1933 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Seven
The seventh tropical storm of the season was first observed in the eastern Caribbean on August 14. It strengthened to reach winds of 45 mph (72 km/h). After passing just south of Jamaica, the storm turned to the northwest and crossed over both the Isle of Youth and western Cuba on August 18. It curved northward and dissipated west of Florida on August 21.


1933 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Seven
On Trinidad, rainfall from this storm and a subsequent tropical depression were the heaviest in nine years, which caused rivers to overflow and flooded parts of the island. Several boats were damaged or driven ashore from rough seas. The two storms caused damage to fields, highways, and houses, and caused the loss of crops such as cocoa and bananas. In all, damage totaled $3 million and there were 13 deaths on Trinidad.


1933 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Seven
The storm produced heavy rainfall in eastern Jamaica, including a record 24-hour total of 12.2 inches (310 mm) in the Corporate Area, and Dallas Castle received 20.2 inches (510 mm) in 24 hours. This flooded and damaged properties and water systems in Kingston and Saint Andrew, leading to a water famine until the water mains were fixed. Damage totaled to over $2.5 million, and 70 people were reported killed due to the flooding. Damage was minimal in both Cuba and Florida.


1933 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Eight
The eighth storm of the season was one of two storms in the 1933 Atlantic hurricane season to reach the intensity of a Category 5 strength on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. It formed on August 22 off the west coast of Africa, and for much of its duration it maintained a west-northwest track. The system intensified into a tropical storm on August 26 and into a hurricane on August 28. Passing north of the Lesser Antilles, the hurricane rapidly intensified as it approached the Turks and Caicos islands.


1933 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Eight
It reached Category 5 status and its peak winds of 160 mph (260 km/h) on August 31. Subsequently, it weakened before striking northern Cuba on September 1 with winds of 120 mph (190 km/h). In the country, the hurricane left about 100,000 people homeless and killed over 70 people. Damage was heaviest near the storm's path, and the strong winds destroyed houses and left areas without power. Damage was estimated at $11 million.


1933 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Eight
After exiting from Cuba, the hurricane entered the Gulf of Mexico and restrengthened. On September 2, it re-attained winds of 140 mph (230 km/h). Initially the hurricane posed a threat to the area around Corpus Christi, Texas, and the local United States Weather Bureau forecaster advised people to stay away from the Texas coastline during the busy Labor Day Weekend. Officials declared martial law in the city and mandated evacuations. However, the hurricane turned more to the west and struck near Brownsville early on September 5 with winds estimated at 125 mph (205 km/h). It quickly dissipated after causing heavy damage in the Rio Grande Valley. High winds caused heavy damage to the citrus crop. The hurricane left $16.9 million in damage and 40 deaths in southern Texas.


1933 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Nine
On August 23, another tropical storm was observed north of Puerto Rico. It moved northwestward for three days, slowly strengthening as it moved over the open ocean. The storm turned to the northeast and reached peak sustained winds of 50 mph (80 km/h) a short distance to the west of Bermuda. It began weakening shortly thereafter, and on August 30 the storm became extratropical to the southeast of Newfoundland. It continued to the northeast and was last observed on August 31 over the north-central Atlantic Ocean. It did not cause significant effects on land.


1933 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Ten
A tropical storm formed in the Bay of Campeche. It initially moved to the northwest. The cyclone remained a minimal tropical storm for most of its lifetime. On August 29, the storm turned to the west-southwest and made landfall near Tampico, Mexico, dissipating shortly thereafter. The tropical storm caused heavy rains near the coast, although winds were minor. Due to uncertainty as to its course, tropical storm warnings were issued for portions of the southern Texas coastline.


1933 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Eleven
A tropical storm was first observed on August 31, 225 miles (360 km) north-northeast of the island of Antigua. The storm rapidly intensified as it moved quickly to the west-northwest, attaining hurricane status later that day, and major hurricane strength on September 1, while located to the north of Puerto Rico. It continued west-northwestward and attained its peak intensity, with maximum sustained winds of 140 mph (225 km/h), on September 2.


1933 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Eleven
The hurricane, then at Category 4 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, moved through the northern Bahamas at peak intensity and weakened slightly before making landfall on Jupiter, Florida, with winds of 125 mph (200 km/h) on September 4. The system weakened rapidly over Florida to tropical storm status, and after turning to the north, decelerated. The weakening storm slowly moved through Georgia before dissipating near the Georgia/South Carolina border on September 7.


1933 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Eleven
On Eleuthera Island, the Category 4 hurricane blew away the roofs of buildings, wrecked wharves, and lost boats. Hurricane warnings were issued for the eastern Florida coastline, and 3,000 people were evacuated around Lake Okeechobee to safer areas. In southeastern Florida, the strong winds broke many glass windows and downed trees and power lines; severe house damage was reported near the landfall location. The hurricane's powerful winds also severely damaged crops, including 4 million boxes of citrus fruit across the state. In total, Florida suffered $2 million in damage and two deaths.


1933 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Twelve
On September 8, an area of disturbed weather to the east of the Lesser Antilles organized into a tropical storm. It moved north-northeastward, and after a turn to the northwest, the system intensified to hurricane strength on September 10. It steadily intensified and reached a peak strength of 140 mph (225 km/h) on September 15. It slowed as it turned to the north, striking southeastern North Carolina just west of Cape Hatteras as a Category 2 hurricane. After moving through the Outer Banks, the system accelerated to the northeast and became extratropical on September 18 about halfway between Cape Cod and the southern tip of Nova Scotia. The extratropical storm passed over Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and Labrador before dissipating east of Greenland on September 22.


1933 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Twelve
Strong winds from the hurricane downed trees and power lines in southeastern North Carolina, causing damage to many houses. The hurricane produced a storm surge that flooded coastal streets with 3 to 4 feet (0.9–1.2 m) of water. In all, the hurricane caused at least 21 deaths, primarily due to drowning in high waters. Damage totaled around $4.5 million.


1933 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Thirteen
On September 10, as Hurricane Twelve was intensifying over the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, another area of disturbed weather developed into a tropical storm over the western Caribbean Sea off the coast of Guatemala. It moved slowly northward and strengthened, becoming a hurricane on September 12 just east of Belize. On the next day, the hurricane made landfall on the Mexican state of Quintana Roo, and the system weakened to a tropical storm as it moved northwestward across the Yucatán Peninsula. On September 14 it again regained hurricane status over the Bay of Campeche. The hurricane struck Tampico on September 15 and then dissipated.


1933 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Thirteen
The storm caused severe damage in Tampico and further inland, leaving several thousand homeless. According to The New York Times, at least 67 people were killed. Tuxpan, south of Tampico, also suffered heavy damage with many houses and office buildings destroyed. Total property losses were estimated at several million dollars.


1933 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Fourteen
On the other side of the Caribbean Sea, what would become the second Category 5 hurricane of the season, and the 14th tropical storm of the year, was first observed on September 16 to the east of the southern Leeward Islands. The cyclone, then a tropical depression, tracked to the west-northwest through the islands, slowly strengthening into a tropical storm on September 18. It attained hurricane strength on September 19 near Jamaica, then began a period of rapid intensification south of that island.


1933 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Fourteen
On September 21, a ship measured a central pressure of 929 millibars (27 inHg), indicating that the hurricane had intensified to a peak of 160 mph (260 km/h). Continuing west-northwestward, the hurricane weakened somewhat and made landfall 40 miles (65 km) south of Cozumel Island on September 22. Winds at landfall were estimated to have been 140 mph (230 km/h), equivalent to a Category 4 hurricane by modern classification. The hurricane weakened slightly over the Yucatán Peninsula, but then re-strengthened over the Gulf of Mexico to reach a second peak intensity of 110 mph (175 km/h) on September 24. Shortly thereafter, the storm made landfall near Tampico. It dissipated on September 25 over Mexico.


1933 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Fourteen
Near Jamaica, the hurricane caused rough seas, although damage, if any, is unknown. While moving across the Yucatán Peninsula, the storm produced heavy rainfall and strong winds. In Cozumel, the winds destroyed a 300-foot (91 m) pier and several buildings. Rough seas sunk several ships, and one person drowned. The rainfall caused several rivers to overflow, causing flooding and damage to roads and railroads in the state of Veracruz. Many people in low-lying areas around Tampico evacuated for the storm.


1933 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Fourteen
Reports indicate much of the city of Tampico was destroyed, and the total number of deaths and injuries amounted to over 5,000. Most of the deaths occurred from flood waters, which were 10 to 15 feet (3.0–4.6 m) deep and covered the entire city; many bodies were washed out to sea, and were never recovered. The flooding washed out roads and railroads, delaying relief efforts into the devastated area. Water and food supplies in and around Tampico were damaged or contaminated, resulting in a threat of famine or disease that further aggravated the situation.


1933 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Fourteen
Torrential rains caused more flooding, and the powerful winds damaged or destroyed nearly every building in the city and left many homeless. The strong winds downed numerous power lines, leaving the entire city in blackout, and destroyed two large water towers. There were at least 10 cases of looting; all of the perpetrators were executed. Damage in and around Tampico totaled over $10 million, and the storm killed over 184 people.


1933 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Fourteen
The thousands of victims took refuge in churches, theatres, and public buildings. Immediately after the storm, the Mexican military placed the city under martial law. Military and federal authorities dispatched trains with food, water, and medicine, and planes bearing engineers and doctors. Mexican president Abelardo L. Rodríguez rallied citizens to aid the affected people in the storm area. The local chamber of deputies allowed $140,000 in funds for the storm victims.


1933 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Fifteen
A storm of extratropical origin developed into a small tropical storm on September 24 southwest of the Azores. Initially the storm moved north-northwestward, and based on ship reports, it is estimated the system intensified into a hurricane on September 26. It passed west of the Azores as it turned to the north-northeast, weakening to a tropical storm later that day. On September 27 the storm became extratropical, and the next day it dissipated.


