1928 Ilford by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the death of the sitting Unionist MP, Sir Fredric Wise at the age of 57 on 27 January 1928 following a sudden heart attack. He had been MP here since winning the 1920 Ilford by-election.


1928 Ilford by-election, Election history
The constituency was created for the 1918 general election and had been won by Unionists at every election. The Unionists did not come close to losing the seat as the progressive vote had remained evenly split between Liberal and Labour. The result at the last General Election was


1928 Ilford by-election, Campaign
Polling Day was set for 23 February 1928, just 27 days after the death of the former Member of Parliament, allowing for a short campaign. This would have assisted the Labour candidate de Gruchy, as unlike the other two candidates who had only just been selected, he had been in place for 12 months.


1928 Ilford by-election, Campaign
On 7 February, the King's Speech was read out in parliament, which provided a focus for the issues of the campaign. All three party leaders, Baldwin, Ramsay MacDonald and David Lloyd George sent public letters of support to their own candidates. On 15 February, the former Prime Minister and Liberal Leader H. H. Asquith died.


1928 Ilford by-election, Result
The Unionists held the seat, but there was a massive 13.6% swing to the Liberals. The Labour vote share remained the same but the party fell to third place.


1928 Ilford by-election, Aftermath
Hamilton held the seat, defeating Comyns Carr again at the following General Election. The Liberal further reduced the Unionist majority by half;


1928 Illinois Fighting Illini football team
The 1928 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois during the 1928 college football season. In their 16th season under head coach Robert Zuppke, the Illini compiled a 7–1 record and finished in first place in the Big Ten Conference. Tackle Albert J. Nowack was the team captain.


1928 Illinois gubernatorial election
The 1928 Illinois gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1928. Incumbent Republican Governor Len Small was defeated in the Republican primary. Republican nominee Louis Lincoln Emmerson defeated Democratic nominee Floyd E. Thompson with 56.76% of the vote.


1928 Illinois lieutenant gubernatorial election
The 1928 Illinois lieutenant gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1928. Incumbent Republican liuetenant governor Fred E. Sterling was reelected to a third consecutive term.


1928 Imperial Airways Vickers Vulcan crash
The 1928 Imperial Airways Vickers Vulcan crash occurred on 13 July 1928 when a Vickers Vulcan on a test flight from Croydon Airport with a pilot and five passengers crashed near Purley, Surrey three miles from the airport, with the loss of four passengers. As a result of the crash Imperial Airways stopped the flying of staff (so called joy rides) on test flights.


1928 Imperial Airways Vickers Vulcan crash, Aircraft
The aircraft involved was a Vickers Vulcan registered G-EBLB, an eight-passenger single-engined biplane airliner. It had been delivered to Imperial Airways in May 1925 and was the last of nine built. The machine was known as "The Flying Pig" by locals around the airport due to its appearance. Originally used for freight, the aircraft had been refitted to enable it to carry eight passengers.


1928 Imperial Airways Vickers Vulcan crash, Accident
The aircraft which was not in regular service but was used for special flights and carrying surplus baggage and freight had the engine changed on 12 July and departed Croydon at midday on 13 July on a flight to test the new engine. The opportunity was taken to take some members of staff on a flight along with a government aeronautical inspection department (AID) inspector. Although the aircraft needed to be passed fit by an AID inspector the presence of the inspector on the flight was not related to that approval. After the aircraft had climbed to 800 feet it disappeared from view of the airport in a south-west direction. The aircraft crashed into a market garden near Leigh Cottage on Woodcote Road, it was seen by residents flying low over the roof tops with the engine "evidently in difficulties".


1928 Imperial Airways Vickers Vulcan crash, Accident
The aircraft crashed into a potato field, the pilot in an open cockpit clambered clear and helped one of the passengers from the enclosed cabin free. The aircraft burst into flames and it was not possible to rescue the other passengers. The four passengers (two male and two female) were killed. Later evidence indicated that at least one had died due to the impact and the others were unconscious when the fire started.


1928 Imperial Airways Vickers Vulcan crash, Inquest
An inquest was opened at Brandon Hill near Croydon on 16 July 1928 and after identification of the four passengers was adjourned. The inquest resumed on 30 July 1928 and it was explained to the inquest by an employee of Imperial Airways that it was not unusual for passengers to be taken on test flight and those on board had permission. The coroner questioned the wisdom of allowing passengers on what could be a dangerous test flight and was told all the passengers had signed indemnity documents.


1928 Imperial Airways Vickers Vulcan crash, Inquest
The employee in charge of the two girls on the flight said they had asked her for permission and it was allowed as long as it was not for more than 15 minutes. An engineering superintendent said employees were keen to take "Joy Rides" but agreed that it was sometimes "a bother". The passenger who survived the accident told the inquest that staff thought of it as a privilege to go on a joy ride and he would do it again.


1928 Imperial Airways Vickers Vulcan crash, Inquest
The pilot Captain John Spafford gave his evidence to the inquest, he had been informed at 11:50 that the aircraft needed an engine test and he was to also take five passengers and some ballast. Spafford calculated that his weight would be under the full load and that on the ground the engine sounded normal.


1928 Imperial Airways Vickers Vulcan crash, Inquest
Spafford agreed with the coroner that the presence of passengers were not required for an engine test. After further questioning of the pilot the jury returned a verdict of accidental death in all four cases. The coroner added that the practice of allowing employees of the airline to go as passengers on test flight should stop. The engineering superintendent from Imperial Airways said that the airline would discontinue the practice.


1928 Indiana Hoosiers football team
The 1928 Indiana Hoosiers football team represented the Indiana Hoosiers in the 1928 college football season as members of the Big Ten Conference. The Hoosiers played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Bloomington, Indiana. The team was coached by Harlan Page, in his third year as head coach.


1928 Indiana gubernatorial election
The 1928 Indiana gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1928. Republican nominee Harry G. Leslie defeated Democratic nominee Frank C. Dailey with 51.25% of the vote.


1928 Indianapolis 500
The 16th International 500-Mile Sweepstakes Race was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway on Wednesday, May 30, 1928. This was the first Indianapolis 500 presided over by new Speedway president Eddie Rickenbacker. Rain threatened to wash out the day, but the showers stopped and the race started on time. One brief shower slowed the race around the 400-mile mark, bringing out the yellow flag for a few laps.


1928 Indianapolis 500
It was the third year contested with the supercharged 911⁄2 cu. in. (1.5 L) displacement engine formula. A total of seven supercharged front-wheel drive cars were entered, and they swept the front row during time trials. Leon Duray in a Miller took the pole position with an average speed of 122.391 mph (196.969 km/h), a new track record. Duray dominated much of the first half of the race, setting a blistering pace. He dropped out in the second half, however, due to an overheating engine.


1928 Indianapolis 500
With twenty laps to go, Tony Gulotta led Jimmy Gleason and Louis Meyer. All three cars were running nose-to-tail. On lap 181, Gulotta slowed with a leaking fuel tank and a clogged fuel line. Gleason and Meyer then battled for the lead. On lap 196 Gleason headed for the pits to take on water for the radiator. A crew member missed the radiator and accidentally doused the car's magneto with water. The engine was ruined with a cracked water jacket in sight of victory.


1928 Indianapolis 500
Rookie driver Louis Meyer (though he had appeared as a relief driver in 1927) took the first of what would be three career Indy victories. Meyer did not even land his ride until one week before the race. Car owner Phil "Red" Shafer entered a rear-wheel drive Miller Special for Wilbur Shaw with initial backing from a fuel pump manufacturer. The deal fell through, and Shafer abruptly sold the car to Alden Sampson II four days before time trials were scheduled to begin.


1928 Indianapolis 500
Sampson hired Louis Meyer to drive the car, the same machine that Tony Gulotta drove to a third place in 1927. Meyer put the car safely in the field in 13th starting position. He drove a steady, consistent pace, and led only once, the final 19 laps of the race. Despite predictions of record speed, and an early blistering pace, Meyer's average speed of 99.482 mph for the 500 miles fell short of the record set in 1926.


1928 Indianapolis 500, Race schedule
The race was scheduled for Wednesday May 30. Competitors began arriving at the grounds in mid-April, and the track was to be made available for practice and testing no later than May 1. Elimination trials were scheduled for three days (May 26–28), but qualifying extended to an additional day (and for a brief period on race  morning) due to a short field. The annual awards banquet was scheduled for Thursday evening (May 31) at the Indianapolis Chamber of Commerce.


1928 Indianapolis 500, Time trials
Qualifications was scheduled for three days, May 26–28. The minimum speed to qualify was set at 90 mph. A total of 36 entries were expected to make attempts to fill the 33 starting positions. Qualified cars on the first day of trials would line up in the grid first, followed by the second day qualifiers, and so on.


1928 Indianapolis 500, Time trials
Riding mechanics were optional, however, no teams entered utilized them.


1928 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Saturday May 26
The first day of elimination trials was held Saturday May 26. Qualifying was scheduled from 1 p.m. to 5 p.m. Any cars in line at 5 o'clock were permitted to make their runs, continuing until the track closed at sundown. The morning dawned dark, with the threat of rain looming, but fair skies prevailed. The existing track records going into the month were both held by Frank Lockhart. The one-lap track record (120.918 mph) and four-lap track record (120.100 mph) were both set during time trials in 1927.


1928 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Saturday May 26
The supercharged front-wheel drive Millers were expected to excel in qualifying, with Leon Duray the favorite for the pole position. Duray had set an unofficial track record on May 17, and was among the fastest cars all month long.


1928 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Saturday May 26
The first driver to challenge the track record was Cliff Woodbury in one of the Boyle Valve Specials owned by Mike Boyle. On his third lap, Woodbury's set a one-lap track record (121.081 mph). His four-lap average of 120.418 mph was also a record. It was noted that this was Woodbury's first attempt in a front-wheel drive car at the Speedway, and it garnered him a solid front row starting position. Woodbury's spot on the pole was short-lived, however. Leon Duray in the Miller Special took to the track a short time after Woodbury. Duray smashed the one-lap track record on his second lap with a speed of 123.203 mph. His four-lap average of 122.391 mph was also a new track record, and he secured the pole position.


