1930 FIFA World Cup, Venues
All matches took place in Montevideo. Three stadiums were used: Estadio Centenario, Estadio Pocitos and Estadio Gran Parque Central. The Estadio Centenario was built both for the tournament and as a celebration of the centenary of Uruguayan independence. Designed by Juan Scasso, it was the primary stadium for the tournament, referred to by Rimet as a "temple of football". With a capacity of 90,000, it was the largest football stadium outside the British Isles. The stadium hosted 10 of the 18 matches, including both semi-finals and the final. However, a rushed construction schedule and delays caused by the rainy season meant the Centenario was not ready for use until five days into the tournament. Early matches were played at smaller stadiums usually used by Montevideo football clubs Nacional and Peñarol, the 20,000 capacity Parque Central and the Pocitos.


1930 FIFA World Cup, Match officials
Fifteen referees participated in the tournament: four Europeans – two Belgians (Henri Christophe and John Langenus), a Frenchman and a Romanian (Constantin Rădulescu, also the Romanian team coach), and eleven from the Americas – among them six Uruguayans. In order to eliminate differences in the application of the Laws of the Game, the referees were invited to one short meeting to iron out the most conflicting issues arising from the game.


1930 FIFA World Cup, Match officials
Of all the refereeing appointments, the two that attracted most attention were that of Gilberto de Almeida Rêgo in the match between Argentina and France, in which the Brazilian referee blew for full-time six minutes early, and that of the Bolivian Ulises Saucedo's in the Argentina and Mexico encounter, which Argentina won 6–3. During the game Saucedo, who was also the coach of Bolivia, awarded three penalties.


1930 FIFA World Cup, Match officials
The following is the list of officials to serve as referees and linesmen. Officials in italics were only employed as linesmen during the tournament.


1930 FIFA World Cup, Format and draw
The 13 teams were drawn into four groups, with Group 1 containing four teams and the others containing three. Each group played a round-robin format, with the four group winners progressing to the knockout semi-final stage.


1930 FIFA World Cup, Format and draw
Uruguay, Argentina, Brazil and the United States were seeded and kept apart in the draw, which took place in Montevideo once all the teams arrived.


1930 FIFA World Cup, Format and draw
Since there were no qualifying games, the opening two matches of the tournament were the first World Cup games ever played, taking place simultaneously on 13 July 1930; France beat Mexico 4–1 at the Estadio Pocitos, while the United States defeated Belgium 3–0 at the same time at the Estadio Gran Parque Central. France's Lucien Laurent was the scorer of the first World Cup goal.


1930 FIFA World Cup, Tournament summary, Group 1
We were playing Mexico and it was snowing, since it was winter in the southern hemisphere. One of my team mates centred the ball and I followed its path carefully, taking it on the volley with my right foot. Everyone was pleased but we didn't all roll around on the ground – nobody realised that history was being made. A quick handshake and we got on with the game. And no bonus either; we were all amateurs in those days, right to the end.


1930 FIFA World Cup, Tournament summary, Group 1
The first group was the only one to contain four teams: Argentina, Chile, France and Mexico. Two days after their victory over Mexico, France faced group favourites Argentina. Injuries hindered France; goalkeeper Alex Thépot had to leave the field after 20 minutes and Laurent, after a fierce tackle by Luis Monti, spent most of the match limping. However, they held out for most of the match, only succumbing to an 81st-minute goal scored from a Monti free kick.


1930 FIFA World Cup, Tournament summary, Group 1
The game featured an officiating controversy when referee Almeida Rêgo erroneously blew the final whistle six minutes early, with Frenchman Marcel Langiller clear on goal; play resumed only after protests from the French players. Although France had played twice in 48 hours, Chile had yet to play their first match. They faced Mexico the following day, gaining a comfortable 3–0 win.


1930 FIFA World Cup, Tournament summary, Group 1
France's final match, against Chile, featured the first penalty kick of the World Cup. The first goalkeeper to save a penalty was Alex Thépot of France on 19 July 1930, saving from Chile's Carlos Vidal in the 30th minute of the match. In Argentina's second match, against Mexico, three penalty kicks were awarded. During the same match on 19 July 1930 Mexico's Oscar Bonfiglio Martínez saved another penalty at the 23rd minute of the match against Argentina's Fernando Paternoster.


1930 FIFA World Cup, Tournament summary, Group 1
Guillermo Stábile scored a hat-trick in his international debut as Argentina won 6–3, despite the absence of their captain Manuel Ferreira, who had returned to Buenos Aires to take a law exam. Qualification was decided by the group's final match, contested by Argentina and Chile, who had beaten France and Mexico, respectively. The game was marred by a brawl sparked by a foul on Arturo Torres by Monti. Argentina won 3–1 against their neighbours and advanced to the semi-finals.


1930 FIFA World Cup, Tournament summary, Group 2
The second group contained Brazil, Bolivia and Yugoslavia. Brazil, the group seeds, were expected to progress, but in the group's opening match, unexpectedly lost 2–1 to Yugoslavia. Going into the tournament Bolivia had never previously won an international match. For their opener they paid tribute to the hosts by wearing shirts each emblazoned with a single letter, spelling "Viva Uruguay" as the team lined up. Both of Bolivia's matches followed a similar pattern, a promising start gradually transforming into heavy defeat. Against Yugoslavia, they held out for an hour before conceding, but were four goals down by the final whistle. Misfortune played its part; several Bolivian goals were disallowed. Against Brazil, when both teams had only pride to play for, the score was 1–0 to Brazil at half-time. Brazil added three more in the second half, two of them scored by the multi-sportsman Preguinho. Yugoslavia qualified for the semi-finals.


1930 FIFA World Cup, Tournament summary, Group 3
Hosts Uruguay were in a group with Peru and Romania. The opening match in this group saw the first player expulsion in the competition, when Plácido Galindo of Peru was dismissed against Romania. The Romanians made their man advantage pay; their 3–1 win included two late goals. This match had the smallest crowd of any in World Cup history. The official attendance was 2,459, but the actual figure is generally accepted to be around 300.


1930 FIFA World Cup, Tournament summary, Group 3
Because of construction delays at Estadio Centenario, Uruguay's first match was not played until five days into the tournament. The first to be held at the Centenario, it was preceded by a ceremony in honour of the Uruguayan centenary celebrations. The Uruguayan team spent the four weeks preceding the match in a training camp, at which strict discipline was exercised. Goalkeeper Andrés Mazali was dropped from the squad for breaking a curfew to visit his wife. One hundred years to the day of the creation of Uruguay's first constitution, the hosts won a tight match against Peru 1–0.


1930 FIFA World Cup, Tournament summary, Group 3
Spectators praised Peru's defense and this turned out to be the only match in the tournament in which Uruguay scored only one goal. The result was viewed as a poor performance by the Uruguayan press, but lauded in Peru. Uruguay subsequently defeated Romania with ease, scoring four first half goals to win 4–0.


1930 FIFA World Cup, Tournament summary, Group 4
The fourth group contained Belgium, Paraguay and the United States. The American team, which contained a significant number of new caps, were reputedly nicknamed "the shot-putters" by an unnamed source in the French contingent. They beat their first opponents, Belgium, 3–0. The ease of the victory was unexpected; Uruguayan newspaper Imparcial wrote that "the large score of the American victory has really surprised the experts". Belgian reports bemoaned the state of the pitch and refereeing decisions, claiming that the second goal was offside.


1930 FIFA World Cup, Tournament summary, Group 4
The group's second match, played in windy conditions, witnessed the first tournament hat-trick, scored by Bert Patenaude of the United States against Paraguay. Until 10 November 2006, the first hat-trick that FIFA acknowledged had been scored by Guillermo Stábile of Argentina, two days after Patenaude; however, in 2006 FIFA announced that Patenaude's claim to being the first hat-trick scorer was valid, as a goal previously assigned to teammate Tom Florie was reattributed to Patenaude. With the United States having secured qualification, the final match in the group was a dead rubber. Paraguay beat Belgium by a 1–0 margin.


1930 FIFA World Cup, Tournament summary, Semi-finals
The four group winners, Argentina, Yugoslavia, Uruguay and the United States, moved to the semi-finals. The two semi-final matches saw identical scores. The first semi-final was played between the United States and Argentina on a rain-drenched pitch. The United States team, which featured six British-born players, lost midfielder Raphael Tracy after 10 minutes to a broken leg as the match became violent. A Monti goal halfway through the first half gave Argentina a 1–0 half-time lead. In the second half, the strength of the United States team was overwhelmed by the pace of the Argentinian attacks, the match finishing 6–1 to Argentina.


1930 FIFA World Cup, Tournament summary, Semi-finals
In the second semi-final there were shades of the 1924 Summer Olympics match between Yugoslavia and Uruguay. Here, though, Yugoslavia took a surprise lead through Vujadinović. Uruguay then took a 2–1 lead. Then shortly before half-time Yugoslavia had a goal disallowed by a controversial offside decision. The hosts scored three more in the second half to win 6–1, Pedro Cea completing a hat-trick.


1930 FIFA World Cup, Tournament summary, Third and fourth place
The now-traditional third place play-off was not established until 1934, so the format of the 1930 World Cup is unique in not distinguishing between the third and fourth placed teams. Occasional sources, notably a FIFA Bulletin from 1984, incorrectly imply that a third-place match occurred and was won 3–1 by Yugoslavia. Accounts differ as to whether a third-place match was originally scheduled. According to a 2009 book by Hyder Jawad, Yugoslavia refused to play a third-place match because they were upset with the refereeing in their semi-final against Uruguay.


1930 FIFA World Cup, Tournament summary, Third and fourth place
At the end of the championship, the captains of the United States team (Tom Florie) and Yugoslavia (Milutin Ivković) both received bronze medals. Yet a FIFA technical committee report on the 1986 World Cup included full retrospective rankings of all teams at all previous World Cup finals; this report ranked the United States third and Yugoslavia fourth, due to a better goal difference on otherwise identical records, a practice since continued by FIFA.


1930 FIFA World Cup, Tournament summary, Third and fourth place
In 2010, the son of Kosta Hadži, the chief of Yugoslav delegation at the 1930 World Cup and the vice-president of the Football Association of Yugoslavia at the time, claimed that Yugoslavia, as a team, has been awarded one bronze medal, which has been kept by Hadži himself and his family for the following 80 years. According to this source, Yugoslavia was placed third because of the semi-finals loss to the eventual champions, Uruguay. The official recording however shows the United States team claiming third place.


1930 FIFA World Cup, Tournament summary, Final
The resounding wins for Uruguay and Argentina in the semi-finals meant the final was a repeat of the matchup in the 1928 Olympic final, which Uruguay had won 2–1 after a replay.