1933 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Sixteen
A tropical disturbance moved through the Lesser Antilles in late September. After crossing Hispaniola, a tropical depression developed on October 1 north of the Dominican Republic. It moved northwestward initially and quickly intensified into a tropical storm. It had a broad wind field, indicating characteristics of a subtropical cyclone. After reaching peak winds of 45 mph (72 km/h), the storm turned to the northeast and weakened. It dissipated on October 4 to the southeast of Bermuda.


1933 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Seventeen
On October 1, a tropical storm developed off the northeast coast of Nicaragua. It moved slowly northward and steadily intensified, becoming a hurricane on October 3 just west of Jamaica. The hurricane turned to the north-northwest and hit the Cuban province of La Habana with winds of 110 mph (175 km/h) on October 4. The hurricane passed over Havana and turned to the northeast and strengthened, becoming a major hurricane as it moved south of Miami, Florida. The hurricane reached a peak intensity of 125 mph (205 km/h) while passing through the Bahamas on October 6. The hurricane weakened as it accelerated to the northeast, and it became extratropical on October 8 to the south of Nova Scotia. It paralleled the Nova Scotia coast, turned to the east-southeast, and lost its tropical characteristics on October 9 over the open north Atlantic Ocean.


1933 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Seventeen
One person was killed in Jamaica due to flooding. In Cuba, people boarded up numerous buildings, and emergency workers assisted authorities in spreading the word about the impending storm; residents in vulnerable areas evacuated to shelters on higher ground. The hurricane's powerful winds destroyed several houses in Camagüey, and heavy rainfall overflowed numerous rivers in low-lying districts. The winds damaged and disrupted telephone and telegraph lines and injured a few people in Havana. Despite government orders for police to kill any looters, large-scale looting occurred in Havana after the storm.


1933 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Seventeen
Two looters were shot to death, and a third was injured. Two civilians were also wounded by snipers who fired to disperse thieves. Residents in southeast Florida boarded up for the storm while the National Weather Bureau issued storm warnings for portions of the coastline. The hurricane produced strong winds and rain in the Florida Keys and extreme southern Florida, but damage was minimal. In northwest Miami, the hurricane spawned a tornado that damaged three houses and injured two. In Nova Scotia, the former hurricane left heavy damage to crops due to strong winds and heavy rain. Sunken boats killed nine people, and damage was estimated at around $1 million (1933 CAD), including $250,000 in lost apple crop.


1933 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Eighteen
After a two-week period of inactivity, a tropical depression was detected in the western Caribbean Sea on October 25. It moved to the east-northeast then curved to the northwest while slowly intensifying. On October 29, it strengthened into a hurricane near Jamaica and reached peak winds of 90 mph (150 km/h) before striking the western portion of the island. The hurricane turned to the northeast and weakened. It made landfall on southeastern Cuba as a strong tropical storm on October 31. The weakening storm changed its course to the north-northwest, as it drifted through Cuba and the Bahamas. On November 4, the storm turned once more to the northeast, accelerated, and was absorbed by an approaching cold front on November 7 near Bermuda.


1933 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Eighteen
While moving near western Jamaica, the hurricane produced strong winds of about 80 mph (130 km/h), which wrecked about 90% of the banana crop. One plantation lost 500 banana trees, and there was also damage to corn, coffee, and yams. Many houses were wrecked or washed away, leaving hundreds homeless. The storm cut power and telegraph lines and blocked roads, limiting communication. Rail lines were cut, and small bridges were washed away. Damage was estimated at $3 million, and there were 23 deaths. The storm also produced strong winds and rainfall in Cuba.


1933 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Nineteen
Almost simultaneous to Hurricane 18, a tropical storm developed a short distance east of the central Bahamas on October 26. It moved north-northeastward, then northeastward, steadily strengthening along its path. On October 27, a barometric pressure of 993 mbar (29.32 inHg) was recorded within the storm, and on October 28 the storm reached a peak intensity of 70 mph (110 km/h). On October 29, the storm became extratropical and turned north to hit Nova Scotia. Wedged between two high pressure systems, it continued northward until dissipating over extreme eastern portions of Quebec on October 30.


1933 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Nineteen
In Atlantic Canada, the former tropical storm produced winds of 52 mph (83 km/h) in Nova Scotia, along with heavy rainfall of 2.3 in (58 mm) in Amherst. The storm sank one boat and washed another ashore. Winds were strong enough to knock down telephone and telegraph lines, mainly due to fallen trees which also covered roads and damaged houses. Flooding washed out several bridges and roads, covering one highway with 6 ft (1.8 m) of water, and entered the basements of houses. In New Brunswick, the storm damaged or destroyed 72 bridges. One man was struck by a car due to poor visibility from the storm.


1933 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Twenty
After another calm period, the final tropical storm of the season was first observed on November 15 in the southwestern Caribbean Sea. It moved slowly westward, never strengthening beyond a minimal tropical storm in its short lifetime. On November 16, it struck the southeastern coast of Nicaragua, and it dissipated soon after on November 17.


1933 Atlantic hurricane season, Seasonal effects
This is a table of the storms in 1933 and their landfall(s) in bold, if any. The minimum pressures, in most cases, are based on limited observations and may not have occurred at their peak intensity.


1933 Auburn Tigers football team
The 1933 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 1933 college football season.


1933 Auckland City mayoral election
The 1933 Auckland City mayoral election was part of the New Zealand local elections held that same year. In 1933, elections were held for the Mayor of Auckland plus other local government positions including twenty-one city councillors. The polling was conducted using the standard first-past-the-post electoral method.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season
The 1933 season of Auckland Rugby League was its 25th. The championship was won by Devonport United. This was their fifth title having previously won it in 1913, 1914, 1928 and 1932. The first two titles were prior to their merger with the nearby Sunnyside club when they were known as North Shore Albions, a name they later reverted to. They finished 1 point ahead of runner up Marist Old Boys. Devonport also won the Stormont Shield for the third time following victories in 1930 and 1931.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season
They defeated Richmond Rovers in the final by 12 points to 7. Richmond had gained their place in the Stormont Shield match by winning the Roope Rooster with wins over Newton (29–15), Marist Old Boys (10–0), and City Rovers in the final by 26 points to 14. This was Richmond's third Roope Rooster title following wins in 1926 and 1927. Marist were awarded the Thistle Cup for the most competition points scored in the second round.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season
The Challenge Round trophy (awarded to the team with the best second round competition points) was won by the much improved Newton Rangers after they beat all 5 senior opponents. The Max Jaffe Cup was won by Richmond who defeated Marist comfortably by 31 to 8, and in a charity match to conclude the season Marist reversed this result with a 16 to 5 win over Richmond.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season
In reserve and lower grade competitions Richmond once again shone. The senior reserve competition was won by Richmond Rovers Reserves who finished with a 6 win, 2 draw, 2 loss record. While Devonport United Reserves won the reserve grade knockout competition when they defeated Richmond 5 to 4 in the final. Richmond once again won the Davis Shield with their lower grade teams combining for more competition points than any other club. This was their 11th win in the 13 years that it has been awarded.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season
It was a busy season for the Auckland representative side. They played seven matches for six wins and one loss. Their sole loss came against the South Auckland (Waikato) side who beat them 14–0 at Carlaw Park. Auckland had revenge in their final representative match of the season this time beating South Auckland by 17 points to 5. Their other wins came over Taranaki (32–20 and 25–17), North Auckland (28–13), West Coast (28–22), and Hawke's Bay (47–17).