1928 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Saturday May 26
The most serious incident of the afternoon involved 1925 winner Peter DePaolo. During his qualifying attempt, going into turn three on the first lap, the car went out of control, and flipped over at least three times. DePaolo was thrown from the vehicle, then the car slid upside down along the bricks, ripping off the engine cowling, shearing off the carburetor, and grinding the top of the supercharger casing. The car suffered a bent rear axle, a dented nose, and other minor damage. It was determined that the crash was caused by the steering mechanism locking up.


1928 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Saturday May 26
DePaolo suffered gouges to his arms, bruised legs, and cuts on his chin. Though DePaolo escaped serious injuries, he was sidelined for the remainder of the month. After the crash, the team led by chief mechanic Collon Henning Peters began repairing the car, in hopes of still qualifying with another driver.


1928 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Saturday May 26
At the end of the day, the front wheel drive machines swept the front row, and five of the top eight starting positions. A total of 19 cars had qualified, leaving 14 positions open.


1928 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Sunday May 27
The second day of elimination trials was held on Sunday May 27. Five cars completed runs in front of a crowd estimated at 12,000–15,000 spectators. Peter Kreis was the fastest driver of the day. The field filled to 24 cars, leaving nine spots open.


1928 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Sunday May 27
Back in the garage area, the wrecked car of Peter DePaolo was being repaired. Bob McDonogh and Wilbur Shaw were being rumored as possible replacement drivers to the seat.


1928 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Sunday May 27
During the day, a tire changing contest was held between several of the pit crews. Dick Doyle and Bud Miller, servicing the car of George Souders, won the $50 top prize.


1928 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Monday May 28
The third day of elimination trials was scheduled for Monday May 28. Although Monday was originally the final day allowed to qualify, officials announced that Tuesday afternoon and Wednesday morning may opened up due to prospects of a short field.


1928 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Monday May 28
Clarence "C.W." Belt made history, becoming the first driver ever to qualify a V-type engine at Indianapolis.


1928 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Tuesday May 29
Despite a slippery track, three drivers completed qualifying attempts. Officials decided that the deadline to qualify would be set at 12 noon. Late in the afternoon Ted Miller, the relief driver for Buddy Marr, was taking practice laps in the #35 B.W. Cooke Special. Miller crashed at the south end of the track. Miller suffered a broken arm and lacerations, and was taken to the hospital. The car was badly damaged. The crew would work into the night to try to repair the car, but ran out of time, and withdrew on race morning.


1928 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Wednesday May 30
Two drivers, Wilbur Shaw and Jimmy Hill, received permission to qualify their cars at 5:00 a.m. on race morning. However, only Shaw took to the track. Shaw put Peter DePaolo's car in the field, a car repaired after the crash on Saturday. DePaolo was brought to the track by an ambulance, and cheered on the team lying on a stretcher trackside.


1928 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Wednesday May 30
During practice runs just before the race, L. L. Corum and Dutch Bauman crashed their cars. Corum crashed in turn three. Bauman lost control in turn two and wrecked, but was not injured. Both cars were too damaged to race and both cars were withdrawn before the race started.


1928 Indianapolis 500, Race summary
Morning rain threatened to postpone the start of the race, scheduled for 10:00 a.m. central standard time. The first shower came through the area at 6:30 a.m., followed by another brief shower at 8:30 a.m. About fifteen minutes later, the rain stopped and the track began to dry. Changes to the starting lineup shuffled the grid Wednesday morning. With Wilbur Shaw putting the DePaolo car in the field, his car was placed at the rear of the field. Meanwhile, three cars were withdrawn on race morning due to crashes.


1928 Indianapolis 500, Race summary
Buddy Marr's car, wrecked on Tuesday, was not repaired in enough time and was scratched. L. L. Corum and Dutch Bauman both suffered crashes during practice runs early Wednesday morning, and both were withdrawn. Both crashes were blamed on the damp conditions. Corum was not seriously injured, and planned to drive relief for other cars during the race.


1928 Indianapolis 500, Race summary
Jimmy Hill was unable to qualify, and there were no alternates, so the 33-car field would be short by four cars. Only 29 cars lined up in the grid to take the starter's flag.


1928 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Start
The track was still damp, but officials deemed it adequately dry for racing. The sun had come out, and the brick surface was drying quickly. With rain showers holding off, pace car driver Joe Dawson led the field around for one warm up lap. The field received the red starter's flag, and the race started on time.


1928 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Start
Leon Duray grabbed the lead from the pole position at the start. The first lap was run at 113.279 mph, and Duray held a four car-length lead at the conclusion of the first lap. Cliff Woodbury ran second with Cliff Bergere in third. Benny Shoaff (lap 3) made a pit stop to adjust the distributor, and Fred Comer (lap 4) was also in the pits to change a tire.


1928 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Start
Russ Snowberger was the first car out of the race, suffering a broken supercharger. Then, after starting in the outside of the front row, Cliff Bergere was out on lap 6 with a broken distributor shaft.


1928 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, First half
Leon Duray dominated the early stages of the race. His average speed after 20 laps (50 miles) was 107.078 mph – over a mile per hour faster than the previous year. With Bergere out, Tony Gulotta moved up to second place, Babe Stapp was in third, Louis Schneider in fourth, and Jimmy Gleason was in fifth. Cliff Woodbury was forced to make a pit stop to change spark plugs. He lost nearly three minutes, and fell two laps down.


1928 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, First half
On lap 35, Benny Shoaff hit an oil slick in the south end of the track and spun out. The car crashed into the outside wall, rebounded, and came to rest facing the opposite direction. Shoaff's suffered a bloody nose, but no major injuries. Shoaff headed back to the pits, and would later drive relief for Fred Frame. Wilbur Shaw, the last qualifier who put his car in the field just that morning, was never a factor. Starting last (29th) in the same car that Peter DePaolo wrecked just days earlier, he lasted only 42 laps. He was another victim of broken timing gears. Shaw returned to the pits, and stood by to drive relief.


1928 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, First half
At the 100 mile mark (40 laps), Duray continued to lead, with Gulotta in second. Duray and Babe Stapp traded the lead for a few laps, but soon after Duray began to fade. After leading 59 of the first 62 laps, Duray's car was beginning to suffer overheating problems and he began to slip in the standings.


1928 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, First half
Defending race winner George Souders came to the lead on lap 63, and led for 16 laps. Souders reported that his car was difficult to handle, but he was able to run a consistent pace and stay near the front of the field. Cliff Woodbury, who started in the middle of the front row and had been plagued with mechanical problems early on, dropped out with 55 laps completed due to broken timing gears.


1928 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, First half
On lap 80 (200 miles) first-year starter Louis Meyer had charged up to fourth position.


1928 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, First half
As the race approached the halfway point, it was Jimmy Gleason (who started deep in the field), that was now the fastest car on the track. Gleason took the lead from Babe Stapp on lap 83, and set out to lead over the next 100 miles.


1928 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, First half
A leaking gasoline line on Ray Keech's car was beginning to cause the car to lose fuel pressure. Keech handed the car over to relief driver Wilbur Shaw, but Shaw did not last very long with burns on his leg due to the leaking fuel. Keech got back in the car, and pushed on.


1928 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Second half
Leon Duray's day finally came to an end after 133 laps. The car went out with overheating trouble while Cliff Woodbury was behind the wheel. Jimmy Gleason led until a pit stop on lap 135. He handed the car over to Russ Snowberger who drove relief for the next 13 laps. Snowberger maintained the lead in Gleason's car.


1928 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Second half
Ira Hall crashed out after competing 115 laps. Lou Wilson took over as relief driver for Louis Schneider. Then Scheinder himself got behind the wheel of Lou Moore's car. Both drivers finished the remainder of the race that way.


1928 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Second half
The final 100 miles was set to be a three-car battle between the cars of Jimmy Gleason, Tony Gulotta, and the steady but gaining Louis Meyer. Louis Schneider, now driving Lou Moore's car, was also inching closer to the leaders.


1928 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Second half
Shortly after 2:00 p.m., when the leaders had just passed the 400-mile mark (lap 160), a light rain began to fall. Officials put out the yellow flag and the drivers were instructed to proceed with caution. Officials contemplated halting the race (as has happened two years earlier) for safety reasons, but the shower was very brief. After only a few laps under yellow, the field went back to racing. At that moment, on his 162nd lap, Earl Devore skidded coming out of the north turns due to the wet conditions and eventually crashed into the outside wall in turn one. The fuel tank was crushed, and Devore was out of the race.


1928 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Finish
With twenty laps to go, Tony Gulotta led Jimmy Gleason and Louis Meyer. A margin of only 2.04 seconds separated 1st-2nd-3rd place. On lap 181, Gulotta began slowing down and stalled in turn three. A tiny leak in the fuel tank was causing his fuel pressure to drop, and his fuel line was clogged. Gulotta's crew would need an hour-long pit stop to make repairs. Gulotta and Dutch Bauman took turns nursing the car around to 10th-place finish. Meyer took the lead on lap 182, but Gleason was in second, and was in close contention.


1928 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Finish
On lap 195, Gleason headed for the pits to take on water for the radiator. A crew member missed the radiator and accidentally doused the car's magneto with water. The engine was ruined with a cracked water jacket as well, and Gleason was out of the race in sight of a chance for victory. Louis Meyer cruises at a steady pace to victory, winning by a little less than one lap margin over a charging Louis Schneider (in Lou Moore's car). Meyer is credited as a being a rookie winner, since his previous experience in the 1927 race was only in a relief driver role. Meyer made only one pit stop, a routine stop for oil, fuel, and to change two tires.


1928 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Finish
Ray Keech, despite bad burns on his leg, remarkably comes home fourth. All three cars of the front row dropped out, and yet again, the supercharged front-engine machines fail to achieve victory. The highest finishing front wheel drive car was Babe Stapp in 6th place.


1928 Indianapolis 500, Broadcasting
The race was carried live on radio on WKBF-AM, in a partnership arranged with the Indianapolis News. The broadcast began at 9:30 a.m. local time, and was about six hours in duration. It was the fourth consecutive year the race was being carried on the radio through this format. WFBM also picked up the broadcast. The broadcast originated from the Pagoda, with microphones also set up in the pit area. The booth announcing staff was led by Chris Albion. John Mannix led the pit reporting crew.


