1929 Green Bay Packers season
The 1929 Green Bay Packers season was their 11th season overall and their ninth season in the National Football League. The team finished with an undefeated 12–0–1 record under player/coach Curly Lambeau, earning them a first-place finish and the Packers' first National Football League Championship. A victory celebration of 20,000 fans greeted them upon their return to Green Bay from their final game in Chicago. In an exhibition game after the season, on December 15, the Packers lost to the Memphis Tigers, who then claimed a pro football championship.


1929 Green Bay Packers season
Before the start of the season, the Packers signed three future Hall of Famers: Johnny "Blood" McNally, Cal Hubbard, and Mike Michalske, who along with Lambeau led the Packers to the top of the league. Green Bay's current throwback uniform is based on the ones worn in 1929 in respect of the season that the Packers won their first championship.


1929 Green Bay Packers season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1929 Guatemalan parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Guatemala in December 1929 in order to elect half of the legislature. 33 of the 39 deputies elected were supporters of President Lázaro Chacón González.


1929 Guilford Quakers football team
The 1929 Guilford Quakers football team represented Guilford College during the 1929 college football season. The season was one of the best in the school's history.


1929 Harvard Crimson football team
The 1929 Harvard Crimson football team represented Harvard University in the 1929 college football season. The Crimson were led by fourth-year head coach Arnold Horween. They played their home games in Harvard Stadium with a capacity crowd of 57,166.


1929 Haskell Indians football team
The 1929 Haskell Indians football team was an American football that represented the Haskell Institute (now known as Haskell Indian Nations University) during the 1929 college football season. In its first year under head coach William Henry Dietz, the team compiled a 6–2 record. Halfback Louis Weller, a Caddo Indian, was the team captain. The team played its two home games at night at Haskell Stadium in Lawrence, Kansas.


1929 Hawthorn Football Club season
The 1929 season was the Hawthorn Football Club's 5th season in the Victorian Football League and 28th overall.


1929 Hebron massacre
The Hebron massacre refers to the killing of sixty-seven or sixty-nine Jews on 24 August 1929 in Hebron, then part of Mandatory Palestine, by Arabs incited to violence by rumors that Jews were planning to seize control of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. The event also left scores seriously wounded or maimed. Jewish homes were pillaged and synagogues were ransacked. Some of the 435 Jews who survived were hidden by local Arab families, although the extent of this phenomenon is debated. Soon after, all Hebron's Jews were evacuated by the British authorities.


1929 Hebron massacre
Many returned in 1931, but almost all were evacuated at the outbreak of the 1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine. The massacre formed part of the 1929 Palestine riots, in which a total of 133 Jews and 110 Arabs were killed, the majority of the latter by British police and military, and brought the centuries-old Jewish presence in Hebron to an end.


1929 Hebron massacre
The massacre, together with that of Jews in Safed, sent shock waves through Jewish communities in Palestine and around the world. It led to the re-organization and development of the Jewish paramilitary organization, the Haganah, which later became the nucleus of the Israel Defense Forces.


1929 Hebron massacre, Background, Simmering tensions
The city of Hebron holds special significance in Judaism and Islam, it being the site of the Tomb of the Patriarchs. In 1929, the population of the city numbered around 20,000, the majority of whom were Muslim Arabs. A small community of around 700 Jews lived in and around Hebron.


1929 Hebron massacre, Background, Simmering tensions
A few dozen Jews lived deep within Hebron, in a kind of ghetto, where there were several synagogues and the Hebron Yeshiva, but the majority rented houses from Arab proprietors on the outskirts. The Jewish community was divided between relatively recent European (Ashkenazi) immigrants and an older population of descendants of Sephardic Jews who had inhabited the town for centuries. Ashkenazi Jews had been established in the town for at least a century. The two communities, Sephardic and Ashkenazi, maintained separate schools, worshipped in separate synagogues, and did not intermarry.


1929 Hebron massacre, Background, Simmering tensions
The Sephardics were Arabic speakers, wore Arab dress and were well integrated, whereas many of the Ashkenazi community were yeshiva students who maintained 'foreign' ways, and had difficulties and misunderstandings with the Arab population. The tensions between the two Jewish communities, both very traditionalist, were not caused by diverging worldviews, but only by differences of culture and ritual practice. The progressive trends of the new Western arrivals in Palestine, represented by both foreign powers and modernising Jewish philantropists and organisations, were a different matter altogether.


1929 Hebron massacre, Background, Simmering tensions
Since the Balfour Declaration of 1917, tensions had been growing between the Arab and Jewish communities in Palestine. The Muslim community of Hebron had a reputation for being highly conservative in religion. Though Jews had suffered numerous vexations in the past, and this hostility was to take an anti-Zionist turn after the Balfour Declaration, a peaceful relationship existed between both communities. During the riots of 1920 and 1921, Hebron's Jews had been spared the violence that broke out elsewhere.


1929 Hebron massacre, Background, Simmering tensions
In mid-August 1929, hundreds of Jewish nationalists marched to the Western Wall in Jerusalem shouting slogans such as "The Wall is Ours" and raising the Jewish national flag. Rumours spread that Jewish youths had also attacked Arabs and had cursed Muhammad. Following an inflammatory sermon the next day, hundreds of Muslims converged on the Western Wall, burning prayer books and injuring the beadle. The rioting soon spread to the Jewish commercial area of town and the next day, August 17, a young Jew was stabbed to death. The authorities failed to quell the violence.


1929 Hebron massacre, Background, Simmering tensions
On Friday, August 23, inflamed by rumors that Jews were planning to attack al-Aqsa Mosque, Arabs started to attack Jews in the Old City of Jerusalem. The first murders of the day took place when two or three Arabs passing by the Jewish Quarter of Mea Shearim were killed. Rumours that Jews had massacred Arabs in Jerusalem then reached Hebron by that evening. Hillel Cohen frames his recent narrative of the incident in terms of the murder of the Jaffa Awan family by a Jewish police constable called Simcha Hinkis.


1929 Hebron massacre, Background, Haganah offers protection
Former Haganah member Baruch Katinka recalled that he had been informed by his superiors that 10–12 fighters were needed to protect the Jews in Hebron. On August 20, a group travelled to Hebron in the middle of the night and met with a Jewish community leader, Eliezer Dan Slonim. Katinka said that Slonim was adamant that no protection was needed as he was on good terms with the local Arabs and he trusted the a'yan (Arab notables) to protect the Jews. According to Katinka, Slonim postulated that the sight of the Haganah might instead cause a provocation. The group was soon discovered and Police Superintendent Raymond Cafferata, an officer recruited from the Black and Tans, ordered them to return to Jerusalem. Two others remained in Slonim's house, but the day after, they too returned to Jerusalem as requested by Slonim.


1929 Hebron massacre, Background, Hebron police force
Hebron's police force was headed by Superintendent Raymond Cafferata of the Palestine Police Force and consisted of two Arab officers and another 40 policemen, only one of whom was Jewish. A number of the force were elderly and in a poor physical condition. Cafferata was later to explain that it was impossible to keep the situation under control, as he was the only British officer stationed in the town, and the reinforcements he had sent for never arrived. The Hebron police were greatly relieved, on the morning of the 24th, to note that a contingent of armed Arab locals had departed the city to lend strength to forces in Jerusalem. At the same time however, many peasants from surrounding villages began to flow into Hebron.


1929 Hebron massacre, Prelude
On Friday, August 23, after hearing reports of rioting in Jerusalem in the afternoon, a crowd of 700 Arabs gathered at the city's central bus station intending to travel to Jerusalem. Cafferata attempted to placate them, and as a precaution, asked the British authorities to send reinforcements to Hebron. He then arranged for a mounted patrol to be sent to the Jewish quarter, where he encountered Rabbi Yaakov Yosef Slonim who asked for police protection after Jews had been attacked with stones. Cafferata instructed the Jews to stay in their homes while he tried to disperse the crowds. Jewish newspaper accounts carried various claims by survivors that they had heard Arab threats to "divvy up [Jewish] women", Arab homeowners had told their Jewish neighbours "today will be the great slaughter," and several of the victims took tea with so-called friends who, in the afternoon, became their killers.


1929 Hebron massacre, Prelude
At around 4:00 pm, stones were thrown through the windows of Jewish homes. The Hebron Yeshiva was hit, and as a student tried to escape the building, he was set upon by the mob, which stabbed him to death. The sexton, the only other person in the building at the time, survived by hiding in a well.


1929 Hebron massacre, Prelude
Some hours later Cafferata attempted to get the local mukhtars to assume responsibility for law and order, but they told him that the Mufti of Jerusalem Hajj Amin al-Husseini had told them to take action or be fined because of the 'Jewish slaughter of Arabs' in Jerusalem. Cafferata told them to return to their villages but, expecting some disturbances, he slept in his office that night.


1929 Hebron massacre, Attack, Rampage and killing
At about 8.30 am Saturday morning, the first attacks began to be launched against houses where Jews resided, after a crowd of Arabs armed with staves, axes and knives appeared in the streets. The first location to be attacked was a large Jewish house on the main road. Two young boys were immediately killed, and the mob entered the house and beat or stabbed the other occupants to death.


1929 Hebron massacre, Attack, Rampage and killing
Cafferata appeared on the scene, gave orders to his constables to fire on the crowd and personally shot dead two of the attacking Arabs. While some dispersed, the rest managed to break through the pickets, shouting "on to the ghetto!" The requested reinforcements had not arrived in time. That later became the source of considerable acrimony.


1929 Hebron massacre, Attack, Rampage and killing
According to a survivor, Aharon Reuven Bernzweig, "right after eight o'clock in the morning we heard screams. Arabs had begun breaking into Jewish homes. The screams pierced the heart of the heavens. We didn't know what to do…. They were going from door to door, slaughtering everyone who was inside. The screams and the moans were terrible. People were crying Help! Help! But what could we do?"


1929 Hebron massacre, Attack, Rampage and killing
Soon after news of the first victim had spread, forty people assembled in the house of Eliezer Dan Slonim. Slonim, the son of the Rabbi of Hebron, was a member on the city council and a director of the Anglo-Palestine Bank. He had excellent relations with the British and the Arabs and those seeking refuge with him were confident they would come to no harm. When the mob approached his door, they offered to spare the Sephardi community if he would hand over all the Ashkenazi yeshiva students.


