1931 Oklahoma Sooners football team
No Sooners received All-America honors in 1931, but guard Charles Teel received all-conference honors.


1931 Ole Miss Rebels football team
The 1931 Ole Miss Rebels football team represented the University of Mississippi during the 1931 Southern Conference football season. The season ended with an Egg Bowl victory.


1931 Olympic Club Winged O football team
The 1931 Olympic Club Winged O football team represented the Olympic Club in the 1931 football season. The Olympic Club, originally the San Francisco Olympic Club, is the oldest athletic club in the United States. They compiled a 6–3–2 record, and outscored their opponents by a total of 90 to 59. The Club made front page news when they held the Stanford Indians to a scoreless tie and nearly defeated the Cal Golden Bears. After upsetting an undefeated Saint Mary's team, half of the Winged O's boarded the SS Matsonia on November 18 for the Hawaiian Islands, where they would play the winner of the Honolulu All-Star game ,and the other half stayed behind to fill a prearranged game with Loyola.


1931 Open Championship
The 1931 Open Championship was the 66th Open Championship, held 3–5 June at Carnoustie Golf Links in Carnoustie, Angus, Scotland. Tommy Armour outlasted José Jurado by a single stroke to win his only Open title, and his third and final major championship. This was the first time Carnoustie hosted the championship.


1931 Open Championship
Qualifying took place on 1–2 June, Monday and Tuesday, with 18 holes at Carnoustie and 18 holes at Panmure Golf Club in nearby Barry, and the top 100 players and ties qualified. Macdonald Smith led the qualifiers on 141; the qualifying score was 160 and 109 players advanced. Prize money for the championship was increased to £500 with £100 for the champion, £75 for second place, £50 for third, £30 for fourth, £25 for fifth, £20 for sixth and seventh, £15 for eighth and ninth and £10 for the next 15 players.


1931 Open Championship
Johnny Farrell, Henry Cotton, and Bill Twine led after the first round on Wednesday at even-par 72. Cotton shared the lead with Jurado after the second round at 147 (+3), with Armour a stroke behind. The top 60 and ties would make the cut; it was at 159 (+15)and 66 players advanced to the final rounds.


1931 Open Championship
Cotton slipped back with a 79 in the third round on Friday morning, while Jurado shot 73 to open up a three-shot lead over Smith and Arthur Havers. Farrell and Reg Whitcombe were a stroke back in a tie for fourth and Armour, Percy Alliss, and Gene Sarazen were tied for sixth. Despite a shaky finish which saw him take eleven strokes on the last two holes, Alliss shot 73 and took the clubhouse lead at 298. Armour surpassed that total after a course-record 71, finishing at 296.


1931 Open Championship
Still on the course when Armour finished, Jurado needed a 75 to win the title. After making the turn in 36, he found trouble on the back-nine. Jurado arrived at the 17th needing to finish with fives on the last two holes to tie Armour, but his drive found the burn and he carded a six. Now needing a four on the last, he hit his approach to 9 feet (2.7 m), but his putt to tie just missed, securing the championship for Armour.


1931 Open Championship
Armour, age 36 and a U.S. citizen, played the Open Championship just once more; he returned to Britain to defend his title in 1932 and finished in 17th place.


1931 Open Championship
Defending champion Bobby Jones won the amateur grand slam in 1930 at age 28 and retired from competition; he did not compete again at the Open.


1931 Open Championship, Course
^ The 6th hole was renamed Hogan's Alley in 2003


1931 Open Championship, Round summaries, Final round
Amateurs: McRuvie (+24), L. Hartley (+25), Bookless (+31), Burge (+31),                 Sutton (+32), R. Hartley (+33), Shankland (+34), Tulloch (+34).


1931 Oregon State Beavers football team
The 1931 Oregon State Beavers football team represented Oregon State University in the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) during the 1931 college football season. In their eighth season under head coach Paul J. Schissler, the Beavers compiled a 6–3–1 record (1–3–1 against PCC opponents), finished in seventh place in the PCC, and outscored their opponents, 198 to 62. Under coach Schissler, from 1925 to 1932, no team captains were elected. The team played its home games at Bell Field in Corvallis, Oregon.


1931 Oregon Webfoots football team
The 1931 Oregon Webfoots football team represented the University of Oregon in the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) during the 1931 college football season. In their second and final season under head coach Clarence Spears, the Webfoots compiled a 6–2–2 record (3–1–1 against PCC opponents), finished in third place in the PCC, and outscored their opponents, 90 to 87. The team played its home games at Hayward Field in Eugene, Oregon.


1931 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo)
1931 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo) was the 25th water polo championship in Hungary. There were nine teams who played one round match for the title.


1931 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo), Final list
* M: Matches W: Win D: Drawn L: Lost G+: Goals earned G-: Goals got P: Point


1931 Ottawa Rough Riders season
The 1931 Ottawa Rough Riders finished in 4th place in the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union with a 0–6 record and failed to qualify for the playoffs.


1931 Ottawa municipal election
The city of Ottawa, Canada held municipal elections on December 7, 1931.


1931 PGA Championship
The 1931 PGA Championship was the 14th PGA Championship, held September 14–19 at Wannamoisett Country Club in Rumford, Rhode Island, northeast of Providence. Then a match play championship, Tom Creavy, age 20, defeated Gene Sarazen 5 & 3 in the semifinals and Denny Shute 2 & 1 in the finals.


1931 PGA Championship
This was the first year the defending champion was exempt from qualifying; Tommy Armour lost in the quarterfinals to Shute, 3 & 1. Sarazen was the medalist in the qualifying with 145 (+5).


1931 PGA Championship
Through 2016, Sarazen remains the youngest winner of a modern major title at age 20 (in 1922) and Creavy was just 2 months older. Finalist Shute won consecutive titles in 1936 and 1937.


1931 PGA Championship, Format
The match play format at the PGA Championship in 1931 called for 12 rounds (216 holes) in six days:


1931 Pacific Tigers football team
The 1931 Pacific Tigers football team represented the College of the Pacific (COP) during the 1931 college football season.


1931 Pacific Tigers football team
COP competed in the Far Western Conference (FWC). The team was led by eleventh-year head coach Erwin Righter, and played home games at Baxter Stadium in Stockton, California. The team finished with five wins, two losses and two ties (5–2–2, 2–1–2 FWC). Overall, the Tigers outscored their opponents 110–52 for the season.


1931 Pacific hurricane season
The 1931 Pacific hurricane season ran through the summer and fall of 1931. Before the satellite age started in the 1960s, data on east Pacific hurricanes was extremely unreliable. Most east Pacific storms were of no threat to land.


1931 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Possible Tropical Cyclone One
On July 3, a tropical cyclone possibly existed south of Acapulco. A ship measured a pressure of 29.55 inHg (100.1 kPa).


1931 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Possible Tropical Cyclone Two
In the western part of the Gulf of Tehuantepec, a possible tropical cyclone existed on July 10. A ship reported a pressure of 29.66 inHg (100.4 kPa).


1931 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Cyclone Three
On July 21, a tropical cyclone began forming southwest of Manzanillo. It had completely formed by July 23. It moved along the coast, and entered the Gulf of California. It was last observed on July 25. This cyclone produced gales, and the lowest reported pressure was 29.39 inHg (99.5 kPa).


1931 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Cyclone Four
On July 26, a tropical cyclone existed midway between Acapulco and Salina Cruz. The lowest pressure reported by a ship was 29.63 inHg (100.3 kPa).


1931 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Cyclone Five
In the central Pacific east-southeast of the Hawaiian Islands, a ship encountered a tropical cyclone on August 30 and 31. It produced gales, and a pressure of 28.82 inHg (976 hPa).


1931 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Cyclone Six
South of the coast of Mexico, a tropical cyclone formed on September 6. It paralleled the coast, entered the Gulf of California, and dissipated by September 14.


1931 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Cyclone Six
This system sank an American steamship called the Colombia (losses unknown). On land, the area around Santa Rosalía, Baja California Sur was severely devastated. More than 100 people were killed on land, mostly due to drowning.


1931 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Cyclone Six
In Santa Rosalía itself, fifty were killed. Numerous small craft were sunk, with at least eight people going down with them. A merchant ship called Perkins was damaged in the storm, with two people were washed overboard. On land, connections with the El Boleo copper mine were destroyed, with the mine itself flooded, causing $500,000 (1931 USD) in damage. Hundreds were left homeless. In the aftermath, there was a shortage of food and medicine, and troops were dispatched to maintain order.


1931 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Cyclone Seven
The next tropical cyclone was a slightly weaker and faster-moving clone of the previous one. On September 14, it formed at around the same location as the first, and took a similar path. It dissipated September 18 in the Gulf of California.


1931 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Cyclone Eight
A tropical cyclone existed from September 20 to on or just after September 24. It formed well south of the Mexican coast. It moved northwestward, and dissipated off the coast of the Baja California Peninsula.


1931 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Cyclone Nine
On September 26, a tropical cyclone formed south of the Mexican coast. It moved generally northwards, and dissipated in the Gulf of California sometime after September 29.


1931 Pacific typhoon season
There were 30 tropical cyclones in the western Pacific Ocean in 1931, including 19 typhoons, as well as one that developed in December of the previous year. The most significant typhoon was one that struck eastern China near Shanghai in the midst of the country's worst floods on record; heavy rainfall caused levees to collapse along the Grand Canal, killing an estimated 300,000 people, including about 2,000 people overnight in the city of Gaoyou.


1931 Pacific typhoon season, Storms, January–July
On December 30, a tropical cyclone formed south of Guam and proceeded westward. A day later, the system passed near Yap. On January 2, the typhoon moved through the southern Philippines, crossing Leyte, the Camotes Islands, northern Cebu, northern Negros Island, and central Panay. While the storm was nearby, Dumalag, Capiz recorded a minimum pressure of 983 mbar (29.02 inHg). Winds in Cebu reached 118.7 km/h (73.8 mph). The typhoon weakened in the South China Sea on January 5–6. Across the archipelago, the typhoon sank two ships, left thousands homeless, and killed at least 31 people. Damage in the Philippines totaled about 6 million pesos, spurring the Governor-general to ask residents for money for a special typhoon fund. The American Red Cross donated about 20,000 pesos to assist in recovery.


