1931 Kashmir agitation, Meeting with the Maharaja
Muslim representatives, including Mirwaiz Yusuf Shah, Mirwaiz Hamadani, Syed Hussain Shah Jalali, Saad-ud-din Shawl, Sheikh Abdullah, Ghulam Ahmad Ashai, Yaqub Ali, Munshi Shahab-ud-Din, Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas and Gauhar Rehman, addressed the maharajah on 15 August. They made a number of accusations against Hindus in general and the state administration and prime minister in particular, alleging that evidence given to the Riots Enquiry Committee was fabricated or suppressed. The maharaja refused to dismiss the prime minister, and rejected the Muslim leaders' allegations as "unfounded".


1931 Kashmir agitation, Temporary truce
The Muslim leaders were dissatisfied, but they met with the prime minister on 26 August and signed an agreement to end the agitation.


1931 Kashmir agitation, Aftermath
The agitation temporarily subsided, primarily because of the Kashmir Darbar's conciliatory attitude toward its subjects (permitting Ahrar-i-Islam, Mazhar Ali Azhar and two companions to visit Kashmir privately). With the intervention of Muslim sympathisers outside Kashmir, 14 August was observed as Kashmir Day in Kashmir and several parts of India. Demonstrations and meetings were held in sympathy with Kashmiri Muslims. The meetings adopted resolutions calling for freedom of religion, the restoration of mosques and Muslim shrines, compensation for dependents of those killed or injured, and an investigation of the conduct of civil and military officers during the agitation.


1931 Kent State Golden Flashes football team
The 1931 Kent State Golden Flashes football team was an American football team that represented Kent State College (later renamed Kent State University) during the 1931 college football season. In its seventh season under head coach Merle E. Wagoner, Kent State compiled a 3–4 record and was outscored by a total of 80 to 58.


1931 Kentucky Derby
The 1931 Kentucky Derby was the 57th running of the Kentucky Derby. The race took place on May 16, 1931. Horses Equipoise, Up, and Don Leon scratched before the race. Twenty Grand's winning time set a new Derby record (later broken). The winner was owned and bred by the Greentree Stable of Helen Hay Whitney. It marked the fourth time in the Derby's history that a woman owned the winning horse and the second time that a woman was both owner and breeder.


1931 Kentucky Derby
The 1931 Preakness Stakes was held one week prior, on May 9, making this the most recent time that the Preakness was run before the Kentucky Derby. Until the 2020 Kentucky Derby and 2020 Preakness Stakes were rescheduled to follow the 2020 Belmont Stakes due to the COVID-19 pandemic, 1931 was the most recent time that the Kentucky Derby was not the first leg of the Triple Crown.


1931 Kentucky Wildcats football team
The 1931 Kentucky Wildcats football team was an American football team that represented the University of Kentucky in the Southern Conference (SoCon) during the 1931 college football season. In their fifth season under head coach Harry Gamage, the Wildcats compiled a 5–2–2 record (4–2–2 against SoCon opponents), finished sixth in the conference, and outscored opponents by a total of 130 to 48. The team played its home games at McLean Stadium in Lexington, Kentucky.


1931 Kentucky gubernatorial election
The 1931 Kentucky gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1931. Democratic nominee Ruby Laffoon defeated Republican nominee William B. Harrison with 54.28% of the vote.


1931 Kenyan general election
General elections were held in Kenya Colony in 1931. Five of the eleven white seats in the Legislative Council were uncontested, with Lord Delamere amongst those returned unopposed. Unlike previous elections, which were boycotted by the Indian population, this time the community participated. Fourteen candidates including two independents contested the five Indian seats. However, seven of them declared that they would not take their seats on the Council if elected until the separate voter rolls for whites and Indians were scrapped.


1931 Kenyan general election, Aftermath
The newly elected Legislative Council met for the first time on 2 June.


1931 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
The 1931 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship was the 37th staging of the Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Kilkenny County Board.


1931 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
On 13 December 1931, Carrickshock won the championship after a 5-08 to 3-08 defeat of Urlingford in the final. It was their first ever championship title.


1931 LFF Lyga
The 1931 LFF Lyga was the 10th season of the LFF Lyga football competition in Lithuania. It was contested by 7 teams, and KSS Klaipėda won the championship.


1931 LSU Tigers football team
The 1931 LSU Tigers football team represented Louisiana State University (LSU) in the 1931 Southern Conference football season.


1931 LSU Tigers football team, Season summary, Spring Hill
The game against Spring Hill was the first night-game in Tiger Stadium. LSU won 35–0.


1931 Labour Party leadership election
The 1931 Labour Party leadership election took place after the expulsion of incumbent Leader Ramsay MacDonald from the Labour Party. As Labour leader, MacDonald had been prime minister in 1924 and from 1929 to 1931, until he became head of a National Government that was opposed by the bulk of the Labour Party. MacDonald was then expelled from the party.


1931 Labour Party leadership election
Arthur Henderson was the only candidate who stood, and was elected Leader unopposed by the Parliamentary Labour Party.


1931 Lafayette Leopards football team
The 1931 Lafayette Leopards football team was an American football team that represented Lafayette College in the Middle Three Conference during the 1931 college football season. In its eighth season under head coach Herb McCracken, the team compiled a 7–2 record. Victor Reuther and Walter Vanderbush were the team captains.


1931 Latvian Higher League
The 1931 football season was the 5th season of the Latvian Virsliga. The reigning champions - Rīgas FK managed to retain their title in a tight battle against Olimpija Liepāja. The title was decided in the last match between Rīgas FK and LSB Rīga in which the former won 4-0, if Rīgas FK wouldn't have won there would have been either a golden match or Olimpija would be crowned champions. Rīgas FK had previously fallen behind in the title race after an unexpected defeat against Cēsu sporta biedrība however Olimpija also struggled in the latter part of the season.


1931 Latvian Higher League
The Cēsis club which was the league debutant was relegated after having lost 12 of its 14 matches in Virsliga, and the win against the champion club Rīgas FK was its only victory of the season. Moreover, as of 2008, it was the only season for a club from Cēsis to play in the Latvian top football league.


1931 Latvian Riga Cathedral referendum
A referendum on the transfer of Riga Cathedral to the Lutheran Church was held in Latvia on 5 and 6 September 1931. Following a 1923 referendum the Lutheran Church had been forced to share the cathedral with the Roman Catholic Church. The referendum was passed by a large margin, and despite a voter turnout of only 32%, the government decided to proceed with the legislation. The outcome of the referendum led to an increase in the popularity of civic parties in the parliamentary elections in October.


1931 Latvian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Latvia on 3 and 4 October 1931. The Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party remained the largest party, winning 21 of the 100 seats. The last elections held under the Constitution of Latvia before the 1934 coup d'état, they were the last competitive elections held under Latvian law until 1993.


1931 Latvian parliamentary election, Electoral system
For the elections the country was divided into five constituencies, electing a total of 100 MPs using proportional representation. The list system used was made flexible, as voters were able to cross out candidates' names and replace them with names from other lists, a system 35% of voters took advantage of. Although 103 lists registered for the election, the number of competing lists dropped from 66 to 46.


1931 Lehigh Engineers football team
The 1931 Lehigh Engineers football team was an American football team that represented Lehigh University during the 1931 college football season. In its fourth season under head coach A. Austin Tate, the team compiled a 3–7 record, and lost both games against its Middle Three Conference rivals.


1931 Lehigh Engineers football team
The team played its home games at Taylor Stadium in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.


1931 Liberian general election
General elections were held in Liberia in 1931. In the presidential election, the result was a victory for incumbent Edwin Barclay of the True Whig Party, who defeated Thomas J. Faulkner of the People's Party to win a first full term (Barclay had originally taken office following the resignation of Charles D. B. King in December 1930).


1931 Liechtenstein unemployment insurance referendum
A referendum on the law on unemployment insurance was held in Liechtenstein on 22 November 1931. The proposal was rejected by 63.8% of voters.


1931 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
The 1931 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship was the 37th staging of the Limerick Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Limerick County Board.


1931 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
On 4 October 1931, Ahane won the championship after a 5-05 to 1-04 defeat of Croom in the final. It was their first ever championship title.


1931 Liverpool City Council election
Elections to Liverpool City Council were held on 1 November 1931.


1931 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic elections, Aldermanic election 9 November 1931
The term of office of Alderman Patrick Jeremiah Kelly (Independent (politician), expired on 9 November 1931), he was re-elected as an Alderman by the Councillors on the same date


1931 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic elections, Aldermanic election 1 June 1932
Caused by the death on 18 March 1932 of Alderman Charles Wilson (Labour, elected as an alderman on 9 November 1929). In his place Councillor Joseph Belger (Independent, last elected 1 November 1930) was elected by the councillors as an alderman on 1 June 1932


1931 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic elections, Aldermanic election 6 July 1932
Caused by the death on 13 May 1932 of Alderman Herbart John Davis (Conservative, elected as an alderman on 6 March 1929). In his place Mr. Richard Rutherford (Conservative, whose resignation as an alderman was reported to the Council on 7 October 1931) was elected by the councillors as an alderman on 6 July 1932


1931 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic elections, Aldermanic election 6 July 1932
The term of office to expire on 9 November 1935.


1931 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 4 Vauxhall, 3 November 1931
Caused by the resignation of Councillor Dr. Percy Henry Hayes (Labour, Vauxhall, last elected on 1 November 1929), which was reported to the Council on 21 October 1931.


1931 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 34 Wavertree, 9 December 1931
Caused by the death of Councillor Albert Edward Martin (Conservative, elected to the Wavertree ward on 1 November 1929).


1931 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 4 Vauxhall, Tuesday 28 June 1932
Caused by the death on 18 March 1932 of Alderman Charles Wilson (Labour, elected as an alderman on 9 November 1929). In his place Councillor James Belger (Independent, last elected 1 November 1930) was elected by the councillors as an alderman on 1 June 1932


1931 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 13 Prince's Park, 27 September 1932
Caused by the death on 25 August 1932 of Councillor Alfred Wood (Conservative, last elected 1 November 1929)


1931 Liverpool East Toxteth by-election
The Liverpool East Toxteth by-election of 1931 was held on 5 February 1931. The by-election was held due to the succession to the peerage of the incumbent Conservative MP, Henry Mond. It was won by the Conservative candidate Patrick Buchan-Hepburn. Mond, a former Liberal had won the seat for the Conservatives at a by-election in 1929 and had held it with an increased at the 1929 general election a few weeks later. Buchan-Hepburn had previously served on the London County Council and as a private secretary to Winston Churchill.