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meetings
George Rhodes announced his resignation of the chairmanship due to business commitments which would require him leaving Auckland regularly. He died suddenly near the end of the season and was buried at Waikumete Cemetery. His successor was Mr. G, Grey Campbell, who was a well known member of the City Council, the Transport Board, and other institutions. Rhodes had been chairman of the league for six and a half years. Mr. R. Doble said Mr. Rhodes deserved to be honoured with life membership for his many years service. This was endorsed by several members.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meetings
Rhodes started out as a groundsman at Carlaw Park in 1921 before becoming the ground superintendent. At the league AGM it was reported that revenue for the year totalled £2,573, of which £1,791 came from gate receipts, £416 from ground rents, £68 from advertising and £45 from subscriptions. The profit was £754 9/3, with £572 1/3 distributed in grant to clubs. After other spending the total profit for the year was £182 8/. J. Carlaw presided over the meeting where over 100 people were in attendance.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meetings
Mr. J. B. Donald was elected patron, Mr. J. F. W. Dickson was elected vice-president. At the ARL Board of Control meeting prior to the commencement of the season the chairman Mr. G. Grey Campbell said the policy of granting gate percentages to senior clubs should be retained. He said that it was up to the clubs to produce a high standard of play and the percentage to senior clubs would be an incentive.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meetings
Near the conclusion of the season the Auckland Rugby League met and Mr. Campbell said “the gate receipts to date had been in excess of those last season. Clubs had benefited considerably from the percentage granted, and most senior clubs were now in a position to assist their players next season”. The intention was to carefully manage the finances of the league and “to improve the stand accommodation and give players better dressing facilities”.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meetings
The New Zealand Herald printed an article ‘reviewing’ the season where they wrote of the visiting St George team and the standard of play in Auckland. They also discussed the possibility of Auckland teams touring Australia.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Junior management meeting
At the annual general meeting of the Auckland Rugby League Junior Management Committee on 21 March the annual report (in reference to the 1932 season) was submitted. It stated that there were 1,008 registered players compared with 1,224 the previous season, and 63 teams took the field. The reason for the decline in numbers was put down to the fact that large numbers of people had left Auckland in search of work during the trying economic times. The report then went on to congratulate teams who had won various trophies in the Junior grades in the 1932 season.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior competition
It was decided prior to the season that the reserve grade games would be played before their respective senior teams. This had been requested by clubs as it would help them ensure they had players available for their top side at all times. In spite of this there were no changes ultimately made at all to the scheduling with all senior matches played at Carlaw Park apart from rare exceptions. One reserve grade match was played at Carlaw Park most weekends with the other matches usually played at the nearby Auckland Domain.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior competition
The Auckland Rugby League decided at a meeting following the first round of the Roope Rooster competition that a new competition for senior teams spread over 5 weeks would take place. With the senior competition having reverted to 6 teams 2 seasons earlier the round robin was over relatively quickly leaving more time later in the season than had previously existed. The matches were to be unique in that they would be of 40 minutes duration with no interval. Most weeks two of the games would be played prior to an inter-provincial match. In the event of a tie the team that had the best for and against record would be declared the winners and a special trophy would be awarded.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior competition
It was also decided that force downs in teams own in goal and kicks that went dead in goal would be worth points in order to speed up the games. These rules were used in an annual competition in Sydney when there were no representative games on. Newton ultimately won this round and it was a key factor in them being given the opportunity to play against the touring St George team.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, St George tour
In September the St George team from Sydney toured the upper North Island. St George had finished runner up in the 1933 NSWRFL. Their first match was against the Auckland champion Devonport United team who they defeated 19–8. They then played a midweek match with Richmond Rovers who they lost to 8–13 and then Marist Old Boys who they also lost to 11–25.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, St George tour
Following this they departed on a tour of Rotorua to see the geothermal sites before playing South Auckland in Huntly where they won by 17 points to 5. They then travelled to New Plymouth where they had a 22 points to 14 win over Taranaki.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, St George tour
St George returned to Auckland to complete their tour where they played Newton Rangers in a midweek match which they won 30 points to 23, followed by a return match with Richmond on the Saturday. There had been some debate as to who the last match would be played against. Newton had had a solid season putting in some strong performances and they were arguably the most improved side in Auckland.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, St George tour
They had also been the first club to request a match with the touring side however the strongest performing sides had all been matched up with St George first and this last match of the tour was only confirmed at the end of the tour. Following the match with Newton the St George team was entertained by the New Zealand Rugby League at a dinner. Tribute was paid to the “sporting spirit” that the team had shown and a “hand-some engraved shield” was presented to the team by H Wamsley who had made it himself.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, St George tour
The shield was to be played for in an annual competition between clubs from Sydney and the Auckland Province. Whilst in Auckland several members of the team along with the manager Mr. J. H. Mostyn visited Sacred Heart College where Mr. Mostyn gave an address to the students on football. Following their last match the team departed for Sydney on the Wanganella Ship at 5pm which meant that the match with Richmond kicked off at the earlier time of 2:45pm. Richmond won the match by 5 points to 3.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, St George tour
Prior to the match a running race was held between Len Brennan and Bernard Martin of the touring side and several members of local clubs. It was run from try line to try line and Martin won the race by a foot from Adams (Devonport) in a time of 12.15 seconds with Brennan finishing third. Brennan was killed ten years later in 1943 when the plane he was in was shot down over Italy during World War II.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Carlaw Park
At a meeting of the Auckland Rugby League in the week prior to the start of the season there were several suggestions put forward in regard to Carlaw Park.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Carlaw Park
These were, that the No. 2 ground be available for practice regardless “of the weather, that the stone wall at the end of No. 2 ground beside the terraces should be covered to protect players; that the scoreboard should be raised; that people should be stopped from jumping the terrace fence at the conclusion of the main match; that the transport Board be asked to extend the penny section from the railway station to the Stanley Street stop...”.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Carlaw Park
It was also decided to issue tickets for the admission of unemployed to Carlaw Park, with the official co-operation of the Auckland Provincial Unemployed Association. After it was found that this system was being abused with the tickets being on sold it was decided to charge the unemployed but at a reduced rate of sixpence. Those trying to enter under this system had to produce their unemployment levy book containing an official stamp and a special turn-style was to be used to admit them. All school children up to 14 years of age would be admitted for free.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Carlaw Park
In early August it was reported that the overhead bridge from Stanley Street to Carlaw Park would be completed by Saturday, 5 August.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Carlaw Park
As was often the case at Carlaw Park numerous events were held there in the rugby league off season. A whippet race meeting was held in early December along with cycling races, while on 15 December there was a sports carnival involving cycling, running, and wood chopping events. The wood chopping featured W. M. Johnstone, the champion tree-feller of Australia, and New Zealand's D. Hoey, who was "recognised as one of the World's best". The results of the various competitions were published in the Auckland Star.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Rule issues
At a meeting of the Auckland Rugby League Referees Association on 29 May they decided to recommend to the Board of Control that referees put the ball into the scrum at all grade matches, which was something that had been tried out unsuccessfully 6 years earlier. It was felt that “scrummaging was not satisfactory, particularly with regard to hooking and other infringements around the scrum”. Matches on 2 June featured this new rule change and it was commentated from referees that it had so far improved play around scrums and eliminated a lot of whistle.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Rule issues
It was however decided at a meeting of the New Zealand Council several weeks later that the practice was to be discontinued after acting on the recommendation of the New Zealand Referees’ Association. It was also noted that a player when falling on the ball in the in goal area needed to ground the ball with their hands and it was play on until this was done so. The play the ball rule was said to be being better controlled with the “same command as evident in a boxing match, when a referee called ‘break’ and the contenders were bound to obey”.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Rule issues
The League Council advised that the forward pass rule was being ruled incorrectly with players being penalised for being offside when receiving a forward pass. As the players had inadvertently got in front of the teammate passing the ball it was clarified that it should be considered a forward pass only and therefore a scrum rather than a penalty. The board approved of this interpretation and referred it to the Referees’ Association.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Radio coverage of matches
The Auckland Rugby League decided to forward a motion of protest from Ted Phelan to the New Zealand Government regarding the ban on the 1ZR station. The speaker said that patients at the Evelyn Firth Home and Auckland Hospital “were strong in their protest against being denied the privilege of listening to the station”.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Midweek competition revived
After not being played in 1932 the midweek business league competitions returned with eight teams competing with matches held at Carlaw Park. They were Amalgamated Theatres A, Amalgamated Theatres B, Atta Taxis, Checker Taxis, City Markets, Railway, Seamen United, Victoria United. The competition consisted of two rounds, though the second round would be a knockout competition. Ponsonby and Richmond wrote to Auckland Rugby League objecting to any of their players playing for the midweek teams as it would risk their health for the weekend matches. City and Marist supported the objection.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Midweek competition revived
The league decided that no senior or reserve grade players could take part in the competition unless they had the permission of the clubs and the Wednesday management group be advised of this decision. This rule was somewhat ignored however and “two prominent players were injured... in mid-week matches and were not available for Saturday's games”. The league decided to enforce the rule that permission must by granted from senior clubs before players were allowed to participate in the mid-week competition.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League prize giving
In a break from previous years where trophies and awards were handed out at the beginning of the following season it was decided to hold the ceremony at the conclusion of the current season. The event was held at the Manchester Unity Hall on 31 October with free admission and an open invitation. Trophies were presented to teams as follows:


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League prize giving
With Richmond Rovers winning the Davis Point Shield for the highest number of points scored by any club in all junior grades.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Obituaries, George Frederick Iles
George Frederick Iles passed away aged 39 in Tauranga on 27 March 1933. He was born in Christchurch before moving to Auckland at the age of 18. He played for the Grafton Athletic side in 1915–16 and then for Newton Rangers in 1916–19. He also represented Auckland and New Zealand in the post war period before moving to Tauranga in 1920 to establish a wool and hide export business.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Obituaries, George Frederick Iles
He made an attempt to establish rugby league in the Tauranga area but it was short lived and he largely played rugby union where he represented Bay of Plenty against the Springboks in 1921. Iles was also a prominent sprinter, winning races in the North and South Islands. He was survived by his widow and two young sons.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Obituaries, George Rhodes
Mr. George Rhodes, former chairman of Auckland Rugby League passed away suddenly on 17 September at Auckland Hospital at the age of 68. He was chairman from 1926 to 1932 and had spent many years at Carlaw Park prior to this as an official on the grounds committee. He had been succeeded by Mr. G. Grey Campbell (the chairman in 1933). He was buried at Waikumete Cemetery where the funeral service was held with a “lengthy cortege of motor vehicles” following the casket. A large number of Auckland Rugby League officials were present, along with representatives from each of the senior clubs. His coffin was draped with the Auckland Rugby League flag.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade competitions, Fox Memorial fixtures, Round 3
Frank Delgrosso was injured in a tackle in the second half when Ponsonby led 5–3. He was forced from the field and announced his retirement as a result. He had played 15 seasons for Ponsonby and over 180 matches, a record at the time.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade competitions, Fox Memorial fixtures, Round 5
A Nathan was ordered off for Newton for striking a Ponsonby player.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade competitions, Fox Memorial fixtures, Round 6
Horatio Drew for City Rovers was knocked unconscious when he was tackled and was taken to Auckland Hospital in a St John Ambulance. His condition was reported as being satisfactory by the NZ Herald the following day. F Herring also left the field injured.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade competitions, Fox Memorial fixtures, Round 7
Dick Smith and Albert Laing both left the field injured in the second half leaving Devonport with just 11 players against Marist. While Newton suffered the same fate with Ted Brimble and Cameron also forced from the field in the second half leaving them to finish the match against City 2 men short.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade competitions, Fox Memorial fixtures, Round 8
The win for Marist over Ponsonby was significant for the club in that it was their 100th first grade win in their 15th season in the first grade competition.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade competitions, Fox Memorial fixtures, Round 9
The 50 points that City scored in their Round 9 match against Ponsonby was the fourth time that a senior team had hit the 50 point mark in Fox Memorial history to this point. On all four occasions the team to do so was City. In 1920 they defeated Grafton Athletic 66–13, in 1921 they beat Fire Brigade 61–7, and in 1925 they defeated Athletic 57–7.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade competitions, Roope Rooster knockout competition
Auckland Rugby League made the decision to expand the Roope Rooster somewhat by allowing the leading teams from the South Auckland competition to enter it. Taupiri and Huntly were both drawn to play in the first round against Richmond and Marist respectively. Both Taupiri and Huntly both withdrew from their matches in the days leading up to their matches forcing an emergency committee to redraw the first round matches. The competition took a further hit when the entire first round was postponed due to poor weather. Not only were all the league fixtures not played but all rugby matches also were postponed as was the horse racing at Ellerslie Racecourse.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade competitions, Roope Rooster knockout competition
The Ponsonby match with Marist was played at Sturges Park in Otahuhu as a way of promoting rugby league in the area with a charge being made at the ground to gain funds.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade competitions, Roope Rooster knockout competition
Bert Cooke turned out for Richmond for the first time in the season against Newton Rangers in Round 1 of the Roope Rooster after returning to Auckland from Waihou where he had been working.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade competitions, Roope Rooster knockout competition
City received a bye after their victory in the first round with Marist and Richmond playing in the semi final. A percentage of the gate takings from the match would go towards the Auckland Ladies’ Hockey Association which they would put towards the cost of sending a representative ladies team on tour.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade competitions, Roope Rooster knockout competition, Final
The final also doubled as their round 1 match in the Challenge Round.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade competitions, Challenge round
The final of the Roope Rooster doubled as a Challenge Round match as well between Richmond Rovers and City Rovers. The other 1st round matches were played on the same day. The match between Newton and Ponsonby which resulted in the unusual score of 1–0 to Newton was protested by Ponsonby. The competition was being played under altered rules with matches lasting just 40 minutes and with balls forced in teams own in goals resulting in 1 point to the opposition team.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade competitions, Challenge round
Ponsonby claimed that the referee “allowed the game to continue after Newton committed a breach in-goal”, and that they should have been awarded a point. It was decided that if the match was going to have a bearing on the result of the competition then the match would be replayed. Newton went on to win the round after they defeated all 5 opponents.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade competitions, Challenge round, Round 4
There was no City v Ponsonby match as City were in New Plymouth playing against the Taranaki representative side.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade competitions, Stormont Shield
The Auckland Rugby League said that the winner of the Stormont Shield would earn the right to play against the touring St George team. Ultimately both teams played them anyway, with the losers Richmond in fact playing them twice.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade competitions, Senior Challenge match for the Max Jaffe Cup
It was decided at a meeting of Auckland Rugby League in early October to play a match between Richmond and Marist who had both in the week prior defeated the visiting St George rugby league team (runners-up in the Sydney competition). The match was to find the ‘best club team in Auckland’.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade competitions, Unemployed charity match
Marist and Richmond agreed to play in the last match of the season where money raised would go to help the unemployed. The game would be controlled by the central committee of the Grey Lynn Unemployed Relief. Prior to the match there would be a goal kicking competition, a 100-yard race involving senior players and the Waterside Workers’ Band would be performing. Des Herring (Marist) won the goal kicking competition, and Bill Schultz (Marist) won the sprint race with McNeill (Richmond) second, and F. Jones (Richmond) third.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade competitions, Unemployed charity match
On 8 November at a meeting of the Auckland Rugby League Board of Control the Grey Lynn Relief Committee expressed gratitude for assistance in the success of the football match at Carlaw Park, as a result of which a considerable sum had been raised for the benefit of needy people in the district.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade competitions, Top try scorers and point scorers
The point scoring lists are compiled from matches played in the Fox Memorial, Roope Rooster and Challenge Round matches which involved all first grade sides. Kiwi international and future member of parliament Steve Watene led the scoring with 77 points followed by Marshall from Richmond with 67. The leading try scorer was Alf Smith of Devonport United with 11, followed by Arnold Porteous of Ponsonby who scored 9 tries, and Bill Schultz of Marist Old Boys with 8.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior reserve competition, Senior reserve fixtures
The senior reserve grade was typically low scoring compared to the senior grade and many other lower grades. The senior grade averaged 30.7 points per game compared to just 13.4 in the reserve grade. Remarkably the Devonport reserve grade team did not concede a single point in their final 4 matches and only conceded 35 in total across their ten contests. On the other side was the City Reserves who could not score a single point in their last 4 matches and only managed to score 39 points for the season.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Other club matches and lower grades, Lower grade clubs
In an astonishing result for the time the Mangere 2nd Grade team defeated Manukau by 98 points to 0. It was rare for teams to score more than 50 points in a match let along run up a score of that size.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Other club matches and lower grades, Lower grade clubs
The Davis Cup was won by Richmond Rovers with the following points: Richmond Rovers 171, Marist Old Boys 129, Devonport United 63, Papakura 60, City Rovers 58, Newton Rangers 46, Point Chevalier 46, Otahuhu Rovers 40, Ponsonby United 37, Northcote & Birkenhead Ramblers 37, Ellerslie United 37, Mangere 29, Mount Albert United 25, Akarana 25, Glenora 18, Manukau 18, New Lynn 12, Avondale 0. Grades were made of the following teams with the winning team in bold:


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Other club matches and lower grades, Lower grade clubs
The final of the Second Grade between Mangere and Otahuhu was played at Carlaw Park as the curtain raiser to the Auckland v North Auckland representative match on 12 August. Mangere won by 11 points to 8. Mangere also won the Foster Shield by winning the knockout competition.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Other club matches and lower grades, Lower grade clubs
The match between Marist and Richmond on 10 June was played as curtain-raiser to the Auckland v Taranaki representative match. Marist won 23–0.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Other club matches and lower grades, Lower grade clubs
The match between Akarana and Newton A was played at Carlaw Park on 10 June as a curtain raiser to the Auckland and Taranaki representative match. Newton won the match 19 to 5.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Other club matches and lower grades, Lower grade clubs
Devonport United were awarded the Rhodes Shield. Previously winners were awarded a banner but a new trophy was awarded following the recent death of former chairman George Rhodes. Otahuhu won the Hammill Cup when they won the knockout competition.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Other club matches and lower grades, Lower grade clubs
Richmond A won the seventh grade title and were also awarded the Harry Johns Memorial Cup, Walker Shield, Lauder Cup, Milicich Cup, Harcourt Cup, and Myers Cup after winning all 14 matches, scoring 255 points and only conceding 12.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Other club matches and lower grades, Lower grade clubs
The match between Devonport and Northcote on 10 June was played at Carlaw Park as curtain raiser to the Auckland v Taranaki match.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Other club matches and lower grades, Other notable matches
It was common for non senior clubs to request that higher profile matches be played on their suburban ground in order to help grow the rugby league code in their area. Ellerslie requested one such match to be played on the Ellerslie Reserve and on 5 August with the Newton and Ponsonby senior teams, who had both been knocked out of the Roope Rooster the previous week, playing a match there.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Other club matches and lower grades, Other notable matches
It was complained during the week following the match that Ponsonby had largely fielded a junior team and the match would have done “harm rather than good to the code”. The Board of Control was going to be asked to have Ponsonby account for the “failure”. The City Rovers team travelled to New Plymouth to play the local Taranaki side and ran out 29–22 winners with Bill Turei scoring 5 tries.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland representative fixtures
Auckland played their first representative match of the season against Taranaki at Carlaw Park on 9 June. It was between Round 6 and Round 7 of the club competition. It was decided not to play the annual inter-island fixture because the cost of assembling and bringing the South Island side would be in the region of 300 pounds and with the depression in full swing it was not considered viable financially.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland representative fixtures, Auckland v Taranaki (inter-provincial match: Walmsley Shield)
Auckland were not at full strength for this match with the Roope Rooster semi-final between Richmond and Marist being played on the same day in Auckland. J Cowley from the Taranaki side broke his leg during the match.


1933 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland representative fixtures, Auckland v South Auckland (inter-provincial match)
Claude List came on for Bert Cooke after Cooke was injured.


1933 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa
The 1933 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa and Rhodesia was a series of 23 rugby union matches played by the Australia national team in 1933.


1933 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa
Australia played a total of 23 matches, with a 5-Test series v South Africa, who won three of the five games.


1933 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa, Touring party
The tour manager was Dr. W. F. ('Wally') Matthews, who had previously been the team manager for the AIF rugby team which played in The King's Cup in 1919. A squad of 29 players was selected for the tour – 15 from New South Wales, 11 from Queensland, and 3 from Victoria.


1933 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa, Touring party
With exception of two of the Victorians, the team departed Sydney aboard the "Ulysses" on Anzac Day, 25 April 1933. The remaining two players, O. J. Bridle and D. Cowper joined the vessel at Melbourne after the Wallabies had played a match against a Victorian team.


1933 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa, Match details, First Test
South Africa: Gerry Brand; Pat Lyster, Franky Waring, Jimmy White, Freddy Turner; Bennie Osler (c), Danie Craven; Paul Vissler, Bert Kipling, Joe Nykamp; Boy Louw, Manie Geere; Fanie Louw, Lappies Hattingh, Ferdie Bergh Australia: Jack Steggall; Doug McLean, Gordon Sturtridge, Dave Cowper (c), Jack Kelaher; Ron Biilmann, Walter Bennett; Bill Cerutti, Eddie Bonis, Max White; Bill White, Graham Cooke; Bob Loudon, Aub Hodgson, Geoff BlandAustralia played in sky blue to avoid clash with South Africa.