1931 Pacific typhoon season, Storms, January–July
A depression formed northwest of Guam on May 6. It moved generally northward, passing west of the Bonin Islands before curving to the northeast. It was last observed on May 8.


1931 Pacific typhoon season, Storms, January–July
A typhoon formed in the South China Sea on June 4. It moved to the north-northeast and passed near the east coast of Taiwan. The storm crossed the northern Ryukyu Islands and was last observed on June 9.


1931 Pacific typhoon season, Storms, January–July
Another typhoon formed in the East China Sea on June 11. The storm moved in a general northeast direction, passing over the northern Ryukyu Islands. It was last observed on June 14.


1931 Pacific typhoon season, Storms, January–July
A tropical cyclone originated in the South China Sea on July 10. A day later, the storm moved over southeastern China.


1931 Pacific typhoon season, Storms, January–July
Another tropical cyclone was first observed over the open Pacific on July 16. It moved to the northwest and struck eastern China near Shanghai; it was last noted on July 18.


1931 Pacific typhoon season, Storms, January–July
A depression existed east of the Philippines on July 29. Steered by a ridge to the north over Japan, the system moved northwestward, brushing the northern tip of Luzon before entering the South China Sea. Early on August 1, a station on Pratas Island recorded a minimum pressure of 988 mbar (29.17 inHg) while the typhoon passed nearby.


1931 Pacific typhoon season, Storms, January–July
As the storm approached southeastern China, the Hong Kong Observatory issued a Number 10 warning signal, which is the highest level of warning; this marked the first occasion that the agency issued a Number 10 warning since adopting a new system in the previous year. Late on August 1, the typhoon made landfall between Hong Kong and Macau, and weakened over land by the next day. High waves damaged the end of the first Queen's Pier, and sank four ships. Wind gusts in the colony reached 218 km/h (136 mph). The high winds destroyed the roofs of several buildings, completely wrecking four homes. There were six deaths in Hong Kong, as well as four injuries.


1931 Pacific typhoon season, Storms, August
From August 3–5, a short-lived tropical cyclone existed south of Japan; the storm moved northwestward toward the Ryukyu Islands before recurving to the northeast.


1931 Pacific typhoon season, Storms, August
A typhoon was first observed on August 5 south of Guam. The storm moved to the west and later northwest, recurved to the northeast, and then turned back to the northwest, steered by a ridge to its north. The track brought the typhoon over the southern Ryukyu Islands, where the typhoon wrecked about 10,000 houses, decimated crops, and killed 15 people. Ishigaki Island recorded a minimum pressure of 986 mbar (29.11 inHg). The typhoon then passed north of Taiwan, producing estimated winds of 160 km/h (100 mph). The storm struck mainland China between Fuzhou and Wenzhou on August 11, eventually weakening over Guizhou province in central China. The schooner 'Kwongsang, bound from Shanghai to Shantou, foundered in the typhoon with 57 people onboard, and only four survivors. Several other ships were damaged.


1931 Pacific typhoon season, Storms, August
From August 7–12, a low pressure area persisted in the South China Sea, bringing heavy rainfall to the Philippines. Over a nine day period, the system dropped 1,036.5 mm (40.81 in) of rainfall in Manila, which caused the worst flooding in the city in 26 years, in conjunction with above normal tides. This left around 4,000 people homeless. The system moved northward through the South China Sea and began intensifying on August 12. Three days later, the system strengthened into a typhoon and passed near Pratas, which recorded a minimum pressure of 986 mbar (29.13 inHg). On August 17, the typhoon moved ashore southern China between Hong Kong and Shantou, and gradually weakened over land, dissipating by August 20.


1931 Pacific typhoon season, Storms, August
On August 9, a tropical cyclone began developing between the Caroline Islands and the Marianas Islands. For several days, the track was uncertain, until a more steady northwest trajectory began on August 15. The storm crossed the Ryukyu Islands on August 17, and later turned to the northeast in the Yellow Sea. The storm moved across the Korean Peninsula, and dissipated on August 19.


1931 Pacific typhoon season, Storms, August, Shanghai typhoon
A tropical cyclone began developing between Yap and Guam on August 14. It drifted northward initially, and later began a west-northwest track on August 19. The typhoon curved back to the northwest, striking Okinawa on August 24. A station in Naha recorded a minimum pressure of 963 mbar (28.50 inHg). After crossing the East China Sea, the typhoon curved to the north and struck China's east coast near Ningbo on August 25. The storm passed east of Shanghai, bringing estimated winds of 160 km/h (100 mph) to the city.


1931 Pacific typhoon season, Storms, August, Shanghai typhoon
The SS President Cleveland rode out the typhoon along the Huangpu River, and recorded a pressure of 966 mbar (28.53 inHg). After affecting China, the typhoon recurved to the northeast, moving across the Yellow Sea, the northern Korean peninsula, the Sea of Japan, and eventually the La Pérouse Strait. The typhoon was last observed on August 28.


1931 Pacific typhoon season, Storms, August, Shanghai typhoon
In Shanghai, high winds knocked down hundreds of trees. Ahead of the typhoon, heavy rainfall across China led to the deadliest floods worldwide in the 20th century, with large areas flooded along the country's major rivers. On August 26, wind-generated waves from the typhoon broke the walls of the levees along Lake Gaoyou. There were 15 breaks in levees along the Grand Canal, inundating a 25,900 km2 (10,000 sq mi) portion of northern Jiangsu, including 80 towns, killing 300,000 people, according to contemporaneous news reports.


1931 Pacific typhoon season, Storms, August, Shanghai typhoon
In the city of Gaoyou, the levee break killed 2,000 people in the middle of the night. In 2005, the 1931 Gaoyou Flood museum opened, featuring aerial photographs of the floods, taken by Charles Lindbergh. In Korea, the typhoon killed 40 people, with 770 fishermen reported missing after the storm's passage.


1931 Pacific typhoon season, Storms, September
On September 1, a tropical cyclone was first observed near the southern China coast. The system moved westward, crossing Hong Kong into mainland China on September 3. In Hong Kong, the typhoon produced wind gusts of 151 km/h (94 mph) and a minimum pressure of 986 mbar (29.13 inHg). The system moved inland and was last noted over Jiangxi on September 11.


1931 Pacific typhoon season, Storms, September
A tropical cyclone formed west of Guam on September 2, embarking on a west-northwest direction. On September 10, the typhoon moved through the southern Ryukyu Islands into the East China, where it turned to the northeast. The storm struck the Japanese island of Kyushu. The storm later crossed the Korea Strait into the Sea of Japan, where it killed at least 100 fishermen after their boats capsized. The storm was last noted on September 13 after passing near northern Japan.


1931 Pacific typhoon season, Storms, September
A tropical cyclone existed from September 7–9, originating northeast of Philippines and moving in a northeast direction. Possibly related to the storm is a typhoon that struck the Patrick Henry ship to the southeast of Tokyo, which recorded a pressure of 959 mbar (28.32 inHg). The storm was last noted on September 12.


1931 Pacific typhoon season, Storms, September
On September 16, a storm developed in the East China Sea. It moved in a northeast direction, and was last noted on September 20.


1931 Pacific typhoon season, Storms, September
On September 18, a tropical cyclone originated east of the Philippines. The typhoon moved westward, striking Samar two days after its formation. Daet, Camarines Norte recorded a pressure of 975 mbar (28.80 inHg), the lowest recorded in the Philippine archipelago. The typhoon turned to the north, striking eastern Luzon on September 21, and Taiwan on September 23. It accelerated to the northeast, moving across western Japan and Sakhalin; the once powerful typhoon was last noted on September 28. Newspapers described the death toll from "over 100" to "over 1,000", with 1,346 houses and 203 boats wrecked in the Tokyo area.


1931 Pacific typhoon season, Storms, October
A tropical cyclone formed near the Macclesfield Bank on October 1. It moved generally to the northwest in the South China Sea, and was last noted on October 4 south of Hainan.


1931 Pacific typhoon season, Storms, October
From October 3–7, a tropical cyclone existed east of the Philippines, which remained over water for its entire existence.


1931 Pacific typhoon season, Storms, October
On October 5, a tropical cyclone originated south of Guam. The typhoon moved in a general northwest trajectory for about a week, recurving to the northeast after October 12. It moved across central Japan, bringing heavy rainfall and high winds that caused loss of life. The typhoon was last noted on October 14.


1931 Pacific typhoon season, Storms, October
A tropical cyclone of typhoon intensity existed in the South China Sea on October 9. Moving northwest, the typhoon struck central Vietnam on October 11.


1931 Pacific typhoon season, Storms, October
On October 13, a tropical cyclone originated between Yap and Guam. The system moved westward and later northwestward, passing to the north of Luzon, where heavy rainfall caused the worst flooding in Aparri in 23 years, as well as flooding in Cagayan Valley. A ship in San Vincente reported a minimum pressure of 975 mbar (28.78 inHg), indicating typhoon intensity. On October 20, the storm weakened and dissipated in the South China Sea.


1931 Pacific typhoon season, Storms, October
A depression originated northeast of Yap on October 20. It moved to the northwest for four days and later recurved to the northeast while at typhoon intensity. The storm washed a ship was ashore the Bonin Islands. The typhoon was last observed on October 27 to the east of Japan.


1931 Pacific typhoon season, Storms, November
As early as November 3, a tropical cyclone developed north of Yap. The storm moved westward and later northwestward as it approached the Philippines, moving across the northern Philippines on November 7. A ship in Infanta on Luzon's west coast reported a pressure of 976 mbar (28.85 inHg), indicating typhoon intensity. The storm continued across the South China Sea and was last noted southeast of Hainan on November 10.


1931 Pacific typhoon season, Storms, November
Another tropical cyclone developed in the same area as the previous storm on November 6–7. After the storm moved westward, its trajectory turned to the northwest. On November 10, the typhoon struck eastern Luzon south of Echague, where a ship reported a pressure of 977 mbar (29.09 inHg). The storm tracked across the South China Sea and moved ashore China east of Hong Kong on November 12.


