homeless. Heavy rainfall also led to extreme damage to vegetation and agriculture. On Puerto Rico alone, there were 312 deaths and about US$50 million ($754 million today) in damage. While crossing the island and emerging into the Atlantic, the storm weakened slightly, falling to Category 4 intensity. It began crossing through the Bahamas on September 16, where it resulted in 18 fatalities.


1928 Okeechobee hurricane
The storm made landfall near West Palm Beach, Florida, early on September 17, with winds of 145 mph (233 km/h). In the city, more than 1,711 homes were destroyed; the effects were most severe around Lake Okeechobee. The storm surge caused water to pour out of the southern edge of the lake, flooding hundreds of square miles to depths as great as 20 feet (6.1 m). Numerous houses and buildings were swept away in the cities of Belle Glade, Canal Point, Chosen, Pahokee, and South Bay, Florida. At least 2,500 people drowned, while damage was estimated at $25 million.


1928 Okeechobee hurricane
The system weakened significantly while crossing Florida, falling to Category 1 intensity late on September 17. It curved north-northeast and briefly emerged into the Atlantic on September 18, but soon made another landfall near Edisto Island, South Carolina, with winds of 85 mph (137 km/h). Early on the following day, the system weakened to a tropical storm and became an extratropical cyclone over North Carolina hours later. Overall, the hurricane caused $100 million in damage and killed at least 4,112 people.


1928 Okeechobee hurricane, Meteorological history
On September 6, ships reported a tropical depression developing just off the west coast of Africa near Dakar, Senegal. On the next day, a ship reported winds of 60 mph (97 km/h), or tropical storm status; on this basis, the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project estimated that the system attained tropical storm status late on September 6. However, lack of observations for several days prevented the system from being classified in real time as it moved generally westward across the Atlantic Ocean.


1928 Okeechobee hurricane, Meteorological history
On September 10, the S.S. Commack first observed the storm about 900 mi (1,450 km) to the east of Guadeloupe, which at the time was the most easterly report of a tropical cyclone ever received through ship's radio. Later that day, two other ships confirmed the intensity of the storm, and the Hurricane Research Division estimated it strengthened into a hurricane at 18:00 UTC on September 10.


1928 Okeechobee hurricane, Meteorological history
As the storm neared the Lesser Antilles, it continued to intensify. Between 17:30 and 18:30 UTC on September 12, the hurricane's eye moved over Guadeloupe with a barometric pressure of 940 mb (28 inHg), suggesting maximum sustained winds of 140 mph (230 km/h), or Category 4 intensity on the Saffir–Simpson scale. Continuing to the west-northwest, the hurricane passed about 10 mi (16 km) south of Saint Croix  before approaching Puerto Rico.


1928 Okeechobee hurricane, Meteorological history
On September 13, the 15 mi (24 km) eye crossed Puerto Rico in eight hours from the southeast to the northwest, moving ashore near Guayama and exiting between Aguadilla and Isabela. A ship near the southern coast reported a pressure of 931 mbar (27.5 inHg), and the cup anemometer at San Juan reported sustained winds of 160 mph (257 km/h) before failing. As the wind station was 30 mi (48 km) north of the storm's center, winds near the landfall point were unofficially estimated as high as 200 mph (320 km/h). On this basis, the hurricane is believed to have made landfall in Puerto Rico as a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson scale, although there was uncertainty in the peak intensity, due to the large size and slow movement of the storm.


1928 Okeechobee hurricane, Meteorological history
After emerging from Puerto Rico, the hurricane had weakened to winds of about 140 mph (230 km/h), based on a pressure reading of 941 mbar (27.8 inHg) at Isabela. The storm brushed the northern coast of Hispaniola while moving west-northwestward, gradually restrengthening. On September 15, it passed within 35 mi (56 km) of Grand Turk, by which time the winds increased to 155 mph (249 km/h). The storm continued through the Bahamas as a strong Category 4 hurricane, passing near Nassau at 10:00 UTC on September 16.