1933 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa, Match details, Second Test
South Africa: Gerry Brand; Jack Gage, Franky Waring, Jimmy White, Freddy Turner; Bennie Osler, Danie Craven; Boy Louw, Bert Kipling, Fanie Louw; Flip Nel (c), Manie Geere; Fronie Froneman, George d'Alton, Ferdie Bergh Australia: Jack Steggall; Doug McLean, Gordon Sturtridge, Dave Cowper (c), Jack Kelaher; Ron Biilmann, Walter Bennett; Bill Cerutti, Eddie Bonis, Max White; Bill White, Graham Cooke; Jim Clark, Geoff Bland, Wal Mackney


1933 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa, Match details, Third Test
South Africa: Gerry Brand; Floors Venter, Franky Waring, Jimmy White, Freddy Turner; Bennie Osler, Danie Craven; Boy Louw, Bert Kipling, Fanie Louw; Flip Nel (c), Ferdie Bergh; Manie Geere, Ginger Clark, Fred Smollan Australia: Jack Steggall; Doug McLean, Gordon Sturtridge, Dave Cowper (c), Jack Kelaher; Ron Biilmann, Walter Bennett; Bill Cerutti, Eddie Bonis, Max White; Bill White, Graham Cooke; Bob Loudon, Owen Bridle, Aub Hodgson


1933 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa, Match details, Fourth Test
South Africa: Bunny Reid; Jimmy White, Franky Waring, Danie Craven, Gerry Brand; Bennie Osler, Pierie de Villiers; Manie Geere, Bert Kipling, Fanie Louw; Flip Nel (c), Ferdie Bergh; Boy Louw, Fred Smollan, John ApseyAustralia: Jack Steggall; Doug McLean, Gordon Sturtridge, Dave Cowper, Jack Kelaher; Ron Biilmann, Syd Malcom (c); Bill Cerutti, Eddie Bonis, Max White; Bill White, Geoff Bland; Bob Loudon, Owen Bridle, Aub Hodgson


1933 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa, Match details, Fifth Test
South Africa: Jimmy White; Pat Lyster, Franky Waring, Geoff Gray, Gerry Brand; Bennie Osler, Danie Craven; Manie Geere, Bert Kipling, Fanie Louw; Flip Nel (c), Ferdie Bergh; Boy Louw, Fred Smollan, John ApseyAustralia: Alec Ross (c); Doug McLean, Jack Steggall, Dave Cowper, Jack Kelaher; Gordon Sturtridge, Syd Malcom; Bill Cerutti, Eddie Bonis, Max White; Bill White, Graham Cooke; Bob Loudon, Owen Bridle, Wal Mackney


1933 Australian Championships
The 1933 Australian Championships was a tennis tournament that took place on outdoor Grass courts at the Kooyong Stadium in Melbourne, Australia from 20 January to 31 January. It was the 26th edition of the Australian Championships (now known as the Australian Open), the 7th held in Melbourne, and the first Grand Slam tournament of the year. Australians Jack Crawford and Joan Hartigan won the singles titles.


1933 Australian Championships, Finals, Men's Doubles
Keith Gledhill /  Ellsworth Vines defeated  Jack Crawford /  Gar Moon 6–4, 10–8, 6–2


1933 Australian Championships, Finals, Women's Doubles
Mall Molesworth /  Emily Hood Westacott defeated  Joan Hartigan /  Marjorie Gladman Van Ryn 6–3, 6–3


1933 Australian Championships, Finals, Mixed Doubles
Marjorie Cox Crawford /  Jack Crawford defeated  Marjorie Gladman Van Ryn /  Ellsworth Vines 3–6, 7–5, 13–11


1933 Australian Championships – Men's Doubles
Keith Gledhill and Ellsworth Vines defeated the defending champions Jack Crawford and Gar Moon 6–4, 10–8, 6–2 in the final, to win the Men's Doubles tennis title at the 1933 Australian Championships.


1933 Australian Championships – Men's Singles
Jack Crawford defeated Keith Gledhill 2–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–2 in the final to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1933 Australian Championships.


1933 Australian Championships – Men's Singles, Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Jack Crawford is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.


1933 Australian Championships – Mixed Doubles
In the fifth consecutive final appearance, Marjorie Crawford and Jack Crawford successfully defended their title for a third consecutive year by defeating Midge Van Ryn and Ellsworth Vines 3–6, 7–5, 13–11, to win the Mixed Doubles tennis title at the 1933 Australian Championships.


1933 Australian Championships – Women's Doubles
Mall Molesworth and Emily Hood Westacott claimed their second domestic title by defeating Joan Hartigan and Midge Van Ryn 6–3, 6–3 in the final, to win the Women's Doubles tennis title at the 1933 Australian Championships.


1933 Australian Championships – Women's Singles
First-seeded Joan Hartigan defeated Coral Buttsworth 6–4, 6–3, in the final to win the Women's Singles tennis title at the 1933 Australian Championships.


1933 Australian Championships – Women's Singles, Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Joan Hartigan is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.


1933 Australian Grand Prix
The 1933 Australian Grand Prix was a motor race held at the Phillip Island circuit in Victoria, Australia on 20 March 1933. Organised by the Light Car of Australia, it was the sixth Australian Grand Prix and the sixth to be held at Phillip Island. The race, which was the most important annual car competition in Australia, was open to cars of up to 2300cc engine capacity, the 2000cc limit of previous years having been increased for 1933. The Grand Prix was won by Bill Thompson driving a Riley Brooklands. Thompson's win was his third Australian Grand Prix victory.


1933 Australian Grand Prix, Race format
The Grand Prix was staged as a handicap race with the first car, the Austin of Ken McKinney, scheduled to start 35 minutes before the last car, the Bugatti of Bill Williamson. McKinney was subsequently re-handicapped to 32 minutes. As Williamson's car was withdrawn prior to the race, the Bugatti of Arthur Terdich (off six minutes) was the last car to start.


1933 BYU Cougars football team
The 1933 BYU Cougars football team was an American football team that represented Brigham Young University in the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) during the 1933 college football season. In their sixth season under head coach G. Ott Romney, the Cougars compiled a 5–4 record (5–3 against RMC opponents), finished fifth in the RMC, and were outscored by a total of 104 to 69.


1933 Baffin Bay earthquake
The 1933 Baffin Bay earthquake struck Greenland and the Northwest Territories (now Nunavut), Canada with a moment magnitude of 7.7 at 18:21:35 Eastern Time Zone on November 20.


1933 Baffin Bay earthquake
The main shock epicenter was located in Baffin Bay on the east coast of Baffin Island. Shaking was only felt at the small town of Upernavik, Greenland. The event is the largest recorded earthquake to strike the passive margin of North America and is the largest north of the Arctic Circle. No damage was reported because of its offshore location and the small population of the nearby onshore communities.


1933 Baffin Bay earthquake, Regional Seismicity
The region around northwestern Baffin Bay and northeastern Baffin Island continues to be seismically active. Six magnitude 6 earthquakes have occurred there since 1933. Multiple small earthquakes with magnitudes ~4-5.5 still occur each year.


1933 Balkan Cup
The 1933 Balkan Cup was the fourth Balkan Cup football tournament. The national teams of Yugoslavia, Greece, Bulgaria and Romania took part and it was won by Romania, the host of the tournament. The top goalscorers were Ciolac and Dobay (both Romania) with 4 goals each.


1933 Ball State Cardinals football team
The 1933 Ball State Cardinals football team was an American football team that represented Ball State Teachers College (later renamed Ball State University) in the Indiana Intercollegiate Conference (IIC) during the 1933 college football season. In its fourth season under head coach Lawrence McPhee, the team compiled a 1–6–1 record.


1933 Baltic Cup
The 1933 Baltic Cup was held in Kaunas, Lithuania from 2 to 4 September 1933. It was the sixth time three Baltic states — Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania — came together to play a friendly tournament and determine the best team amongst them.


1933 Baltic Cup
Lithuania played Estonia first, the match was stopped due to darkness. On the next day Latvia beat Estonia. In the morning of the third day, before the Lithuania–Latvia match the hosts surprised officials with a tour to a local brewery. Estonian newspaper Päevaleht reported that the Finnish referee for the match was really jolly, but did horrible job, mostly favouring Lithuanian hosts. The match was stopped due to darkness and ended with a draw.


1933 Baltic Cup
The rules demanded that at least two wins were necessary to win the championship. In the team meeting Latvia demanded that Lithuania–Estonia match should be re-played first. Latvia was hoping for an advantage against tired Lithuanian team in their match. Lithuania and Estonia disagreed noting that Latvia had won their match against Estonia, so Latvian win against Lithuania would grant Latvians the championship and end the tournament. Consensus was not reached and Latvian team left the same day. The championship was not awarded.


1933 Banking Act
The Banking Act of 1933 (Pub.L. , 48 Stat. , enacted June 16, 1933) was a statute enacted by the United States Congress that established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and imposed various other banking reforms. The entire law is often referred to as the Glass–Steagall Act, after its Congressional sponsors, Senator Carter Glass (D) of Virginia, and Representative Henry B. Steagall (D) of Alabama. The term Glass–Steagall Act, however, is most often used to refer to four provisions of the Banking Act of 1933 that limited commercial bank securities activities and affiliations between commercial banks and securities firms. That limited meaning of the term is described in the article on Glass–Steagall Legislation.


1933 Banking Act
The Banking Act of 1933 (the 1933 Banking Act) joined together two long-standing Congressional projects: (1) a federal system of bank deposit insurance championed by Representative Steagall and (2) the regulation (or prohibition) of the combination of commercial and investment banking and other restrictions on "speculative" bank activities championed by Senator Glass as part of a general desire to "restore" commercial banking to the purposes envisioned by the Federal Reserve Act of 1913.


1933 Banking Act
Although the 1933 Banking Act thus fulfilled Congressional designs and, at least in its deposit insurance provisions, was resisted by the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Administration, it later became considered part of the New Deal. The deposit insurance and many other provisions of the Act were criticized during Congressional consideration. The entire Act was long-criticized for limiting competition and thereby encouraging an inefficient banking industry. Supporters of the Act cite it as a central cause for an unprecedented period of stability in the U.S. banking system during the ensuing four or, in some accounts, five decades following 1933.


1933 Banking Act, Creation of FDIC and federal deposit insurance
The 1933 Banking Act established (1) the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC); (2) temporary FDIC deposit insurance limited to $2,500 per accountholder starting January 1934 through June 30, 1934; and (3) permanent FDIC deposit insurance starting July 1, 1934, fully insuring $5,000 per accountholder. 1934 legislation delayed the effectiveness of the permanent insurance system. The Banking Act of 1935 repealed the permanent system and replaced it with a system that fully insured balances up to $5,000 and provided no insurance for balances above that amount. Over the years, the limit has been raised which reached up to its current limit of $250,000.


1933 Banking Act, Creation of FDIC and federal deposit insurance
The 1933 Banking Act required all FDIC-insured banks to be, or to apply to become, members of the Federal Reserve System by July 1, 1934. The Banking Act of 1935 extended that deadline to July 1, 1936. State banks were not eligible to be members of the Federal Reserve System until they became stockholders of the FDIC, and thereby became an insured institution. 1939 legislation repealed the requirement that FDIC-insured banks join the Federal Reserve System.