1929 Hebron massacre, Attack, Rampage and killing
He refused, saying "we are all one people," and he was shot dead along with his wife and 4-year-old son. From the contemporary Hebrew press it appears that the rioters targeted the Zionist community for their massacre. Four-fifths of the victims were Ashkenazi Jews, but some had deep roots in the town, yet a dozen Jews of eastern origin, Sephardics and Maghrebian, were also killed. Gershon Ben-Zion, for example, the Beit Hadassah Clinic pharmacist, a cripple who had served both Jews and Arabs for 4 decades, was killed together with his family: his daughter was raped and then murdered.


1929 Hebron massacre, Attack, Rampage and killing, Account of Raymond Cafferata
On hearing screams in a room, I went up a sort of tunnel passage and saw an Arab in the act of cutting off a child's head with a sword. He had already hit him and was having another cut, but on seeing me he tried to aim the stroke at me, but missed; he was practically on the muzzle of my rifle. I shot him low in the groin. Behind him was a Jewish woman smothered in blood with a man I recognized as a[n Arab] police constable named Issa Sheriff from Jaffa. He was standing over the woman with a dagger in his hand. He saw me and bolted into a room close by and tried to shut me out-shouting in Arabic, "Your Honor, I am a policeman." ... I got into the room and shot him.


1929 Hebron massacre, Attack, Rampage and killing, Account of Jacob Joseph Slonim
Rabbi Jacob Joseph Slonim, the Ashkenazi chief rabbi of Hebron, stated that after his Arab acquaintances had informed him that local hooligans intended to attack the talmudical academy, he had gone to ask for protection from District Officer Abdullah Kardus, but was denied an audience with him. Later on after being attacked in the street, he had approached the chief of police, but Cafferata refused to take any measures, telling him that "the Jews deserve it, you are the cause of all troubles."


1929 Hebron massacre, Attack, Rampage and killing, Account of Jacob Joseph Slonim
The next morning, Slonim again urged the District Officer to take preventative measures, but he was told there was "no ground for fear. A great number of police is available. Go and reassure the Jewish population." Two hours later, a mob incited by speeches started breaking into Jewish homes with cries of "Kill the Jews." The massacre lasted an hour and a half, and only after it had died down, did the police take action, firing shots into the air, whereupon the crowds immediately dispersed. Slonim himself was saved by a friendly Arab.


1929 Hebron massacre, Attack, Looting, destruction and desecration
The attack was accompanied by wanton destruction and looting. A Jewish hospital, which had provided treatment for Arabs, was attacked and ransacked. Numerous Jewish synagogues were vandalised and desecrated. According to one account, Torah scrolls in casings of silver and gold were looted from the synagogues and manuscripts of great antiquity were pilfered from the library of Rabbi Judah Bibas. The library, founded in 1852, was partly burned and destroyed. In one instance, a rabbi who had saved a Torah scroll from a blazing synagogue later died from his burns.


1929 Hebron massacre, Attack, Arabs shelter Jews
One estimate puts the number of survivors who were saved in this way as two thirds of the community. Another states that half were thus rescued, with 28 Arab homes offering sanctuary. The original lists underwritten by rabbis Meir and Slonim attested to 19 rescuer families, which is believed to underestimate the number. Modern historical figures vary.


1929 Hebron massacre, Attack, Arabs shelter Jews
Aharon Reuven Bernzweig related that an Arab named Haj Eissa El Kourdieh saved a group of 33 Jews after he insisted they hide in his cellar. There they waited with a "deadly fear" for the trouble to pass, worrying that the "murderers outside would hear [the little children who kept crying]." From the cellar, they heard cries of "today is a day that is holy to Mohammed. Anyone who does not kill Jews is a sinner." Meanwhile, several Arab women stood guard outside, repeatedly challenging the claims of the screaming mob that they were sheltering Jews.


1929 Hebron massacre, Attack, Arabs shelter Jews
Yonah Molchadsky gave birth while taking refuge in an Arab basement. Molchadsky later related that when the mob demanded for the Arabs to give up any Jews they were hiding, her host told them "we have already killed our Jews," whereupon the mob departed. The family of Abu Id Zaitoun rescued Zmira Mani and other Jews by hiding them in their cellar and protecting them with their swords. They later found a policeman to escort them safely to the police station at Beit Romano.


1929 Hebron massacre, Attack, Arabs shelter Jews
According to Malka Slonim, an aged Arab called Abu Shaker defended them:


1929 Hebron massacre, Attack, Arabs shelter Jews
We sat silently in the sealed house and Abu-Shaker reported what was happening ... The rioters had arrived. We heard them growling cries of murder ... We also heard the voice of Abu-Shaker: "Get out of here! You won't enter here! You won't enter here!" They pushed him. He was old, maybe 75 years old, but he had a strong body. He struggled. He lay in front of the entrance to the home, by the door, and cried out. "Only over my dead body will you pass through here! Over my corpse!"


1929 Hebron massacre, Attack, Arabs shelter Jews
One rioter wielded his knife over Abu-Shaker and yelled. "I will kill you, traitor!" The knife struck him. Abu-Shaker's leg was cut. His blood was spilt. He did not emit any groans of pain. He did not shout, he only said, "Go and cut! I am not moving!" The rioters consulted with each other: there was a moment of silence. Later we heard them leaving. We knew we had been saved. We wanted to bring our savior inside and bandage his wound and thank him. He refused and said that others might arrive and that his task has not ended yet.


1929 Hebron massacre, Attack, Arabs shelter Jews
Musa Agima, whose father had a slaughterhouse in Hebron, testified that they were saved by one of his father's Arab employees who brought donkeys and got the family mounted and led them to Jerusalem.


1929 Hebron massacre, Attack, Survivors
Around 435 Jews, or two-thirds of the community, survived. Most were reportedly saved by Arab families, and around 130 saved themselves by hiding or by taking refuge in the British police station at Beit Romano on the outskirts of the city. Israeli historian Benny Morris has challenged traditional accounts that most survivors were saved by Arab families. He wrote, that "in fact, most were rescued by British police intervention and by the fact that many Jews successfully fended off their assailants for long hours – though to be sure, Arab neighbors did save several families". The survivors who had been rescued by the British police were evacuated to Jerusalem.


1929 Hebron massacre, Aftermath, Numbers killed and injured
In total, 67 Jews and 9 Arabs were killed. Of the Jews killed, 59 died during the rioting and 8 more later succumbed to their wounds. They included a dozen women and three children under the age of five. Twenty-four of the victims were students from the Hebron yeshiva, seven of whom were American or Canadian. The bodies of 57 Jewish victims were buried in mass graves by Arabs, without regard to Jewish burial ritual. Most of the murdered Jews were of Ashkenazi descent, while 12 were Sephardi. 58 are thought to have been injured, including many women and children.


1929 Hebron massacre, Aftermath, Numbers killed and injured
One estimate put the figure at 49 seriously and 17 slightly wounded. A letter from the Jews of Hebron to the High Commissioner described cases of torture, mutilation and rape. Eighteen days after the massacre, the Jewish leadership requested that bodies be exhumed to ascertain whether deliberate mutilation had taken place. But after 20 bodies had been disinterred and reburied, it was decided to discontinue. The bodies had been exposed for two days before burial and it was almost impossible to ascertain whether or not they had been subject to mutilations after or during the massacre. No conclusions could therefore be made.


1929 Hebron massacre, Aftermath, Reaction and response, Commission of enquiry
The Shaw Commission was a British enquiry that investigated the violent rioting in Palestine in late August 1929. It described the massacre at Hebron:


1929 Hebron massacre, Aftermath, Reaction and response, Commission of enquiry
About 9 o'clock on the morning of the 24th of August, Arabs in Hebron made a most ferocious attack on the Jewish ghetto and on isolated Jewish houses lying outside the crowded quarters of the town. More than 60 Jews – including many women and children – were murdered and more than 50 were wounded. This savage attack, of which no condemnation could be too severe, was accompanied by wanton destruction and looting.


1929 Hebron massacre, Aftermath, Reaction and response, Commission of enquiry
Jewish synagogues were desecrated, a Jewish hospital, which had provided treatment for Arabs, was attacked and ransacked, and only the exceptional personal courage displayed by Mr. Cafferata – the one British Police Officer in the town – prevented the outbreak from developing into a general massacre of the Jews in Hebron.


1929 Hebron massacre, Aftermath, Reaction and response, Commission of enquiry
Cafferata testified to the Commission of Enquiry in Jerusalem on 7 November. The Times reported Cafferata's evidence to the Commission that "until the arrival of British police it was impossible to do more than keep the living Jews in the hospital safe and the streets clear [because he] was the only British officer or man in Hebron, a town of 20,000".


1929 Hebron massacre, Aftermath, Reaction and response, Commission of enquiry
'the atrocious acts committed by bodies of ruthless and bloodthirsty evildoers... murders perpetrated upon defenceless members of the Jewish population... accompanied by acts of unspeakable savagery.'


1929 Hebron massacre, Aftermath, Reaction and response, Trials and convictions
Sheik Taleb Markah was charged with being one of the chief instigators of the Hebron massacre. In giving its verdict, the judge said that the evidence tended to show not that the prisoner had incited the Arabs of Hebron to murder the Jews of Hebron but that he had incited them to attack the Jews of Jerusalem. He was fined and sentenced to two years imprisonment. Two of the four Arabs charged with the murder of 24 Jews in the house of Rabbi Jacob Slonim were sentenced to death.


1929 Hebron massacre, Aftermath, Reaction and response, Trials and convictions
In Palestine overall, 195 Arabs and 34 Jews were sentenced by the courts for crimes related to the 1929 riots. Death sentences were handed down to 17 Arabs and two Jews, but these were later commuted to long prison terms except in the case of three Arabs who were hanged. Large fines were imposed on 22 Arab villages or urban neighborhoods. The fine imposed on Hebron was 14,000 pounds. Financial compensation totaling about 200,000 pounds was paid to persons who lost family members or property.


1929 Hebron massacre, Aftermath, Decline of Jewish community
Some Hebron Arabs, amongst whom the President of Hebron's Chamber of Commerce, Ahmad Rashid al-Hirbawi, favoured the return of Jews to the town. The returning Jews quarrelled with the Jewish Agency over funding. The Agency did not agree to the idea of reconstituting a mixed community, but rather pressed for the establishment of a Jewish fortress wholly distinct from the Arab quarters of Hebron. In the spring of 1931, 160 Jews returned together with Rabbi Chaim Bagaio. During the disturbances of 1936 they all left the town for good, except for one family, that of Yaakov Ben Shalomn Ezra, an eighth generation Hebronite who was a dairyman, who eventually left in 1947, on the eve of the 1948 Palestine war.


1929 Hebron massacre, Aftermath, Decline of Jewish community, Yeshiva relocates to Jerusalem
After the massacre, the remainder of the Hebron yeshiva relocated to Jerusalem.


