1933 Banking Act, Commentator description and evaluation of 1933 Banking Act, Fate of 1933 Banking Act as "traditional bank regulation"
Helen Garten describes the 1933 Banking Act as exemplifying the form and function of "traditional bank regulation" based on limiting bank activities and protecting banks from competition. The Act established the traditional bank regulation of separating commercial from investment banking, limiting deposit interest rate competition through rate limitations, and restricting competition for deposits based on financial strength by insuring depositors. It also ratified the existing policy of limited branch banking, thereby limiting competition among banks geographically. The resulting "government-enforced cartel in banking" allowed commercial banks to earn "high profits and avoid undue risk" until nonbanking companies found ways to offer substitutes for bank loans and deposits.


1933 Banking Act, Commentator description and evaluation of 1933 Banking Act, Fate of 1933 Banking Act as "traditional bank regulation"
Supporters of this traditional banking regulation argue that the 1933 Banking Act (and other restrictive banking legislation) produced a period of unparalleled financial stability. David Moss argues this stability may have induced a false belief in the inherent stability of the financial system. Moss argues this false belief encouraged legislative and regulatory relaxations of traditional restrictions and that this led to financial instability.


1933 Banking Act, Commentator description and evaluation of 1933 Banking Act, Fate of 1933 Banking Act as "traditional bank regulation"
Earlier critics of the 1933 Banking Act, and of other restrictive banking regulation, argued it has not prevented the return of financial instability beginning in the mid-1960s. Hyman Minsky, a supporter of traditional banking regulation, described the 1966 return of financial instability (and its increasingly intense return in 1970, 1974, and 1980) as the inevitable result of private financial markets, previously repressed by memories of the Great Depression. Minsky proposed further controls of finance to limit the creation of "liquidity" and to "promote smaller and simpler organizations weighted more toward direct financing."


1933 Banking Act, Commentator description and evaluation of 1933 Banking Act, Fate of 1933 Banking Act as "traditional bank regulation"
Commentators argued traditional banking regulation contained the "seeds of its own destruction" by "distorting competition" and "creating gaps between cost and price." In particular, by establishing "cartel profits" traditional bank regulation led nonbank competitors to develop products that could compete with bank deposits and loans to gain part of such profits.


1933 Banking Act, Commentator description and evaluation of 1933 Banking Act, Fate of 1933 Banking Act as "traditional bank regulation"
Instead of financial stability inducing deregulation and financial instability after 1980, as later suggested by David Moss and Elizabeth Warren, Thomas Huertas and other critics of traditional bank regulation argued Regulation Q limits on interest rates (mandated by the 1933 Banking Act) created the "disintermediation" that began in the 1960s, led to the phase-out of Regulation Q through the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act of 1980, and opened banking to greater competition.


1933 Banking Act, Commentator description and evaluation of 1933 Banking Act, Fate of 1933 Banking Act as "traditional bank regulation"
Jan Kregel accepts that "supporters of free-market liberalism" were correct in describing "competitive innovations" of nonbanks as breaking down the "inefficiencies of a de facto cartel" established by the 1933 Banking Act, but argues the "disintegration of the protection" provided banks was "as much due to the conscious decisions of regulators and legislators to weaken and suspend the protections of the Act."


1933 Barossa state by-election
The Barossa state by-election, 1933 was a by-election held on 8 July 1933 for the South Australian House of Assembly seat of Barossa. The by-election was caused by the death on 4 June 1933 of independent MP Dr Herbert Basedow, who had regained the seat at the 1933 election less than two months prior. He had previously held the seat from 1927 to 1930.


1933 Barossa state by-election
The seat was contested by four candidates: solicitor Reginald Rudall for the governing Liberal and Country League, former MP Thomas Edwards, who listed his occupation as "out of business", for the Parliamentary Labor Party, labourer Leslie McMullin for the Labor Party, and farmer Lindsay Yelland as an independent. All four candidates had contested Barossa at the 1933 election. The by-election was held, as with the 1933 election, in the aftermath of the 1932 Labor split, in which the state Labor Party had split into three separate and competing parties.


1933 Barossa state by-election
Edwards had been an incumbent at the time of the split, and had followed the Cabinet into the separate Parliamentary Labor Party when they were expelled over their response to the Great Depression, before his defeat by Basedow in 1933. A rumoured candidate from the third Labor splinter, the Lang Labor Party, did not emerge.


1933 Barossa state by-election
The largest booths were at Gawler (987 votes), Tanunda (774 votes), Gawler South (685 votes), Salisbury (326 votes), Angaston (375 votes) and Willaston (322 votes). There were also booths at Abattoirs, Blanchetown, Cockatoo Valley, Dublin, Enfield, Gawler Blocks, Gaza, Keyneton, Lights Pass, Loos, Long Plains, Lyndoch, Mallala, Mount McKenzie, Moculta, Northfield, Nuriootpa, Onetree Hill, Punyelroo, Red Banks, Rosedale, Roseworthy, Rowlands Flat, Sandleton, Sedan, Smithfield, St Kilda, Stockwell, Stonefield, Towitta, Truro, Two Wells, Virginia, Wasleys, Wild Horse Plains, Williamstown and Windsor.