1928 Indianapolis 500, Broadcasting
For the first time ever, NBC came on air for live national coverage of the final hour of the race. At approximately 2:10 p.m., anchor Graham McNamee's call was picked up on WKBF and numerous other NBC affiliates across the country.


1928 International Columbia Graphophone Competition
The 1928 International Columbia Graphophone Competition was a competition part-sponsored by the Columbia record company in honour of the centenary of the death of Franz Schubert. Its original aim was to encourage composers to produce completions of Schubert's 'Unfinished' Symphony but the rules were modified several times to allow the submission of original symphonic works. Preliminary rounds were judged on a country or area basis, and the winning works at this level were then forwarded to the final judging for the world prize, which took place in Vienna. Notable composers who gained prizes in the country categories included Vasily Kalafati, Havergal Brian, Czesław Marek and Franz Schmidt, but the overall prize, after a wrangle among the judges, was awarded to the Swedish composer Kurt Atterberg for his Sixth Symphony.


1928 International Columbia Graphophone Competition, Inception and changing rules
Organized jointly by the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde in Vienna and the Columbia Graphophone Company of Britain and America, the competition was originally announced on 26 June 1927 as a contest for composers from around the world to complete Schubert's Symphony in B minor, D. 759 (the Unfinished). Between July 1927 and February 1928 the rules of entry were modified several times to allow the submission of original works rather than a completion of Schubert, and also to permit the use, if prospective completers wished, of Schubert's own sketches for the third movement of the Unfinished.


1928 International Columbia Graphophone Competition, Inception and changing rules
Those composers who wished to submit a completion of Schubert's work were to use an orchestra no larger than that already employed in the existing movements of the Unfinished. As far as the submission of individual works was concerned, in October 1927 the organizers stipulated that these should be 'in two movements, composed in the Romantic spirit that animates Schubert's music'.


1928 International Columbia Graphophone Competition, Inception and changing rules
Only a few weeks later this formulation was changed to 'symphonic works in one or more movements, presented as an apotheosis of the lyrical genius of Schubert'; it was also suggested, though not stipulated, that there could be non-symphonic works, as long as these were sets of variations on Schubert themes, but all works had to be for orchestra. Later still, a further revision of the rules stated that 'the compositions, apart from faultless formal structure, must be marked by the predominance of a vigorous melodic content, and the number of instruments employed must not substantially exceed the measure established by the classical orchestras of Schubert's time'.


1928 International Columbia Graphophone Competition, Submissions and zone judging
The contest was to be judged in two stages. "The World" (effectively Europe, the Americas, and the British Commonwealth) was divided into ten 'zones', each of which could award prizes for three works, the first prize being £150 sterling or $750, the second prize £50 or $250 and the third prize no money, but an 'honourable mention' (hochste Anerkennung). These 30 scores were then to be entered for the sole international first prize of £2,000 or $10,000, to be adjudicated in Vienna. The 'Zone' jurors, who judged the first stage, included such well-known personalities as Maurice Ravel, Thomas Beecham, Ottorino Respighi, and Karol Szymanowski.


1928 International Columbia Graphophone Competition, Submissions and zone judging
As far as is known, despite the prestige of the competition, very few of the youngest generation of composers bothered to enter, especially those of a modernist persuasion. The terms of entry, and indeed the identity of many of the jurors, bespoke a highly conservative and traditionalist view of musical history. Nevertheless, several substantial figures of more senior generations participated in the competition, and not all their works were destined to be forgotten. At least 513 composers, and probably many more, submitted scores by the closing date.


1928 International Columbia Graphophone Competition, Submissions and zone judging
If the 30 or so winning entries in the first stage accurately reflect the proportion of original works to completions of Schubert, it would seem that about 20 per cent, i.e., something over 100 different "finishings" of the Unfinished, were submitted. Among the remaining 80 per cent of entries - the original works - there was a tremendous diversity of approach and character, and many submitted scores that had only the most tenuous connexion with the ideals outlined in the conditions of entry.


1928 International Columbia Graphophone Competition, Submissions and zone judging, Examples
A full list of winners by zone is given by Paul Rapoport (see Sources, below). In the 'English' zone, for example, the first prize of £150 was divided between the composer-pianist Frank Merrick (who submitted a completion of the Schubert symphony) and John St. Anthony Johnson, for a symphonic movement called Pax Vobiscum. The second prize went to the composer Havergal Brian for the orchestral movements from his Gothic Symphony. (This symphony, which had evolved between 1919 and 1927, is famous for the gigantic orchestra and chorus employed in the choral finale that forms Part Two.


1928 International Columbia Graphophone Competition, Submissions and zone judging, Examples
It had clearly not been written as an entry for the competition, but as submitted by the composer, only the somewhat smaller manuscript for Part One, consisting of three more conventional orchestral movements, was deemed eligible to be adjudged as a stand-alone work.) In the Austrian section, the first prize was awarded to Franz Schmidt for his Third Symphony, the second to Hans Gál for his First Symphony and the third prize to a symphony by Moni Friedsohn. In the Scandinavian section, the first prize went to Kurt Atterberg of Sweden for his Sixth Symphony, the second to the Norwegian, Ludvig Irgens-Jensen, for his orchestral Passacaglia, and the third prize to a symphony by the Dane Jens Laursen Emborg.


1928 International Columbia Graphophone Competition, Final judging
From 19 to 23 June 1928 the 30 winning scores from the ten national zones were evaluated in Vienna by the International jury. This body consisted of one delegate from each of the zones plus an eleventh juror appointed in Vienna. The chairman was Alexander Glazunov; he was assisted by Franco Alfano, Alfred Bruneau, Walter Damrosch, Carl Nielsen, Franz Schalk, Max von Schillings, and Donald Tovey. The Polish delegate was Emil Młynarski; the eleventh, Viennese, delegate was Guido Adler. Since the deliberations of the jury were never published, they have been the subject of much rumour.


1928 International Columbia Graphophone Competition, Final judging
It was agreed that all the completions of Schubert's Unfinished should be ruled out and the judging devoted only to the original works. The sole international prize was awarded to the Sixth Symphony of Kurt Atterberg. Vasily Kalafati received a second place acknowledgment for his work Legende, Op. 20. Atterber's Symphony received two recordings at the time (conducted by Beecham on Columbia, and by Atterberg himself with the Berlin Philharmonic on Polydor).


1928 International Columbia Graphophone Competition, Final judging
The works by the joint UK prize winners Frank Merrick and John St. Anthony Johnson were also recorded by Columbia, Charles Haubiel's Karma was recorded in the USA, and the joint first prize winners for France/Belgium/Switzerland (by Gustave Guillemoteau and Henry Ryder) were recorded in Paris by Columbia (the Conservatoire Orchestra, conducted by Philippe Gaubert).


1928 International Columbia Graphophone Competition, Final judging
Kurt Atterberg's Symphony was eventually reviewed with a fair amount of derision by international critics as a particularly weak and derivative specimen of contemporary music. It is clear that Atterberg's symphony was in direct competition with two other scores, namely Franz Schmidt's Third Symphony and Czesław Marek's Sinfonia, because both of these pieces - though they received no prize, no money and no recording - merited an 'honourable mention' in the final judgment. Other pieces may however have been involved in the final balance.


1928 International Columbia Graphophone Competition, Final judging
Sources within the Columbia Graphophone company released unattributable stories to suggest that Havergal Brian's Gothic Symphony, which Donald Tovey as British delegate certainly considered a masterpiece, was also evaluated, as well as a set of symphonic variations entitled Karma by the American Charles Haubiel.


1928 International Columbia Graphophone Competition, Final judging
This account would square with a report in The New York Times (29 November 1928) which suggested that the jury were divided on four scores which were considered outstanding but eventually rejected as 'in a modernistic vein inappropriate to the occasion', and that Atterberg's Symphony was awarded the prize as the best of the others, with (it seems) five jurors dissenting and the deadlock broken by the casting vote of Glazunov.


1928 International Columbia Graphophone Competition, Final judging
Yet Atterberg's Symphony No. 6 - though hardly the equal of Marek's, or indeed Schmidt's or Brian's works as a feat of symphonic thinking - is by no means the mere pastiche that it was represented as in contemporary reviews; and one might have expected that its rather prominent vein of polytonality would have rendered it equally 'inappropriate to the occasion'.


1928 International Cross Country Championships
The 1928 International Cross Country Championships was held in Ayr, Scotland, on 24 March 1928.


1928 International Cross Country Championships
Complete results, medallists,  and the results of British athletes were published.


1928 International Cross Country Championships, Participation
An unofficial count yields the participation of 45 athletes from 5 countries.


1928 International Lawn Tennis Challenge
The 1928 International Lawn Tennis Challenge was the 23rd edition of what is now known as the Davis Cup. 27 teams would enter the Europe Zone, while six would enter the America Zone. Chile, Finland, and Norway made their first appearances in the competition.


1928 International Lawn Tennis Challenge
The United States defeated Italy in the Inter-Zonal play-off, but would lose to France in the Challenge Round, giving France their second straight title. The final was played at the new Stade Roland Garros in Paris, France on 27–29 July.


1928 International Lawn Tennis Challenge America Zone
The America Zone was one of the two regional zones of the 1928 International Lawn Tennis Challenge.


1928 International Lawn Tennis Challenge America Zone
6 teams entered the America Zone, with the winner going on to compete in the Inter-Zonal Final against the winner of the Europe Zone. The United States defeated Japan in the final, and went on to face Italy in the Inter-Zonal Final.


1928 International Lawn Tennis Challenge Europe Zone
The Europe Zone was one of the two regional zones of the 1928 International Lawn Tennis Challenge.


1928 International Lawn Tennis Challenge Europe Zone
27 teams entered the Europe Zone, with the winner going on to compete in the Inter-Zonal Final against the winner of the America Zone. Italy defeated Czechoslovakia in the final, and went on to face the United States in the Inter-Zonal Final.


1928 International Pageant of Pulchritude
The 3rd annual International Pageant of Pulchritude was held at Galveston, Texas. With 42 contestants (32 American and 10 foreign) in the pageant, 10 contestants won cash prizes and one won the grand prize, the title of "Miss Universe".