1929 Hebron massacre, Aftermath, Jewish re-settlement after 1967
During the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel occupied Hebron when it captured the West Bank from Jordan. Residents, terrified that Israeli soldiers might massacre them in retaliation for the events of 1929, waved white flags from their homes and voluntarily turned in their weapons. Subsequently, Israelis settled in Hebron as part of Israel's settlement program, and the Committee of the Jewish Community of Hebron was established as the municipal body of the settlers. Today, about 500–800 Israelis live in the city's old quarter. The Israeli military controls about 20% of Hebron to protect the settlers, with the rest of the city falling under Palestinian Authority rule. Most Jewish settlers in the area live outside the municipality of Hebron, in the adjacent town of Kiryat Arba.


1929 Hebron massacre, Aftermath, Jewish re-settlement after 1967
Descendants of the original Jewish community of Hebron are divided, with some claiming they wish to return, but only when Arab and Jewish residents can find a way to live together peacefully. In 1996, 37 descendants of the pre-1929 community of Hebron, including seven members of the Slonim family, published a statement repudiating the new Hebron settlers, writing that "these settlers are alien to the way of life of the Hebron Jews, who created over the generations a culture of peace and understanding between peoples and faiths in the city". Other survivors and descendants of survivors support the new Jewish community in Hebron.


1929 Hebron massacre, Criticism
In the metanarrative of Zionism, according to Michelle Campos, the event became 'a central symbol of Jewish persecution at the hands of bloodthirsty Arabs' and was 'engraved in the national psyche of Israeli Jews', particularly those who settled in Hebron after 1967. Hillel Cohen regards the massacre as marking a point-of-no-return in Arab-Jewish relations, and forcing the Mizrahi Jews to join forces with Zionism.


1929 Hebron massacre, 1999 documentary film
Noit Geva, daughter of a survivor, discovered that her grandmother, Zemira Mani (who was the granddaughter of Hebron's chief Sephardic rabbi, Eliyahu Mani), had written an account of the massacre, published in the Haaretz newspaper in 1929. In 1999 Geva released a film containing testimonies of 13 survivors that she and her husband Dan had managed to track down from the list in Sefer Hebron ("The Book of Hebron"). Originally intended to document the story of the Arab who had saved Geva's mother from other Arabs, it became also an account of the atrocities of the massacre itself. These survivors, most of whom no longer live in Israel, are mixed as to whether they can forgive.


1929 Hebron massacre, 1999 documentary film
In the film, What I Saw in Hebron the survivors – now very elderly – describe pre-massacre Hebron as a kind of paradise surrounded by vineyards, where Sephardic Jews and Arabs lived in idyllic coexistence. The well-established Ashkenazi residents were also treated well, but the Arabs' anger was roused by followers of the Jerusalem Mufti as well as local chapters of the (Arab) Muslim-Christian Societies.


1929 Hebron massacre, 1999 documentary film
According to Asher Meshorer (Zemira Mani's son and Noit Geva's father), his aunt (Zemira Mani's sister, who was not present in Hebron during the massacre) had told him that the Arabs from the villages essentially wanted to kill only the new Ashkenazim. According to her, there was an alienated Jewish community that wore streimels, unlike the Sephardi community, which was deeply rooted, speaking Arabic and dressing like Arab residents.


1929 Hebron massacre, 1999 documentary film
The Mani family was saved by an Arab neighbour, Abu 'Id Zeitun, who was accompanied by his brother and son. In 1999, according to Abu 'Id Zeitun, the house in which the Jews were hidden, his father's house, had been confiscated by the IDF, and today, it houses a kindergarten for the settlers.


1929 Holland with Boston by-election
The Holland with Boston by-election, 1929 was a by-election held on 21 March 1929 for the House of Commons constituency of Holland with Boston in Lincolnshire.


1929 Holland with Boston by-election
The by-election was caused by the death of the town's Unionist Member of Parliament, Arthur Dean; who had held the seat at the 1924 general election. At that election, Labour came second and the Liberals finished third. Labour had won the seat in 1918, but it had been gained by the Unionists at a by-election just before the 1924 general election.


1929 Holland with Boston by-election, Candidates
The new Unionist candidate chosen to defend the seat was Frederick J. Van den Berg. He was born and raised in Johannesburg, before moving to London to practise as a Barrister in 1916. He was standing as a candidate for the first time. The Labour candidate was George Blanco White, a  lawyer who had stood here last time. The Liberals chose a new candidate in James Blindell a Managing Director of a Boot Manufacturing business. The election was marked by the presence of an Agricultural Party candidate, F.W. Dennis.


1929 Holland with Boston by-election, Campaign
On 1 March, nationally, Liberal leader, David Lloyd George launched the Liberal programme for the upcoming general election, titled We Can Conquer Unemployment. On the eve of poll, the voters of Eddisbury elected a Liberal in place of a Unionist.


1929 Holland with Boston by-election, Result
The result was a victory for the Liberal Party candidate James Blindell, who overturned a Unionist majority of 4,770 to win by a majority of 3,706 votes.


1929 Holland with Boston by-election, Aftermath
A General election followed in a matter of months. Blindell held the seat for the Liberals, with Van den Berg again standing for the Unionists, finishing second. White did not stand again and the new Labour candidate dropped to third place. The Agricultural Party did not contest the seat. This was the last by-election gain for the Liberal Party until the 1958 Torrington by-election.


1929 Hollywood Stars season
The 1929 Hollywood Stars season, was the fourth season for the original Hollywood Stars baseball team. The team, which began in 1903 as the Sacramento Solons, moved to Hollywood in 1926 and played in the Pacific Coast League (PCL).


1929 Hollywood Stars season
The 1929 PCL season ran from March 26 to October 7, 1929. The Stars, led by manager Ossie Vitt, finished third in the Pacific Coast League (PCL) with a 113–89 record. However, the PCL provided for a championship series to be played between the teams with best records in the first and second halves of the season. The Stars qualified for the championship series by compiling a 61–42 record in the second half of the season.


1929 Hollywood Stars season
In the championship series, the Stars advanced to the championship series and defeated the Mission Reds, four games to three. On October 13, the Stars won the decisive Game 7 at Wrigley Field by an 8–3 score.


1929 Hollywood Stars season
Pitcher Frank Shellenback led the Stars and the PCL with 26 wins. He pitched 335 innings and compiled a 26–12 record with a 3.98 earned run average (ERA) and 163 strikeouts. Augie Johns also pitched well, compiling a 17–10 record with a 3.90 ERA.


1929 Hollywood Stars season
The team had five players who hit over .300 with at least 500 at bats. Right fielder Bill Rumler led the way with a .386 batting average, 26 home runs, and 120 RBIs. The team's other top hitters were left fielder Liz Funk (.384 average, 13 home runs, 125 RBIs), first baseman Mickey Heath (.349 average, 38 home runs, 156 RBIs), center fielder Cleo Carlyle (.347 average, 20 home runs, 136 RBIs), and third baseman Red Rollings (.324 average, six home runs, 86 RBIs).


1929 Hollywood Stars season, Statistics, Batting
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; SLG = Slugging percentage; RBI = Runs batted in; SB = Stolen bases


1929 Hollywood Stars season, Statistics, Pitching
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; PCT = Win percentage; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1929 Holy Cross Crusaders football team
The 1929 Holy Cross Crusaders football team was an American football team that represented the College of the Holy Cross as an independent during the 1929 college football season. In its 11th season under head coach Cleo A. O'Donnell, the team compiled a 6–4 record. The team played its home games at Fitton Field in Worcester, Massachusetts.


1929 Hong Kong sanitary board election
The 1929 Sanitary Board Election was supposed to be held on 22 May 1929 for the one of the 2 unofficial seats in the Sanitary Board of Hong Kong.


1929 Hong Kong sanitary board election
Only ratepayers who were included in the Special and Common Jury Lists of the years or ratepayers who are exempted from serving on Juries on account of their professional avocations, unofficial members of the Executive or Legislative Council, or categories of profession were entitled to vote at the election.


1929 Humboldt State Lumberjacks football team
The 1929 Humboldt State Lumberjacks football team represented Humboldt State College during the 1929 college football season. They competed as an independent. The 1929 team played a greatly expanded schedule, moving from 3 games to 6.


1929 Humboldt State Lumberjacks football team
The 1929 Lumberjacks were led by third-year head coach Fred Telonicher. They played home games at Albee Stadium in Eureka, California. Humboldt State finished with a record of one win, four losses and one tie (1–4–1). The Lumberjacks outscored their opponents 38–37 in the three games.


1929 Hutt by-election
The Hutt by-election was a by-election in the New Zealand electorate of Hutt, an urban seat at the bottom of the North Island. The by-election was held on 18 December 1929, and was precipitated by the resignation of sitting United member of parliament Thomas Wilford on who had been appointed the High Commissioner to the United Kingdom by Prime Minister Joseph Ward. The by-election was contested by Walter Nash of the Labour Party, James Kerr from the United Party and Harold Johnston of the Reform Party. The lead up to the by-election was marred by harsh words between candidates.


1929 Hutt by-election, Candidates and selection process, Labour Party
After standing in Hutt for Labour in both 1925 and 1928, Walter Nash's selection as the Labour candidate for the by-election came as no surprise. Nash came a respectable second to Wilford and was seen as well capable of winning the seat. He was the current General Secretary of the Labour Party and was thus well known. Local newspaper the Hutt News printed several articles through the campaigning attempting to discredit Nash as a Soviet-style socialist. Peter Fraser served as the campaign organiser, and Mark Fagan was Nash's election secretary.


1929 Hutt by-election, Candidates and selection process, United Party
James Kerr, a resident of Petone, was be the official United Party candidate in the election. He was the son of James Kerr, a former member of the Legislative Council. At the time Kerr was the proprietor of the Hutt and Petone Chronicle newspaper, a position he had held since 1912. He previously resided in Greymouth serving as the proprietor of the Grey River Argus. In 1908 he stood for the Grey seat against Speaker of the House, Arthur Guinness, being defeated by a small majority. Outgoing MP Thomas Wilford and his wife campaigned intensely on Kerr's behalf.


1929 Hutt by-election, Candidates and selection process, United Party
Kerr was a member of the Petone Fire Board, an associate of the Petone Borough Council, President of the Petone Chamber of Commerce, and a member of the Hutt Valley High School Board of Governors. He was one of the foundation members of the United Party, and at the time a member of the executive and had been chairman of Wilford's election committee.