1933 Barossa state by-election
The election campaign was described by the Bunyip newspaper as "quiet in character". Seats in the multi-member Barossa electorate had changed control several times over the previous decade; The Advertiser noted that Barossa "had never been a safe district for any party". A number of prominent figures featured in the campaign: Premier Richard Layton Butler, Minister of Agriculture Percy Blesing and Attorney-General Shirley Jeffries campaigned for Rudall, official Labor leader Andrew Lacey campaigned for McMullin, and Parliamentary Labor leader Robert Richards for Edwards.


1933 Barossa state by-election
The by-election was resoundingly won by Rudall, who polled 48% of the primary vote. Edwards and McMullin recorded small improvements from their general election vote in the absence of competing candidates from their respective parties, while independent candidate Yelland improved his vote significantly. Rudall won an overwhelming majority of booths, including Labor-leaning Gawler; Edwards topped the vote in Cockatoo Valley, Mt McKenzie, Tanunda, Willaston and Williamstown, McMullin in Blanchetown, Enfield and Gawler South, and Yelland in Abattoirs and Gaza. Many commentators in the aftermath of the by-election highlighted the ongoing political impact of the Labor split. Rudall continued as an MP until 1955, serving in both houses of parliament, and becoming a long-serving minister in the government of Thomas Playford IV.


1933 Basque Statute of Autonomy referendum
A statutory referendum on the approval of the Basque Statute of Autonomy was held in the Basque Country on Sunday, 5 November 1933. Voters were asked whether they ratified a proposed draft Statute of Autonomy of the Basque Country. Article 12 of the Spanish Constitution of 1931 allowed for Spanish provinces to be organized into "autonomous regions", provided that a regional Statute was proposed by a majority of the provinces' municipalities comprising at least two-thirds of the provincial population and that two-thirds majority of all those eligible to vote accepted the draft Statute.


1933 Basque Statute of Autonomy referendum
The referendum resulted in 96.7% of valid votes in support of the draft Statute on a turnout of 93.7%, representing 84.0% of the electorate. The draft Statute was subsequently submitted to the consideration of the Spanish Cortes, which initially rejected it on 28 January 1934 with a 125–136 result as a consequence of popular support not reaching the required two-thirds majority in the province of Álava, where it stood at 46.4% due to boycott from carlists. After the Popular Front's victory in the 1936 general election, the Statute was finally approved on 1 October 1936, though its application would be severely limited as a result of the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War.


1933 Basque Statute of Autonomy referendum, Results
Do you approve of the draft Statute of Autonomy of the Basque Country?


1933 Baylor Bears football team
The 1933 Baylor Bears football team represented Baylor University in the Southwest Conference (SWC) during the 1933 college football season. In their eighth season under head coach Morley Jennings, the Bears compiled a 6–4 record (4–2 against conference opponents), tied for second place in the conference, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 85 to 84. They played their home games at Carroll Field in Waco, Texas. Frank James and Jim Tom Petty were the team captains.


1933 Bechuanaland European Advisory Council election
Elections to the European Advisory Council were held in Bechuanaland Protectorate in 1933.


1933 Bechuanaland European Advisory Council election, Electoral system
The European Advisory Council consisted of seven elected members, all of which were elected from single-member constituencies.


1933 Bechuanaland European Advisory Council election, Electoral system
Voting was restricted to people who were British subjects of European descent that had lived in the protectorate for at least a year prior to the election, or non British residents who had lived in the territory for at least five years. All voters were also required to have either:


1933 Bechuanaland European Advisory Council election, Electoral system
Candidates were required to be nominated by five registered voters.


1933 Bechuanaland European Advisory Council election, Subsequent by-elections
In 1934 G Haskins died and Henry Weatherilt resigned from the Council. By-elections were subsequently held for constituencies 1 and 4, as well as the vacant constituency 3. CK Going was elected unopposed in constituency 3, CW Martin was returned unopposed in constituency 3, and there were no nominations for constituency 4.


1933 Belgian Grand Prix
The 1933 Belgian Grand Prix (formally the IV Grand Prix de Belgique) was a Grand Prix motor race held at Spa-Francorchamps on 9 July 1933. The 40-lap race was won by Tazio Nuvolari, of Scuderia Ferrari, driving a Maserati. Second and third were taken by the works Bugatti drivers Achille Varzi and René Dreyfus.


1933 Belgian Grand Prix, Background
The works Bugatti team, who had been absent from the previous Grande Épreuve, the French Grand Prix, returned to action, bringing their new 2.8 L Bugatti T59 to the Belgian Grand Prix. The car, which was originally intended to make its debut at Montlhéry, was driven by the team's most experienced driver, Achille Varzi. However, Varzi experienced issues with the T59 during practice, and therefore decided to revert to the older 2.3 L T51 model, which his teammates were still using.


1933 Belgian Grand Prix, Background
Tazio Nuvolari, part of Scuderia Ferrari, the works Alfa Romeo team, was unhappy at how his team had been preparing his car, and so decided to try out a Maserati 8CM as well as his usual Alfa Romeo Monza during practice. The Maserati had been driven a week earlier at the Marne Grand Prix by Giuseppe Campari, whose injuries incurred at that race rendered him unfit to race at Spa.