1930 FIFA World Cup, Tournament summary, Final
The final was played at the Estadio Centenario on 30 July. Feelings ran high around the La Plata Basin as the Argentine supporters crossed the river with the war cry Victoria o muerte ("victory or death"), dispelling any uncertainty as to whether the tournament had captured the imagination of the public. The ten boats earmarked to carry Argentine fans from Buenos Aires to Montevideo proved inadequate, and any number of assorted craft attempted the crossing.


1930 FIFA World Cup, Tournament summary, Final
An estimated 10–15,000 Argentinians made the trip, but the port at Montevideo was so overwhelmed that many did not even make landfall before kick-off, let alone reach the stadium. At the stadium, supporters were searched for weapons. The gates were opened at eight o'clock, six hours before kick-off, and by noon the ground was full, the official attendance 93,000.


1930 FIFA World Cup, Tournament summary, Final
A disagreement overshadowed the build-up to the match as the teams failed to agree on who should provide the match ball, forcing FIFA to intervene and decree that the Argentine team would provide the ball for the first half and the Uruguayans would provide their own for the second. Uruguay made one change from their semi-final line-up. Castro replaced Anselmo, who missed out due to illness. Monti played for Argentina despite receiving death threats on the eve of the match.


1930 FIFA World Cup, Tournament summary, Final
The referee was Belgian John Langenus, who only agreed to officiate a few hours before the game, having sought assurances for his safety. One of his requests was for a boat to be ready at the harbour within one hour of the final whistle, in case he needed to make a quick escape.


1930 FIFA World Cup, Tournament summary, Final
The hosts scored the opening goal through Pablo Dorado, a low shot from a position on the right. Argentina, displaying superior passing ability, responded strongly. Within eight minutes they were back on level terms; Carlos Peucelle received a Ferreira through-ball, beat his marker and equalised. Shortly before half-time leading tournament goalscorer Guillermo Stábile gave Argentina a 2–1 lead. Uruguay captain Nasazzi protested, maintaining that Stábile was offside, but to no avail. In the second half Uruguay gradually became ascendant. Shortly after Monti missed a chance to make the score 3–1, Uruguay attacked in numbers and Pedro Cea scored an equaliser.


1930 FIFA World Cup, Tournament summary, Final
Ten minutes later, a goal by Santos Iriarte gave Uruguay the lead, and just before full-time Castro made it 4–2 to seal the win. Langenus ended the match a minute later and Uruguay added the title World Cup winners to their mantle of Olympic champions. Jules Rimet presented the World Cup Trophy, which was later named for him, to the head of the Uruguayan Football Association, Raúl Jude. The following day was declared a national holiday in Uruguay; in the Argentinian capital, Buenos Aires, a mob threw stones at the Uruguayan consulate. Francisco Varallo (who played as a forward for Argentina) was the last player of the final to die, on 30 August 2010.


1930 FIFA World Cup, Tournament summary, Final
France, Yugoslavia and the United States all played friendlies in South America following the competition. Brazil played France on 1 August, Yugoslavia on 10 August and the United States on 17 August, while Argentina hosted Yugoslavia on 3 August.


1930 FIFA World Cup, Tournament summary, Final
Uruguay's aggregate goal difference of +12 over four games, at an average of +3 per match, remains the highest average goal difference per match of any World Cup champion and the second-highest of any World Cup finals participant, after Hungary in 1954.


1930 FIFA World Cup, Goalscorers
With eight goals, Guillermo Stábile was the top scorer in the tournament. In total, 70 goals were scored by 36 players, with only one of them credited as an own goal.


1930 FIFA World Cup, FIFA retrospective ranking
In 1986, FIFA published a report that ranked all teams in each World Cup up to and including 1986, based on progress in the competition, overall results and quality of the opposition. The rankings for the 1930 tournament were as follows:


1930 FIFA World Cup, Last surviving players
The last surviving player from Uruguay's starting lineup was Ernesto Mascheroni, who died on 3 July 1984 at the age of 76. Several other players who participated in the tournament outlived the Uruguyan team, including Lucien Laurent, who scored the first goal in World Cup history. Laurent died in 2005, aged 97, several years after being a guest of honor at France's 1998 World Cup victory. The last surviving player from the 1930 tournament was Argentine forward Francisco Varallo, who died on 30 August 2010 at the age of 100, eighty years after the tournament.


1930 FIFA World Cup Final
The 1930 FIFA World Cup Final was a football tournament match that culminated in the inaugural 1930 FIFA World Cup champions. Uruguay and Argentina contested in what was a "rematch" of the gold medal match of the 1928 Olympics, which Uruguay won after a replay.


1930 FIFA World Cup Final
The final was played at the Estadio Centenario in Montevideo, Uruguay, on 30 July, a Wednesday. It was one of only two World Cup Finals to be played on a day other than Sunday, the other being the 1966 FIFA World Cup Final, which was played on a Saturday. A disagreement overshadowed the build-up to the match as which team would provide the match ball. FIFA intervened with a compromise, that Argentina would provide the ball for the first half, and Uruguay for the second.


1930 FIFA World Cup Final
The stadium gates were opened at eight in the morning, six hours before kick-off, and at noon the ground was full, officially holding 93,000 people. Uruguay successfully "defended" its Olympic gold medal achievement 4–2, coming back from a 2–1 deficit at half-time.


1930 FIFA World Cup Final
Uruguay manager Alberto Suppici was 31 at the time, and still holds the record for being youngest coach of a FIFA World Cup champion team. Jules Rimet, president of FIFA, presented Uruguay with the World Cup Trophy, later to be named after him. The following day was declared a national holiday in Uruguay. In Buenos Aires, a mob threw stones at the Uruguayan consulate.


1930 FIFA World Cup Final
The last surviving player from that final was Argentina striker Francisco Varallo, who died on 30 August 2010 at the age of 100. The last Uruguay survivor was Ernesto Mascheroni, who died on 3 July 1984 at the age of 76.


1930 FIFA World Cup Final, Match, Summary
After 12 minutes, Pablo Dorado put the hosts into the lead, before Argentina winger Carlos Peucelle equalised 8 minutes later, beating goalkeeper Enrique Ballestrero with a powerful shot. In the 37th minute, tournament top scorer Guillermo Stábile gave Argentina a 2–1 lead going into the break. Uruguay leveled the score 12 minutes into the second half via a goal from Pedro Cea, and took the lead back for good with a Santos Iriarte goal in the 68th minute. With a minute remaining, Héctor Castro put Uruguay up 4–2, sealing victory in the inaugural World Cup.


1930 FIFA World Cup Group 1
Group 1 of the 1930 FIFA World Cup began on 13 July 1930 and concluded on 22 July 1930. Argentina won the group, and advanced to the semi-finals. Chile, France and Mexico failed to advance.


1930 FIFA World Cup Group 2
Group 2 of the 1930 FIFA World Cup began on 14 July 1930 and concluded on 20 July 1930. Yugoslavia won the group, and advanced to the semi-finals. Brazil and Bolivia failed to advance.


1930 FIFA World Cup Group 3
Group 3 of the 1930 FIFA World Cup began on 14 July 1930 and concluded on 21 July 1930. Uruguay won the group, and advanced to the semi-finals. Romania and Peru failed to advance.


1930 FIFA World Cup Group 4
Group 4 of the 1930 FIFA World Cup began on 13 July 1930 and concluded on 20 July 1930. United States won the group, and advanced to the semi-finals. Paraguay and Belgium failed to advance.


1930 FIFA World Cup knockout stage
The knockout stage of the 1930 FIFA World Cup was played between 26 and 30 July 1930. The semi-finals were played on 26 and 27 July, with two rest days before the final on 30 July.


1930 FIFA World Cup knockout stage, Format
According to the format of the tournament, the 13 participants were divided into four pools. The winner of each group would progress to the semi-finals of the knockout stage. Since there were no predefined brackets, a draw took place in 23 July to decide the semi-final meetings. Hosts Uruguay were drawn to play Yugoslavia. Argentina and the United States would contest the other semi-final.


1930 FIFA World Cup knockout stage, Qualified teams
The top placed team from each of the four groups qualified for the knockout stage.


1930 FIFA World Cup knockout stage, Semi-finals, Argentina vs United States
The match was even until American center-half Raphael Tracey was injured in the 19th minute. Soon after, Argentina scored the opener with their own center-half, Luis Monti. Tracey left the game at half-time and, since no substitutions were allowed at the time, the United States had to play the second half with 10 men. They also saw goalkeeper Jimmy Douglas hurt his shoulder 15 minutes into the second half. The Argentines scored five more times and went on to win the match, becoming the first team qualified for a World Cup final.


1930 FIFA World Cup knockout stage, Semi-finals, Uruguay vs Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia opened the score in the 4th minute with Đorđe Vujadinović and had a disallowed goal in the 9th. The Uruguayans made a recovery and Pedro Cea equalized. They took the lead still in the first half with two more goals. In the second half, the host nation sealed the result three more times, and Cea completed a hat-trick. The Yugoslavs heavily contested refereeing decisions on the third and fourth Uruguayan goals, but to no avail. Uruguay advanced to the final in home soil.


1930 FIFA World Cup squads
Below are the squads for the 1930 FIFA World Cup tournament in Uruguay.


1930 FIFA World Cup squads
Yugoslavia (3 players from French clubs) and Peru (1 player from a Mexican club) were the only teams to have players from foreign clubs.


1930 Far Eastern Championship Games
The 1930 Far Eastern Championship Games  was the ninth edition of the regional multi-sport event and was held from 24 to 27 May 1930 in Tokyo, Empire of Japan. A total of eight sports were contested over the course of the five-day event.


1930 Far Eastern Championship Games
India made its first and only appearance in the tournament's history, becoming the first participant outside of the traditional three nations since the inaugural 1913 Games.


1930 Far Eastern Championship Games
The Chinese won their eighth consecutive title in the football competition. China was represented in the baseball competition by the Chinese Honolulu team – a group of expatriates based in Hawaii. The games was held one month after the 1930 Chinese National Games. The Chinese performed very poorly at the 1930 Far Eastern Championship Games, managing only one bronze medal in the athletics programme. This fostered anti-Japanese sentiment among the Chinese, many of whom saw the performance at this edition as a national embarrassment, particularly given the comparative size of Japan compared to China.


1930 Finnish parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Finland on 1 and 2 October 1930. The Social Democratic Party emerged as the largest in Parliament with 66 of the 200 seats. Voter turnout was 65.9%.