1931 Liverpool East Toxteth by-election, Aftermath
At the general election later in the year Patrick Buchan-Hepburn scored an even greater victory, defeating a Liberal by over 19,000 votes. On that occasion, Labour did not field a candidate.


1931 Liverpool Wavertree by-election
The Liverpool Wavertree by-election, 1931 was a parliamentary by-election held in England for the House of Commons constituency of Liverpool Wavertree on 23 June 1931. It was won by the Conservative Party candidate Ronald Nall-Cain.


1931 Liverpool Wavertree by-election, Vacancy
The seat had become vacant when the sitting Conservative Member of Parliament (MP), John Tinne had resigned his seat on 3 June 1931. Tinne had held the seat since the 1924 general election.


1931 Liverpool Wavertree by-election, Candidates
The Conservative candidate was Ronald Nall-Cain, a wealthy barrister and a Hertfordshire County Councillor, while the Labour Party selected S.L. Treleaven. Neither candidate had previously stood for Parliament.


1931 Liverpool Wavertree by-election, Result
The Liberal candidate had won nearly 30% of the vote at the 1929 general election, but the party did not contest the by-election. Most of the Liberal vote went to the Conservatives, and on a reduced turnout Nall-Cain held the seat with a massively increased majority.


1931 Liverpool Wavertree by-election, Result
Nall-Cain was re-elected at the general election in October 1931, and  held the seat until the death in late 1934 of his father Charles, whom he succeeded as Baron Brocket, triggering another by-election.


1931 Liège–Bastogne–Liège
The 1931 Liège–Bastogne–Liège was the 21st edition of the Liège–Bastogne–Liège cycle race and was held on 9 June 1931. The race started and finished in Liège. The race was won by Alphonse Schepers.


1931 London County Council election
An election to the County Council of London took place on 5 March 1931. The council was elected by First Past the Post with each elector having two votes in the two-member seats. The Municipal Reform Party slightly increased its majority on the council, with overall results matching those from 1925.


1931 London County Council election, Campaign
The Municipal Reform party had run the council since 1907. The party campaigned on its record in government, contending that it had run the council economically, keeping rates low. Since the previous election, the council had gained the power to administer welfare benefits, and the Municipal Reformers argued that the Labour Party would practice "Poplarism" and be overly generous. The party stood 106 candidates, and won the seats in City of London, Kensington South, Paddington South, Westminster Abbey and Westminster St George's without facing a contest.


1931 London County Council election, Campaign
The Labour Party argued that welfare was administered in a harsh and cruel manner. It also contended that the Municipal Reform Party had not constructed houses for workers, and supported a government scheme for a board with oversight of traffic control in the city. The Manchester Guardian noted that Labour did not expect to take control of the council, as it was losing ground nationally. Other than the uncontested seats, the party stood everywhere except Chelsea and Hampstead, while it had only a single candidate in Stoke Newington.


1931 London County Council election, Campaign
The Liberal Party released a pamphlet putting forward ideas on housing, education, traffic, and the rating of land values. The Municipal Reform Party and the Liberal Party had a limited pact, with the two jointly backing anti-socialist candidates in Hackney South and the three divisions of Southwark. In the two divisions of Bethnal Green, and in Lambeth North, the Municipal Reformers backed the Liberal candidates. The Times noted that the Liberals were planning a much smaller campaign than in 1928, due to their losses that year, and a shortage of funds. The party stood only 27 candidates, down from 82 in 1928.


1931 London County Council election, Campaign
The Communist Party of Great Britain stood 14 candidates, and also backed six "Organised Unemployed" candidates in the three Southwark constituencies.


1931 London County Council election, Results
The Times noted that "rarely has an election of such importance caused so few changes". The Municipal Reformers made limited gains, taking the Liberal seat in Hackney Central, and Labour seats in Hammersmith North, Islington South, Kennington, Peckham and St Pancras South East. Labour's vote fell, but the party gained seats in Islington East and Mile End, while the Liberal Party gained seats from Labour in Lambeth North. The Communist Party of Great Britain performed poorly. Former Member of Parliament Shapurji Saklatvala took only 728 votes for the party in Battersea North.


1931 London County Council election, Results
The numbers of seats won by each party matched exactly the results of the 1925 London County Council election.


1931 Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football team
The 1931 Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented the Louisiana Polytechnic Institute (now known as Louisiana Tech University) as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association during the 1931 college football season. In their second year under head coach George Bohler, the team compiled a 7–0 record.


1931 Louisville Cardinals football team
The 1931 Louisville Cardinals football team was an American football team that represented the University of Louisville as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) during the 1931 college football season. In their first and only season under head coach Jack McGrath, the Cardinals compiled a 0–8 record.


1931 Louisville Cardinals football team
Louisville's 1931 season was the start of a 24-game losing streak that ended on November 18, 1933, with a 13–7 victory over Eastern Kentucky.


1931 Loyola Lions football team
The 1931 Loyola Lions football team was an American football team that represented Loyola University of Los Angeles (now known as Loyola Marymount University) as an independent during the 1931 college football season. In their second season under head coach Tom Lieb, the Lions compiled a 7–2–1 record.


1931 Loyola Wolf Pack football team
The 1931 Loyola Wolf Pack football team was an American football team that represented Loyola College of New Orleans (now known as Loyola University New Orleans) as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) during the 1931 college football season. In its fifth season under head coach Clark Shaughnessy, the team compiled a 5–4 record and outscored opponents by a total of 154 to 91. The team played its home games at Loyola University Stadium in New Orleans.


1931 Luxembourg general election
Partial general elections were held in Luxembourg on 7 June 1931, electing 25 of the 54 seats in the Chamber of Deputies in the centre and north of the country, as well as two seats in the south. The Party of the Right won 14 of the 27 seats, and saw its total number of seats rise from 24 to 26.


1931 Maine Black Bears football team
The 1931 Maine Black Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of Maine as a member of the New England Conference during the 1931 college football season. In its 11th season under head coach Fred Brice, the team compiled a 4–3 record (1–2 against conference opponents). The team played its home games at Alumni Field in Orono, Maine. James Sims was the team captain.


1931 Major League Baseball season
The 1931 Major League Baseball season was contested from April 14 to October 10, 1931. The St. Louis Cardinals and Philadelphia Athletics were the regular season champions of the National League and American League, respectively. In a rematch of the prior year's postseason, the Cardinals then defeated the Athletics in the World Series, four games to three.


1931 Major League Baseball season
This was the first season that the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) selected a Most Valuable Player in each league.


1931 Manchester Ardwick by-election
The Manchester Ardwick by-election of 1931 was held on 22 June 1931. The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Labour MP, Thomas Lowth. It was won by the Labour candidate Joseph Henderson.


1931 Manchester Ardwick by-election, Aftermath
Henderson's victory was short lived. At the general election later in the year he was  defeated by the Conservative Albert Fuller by over 5,000 votes. However he would regain the seat when he successfully challenged Fuller at the 1935 general election.


1931 Marquette Golden Avalanche football team
The 1931 Marquette Golden Avalanche football team represented Marquette University as an independent during the 1931 college football season. In its 10th season under head coach Frank Murray, the team compiled an 8–1 record, shut out five of nine opponents, and outscored all opponents by a total of 172 to 25. The sole setback was a loss to Gus Dorais' Detroit Titans on October 16. Marquette played its home games at Marquette Stadium in Milwaukee.


1931 Marquette Golden Avalanche football team
Frank Murray was Marquette's head football coach for 19 years and was posthumously inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1983.


1931 Marshall Thundering Herd football team
The 1931 Marshall Thundering Herd football team was an American football team that represented Marshall College (now Marshall University) in the West Virginia Athletic Conference during the 1931 college football season. In its first season under head coach Tom Dandelet, the team compiled a 6–3 record, 4–1 against conference opponents, won the WVAC championship, and outscored opponents by a total of 214 to 84. Ramey Hunter was the team captain.


1931 Maryland Aggies football team
The 1931 Maryland Aggies football team represented the University of Maryland in the 1931 Southern Conference football season. In their 21st season under head coach Curley Byrd, the Aggies compiled an 8–1–1 record (4–1–1 in conference), finished in fifth place in the Southern Conference, and outscored their opponents 194 to 98.


1931 Massachusetts State Aggies football team
The 1931 Massachusetts State Aggies football team represented Massachusetts State College in the 1931 college football season. The team was coached by Mel Taube and played its home games at Alumni Field in Amherst, Massachusetts. The 1931 season was the team's first as Mass State, following the school's name change in March of that year. Mass State enjoyed their most lopsided win in the history of the program on November 14 when they defeated Wagner by the score of 77–0; this record still stands today as the team's largest margin of victory in a game. Mass State finished the season with a record of 7–1–1.


1931 Memorial Cup
The 1931 Memorial Cup final was the 13th junior ice hockey championship of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA). In 1931, the CAHA began selecting the final venue for the Allan Cup and the Memorial Cup championships a year in advance, instead of deciding only one month in advance.


1931 Memorial Cup
The George Richardson Memorial Trophy champions Ottawa Primroses of the Ottawa City Junior Hockey League in Eastern Canada competed against the Abbott Cup champions Elmwood Millionaires of the Manitoba Junior Hockey League in Western Canada. In a best-of-three series, held at the Arena Gardens in Toronto, and the Ottawa Auditorium, Elmwood won their first Memorial Cup, defeating Ottawa 2 games to 1.


1931 Memorial Cup, Winning roster
George Brown, Archie Creighton, Spunk Duncanson, John Boyd Johnston, Kitson Massey, Bill MacKenzie, Gordie MacKenzie, Duke McDonald, Art Rice, Cliff Workman, Norm Yellowlees. Coach: Jack Hughes


1931 Men's British Open Squash Championship
The 1931 Professional Squash Rackets Championship of Great Britain saw Don Butcher defend his title against Charles Arnold. The first leg was held at Butcher's home club the Conservative Club on 9 November and he defeated Arnold in just eighteen minutes. The first game lasted just three and a half minutes. The second leg was held at the Bath Club on 16 November, the home club of Arnold but once again Butcher ran out an easy winner.


1931 Menshevik Trial
The Menshevik Trial was one of the early purges carried out by Stalin in which 14 economists, who were former members of the Menshevik party, were put on trial and convicted for trying to re-establish their party. It was held 1–8 March 1931 in the House of Unions. The presiding judge was Nikolay Shvernik.