1928 Okeechobee hurricane, Meteorological history
Initially, Richard Gray of the U.S. Weather Bureau was optimistic that the storm would spare South Florida. However, at 00:00 UTC on September 17, the large hurricane made landfall in southeastern Florida near West Palm Beach, with estimated winds of 145 mph (233 km/h). This was based on a pressure reading of 929 mbar (27.4 inHg) in the city, which at the time was the lowest pressure reading in the mainland United States; this broke the previous record of 935 mbar (27.6 inHg) set during the 1926 Miami hurricane. Peak gusts were estimated near 160 mph (260 km/h) at Canal Point.


1928 Okeechobee hurricane, Meteorological history
The hurricane quickly weakened as it progressed inland and moved over Lake Okeechobee, although its large size enabled it to maintain hurricane status for several more days. Late on September 17, the hurricane recurved to the northeast and passed near Jacksonville early the next day with winds of 75 mph (121 km/h). At 08:00 UTC on September 18, the storm again reached open waters. Later that day, the hurricane restrengthened slightly over open waters, making a second United States landfall near Edisto Island, South Carolina, at 19:00 UTC with winds of 85 mph (137 km/h).


1928 Okeechobee hurricane, Meteorological history
Accelerating northeastward, the system quickly weakened into a tropical storm over North Carolina. On September 19, the storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone, although it restrengthened slightly to hurricane strengthen, due to baroclinic forcing. The cyclone turned to the north-northwest, moving quickly through the eastern United States. On September 21, the former hurricane dissipated over Ontario, having merged with another disturbance.


1928 Okeechobee hurricane, Effects, Leeward Islands
The hurricane moved directly over the Leeward Islands in the Caribbean Sea, strengthening as it did so. On the island of Dominica, winds were clocked at 24 mph (39 km/h); there were no reports of damage, though one fatality occurred. In Martinique, further south of the storm's path, there were three fatalities. Guadeloupe received a direct hit from the storm, apparently with little warning; the death toll there was 1,200, and damage reports relayed through Paris indicated "great destruction" on the island. About three-fourths of the island's residents were left homeless.


1928 Okeechobee hurricane, Effects, Leeward Islands
In the community of Saint-François, the only structure to remain standing was the police station, which was built with reinforced concrete. To the east of the town, the merchant ship Albatros sank; it had been carrying 80 casks of rum. The crew and the five men attempting to save the ship drowned. Approximately 85%–95% of banana crops were destroyed, 70%–80% of tree crops suffered severe damage, and 40% of the sugar cane crop was ruined. The people struggled to survive both in the short and longer term after the storm.


1928 Okeechobee hurricane, Effects, Leeward Islands
Montserrat, just north of the storm's center, was warned in advance of the storm but still suffered £150,000 (1928 UKP) in damages and 42 deaths; Plymouth and Salem were devastated, and crop losses caused near-starvation conditions before relief could arrive. All commercial and government buildings on the island were destroyed, as were more than 600 homes. Saint Kitts and Nevis also suffered heavily. On the island of St. Kitts, a number of homes built on wooden foundations were demolished. Nine deaths were reported, six of which occurred in a schoolhouse collapse. Thirteen people were killed on the island of Nevis.


1928 Okeechobee hurricane, Effects, Leeward Islands
The storm destroyed hundreds of home on Antigua, including a doctor's home and a "poor house". Government offices, hospitals, and school were also damaged. On Saint Croix, nearly all of the island's 11,000 residents suffered some degree of loss. A total of 143 buildings were destroyed, including a sugar mill. The storm resulted in nine deaths on the island. Throughout the Virgin Islands, as many as 700,000 people were rendered homeless.