1931 Pacific typhoon season, Storms, November
On November 13, a tropical cyclone was observed to the east of Luzon. The storm moved to the northwest, turned to the north on November 15, and recurved to the northeast. It was last observed on November 18.


1931 Pacific typhoon season, Storms, November
A tropical cyclone developed south of Guam on November 16. It moved westward for a few days, but gradually curved to the north and northeast. A station on Oaogarizima reported a pressure of 985 mbar (29.10 inHg), indicating typhoon intensity. It was last observed on November 24.


1931 Pacific typhoon season, Storms, December
On December 3, a tropical cyclone originated southeast of Yap. The storm moved to the northwest, and later the west. On December 5, the typhoon struck the eastern Philippines near Catbalogan on Samar; a station there reported a pressure of 979 mbar (28.92 inHg). In Catbalogan, the typhoon killed two people and wrecked more than 100 houses. The typhoon later passed near Capiz and Culion. While moving through the Philippines, the storm washed two boats ashore. The storm was last observed on December 8.


1931 Pacific typhoon season, Storms, December
Another tropical cyclone, possibly related to the former one, was observed in the South China Sea on December 7 near the Paracel Islands. It moved northwest at first, and later turned to the northeast, dissipating on December 9 north of Pratas Island.


1931 Pacific typhoon season, Storms, December
A depression emerged from China into the Yellow Sea on December 8. It moved across the Korean Peninsula, the Sea of Japan, and eastward into the Pacific; it was last noted on December 10. Another depression existed from December 9–10, which moved in an northeasterly direction from the East China Sea. The final depression of the season formed east of the Ryukyu Islands on December 11. It tracked northeastward and was last observed on December 13.


1931 Paraguayan Primera División season
The 1931 season of the Paraguayan Primera División, the top category of Paraguayan football, was played by 14 teams. The national champions were Olimpia.


1931 Paris–Roubaix
The 1931 Paris–Roubaix was the 32nd edition of the Paris–Roubaix, a classic one-day cycle race in France. The single day event was held on 5 April 1931 and stretched 256 km (159 mi) from Paris to its end in a velodrome in Roubaix. The winner was Gaston Rebry from Belgium.


1931 Paris–Tours
The 1931 Paris–Tours was the 26th edition of the Paris–Tours cycle race and was held on 3 May 1931. The race started in Paris and finished in Tours. The race was won by André Leducq.


1931 Parkes by-election
A by-election was held for the Australian House of Representatives seat of Parkes on 31 January 1931. This was triggered by the resignation of Labor MP Edward McTiernan to take a seat on the High Court.


1931 Parkes by-election
The by-election was won by Nationalist candidate Charles Marr, who had represented the seat from 1919 until his defeat by McTiernan in 1929.


1931 Parkes by-election
This was the first time the Communist Party endorsed a candidate at federal level.


1931 Penn Quakers football team
The 1931 Penn Quakers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Pennsylvania as an independent during the 1931 college football season. In their first season under head coach Harvey Harman, the Quakers compiled a 6–3 record and outscored opponents by a total of 121 to 94. The team played its home games at Franklin Field in Philadelphia.


1931 Penn State Nittany Lions football team
The 1931 Penn State Nittany Lions football team represented the Pennsylvania State University in the 1931 college football season. The team was coached by Bob Higgins and played its home games in New Beaver Field in State College, Pennsylvania.


1931 Penn State Nittany Lions men's soccer team
The 1931 Penn State Nittany Lions men's soccer team represented Pennsylvania State University during the 1931 season playing in the Intercollegiate Soccer League. It was the program's 21st season fielding a men's varsity soccer team. The 1931 season is William Jeffrey's sixth year at the helm.


1931 Penn State Nittany Lions men's soccer team, Background
The 1931 season was the Nittany Lions' 21st season as a varsity soccer program, and their 6th season playing in the Intercollegiate Soccer Football Association League. The team was led by 6th year head coach, William Jeffrey, who had previously served as the head coach for the semi-professional soccer team, Altoona Works.


1931 Penn State Nittany Lions men's soccer team, Background
At the conclusion of the 1930 season, at the annual Intercollegiate Soccer Football Association meeting, it was announced the single league would be replace by the formation of two leagues new leagues the Middle Atlantic league and New England league. The initial plan put forward by the association was to create two or three leagues that would all separately compete for its own championship cup. This initial motion was voted down by the committee 13-9, but another motion to recognize the New England and Middle Atlantic leagues passed unanimously.


1931 Penn State Nittany Lions men's soccer team, Background
The Middle Atlantic League was to be made up for Penn, Princeton, Cornell, Haverford, Swarthmore and Lehigh and the New England League was to be made up of Yale, Harvard and Dartmouth. These two leagues would compete amongst one another with the association selecting a national champion at the end of each season.


1931 Penn State Nittany Lions men's soccer team, Background
It was announced Penn State would continue to be a member of the Intercollegiate Soccer Football Association but was no longer a member of its sanctioned league and would not be eligible for a championship in either league. The reasoning for not admitted Penn State to either of the two new leagues was the university's location. Penn State was not located in either geographical districts that had been set out by the association.


1931 Penn State Nittany Lions men's soccer team, Background
After their dismissal from the league, Penn State and a group of remaining members not admitted petitioned the association to create a third league. Penn State along with the remaining active members Syracuse and Navy as well as the associate members Temple, Western Maryland and Bucknell asked to form a third league, the Eastern League.


1931 Penn State Nittany Lions men's soccer team, Background
at the conclusion of the 1931 season the Nittany Lions were ranked 4th overall by the Intercollegiate Soccer Football Association.


1931 Penn State Nittany Lions men's soccer team, Squad, Roster
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.


1931 Perserikatan
The 1931 Perserikatan season was the second season of the Indonesian Perserikatan football competition since its establishment in 1930. Voetbalbond Indies Jakarta (V.I.J.) is the defending champions won his first league title.


1931 Perserikatan
It was contested by 3 teams and the first season competition was organised under the Persatuan Sepakbola Seluruh Indonesia (PSSI). V.I.J. won the championship.


1931 Peruvian Primera División
The 1931 season of the Primera División Peruana was the 16th season of top-flight Peruvian football. It was played by 12 teams. The national champions were Alianza Lima. Federación Universitaria and Ciclista Lima were both deducted 1 point because of walk-over defeats. First Division reduced to 8 teams for 1932.


1931 Peruvian general election
General elections were held in Peru on 11 October 1931 to elect the President and a Constitutional Congress. The result was a victory for Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro of the Revolutionary Union, who received 50.8% of the vote.


1931 Peruvian general election, Results, President
Sanchez Cerro was also supported by the Nationalist Social Party, Osores was supported by the Constitutional Party, the Labourist Party and the National Coalition Party, while Jara y Ureta was supported by the Decentralist Party and Popular Union.


1931 Peruvian general election, Results, Constitutional Congress
Twelve elected members of the Congress later had their election declared invalid, including eight from the APRA, two independents and one each from the National Coalition and Revolutionary Union.


1931 Philadelphia Athletics season
The 1931 Philadelphia Athletics season involved the A's finishing first in the American League with a record of 107 wins and 45 losses. It was the team's third consecutive pennant-winning season and its third consecutive season with over 100 wins. However the A's lost the 1931 World Series to the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games. The series loss prevented the Athletics from becoming the first major league baseball team to win three consecutive World Series; the New York Yankees would accomplish the feat a mere seven years later. The Athletics, ironically, would go on to earn their own threepeat in 1974, some forty-three years after the failed 1931 attempt.


1931 Philadelphia Athletics season
1931 was also the A's final World Series appearance in Philadelphia. Their next AL pennant would be in 1972, after they had moved to Oakland.


1931 Philadelphia Athletics season, Regular season
1931 was the greatest season of Lefty Grove's career. He went 31–4, with a 2.06 ERA and 175 strikeouts, easily winning the pitching triple crown. He was voted league MVP. Combined with the efforts of 21- and 20-game winners George Earnshaw and Rube Walberg, Philadelphia allowed the fewest runs of any AL team.


1931 Philadelphia Athletics season, Regular season
Slugger Al Simmons won the batting title with a .390 average and came in third in MVP voting.


1931 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1931 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1931 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1931 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1931 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1931 Philadelphia Athletics season, 1931 World Series
NL St. Louis Cardinals (4) vs. AL Philadelphia Athletics (3)


1931 Philadelphia Phillies season
The following lists the events of the 1931 Philadelphia Phillies season.


1931 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1931 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1931 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1931 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1931 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1931 Philadelphia mayoral election
The Philadelphia mayoral election of 1931 saw the return of J. Hampton Moore to the mayors office.


1931 Philippine House of Representatives elections
The elections for the members of the House of Representatives were held on June 2, 1931 pursuant to the Philippine Organic Act of 1902, which prescribed elections for every three years. The ruling Nacionalista Consolidado retained their majority in the House of Representatives.


1931 Philippine Senate elections
Legislative elections happened on June 2, 1931 in the Philippines under the Jones Law provisions.


1931 Philippine Senate elections, Electoral system
In a staggered election, the seats of the senators who were first disputed in 1919 were up for election. The Philippines is divided into 12 senatorial districts, of which all districts save for the 12th district, has one of its seats up. In the 12th district, any vacancy is filled via appointment of the Governor-General. The election itself is via first-past-the-post.


1931 Pittsburgh Panthers football team
The 1931 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, coached by Jock Sutherland, represented the University of Pittsburgh in the 1931 college football season. The Panthers finished the regular season with eight wins and a single loss at Notre Dame and were considered the champions of the East. Parke H. Davis, recognized as a "major selector" in the official NCAA football records book, named Pitt as one of that season's co-national champions. The team is also recognized as national champion in 1931 by College Football Data Warehouse and according to a Sports Illustrated study that has served as the historical basis of the university's historical national championship claims since its original publication.