1930 Finnish parliamentary election, Background
The 1930 elections were conducted in a politically heated atmosphere. The far-right Lapua Movement, which had been organized in November 1929, pressured the government to outlaw the Communist Party and its cover organizations, such as the Workers' and Small Farmers' Electoral Associations, as treasonous organizations. Prime Minister Kallio tried to persuade the Parliament to outlaw the Communists' political activity in June 1930, but the proposed constitutional amendment did not gain the five-sixths majority required for an immediate amendment of the Constitution. Thus the constitutional changes would have to be ratified by the next Parliament.


1930 Finnish parliamentary election, Background
Kallio resigned, partly pressured to do so by President Relander. In July 1930, Relander appointed as the new Prime Minister Mr. P.E. Svinhufvud (National Coalition), a former Prime Minister and Regent. His government sought to persuade the Finnish voters to elect a Parliament where the right-wing and centrist parties would have a two-thirds majority, which was - and is - needed to ratify changes to the Finnish Constitution. As a part of their strategy, they authorized the Investigative Central Police to deprive about 20,000 suspected Communists of the right to vote. The Lapua Movement kidnapped, took by car to isolated places and physically assaulted various left-wing politicians.


1930 Finnish parliamentary election, Results
a A list seen in official results as the follower to this (banned) list which participated in the previous election.


1930 Finnish parliamentary election, Results
b Isänmaallinen työväki, Itsenäiset maalaiset, Maalaisliitto puolueettomana isänmaan hyväksi, Vapaa työväenliitto työväen vapauden puolesta, Maalaisliittolainen valitsijayhdistys, Lapuanliike & Oikeistomaalaisliittolaiset


1930 Finnish parliamentary election, Results
c Parties on the Patriotic List: ML+Kok.+Ed+RKP (Turun et., Viipurin länt. ), ML+Kok.+Ed (Turun pohj., Hämeen et., Hämeen pohj., Viipurin it., Oulun et. ), Kok.+Ed. (Mikkelin, Kuopion länt., Kuopion it., Viipurin it, Oulun pohj. ).


1930 Finnish parliamentary election, Aftermath
The right-wing and centrist parties received exactly two-thirds of the seats, and thus the new Parliament ratified the constitutional amendments which outlawed the Communist Party and its affiliated organizations until 1944.


1930 Five Nations Championship
The 1930 Five Nations Championship was the sixteenth series of the rugby union Five Nations Championship following the inclusion of France into the Home Nations Championship. Including the previous Home Nations Championships, this was the forty-third series of the annual northern hemisphere rugby union championship. Ten matches were played between 1 January and 21 April. It was contested by England, France, Ireland, Scotland and Wales.


1930 Florida Gators football team
The 1930 Florida Gators football team represented the University of Florida in the sport of American football during the 1930 college football season. The season was Charlie Bachman's third as the head coach of the Florida Gators football team. Bachman's 1930 Florida Gators finished the season with a 6–3–1 overall record and a 4–2–1 Southern Conference record, placing seventh of twenty-three teams in the conference standings.


1930 Florida Gators football team
Among the season's highlights were the Gators' conference victories over the NC State Wolfpack (27–0), Auburn Tigers (7–0), Clemson Tigers (27–0), and Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets (55–7)—their first win in seven tries against the Yellow Jackets. Also notable was an intersectional victory over the Chicago Maroons (19–0) on Chicago's home field. It was also the first season the Gators played their home games at Florida Field, which was christened with a 20–0 thumping of the Gators by coach Wallace Wade's national champion Alabama Crimson Tide in front of a homecoming crowd of some 18,000 fans.


1930 Florida Gators football team, Before the season
The construction for the new stadium commenced on April 16, 1930.


1930 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 1: Florida Southern
The Gators faced the Florida Southern Moccasins on Fleming Field in Gainesville to open the season on September 27, winning 45 to 6. Southern scored its points in the second quarter, at that point making the game tied 6 to 6. The Gators responded with a barrage of points which continued until the final whistle.


1930 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 1: Florida Southern
Red Bethea had three touchdowns on his first three touches, including runs of 46 and 48 yards. This got Bethea a column in Ripley's Believe It Or Not.


1930 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 2: North Carolina State
For the second week of play, Florida beat the North Carolina State Wolfpack  on Plant Field in Tampa 27 to 0.


1930 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 2: North Carolina State
After being held scoreless in the first half with a number of fumbles, a 37-yard end run from Red Bethea sparked the Gator attack. Ed Sauls had a 61-yard kick return, which ended when he stumbled and fell. On the next play he scored. Sam Gurneau and Charlie Cobb starred for NC State.


1930 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 3: Auburn
The Gators just barely defeated coach Chet A. Wynne's Auburn Tigers in Jacksonville  by a 7 to 0 score; seen as a moral victory by the Tigers. Ed Sauls scored Florida's touchdown in the final period, and Monk Dorsett got the extra point.


1930 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 4: at Chicago
On October 18, 1930, the Gators defeated coach Amos Alonzo Stagg's Chicago Maroons at Stagg Field 19 to 0 in a game was affected by wintry blasts of near-zero temperatures. n . The victory was historic for the Florida football program, representing the first time the Gators had won an inter-sectional game outside the South. The Gators had previously lost all six games it had played in the North—to Indiana in 1916, Harvard in 1922 and 1929, Army in 1923 and 1924, and Chicago in 1926.


1930 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 4: at Chicago
Red Bethea was the star of the historic victory over Chicago, rushing for 218 yards to set a school record that would not be broken until 1987, when Emmitt Smith ran for 224 yards in his first collegiate start. The Associated Press called Bethea Florida's "siege gun," and noted that his rushing total was "better than the whole Chicago backfield." Bethea contributed to all of Florida's points. The first came after Bethea made a series of 5-yard runs, down to the 5-yard line as the first quarter ended. He then ran behind Muddy Waters for the score.


1930 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 4: at Chicago
Later, Bethea ran down to the 2-yard line on a fake reverse. Ed Sauls went over for the touchdown. Proctor kicked goal. In the fourth quarter, Bethea ran for a 70-yard touchdown, "accomplished by brilliant, running, twisting, and swerving." Bethea "went wide around the right side of the line, cut back to the left, reversed to the center and tore 70-yards."


1930 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 4: at Chicago
Chicago suspended its football program in 1939. One fellow quipped "Florida did it. When Florida beat them, that was the last straw."


1930 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 4: at Chicago
The starting lineup for the Gators against Chicago: Parnell (left end) Waters (left tackle), Steele (left guard), Clemons (center), McRae (right guard), Proctor (right tackle), Nolan (right end), Dorsett (quarterback), Bethea (left halfback), Sauls (right halfback), Silsby (fullback).


1930 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 5: Furman
Coach Dad Amis's Furman Purple Hurricane upset the Gators 14 to 13. Every score of the contest was made via the forward pass. A missed extra point by Florida's Parnell and one made by Furman's Allred proved to be the difference. The loss did not sit well with the alumni.


1930 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 6: at Georgia
The scoreless tie with the Georgia Bulldogs provided the upset of the conference that week, as Georgia had defeated Yale and would lose just two games: to conference co-champions Alabama and Tulane. Sportswriter Lawrence Perry attributed Georgia's inability to score to its lack of using the forward pass at key intervals.


1930 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 6: at Georgia
Twice Georgia backs Spurgeon Chandler, Jack Roberts, and Austin Downes threatened Florida's goal but were turned back.


1930 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 6: at Georgia
The starting lineup for the Gators against Georgia: Parnell (left end) Waters (left tackle), Steele (left guard), Clemons (center), James (right guard), Proctor (right tackle), Hall (right end), Dorsett (quarterback), Bethea (left halfback), Sauls (right halfback), Jenkins (fullback).


1930 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 7: Alabama
The seventh week of play featured the first ever game on Florida Field, an easy win for Wallace Wade's Alabama Crimson Tide 20–0. The dedication game had been planned since August. The new, 22,000 seat stadium planned to eventually house 50,000. Despite the score, Florida showed much defensive strength. Muddy Waters was given praise.


1930 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 7: Alabama
The first score came when John Campbell broke through the line for 21 yards. Later, after much wear on the Gator defense, Campbell scored on a short run through center. John Tucker, a substitute, also scored on a short run. Johnny Cain was also cited as a strength for the Tide.


1930 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 7: Alabama
The starting lineup for the Gators against Alabama: Parnell (left end), Waters  (left tackle), Steele (left guard), Clemons (center), Forsyth (right guard), Proctor (right tackle), Hall (right end), Dorsett (quarterback), Bethea (left halfback), Sauls (right halfback), Jenkins (fullback).


1930 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 8: Clemson
Using many passes, the Gators beat coach Josh Cody's Clemson Tigers 27 to 0. Two scores came on long passes from Monk Dorsett to John Hall. Coach Bachman said "Dorsett's quarterbacking has been the finest since I took charge of the 'Gators."


1930 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 9: at Georgia Tech
The Gators beat coach Bill Alexander's Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets for the first time, handing them their worst defeat in years, 55 to 7. Red Bethea scored three touchdowns, Ed Sauls two, and John Hall one. After the Tech game, newspapers posted how Bethea "made the Florida fans forget there ever was a Cannonball Clyde Crabtree."


1930 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 10: Tennessee
The season's final game saw a bitterly fought contest end in a 13 to 6 loss to coach Robert Neyland's Tennessee Volunteers. Buddy Hackman scored both of Tennessee's touchdowns. Tennessee quarterback Bobby Dodd also starred.


1930 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 10: Tennessee
A fake play with Vols center Gene Mayer netted 27 yards, placing the ball on Florida's 13-yard line. Dodd then passed to Hackman for the touchdown. Florida scored after a Hackman fumble put the ball on the 25-yard line. A pass to Parnell got a touchdown. In the final few minutes, Hackman won the game with a 48-yard interception return for a touchdown.


1930 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 10: Tennessee
An account of Bobby Dodd's trickery: "Against Florida in 1930 he got his teammates in a huddle and told them about a play he had used in high school. When the ball was snapped, it was placed on the ground unattended. The players ran in one direction. Then the center returned, picked up the ball, and waltzed to the winning touchdown." This play would later come to be popularly known as the "fumblerooski", after Nebraska famously used it in the 1984 Orange Bowl versus Miami.


1930 Florida Gators football team, Postseason
Carlos Proctor was elected captain for next season. Guard Jimmy Steele was composite All-Southern.


1930 Florida Gators football team, Personnel, Depth chart
The following chart provides a visual depiction of Florida's lineup during the 1930 season with games started at the position reflected in parenthesis. The chart mimics a Notre Dame Box on offense.


1930 Fordham Rams football team
The 1930 Fordham Rams football team was an American football team that represented Fordham University as an independent during the 1930 college football season. In its fourth year under head coach Frank Cavanaugh, Fordham compiled an 8–1 record, shut out six of nine opponents, and outscored all opponents by a total of 215 to 29.


