1929–30 Southampton F.C. season, Other matches
The first, against a Salisbury District XI, ended in a 2–2 draw with Bill Fraser and Jerry Mackie scoring for Southampton; the second was a 6–1 thrashing of Hampshire League side Andover, with goals scored by Haines (three), Fraser (two) and Arnold; and the third was a 1–0 loss at a Royal Air Force team.


1929–30 Southampton F.C. season, Other matches
The club ended the season with two games against local rivals Portsmouth, in the annual Hampshire Benevolent Cup and Rowland Hospital Cup fixtures. The former game took place at Fratton Park on 5 May and ended goalless, with both sides dominating a half each according to the Southern Daily Echo. Two days later, Southampton hosted Pompey in the Rowland Hospital Cup. The First Division visitors won the match 2–0 thanks to a pair of goals from centre-forward Methuen, although the Evening News admitted that Portsmouth were "somewhat lucky to win".


1929–30 Southampton F.C. season, Player details
Southampton used 28 different players during the 1929–30 season, 13 of whom scored during the campaign. The team played in a 2–3–5 formation throughout, using two full-backs, three half-backs, two outside forwards, two inside forwards and a centre-forward. Goalkeeper Willie White made the most appearances for the club during the campaign, missing only two league games and the FA Cup fixture. Left-back Michael Keeping played in all but three league games and both end-of-season games.


1929–30 Southampton F.C. season, Player details
Centre-forward Dick Rowley finished as the season's top scorer with 25 goals in the Second Division and one in the cup, despite leaving the club four three months before the end of the season. Willie Haines, who took Rowley's place in the side after his departure, scored 15 goals in the league, while Johnny Arnold scored seven.


1929–30 Southern Football League
The 1929–30 season was the 32nd in the history of the Southern League. The league consisted of Eastern and Western Divisions. Aldershot Town won the Eastern Division and Bath City won the Western Division. Aldershot were declared Southern League champions after winning a championship play-off 4–2.


1929–30 Southern Football League
Three clubs from the Southern League applied to join the Football League, with Thames Association being successful. They replaced Merthyr Town, who rejoined the Southern League the following season. In addition to Thames, a total of 12 clubs left the Southern League at the end of this season.


1929–30 Southern Football League, Eastern Division
A total of 19 teams contest the division, including 18 sides from previous season and one new team.


1929–30 Southern Football League, Western Division
A total of 15 teams contest the division, including 14 sides from previous season and one new team.


1929–30 Southern Football League, Football League election
Three Southern League clubs, Aldershot Town, Thames Association and Llanelly, applied to join the Football League. Thames were successful, finishing second in the ballot. Aldershot also finished above Third Division South club Merthyr Town, who replaced their reserves in the Western Division the following season.


1929–30 St. Louis Soccer League season
Final league standings for the 1929-30 St. Louis Soccer League.


1929–30 Stoke City F.C. season
The 1929–30 season was Stoke City's 30th season in the Football League and the tenth in the Second Division.


1929–30 Stoke City F.C. season
With the 1920s, which had seen Stoke hit the highs of the First Division and lows of the Third Division, coming to an end there was hope around the city that the club could regain its top-flight status. The Victoria Ground was improved again and could now hold 50,000. Despite a good start to the season with 15 points collected from the first 12 matches Stoke could not maintain a promotion challenge and finished in mid-table.


1929–30 Stoke City F.C. season, Season review, League
With the 1920s now drawing to a close there were high hopes that, after three seasons of reasonable success on the pitch, a return to the First Division could be imminent. Tom Mather was proving to be a fine manager, who with little or no resources, had built a team good enough to compete with the best in the country. The bad feeling surrounding the sale of Harry Davies was slowly receding and two new forwards emerged, Wilf Kirkham from Port Vale and Wilf Chadwick from Wolverhampton Wanderers.


1929–30 Stoke City F.C. season, Season review, League
The 1929–30 season was launched with a ceremony at the Victoria Ground which saw the Football League vice-president Mr C. Sutcliffe, officially declare open the new covered accommodation on the Butler Street stand for 12,000 spectators, bringing the overall number of fans under cover up to 20,000. At this time it was considered that the Victoria Ground was only second in the country to Liverpool's Anfield with the total capacity now at 50,000.


1929–30 Stoke City F.C. season, Season review, League
With Dick Williams still in goal and Bob McGrory and Billy Spencer at full back, Stoke started the season well and after twelve matches they lay second in the table. However Stoke could not maintain their challenge as they were robbed of key players through injury mainly McGrory whose leadership was sorely missed and in the end Stoke settled for a position in mid table.


1929–30 Stoke City F.C. season, Season review, FA Cup
Stoke suffered great misfortune in the FA Cup as in the third round Stoke were leading Doncaster Rovers 3–2 up until 76 minutes when the match was called off due to heavy snow fall. In the 'replay' Doncaster won 1–0.


1929–30 Sussex County Football League
The 1929–30 Sussex County Football League season was the tenth in the history of the competition.


1929–30 Sussex County Football League, Clubs
The league featured 12 clubs which competed in the last season, no new clubs joined the league this season.


1929–30 Swedish football Division 2
Statistics of Swedish football Division 2 for the 1929–30 season.


1929–30 Swedish football Division 2, League standings, Division 2 Norra 1929–30
Teams from a large part of northern Sweden, approximately above the province of Medelpad, were not allowed to play in the national league system until the 1953–54 season, and a championship was instead played to decide the best team in Norrland.


1929–30 Swedish football Division 3
Statistics of Swedish football Division 3 for the 1929–30 season.


1929–30 Swiss International Ice Hockey Championship
The 1929–30 Swiss International Ice Hockey Championship was the 15th edition of the international ice hockey championship in Switzerland. HC Davos won the championship by defeating HC Rosey Gstaad in the final.


1929–30 Swiss National Ice Hockey Championship
The 1929–30 Swiss National Ice Hockey Championship was the 20th edition of the national ice hockey championship in Switzerland. HC Davos won the championship by defeating Star Lausanne in the final.


1929–30 Swiss National Ice Hockey Championship, First round, Eastern Series
HC Davos qualified for the final as the only team in the Eastern Series.


1929–30 Tercera División
The 1929–30 Tercera División season was the first season since its establishment.


1929–30 Toronto Maple Leafs season
The 1929–30 Toronto Maple Leafs season was Toronto's 13th season of play in the National Hockey League (NHL).


1929–30 Toronto Maple Leafs season, Regular season, Final standings
Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points       Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold.


1929–30 Torquay United F.C. season
The 1929–30 Torquay United F.C. season was Torquay United's third season in the Football League and their third consecutive season in Third Division South. The season runs from 1 July 1929 to 30 June 1930.


1929–30 Torquay United F.C. season, Overview
Needing a replacement for Percy Mackrill, who had left the club before the end of the previous season, Torquay United appointed former Birmingham City full back Frank Womack as their new manager. Womack soon set about putting a together a new squad in an effort to improve upon the lowly finishes of Torquay's first two seasons in the League. Debutants on the opening day of the season included centre half Harry Bruce, inside forward Harry Keeling and the ex-Sheffield United FA Cup winner David Mercer.


1929–30 Torquay United F.C. season, Overview
However, the Magpies made a slow start to the campaign, losing their opening four games, and it was not until the introduction of forwards Joe Pointon and Les Robinson that results slowly began to improve. Effectively displacing Keeling and United mainstay Dan Kelly from the team, Pointon and Robinson ended up scoring a total of 34 goals between them by the end of the season.


1929–30 Torquay United F.C. season, Overview
Robinson became the first Torquay player to score four goals in a League match in the 5–2 win over Walsall in November and, not to be outdone, Pointon repeated the feat in a famous 7–0 victory over Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic the following March. Indeed, it was Pointon and Robinson who scored the goals at Gillingham to secure Torquay's first and only away win of the season.


1929–30 Torquay United F.C. season, Overview
However, United's fortunes took a turn for the worse in the New Year when a January storm tore off the entire roof of the Grandstand at Plainmoor. With Torquay's finances already in a perilous state, there was a real possibility of the club going out of business altogether. But, with the help of public donations and some hastily arranged friendlies, Torquay just about managed to avoid financial ruin, although a run of three consecutive 5–0 defeats to Clapton Orient, Brentford and Brighton did not help to improve the spirits of the team or its supporters.


1929–30 Torquay United F.C. season, Overview
Nevertheless, reason for optimism arrived with that emphatic 7–0 win over Bournemouth at Plainmoor. The match marked the debut of a 17-year-old winger from Dartmouth named Ralph Birkett. Although only making a handful of appearances for the Magpies before the end of the season, he would eventually become one of the finest players ever to appear for Torquay United. Ironically, the match also saw the final appearance of another local hero Sid Cann. The Torquay born full back had put in some impressive performances since joining United and the club had no option but to accept an offer to sell the young defender, as well as fellow full back Fred Corbett, to First Division side Manchester City.


1929–30 Torquay United F.C. season, Overview
Despite the emphatic win over Bournemouth, Torquay were still struggling at the bottom of the table as the season drew to a close. Defeat in the final game of the season against local rivals Exeter City would have seen United again having to apply for re-election to the Football League. As it was, a 2–1 victory over the Grecians was enough to see Torquay finish in 19th place, only narrowly avoiding the need for re-election.


1929–30 Torquay United F.C. season, Overview
Although, safe for another season, it was clear that Frank Womack and Torquay United still had plenty of hard work ahead of them.


1929–30 Torquay United F.C. season, Match of the season
TORQUAY UNITED 7–0 BOURNEMOUTH & BOSCOMBE ATHLETICThird Division SouthPlainmoor, 8 March 1930


1929–30 Torquay United F.C. season, Match of the season
Having not won a match since the previous December, few would have expected Torquay United (currently lying 19th in the Third Division South table) to get much out of the visit of 6th placed Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic. The Plainmoor faithful had already witnessed a 5–0 thrashing from Clapton Orient back in January, and the travelling fans were treated to two more defeats by the same scoreline in their next two away matches. Not many then would have been expecting the Magpies to record their biggest League victory to date when the Cherries came to town.


1929–30 Torquay United F.C. season, Match of the season
Helping himself to four of the seven goals that day was centre forward Joe Pointon, doubling his tally for the season so far, although he would go on to score another ten goals before the end of the campaign. Dan Kelly and Harry Waller scored the other three between them while the Torquay defence held firm behind them, despite the 41-year-old Frank Womack selecting himself at right back. (In fact, this was manager Womack's sixth match in succession and he ended up playing in every game for the rest of the season, even appearing as an inside forward when Torquay were themselves victims of a 7–0 humiliation at Walsall in April).