1929 Hutt by-election, Candidates and selection process, Reform Party
Harold Johnston was chosen as the Reform Party candidate for the contest. Johnston was a respected lawyer and the fourth son of Charles Johnston, former MP for Te Aro and Speaker of the Legislative Council. Earlier that year the position of Chief Justice was offered to Johnston upon the death of Charles Skerrett, but he declined the offer, with Michael Myers becoming the next Chief Justice instead. Johnston was well known as an able speaker and he was regularly able to draw large crowds to his meetings.


1929 Hutt by-election, Candidates and selection process, Independent
Mr. H Bennett announced his candidacy as an Independent. He proposed to stand in the interests of the country itself, rather than of any particular political party. Bennett was concerned that New Zealand could be 'handed over' to Socialism by a minority vote given the increasing competition for right wing votes by United and Reform. With candidate from both parties standing Bennett was not ignorant of the fact that he too was helping to split the anti-Labour vote, but claimed his hopes were that both would withdraw their candidates in favour of himself. However, his plea fell on deaf ears with United wanting to retain their seat and Reform seeking to supersede United in seats. As a result, Bennett withdrew and hoped either Kerr or Johnston would prevail.


1929 Hutt by-election, Campaign
Dozens of meetings were held and speeches made by the three candidates. Many high-profile figures spoke on behalf of the candidates as well, Harry Holland, James McCombs & Michael Joseph Savage for Nash, Thomas Wilford & Harry Atmore for Kerr and both Gordon Coates & William Downie Stewart Jr for Johnston.


1929 Ice Hockey European Championship
The 1929 Ice Hockey European Championship was the 14th edition of the ice hockey tournament for European countries associated to the International Ice Hockey Federation .


1929 Ice Hockey European Championship
The tournament was played between January 28, and February 3, 1929, in Budapest, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia won their fifth title. Three groups of three were to play with the second place team in each group going to the second round, the first place team going directly to the semi-finals. The first place team in the second round would then become the fourth semi-finalist. Finland withdrew leaving the first group with only two teams.


1929 Idaho Vandals football team
The 1929 Idaho Vandals football team represented the University of Idaho in the 1929 college football season. The Vandals were led by first-year head coach Leo Calland and were in their eighth season in the Pacific Coast Conference. Home games were played on campus in Moscow at MacLean Field. Idaho compiled a 4–5 overall record and went 1–4 in conference games.


1929 Idaho Vandals football team
Calland was previously a USC assistant coach and a former player for the Trojans, a guard and captain as a senior on the 1922 team that won the Rose Bowl. Raised in Seattle, he was also the head coach of the USC basketball team for two seasons.


1929 Idaho Vandals football team
In the Battle of the Palouse with neighbor Washington State, the Cougars won for the second straight year, their first at home in Pullman in eight years.


1929 Idaho Vandals football team
The Vandals finished the season with a two-game road trip to Los Angeles and Pocatello in southeastern Idaho. Calland's return to USC was harsh, with a 72-point shutout by the Trojans to extend the season's losing streak to five games. The final game on Thanksgiving was a 41–7 win over the Tigers of the university's Southern Branch, today's Idaho State University, but then a two-year school.


1929 Idaho Vandals football team, All-conference
No Vandals were named to the All-Coast team. on the All-Northwest team, tackle Gordon Diehl and center Lester Kirkpatrick were first team selections.


1929 Illinois Fighting Illini football team
The 1929 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois during the 1929 college football season. In their 17th season under head coach Robert Zuppke, the Illini compiled a 6–1–1 record and finished in second place in the Big Ten Conference. Guard Russ Crane was the team captain.


1929 Imperial Airways Handley Page W.10 crash
The 1929 Imperial Airways Handley Page W.10 crash happened on 17 June 1929 when Handley Page W.10 G-EBMT suffered an engine failure and subsequently ditched in the English Channel off Dungeness with the loss of seven lives. The aircraft was operating an international scheduled flight from Croydon to Le Bourget Airport, Paris, France.


1929 Imperial Airways Handley Page W.10 crash, Aircraft
The accident aircraft was Handley Page W.10 G-EBMT City of Ottawa, c/n W10-4. It had been delivered to Imperial Airways on 25 December 1925.


1929 Imperial Airways Handley Page W.10 crash, Accident
G-EBMT was operating an international scheduled flight from Croydon Airport to Zurich Airport, Switzerland via Paris - Le Bourget Airport and Basel Airport, Switzerland. Having departed from Croydon at 10:30, the aircraft was some 15 miles (24 km) out over the English Channel, flying at an altitude of 2,500 feet (760 m), when a connecting rod in the starboard engine broke. A mayday was broadcast by radio and the pilot attempted to divert to Lympne Airport. As he was unable to reach land, the pilot landed in the sea some 50 yd (46 m) from the Belgian trawler Gaby, and 12 miles (19 km) offshore.


1929 Imperial Airways Handley Page W.10 crash, Accident
The nose of the aircraft dived into the water on landing. The passengers at the front of the aircraft were thrown from their seats and trapped. Four passengers seated at the tail of the aircraft escaped, as did both crew. Gaby went to the aid of the stricken airliner and rescued the six survivors. The body of one of the victims was also recovered. They were transferred to the Dover pilot cutter which took them to Folkestone.


1929 Imperial Airways Handley Page W.10 crash, Accident
The cutter entered Folkestone harbour at 2:45 pm flying the signal EDY, signifying that ambulances were required, and with her red ensign at half-mast. The injured survivors were taken to the Royal Victoria Hospital, Folkestone. The body of the casualty was landed at Folkestone, but was later transferred to Lydd. Gaby recovered three further bodies that day. They were transferred to a motorboat owned by the Lydd postmaster and taken to a mortuary at Lydd. Gaby assisted in the salvage of the wreckage of G-EBMT. The wreckage was towed to Dungeness, where a search revealed only baggage and personal belongings of the passengers. Three victims were unaccounted for at that stage.


1929 Imperial Airways Handley Page W.10 crash, Accident
An inquest was opened by the Lydd Coroner on 19 June at Lydd Town Hall into the deaths of the four victims whose bodies had been recovered. Evidence was given that the pilot, Captain Brailli was experienced, with 1,000 hours flying time. He had been in the employ of Imperial Airways for a year. The aircraft was shown to have been airworthy on departure from Croydon. The pilot had been the last survivor to leave the aircraft, at his insistence. All four victims had drowned. Verdicts of "accidental death" were returned in all cases.


1929 Imperial Airways Handley Page W.10 crash, Investigation
The Air Ministry opened an investigation into the accident under the Air Navigation (Investigation of Accidents) Regulations, 1922. The investigation opened on 25 June at the Royal Courts of Justice, London, with Sir Arthur Colefax in charge. The cause of the engine failure was the fracture of No. 4 connecting rod in the starboard engine. The engine had run for 126 hours since its last overhaul, with the permitted time between overhauls being 300 hours. The connecting rod had failed due to the failure of the big end bearing studs.


1929 Imperial Airways Handley Page W.10 crash, Investigation
The aircraft's Certificate of Airworthiness had last been renewed in November 1928 and was valid for a year. Its maximum permissible load was 2,946 pounds (1,336 kg); the aircraft's load was 2,494 pounds (1,131 kg) on departure from Croydon. Evidence was given by three of the four surviving passengers and both crew. The fourth surviving passenger was not called as she was legally a minor at the time and had lost her father in the accident. The inquiry closed on 3 July. Imperial Airways and Napier, the engine manufacturer, were cleared of any blame for the accident.


1929 Imperial Airways Handley Page W.10 crash, Investigation
The report into the investigation was published on 12 July. Among the recommendations were that passengers should be provided with seatbelts and that aircraft not capable of maintaining level flight with an inoperative engine and not designed to land on water should be withdrawn from continental routes after 1 July 1930.


1929 Indiana Hoosiers football team
The 1929 Indiana Hoosiers football team represented the Indiana Hoosiers in the 1929 college football season as members of the Big Ten Conference. The Hoosiers played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Bloomington, Indiana. The team was coached by Harlan Page, in his fourth year as head coach. The 1929 Hoosiers compiled  2–6–1 record and finished in a tie for seventh place in the Big Ten.


1929 Indianapolis 500
The 17th International 500-Mile Sweepstakes was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway on Thursday, May 30, 1929. Ray Keech, who finished fourth a year earlier, took the lead for the final time on lap 158 and won his first Indianapolis 500. Keech won for car owner Maude A. Yagle, the first and to-date, only female winning owner in Indy history. Only two weeks after winning the race, Ray Keech was fatally injured in a crash at Altoona Speedway on June 15, 1929. The race was part of the 1929 AAA Championship Car season.


1929 Indianapolis 500
The 1929 edition was the last contested with the supercharged 911⁄2 cu. in. (1.5 L) displacement engine formula. The supercharged front-wheel drive Miller 8s dominated qualifying, sweeping the front row. A total of twelve front-wheel drive machines made the field, but Keech's rear-wheel-drive Simplex Piston Ring Special took the victory. All three cars of the front row, as well as the first two cars of the second row, dropped out before the halfway point. Pole-sitter Cliff Woodbury crashed on lap 4, and became the first pole position winner in Indy history to finish last (33rd). Defending race winner Louis Meyer was leading in the second half, but lost nearly seven minutes when his car stalled in the pits due to low oil pressure on lap 157. He finished second just over six minutes behind Keech, with the lengthy pit stop the deciding margin.


1929 Indianapolis 500
The hard luck story of the race belonged to Lou Moore. After finishing second in 1928, Moore was on his way to back-to-back runner-up finishes. With two laps to go, however, his engine threw a rod. Due to the rules at the time, since Moore was not running at the finish, he was scored behind all finishers. He fell all the way back to 13th position, behind four cars that actually had fewer laps than he had.