1933 Belgian Grand Prix, Background
It was therefore available to be raced and was lent to Nuvolari, who was still under contract for the Scuderia, as part of a deal reached between Enzo Ferrari and Ernesto Maserati. Nuvolari ultimately decided to use the 8CM, once certain modifications had been made. Despite technically being entered by Scuderia Ferrari, Nuvolari's Maserati did not feature the team's prancing horse logo.


1933 Belgian Grand Prix, Report
Despite starting from the back row of the grid, Nuvolari had taken the lead of the race by the end of the first lap, with his nearest rivals being his teammate Borzacchini, polesitter Chiron in a privateer Alfa Romeo, and the works Bugattis of Varzi and Dreyfus. By the 100 km mark, Nuvolari had opened up a 17-second lead over Borzacchini and Chiron, with Varzi, in fourth position, a further 45 seconds back. Lehoux was 8 seconds behind Varzi, and around 25 seconds ahead of Zehender and Dreyfus.


1933 Belgian Grand Prix, Report
Zehender, the only works Maserati competing in the Grand Prix, was the first casualty of the race, retiring due to transmission problems after ten laps. The Swiss driver "Marko" (Edgard Markiewicz), who had been at the back of the field throughout, was the second to retire when he crashed his car.


1933 Belgian Grand Prix, Report
By the 200 km mark, Nuvolari's lead had increased to 36 seconds over Borzacchini, while Chiron was a further 14 seconds back. Nuvolari's lead over Varzi and Lehoux was in excess of two minutes, and the remainder of the field were more than three minutes behind the race leader. When Nuvolari took to the pits for fuel and tyres, Chiron, who had already overtaken Borzacchini, took the lead of the race, while Borzacchini and Varzi were promoted to second and third, respectively, with Nuvolari down to fourth place.


1933 Belgian Grand Prix, Report
Chiron's lead at the 300 km mark was over two minutes to Borzacchini, while Nuvolari, up to third, was a further minute back, having himself opened up a minute-and-a-half lead to Varzi in fourth. Chiron's lead was relatively short-lived, however, as he was forced to retire when his differential broke. The Frenchman Moll retired on the same lap as Chiron, after suffering problems with either his gearbox or his clutch. Two laps later, Nuvolari was back in the lead when a connecting rod broke in the engine of the erstwhile race-leader, Nuvolari's teammate, Borzacchini's Alfa Romeo Monza.


1933 Belgian Grand Prix, Report
Nuvolari's lead at the 400 km mark was up to 1:45 over Varzi, with Varzi's teammate Dreyfus a further minute and a half behind. Lehoux was fourth, comfortably ahead of fifth-placed Siena, Nuvolari's only remaining teammate left in the race. After 500 km, Nuvolari had extended his lead over Varzi to 2:14. As Varzi had a considerable time advantage over Dreyfus, he was able to make a tyre change towards the end of the race, and rejoin proceedings still in second place, albeit only just.


1933 Belgian Grand Prix, Report
Nuvolari took the victory with a gap of nearly four minutes to Varzi, while Dreyfus finished three seconds behind his teammate in third place. Lehoux, who had lost third gear, took fourth, ahead of Siena, the first Alfa to finish, in fifth place. Grover-Williams in the final Bugatti, who had experienced considerable problems with spark plugs, was a lap down in sixth, while Sommer was the last to finish in seventh, five laps behind the leaders, having had fuel feed issues throughout the race.


1933 Belgian Grand Prix, Starting grid
Grid positions were drawn by ballot and the cars' numbers were allocated in grid order (#2 for pole position, #4 for second place, etc.)


1933 Big Ten Conference football season
The 1933 Big Ten Conference football season was the 38th season of college football played by the member schools of the Big Ten Conference (also known as the Western Conference) and was a part of the 1933 college football season.


1933 Big Ten Conference football season
Michigan compiled a 7–0–1 record, extended its unbeaten streak to 22 games, shut out five of eight opponents, gave up an average of 2.3 points per game, outscored opponents 131 to 18, and was the Big Ten champion. In December 1933, Michigan was awarded the Knute K. Rockne Trophy as the No. 1 team in the country under the Dickinson System. Two other Big Ten teams also finished among the top five teams in the post-season Dickinson ratings: Minnesota at No. 3 and Ohio State at No. 5. Center Chuck Bernard and tackle Francis Wistert were consensus first-team picks for the 1933 College Football All-America Team.


1933 Big Ten Conference football season
Ohio State finished in third place with a 7–1 and its sole loss being against Michigan.


1933 Big Ten Conference football season
Iowa quarterback/halfback Joe Laws received the Chicago Tribune Silver Football trophy as the most valuable player in the conference.


1933 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Results and team statistics
KeyDS = Ranking in the Dickinson System, a system used at the time to rank the country's best college football teams and to award the Knute Rockne Trophy to the national championPPG = Average of points scored per gamePAG = Average of points allowed per gameMVP = Most valuable player as voted by players on each team as part of the voting process to determine the winner of the Chicago Tribune Silver Football trophy


1933 Big Ten Conference football season, All-conference players
The following players received first-team honors from either the Associated Press (AP) or United Press (UP) on the 1933 All-Big Ten Conference football team:


1933 Big Ten Conference football season, All-Americans
Three Big Ten players were consensus first-team picks on the 1933 College Football All-America Team:


1933 Big Ten Conference football season, All-Americans
Other Big Ten players receiving first-team All-American honors from at least one selector were:


1933 Birmingham–Southern Panthers football team
The 1933 Birmingham–Southern Panthers football team was an American football team that represented Birmingham–Southern College as a member of the Dixie Conference during the 1933 college football season. In their sixth season under head coach Jenks Gillem, the team compiled a 3–3–3 record.