1929–30 Torquay United F.C. season, Match of the season
The match also has a unique place in history as it was the only time that two of Torquay's greatest ever home-grown players appeared together. Born in Babbacombe, Sid Cann had joined the Magpies the previous season at the age of 16 and quickly developed into an extremely effective full back, eventually displacing the more experienced Willie Brown from the team. In his second season, he had proved his versatility by being able to fill in at centre half, a role he fulfilled in this game.


1929–30 Torquay United F.C. season, Match of the season
Unfortunately, this was to be Cann's last match for the Magpies before leaving for Manchester City. Ironically, the same game saw the debut of another local lad with Ralph Birkett, a 17-year-old amateur from Dartmouth United, appearing on the right wing. Birkett had a storming debut for Torquay setting up four of United's goals and the youngster signed a professional contract with the club shortly afterwards. While Cann's move to a First Division side was a major accomplishment for a Torquay player, Birkett would go on to eclipse his achievements when, after three full seasons for United, he would sign for Arsenal and then Middlesbrough before eventually appearing for England in 1935.


1929–30 Tranmere Rovers F.C. season
Tranmere Rovers F.C. played the 1929–30 season in the Football League Third Division North. It was their ninth season of league football, and they finished 12th of 22. They reached the First Round of the FA Cup.


1929–30 UCLA Bruins men's basketball team
The 1929–30 UCLA Bruins men's basketball team represented the University of California, Los Angeles during the 1929–30 NCAA men's basketball season and were members of the Pacific Coast Conference. The Bruins were led by ninth year head coach Caddy Works. They finished the regular season with a record of 14–8 and were third in the southern division with a record of 3–6.


1929–30 UCLA Bruins men's basketball team, Previous season
The Bruins finished the season 7–9 overall and were fourth in the PCC south division with a record of 1–8.


1929–30 UCLA Bruins men's ice hockey season
The 1929–30 UCLA Bruins men's ice hockey season was the 4th season of play for the program.


1929–30 UCLA Bruins men's ice hockey season, Season
After the turmoil of the previous season, the team was well served by just having some stability. While the coach and captain returned, most of the team was different than the previous season and that did not help the Bruins against their two opponents. They faced California and USC in two series during the year and, unfortunately, didn't win a single game. In most games the team's defense was good enough to keep the score close but, as it had been last year, the offense was lacking. Only towards the end of the year did UCLA look like a unified squad. While it was too late to salvage the 1930 season, since most of the players were to return for the following year there was some hope of improvement from the Bruins.


1929–30 UCLA Bruins men's ice hockey season, Season
On a positive note, the ice hockey team was the only minor sport at UCLA that was able to not only pay for itself, but turn a profit for the year.


1929–30 UCLA Bruins men's ice hockey season, Season
Note: UCLA used the same colors as UC-Berkley until 1949.


1929–30 United States collegiate men's ice hockey season
The 1929–30 United States collegiate men's ice hockey season was the 35th season of collegiate ice hockey in the United States.


1929–30 Washington Huskies men's basketball team
The 1929–30 Washington Huskies men's basketball team represented the University of Washington for the 1929–30 NCAA college basketball season. Led by tenth-year head coach Hec Edmundson, the Huskies were members of the Pacific Coast Conference and played their home games on campus at the UW Pavilion in Seattle, Washington.


1929–30 Washington Huskies men's basketball team
The Huskies were 20–5 overall in the regular season and 12–4 in conference play; first in the Northern division for a third consecutive year.


1929–30 Washington Huskies men's basketball team
Washington traveled to Los Angeles and met Southern division winner USC in the Pacific Coast championship series. The Huskies lost the first game, won the second, setting up a third and deciding game, which they lost by six. It was the seventh consecutive year that the title series was won by the Southern division team.


1929–30 Washington Huskies men's basketball team
The National Invitation Tournament (NIT) debuted in 1938, and the NCAA Tournament in 1939.


1929–30 Washington State Cougars men's basketball team
The 1929–30 Washington State Cougars men's basketball team represented Washington State College for the 1929–30 college basketball season. Led by second-year head coach Jack Friel, the Cougars were members of the Pacific Coast Conference and played their home games on campus at WSC Gymnasium in Pullman, Washington.


1929–30 Washington State Cougars men's basketball team
The Cougars were 14–12 overall in the regular season and 9–7 in conference play, second in the Northern division.


1929–30 Welsh Cup
The 1929–30 FAW Welsh Cup is the 49th season of the annual knockout tournament for competitive football teams in Wales.


1929–30 Welsh Cup, Fifth round
Eight winners from the Fourth round and eight new clubs.


1929–30 Welsh Cup, Semifinal
Match between Rhyl and Colwyn bay were held at Llandudno.


1929–30 Western Football League
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Frietjes (talk | contribs) at 21:28, 11 February 2020 (expand templates per Fb team TfD outcome and Fb competition TfD outcome and Fb cl TfD outcome and Fb rbr TfD outcome). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1929–30 Western Football League
The 1929–30 season was the 33rd in the history of the Western Football League.


1929–30 Western Football League
The Division One champions for the third time were Yeovil and Petters United, after finishing bottom of the table the previous season. The previous season's champions, Bristol Rovers Reserves, finished bottom this year. The winners of Division Two were Trowbridge Town for the second time in three years. There was again no promotion or relegation between the two divisions this season.


1929–30 Western Football League, Final tables, Division One
The composition of the eight-club Division One remained the same as for the previous season, with no clubs joining or leaving.


1929–30 Western Football League, Final tables, Division Two
Division Two was increased from nine to ten clubs after Salisbury City and Yeovil and Petters United Reserves left the league, and three new clubs joined:


1929–30 William & Mary Indians men's basketball team
The 1929–30 William & Mary Indians men's basketball team represented the College of William & Mary in intercollegiate basketball during the 1929–30 season. Under the first year of head coach John Kellison, the team finished the season with a 16–6 record. This was the 25th season of the collegiate basketball program at William & Mary, whose nickname is now the Tribe. William & Mary played the season as an independent.


1929–30 Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball team
The 1929–1930 Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball team represented University of Wisconsin–Madison. The head coach was Walter Meanwell, coaching his sixteenth season with the Badgers. The team played their home games at the Red Gym in Madison, Wisconsin and was a member of the Big Ten Conference.


1929–30 York City F.C. season
The 1929–30 season was the eighth season of competitive association football and first season in the Football League played by York City Football Club, a professional football club based in York, Yorkshire, England. They finished in sixth position in the 22-team 1929–30 Football League Third Division North. They entered the 1929–30 FA Cup in the first round and lost in the third to Newcastle United.


1929–30 York City F.C. season
20 players made at least one appearance in nationally organised first-team competition, and there were 11 different goalscorers. Half-back Ollie Thompson played in all 48 first-team matches over the season. Billy Bottrill and Tom Fenoughty finished as leading goalscorers with 20 goals each. Bottrill scored 18 in league competition and two in the FA Cup, while Fenoughty scored 15 in league competition and five in the FA Cup.


1929–30 Yorkshire Cup
The 1929–30 Yorkshire Cup was the twenty-second occasion on which the Yorkshire Cup competition was held. Hull Kingston Rovers won the trophy for the second time in their history, beating Hunslet in the final by the score of 13–7. The match was played at Headingley, Leeds, now in West Yorkshire. The attendance was 11,000 and receipts were £687


1929–30 Yorkshire Cup, Background
The Rugby Football League's Yorkshire Cup was a knock-out competition between (mainly professional) rugby league clubs from  the  county of Yorkshire. The actual area was at times increased to encompass other teams from  outside the  county such as Newcastle, Mansfield, Coventry, and even London (in the form of Acton & Willesden.


1929–30 Yorkshire Cup, Background
The Rugby League season always (until the onset of "Summer Rugby" in 1996) ran from around August-time through to around May-time and this competition always took place early in the season, in the Autumn, with the final taking place in (or just before) December (The only exception to this was when disruption of the fixture list was caused during, and immediately after, the two World Wars).


1929–30 Yorkshire Cup, Competition and Results
This season there were no junior/amateur clubs taking part, no new entrants and no "leavers" and so the total of entries remained the  same at fifteen. This in turn resulted in three byes in the first round.


1929–30 Yorkshire Cup, Competition and Results, Final, Teams and Scorers
Scoring - Try = three (3) points - Goal = two (2) points - Drop goal = two (2) points


1929–30 Yorkshire Cup, Notes
1 * Headingley, Leeds, is the home ground of Leeds RLFC with a capacity of 21,000. The record attendance was  40,175 for a league match between Leeds and Bradford Northern on 21 May 1947.


1929–30 in Belgian football
The 1929–30 season was the 30th season of competitive football in Belgium. The Belgium national football team were one of the 4 European nations to enter the first FIFA World Cup, organized in Uruguay. They were drawn in group 4 with United States and Paraguay but lost both of their matches. RCS Brugeois won their third Premier Division title by finishing one point ahead of title contender R Antwerp FC.


1929–30 in Belgian football, Overview
At the end of the season, RRC de Bruxelles and RRC de Gand were relegated to the Division I, while RFC Montegnée (Division I winner) and Tubantia FAC were promoted to the Premier Division. The Promotion – the third level in Belgian football – was won by CS Schaerbeek, Belgica FC Edegem and EFC Hasselt. The three clubs were replaced by the 12th, 13th and 14th placed teams in the Division I, i.e. respectively White Star AC, Vilvorde FC and RCS Verviétois.


1929–30 in English football
The 1929–30 season was the 55th season of competitive football in England.


1929–30 in English football, Events
The Wednesday officially changed their name to Sheffield Wednesday prior to the start of this season.


1929–30 in English football, Events
Blackpool claimed their only championship to date on the final day of the Division Two season, 3 May, with a goalless draw at Nottingham Forest. Runners-up Chelsea could have won the title themselves the same afternoon if they had won and Blackpool had lost, but the Londoners were defeated at Bury by a single goal. Blackpool forward, Jimmy Hampson, finished the season as the top goal scorer in England, with 46 goals in all competitions. According to Moving The Goalposts by Rob Jovanovic the 1929-30 team of Sheffield Wednesday F.C. is statistically the greatest side English side in history.


1929–30 in English football, Honours
Notes = Number in parentheses is the times that club has won that honour. * indicates new record for competition


1929–30 in Italian football
The 1929–30 season was the 28th season of competitive football in Italy. This was the first season that the Italian Football Championship was revised from having regional and interregional rounds, to a single-tier round-robin format league.


1929–30 in Mandatory Palestine football
The 1929–30 season was the 3rd season of competitive football in the British Mandate for Palestine under the Eretz Israel Football Association.


1929–30 in Mandatory Palestine football, IFA Competitions, 1930 Palestine Cup
The Third Palestine Cup was won by the reserve team of Maccabi Tel Aviv (which was in fact Maccabi first team), who had beaten  a Northamptonshire Regiment XI 2–1in the final.


1929–30 in Scottish football
The 1929–30 season was the 57th season of competitive football in Scotland and the 40th season of the Scottish Football League.