1933 Banking Act, Creation of FDIC and federal deposit insurance
Before 1950, the laws establishing the FDIC and FDIC insurance were part of the Federal Reserve Act. 1950 legislation created the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (FDIA).


1933 Banking Act, Separation of commercial and investment banking
Over time, the term Glass–Steagall Act came to be used most often to refer to four provisions of the 1933 Banking Act that separated commercial banking from investment banking. Congressional efforts to "repeal the Glass–Steagall Act" referred to those four provisions (and then usually to only the two provisions that restricted affiliations between commercial banks and securities firms). Those efforts culminated in the 1999 Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA), which repealed the two provisions restricting affiliations between banks and securities firms. The 1933 Banking Act's separation of investment and commercial banking is described in the article on the Glass–Steagall Act. Institutions were given one year to decide whether they wanted to specialize in commercial or investment banking.


1933 Banking Act, Other provisions of 1933 Banking Act, Creation of the Federal Open Market Committee
The act had a large impact on the Federal Reserve. Notable provisions included the creation of the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) under Section 8. However, the 1933 FOMC did not include voting rights for the Federal Reserve Board, which was revised by the Banking Act of 1935 and amended again in 1942 to closely resemble the modern FOMC.


1933 Banking Act, Other provisions of 1933 Banking Act, Regulation Q
To decrease competition between commercial banks and discourage risky investment strategies, the Banking Act of 1933 outlawed the payment of interest on checking accounts and also placed ceilings on the amount of interest that could be paid on other deposits.


1933 Banking Act, Other provisions of 1933 Banking Act, Regulation of "speculation"
Several provisions of the 1933 Banking Act sought to restrict "speculative" uses of bank credit. Section 3(a) required each Federal Reserve Bank to monitor local member bank lending and investment to ensure there was not "undue use" of bank credit for "speculative trading or carrying" of securities, commodities or real estate.


1933 Banking Act, Other provisions of 1933 Banking Act, Regulation of "speculation"
Section 7 limited the total amount of loans a member bank could make secured by stocks or bonds and permitted the Federal Reserve Board to impose tighter restrictions and to not limit the total amount of such loans that could be made by member banks in any Federal Reserve district. Section 11(a) prohibited Federal Reserve member banks from acting as agents for nonbanks in placing loans to brokers or dealers. Glass also hoped to put "speculative" credit into more productive sectors of the U.S. economy.


1933 Banking Act, Other provisions of 1933 Banking Act, Other provisions still in effect
Other provisions of the 1933 Banking Act that remain in effect include (1) Sections 5(c) and 27, which required state member banks to provide its district's Federal Reserve Bank and the Federal Reserve Board and national banks to provide the Comptroller of the Currency a minimum of three reports on their affiliates; (2) Section 13, which (as Section 23A of the Federal Reserve Act) regulated transactions between Federal Reserve member banks and their nonbank affiliates; (3) Sections 19 and 30, which established criminal penalties for misconduct by officers or directors of Federal Reserve System member banks and authorized the Federal Reserve to remove such officers or directors; (4) Section 22, which eliminated personal liability ("double liability") for new shareholders of national banks; and (5) Section 23, which gave national banks the same ability to establish branches in their "home state" as state chartered banks in that state.


1933 Banking Act, Other provisions of 1933 Banking Act, Other provisions still in effect
The 1933 Banking Act gave tighter regulation of national banks to the Federal Reserve which required state member banks and holding companies to make three reports annually. The reports were to be given to their Federal Reserve Board and Federal Reserve Bank.


1933 Banking Act, Other provisions of 1933 Banking Act, Other provisions repealed or replaced
Provisions of the 1933 Banking Act that were later repealed or replaced include (1) Sections 5(c) and 19, which required an owner of more than 50% of a Federal Reserve System member bank's stock to receive a permit from (and submit to inspection by) the Federal Reserve Board to vote that stock (replaced by the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956); (2) Section 8, which established the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) made up of representatives from each of the 12 Federal Reserve Banks (revised by the Federal Reserve Board-dominated FOMC established by the Banking Act of 1935 and later amended in 1942); (3) Section 11(b), which prohibited interest payments on demand deposits (repealed by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 and allowing interest-bearing demand accounts beginning July 21, 2011) and authorized the Federal Reserve Board to limit interest rates on time deposits (phased out by the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act of 1980 by 1986), both of which interest limitations were incorporated into Regulation Q,  and (4) Section 12, which prohibited Federal Reserve System member bank loans to their executive officers and required the repayment of outstanding loans (replaced by the 1935 Banking Act's regulation of such loans and modified by later legislation).


1933 Banking Act, Legislative history, 1930-1932 Glass bills; Glass Senate subcommittee
Between 1930 and 1932 Senator Glass introduced several versions of a bill (known in each version as the Glass bill) to separate commercial and investment banking and to establish other reforms (except deposit insurance) similar to the final provisions of the 1933 Banking Act. Glass had been the House sponsor of the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 (the Glass-Owen Act) and considered himself "the father of the Federal Reserve System." The various versions of his Glass bill consistently sought to (1) expand branch banking and bring more banks and activities under Federal Reserve supervision and (2) separate (or regulate the mix of) commercial and investment banking.


1933 Banking Act, Legislative history, 1930-1932 Glass bills; Glass Senate subcommittee
Glass sought to "correct" what he considered to be the "errors" the Federal Reserve System had made in not controlling what he considered "speculative credit" during the 1920s. The Glass bills also sought to avoid deposit insurance by providing for a "Liquidation Corporation," a federal authority to purchase assets of a closed bank based on "an approximately correct valuation of its assets." Glass's idea was for a federal corporation to assume ownership of the assets of failed banks and sell them over time as the market could absorb them, rather than dump assets onto markets with little demand. The bills provided that such payments would be used to make immediate payments to depositors to the extent of the bank's "bona fide assets."


1933 Banking Act, Legislative history, 1930-1932 Glass bills; Glass Senate subcommittee
Glass introduced the first Glass bill on June 17, 1930. The bill's language indicated that it was intended as a "tentative measure to serve as a guide" for a subcommittee of the Senate Committee on Banking and Currency (the Glass Subcommittee) chaired by Glass that was authorized to investigate the operations of the National and Federal Reserve banking systems.


1933 Banking Act, Legislative history, 1930-1932 Glass bills; Glass Senate subcommittee
On January 25, 1933, during the lame duck session of Congress following the 1932 elections, the Senate passed a version of the  Glass bill.


1933 Banking Act, Legislative history, Commercial banking theory; unit banks
Senator Glass supported a commercial banking theory (associated with the real bills doctrine) that commercial banks should no longer be allowed to underwrite or deal in securities. This theory, defended by Senator Glass's long time advisor Henry Parker Willis, had served as a foundation for the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 and earlier US banking law. Glass and Willis argued the failure of banks to follow, and of the Federal Reserve to enforce, this theory had resulted in the "excesses" that inevitably led to the  Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the Great Depression.


1933 Banking Act, Legislative history, Commercial banking theory; unit banks
Before and after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 Senator Glass used this commercial banking theory to criticize banks for their involvement in securities markets. Glass condemned banks for lending to stock market "speculators" and for underwriting "risky" or "utterly worthless" securities, particularly foreign securities, that were sold to unsophisticated bank depositors and small "correspondent banks."


1933 Banking Act, Legislative history, Commercial banking theory; unit banks
Glass opposed direct bank involvement in these activities and indirect involvement through "securities affiliates." Such affiliates were typically owned by the same shareholders as the bank, with the affiliate's shares held in a "voting trust" or other device that ensured bank management controlled the affiliate. Glass and Willis viewed such affiliates as artificial devices to evade limits on bank activities. Large banks such as National City Bank (predecessor to Citibank) and Chase National Bank typically used such securities affiliates to underwrite securities.


1933 Banking Act, Legislative history, Commercial banking theory; unit banks
Glass and Willis criticized all forms of "illiquid loans" including bank real estate lending. They were, however, especially critical of bank securities activities. Willis identified bank investments in, and loans to finance purchases of, government securities during World War I as the beginning of the corruption of commercial banking that culminated in the "speculative excesses" of the 1920s.


1933 Banking Act, Legislative history, Commercial banking theory; unit banks
Glass and Willis also identified the "unit banking" system of small, single office banks as a basic weakness of U.S. banking. The Glass bills tried to limit banks to their "proper" commercial banking activities and to permit banks to expand their geographic operations through greater permission for branch banking.


1933 Banking Act, Legislative history, Commercial banking theory; unit banks
Additionally, many small banks were not able to profit in the securities business, leading many small banks to push for deposit insurance. However, many large banks opposed deposit insurance because "they expected deposits running off from small, weak country banks to come to them."


1933 Banking Act, Legislative history, Unit banks, Federal Reserve System, and deposit insurance
Following his defeat in the 1932 presidential election, President Herbert Hoover supported the Glass bill. In 1932 Hoover had delayed Congressional action on the Glass bill by requesting further hearings and (according to Willis) by working to delay Senate consideration of revised versions of the Glass bill introduced after those hearings.


1933 Banking Act, Legislative history, Unit banks, Federal Reserve System, and deposit insurance
In the 1933 "lame duck" session of the 72nd United States Congress, the final obstacle to Senate passage came from supporters of small "unit banks" (i.e., single office banks). They opposed the Glass bill's permission for national banks to branch throughout their "home state" and into neighboring states as far as a 50-mile "area of trade."


1933 Banking Act, Legislative history, Unit banks, Federal Reserve System, and deposit insurance
Even in the extended period of economic prosperity in the 1920s, a large number of "unit banks" in agricultural areas failed as agricultural prices declined. During the Great Depression unit bank failures grew. Willis and others noted that there were no significant bank failures in Canada, despite similar bad economic conditions. Canada permitted branch banking (which had led to a system of large, nationwide banks), but otherwise shared the U.S. system of "commercial banking" distinct from the "universal banks" common in Europe and elsewhere in the world. Glass stated he had originally supported the "little bank" but as so many unit banks failed he concluded they were a "menace" to "sound banking" and a "curse" to their depositors.