1929 Indianapolis 500
It was the final race of the Roaring Twenties and the final race before the Stock Market Crash and Great Depression. The facility was expanded in 1929 to include a golf course. Dubbed the "Speedway Golf Course," it featured nine holes outside the track, and nine holes inside the track, and was designed by Bill Diddel. Also during the month, scenes for the movie Speedway were being filmed.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Engine specifications and rule changes
The 1929 race would be the final year contested with the supercharged 911⁄2 cu. in. (1.5 L) displacement engine formula. Speedway president Eddie Rickenbacker had decided to substantially change the engine specifications for 1930 and beyond in an effort to lure back the passenger car manufacturers, and make the cars on the track resemble more those sold to the motoring public. Rickenbacker's desire was to move away from the supercharged, specialized racing machines that had taken over the Speedway through the 1920s.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Engine specifications and rule changes
Contrary to popular belief, the proposed rules changes were not made in response to the stock market crash of 1929 (which had not occurred yet) and the subsequent Great Depression. The rule changes for 1930 were in fact being laid out as early as 1928, and were already approved by the AAA Contest Board in early January 1929. In addition, the 1929 race would be the final for the foreseeable future to be without riding mechanics. From 1930 and beyond, the rules were once again going to mandate two-man cars.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Engine specifications and rule changes
With the 911⁄2 c.i.d engines on their way out, interest was focused on whether the roughly 200 horsepower machines could set a track record for 500 miles in their swan song. Qualifying speeds were expected to be fast.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Engine specifications and rule changes
For 1929, riding mechanics were optional, however, no teams utilized them.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Engine specifications and rule changes
Jimmy Gleason's car carried #53, the first number over 50 in the history of the race.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Race schedule
Participants began arriving at the Speedway in mid-April, but very few, if any, cars took laps prior to May 1. The track was officially made available for practice beginning on Wednesday May 1. Time trials was scheduled for four days - Saturday May 25 through Tuesday May 28. Qualifying on Saturday would be held from 1 p.m to 5 p.m., and qualifying on Sunday would be held from 11 a.m. to 5 p.m. Time trials for Monday and Tuesday was tentatively scheduled on an as-needed basis, although on Monday, rain would ultimately wash out the day.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Race schedule
* Includes days where track activitywas significantly limited due to rain


1929 Indianapolis 500, Preparations – April
An expanded garage area greeted competitors arriving at the Speedway for 1929. During the offseason, Speedway superintendent Laurence Welch oversaw the construction of a second row of garages along the Gasoline Alley corridor.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Preparations – April
Veteran Indianapolis drivers Earl Devore and Norman Batten were lost at sea in November 1928 in the sinking of the SS Vestris. Batten's widow Marion Batton entered the 1929 race as a car owner.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Time trials
Time trials was scheduled for four days – Saturday May 25 through Tuesday May 28. A qualifying run consisted of four laps. Cars were allowed to take as many warm up laps as needed, and when the driver was ready to begin, he would hold his hand up as he came down the frontstretch. The minimum speed to make the field was set at 90 mph.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Time trials
Car that qualified on the first day lined up in the grid first, with the fastest qualifier on the first day winning the pole position. Cars qualifying on the second, third, and fourth day, regardless of speed, would line up behind the first day qualifiers. No plans were being made to allow any "last-minute" qualifiers on Wednesday, or on race morning. However, in case of weather, the officials would further assess the situation at the close of qualifying Tuesday evening.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Saturday May 25
The first day of time trials was held Saturday May 24, scheduled for 1 p.m. to 5 p.m. All cars in the qualifying line at 5 o'clock were allowed to make their attempt, with qualifying continuing until the track closed at sundown. On the morning of time trials, the biggest news out of the paddock was that Ralph DePalma would not attempt to qualify. After signing with the Alden Sampson team a week earlier, DePalma was prohibited from driving by his current employer. Sampson immediately replaced DePalma with Dave Evans, and Evans was expected to take to the track on Sunday.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Saturday May 25
Qualifying on Saturday saw an upset on the front row. Leon Duray was the favorite for the pole position going into the session. One year prior, Duray set the one-lap (124.018 mph) and four-lap (122.391 mph) track records. Likewise, he also held the U.S. closed-track record (148.1 mph), so he was considered the fastest driver in the field.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Saturday May 25
Late in the afternoon, Cliff Woodbury took to the track, and tentatively put his car on the top spot. His four-lap average of 120.599 mph, however, was not near a track record. After Woodbury's run, Leon Duray took his Packard Cable Special to the bricks. He took one warm-up lap, returned to the pits for adjustments, then took two more warm-up laps. The next time around he started his run. His first lap was turned at only 120.289 mph, slower than Woodbury's average. Duray was unable to muster any more speed, and settled for second at an average of 119.087 mph.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Saturday May 25
Also a surprise was Ralph Hepburn who qualified third. Hepburn took the outside of the front row with a run of 116.543 mph. Peter DePaolo's run was mostly a disappointment, as he managed only 5th starting position. Chet Gardner's engine threw a rod and damaged the crankcase. Carl Marchese hit the wall, and would require repairs. Both Gardner and Marchese were expected to attempt to qualify sometime on Monday or Tuesday.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Saturday May 25
The day ended with fifteen cars qualified. The two slowest cars belonged to foreign drivers Louis Chiron (107.351 mph) and Jules Moriceau (105.609 mph). There was some doubt whether their speeds would hold up to make the starting field. Early predictions had been made that it would take as much as 110 mph to avoid being "crowded out." However, with 18 spots left open and most of the top cars already qualified, the prediction was that any speed over 103 mph was relatively safe.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Sunday May 26
The second day of time trials was held on Sunday May 26 from 11 a.m. to 5 p.m. Any cars still in line at 5 o'clock would be able to make an attempt, with the track closing at sundown. Four additional drivers completed runs, filling the field to 19 cars. A total of 14 spots were still open. Of the 19 cars qualified, a total of 17 broke the 110 mph barrier, and all-time record for time trials at Indianapolis at the time.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Sunday May 26
Johnny Seymour (114.307 mph) was the fastest driver of the day, posting the 10th-fastest speed overall. However, as a second day qualifier, he would line up 16th on the starting grid.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Monday May 27
Rain washed out qualifying on Monday May 27. Seven cars announced their intentions to get in the qualifying line, but the only track activity was practice runs. Late in the afternoon, Myron Stevens hit a bump in turn one, which veered the car to the inside wall. The car bounced off the retaining wall and back onto the track surface. Stevens was thrown from the machine as it flipped end-over-end. Stevens was checked out at the hospital and suffered only superficial injuries.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Tuesday May 28
The fourth and final day of time trials was held on Tuesday May 28. The day started with fourteen spots open on the grid. Officials announced that if the field filled to 33 cars by the end of the day, there would be no further qualifying. A total of sixteen cars took to the track, and the starting grid was set.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Tuesday May 28
Rain hampered most of the day. Two cars completed runs around noon, then rain resumed. At 4 p.m., the rain stopped, and the 24 cars in the qualifying line would be sent in until darkness. Ernie Triplett (114.789 mph) was the fastest driver of the day. Two drivers failed to qualify. Bill Lindau was "crowded out" (bumped) by Cliff Bergere, and rookie Frank Swigart (99.585 mph) was too slow. Two additional drivers, Zeke Meyer and Sam Grecco, tried to qualify in total darkness, but were too slow and officials flagged them off the track.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Starting grid
The track was closed Wednesday morning (May 29) for track cleaning. The final "Carburation Day" practice session was held Thursday afternoon. Phil Pardee crashed in turn three, and was sent to the hospital with slight injuries. Pardee's car was too damaged to race and was withdrawn. Officials elevated Bill Lindau, the first alternate, to 33rd starting position.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Race summary
The race began at 10 a.m. with George Hunt driving the Studebaker President Roadster pace car. Theodore "Pop" Meyers rode as a passenger in the pace car. Among the notable guests and celebrities in attendance were Governor Harry G. Leslie, Glenn Curtiss, Horace E. Dodge, Harvey S. Firestone, William S. Knudsen, and Ray Harroun. In addition, former Speedway president Carl G. Fisher was on hand. William Haines, Anita Page, Ernest Torrence, and Karl Dane were on hand, as filming continued on the film Speedway.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Race summary
During the pace lap, Ralph Hepburn's car stalled. His crew was able to push-start the car, and he caught up to re-join the field. The pace lap was run at about 60-70 mph, and the field was released for the start.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Start
Leon Duray took the lead from the middle of the front row. On lap 4, pole-sitter Cliff Woodbury suffered a failure in the right rear wheel. In turn three, the car skidded, then spun in turn four, backing the car into the outside wall, punching a section of the wall down. Woodbury became the first driver in Indy history to start on the pole position and finish last (33rd). Woodbury was credited with only 3 laps completed, but was uninjured, and immediately returned to the pits to drive relief for other cars.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Start
Leon Duray led the first seven laps, with Ray Keech second. The pace was about 109 mph. On lap 8, Deacon Litz was running third behind Duray and Keech when he realized his hand-brake had fallen off. Barreling down the backstretch, Litz veered to the inside apron to avoid crashing and possibly collecting the two other leaders. He skidded by both Duray and Keech, gathered control, and remarkably was able to take the lead cleanly. Litz was quickly able to adapt, and started pulling out to a sizable lead.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Start
On lap 10, Bill Spence crashed in turn two. Spence had already been in the pits to change out all eight spark plugs. The car hit the wall and turned over several times and Spence was thrown from the cockpit. He was taken unconscious from the track, but died en route to the hospital from a fractured skull. It was the first fatal accident to occur during the race in ten years.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, First half
After troubles on the pace lap, Ralph Hepburn (running as high as second) dropped out on lap 14 with transmission trouble. Ray Keech made a 30-second pit stop to change a right rear tire on lap 21, and fell back to tenth position. Back out on the track, Keech began charging to catch up to the leaders.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, First half
Attrition took a huge toll on the field in the first 75 laps. Peter DePaolo dropped out with a broken steering knuckle, and Babe Stapp suffered a broken universal joint. By lap 65, seven of the top ten qualifiers were out – including all of the top five qualifiers. Jules Moriceau crashed in turn three after completing 30 laps. He spun around four times, hitting the wall each time, then bounced back across the track. The car came to rest pointing forward, and was towed back to the pits. Moriceau was not injured, and walked back to the pits planning to drive relief.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, First half
Deacon Litz continued to set the pace until lap 56. Lou Moore was in second, followed by Leon Duray, and Ray Keech. Billy Arnold and Tony Gulotta were also running in the top five. At the 100-mile mark (40 laps), Litz set a record average speed of 107.17 mph. After his early crash, Cliff Woodbury was already back behind the wheel around lap 30, driving relief for Billy Arnold. Arnold came to the pits with broken goggles and a cut eye, and needed relief while his injuries were tended to.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, First half
Deacon Litz dropped out while leading with a broken rod on lap 56. According to Litz, "something the size of a brick" exploded out of the side of the crankcase. That handed the lead to Lou Moore. Running in second was now Louis Meyer. Moore and Meyer traded time in the lead until the halfway point.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Second half
Barney Kleopfer took over as relief driver for Lou Moore for the second half. Ray Keech and Louis Meyer, however, would go the distance without relief help. Ray Keech made his second and final pit stop on lap 109. The team changed three tires and refueled in just over three minutes.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Second half
Fred Frame led eleven laps at the halfway point. Frame's challenge at the front of the field was short-lived, and he eventually fell back and finished 10th. Louis Meyer took the lead once again on lap 109, and led until lap 157. With Meyer leading, Keech second, and Kleopfer (driving for Moore) third, car numbers #1, #2, and #3 were running 1st-2nd-3rd.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Second half
Louis Meyer came to the pits on lap 157, but had a disastrous seven-minute pit stop. The engine stalled and the crew worked diligently on the carburetor to get him back out on the track. By the time he got back in the race, he had fallen to third place. Ray Keech was now firmly in control with Kleopfer (driving for Moore) in second.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Finish
In the closing laps, Ray Keech led Barney Kleopfer (driving for Lou Moore). Louis Meyer was charging hard in third place, desperate to make up for lost time in the pits. The Kleopfer car was running low on oil, and sputtering. Keech held a lead of about 1 minute and 14 seconds with ten laps to go. Third place was another 4 minutes behind. The rest of the field was many laps down.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Finish
While Keech cruised to victory, the race now came down to who was going to finish second. Barney Kloepfter pulled Lou Moore's car into the pits with two laps to go. The engine was clanking, suffering from burned out bearings. Lou Moore got back in the car, attempting to nurse the final two laps out of the machine. Still holding a lead of at least a few minutes over third place, he was able to crank the car one more time, and pulled away.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Finish
He only got as far as turn two, and the engine threw a rod down the backstretch. Due to the rules at the time, all cars that were running at the finish were ranked ahead of cars that dropped out, regardless of total lap count. Since Moore was not running at the finish, he was scored behind all finishers. He fell all the way back to 13th position, behind three cars that actually had fewer laps than he had. But more frustrating for Moore was the loss of over $12,000 in prize money. His lap prize money $2,200 and 13th place purse of $462 was of little consolation.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Finish
Ray Keech took home a purse of $31,350 for the victory. A hard-charging Louis Meyer snatched second place after the Moore car's misfortunes. Meyer finished 6 minutes and 24 second behind, and collected $20,400.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Finish
Jimmy Gleason finished third, nursing a sore ankle from an injury the previous fall. After suffering a crash in practice just before time trials, Carl Marchese came home fourth. After showing strength in qualifying, the only front-wheel drive car to go the distance belonged to Cliff Bergere, credited with 9th place. The final few laps were also dramatic for Billy Arnold. After suffering a cut eye early in the going, Arnold was back in the car for the finish, but ran out of gas on lap 196. One of his mechanics ran to his aid with a gas can, and Arnold was able to finish. The delay, however, cost Arnold two positions, and he dropped from 6th to 8th in the final standings.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Broadcasting
The race was carried live on radio on WKBF-AM, in a partnership arranged with the Indianapolis News. The broadcast began at 9:30 a.m. local time, and was five and a half hours in duration. It was the fifth consecutive year the race was being carried on the radio through this format. WFBM also picked up the broadcast.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Broadcasting
The broadcast originated from the Pagoda, with microphones also set up in the pit area. The booth announcing staff included Chris Albion and John H. Heiney. John Mannix and a crew of four assistants handled the pit duties, and William F. Sturm was on hand to offer race summaries.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Broadcasting
At 2 p.m., NBC came on air for live national coverage of the final hour of the race. Anchor Graham McNamee's call was picked up on WKBF and 47 other NBC affiliates across the country.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Legacy
Ray Keech reigned as Indianapolis 500 champion for only 17 days. He would be fatally injured in a crash at Altoona Speedway on June 15, 1929. Keech joined Gaston Chevrolet and Joe Boyer (and later George Robson and Dan Wheldon) as Indy 500 winners who were killed in racing accidents the same year as their Indy victory.