1931 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, List of national championship selectors
The 1915 team was selected or recognized as national champions by multiple selectors, of which Parke H. Davis's selection is recognized as "major" (i.e. national in scope) by the official NCAA football records book. College Football Data Warehouse also recognizes Pitt as a national champion in 1915, as did a 1970 Sports Illustrated study that has served as the historical basis of the university's historical national championship claims since its original publication.


1931 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, List of national championship selectors
These are the selectors that determined Pitt to be national champions in 1931.


1931 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, List of national championship selectors
* A "major" selector that was "national scope" according to the official NCAA football records book.


1931 Pittsburgh Pirates season
The 1931 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the 50th season of the Pittsburgh Pirates franchise; the 45th in the National League. The Pirates finished fifth in the league standings with a record of 75–79.


1931 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1931 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1931 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1931 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1931 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1931 Pontypridd by-election
The Pontypridd by-election of 1931 was held on 19 March 1931. The by-election was held due to the resignation of the incumbent Labour MP, Thomas Isaac Mardy Jones. It was won by the Labour candidate David Lewis Davies.


1931 Portsmouth Spartans season
The 1931 Portsmouth Spartans season was their second in the league. The team improved on their previous season's output of 5–6–3, winning eleven games. They finished second in the league.


1931 Portsmouth Spartans season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1931 Prince Edward Island general election
The 1931 Prince Edward Island general election was held on 6 August 1931 in the Canadian Province of Prince Edward Island. The governing Liberals of Premier Walter Lea were defeated by the Conservatives led by James D. Stewart.


1931 Prince Edward Island general election, Members Elected
The Legislature of Prince Edward Island had two levels of membership from 1893 to 1996 - Assemblymen and Councillors. This was a holdover from when the Island had a bicameral legislature, the General Assembly and the Legislative Council.


1931 Prince Edward Island general election, Members Elected
In 1893, the Legislative Council was abolished and had its membership merged with the Assembly, though the two titles remained separate and were elected by different electoral franchises. Assembleymen were elected by all eligible voters of within a district, while Councillors were only elected by landowners within a district.


1931 Princeton Tigers football team
The 1931 Princeton Tigers football team represented Princeton University in the 1931 college football season. The Tigers finished with a 1–7 record under first-year head coach Albert Wittmer. No Princeton players were selected as first-team honorees on the 1931 College Football All-America Team.


1931 Providence Friars football team
The 1931 Providence Friars football team was an American football team that represented Providence College during the 1931 college football season. Led by seventh-year head coach Archie Golembeski, the team compiled a 7–3 record and outscored opponents by a total of 141 to 95.


1931 Providence Steam Roller season
The 1931 Providence Steam Roller season was their seventh and final in the league. The team failed to improve on their previous season's output of 6–4–1, winning only four games. They finished sixth in the league.


1931 Providence Steam Roller season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1931 Prussian Landtag referendum
The Prussian Landtag referendum 1931 was a referendum to dissolve the Prussian Landtag or parliament held on the initiative of Der Stahlhelm ex-servicemen's organisation with the support of the Nazi Party and the German Communist Party.


1931 Prussian Landtag referendum
The referendum was held on 9 August 1931 and required 13.2 million votes to succeed. However,  the referendum only gained 9.8 million votes, and thus failed.


1931 Purdue Boilermakers football team
The 1931 Purdue Boilermakers football team represented Purdue University in the Big Ten Conference (Big Ten) during the 1931 college football season. In their second season under head coach Noble Kizer, the Boilermakers compiled a 9–1 record (5–1 against Big Ten opponents), shut out six of ten opponents, suffered its sole loss to Wisconsin, tied with Michigan for the Big Ten championship, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 192 to 39. The team was recognized as national co-champion by Parke H. Davis.


1931 Purdue Boilermakers football team
End Paul Moss and center Ookie Miller were both recognized as first-team All-Americans. Moss received first-team honors from Liberty magazine, and Miller received the same from the United Press and College Humor magazine. Five Purdue players received honors on the 1931 All-Big Ten Conference football team: Paul Moss from the Associated Press (AP), United Press (UP), and captains' team (CPT); Ookie Miller (AP-2, UP-1); quarterback Paul Pardonner (UP-2); halfback Jim Purvis (CPT); and halfback Fred Hecker (AP-2, UP-2).


1931 Quebec general election
The 1931 Quebec general election was held on August 24, 1931, to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Quebec, Canada. The incumbent Quebec Liberal Party, led by Louis-Alexandre Taschereau, was re-elected, defeating the Quebec Conservative Party, led by Camillien Houde.


1931 Quebec general election
It was the third general election victory in a row for Taschereau, who had held office since 1920.


1931 Quebec general election, Further reading
This Quebec history article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1931 Railway Cup Hurling Championship
The 1931 Railway Cup Hurling Championship was the fifth series of the inter-provincial hurling Railway Cup. Two matches were played between 8 February and 17 March 1931. It was contested by Connacht, who returned after a three-year absence, Leinster and Munster.


1931 Railway Cup Hurling Championship
On 17 March 1931, Munster won the Railway Cup after a 1–12 to 2–06 defeat of Leinster in the final at Croke Park, Dublin. This was their fourth title over all and their fourth title in succession.


1931 Railway Cup Hurling Championship
Munster's Mick Ahern was the Railway Cup top scorer with 6-08.


1931 Rhode Island State Rams football team
The 1931 Rhode Island Rams football team was an American football team that represented Rhode Island State College (later renamed the University of Rhode Island) as a member of the New England Conference during the 1931 college football season. In its 12th season under head coach Frank Keaney, the team compiled a 4–4 record (2–0 against conference opponents) and tied with New Hampshire for the conference championship.


1931 Rice Owls football team
The 1931 Rice Owls football team was an American football team that represented Rice University as a member of the Southwest Conference (SWC) during the 1931 college football season. In its third season under head coach Jack Meagher, the team compiled a 6–4 record (3–3 against SWC opponents) and was outscored by a total of 178 to 66.


1931 Romanian general election
General elections were held in Romania in June 1931. The Chamber of Deputies was elected on 1 June, whilst the Senate was elected in three stages on 4, 6 and 8 June. The result was a victory for the governing National Union, an alliance of the National Party, the National Liberal Party, the German Party, the Agrarian Union Party, the Vlad Ţepeş League, the Agrarian League and several other parties. The Union won 289 of the 387 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 108 of the 113 seats in the Senate elected through universal vote. The five seats won by the Communist-dominated Peasant Workers' Bloc were ultimately invalidated by the new Parliament.


1931 Rose Bowl
The 1931 Rose Bowl was the 17th Rose Bowl game, an American post-season college football game that was played on New Year's Day in Pasadena, California. It featured two undefeated teams, Alabama and Washington State.


1931 Rose Bowl
Alabama scored three touchdowns in the second quarter and shut out the Cougars, 24–0.


1931 Rose Bowl, Game notes
For a psychological stunt, the WSC Cougars dressed all in red (helmets, jerseys, pants, socks, and shoes), according to the Pasadena Tournament of Roses.


1931 Rutgers Queensmen football team
The 1931 Rutgers Queensmen football team represented Rutgers University in the 1931 college football season. In their first season under head coach J. Wilder Tasker, the Queensmen compiled a 4–3–1 record and outscored their opponents 111 to 100.


1931 Rutherglen by-election
The Rutherglen by-election of 1931 was held on 21 May 1931. The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Labour MP, William Wright. It was won by the Labour candidate David Hardie


1931 Rutherglen by-election
Wright had held the seat since 1922 when he had gained it for Labour from the Unionist Party. His majority over the Unionists at the 1929 election had been  over 5,000 votes, an increase from 1,089 votes in 1924. In addition to Labour and the Unionists, both the Liberal Party and the Communist Party of Great Britain had contested the seat in 1929, polling less than 4,000 votes between them.


1931 Rutherglen by-election
Labour's candidate David Hardie, was the brother of Labour's founder Keir Hardie, and George Hardie, who was then serving as MP for Glasgow Springburn. His sole opponent was the Unionist Party's Captain H. J. Moss who campaigned on the central issue of "the prosperity policy of safeguarding British industries".


1931 Rutherglen by-election
While Hardie held the seat for Labour, the Party's majority was significantly reduced. The general election a few months later saw a rematch between the two candidates, with Moss  emerging victorious with a majority of over 5,000.


1931 Ryder Cup
The 3rd Ryder Cup Matches were held June 26–27, 1931 at Scioto Country Club in Columbus, Ohio. The United States team won the competition by a score of 9 to 3 points.


1931 Ryder Cup
The course was the venue for U.S. Open in 1926, won by amateur Bobby Jones, the second of his four titles. It later hosted the PGA Championship in 1950. Scioto is also noteworthy as the club where Jack Nicklaus learned to play as a youth in the 1950s.


1931 Ryder Cup, Format
The Ryder Cup is a match play event, with each match worth one point. From 1927 through 1959, the format consisted of 4 foursome (alternate shot) matches on the first day and 8 singles matches on the second day, for a total of 12 points. Therefore, 61⁄2 points were required to win the Cup. All matches were played to a maximum of 36 holes.


1931 Ryder Cup, Teams
Prior to the match, there was some controversy about the qualification rules for the Great Britain team. In 1927 and 1929 the American PGA had decided to only select American born and resident players but the original Ryder Cup Deed of Trust made no such provision. All members of the Professional Golfers' Association were eligible. In late 1929 the Deed of Trust was revised requiring players to be born in and resident in their respective countries. This rule disqualified Percy Alliss and Aubrey Boomer, two of Great Britain's best players, as they had both taken jobs as club professionals in mainland Europe.


1931 Ryder Cup, Teams
In early 1931, it was announced that a selection committee of five would choose the Great Britain team for the 1931 Ryder Cup. This committee consisted of George Oke, Charles Whitcombe, Charles Corlett, Dick Wheildon and Albert Haskins. Charles Whitcombe was announced as the captain. An initial squad of 24 was announced.


1931 Ryder Cup, Teams
Henry Cotton objected to a team rule requiring all players to travel out together and return together. Cotton wished to remain in the United States after the match. As a consequence Cotton was withdrawn from the squad.