1933 Birthday Honours
The King's Birthday Honours 1933 were appointments by King George V to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by members of the British Empire.


1933 Birthday Honours
The appointments were made to celebrate the official birthday of The King. They were published on 3 June 1933.


1933 Birthday Honours
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.


1933 Birthday Honours (New Zealand)
The 1933 King's Birthday Honours in New Zealand, celebrating the official birthday of King George V, were appointments made by the King to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by New Zealanders. They were announced on 3 June 1933.


1933 Birthday Honours (New Zealand)
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour.


1933 Bolivian legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Bolivia in May 1933 to elect half the seats in the Chamber of Deputies and one-third of the Senate.


1933 Boston Braves season
The 1933 Boston Braves season was the 63rd season of the franchise.


1933 Boston Braves season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1933 Boston Braves season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1933 Boston Braves season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1933 Boston Braves season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1933 Boston Braves season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1933 Boston College Eagles football team
The 1933 Boston College Eagles football team represented Boston College during the 1933 college football season. The Eagles were led by sixth-year head coach Joe McKenney and played their home games at Alumni Field in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts. The team finished with a record of 8–1.


1933 Boston Red Sox season
The 1933 Boston Red Sox season was the 33rd season in the franchise's Major League Baseball history. The Red Sox finished seventh in the American League (AL) with a record of 63 wins and 86 losses, 34+1⁄2 games behind the Washington Senators.


1933 Boston Red Sox season
On February 25, 1933, Tom Yawkey bought the Red Sox for $1.25 million from J. A. Robert Quinn, and persuaded friend and former Philadelphia Athletics second baseman Eddie Collins to be the team's vice president and general manager.


1933 Boston Red Sox season
There were five rainouts during the season, one game against the Senators and a four-game series against the Chicago White Sox that was cancelled due to the remnants of the 1933 Outer Banks hurricane, which passed to the southeast of New England during the third weekend of September.


1933 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1933 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1933 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1933 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1933 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1933 Boston Redskins season
The 1933 Boston Redskins season was the franchise's 2nd season in the National Football League. The team finished with a record of five wins, five losses, and two ties, and finished in third place in the Eastern Division of the National Football League. This was the first year that the franchise used the name "Redskins", a name used by the team until it was retired in 2020.


1933 Boston Redskins season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1933 Boston University Terriers football team
The 1933 Boston University Terriers football team was an American football team that represented Boston University as an independent during the 1933 college football season. In its first and only season under head coach John Harmon, the team compiled a 2–5 record and was outscored by a total of 105 to 41.


1933 Boston mayoral election
The Boston mayoral election of 1933 occurred on Tuesday, November 7, 1933. Former state treasurer Frederick Mansfield defeated five other candidates to be elected Mayor of Boston.


1933 Boston mayoral election
In 1918, the Massachusetts state legislature had passed legislation making the Mayor of Boston ineligible to serve consecutive terms. Thus, incumbent James Michael Curley was unable to run for re-election.


1933 Bowling Green Falcons football team
The 1933 Bowling Green Falcons football team was an American football team that represented Bowling Green State College (later renamed Bowling Green State University) in the Ohio Athletic Conference (OAC) during the 1933 college football season. In its tenth season under head coach Warren Steller, the team compiled a 2–3–2 record and was outscored by a total of 91 to 44. Henry Fearnside was the team captain.


1933 British Columbia general election
The 1933 British Columbia general election was the eighteenth general election in the Province of British Columbia, Canada. It was held to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. The election was called on September 13, 1933, and held on November 2, 1933. The new legislature met for the first time on February 20, 1934.


1933 British Columbia general election
The Official Opposition was formed by the social democratic Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, which was contesting its first election.


1933 British Columbia general election
Because of internal discord, the provincial executive of the Conservative Party decided not to contest the election officially each local association was to act on its own. Some candidates ran as Independents, some as Independent Conservatives. Those supporting the premier, Simon Fraser Tolmie, ran as Unionist Party of British Columbia, and those grouped around William John Bowser, a former premier, ran as the Non-Partisan Independent Group. When Bowser died and the elections in Vancouver Centre and Victoria City were postponed, 4 Non-partisan and 2 Unionist candidates withdrew.


1933 British Columbia general election
Other notable races include the election of Bridge River-Lillooet News publisher George Matheson Murray in Lillooet over Conservative Ernest Crawford Carson. Carson's brother Robert Henry Carson ran as a Liberal, winning Kamloops. Carson and his brother both served as cabinet ministers in later regimes. They were the sons of Robert Carson, an American who was one of the very few survivors of an Indian attack on a wagon train on the Oregon Trail and who went on to found one of the early ranches at Pavilion and whose holdings became part of the Diamond S Ranch.