1931 Menshevik Trial, Defendants
Six out of the fourteen defendants were Jews. It was suggested in Bundist circles that this large proportion of Jews among the accused had been specially arranged to organize feeling against the Jewish Socialists. This was denied by Stalin.


1931 Menshevik Trial, The trial
The defendants were accused of setting up the "All-Union Bureau of Mensheviks." Vladimir Groman gave a public testimony that he and Vladimir Bazarov (who was not on trial) headed a counterrevolutionary group in Gosplan, purportedly organized in 1923, which attempted at "influencing the economic policy of the Soviet authorities so as to hold the position of 1923–25." Groman, being a member of the Presidium of the Gosplan the star figure among the accused, damned himself and his colleagues with testimony that at Gosplan they had spent their time


1931 Menshevik Trial, The trial
Putting into the control figures and into the surveys of current business planning ideas and deliberately distorted appraisals antagonistic to the general Party line (lowering the rates of expansion of socialist construction, distorting the class approach, exaggerating the difficulties), stressing the signs of an impending catastrophe (Groman) or, what is close to this, assigning a negligible chance of success to the Party line directed toward the socialist attack (Bazarov, Gukhman) ...


1931 Menshevik Trial, Final day
On the final day, the prisoners made confessions of their "crimes". "In the last minutes before my death", one of them was quoted saying, "I will think with disgust of the evil I have wrought; evil for which not we, but foreign Menshevists and the Second International must share responsibility."


1931 Menshevik Trial, Final day
Nikolai Krylenko, the Public Prosecutor, declared that Groman, Sher, Yakubovitch, Ginzburg, and Sukhanov were the principal leaders of the counter-revolutionary organization, and therefore, must suffer the death penalty. For the others he asked that they should be isolated "for long periods".


1931 Menshevik Trial, Verdict
At 9 March 1931, after deliberating for twenty-five hours, the court sentenced seven defendants to ten years' imprisonment. The seven other defendants were sentenced to different terms of imprisonment, ranging from five to eight years. Those who received the ten years' sentence were Groman, Sher, Sukhanov, Ginzburg, Jakobovich, Petunina, and Finn-Enotaevsky.


1931 Menshevik Trial, Reactions
Rafail Abramovich, a prominent Menshevik in exile in Berlin, helped to mobilise Western socialist and labour support for the persecuted economists. At a rally in Berlin, organised by the SPD, he denied there was an underground Menshevik organisation that existed in the Soviet Union. Leon Trotsky also commented on the trial, condemning both Stalin and the Mensheviks.


1931 Mercer Bears football team
The 1931 Mercer Bears football team was an American football team that represented Mercer University as a member of both the Dixie Conference and the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association during the 1931 college football season. In their third year under head coach Lake Russell, the team compiled a 7–2–1 record.


1931 Mestaruussarja – Finnish League Championship
The 1931 season was the second completed season of Finnish Football League Championship, known as the Mestaruussarja. HIFK Helsinki is the defending champion.


1931 Mestaruussarja – Finnish League Championship, Overview
The 1931 Mestaruussarja  was contested by 8 teams, with HIFK Helsinki winning the championship which was also known as the A-sarja [‘A-Series’]. HJK Helsinki and ViPS Viipuri were relegated to the second tier which was known as the B-sarja [‘B-Series’].


1931 Miami Hurricanes football team
The 1931 Miami Hurricanes football team represented the University of Miami as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) in the 1931 college football season. The Hurricanes played their home games at Moore Park in Miami, Florida. The team was coached by Tom McCann, in his first year as head coach.


1931 Miami Redskins football team
The 1931 Miami Redskins football team was an American football team that represented Miami University as a member of the Buckeye Athletic Association (BAA) during the 1931 college football season. In its eighth and final season under head coach Chester Pittser, Miami compiled a 4–5 record (1–4 against conference opponents) and finished in fifth place out of six teams in the BAA.


1931 Michigan State Normal Hurons football team
The 1931 Michigan State Normal Hurons football team represented Michigan State Normal College (later renamed Eastern Michigan University) during the 1931 college football season. In their 10th season under head coach Elton Rynearson, the Hurons compiled a record of 3–2–1 and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 98 to 54. Ken Hawk was the team captain. The team played its home games at Normal Field on the school's campus in Ypsilanti, Michigan.


1931 Michigan State Spartans football team
The 1931 Michigan State Spartans football team represented Michigan State College in the 1931 college football season. In their third season under head coach Jim Crowley, the Spartans compiled a 5–3–1 record and played to a scoreless tie in their annual rivalry game with Michigan. In inter-sectional play, the team defeated Georgetown (6-0) and lost to Army (20-7) and Syracuse (15-7). In one of the most one-sided games in Michigan State history, the Spartans also defeated Ripon College on November 7, 1931, by a 100 to 0 score.


1931 Michigan State Spartans football team
Quarterback Bob Monnett was selected by the Central Press Association as a first-team player on the 1931 College Football All-America Team.


1931 Michigan State Spartans football team, Game summaries, Michigan
On November 14, 1931, the Spartans played the Michigan Wolverines to a scoreless tie at Michigan Stadium.


1931 Michigan Tech Huskies football team
The 1931 Michigan Tech Huskies football team represented Michigan Technological University as an independent during the 1931 college football season. The Huskies completed the season with a 3–2 record.


1931 Michigan Wolverines football team
The 1931 Michigan Wolverines football team represented the University of Michigan in the 1931 college football season. In their third year under head coach was Harry Kipke, the Wolverines compiled a record of 8-1-1 record (5-1 Big Ten), outscored opponents 181 to 27, and finished the season in a three-way tie with Purdue and Northwestern for first place in the Big Ten Conference. Defensively, the team shut out eight of ten opponents, allowed an average of only 2.7 points per game, and did not allow opponents to score a point in its final six games. After losing to Ohio State on October 17, 1931, the Wolverines went 22 games and nearly three years before losing another game on October 6, 1934.


1931 Michigan Wolverines football team
Individual players of note on the 1931 Michigan team include center Maynard Morrison, who was selected as a first-team All-American by Grantland Rice for Collier's Weekly and by the Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA). Bill Hewitt was selected as the teams Most Valuable Player and a first-team All-Big Ten halfback by the United Press (UP). Ivy Williamson was selected as a first-team All-Big Ten end by both the UP and Associated Press (AP).


1931 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 1: Doubleheader, Central State Teachers
Michigan opened its 1931 season with a football doubleheader on October 3, 1931. The games attracted a crowd of nearly 80,000, most of whom were high school students invited by the university to attend the game without charge.


1931 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 1: Doubleheader, Central State Teachers
In the first game, Michigan's backup players defeated the team from Central State Teachers College (now known as Central Michigan University) by a score of 27 to 0. Michigan's touchdowns were scored by halfback Jack Heston (the son of former Michigan star Willie Heston), fullback Roderick Cox (1933 NCAA champion in the hammer throw), end Ted Petoskey, and substitute halfback Herbert Schmidt. Petoskey also kicked three points after touchdown.


1931 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 1: Doubleheader, Central State Teachers
Michigan's starting lineup against the Central State Teachers was Ted Petoskey (left end), DuVal Goldsmith (left tackle), John Kowalik (left guard), Thomas Cooke (center), Leslie Frisk (right guard), Cecil Cantrill (right tackle), Norm Daniels (right end), Louis Westover (quarterback), Heston (left halfback), Estel Tessmer (right halfback), and Roderick Cox (fullback).


1931 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 1: Doubleheader, Michigan Normal
In the second game of the doubleheader, Michigan's first-team players defeated Michigan Normal by a 34 to 0 score. Michigan's touchdowns were scored by halfback Herman Everhardus (one-yard run in second quarter), backup halfback Jack Heston (16-yard run in second quarter), guard Stanley Hozer (four-yard run in second quarter), end Ted Petoskey (25-yard pass from William Renner), and halfback Stanley Fay (short run in second half). Hozer kicked two points after touchdown, and Petoskey and Omer LaJeunesse kicked one each.


1931 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 1: Doubleheader, Michigan Normal
Michigan's starting lineup against Michigan Normal was Bill Hewitt (left end), Howie Auer (left tackle), Hozer (left guard), Maynard Morrison (center), LaJeunesse (right guard), Tom Samuels (right tackle), Ivy Williamson (right end), Harry Newman (quarterback), Everhardus (left halfback), Stanley Fay (right halfback), and Roy Hudson (fullback).


1931 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 2: Chicago
On October 10, 1931, Michigan defeated Amos Alonzo Stagg's Chicago Maroons by a 13 to 7 score. Both of Michigan's touchdowns were scored in the second quarter on passes thrown by Harry Newman. Stanley Fay caught the first one, and Roy Hudson the second one. Newman also kicked a point after touchdown.


1931 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 2: Chicago
Michigan's starting lineup against Chicago was Bill Hewitt (left end), Howie Auer (left tackle), Leslie Douglass (left guard), Maynard Morrison (center), Omer LaJeunesse (right guard), Tom Samuels (right tackle), Ivy Williamson (right end), Louis Westover (quarterback), Stanley Fay (left halfback), Jack Heston (right halfback), and Roy Hudson (fullback).


1931 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 3: Ohio State
On October 17, Michigan suffered its only loss of the season, falling to Ohio State by a 20 to 7 score. Jack Heston fumbled the opening kickoff at Michigan's 24-yard line. The defense held, but Heston then fumbled again on the next drive at Michigan's 31-yard line. Bill Carroll then ran for a touchdown in the first quarter. Ohio State's sophomore quarterback Carl Cramer also scored two touchdowns, including a 42-yard punt return in the fourth quarter. Michigan's only touchdown was scored by end Ivy Williamson with DuVal Goldsmith kicking the extra point. After losing to Ohio State, the Wolverines went 22 games and nearly three years before losing another game.


1931 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 3: Ohio State
Michigan's starting lineup against Ohio State was Bill Hewitt (left end), Howie Auer (left tackle), Omer LaJeunesse (left guard), Maynard Morrison (center), John Kowalik (right guard), Tom Samuels (right tackle), Ivy Williamson (right end), Harry Newman (quarterback), Jack Heston (left halfback), Stanley Fay (right halfback), and Roy Hudson (fullback).


1931 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 4: at Illinois
On October 24, Michigan defeated Illinois by a 35 to 0 score. Michigan's 35 points was the most scored against an Illinois team under head coach Robert Zuppke. Fullback Bill Hewitt averaged over six yards per carry on 24 carries. Michigan's five touchdowns were scored by Stanley Fay (2), Jack Heston John Kowalik, and Harry Newman (45-yard interception return). Ted Petoskey kicked two points after touchdown, and Newman kicked three.