1929–30 in Scottish football, Scottish Cup
Division One champions Rangers were winners of the Scottish Cup after a 2–1 replay win over Partick Thistle.


1929–30 in Scottish football, Junior Cup
Newtongrange Star were winners of the Junior Cup after a 3–0 win over Hall Russell in the final.


1929–30 in Swedish football
The 1929-30 season in Swedish football, starting August 1929 and ending July 1930:


1929–30 in Swedish football, National team results
Sweden: Anders Rydberg - Douglas Krook, Gunnar Zacharoff - Allan Billing, Åke Hansson, Helge Liljebjörn - Charles Brommesson, Gunnar Olsson, Harry Lundahl, Albin Dahl, Knut Kroon.


1929–30 in Swedish football, National team results
Sweden: Sigfrid Lindberg - Herbert Lundgren, Sven Andersson - Ernst Östlund, Arthur Bengtsson, Helge Liljebjörn - John Nilsson, Gunnar Rydberg, Filip Johansson, Tore Keller, Knut Kroon.


1929–30 in Swedish football, National team results
Sweden: Sigfrid Lindberg - Herbert Lundgren, Sven Andersson - Ernst Östlund, Arthur Bengtsson, Helge Liljebjörn - John Nilsson, Sven Rydell, Per Kaufeldt, Filip Johansson, Knut Kroon.


1929–30 in Swedish football, National team results
Sweden: Sigfrid Lindberg - Nils Axelsson, Sven Andersson - Walfrid Persson, Nils Rosén, Nils Nilsson - John Nilsson, Gunnar Olsson, Harry Lundahl, Albin Dahl, Knut Kroon.


1929–30 in Swedish football, National team results
Sweden: Evert Jansson - Ivan Rosenberg, Erik Lager - Walfrid Persson, Thure Svensson, Einar Snitt - Gösta Dunker, Arvid Thörn, John Sundberg, Axel Nilsson, Knut Johansson.


1929–30 in Swedish football, National team results
Sweden: Evert Jansson - Ivan Rosenberg, Erik Lager - Walfrid Persson, Thure Svensson, Einar Snitt - Gösta Dunker, Arvid Thörn ( Ernst Lööf), John Sundberg, Axel Nilsson, Knut Johansson.


1929–31 Balkan Cup
The 1929–31 Balkan Cup was the competition's first edition. Four teams participated: (Romania, Greece, Yugoslavia, and Bulgaria). Romania won the trophy ahead of second placed Yugoslavia. Greece came third and Bulgaria was last. The best goalscorers were Bodola and Wetzer, both from Romania and with 7 goals each. Albania had registered for the tournament, but retired before the beginning and did not participate.


1929–31 Balkan Cup, Goalscorers
There were 61 goals scored in 12 matches, for an average of 5.08 goals per match.


1929–32 Nordic Football Championship
The 1929–32 Nordic Football Championship was the second Nordic Football Championship staged. Four Nordic countries participated, Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. The tournament was arranged by the Swedish Football Association (SvFF) which celebrated its 25th anniversary. The trophy was named the Guldkrus (Golden Cup). A total of 24 matches were played and 130 goals scored giving an average of 5.42 goals per match.


192TV
192TV is a non-stop music television channel that brings mainly music videos from the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, the so-called Oldies. The channel was founded by Bert van Breda, René Kroon and Ad Bouman, and is owned by BR Music BV. The name is referring to  the defunct offshore pirate radio station Radio Veronica from the 1960s and 1970s that aired on wavelength 192 meters (1562 kHz). The channel is available as a cable channel. The channel is passed by most providers of digital television. 192TV launched through cable operator Caiway in the Netherlands on July 29, 2010.


192TV
The broadcasts of 192TV began in late August 2010. The name refers to the first transmission frequency on which Radio Veronica aired. The channel has a high retro character. Promotional videos are shown for singles from the time that the offshore radio station (still) existed, sometimes interspersed with later work.


192TV
On Saturday afternoon, music videos are shown using old Dutch Top 40.


192d Airlift Squadron
The 192d Airlift Squadron (192 AS) is a unit of the Nevada Air National Guard 152d Airlift Wing located at Reno Air National Guard Base, Nevada. The 192d is equipped with the C-130H Hercules.


192d Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
Activated in October 1943 as the 408th Fighter Squadron at Hamilton Field, California. During World War II, the squadron was an Operational Training Unit (OTU), equipped with second-line P-39 Airacobras and P-40 Warhawks. Its mission was to train newly graduated pilots from Training Command in combat tactics and maneuvers before being assigned to their permanent combat unit. Initially assigned to IV Fighter Command, then transferred to III Fighter Command in 1944, being re-equipped with P-51D Mustangs. It took part in air-ground maneuvers and demonstrations, participating in the Louisiana Maneuvers in the summer of 1944 and in similar activities in the US until after V-J Day.


192d Airlift Squadron, History, Nevada Air National Guard
The wartime 408th Fighter Squadron was re-activated and re-designated as the 192d Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Nevada Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Reno Air Force Base, Nevada and was extended federal recognition on 12 April 1948 by the National Guard Bureau. The 192d Fighter Squadron was entitled to the history, honors, and colors of the 408th Fighter Squadron.


192d Airlift Squadron, History, Nevada Air National Guard
The squadron was equipped with F-51D Mustangs and was assigned to the California Air National Guard 61st Fighter Wing, although it was operationally under the control of the Nevada Air National Guard at Carson City, Nevada. During its early years with the F-51D, the unit earned prominence as one of the Air Force's most respected aerial gunnery competitors.


192d Airlift Squadron, History, Nevada Air National Guard, Korean War mobilization
On 1 March 1951 the 192d was federalized and brought to active-duty due to the Korean War. It was initially assigned to Strategic Air Command (SAC) and transferred to Bergstrom AFB, Texas and assigned to the Federalized Missouri ANG 131st Fighter-Bomber Group. The 131st FBG was composed of the 192d FS, the 110th Composite Squadron (Missouri); 170th Fighter Squadron (Illinois ANG) and 178th Fighter Squadron (North Dakota ANG). At Bergstrom, its mission was a filler replacement for the 27th Fighter-Escort Group which was deployed to Japan as part of SAC's commitment to the Korean War.


192d Airlift Squadron, History, Nevada Air National Guard, Korean War mobilization
The unit was at Bergstrom until November when it was transferred to Tactical Air Command (TAC) and moved to George AFB, California. At George, the unit was scheduled to be re-equipped with F-84D Thunderjets and was programmed for deployment to Japan, however the F-84s were instead sent to France and the 131st Fighter-Bomber Wing remained in California and flew its F-51 Mustangs for the remainder of its federal service. The 192d Fighter-Bomber Squadron was released from active duty and returned to Nevada state control on 15 October 1952.


192d Airlift Squadron, History, Nevada Air National Guard, Air Defense
Returning to Reno the unit was re-formed by 1 January 1953. The 192d was transferred from Tactical Air Command (TAC) to Air Defense Command


192d Airlift Squadron, History, Nevada Air National Guard, Air Defense
(ADC) with a mission of Air Defense over Nevada and Northern California. On 1 November 1954, the 192d began the transition from the piston-engine, propeller driven F-51D to its first jet aircraft, the F-86A Sabre used as a daylight interceptor. On 1 June 1955, the 192d was re-designated as the 194th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron.


192d Airlift Squadron, History, Nevada Air National Guard, Air Defense
On 19 April 1958, the 192d was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 152d Fighter-Interceptor Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 192d FIS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 192d Headquarters, 192d Material Squadron (Maintenance), 192d Combat Support Squadron, and the 192d USAF Dispensary. Also in 1958, the day-only F-86As were sent to other units and the 192d received the day/night/all-weather F-86L Sabre Interceptor aircraft.


192d Airlift Squadron, History, Nevada Air National Guard, Tactical Reconnaissance
In 1961 Air Defense Command was reorganizing and the 192d was transferred to Tactical Air Command. TAC re-designated the 152d as a Tactical Reconnaissance Group, and equipped the 192d TRS with RB-57B Canberra reconnaissance aircraft. Tactical Reconnaissance would be the mission of the unit for the next 30 years. The RB-57s were the reconnaissance version of the B-57 Canberra light bomber, which has replaced the World War II B-25 Mitchell during the Korean War. The RB-57s were used by the active-duty Air Force beginning in the mid-1950s and it began to be sent to Air National Guard units in the late 1950s when the McDonnell RF-101A Voodoo entered service.


192d Airlift Squadron, History, Nevada Air National Guard, Tactical Reconnaissance
The 192d used the RB-57s primarily to carry out photographic surveys of areas hit by natural disasters such as hurricanes or tornadoes. It was placed on alert during the 1961 Berlin Crisis and 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, however it was not activated or deployed overseas.


192d Airlift Squadron, History, Nevada Air National Guard, Tactical Reconnaissance
In 1965 the RF-4C Phantom II began to enter active USAF service, and the 192d received supersonic McDonnell RF-101H Voodoos to replace the subsonic RB-57s. The unit served during the 1968 Pueblo Crisis. On 26 January 1968 the Nevada Air National Guard was called to active duty as part of a national effort to meet the threat posed by North Korean seizure of the U.S. Navy ship the "USS Pueblo." During the next 16 months, Nevada Air Guardsmen served in Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Thailand, the Philippines, North Africa and some 18 bases within the United States. During this tour, the 192d Reconnaissance Squadron was awarded the 5th Air Force Outstanding Unit Award, only the second unit selected for this honor. All Nevada Air National Guard units were released from active duty on 9 June 1969.


192d Airlift Squadron, History, Nevada Air National Guard, Tactical Reconnaissance
In 1971, the RF-101Hs were replaced by RF-101B Voodoos that were re-manufactured after serving in the Canadian Air Force. However, unlike the F-101Hs, the "B" model was extremely expensive to operate in the field, requiring several costly and time-consuming fixes in order to maintain an acceptable operating standard. The career of the RF-101B with the Nevada ANG was relatively brief, giving way to the RF-4C Phantom II in 1975. The 192d operated the RF-4C Phantom for nearly 20 years.


192d Airlift Squadron, History, Nevada Air National Guard, Tactical Reconnaissance
The RF-4C was still in service at the time of the 1990 Gulf Crisis, In response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, the 106th TRS of the 117th TRW of the Alabama ANG was deployed to Sheik Isa Air Base in Bahrain. This unit was reinforced in December 1990 by the 192d TRS which deployed to Doha International Airport, Qatar.


192d Airlift Squadron, History, Nevada Air National Guard, Tactical Reconnaissance
With combat operations beginning in January as part of Operation Desert Storm, the 192d flew combat missions in the RF-4C. When the first strikes against Iraq took place on 17 January 1991, the RF-4Cs were in action from the start. At first, they were limited to daylight operations, flying over Kuwait almost every day in search of Republican Guard units. They flew over Baghdad looking for such targets as rocket fuel plants, chemical weapons plants, and command and communications centers.