1930 Frankford Yellow Jackets season
The 1930 Frankford Yellow Jackets season was their seventh in the National Football League. The team failed to improve on their previous league record of 9–4–5, winning only four league games. They lost all eight games they played in October and finished ninth in the league standings.


1930 Frankford Yellow Jackets season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1930 Free City of Danzig parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in the Free City of Danzig on 16 November 1930. The Social Democratic Party emerged as the largest party, receiving 25% of the vote and winning 19 of the 72 seats in the Volkstag. Voter turnout was 89%.


1930 French Championships (tennis)
The 1930 French Championships (now known as the French Open) was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay ourts at the Stade Roland-Garros in Paris, France. The tournament ran from 24 May until 1 June. It was the 35th staging of the French Championships and the second Grand Slam tournament of the year. Henri Cochet and Helen Wills Moody won the singles titles.


1930 French Championships (tennis), Finals, Men's Doubles
Henri Cochet /  Jacques Brugnon defeated  Harry Hopman  /  Jim Willard  6–3, 9–7, 6–3


1930 French Championships (tennis), Finals, Women's Doubles
Helen Wills Moody  /  Elizabeth Ryan defeated  Simone Barbier  /  Simonne Mathieu  6–3, 6–1


1930 French Championships (tennis), Finals, Mixed Doubles
Cilly Aussem  /  Bill Tilden defeated  Eileen Bennett Whittingstall  /  Henri Cochet  6–4, 6–4


1930 French Championships – Men's Singles
First-seeded Henri Cochet defeated Bill Tilden 3–6, 8–6, 6–3, 6–1 in the final to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1930 French Championships.


1930 French Championships – Men's Singles, Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Henri Cochet is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.


1930 French Championships – Women's Singles
Helen Moody defeated Helen Jacobs 6–2, 6–1 in the final to win the Women's Singles tennis title at the 1930 French Championships.


1930 French Championships – Women's Singles, Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Helen Moody is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.


1930 French Grand Prix
The 1930 French Grand Prix (formally titled the XXIV Grand Prix de l'A.C.F.) was a Grand Prix motor race held at Pau on 21 September 1930. The race was held over 25 laps of a 15.835 km circuit for a total race distance of 395.875 km and was won by Philippe Étancelin driving a Bugatti. The race was notable for the fact that Tim Birkin came second in a 4.5 litre supercharged Bentley, which was a stripped-down road car.


1930 French Grand Prix
Pau had some Grand Prix traditions, as the town held the honour of arranging the first race ever to be called a Grand Prix back in 1901. For the 1930 Grand Prix a triangular, Le Mans-type track outside the city was selected. Known as the Circuit de Morlaas it should not be confused with the well-known street track in the Parque Beaumont. The French had hoped to run the race to the International Formula, but when the response was poor the event was postponed and changed to a Formula Libre event instead.


1930 French Grand Prix
The new date meant that the Italian teams were unable to attend, leaving it to be mostly an internal French affair with sixteen Bugattis, two Peugeots and a Delage among the twenty five starters. Among the top Bugatti drivers were Louis Chiron, Marcel Lehoux, Count Stanislas Czaikowski, Jean-Pierre Wimille, Philippe Étancelin and William Grover-Williams.


1930 French Grand Prix
A curiosity in the largely single-seat entry list was Tim Birkin's  4½-litre supercharged "Blower Bentley" touring car, stripped down to racing trim, with headlights and mudguards removed. The race distance was twenty five laps of the 15.8 km track, making a total of 396 km. Guy Bouriat took an early lead, followed by Williams, Zanelli, Czaikowski and Étancelin, with Birkin as first non-Bugatti driver, in sixth place. Williams in a works Bugatti then became the next leader. Czaikowski fell back through the field and Bouriat in the other works Bugatti made a pitstop giving over the car to Chiron. Then Williams also had to make a stop for a new wheel. That all made way for Étancelin to advance and he was followed by Birkin, the track with its long straights suiting the supercharged Bentley perfectly.


1930 French Grand Prix
At one-third distance Chiron led, followed by Étancelin, Williams and Birkin. Birkin's fourth place became a third as Williams got engine troubles but then Zanelli, who had made an early stop, came rushing through the field pushing Birkin back to fourth. At lap ten "Sabipa" crashed and was thrown out of his Bugatti, Birkin only avoiding the injured driver by the slightest of margins. After eleven laps Chiron encountered problems with oil pressure and Étancelin took over the lead. Soon Chiron was also passed by Zanelli and Birkin.


1930 French Grand Prix
The Bentley driver used his horn to warn the Bugatti to move over, surely a unique occurrence in Grand Prix racing! With seven laps to go Zanelli made another pitstop and Birkin was up into second place. While Étancelin, with a 2.5 minute lead, nursed his Bugatti home to take victory, Zanelli had not given up and was catching Birkin fast.


1930 French Grand Prix
At the flag the margin was down to fourteen seconds but it was enough for the British Bentley driver to make Grand Prix history, as this was the only occasion on which the iconic 4½-litre "Blower Bentley" was raced with any success. (It was the normally-aspirated 4½-litre and "Speed Six" models which had swept the board at Le Mans for the previous three years).


1930 Fresno State Bulldogs football team
The 1930 Fresno State Bulldogs football team represented Fresno State Normal School during the 1930 college football season.


1930 Fresno State Bulldogs football team
Fresno State competed in the Far Western Conference (FWC). The 1930 team was led by second-year head coach Stanley Borleske and played home games at Fresno State College Stadium on the campus of Fresno City College in Fresno, California. They finished undefeated, as champion of the FWS, with a record of eight wins and no losses (8–0, 5–0 FWC). The Bulldogs outscored their opponents 154–66 for the season and held the other team to a touchdown or less in six of the eight games.


1930 Fulham West by-election
The Fulham West by-election of 1930 was held on 6 May 1930. The by-election was held due to the resignation of the incumbent Labour MP, Ernest Spero citing ill health (although he was shortly to be declared bankrupt). It was won by the Conservative candidate Cyril Cobb.


1930 Fulham West by-election, Background
Sir Cyril Cobb, the Unionist candidate, had been the Member of Parliament for Fulham West from 1918 until he lost the seat to Ernest Spero in 1929, although in the previous two general elections his majority had been less than 2,000 votes. Cobb was also a long time member, and former chairman of the London County Council.


1930 Fulham West by-election, Background
The Labour Party put forward John Banfield, an official in the Amalgamated Union of Operative Bakers, Confectioners and Allied Workers and a member of Fulham Borough Council. Unlike the previous general election the Liberals did not field a candidate.


1930 Fulham West by-election, Result
Cobb and Banfield contested the seat again at the next general election, with Cobb increasing his majority to over 12,000 votes.


1930 George Washington Colonials football team
The 1930 George Washington Colonials football team was an American football team that represented George Washington University as an independent during the 1930 college football season. In their second season under head coach Jim Pixlee, the team compiled a 4–4–1 record.


1930 Georgetown Hoyas football team
The 1930 Georgetown Hoyas football team represented Georgetown University during the 1930 college football season. Led by Tommy Mills in his first season as head coach, the team went 5–5.


1930 Georgia Bulldogs football team
The 1930 Georgia Bulldogs football team represented the Georgia Bulldogs of the University of Georgia during the 1930 college football season. The Bulldogs completed the season with a 7–2–1 record.


1930 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team
The 1930 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team represented the Georgia Tech Golden Tornado of the Georgia Institute of Technology during the 1930 college football season. The Tornado was coached by William Alexander in his 11th year as head coach, compiling a record of 2–6–1.


1930 Georgia gubernatorial election
The 1930 Georgia gubernatorial election took place on November 4, 1930, in order to elect the Governor of Georgia.


1930 Georgia gubernatorial election
Incumbent Democratic Governor Lamartine Griffin Hardman was term-limited, and ineligible to run for a third term.


1930 Georgia gubernatorial election
As was common at the time, the Democratic candidate ran unopposed in the general election so therefore the Democratic primary was the real contest, and winning the primary was considered tantamount to election.


1930 Georgia gubernatorial election, Democratic primary
The Democratic primary election was held on September 9, 1930. As no candidate won a majority of county unit votes, a run-off was held between the top two candidates on October 1, 1930.


1930 Georgia gubernatorial election, Democratic primary, County unit system
From 1917 until 1962, the Democratic Party in the U.S. state of Georgia used a voting system called the county unit system to determine victors in statewide primary elections.


1930 Georgia gubernatorial election, Democratic primary, County unit system
The system was ostensibly designed to function similarly to the Electoral College, but in practice the large ratio of unit votes for small, rural counties to unit votes for more populous urban areas provided outsized political influence to the smaller counties.


1930 Georgia gubernatorial election, Democratic primary, County unit system
Under the county unit system, the 159 counties in Georgia were divided by population into three categories. The largest eight counties were classified as "Urban", the next-largest 30 counties were classified as "Town", and the remaining 121 counties were classified as "Rural". Urban counties were given 6 unit votes, Town counties were given 4 unit votes, and Rural counties were given 2 unit votes, for a total of 410 available unit votes. Each county's unit votes were awarded on a winner-take-all basis.


1930 Georgia gubernatorial election, Democratic primary, County unit system
Candidates were required to obtain a majority of unit votes (not necessarily a majority of the popular vote), or 206 total unit votes, to win the election. If no candidate received a majority in the initial primary, a runoff election was held between the top two candidates to determine a winner.


1930 German Ice Hockey Championship
The 1930 German Ice Hockey Championship was the 14th season of the German Ice Hockey Championship, the national championship of Germany. Berliner Schlittschuhclub won the championship by defeating SC Brandenburg Berlin in the final.


1930 German federal election
Federal elections were held in Germany on 14 September 1930. Despite losing ten seats, the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) remained the largest party in the Reichstag, winning 143 of the 577 seats, while the Nazi Party (NSDAP) dramatically increased its number of seats from 12 to 107. The Communists also increased their parliamentary representation, gaining 23 seats and becoming the third-largest party in the Reichstag.


1930 German federal election, Background
The Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) had won the most votes and was the largest party in every election from 1919 to 1930. They led the coalition government between 1919–1920 and 1928–1930.


1930 German federal election, Background
After the 1928 German federal election, a grand coalition was formed under the Social Democratic chancellor Hermann Müller. The coalition collapsed on 27 March 1930. President Hindenburg appointed Centre Party politician and academic Heinrich Brüning as chancellor, who formed a minority government.