1931 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 4: at Illinois
Michigan's starting lineup against Ohio State was Petoskey (left end), Francis Wistert (left tackle), Stanley Hozer (left guard), Maynard Morrison (center), Omer LaJeunesse (right guard), Howie Auer (right tackle), Ivy Williamson (right end), Estel Tessmer (quarterback), Heston (left halfback), Fay (right halfback), and Hewitt (fullback).


1931 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 5: at Princeton
On October 31, Michigan defeated Princeton by a 21 to 0 score at Palmer Stadium in Princeton, New Jersey. Left halfback Stanley Fay scored two touchdowns for Michigan, and fullback Roy Hudson scored one. Harry Newman kicked two points after touchdown, and Ted Petoskey scored one.


1931 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 5: at Princeton
Michigan's starting lineup against Princeton was Ivy Williamson (left end), Tom Samuels (left tackle), Omer LaJeunesse (left guard), Maynard Morrison (center), Stanley Hozer (right guard), ___ (right tackle), Ted Petoskey (right end), Bill Hewitt (quarterback), Fay (left halfback), Estel Tessmer (right halfback), and Roy Hudson (fullback).


1931 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 6: Indiana
On November 7, Michigan defeated Indiana by a 22 to 0 score at Michigan Stadium. Michigan touchdowns were scored by Stanley Fay, Ivy Williamson and Bill Hewitt. Williamson was also credited with a safety. Ted Petoskey and Harry Newman each kicked a point after touchdown.


1931 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 6: Indiana
Michigan's starting lineup against Indiana was Petoskey (left end), Howie Auer (left tackle), Stanley Hozer (left guard), Maynard Morrison (center), John Kowalik (right guard), Tom Samuels (right tackle), Williamson (right end), Estel Tessmer (quarterback), Fay (left halfback), Roy Hudson (right halfback), and Hewitt (fullback).


1931 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 7: Michigan State
On November 14, Michigan played Michigan State to a scoreless tie at Michigan Stadium. Michigan's starting lineup against Michigan State was Ted Petoskey (left end), Howie Auer (left tackle), Omer LaJeunesse (left guard), Chuck Bernard (center), Stanley Hozer (right guard), Tom Samuels (right tackle), Ivy Williamson (right end), Roy Hudson (quarterback), Jack Heston (left halfback), Stanley Fay (right halfback), and Bill Hewitt (fullback).


1931 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 8: Minnesota
On November 21, Michigan defeated Minnesota by a 6 to 0 score at Michigan Stadium. Michigan's only points came on a 56-yard run by Bill Hewitt in the first quarter. The starting lineup against Minnesota was Ted Petoskey (left end), Howie Auer (left tackle), Omer LaJeunesse (left guard), Maynard Morrison (center), Stanley Hozer (right guard), Tom Samuels (right tackle), Ivy Williamson (right end), Roy Hudson (quarterback), Jack Heston (left halfback), Stanley Fay (right halfback), and Hewitt (fullback).


1931 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 9: Wisconsin
On November 28, Michigan defeated Wisconsin by a 16 to 0 score at Michigan Stadium. Michigan touchdowns were scored by Bill Hewitt and Roy Hudson. Hudson also kicked a field goal, and Herman Everhardus kicked an extra point. The starting lineup against Wisconsin was Ted Petoskey (left end), Howie Auer (left tackle), Cecil Cantrill (left guard), Chuck Bernard (center), John Kowalik (right guard), Francis Wistert (right tackle), Ivy Williamson (right end), Harry Newman (quarterback), Everhardus (left halfback), Hudson (right halfback), and Hewitt (fullback).


1931 Milan–San Remo
The 1931 Milan–San Remo was the 24th edition of the Milan–San Remo cycle race and was held on 22 March 1931. The race started in Milan and finished in San Remo. The race was won by Alfredo Binda.


1931 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team
The 1931 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team represented the University of Minnesota in the 1931 college football season. In their second year under head coach Fritz Crisler, the Golden Gophers compiled a 7–3 record, shut out four opponents, and outscored all opponents by a combined score of 191 to 72.


1931 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team
Guard Clarence Munn was selected as the team's Most Valuable Player for the second consecutive year. Munn was also a consensus first-team player on the 1931 College Football All-America Team. Munn also received Chicago Tribune Silver Football, awarded to the most valuable player in the Big Ten Conference.


1931 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team
Two Golden Gophers received first-team honors on the 1931 All-Big Ten Conference football team. Munn and fullback Jack Manders both received first-team honors from the Associated Press (AP) and the United Press (UP).


1931 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team
Total attendance for the season was 115,631, which averaged to 23,126. The season high for attendance was against rival Wisconsin.


1931 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team, Game summaries, Michigan
On November 21, 1931, Minnesota lost to Michigan by a 6 to 0 score at Michigan Stadium. Michigan's only points came on a 56-yard run by Bill Hewitt in the first quarter.


1931 Mississippi A&M Aggies football team
The 1931 Mississippi A&M Aggies football team represented the Mississippi A&M Aggies of Agricultural and Mechanical College of the State of Mississippi during the 1931 college football season.


1931 Mississippi State Teachers Yellow Jackets football team
The 1931 Mississippi State Teachers Yellow Jackets football team was an American football team that represented the Mississippi State Teachers College (now known as the University of Southern Mississippi) as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association during the 1931 college football season. In their first year under head coach Pooley Hubert, the team compiled a 2–5 record.


1931 Mississippi gubernatorial election
The 1931 Mississippi gubernatorial election took place on November 3, 1931, in order to elect the Governor of Mississippi. Incumbent Democrat Theodore G. Bilbo was term-limited, and could not run for reelection to a second term. As was common at the time, the Democratic candidate ran unopposed in the general election so therefore the Democratic primary was the real contest, and winning the primary was considered tantamount to election.


1931 Mississippi gubernatorial election, Democratic primary
No candidate received a majority in the Democratic primary, which featured 4 contenders, so a runoff was held between the top two candidates. The runoff election was won by former state representative Martin S. Conner, who defeated Mayor of Columbia Hugh L. White.


1931 Missouri Tigers football team
The 1931 Missouri Tigers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Missouri in the Big Six Conference (Big 6) during the 1931 college football season. The team compiled a 2–8 record (1–4 against Big 6 opponents), finished in a tie for fifth place in the Big 6, and was outscored by all opponents by a combined total of 183 to 72. Gwinn Henry was the head coach for the ninth of nine seasons. The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium in Columbia, Missouri.


1931 Missouri Tigers football team
The team's leading scorer was George Stuber with 18 points.


1931 Mitropa Cup
The 1931 season of the Mitropa Cup football club tournament was won by First Vienna FC in an all Austrian two-legged final against Wiener Athletiksport Club. This was the fifth edition of the tournament.


1931 Mitropa Cup
The holders, SK Rapid Wien, were unable to defend the cup as two other clubs from Vienna were Austria's representatives.


1931 Mitropa Cup
The final, between the two Vienna clubs, was played on 8 and 12 November 1931 in Zurich and Vienna. First Vienna won both matches, the scores being 3–2 in Zurich and 2–1 in Vienna, and became the second Austrian club to win this tournament following Rapid's success the previous year, and the only team to win the Mitropa Cup unbeaten. Heinrich Hiltl from Wiener Athletiksport Club was top scorer in the tournament with seven goals. Walter Hanke of Wiener AC scored a goal in each leg of the final, whilst Franz Erdl of First Vienna scored both his team's goals in the second leg.


1931 Monaco Grand Prix
The 1931 Monaco Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at the Circuit de Monaco on 19 April 1931.


1931 Monaco Grand Prix
With 16 Bugattis in a field of 23 cars, the event was close to being a single-make race. Among the 16 were four factory-team Type 51s driven by the Monegasque Louis Chiron, the Italian Achille Varzi and the French Albert Divo and Guy Bouriat. The real challenge came from the Maserati 8C 2500's driven by René Dreyfus, the Italian Luigi Fagioli and Clemente Bondietti. Rudolf Caracciola with his huge Mercedes SSKL (Super Sport Short Light-Weight) was uncompetitive as his larger car performed poorly around the tight Monaco track.


1931 Monaco Grand Prix
The race was between the blue cars from Molsheim and the red ones from Modena. When the start flag dropped it was Rene Dreyfus in his red Maserati who led into St. Devote, only to be passed by 'Williams' on the hill to the Casino, but his lead was short lived as the Brit was sidelined by a broken valve spring, and his race was over. Achille Varzi and Caracciola started closing on Dreyfus and Varzi managed to overtake the Frenchman on the 7th lap. Caracciola struggled with a slipping clutch that gave in on lap 53.


1931 Monaco Grand Prix
Starting slowly, Louis Chiron eventually displayed his talents; gaining back ground with a new lap record time. He caught up with all his opponents and left them behind. Chiron, a native of Monaco, finished the race some 5 minutes ahead of Luigi Fagioli.


1931 Monaco Grand Prix
Jean Bugatti could not control his joy and jumped over the parapet of the bleachers and fell into Louis Chiron's arms. For the Monegasque, this Monaco Grand Prix victory really confirmed his reputation.


1931 Monaco Grand Prix, Starting grid
Note: grid slots were determined by drawing lots (Birkin and Ivanowski had provisionally been due to start on the first and seventh row, respectively).


1931 Montana Grizzlies football team
The 1931 Montana Grizzlies football team represented the University of Montana in the 1931 college football season as a member of the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC). The Grizzlies were led by first-year head coach Bunny Oakes, played their home games at Dornblaser Field and finished the season with a record of one win and six losses (1–6, 0–5 PCC).


1931 Montana State Bobcats football team
The 1931 Montana State Bobcats football team was an American football team that represented Montana State College (later renamed Montana State University) in the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) during the 1931 college football season. In its fourth season under head coach Schubert R. Dyche, the team compiled a 1–5–1 record (0–2 against RMC opponents) and was outscored by a total of 141 to 45.


1931 Myitkyina earthquake
The 1931 Myitkyina earthquake, or also known as the 1931 Kamaing earthquake, occurred on January 28 at 02:35 local time (20:9 January 27 UTC). It was located in northern Burma, then part of British India. The magnitude of this earthquake was put at Mw 7.6. According to some sources the depth was 35 km, and according to a study of Phyo M. M. the depth was 5 to 30 km.