192d Airlift Squadron, History, Nevada Air National Guard, Tactical Reconnaissance
Later, the RF-4Cs were repeated diverted from other photographic missions to go and look for Scud launchers hiding in western Iraq. No RF-4Cs were lost in action and eventually flew over 1,000 combat hours and 350 combat flying missions. The unarmed Nevada aircraft took over 19,000 photographic prints using 300,000 feet of film without a single target lost from processing.


192d Airlift Squadron, History, Nevada Air National Guard, Tactical Reconnaissance
Following the end of Desert Storm, the RF-4Cs began their retirement from USAF and Air National Guard service. The 192d RS finally turned in its last four RF-4Cs on 27 September 1995, their planes being flown to Davis–Monthan AFB for storage. These aircraft were the last RF-4Cs in operational service, and with their retirement the era of RF-4C service with United States armed forces to an end.


192d Airlift Squadron, History, Nevada Air National Guard, Current operations
The Nevada Air National Guard began the conversion to a new aircraft and mission in October 1995, with training and construction to support the Airlift mission and the Pacer Coin Reconnaissance mission. The unit received its first C-130E Hercules aircraft on 9 April 1996, and became an operational Airlift Wing in April 1997.


192d Airlift Squadron, History, Nevada Air National Guard, Current operations
Pacer Coin was a day/night, all-weather reconnaissance and surveillance system which provided imagery intelligence support to theater and other commanders in support of drug interdiction operations for U.S. Southern Command. The unit assumed this mission when it converted to the C-130E Hercules in October 1995. The Nevada Air Guard had the only Pacer Coin aircraft in the inventory. The special sensors and optics on-board provided photo reconnaissance capability.


192d Airlift Squadron, History, Nevada Air National Guard, Current operations
The 152d AW also took part in "Operation Joint Guard" (August 1997 – December 1997) in support of peacekeeping operations in Bosnia. The unit deployed one aircraft and 130 personnel to provide reconnaissance support to the region with its Pacer Coin capability. Operating from Aviano Air Base, Italy, the unit was scheduled to remain in-theater for approximately 60 days, but was not returned home until after 104 days. Their deployments complete, the Pacer Coin aircraft was retired on 15 May 1998.


192d Airlift Squadron, History, Nevada Air National Guard, Current operations
In May 1998, the United States military group (USMILGP) Commander Ecuador, requested the Nevada Air National Guard to send experienced individuals that could interface with the Ecuadorian Air Force, Army, and civilian mapping agency personnel. The purpose was to train them in the planning and execution of photo reconnaissance to assist them in their efforts to overcome the drug trafficking problems in their country.


192d Airlift Squadron, History, Nevada Air National Guard, Current operations
A week prior to the actual exercise to test the new methods and information, personnel from the 152nd AW deployed to Mariscal Sucre International Airport, Quito to conduct training and classes aimed at improving the skills of Aircrew and Photo Interpreters. Classes were conducted for a week with classroom training as well as practical exercises.


192d Airlift Squadron, History, Nevada Air National Guard, Current operations
The 152d Airlift Wing began conversion from the C-130E to the C-130H in 1998. This conversion also included a modification, which provided additional Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) asset to the Air National Guard called Scathe View. Scathe View is composed of a high-endurance, adverse weather-operable, specially modified C-130H aircraft; a roll-on/roll-off sensor control and communications pallet operated by 2 on-board airborne imagery analysts; and the Wescam (subsequently L-3) MX-15 "pentasensor," a day or night capable imagery sensor with a laser range finder and a laser illuminator. The Scathe View system disseminates intelligence data and information directly to ground forces in real time via on-board voice and data communications suites.


192d Airlift Squadron, History, Nevada Air National Guard, Current operations
Scathe View had been an essential component of search and rescue, aerial mapping and Humanitarian Relief Operations (HUMRO) during post-Hurricane Katrina operations in 2005.


192d Airlift Squadron, History, Nevada Air National Guard, Current operations
In September 2007, the Nevada Air National Guard utilized the Scathe View system in the search for millionaire adventurer and pilot Steve Fossett. The 152d Intelligence Squadron, part of the Nevada Air National Guard's 152d Airlift Wing, was the only unit at that time equipped with the Scathe View system.


192d Airlift Squadron, History, Nevada Air National Guard, Current operations
As of 2007, the 152d Intelligence Squadron had 8 C-130H aircraft fitted with the system. At that time it was also planned to upgrade the MX-15 sensor and to provide a Beyond Line of Sight capability, allowing passing of data to intermediate higher headquarters and worldwide users.


192nd (Crow's Nest Pass) Battalion, CEF
The 192nd Battalion, CEF, was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Authorization published in General Order 69 to recruit the 192nd Battalion was issued on 15 July 1916. Organization of the battalion took place in Blairmore, Alberta, and the surrounding district in January 1916 under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel H.E. Lyon. The total strength of the 192nd Battalion was 23 officers and 424 soldiers of other ranks. The 192nd Battalion embarked from Halifax 1 November 1916 aboard the RMS Empress of Britain and disembarked in England 10 days later on the 11th. After sailing to England in November 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 9th Reserve Battalion on November 12, 1916. They were disbanded by Privy Council Order 2702 on 12 October 1917.


192nd (Crow's Nest Pass) Battalion, CEF
Perpetuation of the 192nd Battalion was assigned to the North Alberta Regiment in 1924. The North Albertas disbanded in 1936.


192nd (Crow's Nest Pass) Battalion, CEF
In 1929, the battalion was awarded the theatre of war honour The Great War, 1916.


192nd Fighter Wing
The 192nd Wing (192 WG), also referred to as the 192D Wing, is a unit of the Virginia Air National Guard and the United States Air Force, stationed at Joint Base Langley-Eustis, Virginia. If activated to federal service, the 192 WG is gained by Air Combat Command (ACC).


192nd Fighter Wing, Etymology
192D Wing is the official military nomenclature of the unit and it is commonly referred to as the 192nd Wing. It is often interchanged within military writing and speech, either way, without a specific choice of nomenclature. The Air Force Instruction Publication (Air Force Instruction 38–101), Chapter 5; "Procedures for Naming and Numbering Units", figure 5.1, gives an example of using 2nd Bomb Wing, and section 5.4.2; "Unit Kind", gives an example of 3rd Wing. Section 5.3.4. – Reserves numbers 101 through 299 for Air National Guard units giving position for the unit numbering.


192nd Fighter Wing, Mission
The 192nd WG is an Air National Guard unit co-located with the active duty 1st Fighter Wing at Joint Base Langley-Eustis, Virginia. The 192nd Wing has a dual mission: the federal mission is to maintain a well-trained, well-equipped unit to be available for prompt mobilization during war and provide assistance during national emergencies (such as natural disasters or civil disturbances); under the state mission, the 192 WG provides protection of life, property and preserves peace, order and public safety. These missions are accomplished through emergency relief support during natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes and forest fires; search and rescue operations; support to civil defense authorities; maintenance of vital public services and counter-drug operations.


192nd Fighter Wing, History
On 15 October 1962, the Virginia Air National Guard's 149th Tactical Fighter Squadron (149 TFS) was authorized to expand to a group level organization and the 192nd Tactical Fighter Group (192 TFG) was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 149th TFS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 192nd Headquarters, 192nd Material Squadron (Maintenance), 192nd Combat Support Squadron, and the 192nd USAF Dispensary.


192nd Fighter Wing, History
During 1971, the 192nd was assigned the F-105D Thunderchief, a battle-hardened supersonic fighter-bomber that was the backbone of America's fighter element during the Vietnam War. The group's special tasks during the next decade included several deployments to Red Flag live-fire exercises at Nellis AFB, Nevada and a deployment to RAF Lakenheath, England, in 1976.


192nd Fighter Wing, History
In 1981, the unit converted to the A-7D Corsair II, a subsonic jet designed for close-air support. The decade long A-7 era included several deployments to Howard AFB, Panama to aid the defense of the Panama Canal and two trips to Norway, in 1985 and 1989. Shortly after a deployment to Ecuador, the 192nd deployed in September 1985 to Evenes Air Station, Norway; 150 miles (240 km) above the Arctic Circle.


192nd Fighter Wing, History
A few weeks later, a Virginia ANG contingent competed in Gunsmoke '85, the Air Force's tactical fighter competition, and the 192nd was named the world's "Best A-7 Unit". The 192nd also earned the General Spruance Safety Award and was recognized as having the best operational readiness inspection in the Ninth Air Force during 1985. In 1987, the 192nd earned its first USAF Outstanding Unit Award.


192nd Fighter Wing, History
In 1991, the 192nd became the first Air National Guard unit to receive the Air Force's upgraded Fighting Falcon—the F-16C/D. The unit was initially assigned 24 single-seat F-16C models and two F-16D models. By early 1994, defense cutbacks reduced the unit's assigned inventory to 18 F-16s, and eventually to 15. Conversion to the F-16 airframe required the 192nd to build a $2 million "hush house", a special noise-suppression hangar, to test the jets' engines without bothering neighbors. The 192nd's designation shortened during 1992, from 192nd Tactical Fighter Group to 192nd Fighter Group, reflecting the retirement of former Tactical Air Command (TAC) and creation of the new multi-role mission Air Combat Command (ACC).


192nd Fighter Wing, History
After the 192nd became fully operational with the F-16, it was chosen as the lead unit in a four-state Air National Guard F-16 "rainbow" detachment deployment to Incirlik Air Base, Turkey to support Operation Provide Comfort II. Between 1 December 1993, and 15 January 1994, ANG pilots patrolled the no-fly zone over northern Iraq to prevent Iraqi forces from inflicting damage on the villages of Kurdish minorities. This marked the first time Air National Guard units were called to active duty in the Middle East, following Iraq's defeat in 1991. The unit returned to Incirlik in February 1996 for another round of patrols over Iraq.


192nd Fighter Wing, History
During October 1995, the wing designation was changed to 192nd Fighter Wing. At the direction of the commander of Air Combat Command, in January, the 192nd also became a test regional repair center for F-16 engines. The 18-month assignment called for the 192nd propulsion section to strip and rebuild General Electric F110-GE-100 engines for its own F-16s as well as for active duty F-16s assigned to Pope AFB, North Carolina. The Air Force aimed to reduce the number of F-16 maintenance workers, consolidate their training, reduce duplication of resources, and lower maintenance costs per flying hour.


192nd Fighter Wing, History
The 192 FW was also selected to test the capability of electro-optical "recce" pods. After becoming mission capable with the pods in April 1996, the fighter wing deployed to Aviano AB, Italy, in May 1996 for the first contingency use of the new pods and computerized imaging equipment. For 45 days, the 192 FW flew "recce" missions over Bosnia to support international peacekeeping efforts. In December 1996, the wing was awarded its second Air Force Outstanding Unit Award.