1931 Ryder Cup, Teams
Four trial matches were played in which the new American sized ball was used, and in early May a further six players were selected: Compston, Davies, Jolly, Mitchell, Robson and Ernest Whitcombe. Duncan and Easterbrook were later added. During the final day of The Open Championship, Cotton was again asked whether he would play under the original conditions but again declined and the following day Hodson was announced as the final selection. In a further statement the same day it was announced that Herbert Jolly had withdrawn because of a lack of form and had been replaced by Havers. Jolly had scored 84 and 78 in the Open Championship qualifying the previous week.


1931 Ryder Cup, Teams
The British team sailed on June 10 following a farewell dinner the previous evening.


1931 Ryder Cup, Individual player records
Each entry refers to the Win–Loss–Half record of the player.


1931 SANFL Grand Final
The 1931 SANFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football competition. North Adelaide beat Sturt 115 to 77.


1931 SANFL season
The 1931 South Australian National Football League season was the 52nd season of the top-level Australian rules football competition in South Australia.


1931 SMU Mustangs football team
The 1931 SMU Mustangs football team represented Southern Methodist University during the 1931 college football season.


1931 Saint Louis Billikens football team
The 1931 Saint Louis Billikens football team was an American football team that represented Saint Louis University during the 1931 college football season. In their second season under head coach Chile Walsh, the Billikens compiled an 8–2 record and outscored opponents by a total of 239 to 52. The team played its home games at Edward J. Walsh Memorial Stadium in St. Louis.


1931 Saint Lucian general election, Background
In 1924 a partially elected Legislative Council of 12 members was established with nine nominated seats and three elected seats. Prior to the 1931 elections, women were given the right to vote and run for office.


1931 Saint Lucian general election, Campaign
Louis McVane was the only candidate in Northern District. Western District was contested by H.E. Belmar and DuBoulay, who had a heated campaign.


1931 Saint Lucian general election, Results
All three MLCs elected in 1928 were re-elected; George Palmer in Eastern District, McVane in Northern District and Belmar in Western District.


1931 Saint Mary's Gaels football team
The 1931 Saint Mary's Gaels football team was an American football team that represented Saint Mary's College of California during the 1931 college football season. In their 11th season under head coach Slip Madigan, the Gaels compiled an 8–2 record and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 119 to 65. The Gaels' victories included a 13–7 besting of USC, a 14–0 besting of California, a 16–0 victory over Oregon, and a 7–2 victory over Southwest Conference champion SMU. The lone setbacks were losses to the Olympic Club (0–10) and UCLA (0–12).


1931 Saint Mary's Gaels football team
Halfback Bud Toscani and guard Bill Fisher were selected by both the Associated Press and the United Press as first-team players on the 1931 All-Pacific Coast football team.


1931 Salisbury by-election
The Salisbury by-election, 1931 was a by-election held for the British House of Commons constituency of Salisbury in Wiltshire on 11 March 1931. The seat had become vacant on the resignation of the sitting Conservative Member of Parliament Hugh Morrison, and the by-election was won by the Conservative candidate James Despencer-Robertson.


1931 Salisbury by-election, Vacancy
The outgoing Conservative member Hugh Morrison had first won the seat at the 1918 general election and had held it until 1923 before regaining it the following year. He resigned his seat on 16 February 1931, and died on 15 March 1931, aged 62.


1931 Salisbury by-election, Candidates
The Conservative candidate was 44-year-old James Despencer-Robertson, who had previously been the member for Islington West, serving from the 1922 general election until his defeat at the 1923 general election.


1931 Salisbury by-election, Candidates
The Liberal Party candidate was Lucy Masterman, who had been the second-placed candidate for Salisbury at the 1929 general election. The Labour Party fielded F. R. Hancock, who had been placed third in 1929.


1931 Salisbury by-election, Result
On a reduced turnout, Despencer-Robertson held the seat for the Conservatives, with a significantly-increased majority of 6,213. He held the seat until his death in 1942.


1931 Salisbury by-election, Result
Masterman did not stand for Parliament again, but Hancock stood again three times, without success: in Lewes at the 1931 and 1935 general elections, and at the 1939 Monmouth by-election.


1931 Salvadoran coup d'état
The 1931 Salvadoran coup d’état occurred on December 2, 1931. The coup overthrew President Arturo Araujo and led to the establishment of the Civic Directory of El Salvador.


1931 Salvadoran coup d'état, Coup and Directory
The Salvadoran Armed Forces toppled the government of the democratically elected President, Arturo Araujo, the candidate of the Labor Party. During his administration, El Salvador faced political tension and public unrest. Tax reforms also failed to succeed due to resistance from the wealthy class.


1931 Salvadoran coup d'état, Coup and Directory
The final straw for the coup was an attempt to reduce the military budget which was met by heavy resistance by military officers. With the government being unable to pay wages to military officers, the army staged the coup to remove Arturo Araujo’s administration at 10pm on December 2, 1931.


1931 Salvadoran coup d'état, Coup and Directory
The military officers established the Civic Directory as a provisional government generally led by General and former Vice President Maximiliano Hernández Martínez and Colonel Osmín Aguirre y Salinas.


1931 Salvadoran coup d'état, Legacy
The Directory was dissolved on December 4 and Maximiliano Hernández Martínez assumed the Presidency as “Acting President”. He would later officially become President on March 1, 1935.


1931 Salvadoran coup d'état, Legacy
The coup led to the subsequent 1932 Salvadoran peasant massacre where Feliciano Ama and Farabundo Martí lead poor Salvadoran peasants in a communist rebellion against Martínez’s government leading to 25,000 deaths.


1931 Salvadoran coup d'état, Legacy
The United States did not recognize the legitimacy of Hernández Martínez's rise to power or government due to the 1923 Central American Treaty of Peace and Amity and only recognized his government after his government put down the communist uprising in early 1932.


1931 Salvadoran general election
General elections were held in El Salvador on 11 and 13 January 1931. Arturo Araujo won the presidential elections running on a Labor Party-National Republican Party ticket.


1931 Salvadoran general election, Background
Previous elections had usually seen the incumbents choosing their successors, allowing the oligarchy perpetual control of the country's politics. However, on this occasion Pío Romero Bosque failed to designate a successor, resulting in a wide variety of candidates.


1931 Salvadoran general election, Background
Whilst Arajuo obtained a plurality of the votes, he had failed to secure a majority. However, the newly elected Assembly consisted largely of Arajuo supporters, and when convenened on 12 February, allowed him to assume the presidency. However, Araujo, a landowner with progressive ideals, had the misfortune of taking office in the midst of massive labor and student strikes. Martial law was declared, and soon the military, upset about not having received its pay and supported by the oligarchy, which distrusted Araujo, easily overthrew his government after nine months.


1931 San Diego Marines Devil Dogs football team
The 1931 San Diego Marine Devil Dogs football team represented the Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego during the 1931 football season. The Devil Dogs compiled a 6–4 record against a schedule of local and collegiate teams, and outscored their opponents by a total of 120 to 110 or 111.


1931 San Diego State Aztecs football team
The 1931 San Diego State Aztecs football team represented San Diego State Teachers College during the 1931 NCAA football season.


1931 San Diego State Aztecs football team
San Diego State competed in the Southern California Conference (SCC). The 1931 San Diego State team was led by head coach Walter Herreid in his second season with the Aztecs. They played home games at Navy "Sports" Field. The Aztecs finished the season with five wins, three losses and two ties (5–3–2, 2–2–1 SCC). Overall, the team outscored its opponents 71–45 points for the season. This included shutting out their opponents six times and being shut out three times.


1931 San Diego mayoral election
The 1931 San Diego mayoral election was held on April 7, 1931 to elect the mayor for San Diego. Incumbent mayor Harry C. Clark stood for reelection to a third term. In the primary election, Clark and Walter W. Austin received the most votes and advanced to a runoff election. Austin was then elected mayor with a majority of the votes in the runoff.


1931 San Diego mayoral election, Campaign
Incumbent Mayor Harry C. Clark stood for reelection to a third term. During the campaign, opponents of Clark argued that there had been little progress on $8.6 million voters had approved for water projects in 1924 under Clark's tenure.


1931 San Diego mayoral election, Campaign
On March 24, 1931, Walter W. Austin came in first in the primary election with 43.5 percent of the votes, followed by Clark in second place with 22.4 percent. Since no candidate received a majority of the vote, Austin and Clark advanced to a runoff election. On April 7, 1931, Austin came in first place in the runoff election with 73 percent of the vote and was elected to the office of the mayor.


1931 San Francisco Grey Fog football team
The 1931 San Francisco Grey Fog football team was an American football team that represented the University of San Francisco as an independent during the 1931 college football season. In their eighth and final season under head coach Jimmy Needles, the Grey Fog compiled a 4–4–2 record and outscored opponents by a combined total of 155 to 87.


1931 San Francisco State Golden Gaters football team
The 1931 San Francisco State Golden Gaters football team represented San Francisco State Teachers College during the 1931 college football season. This was the first season for football at San Francisco State.


1931 San Francisco State Golden Gaters football team
Although the "Gator" was voted to be the mascot for the team in 1931, local newspaper articles called the team the "Golden Gaters". The team was led by head coach Dave Cox. They played home games at Ewing Field in San Francisco, California. San Francisco State finished with a record of two wins, three losses and three ties (2–3–3). For the season the team outscored its opponents 50–35.


1931 San Jose State Spartans football team
The 1931 San Jose State Spartans football team represented State Teachers College at San Jose during the 1931 college football season.


1931 San Jose State Spartans football team
San Jose State competed in the Far Western Conference (FWC). The team was led by third-year head coach Mush Crawford, and they played home games at Spartan Field in San Jose, California. The team finished the season with a record of one win and eight losses (1–8, 0–5 FWC). The Spartans were outscored by their opponents 20–126 for the season, and were shut out in eight of the nine games.


1931 Santa Barbara State Roadrunners football team
The 1931 Santa Barbara State Roadrunners football team represented Santa Barbara State during the 1931 college football season.