1928 International Pageant of Pulchritude, Results
Miss Chicago, Ella Van Hueson, won first place in the pageant and was crowned "Miss Universe" of 1928. Prizes included $2,000.


1928 International Pageant of Pulchritude, Results
The second-place winner received $1,000, the third-place winner $250, and the remaining nine places received $100 each.


1928 Iowa Hawkeyes football team
The 1928 Iowa Hawkeyes football team represented the University of Iowa in the 1928 college football season. This was the last season Iowa played their home games in at Iowa Field.


1928 Iowa Senate election
The 1928 Iowa Senate elections took place as part of the biennial 1928 United States elections. Iowa voters elected state senators in 31 of the senate's 50 districts. State senators serve four-year terms in the Iowa Senate.


1928 Iowa Senate election
A statewide map of the 50 state Senate districts in the 1928 elections is provided by the Iowa General Assembly


1928 Iowa Senate election
The primary election on June 4, 1928 determined which candidates appeared on the November 6, 1928 general election ballot.


1928 Iowa Senate election
Following the previous election, Republicans had control of the Iowa Senate with 49 seats to Democrats' 1 seat. A special election in district 20 in 1927 saw the seat flip from Republican to Democratic control.


1928 Iowa Senate election
To claim control of the chamber from Republicans, the Democrats needed to net 24 Senate seats.


1928 Iowa Senate election
Republicans maintained control of the Iowa State Senate following the 1928 general election with the balance of power remaining unchanged with Republicans holding 48 seats and Democrats having 2 seats.


1928 Iowa State Cyclones football team
The 1928 Iowa State Cyclones football team represented Iowa State College of Agricultural and Mechanic Arts (later renamed Iowa State University) in the Big Six Conference during the 1928 college football season. In their third season under head coach Noel Workman, the Cyclones compiled a 2–5–1 record (2–2–1 against conference opponents), finished in fourth place in the conference, and were outscored by opponents by a combined total of 67 to 39. They played their home games at State Field in Ames, Iowa.


1928 Iowa State Cyclones football team
Harry Lindblom was the team captain. Paul Trauger was selected as a first-team all-conference player.


1928 Iowa State Teachers football team
The 1928 Iowa State Teachers football team represented Iowa State Teachers College (later renamed University of Northern Iowa) in the Iowa Intercollegiate Athletic Association (IIAA) during the 1928 college football season. In its fourth season under head coach Paul F. Bender, the team compiled a 5–1–3 record.


1928 Iowa gubernatorial election
The 1928 Iowa gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1928. Incumbent Republican John Hammill defeated Democratic nominee L. W. Housel with 62.79% of the vote.


1928 Iraqi parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Iraq in 1928, with the final day of voting on 9 May, to elect the members of Chamber of Deputies. They were the second elections under the 1925 constitution. There were many complaints about the integrity of the elections and the way the government handled them, with some candidates collating evidence of vote manipulation. The opposition Independence Party and Iraqi National Party wrote a letter to the British Prime Minister complaining about the Iraqi government's violation of electoral law, demanding an investigation, and offering to pay for its cost. Nevertheless, the newly elected council convened on 13 May 1928 and elected Abdul-Aziz Al-Qassab, the interior minister in Al-Saadoun government, as Speaker.


1928 Iraqi parliamentary election, Political parties
The dominating pro-government faction was the Progress Party, which had been founded by Abdul-Muhsin Al-Saadoun in 1925. Nuri al-Said and Jafar al-Askari were also members of the party. The main opposition faction was the People's Party led by Yasin al-Hashimi, who was known for his opposition to the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1922. The Independence Party and Iraqi National Party also participated as opposition parties.


1928 Iraqi parliamentary election, Results
The elections resulted in a decisive victory for the government party. As a result, Al-Saadoun remained Prime Minister.


1928 Iraqi parliamentary election, Aftermath
On 23 March 1930, Nuri al-Said became Prime Minister for the first time. He started negotiating a new treaty with the British government to replace the 1922 document. This resulted in the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930, which was set to prepare Iraq to become an independent member of the League of Nations. The government proposed that a new parliament should examine the treaty and vote on it. The new treaty was signed by the Iraqi and British governments on 30 June 1928. The following day parliament was dissolved, and al-Said government started preparing for fresh elections.


1928 Irish Greyhound Derby
The 1928 National Derby took place during August with the final being held at Harold's Cross Stadium in Dublin on 18 August 1928. It was the inaugural edition of the event. The race at this stage was considered unofficial because it had not been ratified by the Irish Coursing Club.


1928 Irish Greyhound Derby
The winner was Tipperary Hills, owned and trained by Billy Quinn.


1928 Irish local elections
The 1928 Irish local elections were held in all the counties, cities and towns of the Irish Free State in June and July 1928, under the Local Elections Act, 1927. These were the first local elections contested by Fianna Fáil.


1928 Isle of Man TT
In the 1928 Isle of Man Tourist Trophy the newly developed 'positive-stop' foot gear-change by Velocette gave Alec Bennett his fifth TT Race win in the 1928 Junior, in the time of 3 hours, 50 minutes and 52 seconds, at an average speed of 68.65 mph (110.48 km/h), and setting a lap record at an average speed of 67.19 mph (108.13 km/h), with his teammate Harold Willis coming second.


1928 Isle of Man TT
The 1928 Lightweight TT Race was led from start to finish by Frank Longman on an OK-Supreme motorcycle at an average speed of 62.87 mph (101.18 km/h). In contrast the 1928 Senior TT Race was held in heavy rain and mist. The bad race conditions produced many retirements and a slow average speed. The eventual winner of the 1928 Senior TT Race was Charlie Dodson, riding a Sunbeam motorcycle, in 4 hours, 11 minutes and 40 seconds, at an average speed of 62.98 mph (101.36 km/h).


1928 Italian Grand Prix
The 1928 Italian Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race run on 9 September 1928, at Monza. It was run over 60 laps, and was won by Louis Chiron driving a Bugatti 37A. It was the 8th Italian Grand Prix. This race was also the VI Grand Prix d'Europe.


1928 Italian Grand Prix
This race was marred by the death of at least 22 spectators as well as driver Emilio Materassi on lap 17, when Materassi lost control of his car on the main straight at over 200 km/h while trying to overtake Giulio Foresti. The car swerved to the left of the track, bounced over a three-meter deep and four-meter wide protection ditch and a fence and crashed into the grandstand, killing him along with 22 spectators. Other sources have stated that 27 spectators were killed overall, but this is unconfirmed.


1928 Italian Grand Prix
By either estimation this is the worst accident, with respect to the number of lives lost, to occur at a Grand Prix and it is only surpassed by the 1955 Le Mans disaster in the history of motor racing. As a result the Italian Grand Prix was to not be held until 1931.


1928 Japanese general election
General elections were held in Japan on 20 February 1928, the first after the introduction of universal male suffrage. The ruling Rikken Seiyūkai led by Prime Minister Tanaka Giichi won one more seat than the opposition Rikken Minseitō led by Hamaguchi Osachi, although Rikken Minseitō had received slightly more votes. The hung parliament led to the Tanaka government continuing in office.


1928 Japanese general election, Electoral system
Following electoral reforms in 1925, the 466 members of the House of Representatives were elected from multi-member constituencies with between three and five seats. Voting had previously been restricted to men aged over 25 who paid at least 3 yen a year in direct taxation, but the reforms had also abolished the taxation requirement. As a result, the electorate increased from 3.3 million in the 1924 elections to 12.4 million.


1928 Japanese general election, Aftermath
The Manchurian warlord Zhang Zuolin was assassinated by the Japanese army in June 1928. Tanaka denounced the army for this, but lost support and was forced to resign in July 1929. Opposition leader Hamaguchi became Prime Minister and formed a new government.


1928 KML season
The 1928 Korvpalli Meistriliiga was the 3rd season of the Estonian basketball league.


1928 KML season
A single game was held on 1 April 1928 with Tallinna Vitjas defeating Tallinna NMKÜ 42–22.


1928 Kansas Jayhawks football team
The 1928 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the Big Six Conference during the 1928 college football season. In their first season under head coach Bill Hargiss, the Jayhawks compiled a 4–4 record (2–3 against conference opponents), finished in fifth place in the conference, and were outscored by opponents by a combined total of 66 to 34. They played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Lawrence, Kansas. Harold Hauser was the team captain.


1928 Kansas State Wildcats football team
The 1928 Kansas State Wildcats football team represented Kansas State University in the 1928 college football season.


1928 Kansas gubernatorial election
The 1928 Kansas gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1928. Republican nominee Clyde M. Reed defeated Democratic nominee Chauncey B. Little with 65.60% of the vote.


1928 Kent State Golden Flashes football team
The 1928 Kent State Golden Flashes football team was an American football team that represented Kent State Normal College (later Kent State University) during the 1928 college football season. In its fourth season under head coach Merle E. Wagoner, Kent State compiled a 4–2–2 record and outscored by a total of 89 to 34. This was the first winning season in Kent State program history.


1928 Kentucky Derby
The 1928 Kentucky Derby was the 54th running of the Kentucky Derby. The race was run on May 19, 1928.


1928 Kentucky Wildcats football team
The 1928 Kentucky Wildcats football team represented the Kentucky Wildcats of the University of Kentucky during the 1928 college football season. The team finished the season by tying undefeated Tennessee.


1928 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
The 1928 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship was the 34th staging of the Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Kilkenny County Board.


1928 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
On 17 June 1928, Mooncoin won the championship after a 4-03 to 3-02 defeat of Dicksboro in the final. It was their eighth championship title overall and their second title in succession.


1928 LFF Lyga
The 1928 LFF Lyga was the 7th season of the LFF Lyga football competition in Lithuania. KSS Klaipėda won the championship.


1928 LSU Tigers football team
The 1928 LSU Tigers football team represented Louisiana State University (LSU) in the 1928 Southern Conference football season.


1928 LSU Tigers football team
Jess Tinsley was named first team All-Southern for the second year in a row, playing weak side tackle. First year coach Russ Cohen, himself a former All-Southern end at Vanderbilt, claimed that Tinsley was "the finest tackle he had ever seen.