192nd Fighter Wing, History
In December 2000, 29 members of the 192nd deployed to Southwest Asia in support of Operation Southern Watch. In addition to Turkey and Kuwait, they were deployed to Prince Sultan Air Base (aircraft, pilots and maintainers) and Eskan Village, Saudi Arabia (pilots assigned to CAOC duty); Aviano Air Base, Italy; and Qatar. Also in December, the 192nd deployed on its first Aerospace Expeditionary Force (AEF) assignment. A 130-person detachment went to Curaçao in the Netherlands Antilles as part of Operation Coronet Nighthawk, an effort to stop drug smuggling into the United States.


192nd Fighter Wing, History
On 21 September 2000, the 192nd hosted a reunion for the 352nd Fighter Group, the highly decorated World War II unit to which the 192nd's 149th Fighter Squadron traces its military lineage. More than 100 World War II veterans and nearly 300 of their family members attended.


192nd Fighter Wing, History
In the wake of September 11, 2001, more than 400 unit members were called to active duty for up to two years, marking a period of prolonged intensity at the Richmond Air National Guard Base, unmatched since the Berlin call-up of 1961–62. Beginning in mid-September, combat air patrols were flown day and night for 218 consecutive days until mid-April 2002 for a total of 820 operational sorties and 3,515.5 flying hours. To support 24-hour-a-day operations, the unit installed three alert trailers for F-16 crews, and set up on-base laundry facilities, a mini-Base Exchange (BX), and a small gymnasium.


192nd Fighter Wing, History
In September and October 2003, in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom, the 192nd Fighter Wing deployed more than 300 personnel to an undisclosed base in Southwest Asia.


192nd Fighter Wing, History
In late 2007, pursuant to BRAC 2005 action, the 192 FW relinquished its F-16C and F-16D aircraft and moved to Langley AFB (now Joint Base Langley-Eustis), to integrate with the Regular Air Force as an associate unit to the 1st Fighter Wing (1 FW) flying the F-22 Raptor. The former Richmond International Airport Air National Guard Station property was transferred to the Department of the Army in support of U.S. Army Reserve and Virginia Army National Guard activities.


192nd Fighter Wing, History
On 13 October 2007, the order to reactivate the 192 FW was read by Lieutenant Colonel Dave Kolmer at the activation ceremony held at the 27th Fighter Squadron, Langley AFB. Integration with the active duty 1 FW allows the Air National Guard to be at the forefront of the latest design of fighter aircraft, jointly flying and maintaining F-22 aircraft assigned to the 1st Fighter Wing.


192nd Fighter Wing, History
On 1 October 2018, the 192nd Fighter Wing redesignated as the 192nd Wing by order of the Secretary of the Air Force. The wing held a ceremony on 13 October 2018, at Joint Base Langley-Eustis, bringing down the old wing flag for the last time and raising the new one. With 12 distinct mission sets including F-22 fighter jet operations and maintenance, intelligence and cyber operations along with multiple support units, the redesignation reflects the wing's growth and diversity.


192nd Infantry Brigade (United States)
The 192nd Infantry Brigade is an inactive infantry brigade of the United States Army. It was first formed as part of the United States Army Reserve's 96th Division. As part of the triangularization of the US Army before World War II, the Brigade was inactivated and the assets & personnel formed the 96th Reconnaissance Troop.


192nd Infantry Brigade (United States), World War II
The unit served as the 96th Recon Troop. It served as the "eyes & ears" of the 96th Infantry Division in the Pacific Theater during World War II.


192nd Infantry Brigade (United States), 2007–2013
The 192d Infantry Brigade was reactivated at Fort Benning, Georgia to serve as the Basic Combat Training Brigade from 2007 until 16 June 2013. The units of the 192d Infantry Brigade were moved to the 194th Armored Brigade when the brigade inactivated.


192nd Infantry Division
The 192nd Infantry Division, or the 192e division d'infanterie, was a French infantry division during World War II. The 192nd Infantry Division originally operated in the French Levant.


192nd Infantry Division, Overview
The 192nd Infantry Division established on July 19, 1939, as the 2nd Mixed Brigade of the Levant, however it was shortly thereafter on September 10, 1939, expanded and renamed the 2nd Infantry Division of the Levant. On October 5, 1939, the 2nd Infantry Division of the Levant was renamed once more to 192nd Infantry Division.


192nd Infantry Division, Organization
The 192nd Infantry Division was originally composed of the following:


192nd Infantry Division (German Empire)
The 192nd Infantry Division (192. Infanterie-Division) was a formation of the Imperial German Army in World War I.


192nd Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
The 192nd Division (Chinese: 第192师) was created in February 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 12th Brigade, 4th Column of Huabei Military Region. Its history could be traced back to 2nd Independent Brigade of Jinchaji Military Region, formed in March 1946.


192nd Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
The division was a part of 64th Corps. Under the flag of 192nd division it took part in the Chinese Civil War, especially the Pingjin Campaign.


192nd Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
The division was composed of 574th, 575th and 576th Infantry Regiments. In December 1950 Artillery Regiment, 192nd Division was activated, and redesignated as 572nd Artillery Regiment in 1953.


192nd Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
In January 1951 the division converted to Soviet-built small arms. After soon the division moved into Korea as a part of People's Volunteer Army in February 1951.


192nd Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
In August 1953, the division pulled out of Korea and renamed as 192nd Infantry Division (Chinese: 步兵第192师). The division stationed in Benxi, Liaoning province since then.


192nd Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
In May 1954, 397th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment was activated. The division was then composed of:


192nd Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
In February 1955, the division, along with the rest of 64th Corps moved to Port Arthur to receive equipment left by the withdrawing Soviet Union. The division received equipment left by 19th Guards Rifle Division, and then stationed in Lüshunkou District.


192nd Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
In April 1960 the division was renamed as 192nd Army Division (Chinese: 陆军第191师). In June 1962, the division was catalogued as a "small" division (northern, catalogue B). 574th Infantry Regiment maintained as a "big" regiment, while 575th and 576th were reduced to "small" regiments.


192nd Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
In June 1963 the division moved to Benxi, Liaoning again.


192nd Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
In September 1968, 397th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment detached from the division and was transferred to 4th Tank Division as 16th Tank Regiment.


192nd Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
In late 1969, 572nd Artillery Regiment was renamed as Artillery Regiment, 192nd Army Division. The division was then composed of:


192nd Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
In the 1970s the division maintained as a catalogue B unit. From late December 1978 to early March 1979, the division was fully mobilized as a catalogue A unit following the outbreak of Sino-Vietnamese War.


192nd Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
In September 1985, the division was renamed as 192nd Infantry Division (Chinese: 步兵第192师) again. From 1985 to 1998 the division maintained as a northern infantry division, catalogue B. 575th and 577th Regiments were converted to training unit until 1989, when they were further converted to combat units.


192nd Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
In 1987, Reconnaissance Company, 192nd Infantry Division were deployed to Sino-Vietnamese border as 4th Company, 15th Reconnaissance Group. In February 1989, the company received the honorific title of "Heroic Reconnaissance Company" issued by the Central Military Commission.


192nd Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
In July 1998, after the disbandment of 64th Army, the division was transferred to Liaoning Provincial Military District's control. Soon in October the division absorbed the former Benxi Reserve Infantry Division and Fuxin Reserve Infantry Division and reorganized as 192nd Reserve Infantry Division(Chinese: 预备役步兵第192师).


192nd Military Police Battalion
The 192nd Military Police Battalion is a United States National Guard battalion assigned to the Connecticut Army National Guard. The battalion is assigned to the 85th Troop Command and is the Battalion Command for the 143rd Military Police Company (CS), 643rd Military Police Company (CS), 928th Kennel Master, 11th and 119th Military Working Dog (MWD) Detachments. It is one of several National Guard units with colonial roots.


192nd Military Police Battalion, Lineage
The battalion's first ancestor was established 26 June 1672 in the Connecticut Militia as the Regiment of Fairfield County.


192nd Military Police Battalion, Lineage
In the Revolutionary War a Militia of the 1st Battalion, 192d Field Artillery fought in the Battle of Saratoga (1777) and New York (1776–77).


192nd Military Police Battalion, Lineage
The unit was re-designated as Company I and called to active duty to play its part in the Civil War efforts in September 1862. The unit fought in the Battle of Bull Run, Gettysburg, Georgia (1862), South Carolina (1862) and Louisiana (1863), Cold Harbor, and Petersburg.


192nd Military Police Battalion, Lineage
During World War I, personnel from the unit took part in Oise-Aisne, Meuse-Argonne, and Champagne (1918) Campaigns.


192nd Military Police Battalion, Lineage
The unit was re-designated in 1921 as the 192d Field Artillery Regiment and reassigned to the 43rd Infantry Division. The 192nd Field Artillery Regiment was mustered into federal service and assigned as the 68th Field Artillery Brigade, 43rd Infantry Division. It was re-designated as the 192nd Field Artillery Battalion on 10 February 1942.


192nd Military Police Battalion, Lineage
During World War II the unit deployed to New Zealand in October 1942 and fought in the Pacific Theater of Operations in the Guadalcanal, New Solomon Islands, New Guinea, and the Philippines Campaign.


192nd Military Police Battalion, Lineage
The 2/192nd Field Artillery Battalion was mobilized in April 2002 in support of the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah. In September 2003 the Battalion was mobilized in support of Operation Noble Eagle III and was re-designated as the 192nd Chemical Battalion. The 192nd Chemical Battalion officially was re-designated into the 192nd Military Police Battalion 1 September 2008. On 27 May 2009 the Battalion and HHC was once again ordered into federal service in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom VII. Headquarters and Headquarters Company deployed to Camp Cropper, Iraq, where it ran Detainee Operations. The unit redeployed on 10 May 2010.


192nd Military Police Battalion, Unit insignia and coat of arms
The unit insignia is a Silver color metal and enamel device 1 1/8 inches (2.86 cm) in height, consisting of a shield emblazoned with an argent, a cross Gules, overall a saltire Azure, that portion of the saltire upon the cross fimbriated of the field; on a chief of the second, a fleur-de-lis of the first. Attached below the shield is a red scroll inscribed "Skill and Force" in Silver letters.


192nd Military Police Battalion, Unit insignia and coat of arms
The shield is white, the old facings of the Infantry. The red cross is for Revolutionary War service and the blue saltire for Civil War service. The fleur-de-lis on the red chief, the present color for Artillery, represents service as Artillery in France during World War I.


192nd Military Police Battalion, Unit insignia and coat of arms
The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 192d Field Artillery Regiment on 25 March 1927. It was redesignated for the 192d Field Artillery Battalion on 28 July 1942. It was redesignated for the 192d Artillery Regiment on 15 January 1971. It was redesignated for the 192d Field Artillery Regiment on 19 July 1972. The insignia was redesignated with the description updated, for the 192d Chemical Battalion on 18 November 2003. It was redesignated for the 192d Military Police Battalion effective 1 September 2008.