1931 Santa Barbara State Roadrunners football team
Santa Barbara State competed in the Southern California Conference (SCC). The Roadrunners were led by fourth-year head coach Harold Davis and played home games at Peabody Stadium in Santa Barbara, California. They finished the season with a record of one win, five losses and one tie (1–5–1, 0–5 SCC). Overall, the team was outscored by its opponents 46–115 for the season.


1931 Santa Clara Broncos football team
The 1931 Santa Clara Broncos football team was an American football team that represented Santa Clara University during the 1931 college football season. In their third season under head coach Maurice J. "Clipper" Smith, the Broncos compiled a 5–4–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 94 to 53.


1931 Santos FC season
The 1931 season was the twentieth season for Santos FC.


1931 Saudi–Yemeni border skirmish
Early in the year 1931, the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd, ruled by the House of Saud, engaged in an ill-documented border skirmish against the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen. All known details are provided on page 322 of St John Philby's 1955 book Saudi Arabia, which gives the following account:


1931 Saudi–Yemeni border skirmish
As had been the case before in the dispute over the ownership of the Khurma oasis,with King Husain taking the military initiative with a view to creating a fait accompli, it was the Imam Yahya who sought a settlement of the matters at issue with the Wahhabi king by pushing his troops into the areas claimed by him with the support of elements in both, which preferred weak Zaidi control to any closer acquaintance with the strom arm of Ibn Sa’ud. The inevitable clash of frontier guards ensued at a village called ’Aru early in 1931. In the absence of reliable maps at that time it was not easy to determine in this case which side was the aggressor, though before long it became clear that the blame lay with the Wahhabi commander, who had unwittingly trespassed into Yaman territory.


1931 Saudi–Yemeni border skirmish, Commentary
In an enquiry in 2017, the Correlates of War project was unable to find any further information, and found that The Times did not contain any mention of such incident in all of 1931. Nonetheless, they still believed that such an incident had happened, since Philby was a close associate of Ibn Saud as well as a reputable British Arabist.


1931 Scarborough and Whitby by-election
The Scarborough and Whitby by-election was a parliamentary by-election for the British House of Commons constituency of Scarborough and Whitby on 6 May 1931.


1931 Scarborough and Whitby by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the sitting Conservative MP, Sidney Herbert on 20 April 1931. He had been MP here since winning the seat in 1922.


1931 Scarborough and Whitby by-election, Election history
The constituency had always returned Unionists since its creation in 1918. However, the Liberals had come close to winning in 1923. The result at the last General election was also close;


1931 Scarborough and Whitby by-election, Candidates
The local Conservative Association chose 26-year-old Sir Paul Latham as their candidate to defend the seat. He had recently inherited the Latham baronetcy. Latham was a member of the London County Council, representing Lewisham East as a member of the Conservative-backed Municipal Reform Party. At the 1929 general election, he stood as the Conservative candidate in Rotherham,  a safe seat for the Labour Party where he was runner-up with 23% of the votes.


1931 Scarborough and Whitby by-election, Candidates
The local Liberals put forward 59-year-old Ramsay Muir as their candidate. He was central to Liberal party policy development in the 1920s. Muir was elected at the 1923 general election as Member of Parliament (MP) for Rochdale in Lancashire, having been unsuccessful in that constituency at the 1922 general election However he was defeated at the 1924 election. He stood for Parliament again without success inthe 1926 by-election for the Combined English Universitiesand at the 1929 general election again at Rochdale.


1931 Scarborough and Whitby by-election, Candidates
It was apparent from the beginning that there existed a division in the Scarborough Labour Party as to the advisability of putting forward a Candidate. Nevertheless, attempts were made to secure a nomination but without success. A resolution was therefore carried not to enter the contest, which, upon being reported to the National Executive Committee, was endorsed. However, following pressure from the ILP, the local party adopted a Mr Williams as candidate and on 24 April 1931 sought his endorsement by the NEC. However, the NEC refused to endorse him for the following reasons;(a)


1931 Scarborough and Whitby by-election, Candidates
The first decision of the Divisional Party not to contest, which the Committee had endorsed. (b) The division in the local ranks, which would have prevented an active campaign. (c) A shortage of financial resources. (d) The time factor, as the writ had been issued. The Scarborough Divisional Labour Party loyally abided by the decision of the Executive Committee and did not put forward a Candidate.


1931 Scarborough and Whitby by-election, Campaign
Polling day was set for 6 May 1931, just 16 days after the resignation of the previous member.


1931 Scarborough and Whitby by-election, Campaign
Lloyd George came to speak for Ramsay Muir twice, once in a hall and once in the Excursion Station and attracted large and enthusiastic audiences.


1931 Scarborough and Whitby by-election, Result
Latham held the seat. There was a small swing to the Liberals;


1931 Scarborough and Whitby by-election, Aftermath
Latham held the seat at the 1931 general election. Muir however, contested Louth without success. This left the Liberals without a candidate. Muir returned to contest the 1935 general election to Scarborough and Whitby. The result at the following General election;


1931 Scarborough and Whitby by-election, Aftermath
Latham's parliamentary career continued until 1941, when he was arrested for "improper behaviour", a homosexual act, with three gunners and a civilian while serving as an officer in the Royal Artillery.


1931 Sewanee Tigers football team
The 1931 Sewanee Tigers football team was an American football team that represented Sewanee: The University of the South as a member of the Southern Conference during the 1931 college football season. In their first season under head coach Harry E. Clark, Sewanee compiled a 6–3–1 record.


1931 Simmons Cowboys football team
The 1931 Simmons Cowboys football team represented Simmons University—now known as Hardin–Simmons University—as a member of the Texas Conference during 1931 college football season. Led by Les Cranfill in his second season as head coach, the team went 6–5 overall, sharing  the Texas Conference title with Howard Payne.


1931 South American Championships in Athletics
The 1931 South American Championships in Athletics  were held in Buenos Aires, Argentina between 5 April and 5 May.


1931 South American Championships in Athletics (unofficial)
Unofficial South American Championships in Athletics were held in Montevideo, Uruguay on May 8–10, 1931. The event was held in celebration of the 100th anniversary of Uruguayan independence.


1931 South Carolina Gamecocks football team
The 1931 South Carolina Gamecocks football team was an American football team that represented the University of South Carolina as a member of the Southern Conference during the 1931 college football season. In their fourth season under head coach Billy Laval, South Carolina compiled a 5–4–1 record.


1931 South Dakota Coyotes football team
The 1931 South Dakota Coyotes football team was an American football team that represented the University of South Dakota in the North Central Conference (NCC) during the 1931 college football season. In its first season under head coach Stanley G. Backman, the team compiled a 2–5 record (1–3 against NCC opponents), tied for last place in the NCC, and was outscored opponents by a total of 148 to 55. The team played its home games at Inman Field in Vermillion, South Dakota.


1931 South Dakota State Jackrabbits football team
The 1931 South Dakota State Jackrabbits football team was an American football team that represented South Dakota State University in the North Central Conference (NCC) during the 1931 college football season. In its fourth season under head coach Cy Kasper, the team compiled a 6–3 record and outscored opponents by a total of 194 to 78.


1931 South Georgia Teachers Blue Tide football team
The 1931 South Georgia Teachers Blue Tide football team represented the South Georgia Teachers College—now known as Georgia Southern University—during the 1931 college football season. The team was led by Crook Smith in his third year as head coach.


1931 Southern Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1931 Southern Conference Men's Basketball Tournament took place from February 27–March 3, 1931, at Municipal Auditorium in Atlanta, Georgia. The Maryland Terrapins won their first Southern Conference title, led by head coach Burton Shipley.


1931 Southern Conference football season
The 1931 Southern Conference football season was the college football games played by the member schools of the Southern Conference as part of the 1931 college football season. The season began on September 19.


1931 Southern Conference football season
In the annual Rose Bowl game, the SoCon champion Tulane Green Wave lost to the PCC champion USC Trojans 21–12. The Georgia Bulldogs suffered their only two losses to Tulane and USC.


1931 Southern Conference football season
It was Wallace Wade's first year as Duke head coach.


1931 Southern Conference football season, Awards and honors, All-Southern team
The following is the composite All-Southern team of coaches and sports writers compiled by the Associated Press.


1931 Southern Illinois Maroons football team
The 1931 Southern Illinois Maroons football team was an American football team that represented Southern Illinois Normal University (now known as Southern Illinois University Carbondale) in the Illinois Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (IIAC) during the 1931 college football season. In its 19th season under head coach William McAndrew, the team compiled a 7–2 record.


1931 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1931 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association Men's Basketball Tournament took place from February 25–February 28, 1931, at Jackson, MS. The Centenary Gentlemen won their first Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association title, led by head coach Curtis Parker.


1931 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association Men's Basketball Tournament
"Winning the S. I. A. A. tournament at Jackson, Miss., gave the Gentlemen the championship of their own conference. Centenary played great basketball to win the tournament, and were without a doubt the cleverest passing team at Jackson. For this the school received a beautiful full size silver basketball suitably engraved, and each player was awarded a solid gold medal."


1931 Southwark Borough election
Elections to Metropolitan Borough of Southwark were held in 1931.


1931 Southwark Borough election
The borough had ten wards which returned between 3 and 9 members.


1931 Southwest Sumatra earthquake
The 1931 Southwest Sumatra earthquake occurred on 25 September at 05:59 UTC . It was located between the Enggano Island and Sumatra, Indonesia, then under the rule of Dutch East Indies. It had a magnitude of Mw 7.3, or Ms 7.5.


1931 Southwest Sumatra earthquake
The earthquake occurred off southwest Sumatra. Some huts were shifted by about 0.5 metre. The earthquake could be felt in Padang, more than 500 km away and in Bandung, about 600 km away. It was reported that the earthquake was even felt in Pamekasan, Madura Island, about 1250 km away. A tsunami of 1 metre high was reported.


1931 Southwestern Louisiana Bulldogs football team
The 1931 Southwestern Louisiana Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented the Southwestern Louisiana Institute of Liberal and Technical Learning (now known as the University of Louisiana at Lafayette) in the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association during the 1931 college football season. In their first year under head coach Truman F. Wilbanks, the team compiled a 1–6–1 record.