1929 Indianapolis 500, Legacy
Despite the predictions of record speeds, the final race contested with the 91.5 cubic inch "specialized" racing machines failed to set records in either qualifying or the race. Peter DePaolo's 1924 race record (101.127 mph) would stand for another three years. The one-lap qualifying record (124.018 mph) set by Leon Duray in 1928 would also stand for nearly a decade until it fell.


1929 Indianapolis mayoral election
The Indianapolis mayoral election of 1929 took place in November 5, 1929 and saw Democrat Reginald H. Sullivan in a landslide victory. Incumbent mayor, Demcorat Lemuel Ertus Slack, had been appointed mayor in 1927 following the resignation of Republican John L. Duvall after he was charged with corruption by the state.


1929 Indianapolis mayoral election
Duvall had been elected mayor in 1925 with the support of the Ku Klux Klan, and the Marion County Republican Party had close Klan ties. The City Council and school board both were composed of Klan-supported members. Opposition arose by 1929 to both the Klan and to the corruption in the city government.


1929 Indianapolis mayoral election
Sullivan's victory was seen as a rebuke of the Ku Klux Klan.


1929 Indianapolis mayoral election
Sullivan spent much of the campaign in a hospital bed after being injured in an airplane crash.


1929 Indianapolis mayoral election
Sullivan received strong support from African American and Catholic voters.


1929 Indianapolis mayoral election
Coinciding mayoral elections across the state also saw  Klan-supported, generally Republican, mayors  voted out and replaced by  new, generally Democratic, mayors. Anderson, Elkhart, Evansville, Fort Wayne, Lafayette, Muncie, and Terre Haute all replaced Klan-supported Republicans with Democratic mayors in what the New York Times hoped would be, "The dawn of a more liberal and cleaner political day in Indiana".


1929 International Cross Country Championships
The 1929 International Cross Country Championships was held in Vincennes, France, at the Hippodrome de Vincennes on March 23, 1929. This was the first appearance of teams from Italy, Luxembourg, Spain, and Switzerland. A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald.


1929 International Cross Country Championships
Complete results, medallists,  and the results of British athletes were published.


1929 International Cross Country Championships, Participation
An unofficial count yields the participation of 90 athletes from 10 countries.


1929 International Lawn Tennis Challenge
The 1929 International Lawn Tennis Challenge was the 24th edition of what is now known as the Davis Cup. 24 teams would enter the Europe Zone, while five would enter the America Zone. Egypt and Monaco participated for the first time.


1929 International Lawn Tennis Challenge
The United States defeated Germany in the Inter-Zonal play-off, but would lose to France in the Challenge Round, giving France their third straight title. The final was played at Stade Roland Garros in Paris, France on 26–28 July.


1929 International Lawn Tennis Challenge America Zone
The America Zone was one of the two regional zones of the 1929 International Lawn Tennis Challenge.


1929 International Lawn Tennis Challenge America Zone
5 teams entered the America Zone, with the winner going on to compete in the Inter-Zonal Final against the winner of the Europe Zone. The United States defeated Cuba in the final, and went on to face Germany in the Inter-Zonal Final.


1929 International Lawn Tennis Challenge Europe Zone
The Europe Zone was one of the two regional zones of the 1929 International Lawn Tennis Challenge.


1929 International Lawn Tennis Challenge Europe Zone
24 teams entered the Europe Zone, with the winner going on to compete in the Inter-Zonal Final against the winner of the America Zone. Germany defeated Great Britain in the final, and went on to face the United States in the Inter-Zonal Final.


1929 Invercargill mayoral election
The 1929 Invercargill mayoral election was part of the New Zealand local elections held that same year. The polling was conducted using the standard first-past-the-post electoral method.


1929 Invercargill mayoral election
Incumbent mayor John Miller was defeated by councillor John D. Campbell.


1929 Iowa Hawkeyes football team
The 1929 Iowa Hawkeyes football team represented the University of Iowa in the 1929 college football season. This was the first year Iowa played their home games in Iowa Stadium, which was later renamed Kinnick Stadium.


1929 Iowa State Cyclones football team
The 1929 Iowa State Cyclones football team represented Iowa State College of Agricultural and Mechanic Arts (later renamed Iowa State University) in the Big Six Conference during the 1929 college football season. In their fourth season under head coach Noel Workman, the Cyclones compiled a 1–7 record (0–5 against conference opponents), finished in last place in the conference, and were outscored by opponents by a combined total of 135 to 54. They played their home games at State Field in Ames, Iowa.


1929 Iowa State Cyclones football team
Harry Johnson and Ed Schlenker were the team captains. Maynard Spear was selected as a first-team all-conference player.


1929 Irish Greyhound Derby
The 1929 National Derby took place during August with the final being held at Harold's Cross Stadium in Dublin on 22 August 1929. It was the second edition of the event. The race at this stage was considered unofficial because it had not been ratified by the Irish Coursing Club.


1929 Irish Greyhound Derby
The winner was Jack Bob, trained by Yeats, owned by Miss P Harris and bred by Mick Lynch.


1929 Isle of Man TT
For the 1929 Isle of Man TT races the Velocette marque had high expectations of another win in the Junior TT Race. Despite the early lead of Alec Bennett, riding a Velocette, and Wal Handley, now riding an AJS motor-cycle, it was Freddie Hicks that led from the third lap and won the 1929 Junior TT Race at a record average speed of 69.71 mph (112.19 km/h) and setting a new race lap record of 31 minutes and 5 seconds an average speed of 70.95 mph (114.18 km/h).


1929 Isle of Man TT
As with 1928 TT Race meeting the 1929 Lightweight TT Race produced another first-time winner with Syd Crabtree on an Excelsior motor-cycle. The 1929 Lightweight TT Race was led for 5 laps by Pietro Ghersi on a Motor Guzzi competing in his first TT race since the disqualification in the Guzzi Incident of 1926. Despite Pietro Ghersi setting the fastest lap at an average speed of 66.63 mph (107.23 km/h), engine failure gave the win to Syd Crabtree. During the 1929 Senior TT Race a number of riders crashed at Greeba Castle after Wal Handley clipped the hedge and crashed. This included Jimmy Simpson, Jack Amott riding for Rudge and Doug Lamb who later died of his injuries on the way to Nobles Hospital.


1929 Isle of Man TT
The early leader of the 1929 Senior TT Race was H. G. Tyrell Smith riding a Rudge but crashed on 3 lap at Glen Helen. Despite cracked ribs, Tyrell Smith continued but could not match the pace of the new leader Tim Hunt riding a Norton motor-cycle. From lap 5 Charlie Dodson riding a Sunbeam replaced Tim Hunt as the leader, setting an overall lap record of 30 minutes and 47 seconds, for an average of 73.55 mph (118.37 km/h). In better weather conditions than 1928 Charlie Dodson completed a Senior TT double by winning the 7 lap (264.11 miles) 1929 Senior TT Race in 3 hours, 39 minutes and 59 seconds at an average speed of 72.05 mph (115.95 km/h).