1933 British Columbia general election, Results
* Party did not nominate candidates in the previous election.


1933 British Columbia general election, Results
2 Results compared to those of Conservative Party in previous election.


1933 British Columbia general election, Results
3 One United Front candidate, C.J. McKendrick, ran in two ridings (Dewdney and Vancouver Centre) and is counted as two candidates.


1933 British Mount Everest expedition
The 1933 British Mount Everest expedition was, after the reconnaissance expedition of 1921, and the 1922 and 1924 expeditions, the fourth British expedition to Mount Everest and the third with the intention of making the first ascent.


1933 British Mount Everest expedition
Like the previous expeditions to climb the mountain, the 1933 expedition was unsuccessful, although in two separate attempts Lawrence Wager and Percy Wyn-Harris, and then F. S. Smythe, set an altitude record for climbing without supplemental oxygen that was not broken until Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler reached the summit of Mount Everest in 1978. During Wager and Wyn-Harris's attempt, the ice-axe belonging to Andrew Irvine, who disappeared with Mallory on the 1924 attempt while going for the summit, was found on the flanks of the north face.


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Background
Following the unsuccessful attempts to climb Mount Everest in 1922 and 1924, the British waited eight years before the 13th Dalai Lama granted permission in August 1932 for the mountain to be approached from Tibet in the north, on the condition that all the climbers taking part were British. This permission was won by the combined work of the India Office, the government of India and Lt-Col J. L. R. Weir, the British political agent in Sikkim. There was an urgency to their work owing to a British fear that the Germans, who had recently mounted expeditions to Kangchenjunga and Nanga Parbat, might next be targeting Mount Everest.


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Preparations, Participants
It fell to the Mount Everest Committee, the body that funded all pre-war attempts on Mount Everest, to appoint a leader for the expedition. The most obvious choice, General C. G. Bruce, was unavailable; two other suitable men, both of whom – like Bruce – had been on earlier expeditions to Mount Everest, were approached but declined the offer: Brigadier E. F. Norton, who had recently been appointed to a position in Aldershot, and Major Geoffrey Bruce, who was on the point of assuming a post in Quetta.


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Preparations, Participants
Hugh Ruttledge was chosen as leader, with the proviso that, at forty-eight years of age, he was not to undertake any climbing on the upper reaches of the mountain. His choice surprised everyone, including Ruttledge, who, although a veteran Himalayan explorer, had not done much in the way of cutting-edge mountaineering; he also suffered from a limp as a result of a "pig-sticking accident".


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Preparations, Participants
Ruttledge was instructed to recruit the British climbing personnel for the expedition, assisted by an advisory sub-committee of Norton, T. G. Longstaff and Sydney Spencer, with Geoffrey Winthrop Young also giving assistance. Ruttledge was keen on inviting Mount Everest veterans; neither Noel Odell nor T. H. Somervell were available, but E. O. Shebbeare, who had been transport officer in 1924, was again selected in the role, this time also being appointed deputy leader – at forty-nine, he was the oldest member of the expedition; Crawford had also been to Mount Everest, in 1922.


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Preparations, Participants
Other members of the party had previous Himalayan experience, too, in particular Shipton, who had climbed Kamet (as well as Mount Kenya), Dr Raymond Greene, the expedition senior physician who had also climbed Kamet, and Smythe, who had not only climbed Kamet but had been on the international expedition to Kangchenjunga with Professor Dyrenfurth. Birnie had also been on the Kamet expedition, as transport officer.


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Preparations, Participants
Notable in their omission were several of the top British rock-climbers of the period  – Alf Bridge, Colin Kirkus and Maurice Linnell – reflecting the traditional approach of the sub-committee, as well as Ruttledge himself, who said: "I am coming more and more to the opinion that we must beware of the north British school of rock-climbers if we are to succeed on Everest. Individually they are probably good men, but they are a close corporation, with, it seems to me, a contempt for everyone outside their own clan."


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Preparations, Participants
The following sixteen men comprised the British component of the team that attempted the ascent of the mountain, and were, according to Ruttledge, with the exception of himself, Shebbeare and the two wireless operators, chosen "with the definite idea that they were potentially capable of taking part in the final assaults on the mountain".


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Preparations, Participants
All members of the expedition who lived in Britain were expected to submit themselves to a physical and psychological test by the RAF Medical Board, followed by a final test by Dr Claude Wilson.


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Preparations, Funding and equipment
The Mount Everest Committee furnished £5,000 towards the costs of the expedition, which were estimated at £11,000–£13,000. Further funds were secured by means of Ruttledge's book contract with Hodder & Stoughton, a newspaper deal with  The Daily Telegraph and a gift of £100 from King George V. Many companies supplied items of equipment free of charge or at a discount.


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Preparations, Funding and equipment
Five main types of tent were taken: a sixteen-man mess tent made by Silver and Edgington; three Muir Mills of Cawnpore bell tents for the porters, designed for fourteen men but occasionally fitting twenty-one; three Camp and Sports six-man arctic tents (a hybrid design between the Watkins Arctic tent and a yurt), looking, according to Greene, like a "plum-pudding without the sprig of holly" and termed "the real successes of the expedition" by Ruttledge for surviving the blizzards that blew in over the East Rongbuk Glacier at Camp III; and both Silver and Edgington Meade tents, and modified Meade tents made by Burns of Manchester.