1930 German federal election, Background
The new government was confronted with the economic crisis caused by the Great Depression. Brüning disclosed to his associates in the German Labour Federation that his chief aim as chancellor would be to liberate the German economy from the burden of continuing to pay war reparations and foreign debt. This would require an unpopular policy of tight credit and a rollback of all wage and salary increases (an internal devaluation). The Reichstag rejected Brüning's measures within a month, who then used emergency powers to pass it anyway. The Reichstag rejected the emergency decree with 256 votes from the Social Democrats, the Communists, the German National People's Party and the Nazis. Brüning asked Hindenburg to dissolve the Reichstag, who promptly did so on 18 July 1930. New elections were held on 14 September 1930.


1930 German federal election, Electoral system
In 1930, Germany was formally a multi-party parliamentary democracy, led by President Paul von Hindenburg (1925–1934). However, beginning in March 1930, Hindenburg only appointed governments without a parliamentary majority which systematically governed by emergency decrees, circumventing the democratically elected Reichstag.


1930 German federal election, Electoral system
The electoral law awarded one seat in the Reichstag per 60,000 votes. All citizens over 21 could vote through a system of proportional representation. A new parliament was elected every four years to deal with issues related to taxes, trade, defense, etc. The President was directly elected every seven years and was primarily in control of the armed forces; however, he also had significant powers to dissolve the Reichstag, nominate a Chancellor, veto laws, and invoke article 48.


1930 German federal election, Campaign
In 1930, there were 37 individual parties running for office, only ten of which secured over 3% of the popular vote. The top six political parties participating in the 1930 election were the following:


1930 German federal election, Campaign
The Nazis had increased their share of the vote in state elections since their 1928 federal election result. The SPD designated the "bourgeois block" and the Nazis as their enemies and, with the KPD, held rallies in Berlin on 1 August 1930 under the motto "Never again war". Some 30,000 participated in the SPD rally in the Lustgarten and 15,000 in the KPD demonstration at the Winterfeldtplatz. On 23 August, KPD members attacked a Nazi event in Bunzlau. Three people were killed and two seriously injured in fighting with the police. The KPD election campaign climaxed with a rally in the Berlin Sportpalast on 12 September.


1930 German federal election, Results
The 1930 German election drew a record 82% voter turnout. The Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) remained the strongest party and won 143 seats, a loss of 10 seats from the previous election. The National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) rose to become the second-largest party with 18.25% of the vote and gained 107 seats, a massive increase from the 12 seats that had been gained in the last election.


1930 German federal election, Results
The only other major party to significantly increase its seats was the Communist Party of Germany, which won 13.13% of the vote, securing 77 seats, 23 more than in the last election. The Centre Party slightly increased their seat count by 7, equalling 68, but dropped to fourth from third place in their seat count and popular vote in comparison to the 1928 election.


1930 German federal election, Results
The German National People's Party's (DNVP) support plummeted but managed to secure 41 seats overall. They lost 32 seats from their previously held 73, and dropped to fifth from second, chiefly due to the fragmentation of the party under Alfred Hugenberg's leadership. Due to Hugenberg's more hardline positions, moderate voters moved to the newly-formed Christian Social People's Service (CSVD), Conservative People's Party (KVP), and Christian-National Peasants' and Farmers' Party (CNBL). The German People's Party (DVP) continued to haemorrhage seats, losing 15 and only attaining 4.51% of the popular vote, ceasing to be a notable political force after the July 1932 elections. The 28 other political parties shared the remainder of the votes.


1930 German federal election, Aftermath
The 1930 election left the Social Democrats and KPD with almost 40 per cent of the seats in the Reichstag between them. In November 1931 the SPD suggested the two parties work together but Thälmann rejected the offer and the KPD newspaper the Red Flag called for an “intensification of the fight against Social Democracy”. As the Nazis made their electoral breakthrough in 1930 elections Thälmann insisted that if Hitler came to power he was sure to fail and this would drive Nazi voters into the arms of the KPD. As late as February 1932, Thälmann was arguing that “Hitler must come to power first, then the requirements for a revolutionary crisis [will] arrive more quickly”.


1930 German football championship
The 1930 German football championship, the 23rd edition of the competition, was won by Hertha BSC, defeating Holstein Kiel 5–4 in the final.


1930 German football championship
For Hertha it was the fifth consecutive final the club played in and the first championship the club won, having lost all four previous finals. Hertha would go on to win the 1931 final as well and thereby become only the second club, after 1. FC Nürnberg, to defend its title. For Holstein Kiel it was the third and last appearance in the final, having lost the 1910 one and won two years later in 1912, both against Karlsruher FV.


1930 German football championship
The final itself equaled the then-record of goals scored, nine, set in 1903. Hertha fell behind twice in the game, 0–2 and 2–3, before Hans Ruch scored the winning ninth goal of the game in the 87th minute.


1930 German football championship
1. FC Nürnberg's Josef Schmitt was the top scorer of the 1930 championship with seven goals.


1930 German football championship
Sixteen club qualified for the knock-out competition, two from each of the regional federations plus an additional third club from the South and West. In all cases the regional champions qualified and almost all of the runners-up, except in Central Germany where the second spot went to the regional cup winner. In the West the third spot went to the third placed team of the championship while, in the South, the third spot was determined in a separate qualifying competition for runners-up and third placed teams.


1930 German football championship, Competition, Quarter-finals
The quarter-finals, played on 1 June 1930, with the replay held on 9 June:


1930 Gibson Marshall Special
The Gibson Marshall Special was built in 1930 for Lilian G. Marshall, a Hawaiian guitar teacher and orchestra leader in Hartford, CT.


1930 Gibson Marshall Special
The body style is the same shape and size as the Gibson L-00 with a 12-fret neck joint. Unlike most L-00 style guitars built as other brands the Marshall Special has an X-braced top. The bracing is the lightest of any Gibson flat-top guitar ever made. The top of the guitar is painted with a tropical volcano scene. The fingerboard and headstock are covered in pearloid and have geometric designs silkscreened as position markers. he Marshall Special is considered one of the rarest Gibson-made models with only two known examples in existence. The musician Steve Earle reported that he owns one of these two guitars.


1930 Giro d'Italia
The 1930 Giro d'Italia was the 18th edition of the Giro d'Italia, a cycling race organized and sponsored by the newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport. The race began on 17 May in Milan with a stage that stretched 174 km (108 mi) to Turin, finishing back in Milan on 8 June after a 280 km (174 mi) stage and a total distance covered of 3,095 km (1,923 mi). The race was won by Luigi Marchisio of the Legnano team. Second and third respectively were the Italian riders Luigi Giacobbe and Allegro Grandi.


1930 Giro d'Italia
After the fourth victory (third in a row) of Alfredo Binda in the 1929 edition, organizers paid him 22,500 lire (a sum equal to the prize for the overall winner) to not take part in the race. This edition was the first with stages taking place in Sicily.


1930 Giro d'Italia, Participants
Of the 298 riders that began the Giro d'Italia on 17 May, 126 of them made it to the finish in Milan on 8 June. Riders were allowed to ride on their own or as a member of a team. There were six teams that competed in the race: Bianchi-Pirelli, Dei-Pirelli, Gloria-Hutchinson, Legnano-Pirelli, Maino-Clément, and Prina-Hutchinson.


1930 Giro d'Italia, Participants
The peloton was primarily composed of Italians. Four-time winner and reigning champion Alfredo Binda did not compete in this running of the Giro because the organizers felt he was too dominant and paid his team manager 22,500 lire — the same amount as the first place rider would receive that year — to keep Binda off the start list. The field no former winners of the Giro d'Italia. Some notable Italian riders that started the race included Antonio Pesenti, Antonio Negrini, Giuseppe Pancera, and Domenico Piemontesi.


1930 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
As the peloton made its way by the volcanic Mount Etna during stage two, Luigi Marchisio got hit in the eye by some volcanic rock. This prompted him to wear a covering over his eyes for several days after the incident.


1930 Giro d'Italia, Final standings, General classification
There were 67 cyclists who had completed all fifteen stages. For these cyclists, the times they had needed in each stage was added up for the general classification. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the winner. Aristide Cavallini won the prize for best ranked isolati rider in the general classification.


1930 Giro d'Italia, Aftermath
Marchisio, who received medical care on his eye in Palermo, stated later the doctor advised him to abandon the race, but he then said: "Losing my sight is one thing, but not winning the Giro would really have bothered me."


1930 Giro di Lombardia
The 1930 Giro di Lombardia was the 26th edition of the Giro di Lombardia cycle race and was held on 26 October 1930, over a course of 234 km (145 mi). The race started and finished in Milan. The race was won by the Italian Michele Mara, who reached the finish line at an average speed of 30.913 km/h (19.208 mph), preceding his compatriots Alfredo Binda and Learco Guerra.


1930 Giro di Lombardia
124 cyclists departed from Milan and 46 of them completed the race.


1930 Glasgow Shettleston by-election
The Glasgow Shettleston by-election of 1930 was held on 26 June 1930. The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Labour MP, John Wheatley. It was won by the Labour candidate John McGovern. Allegations that McGovern had rigged the Labour party candidate selection for the by-election were to lead to his expulsion from the Labour Party, although he would retain the seat as an Independent Labour Party MP.


1930 Gonzaga Bulldogs football team
The 1930 Gonzaga Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented Gonzaga University as an independent during the 1930 college football season. In their first and only year under head coach Ray Flaherty, the Bulldogs compiled a 1–7–1 record and was outscored by a total of 173 to 55.


1930 Graf Zeppelin stamps
The 1930 Graf Zeppelin stamps were a set of three airmail postage stamps, each depicting the image of the Graf Zeppelin, issued by the United States Post Office Department in 1930 exclusively for delivery of mail carried aboard that airship. Although the stamps were valid for postage on mail sent on the Zeppelin Pan American flight from Germany to the United States, via Brazil, the set was marketed to collectors and was largely intended to promote the route. 93.5% of the revenue generated by the sale of these stamps went to the Zeppelin Airship Works in Germany.


1930 Graf Zeppelin stamps
The stamps were issued as a gesture of goodwill toward Germany. The three stamps were used briefly and then withdrawn from sale. The remainder of the stock was destroyed by the Post Office Department. Due to the high cost of the stamps during the Great Depression, most collectors and the general public could not afford them. Consequently, only about 227,000 of the stamps were sold, just 7% of the total printed, making them relatively scarce and prized by collectors.


1930 Graf Zeppelin stamps, Conception and design
In 1928 the Graf Zeppelin debuted and set new long-distance airship records. In honor of its achievements, the Zeppelin Company planned for the Graf Zeppelin to fly to Rio de Janeiro.