1931 Myitkyina earthquake
The shock was very violent and lasted at least 30 seconds. The intensity reached MMI IX. There were numerous fissures and cracks. Sand blows were reported. The earthquake may have been caused by slip along the Sagaing Fault. The Sagaing Fault is a continental transform fault between the India Plate and the Sunda Plate. This earthquake is located along the northern Sagaing Fault. Sagaing Fault at 22° N is narrow, about 10 km wide. The part of Sagaing Fault between 25°30' and 26° is wider, with a shear zone about 70 km wide, and has four branches identified.


1931 NC State Wolfpack football team
The 1931 NC State Wolfpack football team was an American football team that represented North Carolina State University as a member of the Southern Conference (SoCon) during the 1931 college football season. In its first season under head coach John "Clipper" Smith, the team compiled a 3–6 record (2–4 against SoCon opponents), tied for 17th place in the conference, and was outscored by a total of 104 to 60.


1931 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans
The consensus 1931 College Basketball All-American team, as determined by aggregating the results of two major All-American teams. To earn "consensus" status, a player must win honors from a majority of the following teams: the Helms Athletic Foundation and College Humor Magazine.


1931 NCAA Swimming and Diving Championships
The 1931 NCAA Swimming and Diving Championships were contested at Lake Shore Athletic Club in Chicago, Illinois as part of the eighth annual NCAA swim meet to determine the team and individual national champions of men's collegiate swimming and diving in the United States.


1931 NCAA Swimming and Diving Championships
Only individual championships were officially contested during the first thirteen-NCAA sponsored swimming and diving championships. Unofficial team standings were kept, but a team title was not officially awarded until 1937.


1931 NCAA Swimming and Diving Championships
By scoring 28 points to second-place Rutgers' 22 points, Michigan won the unofficial team championship, the Wolverines' third such title.


1931 NCAA Track and Field Championships
The 1931 NCAA Track and Field Championships was the ninth NCAA track and field championship. The meet was held at Stagg Field in Chicago, Illinois in June 1931. Athletes from 80 universities and colleges participated in the meet.


1931 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Team championship
1. Southern California - 77-1/7 points (NCAA record)2. Ohio State - 31-1/7 points3. Illinois - 28 points4. Iowa - 26-1/7 points5. Indiana - 26 points6. Wisconsin - 23¾ points7. Michigan - 20 points8. Iowa St. - 16 points8. Miami (Ohio) - 16 points10. Michigan State - 14 points10. Oregon - 14 points


1931 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Track events
100-yard dash  1. Frank Wykoff, USC - 9.6 seconds2. Eddie Tolan. Michigan3. Emmett Toppino, Loyola (New Orleans)4. George "Dee" Hutson, Denison5. Jesse Fazekas, Ohio St.6. Peyton Glass, Oklahoma Aggies


1931 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Track events
120-yard high hurdles 1. Jack Keller, Ohio St. - 14.6 seconds2. Jimmy Hatfield, Indiana3. Bob Hager, Iowa St.4. Ken Yarger, Michigan St.5. Charles Scheifley, Minnesota6. Bill Stokes, USC


1931 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Track events
220-yard dash 1. Eddie Tolan, Michigan - 21.5 seconds2. Peyton Glass, Oklahoma Aggies3. George "Dee" Hutson, Denison4. Jesse Fazekas, Ohio St.5. Roy Delby, USC6. Tierney, Marquette


1931 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Track events
220-yard low hurdles 1. Jack Keller, Ohio St. - 23.8 seconds2. Bill Carls, USC3. Brownlee, Duke4. James Cave, Illinois5. Jimmy Hatfield, Indiana6. Eugene Beatty, Michigan Normal


1931 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Track events
440-yard dash 1. Victor Willams, USC - 48.3 seconds2. James Gordon, Miami3. Art Woessner, USC4. Arnold, Michigan Normal5. Talbot Hartley, Washington6. John McCague, Union


1931 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Track events
880-yard run 1. Dale Letts, Chicago - 1:53.52. Alex Wilson, Notre Dame3. Edwin Genung, Washington4. Bill Bloor, Ohio St.5. Edwin Turner, Michigan6. Elmer Gray, Abilene Christian


1931 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Track events
One-mile run 1. Ray Putnam, Iowa St. - 4:18.02. Ralph Hill, Oregon3. Glen Dawson, Oklahoma4. Pearson, North Dakota5. Prichard, Hamilton6. Joe Spivak, Butler


1931 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Track events
Two-mile run  1. Clark Chamberlin, Michigan St. - 9:23.02. Charles Shugert, Miami3. Clifford Watson, Indiana4. Henry Brocksmith, Indiana5. George Wright, Wisconsin6. Mike Pilbrow, Grinnell


1931 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Field events
Broad jump 1. Edward Gordon, Iowa 24 feet, 11¾ inches2. Lamoine Boyle, Penn3. Dick Barber, USC4. Donald Gray, Nebraska5. Clifford Mell, Oklahoma6. Bert Hoiston, Ohio St.


1931 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Field events
High jump 1. Darrell Jones, Ball St. - 6 feet, 3¾ inches2. Milton Ehrlich, Kansas Aggies3. Will Brannan, USC3. Ted Shaw, Wisconsin3. Jack Stewart, Alabama Poly6. Jim Stewart, USC6. Bert Nelson, Butler6. Ralston Russell, Ohio St6. Edward Gordon, Iowa6. Cam Hackle, Minnesota6. Nelson Schrier, Western St. Teachers6. Bob Schroeder, Kansas St. Teachers


1931 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Field events
Pole vault 1. Bill Graber, USC 13 feet, 10 inches1. Verne McDermont, Illinois1. Tom Warne, Northwestern4. Clyde Coffman, Kansas4. Don Zimmerman, Tulane4. Ralph Lovshin, Wisconsin4. Ralph Johnson, Notre Dame


1931 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Field events
Discus throw 1. Bob Hall, USC 152 feet, 7½ inches2. Frank Purma, Illinois3. Ed Moeller, Oregon4. Greg Kabat, Wisconsin5. Gerboth, Milwaukee St. Teachers6. Wesley Youngerman, Iowa


1931 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Field events
Javelin 1. Ken Churchill, California 215 feet, 0 inches2. Elmo Nelson, Iowa3. Homer Hein, Washington St.4. Lee Weldon, Iowa5. Ken McKenzie, USC6. Sam Robinson, Alabama Poly


1931 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Field events
Shot put 1. Bob Hall, USC 49 feet, 9 inches2. Sammy Behr, Wisconsin3. Hugh Rhea, Nebraska4. Clarence Munn, Minnesota5. LeRoy Dues, College of City of Detroit6. Percy Burk, Rice Institute


1931 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Field events
Hammer throw 1. Ivan Dyekman, Colorado Aggies 162 feet, 1½ inches2. Otto Hills, Illinois3. Noble Biddinger, Indiana4. Arthur Frisch, Wisconsin5. Wesley Youngerman, Iowa6. Elgar Mathies, Iowa


1931 NCAA Wrestling Championships
The 1931 NCAA Wrestling Championships were the 4th NCAA Wrestling Championships to be held. Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island hosted the tournament at Brown Gymnasium.


1931 NCAA Wrestling Championships
Oklahoma A&M took home the team championship with 29 points with four individual champions.


1931 NCAA baseball season
The 1931 NCAA baseball season, play of college baseball in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) began in the spring of 1931. Play largely consisted of regional matchups, some organized by conferences, and ended in June. No national championship event was held until 1947.


1931 NCAA baseball season, Conference winners
This is a partial list of conference champions from the 1931 season.


1931 NFL season
The 1931 NFL season was the 12th regular season of the National Football League. The league decreased to 10 teams due to financial hardships caused by the Great Depression: while the Cleveland Indians joined as an expansion team, the league lost the Minneapolis Red Jackets and the Newark Tornadoes, while the Frankford Yellow Jackets folded midway through the season.


1931 NFL season
Meanwhile, the Green Bay Packers were named the NFL champions for the third consecutive time after huge controversy, after deciding not to play a season-ending game against Portsmouth in order to preserve the first place finish: major rule changes were made in the scheduling of games to prevent any repeat of this incident.


1931 NFL season, Championship race
The two best teams in 1931, the Green Bay Packers and the Portsmouth Spartans, did not face each other that season. The Spartans would later become the Detroit Lions, and face the Packers regularly, but not in their 14 games in '31. Green Bay and Portsmouth were both unbeaten at 7–0–0 after seven weeks of play. In Week Eight, however, the Spartans played two games on the weekend of October 31. After defeating Frankford 14–0, Portsmouth travelled to New York's Polo Grounds to face the Giants. A crowd of 32,500 watched the Spartans lose, 14–0.


1931 NFL season, Championship race
In Chicago, the Packers beat the Bears, 6–2. The next week, Portsmouth lost again. When the Packers were finally beaten in Week Ten, losing 21–13 to the Cardinals and falling to 9–1–0, Portsmouth was at 10–2–0. In Week Eleven, Portsmouth had a "must win" game against the Cardinals, and was trailing 13–7 at halftime. Dutch Clark scored a touchdown, but Glenn Presnell's conversion attempt failed, leaving the score at 13–13. After the Cards went up 20–13, even a tying score would have left the Spartans in second place, but Portsmouth lost 20–19. The same day, Green Bay won at New York, 14–10, and also won on Thanksgiving (38–7 at Providence). On November 29, Green Bay registered its 12th win, 7–0 at Brooklyn, to clinch the title, meaning a 7–6 loss to the Bears the next week was immaterial.


1931 NFL season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1931 NSWRFL season
The 1931 New South Wales Rugby Football League premiership was the twenty-fourth season of Sydney’s top-level rugby league club competition, Australia’s first. During the season, which lasted from April until September, eight teams from across the city contested the premiership which culminated in a grand final between minor premiers Eastern Suburbs and South Sydney.


1931 NSWRFL season, Season summary
The NSWRFL banned radio broadcasting of its matches in 1931 on the grounds that it was affecting the gates. After a year of broadcasts from nearby rooftops and ladders outside the grounds the League rescinded their ban.


1931 NSWRFL season, Finals, Grand Final
Eastern Suburbs started the match as short-priced favourites, and ran with the breeze from the western end after their captain Pope won the toss. With hooker Dick Brown dominating the scrums, Eastern Suburbs attacked early. The first points came at the twenty-minute mark when Lynch kicked a goal after O’Connor was penalised in front of the posts. He missed another attempt two minutes later but Easts went further ahead when Lynch kicked another goal, from a drop kick. Benny Wearing had his chance for South Sydney but was pulled down from behind by Dave Brown two yards from the line. At halftime Eastern Suburbs led 4–0.