192nd Mixed Brigade
The 192nd Mixed Brigade was a unit of the Spanish Republican Army created during the Spanish Civil War. Deployed on the Extremadura front, the unit played a minor role during the war.


192nd Mixed Brigade, History
The unit was created on April 30, 1938 from reservists from 1925 and 1926. Previously, an Asturian brigade had used this numbering in the north. The new 192nd Mixed Brigade, which was initially part of the 53rd Division of XVII Army Corps, would later be added to the 29th Division of the VI Army Corps. Command was passed to the militia major Abelardo Belenguer Alcober.


192nd Mixed Brigade, History
The organization of the unit was long delayed and it was not until July that it was complete. In November 1938 the 192nd Mixed Brigade was assigned to the 68th Division. Its garrison was in the Santa Quiteria Mines. It didn't participate in the Battle of Peñarroya, in January 1939, due to its weak organization.


192nd New York State Legislature
The 192nd New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 8, 1997, to December 31, 1998, during the third and fourth years of George Pataki's governorship, in Albany.


192nd New York State Legislature, Background
Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1938 and the U.S. Supreme Court decision to follow the One man, one vote rule, re-apportioned in 1992 by the Legislature, 61 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. Senate and Assembly districts consisted of approximately the same number of inhabitants, the area being apportioned contiguously without restrictions regarding county boundaries.


192nd New York State Legislature, Background
At this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The Reform Party, the Conservative Party, the Liberal Party, the Green Party, the Right to Life Party, the Libertarian Party, the Tax Cut Now Party, the Natural Law Party, the Workers World Party and the Socialist Workers Party also nominated tickets.


192nd New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1996, was held on November 5. No statewide elective offices were up for election. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for U.S. president, was: Democrats 3,650,000; Republicans 1,739,000; Reform 503,000; Conservatives 183,000; Liberals 107,000; Green 76,000; Right to Life 24,000; Libertarians 12,000; Tax Cut Now 11,000; Natural Law 5,000; Workers World 3,500; and Socialist Workers 3,000.


192nd New York State Legislature, Elections
All 38 sitting women members of the legislature—State Senators Catherine M. Abate (Dem. ), of Manhattan; Nancy Larraine Hoffmann (Dem. ), of Syracuse; Olga A. Méndez (Dem. ), of East Harlem; Velmanette Montgomery (Dem. ), of Brooklyn; Suzi Oppenheimer (Dem. ), of Mamaroneck; Mary Lou Rath (Rep.), of Williamsville; Nellie R. Santiago (Dem. ), of Brooklyn; and Ada L. Smith (Dem. ), of Queens; and Assemblywomen Patricia Acampora (Rep.), of Mattituck; Carmen E. Arroyo (Dem. ), of the Bronx; Nancy Calhoun (Rep.), of Blooming Grove; Joan Christensen (Dem. ), of Syracuse; Barbara M. Clark (Dem. ), of Queens; Elizabeth Connelly (Dem. ), of Staten Island; Vivian E. Cook (Dem.) of Queens; RoAnn Destito (Dem. ), of Rome; Gloria Davis (Dem. ), of the Bronx; Eileen C. Dugan (Dem. ), of Brooklyn; Donna Ferrara (Rep.), a lawyer of Westbury; Sandy Galef (Dem. ), of Ossining; Deborah J. Glick (Dem. ), of Manhattan; Aurelia Greene (Dem. ), of the Bronx; Audrey Hochberg (Dem. ), of Scarsdale; Earlene Hill Hooper (Dem. ), of Hempstead; Rhoda S. Jacobs (Dem. ), of Brooklyn; Susan V. John (Dem. ), of Rochester; Melinda Katz (Dem. ), a lawyer of Queens; Betty Little (Rep.), of Queensbury; Naomi C. Matusow (Dem. ), a lawyer of Armonk; Nettie Mayersohn (Dem. ), of Queens; Debra J. Mazzarelli (Rep.), of Patchogue; Patricia McGee (Rep.), of Franklinville; Catherine Nolan (Dem. ), of Queens; Chloe Ann O'Neil (Rep.), an elementary school teacher of Parishville; Audrey Pheffer (Dem. ), of Queens; Frances T. Sullivan (Rep.), of Fulton; Helene Weinstein (Dem. ), a lawyer of Brooklyn; and Sandra Lee Wirth (Rep.), of West Seneca—were re-elected. Ann-Margaret Carrozza (Dem. ), a lawyer of Queens, was also elected to the Assembly.


192nd New York State Legislature, Elections
Eileen C. Dugan died three days after the election. On February 18, 1997, Joan Millman (Dem. ), a teacher and librarian of Brooklyn, was elected to fill the vacancy.


192nd New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1997, was held on November 4. One vacancy in the State Senate was filled.


192nd New York State Legislature, Elections
On February 3, 1998, Adele Cohen (Dem. ), a lawyer of Brooklyn; Kate Murray (Rep.), a lawyer of Levittown; and Maureen O'Connell (Rep.), a registered nurse and lawyer of East Williston; were elected to fill vacancies in the Assembly.


192nd New York State Legislature, Elections
On March 24, 1998, Pauline Rhodd-Cummings (Dem. ), of Queens, was elected to fill a vacancy in the Assembly. Thus the 192nd Legislature ended having 43 women members, surpassing the previous record of 39 in the 190th New York State Legislature (1994).


192nd New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the first regular session (the 220th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 8, 1997; and recessed indefinitely on August 4.


192nd New York State Legislature, Sessions
Joseph Bruno (Rep.) was re-elected Temporary President of the Senate.


192nd New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the second regular session (the 221st) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 7, 1998; and recessed indefinitely on June 19.


192nd New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Assembly met again on July 29, 1998, to enact a bill on parole which had been approved by the Senate during the regular session.


192nd New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met again from December 17 to 18, 1998, to enact another piece of legislation concerning the school system of New York City, and to raise the salaries of the members of the next Legislature.


192nd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Assemblyman Michael Balboni was elected to fill a vacancy in the Senate.


192nd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


192nd New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assembly members
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.


192nd New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assembly members
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


192nd Ohio Infantry Regiment
The 192nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 192nd Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 192nd OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


192nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 192nd Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, and mustered in for one year service on March 9, 1865, under the command of Colonel Francis W. Butterfield.


192nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment left Ohio for Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, March 10. Attached to 2nd Brigade, 1st Provisional Division, Army of the Shenandoah, March 20. Marched to Charleston March. 21. Duty there until April 4. Transferred to 2nd (Ohio) Brigade, 2nd Provisional Division, March 27. Marched to Winchester April 4. Duty in the Shenandoah Valley in the vicinity of Winchester, Stevenson's Depot, Reed's Hill, and Harrisonburg until August 25. Mustered out at Winchester September 1, 1865.


192nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 192nd Ohio Infantry mustered out of service September 1, 1865, at Winchester, Virginia.


192nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
Members of this Unit Included:Company C:Michael Gessner b. June 18, 1830, d. March 4, 1911 (m. Magdalena Vesper Dec. 20, 1851)


192nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 27 enlisted men during service; 1 man killed and 26 men died of disease.


192nd Tank Battalion
The 192nd Tank Battalion of the United States Army was a federalized Army National Guard unit activated in November 1940. Deployed to the Philippines, the battalion was engaged in combat during the Japanese invasion and the US retreat to the Bataan Peninsula; being part of the force that surrendered to the Japanese there, it subsequently ceased to exist as an active unit.


192nd Tank Battalion, History, Activation and deployment
In 1941, the US Army Chief of Staff, General George C. Marshall, directed that the army's new M3 Stuart light tanks, then just rolling off the assembly lines, were to have the highest priority in reinforcing General MacArthur's command in the Pacific. The activated Army National Guard 194th and 192nd Tank Battalions were each equipped with 54 of the newly manufactured M3 Stuart light tanks, along with 23 half-tracks per battalion. The federalized California Army Guard 194th Tank Battalion deployed from San Francisco on 8 September 1941, arriving in the Philippines on 26 September. That deployment was followed by the 192nd Tank Battalion, which reached Manila in November. The 192nd Tank Battalion was composed of tank companies from:


192nd Tank Battalion, History, Activation and deployment
On 21 November 1941 the 192nd and 194th Tank Battalions were combined to form the Provisional Tank Group under the command of Colonel James R. N. Weaver. With the subsequent commencement of hostilities, and Japanese landings along the coastlines in December, the Provisional Tank Group was ordered to counterattack the landing forces, and to cover the allied retreat towards the Bataan Peninsula.


192nd Tank Battalion, History, America's first clash of armor
On 21 December 1941, the 192nd Tank Battalion, under the command of Major Theodore F. Wickord, was ordered to move north. Major Wickord sent Company B, commanded by Captain Donald Hanes, ahead, most likely as an advanced guard. During B company's advance, they had planned to refuel their gasoline powered M3's at Gerona and then again at Bauang. However, upon reaching Gerona, no fuel was available, and word reached Captain Hanes that the enemy was fast approaching Bauang.


192nd Tank Battalion, History, America's first clash of armor
The US Army's last official US Horse Cavalry to see combat was the US 26th Cavalry (Horse) (Philippine Scouts) in 1942. The 26th Cavalry had just recently been under enemy aerial attack, and was operating in the area currently being traversed by B company tanks. General Wainwright, commander of US/allied forces in the Philippines during its final period, received reports that the town of Damortis was fast being approached by mechanized elements of the Japanese Army; and he ordered Captain Hanes to engage them.


192nd Tank Battalion, History, America's first clash of armor
Since Hanes had not been able to re-fuel at Gerona, his Stuarts were nearly out of gas, so he had to consolidate the fuel from the whole company in order to "top-off" just one platoon of five light tanks. Hanes ordered the tank platoon, led by LT Ben R. Morin, to move north from the town of Damortis, where here on 22 December 1941, the platoon of M3 Stuarts ran into Japanese Type 95 light tanks from the Imperial Japanese Army 4th Tank Regiment.


192nd Tank Battalion, History, America's first clash of armor
In this, the first American tanks manned by US tank crewmen to engage enemy tanks during World War II, the M3's of the 192nd Tank Battalion went up against the equally armed Type 95 light tank, which were armed with the 37mm cannon, but were equipped with diesel engines. The Type 95 light tank had been at the forefront of tank technology when it was fielded in 1935.


192nd Tank Battalion, History, America's first clash of armor
In the tank to tank battle that ensued, the lead 192nd tank immediately left the road to maneuver, but was instantly hit and caught fire. The remaining four Stuarts also received hits, but withdrew from the field, only to be destroyed by enemy aircraft later on. Lieutenant Morin was wounded, and he along with his crew were captured.