1928 Lafayette Leopards football team
The 1928 Lafayette Leopards football team was an American football team that represented Lafayette College as an independent during the 1928 college football season. In its fifth season under head coach Herb McCracken, the team compiled a 6–1–2 record. Richard Guest was the team captain. The team played its home games at Fisher Field in Easton, Pennsylvania.


1928 Lancaster by-election
The Lancaster by-election, 1928 was a parliamentary by-election held in England for the House of Commons constituency of Lancaster on 9 February 1928.


1928 Lancaster by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the elevation to the peerage of the sitting Conservative MP, Sir Gerald Strickland. Strickland had been elected as MP for Lancaster at the 1924 general election gaining the seat from the Liberals.


1928 Lancaster by-election, Candidates, Conservatives
The Conservatives selected 40-year-old Herwald Ramsbotham. Ramsbotham was educated at Uppingham and University College, Oxford, had been called to the Bar in 1911 but entered a City export business. He had also had a distinguished service career during World War One, being three times mentioned in despatches. Although Ramsbotham now resided in Radlett in Hertfordshire, he had strong connections with the Lancaster constituency. He had been the Unionist candidate there at the December 1910 general election when, although he lost, he had caused the Liberal majority in the seat to fall from 1,084 to just  134.


1928 Lancaster by-election, Candidates, Liberals
The Liberals chose Robert Parkinson Tomlinson, a 46-year-old corn merchant from Poulton-le-Fylde and former parliamentary candidate in the Fylde constituency. Tomlinson was seen as a local man as his home was just across the constituency border and was known for his religious work as a Wesleyan lay preacher across Lancashire.


1928 Lancaster by-election, Candidates, Labour
The Labour Party settled upon the Reverend David R Davies, a Congregational minister from Southport as their candidate. Davies was originally from Glamorgan and was for 12 years a coal miner. He had beaten off the challenge of a local Labour hopeful to win the candidate selection and was described as an advocate of extreme socialism.


1928 Lancaster by-election, Issues, Agriculture
Agriculture was an early issue in the election, with the Liberals aiming a direct appeal at the farmers. This followed the controversy over the Liberal Land enquiry of 1925, instigated by David Lloyd George which had been published as Land and the Nation (also known as the Green Book). It proposed an element of land nationalisation and caused controversy in the party. After heated debate, the more extreme proposals had been taken out and reference to the party’s traditional policy of Land Value Taxation strengthened, but reform of the agricultural system to benefit rural workers remained a key Liberal policy.


1928 Lancaster by-election, Issues, Agriculture
In addition, Tomlinson was able to take advantage of his profession as a corn miller to present himself  as someone who knew agriculture well and had its interests at heart. There was a general dissatisfaction among farmers and rural workers with the policy of the Tory government towards agricultural affairs with many claiming to have been promised much by Stanley Baldwin’s administration but with little to show for it. Tomlinson argued that what the farmers wanted more than anything was security of tenure.


1928 Lancaster by-election, Issues, Agriculture
Ramsbotham however was a member of the National Farmers Union and said he stood for many of the Union’s demands, including the easing of local rates on farms and farm buildings, special purchasing arrangements for meat to feed the British armed forces and the rectifying of other grievances concerning imported milk and eggs. He also attacked the Liberal position on land nationalisation and the bureaucratic control of farmers which Land and the Nation had recommended.


1928 Lancaster by-election, Issues, Socialism
Davies focused his appeal to the electorate on philosophical grounds, pointing out the unfairness of social and political systems based on vested interests to the permanent and deep disadvantage of working people. However Labour's ability to get their messages across seem to have been hampered from the outset by the tactical difficulty of being the third party in a three-cornered contest. At the 1924 general election, the Labour candidate had come third with 17.5% of the poll.


1928 Lancaster by-election, Issues, Socialism
It became plain that, despite a good Labour showing in other by-elections, in particular the Labour gain from the Conservatives at Northampton on 9 January, Lancaster would be a struggle for supremacy between the Conservative and Liberal candidates. By February it was being reported that the Labour team was growing in despondency as the awareness of this situation became increasingly apparent.


1928 Lancaster by-election, Issues, Defence of the government
Ramsbotham generally took the line of fighting on the government’s record and attacking the opposition parties for what he called their lack of effectiveness in Parliament. He also attacked the pretensions of the socialist candidate and Liberal problems concerning the leadership of their party. He defended the government’s expenditure on the military and the conversion of War Debt and warned about opposition attempts to misrepresent these policies. Ramsbotham told the electorate that no party had a positive cure for unemployment, which could only be remedied by an improvement in trade.


1928 Lancaster by-election, Issues, Defence of the government
Whether true or not, this emollient line could have given little comfort to those suffering from being out of work or fearing unemployment in a difficult economic climate. As Ramsbotham spoke out for the government’s success, so Tomlinson went on the attack. He argued that the government had failed to keep its pledges, that it must reduce expenditure and that it had failed to grasp the problems in the coal industry in the aftermath of the General Strike. Among other policies, he particularly advocated an extension of the national insurance scheme, electoral reform to ensure majority rule, temperance and land taxation reform.


1928 Lancaster by-election, Issues, Religion
Ramsbotham, in his election address, referred to the question of religious education in schools, which he supported as a vital need. He said that children should be taught the religion desired by their parents and this was thought to have been an appeal to Roman Catholic voters in Lancaster where a local controversy over their schools had recently arisen. Given the strong nonconformist associations of the Liberal and Labour candidates, this could be seen as an intelligent appeal.


1928 Lancaster by-election, The intervention of Lord Ashton
James Williamson, 1st Baron Ashton was a successful businessman, whose family firm in Lancaster produced oil cloth and linoleum. He had been Liberal MP for Lancaster from 1888-1895 when he was made a peer. He created Lancaster’s Williamson Park and after the death of his second wife, Jessy, he built the Ashton Memorial on a hill in the park. He was High Sheriff of Lancashire in 1885, sometime Deputy Lieutenant of the county and a Justice of the Peace . Ashton was therefore well known and influential in the Lancaster constituency.


1928 Lancaster by-election, The intervention of Lord Ashton
On 6 February 1928, following a visit to Lancaster by David Lloyd George a few days earlier to campaign for Tomlinson, Ashton wrote a public letter of support to Ramsbotham. In the letter, which bore the address Ryelands, Lancaster, Ashton attacked Lloyd George on a number of policy questions but also described the former prime minister as the man who had wrecked the Liberal Party and someone who was not fully trusted by his own political associates.


1928 Lancaster by-election, The intervention of Lord Ashton
Ashton said the present position of the Liberal Party was entirely the fault of Lloyd George and could not be put right for a generation. He painted Lloyd George as more extreme than moderate members of the Labour Party and accused him of disloyalty to his party and country during the General Strike. Ashton raised the issue of Tomlinson’s relationship with the Lloyd George fund, claiming that when asked if he was financed by it he evaded the question. He ended by associating Tomlinson with what Lloyd George had described as ‘the whole advanced programme of Liberalism,’ which included radical measures such as those on agriculture in the Green Book and which were thought on the right to be tantamount to socialism.


1928 Lancaster by-election, The intervention of Lord Ashton
This intervention naturally worried the Liberals. It was reported that Ashton had a record of publicly declaring his support in Lancaster elections since 1922 and that on each occasion the candidate securing his endorsement had gone on to win the seat. Nevertheless, the same report also queried if Ashton’s support for a candidate was actually overrated. In response to Ashton’s letter, Tomlinson characterised its tone as an envenomed  and bitter attack on Lloyd George.


1928 Lancaster by-election, The intervention of Lord Ashton
He re-iterated that he was standing for election as a Liberal without prefix or suffix, implying that the divisions in the Liberal Party occasioned by the split between Lloyd George and H H Asquith were now completely a thing of the past. As if to underline this new unity he declared he was supported not only by Lloyd George but by Asquith, who had sent him a letter of support, and by Herbert Samuel. The Liberals arranged for Lloyd George to issue a statement in rebuttal and for him return to the constituency to make speeches at Lancaster and Morecambe.


1928 Lancaster by-election, The intervention of Lord Ashton
Although the Conservatives painted Ashton’s intervention as an internal disagreement between Liberals, they were plainly delighted to have received Ashton’s endorsement and Ramsbotham clearly relished bringing the issue of the letter back to the attention of the electorate as late as meetings on the eve of poll itself. By this time too the Liberals were recovering some lost ground over the letter. Lloyd George claimed two days before polling day that the letter had been written for Lord Ashton by an unnamed Tory MP and alleged he had been told this by the writer of the letter himself. Ashton spluttered out a denial.


1928 Lancaster by-election, Result
The result was a victory for Tomlinson, turning a Conservative majority of 4,158 into a Liberal majority of 1,829. The Labour vote remained at broadly the same level from that of the previous general election. The turnout was 82.7%.


1928 Lancaster by-election, Result
This victory, together with other Liberal by-election gains which followed at St Ives a month later, and at Eddisbury and Holland with Boston both in March 1929, gave great heart to the Liberal Party and caused the Conservatives to fear the possibility of Liberal revival. They should however have been more worried about the rise of Labour. Over the course of the 1924-1929 Parliament, Labour made thirteen by-election gains in all, eleven from the Tories, and two from the Liberals.


1928 Lancaster by-election, Aftermath
Labour went on to win the 1929 general election and, despite a rise in their Parliamentary representation, the Liberal position in British in politics did not recover enough to halt the decline which had started with the Asquith-Lloyd George split  in 1916. In Lancaster however, Ramsbotham had the last laugh. He won the seat from the Liberals at the 1929 general and held it until 1941 when he went to the House of Lords as Lord Soulbury.


1928 Latvian Higher League, Overview
It was contested by 5 teams, and Olimpija won the championship.


1928 Latvian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Latvia on 6 and 7 October 1928. The Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party remained the largest party, winning 25 of the 100 seats.


1928 Latvian parliamentary election, Electoral system
For the elections the country was divided into five constituencies, electing a total of 100 MPs using proportional representation (an increase from 97), with the three seats that had previously been awarded to the parties with the highest vote totals that had failed to win a seat in any of the five constituencies were scrapped.