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Preparations, Funding and equipment
In addition, a number of lightweight emergency tents were bought by Longland. Burns, and Silver and Edgington, also supplied down sleeping bags, including the superior double-bag model; Jaeger supplied sleeping-sacks; and Sir George Lowndes supplied a bag in which three men might shelter in an emergency if they failed to reach their tents. High-altitude leather double-boots with clinker nails on their leather soles came from Robert Lawrie of Burnley, while approach boots were supplied by John Marlow and Son, and F. P. Baker and Co. Knee-high camp boots made of sheepskin and wool came from Clarke, Son and Morland.


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Preparations, Funding and equipment
Dr T. Magor Cardell and Mr Hamblin jointly designed high-altitude goggles with orange-tinted glass, and ice-axes and crampons were bought from, amongst others, Horeschowsky in Austria. Puttees, made in Kashmir to a design suggested by General Bruce, were also taken. Beale of London supplied 2,000 feet of Alpine Club rope and light line; 2,000 feet came from Jones of Liverpool.


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Preparations, Funding and equipment
As with previous expeditions to Mount Everest, supplemental oxygen was taken. The decision was made to only use it above the North Col, and then only in case of emergency if acclimatisation had been unsuccessful. Greene worked in tandem with the British Association of Oxygen Supply and Siebe, Gorman & Co. and eventually a 12.75-pound (5.8 kg) model was made, no longer incorporating a flow meter but with a whistle that announced the flow of oxygen through the valve.


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Journey
The main party left England by sea on 20 January 1933, stopping at Gibraltar, where the Rock of Gibraltar "offered a climbing problem or two", and Aden. Time at sea was spent discussing the problem of climbing Mount Everest and the establishment of the various camps on its northern side, as well as learning the Nepali language, in which Crawford was proficient. The party alighted at Bombay, where they were assisted by C. E. Boreham, the manager of the Army and Navy Stores. Ruttledge, an India hand, took them on sightseeing tours to Agra and Fatehpur Sikri.


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Journey
Passing through Calcutta, where they were entertained by the Governor of Bengal, Sir John Anderson, the expedition members proceeded to Darjeeling, where Smythe, Greene and Birnie joined them, while Ruttledge went to Siliguri to rendezvous with Shebbeare and discuss transport arrangements. At Darjeeling porters were selected for the march, Ruttledge's Sherpas from his 1932 trip, Nima Dorje and Sanam Topgye, having gone to Sola Khombu to alert prospective applicants to the existence of the British expedition. Llakpar Chedi, Lewa and Nursang were selected as sirdars.


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Journey
In addition, Nima Tendrup, a veteran of many expeditions to Mount Everest, as well as a number of Sherpas who had been on the recent German expeditions to Kangchenjunga, were brought along. Karma Paul, who had been on the 1922 and 1924 British expeditions, was taken as interpreter. All the porters were screened at the Darjeeling hospital, 34 per cent being found to be infected with internal parasites, and then clothed in blue-and-white striped pyjamas and given numbered identity disks.


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Journey
On 2 March, in front of the Planters' Club in Darjeeling, the party attended the ceremonial blessing of all those taking part in expedition by the lamas of Ghoom monastery. Ruttledge remarked that "the ceremony was conducted with a quiet dignity which no one who was privileged to be present will ever forget".


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Journey
The initial plan was to march to Mount Everest via the shortest and most direct route over the Sebu La, but this pass was still snow-covered so the alternative, longer route up the Chumbi Valley via Phari Dzong was taken. The party was split into two groups for the first part of the journey, with the intention of all groups meeting up in Gautsa, although Longland and Shipton travelled ahead to organise stores in Kalimpong. Those with no Himalayan experience departed first, on 3 March; the second group, which included Ruttledge, Shebbeare, Greene, Smythe and Birnie, left on 8 March. At Kalimpong, the Tibetan government trader, Pangda Tsang, stated that the heavy baggage train with mules should go to Kampa Dzong via the Jelep La, so a third group, made up of Smijth-Windham, Thompson and Karma Paul, accompanied the train with the intention of rejoining the second group at Yatung.


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Journey
The route then took the expedition through Pedong and Pakhyong, until it reached Gangtok, Sikkim's capital, where Lobsang Tsering's postal service would be based; he would receive the expedition's mail and forward it to Calcutta. The expedition was entertained by F. Williamson, the political agent in Sikkim, who gave the party their passport with the Tibetan government's seal. It was made out to cover fourteen rather than sixteen people, omitting the expedition's two wireless operators, which later perplexed the Dipon of Pipitang, although the matter was soon sorted out following a telegram to Williamson. The party met the Maharaja of Sikkim, then departed for Karponang, Tsomgo and the crossing of the Natu La, where four of the party climbed the peak of Chomunko (17,500 ft).


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Journey
The descent was made to Chumbitang, and thence to Yatung, past the monastery at Khajuk, where the lama and monks were mystified as to why anyone would wish to climb Mount Everest. The British trade agent in Yatung, Captain A. A. Russell, entertained members of the party, followed by a game of polo organised by Wood-Johnson. The entire expedition rendezvoused at Gautsa, where Ruttledge made Shebbeare "second-in-command". Here the weather became much colder, with the party's first snows coming on the evening of 22 March.