1931 NSWRFL season, Finals, Grand Final
Five-minutes after the break South Sydney seized control of the match. They attacked desperately as Treweeke, Curran and then Root hurled themselves at the Eastern Suburbs line. A scrum followed and with an overlap out wide Wearing crossed unopposed in the corner. The winger then converted his own try to give South Sydney a 5–4 lead. Eastern Suburbs then hit back with a remarkable try. Billy Hong gathered in his own twenty-five yard area, stepped through the defence to halfway, passed to Tottey who beat Morrison in a race for the ball. Dave Brown missed the goal, Eastern Suburbs led 7–5. South Sydney fullback Spillane then landed a goal from two yards on his own side of halfway to level the score at 7–all.


1931 NSWRFL season, Finals, Grand Final
Hong then went off after twisting an ankle, Eastern Suburbs struggled to contend with the extra man in South Sydney's backline. Chances followed for both sides – South Sydney's winger, Why, was thrown out at the corner post, Morrison lost possession close to the line and Brown missed with a penalty.


1931 NSWRFL season, Finals, Grand Final
With only minutes left and scores locked at 7–all, South Sydney five-eighth Harry Eyres seized possession inside Eastern Suburbs quarter, stood still for a split second, then with an electrifying burst of speed exploded through the converging defence. He beat the ineffective tackle of Hong (who had come back onto the field) and with the referee accidentally getting in the way of Brown coming over in cover defence for Eastern Suburbs, Eyres crossed for the match winning try. Hong then collapsed and had to be carried from the field as Williams was converting the try.


1931 NSWRFL season, Finals, Grand Final
It was widely claimed as one of the most thrilling Grand Finals in the short history of the game in Sydney.


1931 NYU Violets football team
The 1931 NYU Violets football team was an American football team that represented New York University as an independent during the 1931 college football season. In their seventh year under head coach Chick Meehan, the team compiled a 6–3–1 record.


1931 National Challenge Cup
The 1931 National Challenge Cup was the annual open cup held by the United States Football Association now known as the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup.


1931 National Challenge Cup, History
By the spring of 1931, the twin ravages of the Great Depression and the "Soccer Wars" had taken their toll on the American Soccer League. As a result, Sam Mark moved his Fall River Marksmen to New York, hoping that a new market there would be more lucrative. Once there he merged the club with New York Soccer Club and renamed them the New York Yankees. Before the merger was finalised, however, Fall River Marksmen had entered the National Challenge Cup and Mark was unable to re-register them as the Yankees.


1931 National Challenge Cup, History
As a result, the Spring 1931 season saw them continue to play in the Challenge Cup as the Fall River Marksmen while at the same time playing as the New York Yankees in the ASL. While the Yankees only managed to finish third in the ASL, the Marksmen won the cup. Largely on the goalscoring strength of Billy Gonsalves, with 9, and Bert Patenaude, with 13, they reached the final where they eventually beat Chicago Bricklayers in a final played as a three-game series.


1931 National Challenge Cup, History
The last of these three games is officially regarded as the last game the Marksmen ever played. The first leg of the final was played on April 5 at the Polo Grounds, where the Marksmen won 6–2, and seemingly established a clear lead. Patenaude scored five goals in that game while Bill McPherson added the other. A week later at Mills Stadium in Chicago, the Bricklayers kept the series alive by earning a 1–1 draw. This time Gonsalves got on the score sheet. Sparta Stadium in Chicago attracted 4,500 for the deciding game on April 19. The Marksmen could only field 10 players after their captain, Alex McNab, broke his arm in a midweek friendly and the club had neglected to bring along any reserves. Despite this they still managed to win 2–0 with goals from Patenaude and Gordon Burness.


1931 National Challenge Cup, History
The Marksmen were not the only club to relocate, merge or disappear. This has made it difficult to follow the teams as they progressed through this year's competition. To muddy the waters more, the Providence Gold Bugs had been bought by a group of Fall River businessmen and moved to that city to replace the Marksmen. The Gold Bugs were then renamed Fall River F.C. Furthermore, after the Gold Bugs had moved to Fall River to become Fall River F.C., it merged with the New Bedford Whalers. As these teams had all played initial Challenge Cup games, the results become difficult to follow.


1931 Navy Midshipmen football team
The 1931 Navy Midshipmen football team represented the United States Naval Academy during the 1931 college football season. In their first season under head coach Edgar Miller, the Midshipmen compiled a 5–5–1 record, shut out three opponents, but outscored all opponents by a combined score of 95 to 78.


1931 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team
The 1931 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Nebraska in the Big Six Conference during the 1931 college football season. In its third season under head coach Dana X. Bible, the team compiled an 8–2 record (5–0 against conference opponents), won the Big Six championship, and outscored opponents by a total of 136 to 82. The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium in Lincoln, Nebraska.


1931 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Before the season
Coach Bible was coming off his second season with the bitter taste of a humbling 4-3-2 record from 1930, Nebraska's worst in over a decade. Although his first season had brought home a league title, it now wasn't clear if that was a one-off success or if he could reproduce the feat. In addition, the coaching staff was reduced to five from the seven on staff in 1930.


1931 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Roster
Adam, Jerry #46 GBauer, Henry #74 QBBishop, Clair #18 GBoswell, Hubert  HBBrown, Lewis #17 QBCampbell, Clare #51 CDeBus, Warren #29 GDurkee, Bert #25 EEly, Lawrence #52 CGartner, Ludwig  GGilbert, James #60 THolmbeck, Harold #26 GHulbert, Corwin #47 TJoy, Robert #35 EJustice, Charles #50 GKilbourne, Bruce #16 EKoster, George #44 GKreizinger, Everett #28 FBManley, Robert #14 QB


1931 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Roster
Masterson, Bernard #37 QBMathis, Chris #71 QBMcPherson, Forrest #33 CMiller, Jack #13 HBMilne, James #21 ENelson, Clarence #11 HBNesmith, Norris #41 EO'Brien, Gail #56 TPaul, Marvin #69 HBPenny, Thomas Lee #23 FBPetz, Harold #32 ERhea, Hugh #53 TRoby, John #22 FBSauer, George #42 FBSchmitt, Harold #48 EScoggan, Warren #30 TStaab, Carlyle #70 FBSwanson, Melvin #39 HB


1931 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, South Dakota
It had been nine years since Nebraska had faced the Coyotes in a 66-0 trouncing, and the 1931 season was opened with a similar performance. South Dakota managed a single touchdown in the third quarter on a passing play, but the day was otherwise owned by the Cornhuskers, tuning up with 44 points of their own to advance the series to 8-1-2.


1931 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Northwestern
Another dormant series was revived when Nebraska traveled to Evanston for the first time ever to face Northwestern after a 29-year hiatus. The Nebraska defense successfully shut down the Wildcats after the first quarter, keeping them scoreless for the rest of the game, but the 7 points put up by the Cornhuskers on the day was not enough to overcome the 19 Northwestern points scored before being shut down by Nebraska. The series was now evened out at 1-1-0.


1931 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Oklahoma
The wet conditions at Lincoln prevented either team from accomplishing much throughout most of the game, but finally in the fourth quarter Nebraska found the end zone. A short time later the Cornhuskers snagged an interception and quickly converted it into another touchdown to secure the outcome of the game and advance their lead in the series to 7-2-2.


1931 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Kansas
Reigning conference champion Kansas brought the Cornhuskers to Lawrence with sights to avenge their only conference loss of the previous season, but Nebraska extended the futility of the Jayhawks, to sixteen straight winless games against the Cornhuskers. The game was mostly a ground affair with minimal passing, and despite the low score Nebraska held the edge for most of the day, getting fifteen first downs on the day compared to the three obtained by the Jayhawks. Nebraska now had an 18-game lead in the series, the longest of all records with other ongoing opponents, at 27-9-2.


1931 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Missouri
Missouri had dropped their previous two games before hosting Nebraska, and came out with a vengeance, perhaps motivated by their failure to recapture the Nebraska-Missouri Bell after numerous attempts. The Cornhuskers had to fight to scratch up their 10-point halftime lead, and were unable to score again after the break. As the game waned, the Tigers put up seven points and eventually got the ball back again. Promptly moving up to Nebraska's 1-yard line, the first Missouri attempt to score was repelled by the Cornhuskers. On 2nd and goal, the Tigers lined up for another attempt but were denied the chance as time expired before the snap. Missouri's defeat put them farther back in the series to 6-16-3.


1931 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Iowa
The Cornhuskers piled up three times as many first downs as Iowa, but both teams struggled to put points on the scoreboard. Nebraska's third-quarter touchdown ultimately decided the game and pushed the Cornhusker series lead to 13-7-3.


1931 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Kansas State
Heavy rains grounded this battle in Manhattan, as Kansas State completed the only pass of the entire game, all other efforts and gains made on the ground. The Cornhuskers amassed twice as many first downs and offensive yards as the newly renamed Kansas State Wildcats, but still found themselves behind 0-3 going into the final quarter. At last, when the outcome was looking bleak, Nebraska received yet another punt and successfully returned it all the way for the winning touchdown. Nebraska's commanding series lead was extended to 14-1-1.


1931 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Iowa State
Iowa State arrived in Lincoln with three conference wins to their credit, but were shut entirely down by the smothering Cornhusker defense, unable to find the scoreboard even once on the day. The win clinched coach Bible's second league title in three years, and increased Nebraska's series lead over the Cyclones to 21-4-1.


1931 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Pittsburgh
Nebraska's trip to Pittsburgh ended up a historic defeat against a team that both coach Bible and former Cornhusker star Ed Weir praised as the best they had ever faced or seen before. Nebraska's only serious scoring threat came in the third quarter when they drew up to the Pittsburgh 5-yard line, but the Panthers held the shutout by intercepting a Cornhusker pass to prevent the score. The 0-40 loss was the most points ever scored against Nebraska, and the program's worst  margin of defeat, in the entire 39-year history of Cornhusker football.


1931 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Pittsburgh
The previous worst Cornhusker margin of defeat had been a 0-35 loss to Minnesota in 1905, and the previous highest points scored against them came in a 5-38 loss to Chicago in 1906. The brutal domination dealt them by Pittsburgh left the Cornhuskers 1-3-2 against the Panthers all time. Pittsburgh went on to finish the season 8-1-0 and ranked #9 nationwide by the Dickinson System.