1928 Latvian parliamentary election, Electoral system
The list system used was made flexible, as voters were able to cross out candidates' names and replace them with names from other lists, a system 32% of voters took advantage of. Whilst previously parties needed only collect 100 signatures to register for an election, the system was changed for this election, with a deposit of 1,000 lats introduced, which was only refunded if parties won a seat. Combined with the scrapping of the three compensatory seats, this had the effect of reducing the number of registering parties, which fell from 141 to 120. Of the 120, only 66 contested the election.


1928 Lehigh Brown and White football team
The 1928 Lehigh Brown and White football team was an American football team that represented Lehigh University as an independent during the 1928 college football season. In its first season under head coach A. Austin Tate, the team compiled a 3–6 record and was outscored by a total of 192 to 57. The team played its home games at Taylor Stadium in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.


1928 Liechtenstein general election
General elections were held in Liechtenstein on 15 July 1928, with a second round on 29 July. Early elections was called after Prince Johann II forced the resignation of the Christian-Social People's Party government of Prime Minister Gustav Schädler due to an embezzlement scandal at the National Bank of Liechtenstein. The result was a victory for the opposition Progressive Citizens' Party, which won 11 of the 15 seats in the Landtag.


1928 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
The 1928 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship was the 34th staging of the Limerick Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Limerick County Board in 1887.


1928 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
Young Irelands won the championship after a 5-07 to 2-01 defeat of Rathkeale in the final. It was their fifth championship title overall and their first title since 1922.


1928 Linlithgowshire by-election
The Linlithgowshire by-election of 1928 was held on 4 April 1928. The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Conservative MP, James Kidd. It was won by the Labour candidate Emanuel Shinwell.


1928 Liverpool City Council election
Elections to Liverpool City Council were held on 1 November 1928.


1928 Liverpool City Council election
One third of the council seats were up for election. The term of office for each councillor being three years.


1928 Liverpool City Council election
Thirteen of the thirty-nine seats up for election were uncontested.


1928 Liverpool City Council election, Ward results, Croxteth
The proceedings of the Council lists this as a by-election caused by the death of Councillor John Ellis.


1928 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Elections 5 December 1928
Following the death on 23 March 1928 of Alderman Sir William Bower Forwood KBE DL (Conservative, last elected as an alderman on 9 November 1923), a poll of councillors was taken to elect his successor. Councillor Edwin Haigh (Conservative, Wavertree West, elected 1 November 1926) of San Rocque, Calderstones Road, Liverpool was elected as an alderman.


1928 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Elections 5 December 1928
The term of office to expire on 9 November 1929.


1928 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Elections 5 December 1928
Following the death of Alderman Jacob Reuben Grant(Liberal, last elected as an alderman on 9 November 1926), a poll of councillors was taken to elect his successor. Councillor Richard Rutherford JP (Party?, Castle Street, elected 1 November 1926) of 16 School Lane, Bidston, Birkenhead was elected as an alderman on 5 December 1928


1928 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Elections 5 December 1928
The term of office to expire on 9 November 1932.


1928 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Elections 6 March 1929
Following the death on 11 December 1928 of Alderman The Right Honourable Sir Archibald Tutton Salvidge PC KBE LL.D. (Conservative, last elected as an alderman on 9 November 1926)


1928 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Elections 6 March 1929
In his place Councillor Edwin Thompson(Conservative Abercromby, elected 1 November 1928), Manufacturing Chemist of 6 Livingston Drive North, Liverpool was elected as an alderman on 6 March 1929.


1928 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Elections 6 March 1929
The term of office to expire on 9 November 19


1928 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Elections 6 March 1929
Following the death on 19 December 1928 of Alderman John Edwards (Conservative, last elected as an alderman on 9 November 1923)


1928 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Elections 6 March 1929
In his place Councillor Joseph Ashworth (Conservative, Kensington, elected 1 November 1926), builder and contractor of 30 Holt Road, Liverpool was elected in a poll of councillors as am alderman on 6 March 1929


1928 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Elections 6 March 1929
The term of office to expire on 9 November 1929.


1928 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Elections 6 March 1929
Following the death on 15 January 1929 of Alderman Arthur Stanley Mather CBE (Conservative, last elected as an alderman on 9 November 1923)


1928 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Elections 6 March 1929
In whose place Councillor Herbert John Davis (Conservative, Childwall, elected 1 November 1927), solicitor of 11 Aigburth Drive, Liverpool was elected as an alderman in a poll of the councillors on 6 March 1929.


1928 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Elections 6 March 1929
Caused by the death on 29 January 1929 of Alderman William James Burgess(Conservative, last elected as an alderman on 9 November 1923).


1928 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Elections 6 March 1929
In whose place Councillor Henry Langton Beckwith (Conservative, Wavertree, elected 1 November 1926), Architect and Surveyor of 4 Aigbirth Drive, Liverpool was elected as an alderman in a poll of the councillors on 6 March 1929


1928 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Election 4 September 1929
Caused by the death on 26 February 1929 of Alderman Albert Edward Jacob MP (Unionist, last elected as an alderman on 9 November 1926), in whose place Councillor Joseph Dalton Flood JP (Conservative, Dingle,  last elected 1 November 1926), of 643 Borough Road, Birkenhead, being elected as an alderman in a poll of councillors on 4 September 1929.


1928 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Election 4 September 1929
The term of office to expire on 9 November 19


1928 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Election 23 October 1929
Caused by the resignation of Alderman Edward West (Liberal, elected as an alderman on 2 March 1927 which was reported to the council on 2 October 1929, in whose place Councillor William Wallace Kelly JP (Conservative, Dingle, last elected 1 November 1928) of the North Western Hotel, Liverpool was elected as an alderman in a poll of the councillors on 23 October 1929.


1928 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Election 23 October 1929
The term of office to expire on 9 November 1932.


1928 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 10 Great George, 3 December 1928
Caused by the death of Councillor William Grogan (Catholic, Great George, elected 1 November 1926).


1928 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 33 Wavertree West, 17 December 1928
Caused by Councillor Edwin Haigh (Conservative, Wavertree West, elected 1 November 1926) being elected as an alderman on 5 December 1928, following the death on 23 March 1928 of Alderman Sir William Bower Forwood KBE DL.


1928 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 33 Wavertree West, 17 December 1928
The term of office to expire on 1 November 1929.


1928 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 7 Castle Street, 20 December 1928
Caused by the election as an alderman on 5 December 1928 of Councillor Richard Rutherford JP (Party?, Castle Street, elected 1 November 1926), following the death of Alderman Jacob Reuben Grant(Liberal, last elected as an alderman on 9 November 1926). Robert Garnett Sheldon, physician and surgeon of "Redholme", Victoria Road, Freshfield was the sole candidate.


1928 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 7 Castle Street, 20 December 1928
The term of office to expire on 1 November 1929.


1928 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 26 West Derby, 29 January 1929
Caused by the death on 6 December 1928 of Councillor John Hickman Dovener (Conservative, West Derby, elected 1 November 1927)


1928 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 26 West Derby, 29 January 1929
The term of office to expire on 1 November 1930.


1928 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 3 South Scotland, 28 February 1929
Caused by the death on 24 January 1929 of Councillor Mary O'Shea(Catholic, South Scotland, elected 1 November 1927). Michael John Reppion, Carting Agent of 11 Lowerson Crescent, West Derny, Liverpool was the sole candidate.


1928 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 3 South Scotland, 28 February 1929
The term of office to expire on 1 November 1930.


1928 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 9 Abercromby, 16 April 1929
Caused by Councillor Edwin Thompson(Conservative Abercromby, elected 1 November 1928), being elected as an alderman on 6 March 1929.


1928 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 9 Abercromby, 16 April 1929
Following the death on 11 December 1928 of Alderman The Right Honourable Sir Archibald Tutton Salvidge PC KBE LL.D. (Conservative, last elected as an alderman on 9 November 1926).


1928 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 9 Abercromby, 16 April 1929
The term of office to expire on 1 November 1931


1928 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 19 Kensington, 16 April 1929
Caused by Councillor Joseph Ashworth (Conservative, Kensington, elected 1 November 1926), being elected in a poll of councillors as am alderman on 6 March 1929.


1928 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 19 Kensington, 16 April 1929
Following the death on 19 December 1928 of Alderman John Edwards (Conservative, last elected as an alderman on 9 November 1923).


1928 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 19 Kensington, 16 April 1929
Thomas Norman Jones, a solicitor of the Supreme Court of Judicature of 59 Marlowe Road, Wallasey, heshire was elected as a councillor for the Kensington ward


1928 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 19 Kensington, 16 April 1929
The term of office to expire on 1 November 1931


1928 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 34 Wavertree, 18 April 1929
Caused by Councillor Henry Langton Beckwith (Conservative, Wavertree, elected 1 November 1926) being elected as an alderman in a poll of the councillors on 6 March 1929, following the death on 29 January 1929 of Alderman William James Burgess(Conservative, last elected as an alderman on 9 November 1923).


1928 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 34 Wavertree, 18 April 1929
The term of office to expire on 1 November 1929.


1928 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 38 Childwall, 18 April 1929
Caused by Councillor Herbert John Davis (Conservative, Childwall, elected 1 November 1927) being elected as an alderman in a poll of the councillors on 6 March 1929, following the death on 15 January 1929 of Alderman Arthur Stanley Mather CBE (Conservative, last elected as an alderman on 9 November 1923).


1928 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 38 Childwall, 18 April 1929
The term of office to expire on 1 November 1930.


1928 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 12 Dingle, 24 September 1929
Caused by Councillor Joseph Dalton Flood (Conservative, Dingle, last elected 1 November 1926) being elected as an alderman in a poll of councillors on 4 September 1929, following the death on 26 February 1929 of Alderman Albert Edward Jacob MP (Unionist, last elected as an alderman on 9 November 1926)


1928 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 12 Dingle, 24 September 1929
The term of office to expire on 1 November 1929.


1928 Liège–Bastogne–Liège
The 1928 Liège–Bastogne–Liège was the 18th edition of the Liège–Bastogne–Liège cycle race and was held on 13 May 1928. The race started and finished in Liège. The race was won by Ernest Mottard.