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Journey
Moving past Phari Dzong on 25 March, a diversion over the Tang La from the normal route on account of snow was made in tremendous wind, dropping down to Shabra Shubra and then over the Dongka La and Chago La to Limbu, Tatsang and finally Kampa Dzong, reached on 29 March, from a pass above which the party had its first view of Mount Everest one hundred miles in the distance.


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Journey
At Kampa Dzong, which possessed "architectural beauty of the highest order", Ruttledge clad himself in mock formal dress – a Tibetan silk gown with a sheepskin lining and red girdle, topped by a collapsible opera-hat that had originally been brought along from England as a reward to the most successful porter – to meet the nyapala. Ruttledge commented: "The effect was all that could be desired. Here obviously was a man [himself] of standing in his own country. Deep called unto deep in the most friendly manner, with mutual respect; and our negotiations were completely successful."


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Journey
The nyapala invited the party to tour the dzong. The nearby grave of A. M. Kellas, the Scottish pioneer climber who had died in 1921 on his way to the first expedition to Mount Everest, had been disturbed and so expedition members dragged a fresh slab to cover the spot, re-cut the existing inscription, and performed a brief ceremony over it. The advance stores had arrived at Kampa Dzong, as had the yaks and Longland, as quartermaster, set to organising them. The party departed on 2 April, passing Lingga and Mende on the way to Tengkye Dzong.


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Journey
Here a football match was staged, Boustead gave an exhibition of boxing and Longland put on a display of pole-vaulting using a bamboo pole (photographed by Smythe). Leaving the town on 5 April, the party travelled on to Khengu over the Bahman Dopté pass; at Khengu Lopsang Tsering fell off his pony and broke his collarbone; the anaesthetic administered by Greene stopped his heart, and only vigorous resuscitation, aided by coramine, saved his life.


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Journey
The river Chiblung-Chu was next forded twice before the camp at Jikyop, then the party proceeded to Trangso-Chumbab and Kyishong, and then through a landscape compared by Shebbeare to the "mountains of the moon" until they reached Shekar Dzong, a vertiginous settlement of white houses and two monasteries that Ruttledge called "a setting for a fairy story, a place of enchantment".


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Journey
Here there was a smallpox epidemic; worse, according to Ruttledge, was the theft of equipment − including high-altitude boots and a Meade tent – and stores, for which the drivers of the baggage train were flogged by the Dzongpen the following day, although the culprit was never found. The expedition's Arctic tents were pitched for the first time at Shekar, to general approval, and a hair-cutting session took place, Wyn-Harris proving a capable barber. On 13 April the party departed, crossing the 17,000 ft Pang La before the descent to Tashidzom, where the expedition's ponies were stabled.


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Journey
Chö-Dzong was reached on 15 April, from a hill above which a clear view of Mount Everest was obtained with a naval telescope. The north face appeared relatively snow-free and the ledges along which Norton traversed were clear to the eye but, according to Ruttledge, looking "remarkably difficult", while the overhanging Second Step appeared "a formidable obstacle" and, although the summit slopes looked feasible, "the problem was to reach [them] across the frightful slabs of the couloir walls".


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Journey
Ruttledge wrote of this first close and detailed view of the mountains:


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Journey
"Darkness began to fall as long clouds drifted across the summit. We descended to camp in a mood of qualified optimism. At least we had been able, for the first time, to see for ourselves, to form a judgement of our own, and from a distance which allowed of a fairly true perspective. Henceforth we should be too much under the mountain to estimate our difficulties with any accuracy."


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Journey
As the party marched up the Rongbuk valley past enormous moraines towards the Rongbuk Monastery, numerous Tibetans streamed past them from the monastery. Karma Paul, the interpreter, was dispatched to seek an audience with the lama of the monastery, as his blessing was considered important both by the Tibetan porters as well as those from Sola Khombu in Nepal.


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Journey
This petition being successful, the lama  – having asked Ruttledge whether he was related to General Bruce, leader of the last expedition that had passed by the monastery – blessed each member of the expedition individually, touching their heads with his dorje while they uttered the words "Om mane padme hum".


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Establishment of the camps
On 17 April, Base Camp was pitched, positioned in the same place as in previous expeditions, four miles beyond the Rongbuk Monastery. Here a number of team members were found to be ill: Crawford had bronchitis, Wyn-Harris had gone down with influenza and Thompson was suffering from heart trouble. Ondi, a porter, was found to have double-pneumonia, so he, Crawford and Maclean descended to Rongbuk.


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Establishment of the camps
Despite this, all worked hard establishing the lower camps, the principle being that each camp had to be fully equipped before a move was made to a higher one, so that each could be maintained during spells of bad weather, rather than abandoned. The wireless equipment, operated by Smijth-Windham and Thompson, was soon in action and a signal from Darjeeling was picked up on 20 April. A "wireless room" was set up in a tent, and two wireless masts, a wind generator and a petrol engine deployed. The expedition's money chests at Base Camp were guarded by Havildar-Major Gaggan Singh, the Gurkha soldier, while his two NCOs, Lachman Singh and Bahadur Gurung supervised the glacier camps.