1929 Italian Rugby Union Championship
The 1929 Italian Rugby Union Championship ("Campionato Italiano di Rugby") was the first edition of the tournament.


1929 Italian Rugby Union Championship
Six clubs contested the tiles, won by Ambrosiana that became famous after as Amatori Rugby Milano . At those time it was the rugby section of Ambrosiana-Inter F.C..


1929 Italian Rugby Union Championship
The opening match should be between Michelin - Ambrosiana on February 12, 1929, at the Velodrome Humbert I, in Turin, but was delayed for bad weather conditions,.


1929 Italian Rugby Union Championship
The finals matches were played between Ambrosiana and Lazio: in the first match at Stadio Nazionale PNF, Lazio won 5-0, but in the return match won the "Ambrosiana" 10-3.


1929 Italian Rugby Union Championship
In the tie-break match on neutral ground of Bologna, Ambrosiana won 3-0.


1929 Italian Rugby Union Championship, Formula
The six teams were divided in two pool of three. The winner of each pool qualified to finals


1929 Italian general election
General elections were held in Italy on 24 March 1929. By this time, the country was a single-party state with the National Fascist Party (PNF) as the only legally permitted party.


1929 Italian general election
Following a parliamentary reform enacted in 1928 by the Chamber of Deputies and Senate, the elections were held in the form of a referendum, with the Grand Council of the PNF, now an official state organ, allowed to compose a single party list to be either approved or rejected by the voters. The list put forward was ultimately approved by 98.43% of voters.


1929 Italian general election, Electoral system
The universal male suffrage, which was legal since 1912, was restricted to men who were members of a trade union or an association, as well as soldiers and members of the clergy. Consequently, only 9.5 million people were able to vote.


1929 Italian general election, Electoral system
The election took place in a plebiscite form: voters could vote "Yes" or "No" to approve the list of deputies appointed by the Grand Council of Fascism. The voter was equipped with two equal-sized sheets, white outside, inside bearing the words "Do you approve the list of members appointed by the Grand National Council of Fascism?" The electoral paper with the "Yes" was also accompanied by the Italian tricolour and a fasces, the "No" one was only a white paper without any symbol.


1929 Italian general election, Electoral system
The voter must vote at the time of collecting both cards. Inside the voting booth was a first ballot box where the voter left the discarded card and then delivered to the scrutineers their chosen paper, so that they would ensure that it was "carefully sealed"; this process did not assure that the vote was really secret.


1929 Italian general election, Electoral system
Moreover, if the "No" vote won, the election would be repeated with other electoral lists.


1929 Italian general election, Historical background
The previous election was shocked by the assassination of socialist leader Giacomo Matteotti, who had requested that the elections be annulled because of gross irregularities and violence against voters, provoked a momentary crisis in the Mussolini government; while Mussolini ordered a cover-up, witnesses saw the car that transported Matteotti's body parked outside Matteotti's residence, which linked Amerigo Dumini to the murder.


1929 Italian general election, Historical background
Mussolini later confessed that a few resolute men could have altered public opinion, and started a coup that would have swept fascism away. Dumini was imprisoned for two years, but on his release Dumini allegedly told other people that Mussolini had ordered the murder, for which he served further prison time.


1929 Italian general election, Historical background
Despite this, opposition parties were generally unresponsive as many of the socialists, liberals, and moderates boycotted Parliament in the Aventine Secession, demanding Mussolini's resignation or for Victor Emmanuel to ouster Mussolini.


1929 Italian general election, Historical background
On 31 December 1924, MVSN consuls met with Mussolini and gave him an ultimatum: crush the opposition or they would do so without him. Fearing a revolt by his own militants, Mussolini decided to drop all trappings of democracy.


1929 Italian general election, Historical background
On 3 January 1925, Mussolini made a truculent speech before the Chamber in which he took responsibility for squadristi violence (though he did not mention the assassination of Matteotti).


1929 Italian general election, Historical background
Between 1925 and 1927, Mussolini progressively dismantled virtually all constitutional and conventional restraints on his power, thereby building a police state. A law passed on Christmas Eve 1925 changed Mussolini's formal title from "president of the Council of Ministers" to "head of the government" (though he was still called "Prime Minister" by most non-Italian outlets). He was no longer responsible to Parliament, and could only be removed by the king.


1929 Italian general election, Historical background
While the Italian constitution stated that ministers were only responsible to the sovereign, in practice it had become all but impossible to govern against the express will of the Parliament. The Christmas Eve law ended this practice, and also made Mussolini the only person competent to determine the body's agenda.


1929 Italian general election, Historical background
This law transformed Mussolini's government into a de facto legal dictatorship as local autonomy was abolished, and podestàs appointed by the Italian Senate replaced elected mayors and councils.


1929 Italian general election, Historical background
In 1926, 15-year-old Anteo Zamboni tried to shoot Mussolini in Bologna. This led Mussolini to formally declare the PNF was the only legally permitted party, though Italy had effectively been a one-party state for over a year.


1929 Jask Imperial Airways de Havilland Hercules crash
On 6 September 1929 a de Havilland Hercules three-engined biplane of Imperial Airways crashed on landing at Jask Airport, near the town of Jask in Iran on the Gulf of Oman. The aircraft was carrying mail from the United Kingdom to India. The pilot, a mechanic and a passenger were killed.


1929 Jask Imperial Airways de Havilland Hercules crash, Aircraft
The aircraft was a de Havilland Hercules three-engined biplane, registered in the United Kingdom as G-EBMZ and delivered new to Imperial Airways in 1927. It was named City of Jerusalem by the airline.


1929 Jask Imperial Airways de Havilland Hercules crash, Accident
The City of Jerusalem was carrying mail from the United Kingdom to India. While attempting a night landing at Jask the pilot misjudged the aircraft's altitude and it stalled and crashed. The landing gear was destroyed and the port wings were badly damaged. Flares were fitted to the wingtips and had been ignited to provide illumination for the night landing. The port wing had been forced backwards in the crash until it lay alongside the fuselage; the burning flare set fire to fuel spilled from the damaged fuel tanks. The pilot, a mechanic and a passenger were killed, the chief mechanic and wireless operator were seriously injured.


1929 Jask Imperial Airways de Havilland Hercules crash, Investigation
The investigation was carried out by the Government of India and the British Air Ministry; the conclusion was that additional precautions were to be adopted, but noted that wing-mounted flares were still regarded as a satisfactory form of emergency landing aid.


1929 Kansas City Monarchs season
The 1929 Kansas City Monarchs baseball team competed in the Negro National League during the 1929 baseball season. The Monarchs compiled a 63–17 (.788) record and won the Negro National League championship. The team played its home games at Muehlebach Field in Kansas City, Missouri.


1929 Kansas City Monarchs season, Personnel
Bullet Rogan was the team's player-manager. He played center field, compiled a .359 batting average and .449 on-base percentage and tallied 69 RBIs, 32 extra-base hits, 41 bases on balls, and 26 stolen bases. Rogan was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.


1929 Kansas City Monarchs season, Personnel
Right fielder LeRoy Taylor and second baseman Newt Allen also contributed mightily to the team's offensive output. Taylor compiled a .358 batting average, 51 RBIs, and 34 stolen bases. Allen compiled a .332 batting average with 36 extra-base hits, 54 RBIs, and 23 stolen bases.


1929 Kansas City Monarchs season, Personnel
The team also featured a talented pitching staff. Right-hander Chet Brewer, a 6'4", 22-year-old from Kansas, compiled a 15–2 record in 21 games with a 1.93 earned run average (ERA) and 64 strikeouts. Veteran left-hander Andy Cooper compiled a 15–4 record in 25 games with a 3.52 ERA and 104 strikeouts. Cooper was later inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.


1929 Kansas Jayhawks football team
The 1929 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the Big Six Conference during the 1929 college football season. In their second season under head coach Bill Hargiss, the Jayhawks compiled a 4–4 record (2–3 against conference opponents), finished in fifth place in the conference, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 97 to 50. They played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Lawrence, Kansas. Steward Lyman was the team captain.


1929 Kansas State Wildcats football team
The 1929 Kansas State Wildcats football team represented Kansas State University in the 1929 college football season.


1929 Kent State Golden Flashes football team
The 1929 Kent State Golden Flashes football team was an American football team that represented Kent State College (later renamed Kent State University) during the 1929 college football season. In its fifth season under head coach Merle E. Wagoner, Kent State compiled a 1–7 record and was outscored by a total of 162 to 20.


1929 Kentucky Derby
The 1929 Kentucky Derby was the 55th running of the Kentucky Derby. The race was run on May 18, 1929.


1929 Kentucky Wildcats football team
The 1929 Kentucky Wildcats football team represented the Kentucky Wildcats of the University of Kentucky during the 1929 college football season.


1929 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
The 1929 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship was the 35th staging of the Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Kilkenny County Board.


1929 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
On 8 December 1929, Mooncoin won the championship after a 5-01 to 3-03 defeat of first-time finalists Carrickshock in a final replay at Nowlan Park. It was their ninth championship title overall while they also became the first team to win three successive championships.


1929 Kilmarnock by-election
The Kilmarnock by-election, 1929 was a by-election held on 27 September 1929 for the British House of Commons constituency of Kilmarnock in Ayrshire.


1929 Kilmarnock by-election
The first Scottish by-election since the general election in May 1929, it was won by the Labour Party candidate Craigie Aitchison.


1929 Kilmarnock by-election, Vacancy
The seat had become vacant when the sitting Labour Member of Parliament (MP), Robert Climie had died at the age of 61 on 3 October 1929. He had held the seat since the general election in May 1929, having previously been Kilmarnock's MP from 1923 until his defeat in the 1924 general election.


1929 Kilmarnock by-election, Candidates
The Labour Party candidate was 47-year-old Craigie Aitchison KC, who had been the Lord Advocate of Scotland since June 1929. He had stood as a Liberal Party candidate in Clackmannan and East Stirlingshire at the 1922 and 1923 general elections. He had contested the 1924 general election as a Labour candidate in The Hartlepools, and in May 1929 came within a small margin of winning the Unionist-held Glasgow Central seat.


1929 Kilmarnock by-election, Candidates
The Unionist candidate was 41-year-old Charles MacAndrew, who had won the seat from Climie in 1924, but lost it again in May 1929.


1929 Kilmarnock by-election, Candidates
The third candidate was Isabel Brown, of the Communist Party of Great Britain. The Liberals, who had finished third at the general election, did not field a candidate.


1929 Kilmarnock by-election, Result
The result was a victory for the Labour candidate, Craigie Aitchison, who held the seat with an increased share of the vote. However, his majority was lower than Climie's, the Unionists having benefited from the absence of a Liberal candidate.