1928 Okeechobee hurricane, Effects, Puerto Rico
While the storm was passing near Dominica, the San Juan, Puerto Rico Weather Bureau warned about the threat of the hurricane which would strike the island within a day or two. The advisory was sent via telegraph to 75 police districts and was broadcast from the naval radio station every two hours; this was the first hurricane warning broadcast by radio. Warnings were also posted for 12 ports along the southern coast, causing ships to avoid the island or remain at port. Effective preparation is credited for the relatively low death toll of 312, and not a single ship was lost at sea in the vicinity of Puerto Rico. By comparison, the weaker 1899 San Ciriaco hurricane killed approximately 3,000 people.


1928 Okeechobee hurricane, Effects, Puerto Rico
According to the San Juan National Weather Service office, the storm was "up to this time the greatest and more  [sic] intense and destructive hurricane of record in Puerto Rico." Along the storm path, the eye passed over Guayama, Cayey, and Aibonito, resulting in a period of calm lasting 20 minutes. The island of Puerto Rico received the worst of the storm's winds when the hurricane moved directly across the island at Category 5 strength. The hurricane was extremely large as it crossed Puerto Rico.


1928 Okeechobee hurricane, Effects, Puerto Rico
Hurricane-force winds were measured in Guayama for 18 hours, where a low pressure of 931 mbar (27.5 inHg) was reported. Since the storm is estimated to have been moving at 13 mph (21 km/h), the diameter of the storm's hurricane winds was estimated very roughly to be 234 mi (377 km).


1928 Okeechobee hurricane, Effects, Puerto Rico
The rainfall recorded on September 13–14, 1928, remains the record for the maximum rainfall associated with a hurricane in Puerto Rico within a period of forty-eight hours. In those regions where precipitation is more common place, as in Adjuntas in the Cordillera Central and in the Sierra de Luquillo, the rain was over 25 inches (640 mm), with 29.60 in (752 mm) recorded in Adjuntas.


1928 Okeechobee hurricane, Effects, Puerto Rico
The anemometer located in Puerta de Tierra lost one of its cups at 11:44 am on September 13, just when it had registered a maximum speed of 150 mph (240 km/h) —a speed that was sustained for five consecutive minutes. Previously the same instrument had measured 160 mph (260 km/h) for one minute. Because these measurements were taken 30 mi (48 km) from San Felipe's eye, at the time, it seemed possible that some estimates of 200 mi (320 km) per hour near the center of the storm were not overdrawn.


1928 Okeechobee hurricane, Effects, Puerto Rico
There was general destruction through the island, with the towns where the eye passed being swept away. Property damage on the island from winds and rain was catastrophic. The northeast portion of the island received winds in excess of Category 3 strength, with hurricane-force winds lasting as long as 18 hours. Official reports stated "several hundred thousand" people were left homeless, and property damages were estimated at $50 million.


1928 Okeechobee hurricane, Effects, Puerto Rico
On the island there was no building that was not affected. Some sugar mills ("Centrales") that had cost millions of dollars to build were reduced to rubble. Reports say that 24,728 homes were destroyed and 192,444 were partially destroyed. Most of the sugarcane fields were flooded, ruining the year's crops. Half of the coffee plants and half of the shade trees that covered these were destroyed; almost all of the coffee harvest was lost. The coffee industry would take years to recover since coffee needs shade trees to grow. The tobacco farms also had great losses. After this hurricane, Puerto Rico never regained its position as a major coffee exporter.


1928 Okeechobee hurricane, Effects, Puerto Rico
Communications were disrupted by fallen trees, landslides, and damaged bridges. Some 770 school buildings were destroyed or damaged. According to some estimates of the day, excluding personal losses, the damages reached $85.312 million and more than 500,000 people were left homeless. Until Hurricane Maria 89 years later, San Felipe II was officially classified as Puerto Rico's biggest, worst, and most devastating hurricane to ever have hit the island.


1928 Okeechobee hurricane, Effects, Greater Antilles and Bahamas
After affecting Puerto Rico, the hurricane passed just north of the Dominican Republic, causing very little damage. This was due to the small core and weaker winds to the south of the center. Advance warning reduced the number of ships traversing the region.