1931 Spanish general election
The 1931 Spanish general election for the Constituent Cortes was the first such election held in the Second Republic. It took place in several rounds.


1931 Spanish general election, Background
General Primo de Rivera, who had run a military dictatorship in Spain since 1923, resigned as head of government in January 1930. There was little support for a return to the pre-1923 system, and the monarchy had lost credibility by backing the military government. Dámaso Berenguer was ordered by the king to form a replacement government, but his dictablanda dictatorship failed to provide a viable alternative. In the municipal elections of 12 April 1931, little support was shown for pro-monarchy parties in the major cities. King Alfonso XIII fled the country and the Second Spanish Republic was formed.


1931 Spanish general election, Background
The Second Republic was a source of hope to the poorest in Spanish society and a threat to the richest, but had broad support from all segments of society. Niceto Alcalá-Zamora was the first prime minister of the Republic. The wealthier landowners and the middle class accepted the Republic because of the lack of any suitable alternative.


1931 Spanish general election, Electoral system
An electoral law of May 1931 replaced the previous single-member constituencies with much larger multi-member ones. The Senate was abolished and thus the government became unicameral. There would be one seat for every 50,000 people, with a separate seat for any city with more than 100,000 inhabitants. Any electoral list gaining an outright majority of votes in a district would be guaranteed and simultaneously restricted to 80% of the seats. A list winning a plurality of votes but that failed to win a majority would receive two thirds of the seats. The remainder would be passed to the second list if they received 20% of the vote. Voters would be entitled to vote for as many or as few districts as they liked. The system favoured multi-party coalitions that could thus win a majority of votes.


1931 Spanish general election, Electoral system
Women were unable to vote in this election, but they could stand for and be elected to office. They achieved the vote in the Constitution of December 1931 and were able to vote for the first time in 1933, before women in France and some other countries.


1931 Spanish general election, Campaign
The Liberal Republican Right (DLR) was led by Alcalá Zamora and Miguel Maura. Uniquely, it identified as Catholic and did the most to appeal to monarchists and those on the right. However, despite putting up 116 candidates across Spain, it led a poor campaign which was poorly organised.


1931 Spanish general election, Campaign
The Radical Republican Party occupied most of the middle ground and was far more successful at winning conservative, moderate support. It was led by Alejandro Lerroux. Such conservatism was at odds with most republicans, who believed greater reforms were necessary to bring about stability. This was the case with the Radical Socialist Party, led by Álvaro de Albornoz and Marcelino Domingo, which promulgated extremist views. "There is nothing to be conserved" Albornoz argued.


1931 Spanish general election, Campaign
Manuel Azaña Díaz lead the Republican Action Party. Azaña was keen to change the political system quickly – he hated the moderation and compromise being argued by Lerroux.


1931 Spanish general election, Campaign
The Socialist Party stood to the left of the political spectrum, and was kept in line with the coalition by a majority of its leadership rather than unanimously. A legal revolution was necessary, argued a key Socialist figure, Largo Caballero. However, extremists in and outside of the party loomed as potential competition, and the Socialist line was thus that the coalition was only a stepping-stone to a fully socialist state.


1931 Spanish general election, Campaign
The official instructions were that civil authorities were not to interfere with the vote; however, in some areas ad hoc republican patrols were set up, undoubtedly deterring some conservatives from voting. Some members of councils stood; some provincial governors did the same, but not it their own area of governance. The Republican-Socialist coalition dominated the campaigning; the right, still reeling at the loss of the monarchy, remained disorganised. Only in one area did the right manage to collectivise sufficiently: the Basque Country. Many members of the right switched to republicans, despite having little in common with them – one group in Asturias went under the contradictory name the "Monarchist-Republican Party".


1931 Spanish general election, Results
The Republic and Socialist coalition won a huge victory, helped by a public more liberally inclined than in 1933 or 1936. The lowest turnout, 56%, was in Ceuta; the highest, 88%, in Palencia. Broadly speaking, turnout was higher in the north than the south. Overall, turnout was around 70% which was considered high. The Socialists won around 2,000,000 votes; Republicans 1,700,000, Radical Socialists 1,350,000 and the Liberal Republican Right 950,000.


1931 Spanish general election, Results, Seats
Party divisions at the start of the Cortes, after seats had been awarded between coalitions:


1931 Spanish local elections
The 1931 Spanish local elections were held on 12 April throughout all Spain municipalities to elect 80,472 councillors. These elections were perceived as a plebiscite on the monarchy of Alfonso XIII. The Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed after this election.


1931 Spanish local elections, Background
Since 1923, Spain had been a dictatorship with the approval of the reigning monarch at the time: Alfonso XIII. After the end of the Primo de Rivera dictatorship in 1930 and the failure of his successor to establish another dictatorship, in 1931 the new cabinet appointed by the king decided to hold new local elections for first time in nine years. Although they were local elections, they were perceived as a plebiscite on the Spanish monarchy.


1931 Spanish local elections, Electoral system
The number of seats of each council was determined by the population count. According to the 1877 municipal law, the population-seat relationship on each municipality was to be established on the following scale:


1931 Spanish local elections, Electoral system
The 1907 election law established that councillors should be elected in districts consisting of 4 members, although 3 to 7 member districts were also allowed. Voters had to choose multiple candidates using limited voting, which allows a voter to vote for fewer candidates than members have to be elected. Candidates winning a plurality of votes in each district were elected. If the number of candidates was equal or fewer than the number of seats to be filled, candidates were automatically proclaimed without an election. Voting was compulsory and on the basis of universal manhood suffrage, with males over twenty-five and at least a two-year residency in a municipality required to vote. Mayors were elected indirectly by the city or town council on the first session after the election.


1931 Spanish local elections, Results, Overall results
The results shown were extracted from the 1931 Spanish Statistical Annuary.


1931 Spanish local elections, Results, Overall results
Results show a win of the Republicans by a large margin in Asturias, Aragon and Catalonia. Monarchists got their best results in the Balearic Islands, Andalusia and Extremadura.


1931 Spanish local elections, Results, Overall results
The republicans had a majority in more than 4/5 of the provincial capitals. In the city of Barcelona, the largest city by that time, they achieved more than the 75% of the seats.


1931 Spanish local elections, Results, Overall results
These were the results in the province capitals plus Ceuta and Melilla:


1931 Spanish local elections, Results, Catalonia
The results showed very favourable results for the republicans in Catalonia. They won every major city (cities over 10,000 and capitals of judicial districts) except for Igualada. In Berga, where they got tied with the monarchists in number of seats.


1931 Spanish local elections, Results, Catalonia
In the most important cities, the results were as follows:


1931 Spanish local elections, Aftermath
On 14 April, two days after the election, in the cities where the republicans won the election, large crowds of people celebrated the victory on the streets. In Eibar, Barcelona, Valencia, Madrid and other cities the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed. Eibar was the first city to fly the Spanish tricolor.


1931 Spanish local elections, Aftermath
Alfonso XIII left Spain and exiled to Rome, without abdicating. A provisional government was formed and two months later general elections were called.


1931 Speedway Northern League
The 1931 Northern League was the third season of speedway racing in the United Kingdom for Northern British teams. It was the final season of the Northern League before amalgamation with the Southern League which also had their third season known as the 1931 Speedway Southern League.


1931 Speedway Northern League, Summary
Following the closure of several clubs from the previous season, only 6 sides started the season and only 4 finished it. There were many team changes from the previous season. Liverpool, Manchester White City, Warrington, Edinburgh, Newcastle, Rochdale Hornets, Barnsley and Wombwell were all no longer participants, while Leeds rejoined after a year's absence.


1931 Speedway Northern League, Summary
Belle Vue Aces retained their title, Glasgow White City and Leicester Super withdrew in mid-season but their results stood.


1931 Speedway Northern League, National Trophy
The 1931 National Trophy was the first edition of the Knockout Cup. It was contested between teams from the Southern and Northern Leagues.


1931 Speedway Northern League, National Trophy
For the results of the National Trophy see - 1931 Speedway Southern League


1931 Speedway Southern League
The 1931 Southern League was the third season of speedway in the United Kingdom for Southern British teams, and its final season before amalgamation of the Southern and Northern Leagues. The Northern teams also had their third season known as the 1931 Speedway Northern League.


1931 Speedway Southern League, Summary
Both Birmingham teams based at Perry Barr and Hall Green had left as had Coventry who returned mid-season to replace Leicester who were liquidated in April. Harringay Canaries resigned in June to be replaced by Belle Vue who then rode both in the Northern and Southern Leagues. Nottingham closed in July but they were not replaced and their results stood. The league season was the longest in the short history of the competition as teams met each other four times instead of twice.


1931 Speedway Southern League, Summary
The Wembley Lions won their second consecutive title finishing three points clear of 1929 champions Stamford Bridge. The league suffered a fatality during the match between Belle Vue and Wembley at Hyde Road. James Allen (known as Indian Allen) was thrown from his bike and hit his head on a fence, trying to avoid a rider who had fallen in front of him. He died three days later in hospital on 12 September 1931.


1931 Speedway Southern League, National Trophy
The 1931 National Trophy was the first edition of the Knockout Cup. It was contested between teams from the Southern and Northern Leagues.


1931 Speedway Southern League, National Trophy, Final, Second leg
Wembley were declared National Trophy Champions, winning on aggregate 120-69.


1931 St. Louis Browns season
The 1931 St. Louis Browns season involved the team finishing fifth in the American League with a record of 63 wins and 91 losses.


1931 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1931 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1931 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1931 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1931 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1931 St. Louis Cardinals season
The 1931 St. Louis Cardinals season was the team's 50th season in St. Louis, Missouri and the 40th season in the National League. The Cardinals went 101–53 during the season and finished first in the National League. In the World Series, they beat the Philadelphia Athletics in 7 games.


1931 St. Louis Cardinals season, Regular season
Second baseman Frankie Frisch won the MVP Award this year, batting .311, with 4 home runs and 82 RBIs.