1931 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Colorado A&M
Nine years had passed since Nebraska faced Colorado Agricultural, and for the first and only time in the series, the Cornhuskers traveled to Denver for this postseason charity contest scheduled between the programs. It took three quarters for the visiting Cornhuskers to turn their efforts into scores, but Nebraska finally found success and ran off 20 fourth quarter points to seal the win and remain perfect against the Aggies in three attempts.


1931 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, After the season
Coach Bible proved that the disappointing 1930 season was perhaps just a fluke of bad luck, by once again bringing home a conference championship, his 2nd in three years at Nebraska. The only serious blemish on the season being the defeat by Northwestern early on, as few could fault the Cornhuskers for the honorable defeat dealt by Pittsburgh, who finished 9th in the nation in the Dickinson ranking. Coach Bible's career record improved to 16-6-5 (.685), and his third squad improved the program's overall record to 236-80-25 (.729) while the perfect 1931 Big 6 slate improved Nebraska's overall conference record to 64-10-8 (.829).


1931 Nevada Wolf Pack football team
The 1931 Nevada Wolf Pack football team was an American football team that represented the University of Nevada in the Far Western Conference (FWC) during the 1931 college football season. In their third season under head coach George Philbrook, the team compiled a 2–5–2 record (2–1–1 against conference opponents), were outscored by opponents by a total of 134 to 76, and tied for second place in the conference.


1931 Nevada Wolf Pack football team, Previous season
The Wolf Pack finished the 1930 season 2–4–2 and 2–1 in FWC play to finish in second place.


1931 New Hampshire Wildcats football team
The 1931 New Hampshire Wildcats football team was an American football team that represented the University of New Hampshire as a member of the New England Conference during the 1931 college football season. In its 16th season under head coach William "Butch" Cowell, the team compiled a 7–2 record, and outscored their opponents, 171–84. The team played its home games in Durham, New Hampshire, at Memorial Field.


1931 New Hampshire Wildcats football team, Schedule
The 1931 game remains the last time that the Brown and New Hampshire football programs have met.


1931 New Hampshire Wildcats football team, Schedule
New Hampshire captain Richard Eustis was inducted to the university's athletic hall of fame in 1983. Eustis, who died in 1969 at the age of 62, served as athletic director at nearby Exeter High School, where the school named its football field after him in 1970.


1931 New Jersey gubernatorial election
The 1931 New Jersey gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1931. Democratic nominee A. Harry Moore defeated Republican nominee David Baird Jr. with 57.82% of the vote.


1931 New Mexico A&M Aggies football team
The 1931 New Mexico A&M Aggies football team was an American football team that represented New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts (now known as New Mexico State University) as a member of the Border Conference during the 1931 college football season. In its third year under head coach Jerry Hines, the team compiled a 7–1–2 record, finished last in the conference, and outscored all opponents by a total of 149 to 90.


1931 New Mexico Lobos football team
The 1931 New Mexico Lobos football team represented the University of New Mexico in the Border Conference during the 1931 college football season. In their first season under head coach Chuck Riley, the Lobos compiled a 3–3–1 record (1–1–1 against Border opponents), finished second in the conference, and outscored opponents by a total of 80 to 70.


1931 New Mexico Lobos football team
Coach Riley arrived in Albuquerque in August 1931. Riley had played football at Notre Dame and served as an assistant coach on the 1930 Loyola Lions football team. Riley brought with him former Notre Dame center Joe Nash as an assistant coach.


1931 New Year Honours
The 1931 New Year Honours were appointments by King George V to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of the United Kingdom and British Empire. They were announced on 30 December 1930.


1931 New Year Honours
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.


1931 New Year Honours, United Kingdom and Colonies, Privy Councillor
The King appointed the following to His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council:


1931 New Year Honours, United Kingdom and Colonies, King's Police Medal (KPM)
His Majesty Has also graciously consented to the King's Police Medal being handed to the next-of-kin of the undermentioned officer, who was killed on duty on the 14th December, 1930, and would have received the decoration had he survived


1931 New Year Honours, United Kingdom and Colonies, King's Police Medal (KPM)
His Majesty Has also graciously consented to the King's Police Medal being handed to the next-of-kin of the undermentioned officer, who was killed on duty on the 14th December, 1930, and would have received the decoration had he survived:


1931 New Year Honours (New Zealand)
The 1931 New Year Honours in New Zealand were appointments by King George V on the advice of the New Zealand government to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by New Zealanders. The awards celebrated the passing of 1930 and the beginning of 1931, and were announced on 1 January 1931. New Zealand scientist Ernest Rutherford was created 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson in the British New Year Honours.


1931 New Year Honours (New Zealand)
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour.


1931 New York City aldermanic election
The 1931 New York City aldermanic election took place on November 3 to elect the 65 members of the New York City Board of Aldermen. Republicans lost three of their four seats on the Board, all of which were located in Manhattan. In 21 of Brooklyn's 24 districts the vote was better than two to one for Democratic candidates, better than six to one for Democratic candidate William O'Reilly in the 38th district.


1931 New York Giants (MLB) season
The 1931 New York Giants season was the franchise's 49th season. The team finished in second place in the National League with an 87-65 record, 13 games behind the St. Louis Cardinals.


1931 New York Giants (MLB) season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1931 New York Giants (MLB) season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1931 New York Giants (MLB) season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1931 New York Giants (MLB) season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1931 New York Giants (MLB) season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1931 New York Giants season
The 1931 New York Giants season was the franchise's 7th season in the National Football League.


1931 New York Giants season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1931 New York Yankees season
The 1931 New York Yankees season was the team's 29th season in New York and its 31st season overall. The team finished with a record of 94–59, finishing 13.5 games behind the Philadelphia Athletics. New York was managed by Joe McCarthy. The Yankees played their home games at Yankee Stadium. This team is notable for holding the modern day Major League record for team runs scored in a season with 1,067 (6.88 per game average).


1931 New York Yankees season, Regular season
First baseman Lou Gehrig set an American League record by driving in 184 runs, breaking his own record of 175 set in 1927. The total, which was seven short of Hack Wilson's all-time record of 191 set the previous year, still stands as of the end of the 2017 season.


1931 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1931 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1931 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1931 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1931 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1931 New Zealand general election
The 1931 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the New Zealand Parliament's 24th term. It resulted in the newly formed coalition between the United Party and the Reform Party remaining in office as the United–Reform Coalition Government, although the opposition Labour Party made some minor gains despite tallying more votes than any other single party.


1931 New Zealand general election, Background
In the 1928 election, the Reform Party won 28 seats to the United Party's 27 seats. Shortly after the election the Reform Party lost a vote of no-confidence and the United Party managed to form a government, the United Government, with the support of the Labour Party, with governing Reform Party going into the opposition. In 1931, however, the agreement between United and Labour collapsed due to differing opinions on how to counter the Great Depression. The Reform Party, fearing that the Depression would give Labour a substantial boost, reluctantly agreed to form a coalition with United to avert elections. By forming a coalition, United and Reform were able to blunt Labour's advantage, ending the possibility of the anti-Labour vote being split.


1931 New Zealand general election, The election
The date for the main 1931 elections was 2 December, a Wednesday. Elections to the four Māori electorates were held the day before. 874,787 people were registered to vote, and there was a turnout of 83.3%. This turnout was below average for the time period.


1931 New Zealand general election, The election
The number of seats was 80, a number which had been fixed since 1902. However, in four electorates (Bay of Plenty, Oroua, Pahiatua, Waitomo) there was only one candidate.


1931 New Zealand general election, Results
The 1931 election saw the recently formed governing coalition retain office as the United–Reform Coalition, winning fifty-one seats, including four independents. This was a drop of four seats from what the two parties had won in the previous elections, but was still considerably better than many had expected given the economic situation. The Labour Party won twenty-four seats, a gain of five. In the popular vote (including pro-coalition independents), the coalition won 54.0% of the vote, down from the 66.1% that the two parties had won previously. Labour won 34.3%. The only other party to gain a place in Parliament was the Country Party, which won a single seat. Four other independents were elected. Four candidates were elected unopposed: Walter Broadfoot in Waitomo, John Cobbe in Oroua, Alfred Ransom in Pahiatua, and Kenneth Williams in Bay of Plenty.


1931 New Zealand rugby league season
The 1931 New Zealand rugby league season was the 24th season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand.


1931 New Zealand rugby league season, International competitions
New Zealand played in no international matches during the season.


1931 New Zealand rugby league season, International competitions
The New South Wales Rugby League's Eastern Suburbs Roosters club toured the country with a five match itinerary. They first defeated Northland 23-11 in Whangarei before defeated Devonport 41-27 and South Auckland 23-14 in Hamilton. Easts then played a combined Devonport-Marist team and lost 13-14. Easts then ended the tour with an 18-13 win over the Auckland Colts to finish with a 4-1 record.


1931 New Zealand rugby league season, National competitions, Northern Union Cup
Northland held the Northern Union Cup at the end of the season, after they had defeated South Auckland 16-8 at Carlaw Park.


1931 New Zealand rugby league season, National competitions, Inter-district competition
The West Coast defeated Canterbury 37-19 in Greymouth. It was the first time they had defeated Canterbury.


1931 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Auckland
Marist Brothers won the Auckland Rugby League's Fox Memorial Trophy. The Trophy was named after Edward Vincent Fox, who died in 1930 after finally succumbing to wounds suffered during the First World War. Devonport won the Roope Rooster, Stormont Shield and Norton Cup.


1931 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Auckland
The Glenora club was founded in 1931. During the year, at request of the Auckland Rugby League, an amalgamation of the Ellerslie, Otahuhu and Mangere clubs took place, however the clubs abandoned this union at the end of the same year.


1931 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Auckland
Puti Tipene (Steve) Watene played for the City Rovers while Marist included Hec Brisbane and Alan Clarke. Len Scott and Allan Seagar played for Devonport.


1931 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Canterbury
Runanga became the first West Coast Rugby League team to win the Thacker Shield, when they defeated Addington 16-6 at Monica Park.


1931 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Other Competitions
The Wellington Rugby League's competition was suspended from 1930 until 1933 due to the Great Depression.


1931 Nicaragua earthquake
The 1931 Nicaragua earthquake devastated Nicaragua's capital city Managua on 31 March. It had a moment magnitude of 6.1 and a maximum MSK intensity of VI (Strong). Between 1,000 and 2,450 people were killed. A major fire started and destroyed thousands of structures, burning into the next day. At least 45,000 were left homeless and losses of $35 million were recorded.