192nd Tank Battalion, History, America's first clash of armor
Both the 192nd and the 194th Tank Battalions continued to skirmish with the 4th Tank Regiment, as they retreated towards Bataan. But tank losses during the fighting required the re-organization of some of the units. Consequently, tank companies were re-organized into 10 tank companies with 3 tank platoons, and 1 tank for the company commander. During the remaining struggle for Bataan, the two Tank Battalions tried to defend the beaches, the airfield, and provided support for the infantry, until 8 April 1942, when the 192nd and 194th received orders to prepare to destroy their M3s, upon receiving the code word. The code word "Crash" was transmitted, and the US Army/allies on Bataan surrendered on 9 April 1942.


192nd Tank Battalion, History, Overview
The activated Army National Guard 192nd Tank Battalion initially received training at Fort Knox, and Polk. The unit left San Francisco in October 1941, arriving in the Philippines on 20 November 1941. On 22 December 1941, the 192nd Tank Battalion became the first American tank unit to engage enemy armor in tank to tank combat during World War II. The unit withdrew to the Bataan Peninsula as part of the general retreat, and ceased to exist on 9 April 1942 when the last surviving American and Philippine forces on the Bataan Peninsula surrendered.


192nd Tank Battalion, History, Overview
Some men went to Corregidor, while others escaped to the jungle. Those who remained, participated in the Bataan Death March. They remained prisoners of war until the close of the invasion of the Philippines. Some prisoners at Cabanatuan were rescued by US Army Rangers on 30 December 1944. Others were sent to Japan or other parts of the Japanese empire as laborers. Of the 593 officers and men of the 192nd Tank Battalion who went to the Philippines in October 1941, 328 did not survive the war.


193
Year 193 (CXCIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Sosius and Ericius (or, less frequently, year 946 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 193 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


193 (number)
193 (one hundred [and] ninety-three) is the natural number following 192 and preceding 194.


193 Ambrosia
Ambrosia (minor planet designation: 193 Ambrosia) is a main belt asteroid that was discovered by the Corsican-born French astronomer J. Coggia on February 28, 1879, and named after Ambrosia, the food of the gods in Greek mythology.


193 Ambrosia
In 2009, photometric observations of this asteroid were made at the Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado Springs, Colorado. The resulting light curve shows a synodic rotation period of 6.580 ± 0.001 hours with a brightness variation of 0.11 ± 0.02 in magnitude. This result is consistent with an independent study performed in 1996.


193 BC
Year 193 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Merula and Thermus (or, less frequently, year 561 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 193 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming a year.


193 Medium Regiment (India)
193 Medium Regiment is part of the Regiment of Artillery of the Indian Army.


193 Medium Regiment (India), Formation
193 Medium Regiment was raised on February 1st, 1966, in Babina. The first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel AS Anand. It was raised as a single class composition regiment with Sikh soldiers.


193 Medium Regiment (India), History
The regiment was raised as 193 Mountain Regiment and on re-organisation was converted to 193 Field Regiment in July 1979. It was converted again to a Medium Regiment on 17 January 2007. It was one of the first regiments to be equipped with M777 howitzer.


193 Medium Regiment (India), History
The battle cry of the regiment is ‘ਬੋਲੇ ਸੋ ਨਿਹਾਲ, ਸਤਿ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਅਕਾਲ’ (Bole So Nihal, Sat Sri Akaal), which translates to Whoever utters (the following words), (it) shall be fulfilled - Truth is the Timeless One.


193 Medium Regiment (India), Operations
The regiment moved to Bakloh, Himachal Pradesh in January 1971, where it inherited the vintage 3.7 in Howitzers. The guns were subsequently changed to the newly developed 75/24 mm Pack Howitzers. The regiment moved near Jammu in October 1971 and was tasked to provide artillery support to 19 Infantry Brigade for the capture of Chicken’s Neck -  a salient of about a 180 square kilometres area west of Jammu. This was accomplished following artillery support by the unit between 4th and 6th of December 1971.


193 Medium Regiment (India), Operations
The guns had scored direct hits on the Pakistani headquarters at Phuklean Rest House earning the unit a humorous  suffix “Ph! Ph ! (Phulean Phuckers)”. The regiment then moved to the Jammu-Sialkot axis on 12 December 1971 and commenced bombardment of Sialkot city, till cease fire was declared on 16 December 1971.


193 Medium Regiment (India), Operations
The regiment has a brief counter terrorism exposure in  Jammu and Kashmir during 1996, when three militants were eliminated in Lolab Valley. It subsequently had a two year tenure between March 2004 and October 2006, during which it won the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (Northern Command)’s ‘unit appreciation’ award.


193 Medium Regiment (India), Operations
The regiment has also participated in Operation Savage (January 1976 – July 1979), Operation Rakshak (1996), Operation Falcon (1999), Operation Parakram (2001-2002), Operation Rakshak (2004-2006) and Operation Meghdoot (2013-2015).


193 Medium Regiment (India), Achievements
The regiment has won 3 Sena Medals, 3 Chief of the Army Staff’s Commendation Cards, 1  Vice Chief of the Army Staff’s Commendation Card,  and 5 General Officer Commanding in Chief’s Commendation Card.


193 Medium Regiment (India), Achievements
The regiment won the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (Northern Command)’s ‘unit appreciation’ award on 24 January 2007 for counter terrorist operation in Jammu and Kashmir. It won the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (Southern Command)’s ‘unit appreciation’ award in 2018.


193 Medium Regiment (India), Achievements
The regiment had the honour to participate in the 70th Republic Day Parade, in New Delhi on January 26, 2019 with its M777 A2 Ultra-Light Howitzers.


193 Squadron (Israel)
The 193 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force (IAF), also known as the Maritime Helicopters Squadron and operates on behalf of the Israeli Navy.


193 Squadron (Israel)
Established in June 1987 as a new squadron flying the Eurocopter HH-65A Dolphin from Palmachim Airbase.


193 Squadron (Israel), Aircraft
The squadron was initially assigned the Eurocopter HH-65A beginning in 1987, but after the loss of one airframe in 1996 the IAF retired the remaining HH-65A in 1987. Both airframes were test airframes from the United States Coast Guard.


193 Squadron (Israel), Aircraft
Today the squadron is home to seven AS565 Panther helicopters based at either Ramat David Airbase or Palmachim Airbase. These helicopters are also assigned and can land on the Sa'ar 5-class corvettes.


1930
1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1930th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 930th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 30th  year of the 20th century, and the  1st   year of the 1930s decade.


1930 24 Hours of Le Mans
The 1930 24 Hours of Le Mans was the 8th Grand Prix of Endurance that took place at the Circuit de la Sarthe on 21 and 22 June 1930. It saw the first appearance of a German car and the first entry from female drivers.


1930 24 Hours of Le Mans
In the smallest ever field in the Le Mans history there were only 17 starters. This was a race of two halves. At the start the Mercedes of Rudolf Caracciola/Christian Werner was pursued by the supercharged ‘Blower’ Bentley of Tim Birkin. Twice he passed the white car on the Mulsanne Straight and both times he was thwarted by a rear-tyre blowout. Then Sammy Davis chased in a works Bentley. When that car was put into the sandbank at Pontlieue corner, it was the other works Bentley of Woolf Barnato and Glen Kidston taking up the Germans’ challenge. The lead changed a number of times into the night, until at 1.30am when the Mercedes was retired with a broken dynamo and a flat battery.


1930 24 Hours of Le Mans
After that it became a procession for the remaining Bentleys, although both the privateer Blower Bentleys retired on Sunday. The two works cars carried on and cruised to another formation finish. Barnato had won his third consecutive Le Mans, from three starts. Talbot finished third and fourth and took the lucrative Index of Performance prize by the narrowest of margins (0.004) from the winning Bentley. The Bugatti of Marguerite Mareuse and Odette Siko had a trouble-free run and finished seventh, stealing the contemporary headlines from Bentley.


1930 24 Hours of Le Mans, Regulations
The AIACR (forerunner of the FIA) Appendix C rules stayed in effect. The biggest change this year was the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO) now allowing private entrants as well as “works” entries from the manufacturers. This just acknowledged the existing practice of private owners being entered by the car-company. Five engine-classes were specified, with brackets at 3.0, 2.0, 1.5 and 1-litres.


1930 24 Hours of Le Mans, Regulations
To be eligible, a minimum of thirty vehicles had to have been produced, and the cars had to be “as per sales catalogue”. Many small companies were selling bare chassis upon which an owner would get a coach-builder to put on a body-shelled, so the specifications were still quite broad as long as the car had some basic minimum equipment (mudguards, lights, hood, windscreen etc. ).


1930 24 Hours of Le Mans, Regulations
As engine power advanced, the ACO once again adjusted the Index target distances. Example targets included the following:


1930 24 Hours of Le Mans, Regulations
The Société des Pétroles Jupiter, Shell's French agents, provided three standard fuel options: Gasoline, Benzole and a 70/30 blend of the two. Teams were allowed to add up to 2% by volume of their own additives. As before, all liquids (fuel, oil and water) could only be replenished after every 20 laps (326.8 km (203.1 mi)).


1930 24 Hours of Le Mans, Regulations
Night-time, when headlights had to be used, was defined by the ACO for the race as between 9.30pm and 4am.


1930 24 Hours of Le Mans, Entries
In the middle of the Great Depression, the auto-industry was being hit very hard. Only 33 cars entered for the race, of which only 19 arrived. That said it was a quality field with two big Bentley entries challenged by a mighty 7-litre supercharged Mercedes and one of the supercharged Alfa Romeos dominating European racing, both privately entered. France could muster only two works Tractas, a BNC and a privateer Bugatti to their premier touring car race.


1930 24 Hours of Le Mans, Entries
Defending champions Bentley once again arrived with a solid works team, this year bringing a trio of their big Speed Six model. Introduced in 1928 as a competitor to the Rolls-Royce Phantom I, it had a 6.6-litre engine that produced 190 bhp giving it a top speed of 185 kp/h (115 mph). Company director (and race winner in 1928 and 1929), Woolf Barnato would drive the lead car – the same chassis that had been entered in the 1929 race. This year his co-driver was his wealthy friend Glen Kidston. The other two were driven by 1924-winner Frank Clement with former Stutz-driver Dick Watney, and 1927-winner and journalist Sammy Davis with Clive Dunfee.


1930 24 Hours of Le Mans, Entries
Back in 1928, Barnato's fellow race-winner, Sir Henry “Tim” Birkin had seen the threat posed by the new supercharged Mercedes and Alfa Romeos to Bentley's dominance of touring car racing. He had approached W. O. Bentley and Barnato about supercharging the green cars. Barnato was not convinced and W.O loathed the idea. He eventually found an investor in the form of young heiress, and keen motorist, Dorothy Paget (who already owned a Mercedes-Benz SSK). The cars were not race-ready in time for the 1929 race; however Barnato quietly approved sufficient funds to allow the required production quantity to be met.