1930 Graf Zeppelin stamps, Conception and design
In an agreement with The German Zeppelin Airship Works and as a goodwill gesture toward Germany, the United States Post Office produced a set of three airmail postage stamps that commemorated the Graf Zeppelin and the coming transatlantic flight, which were used to pay the postage for mail carried aboard the Zeppelin, a rigid airship that was over 775 feet (236 m) long. Mail would be carried and delivered from Germany to points in North and South America and back again.


1930 Graf Zeppelin stamps, Conception and design
The three stamps all featured the Graf Zeppelin in various configurations. All three stamps were first issued in Washington, D.C. on April 19, 1930, one month before the historic trans-Atlantic first flight was made. The stamps were placed on sale at other selected post offices on April 21, 1930.


1930 Graf Zeppelin stamps, Conception and design
The Graf Zeppelin departed from Friedrichshafen, Germany on May 30, 1930, and returned on June 6. The 65-cent and $1.30 values were used to pay postage for postcards and letters, respectively, that were carried on the last leg of the journey from the United States to Seville, Spain and Friedrichshafen. The $1.30 and $2.60 stamps paid the postage for postcards and letters, respectively, that were carried on the round trip flight via Friedrichshafen or Seville. The round trip letter rate was $3.90, the exact amount which could be paid with the $2.60 and $1.30 stamps. Mail franked with the Zeppelin stamps was forwarded to Germany by boat where it was picked up at Friedrichshafen and put aboard the Graf Zeppelin. The week-long flight of the Graf Zeppelin extended from Germany to Brazil and on to the United States and then returned to Friedrichshafen.


1930 Graf Zeppelin stamps, Conception and design
The stamps were printed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, which had only six weeks to design, print and distribute the issues to customers for use on mail to Germany in time for the departing flight. However, the U.S. Post Office would receive  only a small profit of 6.5% of the stamps' denomination for letters that would actually be carried aboard the Graf Zeppelin. The German Zeppelin Airship Works would receive most of the profit for those stamps that were actually used to pay postage and were carried by their airship. The U.S. Post Office agreed to issue the stamps anticipating that most of the stamps sold would be to stamp collectors eager to add the new stamps to their stamp collections, and consequently would be retaining all of the revenue generated from those sales.


1930 Graf Zeppelin stamps, Conception and design
The Bureau of Engraving and Printing created plates of two hundred postage stamps divided into four panes of fifty stamps each. The panes were perforated with 11 gauge perforations. Because a margin (selvage) of paper extended around all four sides of each pane there are no stamps with straight edges.


1930 Graf Zeppelin stamps, Conception and design
A total of 1,000,000 of each denomination were printed, but only 227,260 stamps in all were sold, or 7% of the total. The Zeppelin stamps were withdrawn from sale on June 30, 1930 and the remaining stocks were destroyed by the Post Office Department.


1930 Graf Zeppelin stamps, Conception and design
The set of three stamps shared a common border design inscribed with the words GRAF ZEPPELIN (first row) and EUROPE – PAN AMERICAN FLIGHT (second row) in upper case letters near the top of the border, and with the words UNITED STATES POSTAGE, also in upper case, along the bottom border. The stamps were printed in different colors for each denomination.


1930 Graf Zeppelin stamps, Conception and design
The attractive stamps were highly publicized but were considered controversial among some collectors and others who refused to purchase these issues, complaining that the Post Office was charging too much while at the same time trying to drive up the demand for these stamps by destroying the unsold issues. The $4.55 face value for the set of three stamps was a significant amount of money during the depression years. However, over time, these stamps increased in popularity. They became highly sought after by stamp and postal history collectors and remain so today.


1930 Graf Zeppelin stamps, Conception and design, 65¢ Graf Zeppelin over the Atlantic
The green 65-cent stamp depicts the Graf Zeppelin flying eastward over the Atlantic Ocean. Like the other two denominations, its inscription along the top reads GRAF ZEPPELIN - EUROPE PAN AMERICAN FLIGHT, and UNITED STATES POSTAGE along the bottom. The lowest of the three denominations, this issue paid the post card rate. The Scott catalog number  for this issue is C13. Out of 1,000,000 stamps printed, 93,336 were sold.


1930 Graf Zeppelin stamps, Conception and design, $1.30 Graf Zeppelin and map of Atlantic Ocean
The $1.30 stamp was first issued in Washington, D.C. on April 19, 1930. The stamp was printed in brown and depicts the Graf Zeppelin flying westward, superimposed over a map of the continents of Europe and South and North America with the names of various cities shown. This issue paid the postcard and letter rates on the May 1930 Pan American flight that departed from Germany, flying to Brazil and then the United States. Postage rates depended on the distance between points along the route. The Scott catalog number for this issue is C14. Out of 1,000,000 stamps printed, only 72,428 were sold.


1930 Graf Zeppelin stamps, Conception and design, $2.60 Graf Zeppelin and globe
The blue $2.60 stamp depicts the Graf Zeppelin among clouds, superimposed over a globe and traveling toward the west. This issue was designed by C. A. Huston and A. R. Meissner. The Scott catalog number for this issue is C15. Out of 1,000,000 stamps printed, only 61,296 were sold.


1930 Graf Zeppelin stamps, Conception and design, Zeppelin mail
Mail flown by the Graf Zeppelin airship received special cancellations and cachets. The cover depicted here made the complete round trip, bearing all three Zeppelin stamps attached to a 5-cent Air Post envelope that received special hand-stamped cachets. The diamond shaped cachet depicts a map showing the route used by the Graf Zeppelin on its first flight, and a red cancellation specially made to cancel mail it carried, bearing the name of and used in Friedrichshafen, along with an image of the Zeppelin.


1930 Graf Zeppelin stamps, Similar stamp
A 50-cent Zeppelin stamp, often referred to by collectors as the "Baby Zeppelin", was released October 2, 1933, for the Century of Progress exhibition, of which 324,700 were issued. It should not be confused with the Zeppelin stamps that were issued in 1930. With a far higher number available to collectors, it is also considerably less expensive than the 1930 issues.


1930 Grand National
The 1930 Grand National was the 89th renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England, on 29 March 1930.


1930 Grand National
The race was won by 100/8 shot Shaun Goilin. The 10-year-old was ridden by jockey Tommy Cullinan and trained by Frank Hartigan, for owner Walter Midwood. Melleray's Belle finished in second place, Sir Lindsay was third and Glangesia fourth.


1930 Grand National
Forty-one horses ran and all but one returned safely to the stables. Derby Day was fatally injured in a fall.


1930 Grand Prix season
The 1930 Grand Prix season continued the malaise that taken over the sport. Although there was little technical advance more privateer teams were forming, getting some factory support. The AIACR continued to mandate its fuel-regulated Formula Libre (open formula) rules. Across the Atlantic, the AAA abandoned the AIACR regulations. Their new regulations were derisively called the “Junk Formula” by purists, opening up to their own version of Formula Libre: with modified stock-standard cars of up to 366 cu in (6-litres) with two seats.


1930 Grand Prix season
In the dozen major races of the season, the honours were evenly shared by the three major manufacturers. Bugatti won the two national Grands Prix of France and Belgium, as well as at Monaco and Reims. In the Mediterranean theatre, Alfa Romeo had early success at Alessandria and the Targa Florio. Maserati finally claimed victory in their first major races, and had four wins in Italy and the San Sebastián Grand Prix in Spain. Achille Varzi was the pre-eminent driver of the season with the two race-wins for Alfa Romeo and three for Maserati, on his way to winning the Italian Drivers’ Championship.


1930 Grand Prix season
The Indianapolis 500 produced one of the most dominant driving displays in the race’s history with Billy Arnold and his modified 2.5-litre Miller. Arnold claimed pole position then led for all but two of the 200 laps, to win with a four-lap margin. With two further victories, he then went on to claim the 1930 AAA champion.


1930 Grand Prix season, Grand Épreuves
A grey background indicates the race was not held this year. Sources:


1930 Grand Prix season, Major Races
Multiple classes are mentioned when they were divided and run to different race lengths.


1930 Grand Prix season, Teams and drivers
These tables only intend to cover entries in the major races, as keyed above. Sources:


1930 Grand Prix season, Teams and drivers, Significant Privateer drivers
Note: * raced in event as a relief driver, ♠ Works driver raced as a privateer. Those in brackets show, although entered, the driver did not raceNote: † driver killed during this racing season


1930 Grand Prix season, Regulations and Technical
The AIACR persisted with its fuel economy formula introduced the year before. The Grands Prix still had to be at least 600 km long (although the official European GP event did not meet that requirement). The fuel limitation remained at 14 kg per 100 km (14.5 mpg), however the fuel mixture could now include up to 30% benzole. The fuel still had to be carried in an incongruous external fuel-tank with a visible fuel gauge. The minimum engine size remained 1100cc.


1930 Grand Prix season, Regulations and Technical
Once again, most race organisers chose to ignore the official regulations and ran their races to Formula Libre instead, including having racing cars and sports cars together in the entry lists. Only the French and Belgian Grands Prix (nominally) met the AIACR requirements. But by June, the French organisers had received not a single entry and were forced to postpone the Grand Prix and then open it up to Formula Libre. With other national races either cancelled or run as alternatives, the 1930 Championship was abandoned.


1930 Grand Prix season, Regulations and Technical
Meanwhile in America, the AAA abandoned the AIACR regulations. Eddie Rickenbacker, owner of the Indianapolis Speedway, wanted to encourage a bigger diversity of manufacturers on the track. The board ovals were closing, limiting the single-seater racing and the Wall Street crash had slashed sponsorship. Derisively called the “Junk Formula” by purists, the new regulations opened races up to modified stock-standard cars of up to 366 cu in (6-litres) with two seats. Minimum weight was equivalent to 207 kg per litre and the only supercharged cars would be those with 2-stroke engines.


1930 Grand Prix season, Regulations and Technical, Technical Innovation
With little official manufacturer interest, there was negligible technical development from the models of the previous few years. Companies like Bugatti and Maserati weathered the economic disaster by selling the limited production of their current models to wealthy individuals. Ongoing development did continue. The Alfa Romeo P2 had first appeared in 1924. This year’s model took the steering, brakes and suspension from their successful 6C sports car. With a new supercharger, the 2-litre engine now put out 175 bhp. Maserati bored out its Tipo 26 to 2.5 litres, as the 26M. The 8C-2500 engine put out 175 bhp.