1928 London County Council election
An election to the County Council of London took place on 8 March 1928. The council was elected by First Past the Post with each elector having two votes in the two-member seats. The Labour Party made slight gains at the expense of the Municipal Reform Party, which nonetheless retained a substantial majority.


1928 London County Council election, Campaign
The Municipal Reform Party had run the council since 1907. It campaigned on its record of providing services while keeping rates low, and proposed maintain its current policies on education, housing, health and employment, while strengthening flood defences, in the wake of recent floods by the Thames. The party won the seats in Clapham, Kensington South, Paddington South and Westminster St George's without a contest. It hoped to make gains in Battersea North and Woolwich East. The party contested every seat on the council, the first time any party had done so.


1928 London County Council election, Campaign
The Labour Party manifesto prioritised clearing slums and constructing new housing, improving secondary education, and bringing all London transport under municipal control. It also proposed establishing a municipal bank, municipalising utilities, and paying trade union rates to all council staff and contractors. Its leader, Herbert Morrison, noted that the party had won 600,000 votes in London at the 1924 UK general election, but only 233,000 at the 1925 London County Council election, and described the party's task as winning over "the Labour voters who did not take the trouble to vote in 1925". The Times suggested that the party might make gains in Finsbury, and the divisions of Hackney, Islington and St Pancras.


1928 London County Council election, Campaign
Liberal Party candidates had previously stood as part of the Progressive Party. This alliance had foundered in recent years, particularly with the Labour Party standing its own candidates, and so from 1926 the Liberal Party stood under its own name in London. The party increased its efforts, putting forward 82 candidates. It did not entertain any hope of winning a majority on the council, but hoped to improve on the performance of the Progressive Party, and establish a stronger base to fight the next UK general election. The party's manifesto argued for expanded the area of the council to cover the whole metropolis, base rates on land values, constructing new arterial roads, building wholesale markets, and clearing slums.


1928 London County Council election, Campaign
In some areas, Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) members had recently been excluded from the Labour Party. This led the CPGB to support twenty "independent labour" candidates, who were widely seen as communists. In the two Bethnal Green seats, CPGB candidates stood under the party name. The Manchester Guardian noted that, where independent labour candidates were standing, the official Labour Party was devoting much of its time to opposing them. In one instance, the Labour Party had booked a hall for a meeting, but the independent labour candidates arrived half an hour earlier and began their own meeting, resulting in a scuffle. The candidates were not expected to win any seats.


1928 London County Council election, Campaign
With 332 candidates, the election saw the largest ever field standing for the council. A record sixty women contested the election.


1928 London County Council election, Results
The Municipal Reformers retained a large majority, despite a net loss of seven seats. The party won two seats from Labour in Battersea North, and one in Mile End.


1928 London County Council election, Results
Labour improved on the second place it had first managed in 1925. It gained a net eight seats, taking Municipal Reform seats in Finsbury, Hammersmith North, Islington South, Islington West, Kennington and St Pancras South East, and also Liberal seats in Southwark Central and Southwark North. Where the party lost seats, this was ascribed to the intervention of the independent labour and communist candidates. These candidates generally polled poorly, but they beat the official Labour candidates in Bethnal Green South West.


1928 London County Council election, Results
The Liberal Party ended up one seat down on the Progressive effort in 1925, but gained Labour seats in Bethnal Green North East, and a Municipal Reform seat in Hackney Central. The Times noted that, where Liberals faced both Labour and Municipal Reform candidates, they had generally ended up bottom of the poll, and it described the party's result as "disastrous" for the Liberals.


1928 London County Council election, Results
Despite the larger number of women standing, only 21 were elected, the same number as in 1925.


1928 Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football team
The 1928 Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented the Louisiana Polytechnic Institute—now known as Louisiana Tech University—as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) during the 1928 college football season. Led by first-year head coach Tod Rockwell, Louisiana Tech compiled an overall record of 2–7. The team's captain was Bill Slay.


1928 Louisiana gubernatorial election
The 1928 Louisiana gubernatorial election was held on January 17, 1928. Like in most Southern states between the Reconstruction Era and the Civil Rights Movement, Louisiana's Republican Party was virtually nonexistent in terms of electoral support. This meant that the Democratic Party primary held on this date was the real contest over who would be governor.


1928 Louisiana gubernatorial election
The 1928 election resulted in the election of Huey Long as Governor of Louisiana, and created a political realignment in the state between Long and anti-Long factions that lasted for several decades.


1928 Louisiana gubernatorial election, Candidates
Huey P. Long – Huey Long of Winnfield had begun his 1928 campaign for governor shortly after being defeated in the 1924 election. This time around, Long had managed to secure more campaign funding from contributors like New Orleans businessman Robert Maestri. He also had a greatly raised profile, in part due to his strategic decision to campaign on behalf of Catholic candidates Edwin S. Broussard and Joseph E. Ransdell in the U.S. Senate races of 1924 and 1926. This gave him a significant boost in support in Catholic southern Louisiana. He had also built a reputation due to frequent radio appearances and newspaper stories, and had built a stronger campaign organization than he had in 1924.


1928 Louisiana gubernatorial election, Candidates
Riley J. Wilson – Four intervening years had made Louisiana's political and economic establishment begin to see Long as a threat. Consisting of wealthy planters, businessmen, and New Orleans's Regular Democratic Organization political bosses, the political leadership of the state united behind the candidacy of U.S. Congressman Riley J. Wilson of Ruston in July 1927. His campaign focused on the threat of Long's radicalism; a banner reading "It Won’t Be Long Now" was featured prominently at Wilson's campaign stops. Wilson's reputation was tainted by his connection to what was perceived to be an inadequate federal response to the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927; he was the ranking member of Congress's Flood Control Committee.


1928 Louisiana gubernatorial election, Candidates
Oramel H. Simpson – Incumbent governor Oramel H. Simpson of New Orleans also ran for re-election, but his campaign was seen as bland and ineffectual and attracted little support. Having become governor only with the death of Henry L. Fuqua in 1926, former Lieutenant Governor Simpson was not considered by the establishment to be a strong enough candidate to face Long. Like Wilson, Simpson's already lukewarm levels of support suffered after disaffection with his response to the Mississippi flood. He was also handicapped by a reputation for heavy drinking.


1928 Louisiana gubernatorial election, Campaign
Despite negative coverage by the majority of the state's newspapers, Long managed to gain the support of the New Orleans States and the Shreveport Times. The New Orleans Times-Picayune and the Shreveport Caucasian supported Simpson, while the New Orleans Item supported Wilson. Long's seemingly inexhaustible energy gave him an advantage, as he managed to travel extensively across the state, making several stops a day in rural areas neglected by the other candidates. His campaign used the slogan "Every Man a King, But No One Wears a Crown."


1928 Louisiana gubernatorial election, Campaign
Long's theatrical oratory combined insulting his opponents and the corporations he blamed for the state's underdevelopment with promising increased educational funding, free textbooks, public hospitals, and free bridges and road improvements. He also campaigned against the corruption and wastefulness of previous administrations. Simpson and Wilson, offering only bland defenses of the status quo, were often overwhelmed when appearing alongside Long at debates and other campaign events. A widely publicized fistfight between Long and former governor Jared Y. Sanders during the campaign did nothing to damage Long's popularity.


1928 Louisiana gubernatorial election, Campaign
Long spent the intervening four years building his reputation and political organization, particularly in the more urban South, which was heavily Roman Catholic due to its French and Spanish heritage. Despite disagreeing with their politics, Long endorsed and campaigned for Catholic US Senators in 1924 and 1926. Thanks to alleged government mismanagement during the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927, which has been compared to the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, Long gained the support of Cajuns, rural Catholics whose land had been heavily affected.


1928 Louisiana gubernatorial election, Campaign
He officially launched his campaign in 1927, campaigning with the slogan, "Every man a king, but no one wears a crown," a phrase adopted from Democratic presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan. By 1928, Long had gained such momentum, that he became one of the major talking points of his opponents; opposing political conventions chanted "It won't be Long now."


1928 Louisiana gubernatorial election, Campaign
Long was a fervent critic of a toll bridge being constructed across Lake Pontchartrain by incumbent Governor Oramel H. Simpson, instead promising a toll-free bridge. Long developed novel campaign techniques, including the use of sound trucks at mass meetings and radio commercials. His stance on race was unorthodox. Unlike other southern demagogues, Long was, according to T. Harry Williams, "the first Southern mass leader to leave aside race baiting and appeals to the Southern tradition and the Southern past and address himself to the social and economic problems of the present." The campaign sometimes descended into brutality. When the 60-year-old Simpson called Long a liar during a chance encounter in the lobby of the Roosevelt Hotel, Long punched him in the face.


1928 Louisiana gubernatorial election, Results
Following the lopsided showings of the first primary, Simpson refused to support Wilson in the runoff and Wilson withdrew from the race.


1928 Louisiana gubernatorial election, Results
Long carried 47 of 64 parishes, including the majority of rural parishes in both Anglo-Saxon Protestant northern and French Catholic southern Louisiana, a nearly unprecedented accomplishment up to that time. Only New Orleans, still firmly controlled by the Regular Democratic Organization, spurned Long in favor of the machine's chosen candidate Wilson. The political upheaval of Long's 1928 victory spurred a realignment in Louisiana politics based on urban-rural and class-based divisions rather than the religious and cultural divisions which had predominated up to that time. In every state election from 1928 to 1960, the legacy of Huey Long would be the primary campaign issue.


1928 Louisiana gubernatorial election, Results
Long faced a Republican opponent named Etienne J. Caire, who was a sugar cane farmer and businessman from St. John the Baptist Parish. In the end, Caire polled 4 percent of the vote. After Caire, the next Republican gubernatorial candidate, Harrison Bagwell, a Baton Rouge attorney, also polled 4 percent of the vote in his 1952 contest against Democrat Robert F. Kennon.


1928 Louisiana gubernatorial election, Sources
Compilation of Primary Election Returns of the Democratic Party, State of Louisiana. 1928.


1928 Louisiana gubernatorial election, Sources
Hair, William Ivy. The Kingfish and His Realm:  The Life and Times of Huey P. Long. LSU Press, 1991.