1929 Kilmarnock by-election, Result
Aitchison was re-elected at the 1931 general election as a National Labour candidate, having sided with Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald when the Labour Party split and MacDonald formed a National Government with the Conservative Party. He resigned his seat in 1933, when he was appointed Lord Justice Clerk.


1929 Kilmarnock by-election, Result
MacAndrew returned to the House of Commons in 1931 as MP for Glasgow Partick.


1929 Kollaa
1929 Kollaa, provisional designation 1939 BS, is a stony Vestian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland, on 20 January 1939. The asteroid was named after the Kollaa River in what is now Russia.


1929 Kollaa, Orbit and classification
Kollaa is a member of the Vesta family. Vestian asteroids have a composition akin to cumulate eucrite meteorites and are thought to have originated deep within 4 Vesta's crust, possibly from the Rheasilvia crater, a large impact crater on its southern hemisphere near the South pole, formed as a result of a subcatastrophic collision. The asteroid Vesta is the main-belt's second-most-massive body after 1 Ceres.


1929 Kollaa, Orbit and classification
The asteroid orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.2–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,327 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken, the asteroid's observation arc begins with its discovery.


1929 Kollaa, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS taxonomy, Kollaa is a bright V-type asteroid.


1929 Kollaa, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
It has a well-defined rotation period of 2.98 hours, derived from two rotational lightcurve analysis. In March 2004, photometric observations at the U.S. Magdalena Ridge Observatory in New Mexico rendered a period of 2.980 hours with a brightness variation of 0.20 in magnitude (U=3). In 2008 a second, concurring period was obtained by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini at his private Observatoire de Bédoin in France (132). It gave a period of 2.9887 hours and an amplitude 0.22 in magnitude (U=3).


1929 Kollaa, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer and its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the body measures 6.7 and 7.7 kilometers in diameter, respectively, and its surface has an albedo 0.39. while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.40 and calculates a diameter of 6.4 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.7.


1929 Kollaa, Naming
This minor planet is named after the Kollaa River in Karelia, the focal point of violent battles during the Finnish Winter War (1939–40). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 August 1980 (M.P.C. 5450).


1929 Kopet Dag earthquake
The 1929 Kopet Dag earthquake (also called the 1929 Koppeh Dagh earthquake) took place at 15:37 UTC on 1 May with a moment magnitude of 7.2 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). It occurred in the Kopet Dag area of Iran and caused up to 3,800 casualties along the Turkmenistan-Iran border. More than 1,100 were injured.


1929 Kopet Dag earthquake, Damage and casualties
Within the epicentral area, 3,250 people were killed. Eighty-eight villages in the region were damaged or destroyed, along with damage at Bojnourd. Aftershocks occurred for more than four years after, including one in July 1929 that killed several more people, before finally subsiding in 1933. Fifty-seven diverse locations reported damage, including casualties in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. Surface faulting occurred along the Baghan-Germab fault for a length of 50 kilometers (31 mi).


1929 LFF Lyga
The 1929 LFF Lyga was the 8th season of the LFF Lyga football competition in Lithuania. It was contested by 11 teams, and KSS Klaipėda won the championship.


1929 LSU Tigers football team
The 1929 LSU Tigers football team represented Louisiana State University (LSU) in the 1929 college football season.


1929 La Liga
The 1929 Primera División season was the inaugural season of the Primera Division. It started on 10 February 1929 and finished on 23 June 1929. A total of 10 teams participated in the league.


1929 La Liga
After the failure to create a national league in 1928, that ended with the teams split into two unconcluded leagues, an agreement with the Royal Spanish Football Federation was finally reached for the creation of a national league.


1929 La Liga
Barcelona won the title after beating Real Unión in the last round and taking advantage of the loss of Real Madrid at Athletic Bilbao. The Catalans were claimed the inaugural champions.


1929 La Liga, Election of teams
After months of discussion, on 23 November 1928 the creation of a championship divided in divisions was finalized.


1929 La Liga, Election of teams
The first division would be joined by the six teams that won any time the Spanish Championship (Arenas, Athletic Bilbao, Barcelona, Real Madrid, Real Sociedad and Real Unión) and three teams that qualified for at least one final (Athletic Madrid, Español and Europa).


1929 La Liga, Election of teams
The tenth place would be decided in a tournament where only the winner would join La Liga, while the rest of the participant teams played the Segunda División with Racing Madrid.


1929 La Liga, Election of teams, Qualifying tournament
Racing Santander achieved the last place in the inaugural season of La Liga after beating Sevilla in the second tie-break match.


1929 La Liga, Relegation play-off
Last placed team Racing Santander faced Sevilla, winner of the 1929 Segunda División, in a two-legged play-off. Racing won 3–2 on aggregate, thus remaining in La Liga.


1929 La Liga, Top scorers, Pichichi Trophy
Note: This list is the alternative top scorers list provided by newspaper Diario Marca, it differs from the one above which is based on official match reports


1929 Lafayette Leopards football team
The 1929 Lafayette Leopards football team was an American football team that represented Lafayette College in the Middle Three Conference during the 1929 college football season. In its sixth season under head coach Herb McCracken, the team compiled a 3–5 record. William Sherwood was the team captain.


1929 Latvian Higher League, Overview
It was contested by 5 teams, and Olimpija won the championship.


1929 Leeds South East by-election
The Leeds South East by-election of 1929 was held on 1 August 1929. The by-election was held due to the resignation of the incumbent Labour MP, Henry Slesser. It was won by the Labour candidate James Milner, who defeated his only opponent, Bill Brain of the Communist Party of Great Britain, in a landslide victory.


1929 Lehigh Brown and White football team
The 1929 Lehigh Brown and White football team was an American football team that represented Lehigh University during the 1929 college football season. In its second season under head coach A. Austin Tate, the team compiled a 4–3–2 record.


1929 Lehigh Brown and White football team
The team played its home games at Taylor Stadium in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.


1929 Liechtenstein alcohol tax referendum
A referendum on introducing an alcohol tax was held in Liechtenstein on 26 May 1929. The proposal was approved by 53.9% of voters.


1929 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
The 1929 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship was the 35th staging of the Limerick Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Limerick County Board in 1887.


1929 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
Croom won the championship after a 7-04 to 2-02 defeat of Cappamore in the final. It was their fourth championship title overall and their first title since 1924.


1929 Liverpool City Council election
Elections to Liverpool City Council were held on 1 November 1929. After the election, the composition of the council was:


1929 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Election 9 November 1929
The terms of office of sixteen aldermen expired on 9 November 1929, and two additional vacancies were caused by the elections of Herbert John Davis and Frank Campbell Wilson as Councillors.


1929 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Election 9 November 1929
18 Aldermen were elected under the provisions of the Municipal Corporations Act, 1882, by the councillors on 9 November 1929 for a term of six years. Each Alderman acted as the returning officer to the ward to which they were allocated.


1929 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Election 9 November 1929
Councillor David Gilbert Logan JP (Labour, North Scotland, elected 1 November 1927) of 362a Scotland Road, Liverpool was elected by the councillors as an alderman for the Croxteth ward on 9 November 1929 pursuant to the Order of His Majesty in Council dated 5 July 1929.


1929 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Election 2 April 1930
Following the death on 17 February 1930 of Alderman Charles Henry Rutherford JP (Conservative, last elected as an alderman on 9 November 1929), Councillor Mabel Fletcher JP (Conservative, Sefton Park West, elected 1 November 1927) was elected as an alderman by the councillors on 2 April 1930.


1929 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Election 1 October 1930
Following the death on 8 May 1930 of Alderman Herbert Reynolds Rathbone (Liberal, last elected as an alderman on 9 November 1926), Councillor Burton William Eills JP (Liberal, St. Peter's, elected 1 November 1927) was elected as an alderman by the councillors on 1 October 1930.


1929 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 20 Low Hill, 7 November 1929
Caused by the resignation of Councillor Edward Gerard Deery (Labour, Low Hill, elected on 1 November 1927), which was reported to the Council on 23 October 1929.


1929 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 20 Low Hill, 7 November 1929
The term of office to expire on 1 November 1930.


1929 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No.12 Dingle, 20 November 1929
Caused by the election of Councillor William Wallace Kelly (Conservative, elected as an alderman on 23 October 1929)


1929 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 18 Edge Hill, 27 November 1929
Caused by the election of Councillor Charles Wilson (Labour, Edge Hill, elected 1 November 1928) as an alderman by the councillors on 9 November 1929.


1929 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 6 St. Anne's, 28 November 1929
Caused by the election of Councillor James Sexton C.B.E. MP (Labour, St. Anne's, elected 1 November 1927) as an alderman by the councillors on 9 November 1929.


1929 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 1 Sandhills, 3 December 1029
Caused by the election of Councillor Thomas Wafer Byrne (Labour, Sandhills, elected 1 November 1928) as an alderman by the councillors on 9 November 1929.


1929 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 2 North Scotland, 3 December 1929
Caused by the election of Councillors William Albert Robinson (Labour, North Scotland, elected 1 November 1929) and David Gilbert Logan (Labour, North Scotland, elected 1 November 1927) as aldermen by the councillors on 9 November 1929.


1929 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 21 Everton, 3 December 1929
Caused by the election of Councillors Frederick Thomas Richardson (Labour, Everton, elected 1 November 1929) and Henry Walker (Labour, Everton, elected 1 November 1928) as aldermen by the councillors on 9 November 1929.


1929 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 7 Castle Street, 17 December 1929
Caused by the resignation of Councillor Sir John Sandeman Allen MP (Conservative, Castle Street, elected unopposed 1 November 1928) which was reported to the Council on 4 December 1929


1929 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 15 Sefton Park East, 11 March 1930
Caused by the death of Councillor Sir Arnold Rushton JP (Conservative, Sefton Park East, elected 1 November 1928) on 5 February 1930.


1929 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 16 Sefton Park West,
Caused by the election as an alderman on 2 April 1930 of Councillor Mabel Fletcher JP (Conservative, Sefton Park West, elected 1 November 1926), following the death of Alderman Charles Henry Rutherford JP (Conservative, last elected as an alderman on 9 November 1928) on 17 February 1930.


1929 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 8 St. Peter's,
Following the death on 8 May 1930 of Alderman Herbert Reynolds Rathbone (Liberal, last elected as an alderman on 9 November 1926), Councillor Burton William Eills JP (Liberal, St. Peter's, elected 1 November 1927) was elected as an alderman by the councillors on 1 October 1930 causing a vacancy in the St. Peter's ward