1933 Banking Act, Legislative history, Unit banks, Federal Reserve System, and deposit insurance
Glass also wanted Federal Reserve supervision of all banks under a "unified banking system." Glass stated "the curse of the banking system for this country is the dual system" under which states could charter banks that were supervised by state officials outside the Federal Reserve System. Under the Federal Reserve Act, all national banks were required to be members of the Federal Reserve System, but state chartered banks could choose whether to join. Glass and others concluded that this had led to a "competition in laxity" between regulators of member and non-member banks.


1933 Banking Act, Legislative history, Unit banks, Federal Reserve System, and deposit insurance
In opposition to the Glass bill's branch banking provisions, Senator Huey Long (D-LA) filibustered the Glass bill until Glass revised his bill to limit national bank branching rights to states that permitted their own banks to branch. Glass also revised his bill to extend the deadline for banks to dispose of securities affiliates from three to five years. With those changes, the Glass bill passed the Senate in an overwhelming 54-9 vote on January 25, 1933.


1933 Banking Act, Legislative history, Unit banks, Federal Reserve System, and deposit insurance
In the House of Representatives, Representative Steagall opposed even the revised Glass bill with its limited permission for branch banking. Steagall wanted to protect unit banks, and bank depositors, by establishing federal deposit insurance, thereby eliminating the advantage larger, more financially secure banks had in attracting deposits.


1933 Banking Act, Legislative history, Unit banks, Federal Reserve System, and deposit insurance
150 separate bills providing some form of federal deposit insurance had been introduced in the United States Congress since 1886. The House had passed a federal deposit insurance bill on May 27, 1932, that was awaiting Senate action during the 1933 "lame duck" session.


1933 Banking Act, Legislative history, Unit banks, Federal Reserve System, and deposit insurance
After several states had closed their banks in what became the banking crisis of 1933, President Hoover issued a February 20, 1933, plea to the House of Representatives to pass the Glass bill as the "first constructive step to remedy the prime weakness of our whole economic life." On March 4, 1933, however, the lame duck session of the 72nd Congress adjourned without either the Glass bill or the House deposit insurance bill becoming law. On the same day, the Senate reconvened in a special session called by President Hoover and Franklin Delano Roosevelt was inaugurated as the new President.


1933 Banking Act, Legislative history, 1933 extraordinary session of Congress, Glass bills
President Roosevelt called both Houses of Congress into "extraordinary session" on March 9, 1933, to enact the Emergency Banking Act that ratified Roosevelt's emergency closing of all banks on March 6, 1933. On March 11, 1933, Senator Glass reintroduced (as S. 245) his Glass bill revised to require banks to eliminate securities affiliates within 2 years rather than the 5 years permitted by the compromised version of the Glass bill the Senate had passed in January.


1933 Banking Act, Legislative history, 1933 extraordinary session of Congress, Glass bills
Roosevelt told Glass he approved most of the bill, including the separation of commercial and investment banking, that he shared Glass's desire for a "unified banking system" with state and national banks regulated by a single authority, but that he only approved countywide, not statewide, branch banking, and that he opposed deposit insurance.


1933 Banking Act, Legislative history, 1933 extraordinary session of Congress, Glass bills
On March 7, 1933, National City Bank (predecessor to Citibank) had announced it would liquidate its security affiliate. The next day, Winthrop Aldrich, the newly named chairman and president of Chase National Bank, announced Chase would do the same and that Chase supported prohibiting banks from having securities affiliates. Aldrich also called for prohibiting securities firms from taking deposits. According to Aldrich and his biographer, Aldrich (a lawyer) drafted new language for Glass's bill that became Section 21 of the Glass–Steagall Act. Contemporary observers suggested Aldrich's proposal was aimed at J.P. Morgan & Co. A later Glass–Steagall critic cited Aldrich's involvement as evidence the Rockefellers (who controlled Chase) had used Section 21 to keep J.P. Morgan & Co. (a deposit taking private partnership best known for underwriting securities) from competing with Chase in the commercial banking business.


1933 Banking Act, Legislative history, 1933 extraordinary session of Congress, Glass bills
After Glass introduced S. 245, he chaired a subcommittee that considered the bill and prepared a revised version while negotiating at length with the Roosevelt Administration to gain its support for the bill. By April 13, 1933, the subcommittee had prepared a revised Glass bill, but delayed submitting the bill to the full Senate Committee on Banking and Currency to continue negotiations with the Roosevelt Administration.


1933 Banking Act, Legislative history, 1933 extraordinary session of Congress, Glass bills
President Roosevelt had declared on March 8, 1933, in his first press conference, that he opposed a guarantee of bank deposits for making the government responsible for the "mistakes and errors of individual banks" and for putting "a premium on unsound banking." Glass had reluctantly accepted that no banking reform bill would pass Congress without deposit insurance, but President Roosevelt and Treasury Secretary William Woodin continued to resist such insurance during their negotiations with the Senate subcommittee.


1933 Banking Act, Legislative history, 1933 extraordinary session of Congress, Glass bills
On April 25, 1933, Roosevelt asked for two weeks to consider the deposit insurance issue. In early May, Roosevelt announced with Glass and Steagall that they had agreed "in principle" on a bill.


1933 Banking Act, Legislative history, 1933 extraordinary session of Congress, Glass bills
On May 10, 1933, Glass introduced his revised bill (S. 1631) in the Senate. The most important change was a new provision for deposit insurance. As Roosevelt demanded, deposit insurance was based on a sliding scale. Deposit balances above $10,000 would only be partially insured. As Roosevelt had suggested, deposit insurance would not begin for one year. Glass limited the deposit insurance to Federal Reserve System member banks in the hope this would indirectly lead to a "unified banking system" as the attraction of deposit insurance would lead banks to become Federal Reserve members.


1933 Banking Act, Legislative history, 1933 extraordinary session of Congress, Glass bills
Aside from the new federal deposit insurance system, S. 1631 added provisions based on earlier versions of the Glass bill that became Sections 21 (prohibiting securities firms from taking deposits) and 32 (prohibiting common directors or employees for securities firms and banks) of the Glass–Steagall Act.


1933 Banking Act, Legislative history, 1933 extraordinary session of Congress, Steagall bill
On May 16, 1933, Representative Steagall introduced H.R. 5661, which became the vehicle through which the 1933 Banking Act became law. This bill largely adopted provisions of the new Glass bill. Reflecting Steagall's support for the "dual banking system," however, H.R. 5661 permitted state chartered banks to receive federal deposit insurance without joining the Federal Reserve System.


1933 Banking Act, Legislative history, 1933 extraordinary session of Congress, Steagall bill
On May 23, 1933, the House passed H.R. 5661 in a 262-19 vote. On May 25, 1933, the Senate approved H.R. 5661 (in a voice vote) after substituting the language of S. 1631 (amended to shorten to one year the time within which banks needed to eliminate securities affiliates) and requested a House and Senate conference to reconcile differences between the two versions of H.R. 5661.


1933 Banking Act, Legislative history, 1933 extraordinary session of Congress, Banking Act of 1933
The final Senate version of H.R. 5661 included Senator Arthur Vandenberg's (R-MI) amendment providing for an immediate temporary fund to insure fully deposits up to $2,500 before the FDIC began operating on July 1, 1934. The "Vandenberg Amendment" was added to the Senate bill through a procedural maneuver supported by Vice President John Nance Garner, who was over the Senate in a judicial impeachment proceeding. This highlighted the differences between Garner and Roosevelt on the controversial issue of deposit insurance.


1933 Banking Act, Legislative history, 1933 extraordinary session of Congress, Banking Act of 1933
Roosevelt threatened to veto any bill that included the Vandenberg Amendment's provision for immediate deposit insurance. On June 7, however, Roosevelt indicated to Glass he would accept a compromise in which permanent FDIC insurance would not begin until July 1934, the limited temporary plan would begin on January 1, 1934, and state banks could be insured so long as they joined the Federal Reserve System by 1936. Roosevelt, like Glass, saw redeeming value in deposit insurance if its requirement for Federal Reserve System membership led to "unifying the banking system."


1933 Banking Act, Legislative history, 1933 extraordinary session of Congress, Banking Act of 1933
The Roosevelt Administration had wanted Congress to adjourn its "extraordinary session" on June 10, 1933, but the Senate blocked the planned adjournment. This provided more time for the  House and Senate Conference Committee to reconcile differences between the two versions of H.R. 5661. In the House, nearly one-third of the Representatives signed a pledge not to adjourn without passing a bill providing federal deposit insurance.


1933 Banking Act, Legislative history, 1933 extraordinary session of Congress, Banking Act of 1933
After Steagall and other House members met with Roosevelt on June 12, 1933, the Conference Committee filed its final report for H.R. 5661. Closely tracking the principles Roosevelt had described to Glass on June 7, the Conference Report provided that permanent deposit insurance would begin July 1, 1934, temporary insurance would begin January 1, 1934,  unless the President proclaimed an earlier start date, and state non-member banks could be insured, but after July 1, 1936, would only remain insured if they had applied for Federal Reserve System membership


1933 Banking Act, Legislative history, 1933 extraordinary session of Congress, Banking Act of 1933
Although opponents of H.R. 5661 hoped Roosevelt would veto the final bill, he called Senator Glass with congratulations after the Senate passed the bill. Roosevelt signed H.R. 5661 into law on June 16, 1933, as the Banking Act of 1933. Roosevelt called the new law "the most important" banking legislation since the Federal Reserve Act of 1913.


1933 Banking Act, Commentator description and evaluation of 1933 Banking Act, Roosevelt's role in 1933 Banking Act
Time Magazine reported the 1933 Banking Act passed by "accident because a Presidential blunder kept Congress in session four days longer than expected." H. Parker Willis described Roosevelt as treating the final bill with "indifference" but not "hostility."


1933 Banking Act, Commentator description and evaluation of 1933 Banking Act, Roosevelt's role in 1933 Banking Act
In his account of the "First New Deal" Raymond Moley stated Roosevelt was "sympathetic" to the 1933 Banking Act "but had no active part in pressing for its passage." Moley also wrote that most of "the people who were close to the White House were so busy with their own legislative programs that Glass was left to his own devices."