1931 Nicaragua earthquake, Earthquake and aftermath
The earthquake hit Managua at 10:10 or 10:19 AM on 31 March, and caused cracks to spread throughout the western side of the city. East Managua was largely untouched. The main quake's duration was around 5 to 6 seconds. The quake was largely centered in Managua. Granada, Nicaragua, was unaffected.


1931 Nicaragua earthquake, Earthquake and aftermath
The earthquake caused a large fire, which burned for five days, destroying 33 blocks in "the richest and most important area of the city". Around 10 square kilometres (3.9 sq mi) of the city were seriously damaged and a further 23 square kilometres (8.9 sq mi) saw "minor damage". All major government buildings in the city except for the National Bank of Nicaragua and most of the nation's archives were destroyed. The city, which at the time had a population of around 60,000 people, saw the vast majority—an estimated 35,000 or 45,000 left homeless. Ernest J. Swift, the director of relief efforts undertaken by the American Red Cross, estimated damages at around $15 million, though other estimates range as high as $30 or $35 million. The most deaths occurred in the city's penitentiary.


1931 Nicaragua earthquake, Earthquake and aftermath
American marines and the Guardia Nacional immediately began working to restore order in Managua. American navy soldiers established a hospital while army soldiers fought the fire. Daniel I. Sultan, an American soldier who was leading the Nicaragua Canal Survey, organized a relief team of 34 soldiers, and was on an emergency committee for responding. He was charged with overseeing the restoration of railroads and water to the city, and chaired a food relief committee that provided 24,000 rations daily by April 24. The American Red Cross initially provided $10,000 towards relief, before increasing the amount to $100,000. People from Mexico and Panama, as well as other Central American countries, were sent to assist in relief and rebuilding efforts. America flew in medical supplies, working to prevent the outbreak of various diseases.


1931 Nicaragua earthquake, Earthquake and aftermath, Rebuilding
In March 1932, The New York Times reported that "the Nicaraguan capital Is slowly emerging from ruins caused by 1931 earthquake". Rents fell by 40% in the year following the earthquake, and the city had slowly been rebuilding. Efforts were hampered by a lack of funding. The city was eventually rebuilt in the Spanish Colonial architecture style.


1931 North Carolina Tar Heels football team
The 1931 North Carolina Tar Heels football team represented the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill during the 1931 college football season. The Tar Heels were led by sixth-year head coach Chuck Collins and played their home games at Kenan Memorial Stadium. They competed as a member of the Southern Conference.


1931 North Dakota Agricultural Bison football team
The 1931 North Dakota Agricultural Bison football team was an American football team that represented North Dakota Agricultural College (now known as North Dakota State University) in the North Central Conference (NCC) during the 1931 college football season. In its third season under head coach Casey Finnegan, the team compiled a 5–5 record (2–2 against NCC opponents) and tied for second place out of five teams in the NCC. The team played its home games at Dacotah Field in Fargo, North Dakota.


1931 North Dakota Fighting Sioux football team
The 1931 North Dakota Fighting Sioux football team, also known as the Nodaks, was an American football team that represented the University of North Dakota in the North Central Conference (NCC) during the 1931 college football season. In its second year under head coach Charles A. West, the team compiled an 8–1–2 record (4–0 against NCC opponents), won the program's fourth consecutive conference championship, and outscored opponents by a total of 278 to 60.


1931 Northern Illinois State Evansmen football team
The 1931 Northern Illinois State Evansmen football team represented Northern Illinois State Teachers College in the 1931 college football season. There were no divisions of college football during this time period, and the Evansmen competed in the Illinois Intercollegiate Athletic Conference. They were led by third-year head coach Chick Evans and played their home games at the 5,500 seat Glidden Field, located on the east end of campus.


1931 Northwestern Wildcats football team
The 1931 Northwestern Wildcats team represented Northwestern University during the 1931 college football season. In their fifth year under head coach Dick Hanley, the Wildcats compiled a 7–1–1 record (5–1 against Big Ten Conference opponents), finished in a three-way with Purdue and Michigan for the Big Ten championship, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 138 to 40. Their sole loss was on the final day of the season against Purdue.


1931 Norwegian Football Cup
The 1931 Norwegian Football Cup was the 30th season of the Norwegian annual knockout football tournament. The tournament was open for all members of NFF, except those from Northern Norway. The final was played at Lovisenlund in Larvik on 18 October 1931, and was contested by ten-time former winners Odd and Mjøndalen, who also played in the final in 1924, which they lost. Odd won the final 4–2, and secured their eleventh title, which also was their last title in 69 years, before Odd again won the Norwegian Cup in 2000. Ørn were the defending champions, but were eliminated by Gjøa in the third round.


1931 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team
The 1931 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team represented the University of Notre Dame during the 1931 college football season, led by first-year head coach Hunk Anderson.


1931 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team
Following the death of head coach Knute Rockne in a plane crash on March 31, line coach Anderson was promoted on April 10.


1931 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team
Notre Dame entered the season on a 19-game winning streak and opened with a road win, but then had a scoreless tie with Northwestern in the second game, played at Soldier Field in Chicago. Five straight wins followed and the unbeaten string extended to 26 games, until visiting USC won by two points; the Trojans were the last team to defeat Notre Dame, three years earlier in 1928. The next week, Army shut out the Irish 12–0 at Yankee Stadium to conclude the season.


1931 Oaxaca earthquake
The 1931 Oaxaca earthquake affected portions of southern Mexico on January 14 at 18:50 MST. It registered a magnitude of 8.0 on the surface wave magnitude scale and had a maximum perceived intensity of X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale.


1931 Oaxaca earthquake, Tectonic setting
The state of Oaxaca lies above the convergent boundary where the Cocos Plate is being subducted below the North American Plate at a rate of 6.4 cm/yr. The dip of the subducting slab is about 15° as defined by focal mechanisms and earthquake hypocenters. Seismicity in this area is characterised by regular megathrust earthquakes along the plate interface. In addition, there have been a series of historical normal fault events within the subducting slab. The area affected by moderate seismic intensities is about four times greater for the normal fault events compared to those on the plate interface and the peak horizontal acceleration is also higher in most cases.


1931 Oaxaca earthquake, Earthquake
The earthquake is characterized as a normal fault event, and was the strongest in that area since the 1911 Michoacán earthquake. It caused no surface ruptures and did not generate a tsunami. From limited seismographic data, it is inferred to have had a focal depth of about 40 km. Analysis indicates that the rupture occurred deep down-dip within the subducted lithospheric slab, possibly breaking through the entire thickness of the slab.


1931 Oaxaca earthquake, Damage
Early reporting from the Los Angeles Times described the city of Oaxaca as being in ruins. Seventy per cent of its buildings were either completely destroyed or badly damaged. Messages were said to be fragmented coming over damaged communication systems as a result of telegraph lines having been knocked down. One message that did get through was from General Evaristo Perez, a military commander in the state of Oaxaca, to president Pascual Ortiz Rubio stating at least 25 persons were dead. Veracruz and Tampico reported light damage and one death was reported in Mexico city. The town of Miahuatlán de Porfirio Díaz, located between Oaxaca and the coast, was reported to be completely destroyed.


1931 Oaxaca earthquake, Aftermath
Russian filmmaker Sergei Eisenstein, who was in Mexico working on a film, flew to Oaxaca shortly after the earthquake to film conditions in the affected area. After having returned to Mexico City, Eisenstein reported on the deaths of 71 persons in Guelatova while attending a fiesta in a church there. A total of 114 deaths were ultimately attributed to the earthquake.


1931 Oaxaca earthquake, Aftermath
Many people abandoned the city of Oaxaca after the earthquake and low property prices meant that a small number of families were able to gain ownership of most of the city. A magnitude 7.5 earthquake on September 30, 1999 had a hypocenter close to that of the 1931 earthquake.


1931 Oglethorpe Stormy Petrels football team
The 1931 Oglethorpe Stormy Petrels football team represented Oglethorpe University in the sport of American football during the 1931 college football season. The first game of the season against rival, Chattanooga, gave Oglethorpe her first loss at Hermance Stadium. Oglethorpe defeated Wake Forest at home on Friday, November 13.


1931 Ogmore by-election
The Ogmore by-election of 1931 was held on 19 May 1931. The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Labour MP, Vernon Hartshorn. It was won by the Labour candidate Ted Williams, a miners' agent and a member of Glamorgan County Council.


1931 Ogmore by-election
Hartshorn had held the seat since 1918 and at the last general election, had been elected with a majority of over 11,000 over the second placed candidate, the Liberal D. L. Powell. On that occasion the Conservative candidate had come third, and J. R. Campbell, Communist, had finished in last place. Neither the Liberals nor the Conservatives fielded a candidate in the by-election, although the Conservatives would contest the seat at the general election a few months later.


1931 Ogmore by-election, Further reading
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1931 Ohio Bobcats football team
The 1931 Ohio Bobcats football team was an American football team that represented Ohio University as a member of the Buckeye Athletic Association (BAA) during the 1931 college football season. In their eighth season under head coach Don Peden, the Bobcats compiled a 7–1 record, won the BAA championship, shut out six of eight opponents, and outscored all opponents by a total of 172 to 14.


1931 Ohio State Buckeyes football team
The 1931 Ohio State Buckeyes football team represented Ohio State University in the 1931 college football season. The Buckeyes compiled a 6–3 record and outscored opponents by 120, 194–74. Head coach Sam Willaman improved to 2–1 against Michigan.


1931 Oklahoma A&M Cowboys football team
The 1931 Oklahoma A&M Cowboys football team represented Oklahoma A&M College in the 1931 college football season. This was the 31st year of football at A&M and the third under Pappy Waldorf. The Cowboys played their home games at Lewis Field in Stillwater, Oklahoma. They finished the season 8–2–1 overall and 1–0 in the Missouri Valley Conference.


1931 Oklahoma City Goldbugs football team
The 1931 Oklahoma City Goldbugs football team was an American football team that represented Oklahoma City University during the 1931 college football season as a member of the Big Four Conference. In Vee Green's fourth season as head coach, the team compiled a perfect record of 12–0 and won the conference championship, outscoring their competition by a combined point total of 269 to 45 and shutting out eight of their opponents.


1931 Oklahoma Sooners football team
The 1931 Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the University of Oklahoma in the 1931 college football season. In their fifth year under head coach Adrian Lindsey, the Sooners compiled a 4–7–1 record (1–4 against conference opponents), finished in a tie for last place in the Big Six Conference, and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 108 to 88.