1930 Grand Prix season, Regulations and Technical, Technical Innovation
In contrast, Bugatti took the twin-engine concept of the Maserati V4 to produce the Type 45 sports car. The twin 8-cylinder engine was augmented by two Roots superchargers, was a combined 3.8-litres and generated a powerful 250 bhp. However, it’s handling was poor and it also suffered from excessive tyre wear. Instead, the works team relied on its type 35, now a 7-year old design, with the 2.3-litre 35B and 2.0-litre 35C, both now in their fifth season.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review
Formed late in 1929, the new Scuderia Ferrari was the brainchild of former Alfa Corse works driver Enzo Ferrari and wealthy gentlemen drivers  Alfredo Caniato and Mario Tadini. Ferrari’s close relationship with Alfa Romeo enabled him to purchase former factory cars. Initially the three were the only team drivers; however Ferrari soon attracted the current Alfa works drivers to also drive for him.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, A bad start to the season
The season started tragically at the Tripoli Grand Prix, the opening round of the Italian Championship. A dozen cars were entered, headed by the Maserati works team (with Baconin Borzacchini in the twin-engine V4 and Luigi Arcangeli in a 2-litre Tipo 26B) and the Scuderia Materassi with their 1.5-litre supercharged Talbot 700s for Conte Gastone Brilli-Peri and Clemente Biondetti. This year the race would be run with two four-lap heats followed by a 4-lap final. But during Saturday practice, Brilli-Peri had a serious crash while testing his team’s cars.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, A bad start to the season
While travelling at close to top speed, he cut one of the fast, gentle corners too fine. The car flipped, throwing the driver out who was killed instantly upon impact. It overshadowed a dominant display by the Maserati drivers with Borzacchini leading a 1-2 result – the first Grand Prix win for the Maserati team.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, A bad start to the season
The second Monaco Grand Prix was held a fortnight later and attracted a large, high-quality field. From 40 applications, 24 starters were selected. Once again the Bugatti works team ran the Type 35C with its supercharged 2-litre engine for their drivers Louis Chiron, William Grover-Williams and Guy Bouriat. The German customer team had Ernst-Günther Burggaller in a smaller 1.5-litre Type 37A. For the tight and narrow circuit, Maserati this time gave both drivers the Tipo 26B, with Arcangeli’s bored out slightly to 2.1-litres to enter the next highest class.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, A bad start to the season
Alfa Romeo was not entered, so it fell upon the new Scuderia Ferrari to represent them. But they did not arrive, as the cars (for Enzo Ferrari and Giuseppe Campari) were still getting modified at the factory. The Scuderia Materassi had regrouped after their African disaster. Two cars had been entered, though only Biondetti arrived, as Brilli-Peri’s car had not been repaired in time. The rest of the field were privateer drivers: from Austria came Graf Arco-Zinneberg in his big 7-litre Mercedes-Benz, and Hans Stuck in a 3.6-litre Austro-Daimler tourer.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, A bad start to the season
There were a raft of international Bugatti drivers including the Italian Goffredo Zehender, Chilean Juan Zanelli, Algerian Marcel Lehoux and Belgian Georges Bouriano, all driving the 2.3-litre Type 35B, while Philippe Étancelin and Swiss Hans Stuber ran the 35C. René Dreyfus had a specially modified 35B for local, former works-driver Ernest Friderich. They installed an extra 30-litre fuel tank in the passenger’s seat to allow him to run non-stop in the race. Rudolf Caracciola had been expected to bring his Mercedes back to race, but pulled out at the last minute.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, A bad start to the season
Two other notable absentees were the Italian rivals Achille Varzi and Tazio Nuvolari, both choosing to practice for the upcoming Mille Miglia instead. As well as a first prize of FF100,000 and the prince’s trophy, there were prizes for each class-winner and the class-leader at every ten of the 100 laps. Williams started from pole with a starting grid drawn by lot, but it Chiron who bolted from the second row to take the lead up the hill for the first time, and breaking the lap record on the next lap.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, A bad start to the season
The young Count Arco-Zinneberg was the first to retire, on the second lap, when a stone fired up by another car smashed his goggles and making him crash coming out of the tunnel. The Bugatti team initially ran 1-2-3 until Williams had to pit with magneto issues, losing four laps. Bouriano had quickly moved from 11th to 3rd in a half-dozen laps but when he tried to overtake Bouriano he went off at the chicane and also lost four laps with damaged steering.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, A bad start to the season
Borzacchini had been running fourth but having brake issues that culminated in the Maserati missing a corner and hitting a wall. After twenty laps, there were only 13 cars left running. Bugattis filled the top eight places, with Chiron, Bouriat, Dreyfus, Zanelli and Stuber the only ones now on the lead lap. When Arcangeli retired his Maserati on lap 30, also with brake problems it left Stuck’s Austro-Daimler as the only non-Bugatti left running, albeit four laps behind with ignition problems. He also then retired two laps later with a broken clutch.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, A bad start to the season
At the halfway point, Chiron led Dreyfus be almost two minutes, with Bouriat, Zanelli, Stuber and Étancelin a lap behind. Dreyfus was now catching Chiron at two seconds a lap and after 60 laps the lead was down to 85 seconds. Chiron responded by setting another lap record and was able to keep the lead steady after 80 laps. His pit crew called him in to refuel and he came out only ten seconds ahead of Dreyfus who did not need to stop.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, A bad start to the season
Chiron was now having problems with his accelerator and the more powerful 2.3-litre engine enabled Dreyfus to pass the Monegasque on lap 85 and set a lap record three laps later. He gradually pulled away to win by 22 seconds from Chiron. Bouriat and Zanelli were three laps back and only six cars finished. It was the first major win for the driver from Nice, but both Ettore Bugatti and Chiron were annoyed to be beaten by a privateer and would not congratulate him.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, A bad start to the season
Dreyfus earned over FF200,000 in prizemoney and bonuses (including a 1.2% portion of proceeds from the betting totalizator). Fights broke out after the race with punters believing the race had been rigged for Chiron to lead until lap 40 when the in-race betting closed, and then to lose. The episode thereafter ended race-betting at the Monaco GP.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, City to city racing in Italy
In just four years, the Mille Miglia had quickly earned a premier reputation. The 1930 edition provided one of the most thrilling races. The entry list was dominated by Alfa Romeo, with the works team supported by the fledgling Scuderia Ferrari. The race became a showdown between the Alfas of Varzi and Nuvolari. Having both recorded an identical time getting to Rome (6hr 02min), Varzi was convinced the team had given him false information about Nuvolari behind him. Because, as dawn was breaking, Nuvolari saw Varzi up ahead on the road. Turning off his headlights he was able to catch and pass the surprised Varzi, going on to take the victory. His record time of 16hrs 19min for the first time averaged over 100 km/h. Alfa Romeo swept the top four places.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, City to city racing in Italy
A week later, over Easter weekend, Alessandria held the Circuito di Pietro Bordino, the next round of the Italian Championship. A new memorial to the racing hero was unveiled and it was also the first appearance of the new Scuderia Ferrari. Georges Bouriano’s Bugatti led initially until passed by Varzi. When a brief downpour swept the circuit, Bouriano crashed giving Varzi a comfortable win from Juan Zanelli with Enzo Ferrari third.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, City to city racing in Italy
The Targa Florio promised an exciting showdown between Bugatti, winner of the last five Targas, and the Italian teams. In the absence of the Italian Grand Prix, it assumed the place as the pre-eminent local race for the season. Bugatti relied on their proven Type 35B with the supercharged 2262cc engine for their full works team, including two-time winner Albert Divo, Chiron, “Williams” and Caberto Conelli. This year, there was far less support from the gentlemen drivers, with only the Czech Ottakar Bittmann arriving.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, City to city racing in Italy
Alfa Romeo had two P2 racers for Varzi and Campari and three new 6C-1750 sports cars, driven by Nuvolari, Pietro Ghersi and Aymo Maggi. Maserati had the new 2.5-litre 26M for Borzacchini and Arcangeli, while Ernesto Maserati ran the older 2.1-litre Tipo 26B. In its sole appearance, Officine Meccaniche had its uprated version of their 665 for team regulars Giuseppe Morandi and Ferdinando Minoia along with several privateers.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, City to city racing in Italy
In practice the Alfa Romeo team found the road-holding of the P2s not as good as previously. Also, the 38-year old veteran Campari was overweight and suffered badly from the excessive heat coming off the engine. He took over Ghersi’s car. Varzi on the other hand, racing the Targa for the first time, was happy with the power advantage of the P2, with Ghersi nominated as his reserve. At 9am Borzacchini led off the 17 starters in 3-minute intervals.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, City to city racing in Italy
Varzi set a new lap record on the first lap, to lead by a minute on elapsed time from Nuvolari, Campari and the Bugattis of Chiron, Divo and Conelli. The Maseratis and OMs were already five minutes behind and off the pace. By the end of the second lap, Chiron had worked his way up to second, just over three minutes behind Varzi. Divo missed a corner and had to retire with bent suspension – no hat-trick of victories for him.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, City to city racing in Italy
Varzi, Chiron and Nuvolari all stopped for fuel and tyres on the third lap, which reduced Varzi’s lead to just two minutes. On the fourth lap, going over rough potholes, the mountings of his spare wheel broke, but Varzi could not afford to stop and retrieve it. More importantly, it also damaged the fuel tank creating a small leak. Going into the last lap, Chiron was only 23 seconds behind, but his onboard mechanic had car-sickness that slowed his last pitstop.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, City to city racing in Italy
Desperate to make up time, he misjudged a corner and slid on the gravel into a wall breaking both leftside wheels. Fortunately with two spares he could continue but precious time was lost. Varzi had also stopped for fuel, but as the leak worsened the engine sputtered. Alfa Romeo had stationed a number of refuelling points for their team so the mechanic grabbed a tank and poured in the petrol while Varzi raced on. But spilled fuel dropped onto the hot exhaust and caught fire.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, City to city racing in Italy
Racing downhill to the coast, and still not stopping, Varzi told his mechanic to rip up his seat and beat the fire out with the cushion. It was a famous victory for an Italian in an Italian car, breaking the domination of the French Bugattis. Chiron was second, only two minutes behind after 7 hours of hard racing. Conelli got up to third for Bugatti ahead of Campari (delayed by gearbox problems) and Nuvolari (with suspension issues). All five cars beat Divo’s time from the previous year with Varzi dropping the race record by 20 minutes.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, First major win for Maserati
Many of the same protagonists met again at the Rome Grand Prix. Bugatti had Chiron and Bouriat, with “Williams” as reserve. Maserati had Arcangeli in its 26M while Luigi Fagioli ran the 1.7-litre Tipo 26. This time, Alfa Corse only ran the pair of P2s for Varzi and Nuvolari, while Campari and Tadini were hired by Ferrari to race their 6C 1750 sports cars. Biondetti had the Materassi Talbot and Fritz Caflisch let the privateers in his big Mercedes-Benz. Arcangeli was on pole and led the first lap from Varzi, Chiron, Fagioli and Nuvolari.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, First major win for Maserati
Chiron was soon sidelined by mechanical issues but the lead five continued to pull away from the rest. A few laps later, Bouriat (running fifth) was called in to be replaced by Chiron, while Varzi retired with a broken clutch. At the halfway point Nuvolari had overtaken Arcangeli, who was still right on his tail. Chiron’s hard driving back through the field had got him back to third, while Fagioli was close behind in the smaller Maserati. Nuvolari’s engine also started playing up and going into the last lap, Chiron was only a second behind the Maserati.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, First major win for Maserati
Swapping the lead back and forth, Arcangeli made a brave pass on the outside of the last corner and pulled away to claim the first major race win for Maserati. Fagioli was unlucky having his suspension break on the last lap, so third (a lap behind) went to Heinrich von Morgen from the German Bugatti team.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, First major win for Maserati
This year’s Indianapolis 500 was run to a new formula, opened up to stock-standard cars of up to 366 cu in (6-litres) capacity. It succeeded in generating a wider variety of entrants, while still including a number of unsupercharged Millers modified to the new regulations. Riding mechanics were once again compulsory. Half the entries were from rookie drivers. Billy Arnold, driving a 2.5-litre Summers-Miller for Harry Hartz’s team, got pole position on the first day of practice. Previous winner Louis Meyer was beside him on the front row in a Stevens chassis powered by two Miller engines, along with Bill White’s Stevens driven by rookie Shorty Cantlon. A surprise entry came from Italian Baconin Borzacchini driving the big Maserati V4, without its twin superchargers.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, First major win for Maserati
From the rolling start, Meyer took the lead, which he held for the first two laps until Arnold overtook him. Arnold went on to hold his lead for the rest of the race, setting a record for most laps lead, still held to this day. He was also the first driver to average over 100 mph without a relief driver. The race was marred by several major accidents. On lap 23, Fred Roberts (reliving Pete DePaolo) crashed in turn 3, collecting six other cars in the mayhem.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, First major win for Maserati
Worse happened eight laps later, when Cy Marshall crashed his Duesenberg at the same corner. The car went up and over the wall, tumbling 25 feet down the other side. The driver, trapped underneath the wreck, was seriously injured, however his brother Paul running as his riding mechanic was thrown out and killed. Arnold dominated more than in any previous edition of the race – from pole position, leading all but two laps to win by over 7 minutes, and four laps, ahead of Shorty Canlon. Despite the new formula, reworked Millers still took the top four places. Billy Arnold won two more of the eight races to win the AAA series.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, Bugatti to the fore
Many of the top French drivers were at Reims for the Marne GP. Of the nineteen starters, all drove Bugattis – mostly the 1.5-litre Type 37A. Lehoux led initially until overtaken by Étancelin. Alongside Dreyfus and Zanelli they vied for the lead in the heat on the long fast straights. Chiron had once again encountered engine problems and then Étancelin slid on wet tar and slammed into a tree breaking a wheel. Dreyfus gradually built a lead over the others. Late in the race, Zanelli pitted to refuel but could not restart his car. Dreyfus led Lehoux home by two minutes with Michel Doré the only other finisher, a quarter hour behind, before the crowds invaded the track.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, Bugatti to the fore
The European Grand Prix was the first race of the year run to the AIACR fuel formula, and was.organised by the Belgian association marking the 100th anniversary of Belgian independence. No Italian cars were entered and the Bugatti works team were the firm favourites. Drivers Chiron, Divo and Bouriat again raced the 2-litre supercharged T35C. To make an appearance at their auspicious home race, Belgian manufacturer Impéria-Excelsior adapted three sports models with the unusual unsupercharged sleeve-valve engine. They hired Goffredo Zehender, Michel Doré, and Jacques Ledure as their drivers.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, Bugatti to the fore
The French company Ariès had a single 3-litre for the 48-year old veteran Arthur Duray, and the Montier father and son had a pair of their modified Fords. Starting with a Model A, they lowered the suspension and fitted their own uprated engine. Among the other half-dozen privateers was Henri Stoffel running his 4-litre Peugeot 174 Sports.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, Bugatti to the fore
The Bugattis soon made their mark and by the second lap, the three works cars had a minute lead over Stoffel and Belgian Joseph Reinartz (in a 2.3-litre Bugatti T43 sports car) and Duray. By the halfway mark after 20 laps, the order was still the same, but Stoffel was closing in. On lap 26, Chiron pitted from the lead to change sparkplugs, dropping to fourth. Bouriat inherited the lead and when Divo pitted five laps later to change wheels, Stoffel was up to second and closing fast.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, Bugatti to the fore
But a major upset was not to be, as Stoffel ran out of fuel with two laps to go, as did Reinartz and Charles Montier. Following team orders, Bouriat came to a stop to give the win to Chiron, with Divo taking third and Duray finishing over ten minutes back in fourth.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, Bugatti to the fore
The seventh running of the Eifelrennen was the only circuit race of the year in Germany, and only the second time that race-cars had been to the Nürburgring since it opened in 1927. However, there were only eleven starters mixing sports and racing cars. Run on the shorter Südschleife course, it was won by Heinrich-Joachim von Morgen for the new German Bugatti team. The next round of the Italian Championship was the Coppa Ciano on the long, fast Montenero circuit. Initially it was a close duel between Varzi and Nuvolari.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, Bugatti to the fore
Both were racing P2 Alfas, but for rival teams (Alfa Corse and Scuderia Ferrari respectively). But when they both retired with mechanical issues, victory fell to Luigi Fagioli and his 2.8-litre Maserati 26M. At the next round a fortnight later, the Coppa Acerbo at Pescara, the situation was reversed when Fagioli stopped on the last lap while leading. It was Varzi, (who had left Alfa Romeo and now with Maserati, such was the enmity with Nuvolari), who won with team–owner Ernesto Maserati second and Borzacchini third for the Scuderia Ferrari.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, Bugatti to the fore
Again, in the absence of the Italian Grand Prix and with the track still being renovated, the Monza GP was held on a modified circuit that omitted the banking. With a big field, it was again run as a series of heats with a repêcharge, leading to a 35-lap final. The Maserati works team made a concerted effort and arrived with three 2.5-litre cars for Varzi, Fagioli and Arcangeli, while Ernesto Maserati ran the V4 and Alfieri made a rare drive, with the 1.1-litre 26C. Alfa Romeo and Bugatti were represented by strong customer teams and privateers.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, Bugatti to the fore
Ferrari had Nuvolari, Borzacchini and Campari, and the German Bugatti Team had von Morgen and Burggaller. Philippe Étancelin and Marcel Lehoux led the flotilla of Bugattis. Scuderia Materassi brought its supercharged Talbots for Brivio and Biondetti. The largest-engine class had, aside from the Maserati V4, the works Mercedes of Rudolf Caracciola and Swiss privateer Fritz Caflisch. Babe Stapp also arrived from America with his 4.2-litre Duesenberg A. With a total prizemoney pool of 500,000 lire, the race attracted 66 entries and over 100000 spectators. During practice, Ferrari had found their Pirelli tyres unreliable and wanted to withdraw their Alfa Romeos. The alarmed organisers immediately cabled Rome for support. A personal hand-written reply from Benito Mussolini himself, stating “Your proposed action does not meet with my approval”, changed Ferrari’s mind.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, Bugatti to the fore
In the first heat, Étancelin narrowly beat von Morgen by two seconds, both driving 2-litre Bugattis. In the second heat, Arcangeli, Borzacchini, Fagioli and Varzi were the four qualifiers. Nuvolari was fifth when he had to pit late to change a rear tyre. With just five starters, the third heat could have been routine. But after Maserati went off the track he drove hard to come back and take the win from Caracciola, Stapp and Caflisch. Nuvolari and Campari qualified through the repêcharge and were the leaders at the start of the final.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, Bugatti to the fore
Then soon after on consecutive laps, the three Ferrari drivers (Nuvolari, Campari and Borzacchini) pitted with their tyres shredded, whereupon they were withdrawn for safety. Arcangeli and Varzi duelled for the lead, with Maserati thirty seconds behind, until Varzi had to pit and change a sparkplug. He then set about a thrilling driver back through the field. With ten laps to go, Arcangeli and Maserati were only separated by seconds, with Varzi less than a minute behind. With five laps left, he was only sixteen seconds behind. He passed Maserati two laps later and then with only a few corners to go, he took the lead and the win to a rapturous reception of the spectators.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, Bugatti to the fore
For the first time, the French Grand Prix was held at the southern city of Pau. The 16 km track was essentially triangular with two 5 km long fast straights. Such was the disinterest in the AIACR regulations though, that no entries had been received by June. The organisers were forced to concede and run the race as Formula Libre, postponing the race from July to September. Bugatti were still the only works team to arrive, with two cars for Bouriat and “Williams” (with Chiron and Divo as reserves).