1930 24 Hours of Le Mans, Entries
Based on the 4½ Litre model, a massive, distinctive Roots supercharger was fitted in front of the radiator. This boosted the engine output from 130 to 240 bhp. However, it also raised the fuel consumption and its front-end weight gave the car noticeable understeer. Improved over the close-season, a team of three “Blower Bentleys” arrived, managed by former Bentley-driver and Lagonda team-manager Bertie Kensington-Moir. Birkin renewed his 1928 Le Mans partnership with Jean Chassagne, while race-winner Dudley Benjafield drove with former Alfa Romeo test-driver (and now British resident) Giulio Ramponi. The third car was driven by Boris Harcourt-Wood and Jack Dunfee, Clive's older brother.


1930 24 Hours of Le Mans, Entries
The first German car to run at Le Mans was a privateer entry. Mercedes and Benz had merged in 1926 and had considerable racing success, but with the Depression the company closed its works racing team. Team manager Alfred Neubauer, however, convinced the board to bankroll a privateer team. This was run by their top works driver Rudolf “Rudi” Caracciola. The SSK (Super Sports Kurz) was designed by Ferdinand Porsche as a development of the SS model. The giant 170 bhp 7.1-litre engine could be augmented by a Roots supercharger to put out 300 bhp.


1930 24 Hours of Le Mans, Entries
However, unlike the Bentleys, the supercharger was not designed to be run all the time (not least for reasons of chronic fuel consumption), and the team was able to convince the ACO to discount the 1.3 supercharger modifier when dictating the car's target distance. Caracciola's co-driver was also from the Mercedes-Benz works team, Christian Werner.


1930 24 Hours of Le Mans, Entries
Stutz was present at Le Mans again, through two black-painted private entries. The latest model M versions came in two wheelbase lengths, with the shorter designated the “MA”. The new 5.3-litre sidevalve engine now put out 120 bhp. Edouard Brisson was having his first race after the bad 1929 Le Mans when a fuel-fire had badly burnt his face and hands. His co-driver was the experienced Louis Rigal, former Ariés works driver. The other car was owned by wine-company heir Philippe de Rothschild. Keen to keep his anonymity he raced under the pseudonym “Georges Philippe” and had an American banking friend, Dick Parke, put the entry in for him. He had Edmond Bourlier (formerly from Talbot and Delage works teams) as his co-driver with Parke acting as reserve driver for both cars.


1930 24 Hours of Le Mans, Entries
The Sunbeam-Talbot-Darracq marque returned to Le Mans this year. The successful Talbot 14/45 had been developed into the 18/70 model with a racing version, the AO90 (a reference to its top speed over 90 mph). The 2.3L engine now put out 95 bhp. The Fox & Nicholl team were looking for new cars since Lagonda closed its racing programme in January. They purchased three Talbots but a disastrous fatal accident at Brooklands wrecked them. In less than five weeks, two were repaired for Le Mans.


1930 24 Hours of Le Mans, Entries
Georges Roesch, chief engineer at Clément-Talbot, was concerned that like the Blower Bentleys, the French fuels would not be suitable for the Talbots. He asked the ACO if they could run on ethyl fuel but this was refused. Leslie Callingham, head of Shell's technical department in London (and driving an Alfa Romeo in the race) said the hybrid fuel would be suitable, although the engine output would drop to about 70 bhp. The drivers were to be Johnny Hindmarsh / Tim Rose-Richards and Brian Lewis, Baron Essendon / Hugh Eaton.


1930 24 Hours of Le Mans, Entries
The other significant Le Mans debut was also a privateer entry. Alfa Romeo had already achieved great success in grand prix racing in the 1920s. Vittorio Jano’s 6C successor design, debuting in 1927, followed on this adapting as a sports car or grand prix racer in the Formula Libre events. Initially a 1.5-litre, in 1929 it was also available with a 1752cc twin-cam engine, and both versions had a supercharged variant.


1930 24 Hours of Le Mans, Entries
As well as a works team, two other new significant customer teams ran the 1750 SS: Enzo Ferrari in Italy and Fred Stiles, the London importer, focusing almost exclusively on their respective countries. Its light weight and superior handling gave it excellent acceleration and made it better  through the corners than the bigger cars. Le Mans was not considered by any of the three teams. However, a car owned by wealthy British racer Earl Francis Howe was entered, with support from the Stiles team including former Bentley driver, Leslie Callingham as co-driver. With the 1.3 supercharger co-efficient they had the same Index target as the Talbots.


1930 24 Hours of Le Mans, Entries
After the withdrawals of Alvis and the new Scotsman car, the only entries in the 2-litre class were from BNC and Kenneth Peacock's supercharged Lea-Francis S-Type. Having raced the year before, Peacock had purchased a new car and returned as a privateer entry with Sammy Newsome again as co-driver. BNC had not survived the economic downturn and had been purchased by French entrepreneur Charles de Ricou, who also picked up Lombard and Rolland-Pilain, and its successor AER. The BNC Vedette was the new model based on the F28, the last Rolland-Pilain design.


1930 24 Hours of Le Mans, Entries
Bugatti, despite having organised races for its car-owners on the Le Mans circuit, had not competed in the endurance race since the inaugural 1923 race. Wealthy French heiress Marguerite Mareuse entered her Type 40 tourer as a privateer, inviting talented driver Odette Siko as her co-driver – becoming the first women to enter the race. Based around the 1.5-litre engine of the Type 37 race-car, it put out about 45 bhp to a 4-speed gearbox.


1930 24 Hours of Le Mans, Entries
Jean-Albert Grégoire’s small Tracta company had been very successful at Le Mans with its reliable front-wheel drive and patented Universal joint system. The works team bought two Type A models to the race (unsupercharged this time), Grégoire racing with Vallon as usual, and Bourcier with Debeugny. The smallest cars in the field were from MG Cars, making its Le Mans debut. Morris Garages was set up in 1909 by William Morris as a sales/service division of his Morris Motors. In 1928 after strong sales success, the company was relaunched as MG Car Company under Cecil Kimber.


1930 24 Hours of Le Mans, Entries
The MG M-type “Midget” was built on the Minor chassis with a plywood and fabric body. This year's version had the 847cc engine uprated to put out 27 bhp that made it capable of 110 kp/h (70 mph). Two cars were prepared for Sir Francis Samuelson and Huskinson & Fane, the London MG agents.


1930 24 Hours of Le Mans, Practice
On race-week, the competitors were allowed to do practice laps on the Wednesday, Thursday and Friday nights between 10pm and 6am. However, the roads were not closed to the public and the ACO advised drivers it was at their own risk. The big Mercedes showed its class, able to reach 195 kp/h (120 mph) on the Mulsanne straight.


1930 24 Hours of Le Mans, Practice
The Paget-team Bentleys had a bad practice week. The Harcourt-Wood/Dunfee car had a big-end failure and all the cars were suffering overheating issues. This was found to be due to the high combustion temperatures of the hybrid fuel. The team decided to switch to the pure-benzol option, but it meant changing the engine compression ratios and fitting new pistons. There was only time to change two of the cars so the Harcourt-Wood/Dunfee car was withdrawn. Faced with a similar issue, the Talbots had been modified in May.


1930 24 Hours of Le Mans, Practice
The BNC team had a last minute emergency just before the start. A split fuel-tank needed to be emptied and repaired. The race started as it was being refuelled, but then the car refused to start. So the starting field was only 17 – the smallest in the Le Mans race history.>


1930 24 Hours of Le Mans, Race, Start
As a change from recent years, the race-day was sunny and hot. Caracciola, at the head of the line, was away first. On lap 2, his first flying lap, he broke the lap record (with a 6m52s) and then turned off the supercharger. This allowed the hard-charging Birkin in his Blower Bentley to close in. W.O. Bentley preferred to let the privateer do the chasing, telling his drivers to look after their cars and wave him through. On the fourth lap, Birkin was on Caracciola's tail at the Pontlieue curves.


1930 24 Hours of Le Mans, Race, Start
Reaching 195 kp/h he got past the Mercedes as they braked heavily for the Mulsanne corner. Birkin did a 6m48s to set a new lap record, but on the next lap the tread came off a rear tyre and he had to pit. It took only half a minute to change the wheel, and then in only five laps Birkin was right behind the Mercedes. Just as he again overtook Caracciola on the Mulsanne Straight the tread on the other tyre let go. Although he dropped two wheels off the road, Birkin was able to complete the pass until the tyre blew at Arnage forcing him to pit yet again.


1930 24 Hours of Le Mans, Race, Start
Meanwhile, further back, de Rothschild had gone into the tight Arnage corner too fast and ploughed into the earth bank at speed. Able to reverse back out, he made it to pits where the crew verified the damage was not severe. The other Stutz had also had problems, with Brisson handling a misfiring engine at the start and then Rigal running off the road a couple of times, dislodging the exhaust pipe. The Lea-Francis lost time when it came to a stop about a kilometre from the pits. It took half an hour, but once Peacock cleaned the spark-plugs he was away again without further bother.


1930 24 Hours of Le Mans, Race, Start
Caracciola's next challenger was Sammy Davis in his works Bentley. Despite a stone thrown up and smashing his goggles he stayed on the German's tail to the first pitstops after 20 laps. Bloodied, he handed over to Clive Dunfee who only managed a half-lap when he buried it in a sandbank at Pontlieue. With no shovel on hand it took him, and then Davis, over two hours to dig it out only to discover the front axle was wrecked. Kidston pitted his Bentley with a tyre tread thrown on his in-lap. Barnato took over and set about gradually closing in, finally overtaking Werner in the Mercedes around 8.30pm.


1930 24 Hours of Le Mans, Race, Start
Behind the Mercedes and Bentleys ran the Stutzes and the Earl Howe's Alfa Romeo. The Talbots were running 9th and 10th, but were able to run an hour longer than the bigger cars ahead of them before refuelling. They picked up a place as the Alfa Romeo was delayed – a race-long struggle with fouled plugs and ignition from the blended fuel. At the back of the field, the nimble MGs were easily leading the Tractas (delayed, like others, by plug issues) in their own battle for small-engine honours. However the MGs soon ran into trouble.


1930 24 Hours of Le Mans, Race, Start
Samuelson's was waylaid by a failed big-end bearing, while Murton-Neale's skated off the track at the Pontlieue corners. French gendarmes had just sprinkled sand over the road to stop melting tar in the afternoon heat. He was furious and angrily threw the fencing he had just demolished with his car at the officials. Back at the pits, the car got assessed from damage. His co-driver did a few laps but was not convinced it was safe, so Murton-Neale got back in and drove on into the night. Around half-time, the car was finally retired with a broken con-rod.