1931 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1931 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1931 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1931 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1931 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1931 St. Louis Cardinals season, 1931 World Series
NL St. Louis Cardinals (4) vs. AL Philadelphia Athletics (3)


1931 Stanford Indians football team
The 1931 Stanford football team represented Stanford University in the 1931 college football season. Their head coach was Pop Warner in his eighth season. The team played its home games at Stanford Stadium in Stanford, California. This was the first year the team was officially known as the "Indians." The team had been referred to by that nickname for some time, but the mascot was officially adopted by a unanimous vote by the Executive Committee for the Associated Students at the end of the previous football season.


1931 Stanford Indians football team
Stanford's end-of-season game against Dartmouth at Harvard Stadium remains the only time the team played in that stadium; a planned game at Harvard in 1950 was canceled.


1931 Stanley Cup Finals
The 1931 Stanley Cup Finals was played between the Montreal Canadiens and the Chicago Black Hawks, making their first Stanley Cup Finals appearance. The defending champions Canadiens, won the series to become the second NHL team to win back-to-back championships. Former player and now coach, Chicago's Dick Irvin, made his Finals coaching debut against the team he would later coach to three Stanley Cup titles.


1931 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries
Over 18,000 fans packed Chicago Stadium for game two to set a record for the largest attendance in hockey history to that time. The triple-overtime game three of the series was (at the time) the longest game in Stanley Cup Finals history, and today remains the fourth-longest game in Stanley Cup Finals history at 113:50.


1931 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries, Game five
For game five, Foster Hewitt came to Montreal to make the radio broadcast play-by-play and transmission lines carried his broadcast to radio stations across Canada. Interest was so high that Montrealers in the thousands lined up for end zone and standing room tickets. Johnny Gagnon opened the scoring in the second period and Howie Morenz scored an insurance goal in the third period. It ended a nine-game goalless streak for Morenz.


1931 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving
The 1931 Stanley Cup was presented to Canadiens captain Sylvio Mantha by NHL President Frank Calder following the Canadiens 2–0 win over the Black Hawks in game five.


1931 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving
The following Canadiens players and staff had their names engraved on the Stanley Cup


1931 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving, Players
† Left off the Cup, but qualified to be on it. A Played three of five games in the Finals. B Played 22 of 44 regular season games.


1931 Star Riders' Championship
The 1931 Star Riders' Championship was the third edition of the speedway Star Riders' Championship. The competition was decided on a knockout basis over nine heats.


1931 Star Riders' Championship, Final, Heat details
Heat 1 : Watson, Tauser, Shepherd, BishopHeat 2 : Parker, Rickman, Jackson, StewartHeat 3 : Warwick, Edmonds (Fell), Hastings (Fell), Wilkinson (Ret)Heat 4 : Croombs, Huxley, Kendrick, StreckerHeat 5 : Arthur, Spinks, Patrick, Johnson


1931 Star Riders' Championship, Final, Heat details
Semi-final 1 : Huxley, Rickman, WatsonSemi-final 2 : Tauser, ArthurSemi-final 3 : Parker, Croombs


1931 Staten Island Stapletons season
The 1931 Staten Island Stapletons season was their third in the National Football League. The team failed to improve on their previous output of 5–5–2, winning only four games. Playing seven games in the month of November, they finished seventh in the league.


1931 Staten Island Stapletons season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1931 Stroud by-election
The Stroud by-election of 1931 was held on 21 May 1931. The by-election was held due to the resignation of the incumbent Conservative MP, Sir Frank Nelson. It was won by the Conservative candidate Walter Perkins.


1931 Stroud by-election, Candidates
The Liberal Party ran 56 year-old Arthur William Stanton of Field Place, Stroud. Stanton was a solicitor. He had been their candidate at both the 1924 and 1929 general elections. Previously he had contested Gloucester for the Liberal Party at both the 1922 and 1923 general elections.


1931 Stroud by-election, Aftermath
Following the formation of the National Government, the Liberals chose not to run a candidate at the 1931 general election. Stanton did run again, at the 1935 general election in Chippenham, again without success. In 1937 he was appointed High Sheriff of Gloucestershire.


1931 Summer Deaflympics
The 1931 Summer Deaflympics (German: Sommer-Deaflympics 1931) officially known as the 3rd Summer Deaflympics (German: 3. Sommer Deaflympics) (3rd International Silent Games) (German: (3. Internationale Stille Spiele)) was an international multi-sport event that was held from 19 August 1931 to 23 August 1931. It was hosted by Nürnberg, Germany.


1931 Summer Deaflympics
The 3rd Summer Deaflympics Games were originally scheduled to be held in 1932, but was decided to host it in 1931 due to the schedule of 1932 Summer Olympics.


1931 Summer Deaflympics, Participating Countries
Poland were not allowed to participate  at the Games due to Germany's conflict with Poland during the Nazi rule at that time as the Games held in Germany.


1931 Sunderland by-election
The Sunderland by-election of 1931 was held on 26 March 1931. The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Labour MP, Alfred Smith. Smith and his Labour colleague Dr Marion Phillips had gained the two-member seat at the last general election from the Conservatives Luke Thompson and Walter Raine, who had first won it in 1922 Another defeated candidate in 1929 was the Liberal Dr Betty Morgan, then aged 24. Both Thompson and Morgan contested the by-election.


1931 Sunderland by-election
The by-election saw Luke Thompson narrowly regain the seat he had lost in 1929 for the Conservatives. At the general election held later in the year, Thompson was returned with a greatly increased majority of over 23,000 votes, and his fellow Conservative Samuel Storey was also comfortably elected as the seat's second member.


1931 Swedish Ice Hockey Championship
The 1931 Swedish Ice Hockey Championship was the 10th season of the Swedish Ice Hockey Championship, the national championship of Sweden. Sodertalje SK won the championship.


1931 Swiss federal election
Federal elections were held in Switzerland on 25 October 1931. Although the Social Democratic Party received the most votes, the Free Democratic Party remained the largest party in the National Council, winning 52 of the 187 seats.


1931 Swiss federal election, Results, Council of States, Summary
In several cantons the members of the Council of States were chosen by the cantonal parliaments.


1931 Swiss referendums
Five referendums were held in Switzerland during 1931. The first was held on 8 February on a federal resolution on a petition for a referendum on article 12 of the constitution concerning bans on religious orders, and was approved by a majority of voters and cantons. The second and third were held on 15 March on revising article 72 of the constitution concerning the election of the National Council and on revising article 76, 96 and 105 on the legislative term. Both were approved. The fourth and fifth were held on 6 December on a federal law on aged and bereavement insurance and a federal law on tobacco taxation. Both were rejected.


1931 Swiss referendums, Background
The February and March referendums were "obligatory", requiring a double majority; a majority of the popular vote and majority of the cantons. The decision of each canton was based on the vote in that canton. Full cantons counted as one vote, whilst half cantons counted as half. The December referendums were "optional", and required only a majority of the public vote.


1931 Syracuse Orangemen football team
The 1931 Syracuse Orangemen football team represented Syracuse University in the 1931 college football season. The Orangemen were led by second-year head coach Vic Hanson and played their home games at Archbold Stadium in Syracuse, New York.


1931 São Paulo FC season
The 1931 season was a second competitive season of São Paulo Futebol Clube. In this season, only one year after his debut São Paulo won his first official title with an impressive performance at the Campeonato Paulista (20 wins, 5 draws, 1 defeat). Rubens Salles, a former player from Club Athletico Paulistano, became the first champion manager in the history of São Paulo FC, after a runners-up performance reached in previous year.


1931 TCU Horned Frogs football team
The 1931 TCU Horned Frogs football team represented Texas Christian University (TCU) in the 1931 college football season. The Horned Frogs finished the season 9–2–1 overall and 4–1–1 in the Southwest Conference. The team was coached by Francis Schmidt in his third year as head coach. The Frogs played their home games in Amon G. Carter Stadium, which is located on campus in Fort Worth, Texas.


1931 Tasmanian state election
The 1931 Tasmanian state election was held on 9 May 1931 in the Australian state of Tasmania to elect 30 members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly. The election used the Hare-Clark proportional representation system — six members were elected from each of five electorates. For the first time, voting was compulsory, resulting in a high voter turnout.


1931 Tasmanian state election
The Nationalist Party had defeated Labor by one seat at the 1928 election, and John McPhee had been Premier of Tasmania since then. Joseph Lyons left state politics in 1929 to enter federal politics, and was succeeded by Albert Ogilvie as leader of the dispirited Labor Party. The depression had struck Tasmania hard with unemployment nearly 30% and unions impotent.


1931 Tasmanian state election
The Nationalist Party won the 1931 election in a landslide, with 19 seats in the House of Assembly and a margin over Labor of more than 22%, the largest victory over Labor in Tasmania since Hare-Clark elections began in 1909. The win was attributed to public endorsement of McPhee's expenditure cuts over Ogilvie's expansionist policies. It has been said that Ogilvie's error was in  identifying with an unpopular federal Labor government.


1931 Temple Owls football team
The 1931 Temple Owls football team was an American football team that represented Temple University as an independent during the 1931 college football season. In its seventh season under head coach Heinie Miller, the team compiled a 8–1–1 record.


1931 Tennessee Volunteers football team
The 1931 Tennessee Volunteers football team (variously "Tennessee", "UT" or the "Vols") represented the University of Tennessee in the 1931 Southern Conference football season. Playing as a member of the Southern Conference (SoCon), the team was led by head coach Robert Neyland, in his sixth year, and played their home games at Shields–Watkins Field in Knoxville, Tennessee. The 1931 Vols won nine, lost zero and tied one game (9–0–1 overall, 6–0–1 in the SoCon). On October 17, Tennessee avenged their only loss from the previous season and beat Alabama; this was the only loss for the Crimson Tide in 1931. For the third time in four years, Kentucky spoiled Tennessee's bid for a perfect season with a tie. Tennessee concluded the 1931 season on December 7 with a charity game at Yankee Stadium against NYU. The 1931 Vols outscored their opponents 243 to 15 and posted eight shutouts