1928 Louisiana gubernatorial election, Sources
White, Richard. Kingfish: The Reign of Huey P. Long. Random House, 2006.


1928 Louisville Cardinals football team
The 1928 Louisville Cardinals football team was an American football team that represented the University of Louisville as member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) during the 1928 college football season. In their fourth season under head coach Tom King, the Cardinals compiled a 1–7 record.


1928 Loyola Lions football team
The 1928 Loyola Lions football team was an American football team that represented Loyola College of Los Angeles (now known as Loyola Marymount University) as an independent during the 1928 college football season. The Lions compiled a 5–3 record and outscored their opponents by a total of 147 to 50.


1928 Loyola Lions football team
In February 1928, Mike Pecarovich was hired to coach the team. He had previously played football at Gonzaga under Gus Dorais and later served as an assistant coach under Dorais. Before the season began, Pecarovich trained the team in the "Notre Dame shift" along with several of his own variations.


1928 Loyola Wolf Pack football team
The 1928 Loyola Wolf Pack football team was an American football team that represented Loyola College of New Orleans (now known as Loyola University New Orleans) as an independent during the 1928 college football season. In its second season under head coach Clark Shaughnessy, the team compiled a 7–3 record and outscored opponents by a total of 220 to 85. The team played its home games at Loyola University Stadium in New Orleans.


1928 Luxembourg general election
Partial general elections were held in Luxembourg on 3 June 1928, electing 28 of the 52 seats in the Chamber of Deputies in the south and east of the country. The Party of the Right won 13 of the 28 seats, and saw its total number of seats rise from 22 to 24.


1928 Macdonald Brier
The 1928 Macdonald Brier Tankard, the Canadian men's national curling championship, was held February 28–March 2 at the Granite Club in Toronto.


1928 Macdonald Brier, Teams
Skip : William HutchisonThird: N.D.McLeodSecond: T. Howard "Thane" StewartLead: W. Ormiston


1928 Maine Black Bears football team
The 1928 Maine Black Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of Maine as a member of the New England Conference during the 1928 college football season. In its eighth season under head coach Fred Brice, the team compiled a 4–1–2 record (2–0–1 against conference opponents) and won the conference championship. The team played its home games at Alumni Field in Orono, Maine. James Buzzell was the team captain.


1928 Maine gubernatorial election
The 1928 Maine gubernatorial election took place on September 10, 1928. Incumbent Republican Governor Ralph Owen Brewster retired to run for U.S. Senate. Republican candidate William Tudor Gardiner defeated Democratic candidate Edward C. Moran Jr..


1928 Major League Baseball season
The 1928 Major League Baseball season was contested from April 10 to October 14, 1928. The St. Louis Cardinals and New York Yankees were the regular season champions of the National League and American League, respectively. The Yankees then defeated the Cardinals in the World Series, four games to none.


1928 Major League Baseball season
This was the seventh of eight seasons that "League Awards", a precursor to the Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award (introduced in 1931), were issued.


1928 Marquette Golden Avalanche football team
The 1928 Marquette Golden Avalanche football team was an American football team that represented Marquette University as an independent during the 1928 college football season. In its seventh season under head coach Frank Murray, the team compiled a 5–3–1 record and outscored all opponents by a total of 121 to 68. The team played its home games at Marquette Stadium in Milwaukee.


1928 Marquette Golden Avalanche football team
Frank Murray was Marquette's head football coach for 19 years and was posthumously inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1983.


1928 Marshall Thundering Herd football team
The 1928 Marshall Thundering Herd football team was an American football team that represented Marshall College (now Marshall University) in the West Virginia Athletic Conference during the 1928 college football season. In its fourth season under head coach Charles Tallman, the team compiled a 8–1–1 record, 5–0 against conference opponents, won the WVAC championship, and outscored opponents by a total of 175 to 33.


1928 Martin by-election
A by-election was held for the Australian House of Representatives seat of Martin on 16 June 1928. This was triggered by the death of Nationalist MP and Trade and Customs Minister Herbert Pratten.


1928 Martin by-election
The by-election was won by the Nationalist candidate, Pratten's nephew Graham.


1928 Maryland Aggies football team
The 1928 Maryland Aggies football team represented the University of Maryland in the 1928 college football season. In their 18th season under head coach Curley Byrd, the Aggies compiled a 6–3–1 record (2–3–1 in conference), finished in 14th place in the Southern Conference, and outscored their opponents 132 to 70.


1928 Massachusetts Aggies football team
The 1928 Massachusetts Aggies football team represented Massachusetts Agricultural College in the 1928 college football season. The Aggies were members of the New England Conference, but did not face any conference opponents this season. The team was coached by Charles McGeoch and played its home games at Alumni Field in Amherst, Massachusetts. The 1928 season was McGeoch's first with the Aggies. Massachusetts finished the season with a record of 2–5–1.


1928 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1928 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1928.


1928 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
Incumbent Republican Lieutenant Governor Frank G. Allen was elected to a two-year term, defeating Democrat Charles H. Cole.


1928 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1928 election represents a major turning point in Massachusetts political history. Al Smith's victory in the state's presidential contest and the competitive gubernatorial election marked a departure from decades of Republican dominance.


1928 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Republican primary, Governor, Results
Lieutenant Governor Frank Allen was nominated over Frank A. Goodwin.


1928 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Republican primary, Lieutenant Governor, Results
Treasurer William S. Youngman won the highly competitive primary election by 21,099 votes over Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives John C. Hull.


1928 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Democratic primary, Governor, Results
Brigadier General Charles Cole easily defeated John J. Cummings for the Democratic nomination.


1928 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Independents and third parties, Independent
MacFadden became the first female candidate for Governor in the history of Massachusetts. She ran on a platform of reducing tax exemptions. She is the mother of actor Hamilton MacFadden. She stated that she found "no opposition to a woman aspiring to the executive position of Governor."


1928 Mecklenburg-Strelitz state election
The 1928 Mecklenburg-Strelitz state election was held on 29 January 1928 to elect the 35 members of the Landtag of the Free State of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.


1928 Memorial Cup
The 1928 Memorial Cup final was the tenth junior ice hockey championship of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association. The George Richardson Memorial Trophy champions Ottawa Gunners of the Ottawa City Junior Hockey League in Eastern Canada competed against the Abbott Cup champions Regina Monarchs of the South Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League in Western Canada. In a best-of-three series, held at Arena Gardens and Varsity Arena in Toronto, Ontario, Regina won their 1st Memorial Cup, defeating Ottawa 2 games to 1.


1928 Memorial Cup, Winning roster
John Achtzner, Carl Bergl, Len Dowie, Chuck Farrow, Jim Langford, Mush March, G. Parron, Harold Shaw, Swede Williamson. Coach: Howie Milne


1928 Mercer Bears football team
The 1928 Mercer Bears football team was an American football team that represented Mercer University as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association during the 1928 college football season. In their third year under head coach Bernie Moore, the team compiled a 3–5–1 record.


1928 Mexican general election
General elections were held in Mexico on July 1, 1928. Alvaro Obregón was the only candidate in the presidential elections, and was elected unopposed. He was assassinated just 16 days later, and Emilio Portes Gil was appointed to serve as interim president in his place.


1928 Miami Hurricanes football team
The 1928 Miami Hurricanes football team represented the University of Miami for the 1928 college football season. The Hurricanes played their home games at Moore Park in Miami, Florida. The team was coached by Cub Buck, in his second varsity season, the final year as head coach for the Hurricanes.


1928 Miami Redskins football team
The 1928 Miami Redskins football team was an American football team that represented Miami University as a member of the Buckeye Athletic Association (BAA) during the 1928 college football season. In its fifth season under head coach Chester Pittser, Miami compiled a 6–2 record (3–2 against conference opponents) and finished in third place out of six teams in the BAA.


1928 Michigan State Normal Normalites football team
The 1928 Michigan State Normal Normalites football team represented Michigan State Normal College (later renamed Eastern Michigan University) during the 1928 college football season. In their seventh season under head coach Elton Rynearson, the Normalites compiled a record of 7–1 (3–0 against conference opponents), won the Michigan Collegiate Conference championship, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 233 to 43. Raymond L. Stites was the team captain. The team played its home games at Normal Field on the school's campus in Ypsilanti, Michigan.


1928 Michigan State Spartans football team
The 1928 Michigan State Spartans football team represented Michigan State College (MAC) in the 1928 college football season. In their first and only year under head coach Harry Kipke, the Spartans compiled a 3–4–1 record and outscored their opponents 153 to 66.


1928 Michigan State Spartans football team
On September 29, in their first game under coach Kipke, the Spartans scored 103 points against Kalamazoo, a total that was erroneously reported to be a school record. The team scored 39 points in the first half but scored at an even higher pace in the second half. The Spartans scored six touchdowns in the third quarter. Sophomore Carl Nordberg played quarterback, scored three touchdowns and was credited with running the team with precision and making several brilliant runs. Substitute halfback Max Crall scored four touchdowns, including long touchdown runs of 60 and 80 yards.


1928 Michigan State Spartans football team
One week after their record-setting victory, the Spartans were upset by Albion by a 2 to 0 score. The game's only points were scored on a safety when Michigan State halfback Grove muffed a pass behind the goal line after trying to punt.


1928 Michigan State Spartans football team
On November 17, the Spartans lost their annual rivalry game against Michigan by a 3–0 score in Ann Arbor.


1928 Michigan State Spartans football team
In June 1929, Kipke was hired as the University of Michigan's new head coach. Upon being hired by Michigan, Kipke said, "Coaching Michigan is the greatest football job in America. I would be foolish to turn down such an offer. It has been one of my greatest ambitions in life."


1928 Michigan Tech Huskies football team
The 1928 Michigan Tech Huskies football team represented Michigan Technological University as an independent during the 1928 college football season. The Huskies compiled a 2–2–1 record. They ended the season with a win over rival Northern Michigan.


1928 Michigan Wolverines football team
The 1928 Michigan Wolverines football team was an American football team that represented the University of Michigan in the 1928 Big Ten Conference football season. The Wolverines compiled a 3–4–1 record (2–3 against Big Ten opponents), tied for seventh place in the Big Ten, and were outscored by their opponents by a total of 62 to 36.