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, Bugatti to the fore
In the absence of any Italian drivers, the field still had the best of the French circuit: Étancelin, Lehoux, Zanelli and Count Stanisław Czaykowski led a dozen privateer 2-litre Bugattis. It was also the debut of a young Jean-Pierre Wimille in a 1.5-litre T37A. Robert Sénéchal had an older ex-factory Delage, the Montier father and son had their Ford-specials and Henri Stoffel his old Peugeot. The other notable entry was Briton Tim Birkin bringing a Bentley 4½ Litre sports car. Despite the day dawning with heavy rain, the race started in sunshine.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, Bugatti to the fore
After the first lap, Williams had passed 18 cars to be in the lead. Soon after, his teammate Bouriat pulled in and handed over to Louis Chiron, staying in third. Twice, Williams had to pit to change tyres, worn by his speed. On the eleventh lap, Louis Charavel crashed at the Morlaas hairpin. The driver was thrown out of his car, landing head first in the middle of the road. He was extremely fortunate not to be hit by the Peugeots and Bentley following close behind before he could stagger, dazed, to the roadside.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, Bugatti to the fore
On lap 12, at the hallway point, Chiron also had a puncture and had to limp back to the pits. This left Étancelin leading, almost three minutes ahead (half a lap) of Zanelli. Birkin was third, the Bentley being the fastest car in a straight line, getting up to 214 km/h. When Chiron blocked him when he tried to pass, he could sound his horn. Chiron returned the car back to Bouriat and Sénéchal pitted from fourth with a major, smoking, oil-leak.


1930 Grand Prix season, Season review, Bugatti to the fore
Étancelin had deliberately set the gearing on his car to limit his top speed, to protect the engine and tyres, and took the race-win from Birkin, just ahead of Zanelli with Czaykowski a lap behind in fourth. Neither Étancelin and Birkin had stopped, and both drivers commented they felt it was their best-driven races. By contrast, neither of the hard-charging works Bugattis finished.