1933 Banking Act, Commentator description and evaluation of 1933 Banking Act, Roosevelt's role in 1933 Banking Act
Adolf A. Berle, like Moley a member of Roosevelt's First New Deal Brain Trust, was "disappointed" by the 1933 Banking Act. He wished the more extensive branch banking permission in earlier Glass bills had been adopted. Berle concluded that limited branch banking with deposit insurance would preserve small banks certain to fail in an economic downturn, as they had consistently in the past. While Berle shared Glass's hope that the new law's deposit insurance provisions would force all banks into the Federal Reserve System, he correctly feared that future Congresses would remove this requirement.


1933 Banking Act, Commentator description and evaluation of 1933 Banking Act, Roosevelt's role in 1933 Banking Act
According to Carter Golembe, the Banking Act of 1933 was the "only important piece of legislation during the New Deal's famous 'one hundred days' which was neither requested nor supported by the new administration." In their books on banking events in 1933, Susan Eastabrook Kennedy and Helen Burns concluded that, although the 1933 Banking Act was not part of the New Deal, Roosevelt ultimately preferred it to no banking reform bill even though it did not provide the more "far reaching" reforms (Kennedy) or "fuller solution" (Burns) he sought. Both present Roosevelt as being influenced by the strong public demand for deposit insurance in accepting the final bill. Both also describe the Banking Act of 1935 as being more significant than the 1933 Banking Act.


1933 Banking Act, Commentator description and evaluation of 1933 Banking Act, Roosevelt's role in 1933 Banking Act
Kennedy notes that after the 1933 Banking Act became law Roosevelt "claimed full credit, to the amusement or outrage of contemporary and hindsighted observers."


1933 Banking Act, Commentator description and evaluation of 1933 Banking Act, Roosevelt's role in 1933 Banking Act
Roosevelt's concerns with the 1933 Banking Act were not tied to what later became known as the "Glass–Steagall" separation of investment and commercial banking. The 1932 Democratic Party platform provisions on banking (drafted by Senator Glass) called for that separation. In a campaign speech Roosevelt specifically endorsed such separation. In 1935 President Roosevelt opposed Glass's effort to restore national bank powers to underwrite corporate securities. Roosevelt confirmed to Glass in March 1933, that he supported the separation of commercial and investment banking, although Treasury Secretary Woodin feared that prohibiting bank underwriting of securities would "dampen recovery."


1933 Banking Act, Commentator description and evaluation of 1933 Banking Act, Accounts describing 1933 Banking Act as New Deal legislation
Despite the Congressional origins of, and President Roosevelt's lack of support for, the 1933 Banking Act, many descriptions of the New Deal or of the 1933 Banking Act refer to the Act as New Deal legislation.


1933 Banking Act, Commentator description and evaluation of 1933 Banking Act, Accounts describing 1933 Banking Act as New Deal legislation
In the prologue to his classic account of the New Deal, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. suggests Felix Frankfurter and his colleagues were the source for the 1933 Banking Act (along with the Securities Act of 1933) in the tradition of "trust-busting liberalism." In that book's later brief description of the 1933 Banking Act, however, Schlesinger does not mention Frankfurter and focuses on the role of the Pecora Investigation and opposition to deposit insurance, including from Roosevelt, in the debate over the legislation.


1933 Banking Act, Commentator description and evaluation of 1933 Banking Act, Accounts describing 1933 Banking Act as New Deal legislation
The Commerce Clearing House explanation of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act quoted Roosevelt as calling the 1933 Banking Act "the most important and far-reaching legislation ever enacted by the American Congress." Roosevelt made that statement about the National Industrial Recovery Act on the same day he signed the 1933 Banking Act.


1933 Banking Act, Commentator description and evaluation of 1933 Banking Act, Glass–Steagall provisions and the Pecora Investigation
Many descriptions of the 1933 Banking Act emphasize the role of the Pecora Investigation in creating a public demand for the separation of commercial and investment banking. Some accounts even suggest those Glass–Steagall provisions were created in response to the Pecora Investigation.


1933 Banking Act, Commentator description and evaluation of 1933 Banking Act, Glass–Steagall provisions and the Pecora Investigation
National City Bank (predecessor to Citibank) was the only commercial bank examined by Ferdinand Pecora before the 1933 Banking Act became law in June 1933. After the National City hearings ended on March 2, 1933, the Pecora Investigation resumed in May 1933, with the examination of "private bankers," covering J.P. Morgan & Co., Kuhn, Loeb & Co., and Dillon, Read & Co., before returning to a commercial bank with the examination of Chase National Bank beginning in late October 1933. Although those hearings, therefore, took place after the 1933 Banking Act became law, testimony from the lengthy Chase hearings is often cited as evidence for the need to separate commercial and investment banking.


1933 Banking Act, Commentator description and evaluation of 1933 Banking Act, Glass–Steagall provisions and the Pecora Investigation
Pecora was appointed counsel for what became known as the Pecora Investigation on January 22, 1933, and conducted his first hearing on February 15, 1933. Earlier, on January 27, 1933, the Senate overwhelmingly passed a Glass bill separating commercial and investment banking. Even earlier, at Glass's instigation, the 1932 Democratic Party platform had called for such separation. During the 1932 Presidential campaign then President Hoover supported the regulation of investment banking, particularly securities affiliates of commercial banks, and Roosevelt supported the separation of commercial and investment banking.


1933 Banking Act, Commentator description and evaluation of 1933 Banking Act, Glass–Steagall provisions and the Pecora Investigation
The dramatic "ten days" of National City hearings in February 1933, however, were a high point of publicity for the Pecora Investigation. They led to Charles Mitchell's resignation as Chairman of National City Bank. Days later, both National City and Chase announced they would eliminate their securities affiliates. Chase also announced it supported a legislative separation of commercial and investment banking.


1933 Banking Act, Commentator description and evaluation of 1933 Banking Act, Glass–Steagall provisions and the Pecora Investigation
H. Parker Willis and others have written that the Pecora Investigation hearings concerning J.P. Morgan & Co., which began on May 23, 1933, gave the "final impetus" to the 1933 Banking Act. Those hearings did not deal with commercial bank securities activities. Their revelations were that several J.P. Morgan partners had not paid income taxes in one or more years from 1930–32 and that the firm had provided exclusive investment opportunities to prominent business and political leaders.


1933 Banking Act, Commentator description and evaluation of 1933 Banking Act, Glass–Steagall provisions and the Pecora Investigation
During the J.P. Morgan hearings Senator Glass dismissed the Pecora Investigation as a "circus. ""Bored by Senatorial exhibitionism" Glass had not attended the earlier National City hearings.


1933 Banking Act, Commentator description and evaluation of 1933 Banking Act, Glass–Steagall provisions and the Pecora Investigation
While the Pecora Investigation made dramatic headlines and generated public outrage, critics at the time and since attacked the hearings for creating misleading or inaccurate accounts of the investigated transactions. Glass–Steagall critics have argued that the evidence from the Pecora Investigation did not support the separation of commercial and investment banking.


1933 Banking Act, Commentator description and evaluation of 1933 Banking Act, H. Parker Willis and Carter Glass on Banking Act of 1933
In 1935, H. Parker Willis wrote that the 1933 Banking Act was "already outdated" when it became law. He wrote that earlier Glass bills could have "made a difference" if they had become law in 1932.


1933 Banking Act, Commentator description and evaluation of 1933 Banking Act, H. Parker Willis and Carter Glass on Banking Act of 1933
Carter Glass became dissatisfied with the 1933 Banking Act's separation of commercial and investment banking. In 1935 he sponsored a bill passed by the Senate that would have permitted national banks to underwrite corporate bonds.


1933 Banking Act, Commentator description and evaluation of 1933 Banking Act, Conservative nature of Banking Act of 1933
Carter Golembe (addressing the FDIC insurance provisions) and Helen Garten (addressing the Glass–Steagall separation of investment and commercial banking and the FDIC insurance provisions) describe the 1933 Banking Act as legislation intended to protect the existing banking system dominated by small "unit banks." Garten labels this a "conservative" action  at a time when there was serious consideration of nationalizing banks or of permitting a consolidated banking system through nationwide branch banking. Golembe saw deposit insurance as a compromise between forces that sought to stop the destruction of the "circulating medium" (i.e., bank deposits, particularly checking accounts) and forces that wanted to preserve the existing bank structure made up of a large number of geographically isolated banks.


1933 Banking Act, Commentator description and evaluation of 1933 Banking Act, Conservative nature of Banking Act of 1933
After the closing of banks nationwide in early March 1933, press reports and public statements by Congressional leaders suggested banks might be nationalized or the existing system of "dual banking" might be eliminated through federal legislation, or even a Constitutional amendment, to prohibit state chartering of banks. Others proposed requiring all banks to join the Federal Reserve System. None of these proposals was contained in the 1933 Banking Act, although the Act's FDIC insurance provisions would have required banks to join the Federal Reserve System to retain deposit insurance.


1933 Banking Act, Commentator description and evaluation of 1933 Banking Act, Conservative nature of Banking Act of 1933
According to Helen Burns "Roosevelt met with severe criticism from the liberals and the progressives for not nationalizing the banks during the period of crisis." She states "there seems little doubt that he could have done this" but she also concludes Roosevelt "did not believe in a government-owned and-operated bank" and was ultimately pragmatic or even conservative in his approach to banking legislation.


1933 Banking Act, Commentator description and evaluation of 1933 Banking Act, Conservative nature of Banking Act of 1933
As described above, Adolf Berle, the 1933 Roosevelt Brain Trust's leading authority on banking law, was "disappointed" by the 1933 Banking Act. He wished it had not been so heavily compromised to satisfy Representative Steagall (a "half portion" of what the Glass bill originally sought). Berle argued the United States needed a "unified banking system" (most likely through the Federal Reserve System) that would perform more like the nationwide branch bank systems in Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom (which otherwise all shared the U.S. "commercial banking" tradition). Berle supported separating commercial banking from other activities, but disagreed with the Winthrop Aldrich position, contained in Glass–Steagall's Section 21, that this should also apply to "private bankers." Berle suggested that required a "separate study."