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Establishment of the camps
Using local Tibetan labour from Shekar Dzong up to Camp II to spare the high-altitude porters, Camp I, 400 yards (365m) from the East Rongbuk glacier, was established on 21 April, Smythe, Shipton, Birnie, Boustead, Wood-Johnson and Brocklebank all spending the night there, and Camp II, at 19,800 ft (6035m) on the western side of the East Rongbuk glacier, on 26 April, by  Smythe, Shipton, Boustead and Wood-Johnson. Here, at "an important nerve-centre in the lines of communication", tents were erected to house at least forty men.


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Establishment of the camps
Camp III was established on 2 May by Smythe, Shipton, Birnie, Boustead, Wood-Johnson and Longland, together with porters, with the intention that it would be wholly independent of Base Camp and could swiftly supply higher camps. The camp was at just over 21,000 ft (6400m). From here the North Col was clearly visible and constituted, in Ruttledge's words, "the first serious mountain problem ... for a steep glacier ice-fall is always on the move, and the negotiable route of one year may be seamed by crevasses or barred by ice-cliffs the next".


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Establishment of the camps
Conscious of the avalanche that killed seven porters on the 1922 expedition, team members were circumspect in their approach to the sometimes vertical 1,000 ft ice wall that led up the col.


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Establishment of the camps
A Camp IIIa was established at its foot to ease the difficulties of climbing this wall; eventually, the route taken by the 1924 expedition proving impossible – "it would take weeks to cut steps up this slope", – the same route as was taken in 1922 was selected, leading to a shelf on the lower side of a crevasse below the col, which was to be the site of Camp IV.


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Establishment of the camps
Smythe, Shipton, Greene, Longland, Wyn-Harris, Wager and Brocklebank climbed the slope and equipped it with fixed ropes between 8 and 15 May; each day the steps they cut would be filled with snow, making re-ascent laborious. Smythe and Shipton made the final ascent over a vertical ice section to the ledge using combined tactics on 12 May ("a fine effort of ice-craft, which evoked a sincere recognition") with Longland and Wager fixing the rope ladder (presented, along with two others, by the Yorkshire Rambling Club) the following day. Bad weather prevented the establishment of Camp IV until 15 May; thereafter, the camp was stocked by Crawford and Brockleback in what Ruttledge called "their great series of six ascents and descents of the North Col slopes ... [ making] the position of the higher party secure".


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Establishment of the camps
Once the North Col had been attained, the establishment of camps higher up the mountain was possible. There was, however, disagreement over the siting of Camp V. On 20 May a party of Wyn-Harris, Birnie and Boustead, with porters, eventually left all of their stores on the slope and returned to Camp IV, Wyn-Harris having wished to go much higher than the others. Ruttledge, learning of this from a letter sent down to Camp IIIa, decided to ascend to Camp IV "to straighten out the position".


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Establishment of the camps
He sent Wyn-Harris, Greene, Birnie and Boustead, with porters, on upwards with the aim of pitching Camp V at 25,500 ft and then Camp VI above that the next day, Lhakpa Chedi accompanying them with a team of eight porters; Birnie and Boustead, with porters, would then descend, while Wager and Longland would ascend to Camp V, then descend, and Shipton and Smythe would go to Camp V, then Camp VI, with the aim of having two summit parties in place.


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Establishment of the camps
In the event Camp V was pitched at 25,700 ft on 22 May, the climbers passing George Finch's shredded Meade tent from the 1922 attempt, near to which a number of oxygen cylinders – one, still functional, refreshed Greene – and an unopened canister of Kodak film were found, although on closer inspection lower down it was discovered that there were no exposures on the film. Greene, who was expected to go higher, descended from Camp V with heart trouble, and Wager replaced him as Wyn-Harris's partner, going up to Camp V that same afternoon.


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Establishment of the camps
The following day, 23 May, dawned cold and snowy; Shipton and Smythe ascended to Camp V in strong wind, while Wager and Wyn-Harris returned to Camp V, owing to a lack of room in the tents. That same day the wireless line was extended to Camp IV, meaning that Ruttledge's words from Camp IV could be passed, via a verbal relay to Smijth-Windham at Camp III and Thompson's encoding at Base Camp, to the Daily Telegraph in London in six hours.


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Establishment of the camps
The dismal weather continued throughout the 23rd and 24th, and, there being no sign of the party above, Ruttledge, together with Wager, Wyn-Harris, Longland and Crawford ascended to investigate. At 24,200 feet the leading members of their party – Wager and Wyn-Harris – learnt from a descending Smythe that Camp V had been abandoned and that all were on their way down. In the descent in atrocious conditions, several Sherpas suffered frostbite – Lakpa Chedi later required the amputation of two fingers, and Pasang lost one finger – and Birnie, attempting a glissade down the north face, lost control and would have been killed but for the intervention of Da Tsering.


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Summit attempts, First: Wager and Wyn-Harris
Wager and Wyn-Harris left Camp VI at 5.40 a.m. on 30 May, after spending an hour heating water and eating "a very poor meal", to make their summit bid. Not long after setting off they came across an ice-axe lying on rocky slabs sixty feet below the north-east ridge, bearing the inscription Willisch of Täsch, an equipment maker from Zermatt. They left it where they found it and collected it on their descent later in the day.


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Summit attempts, First: Wager and Wyn-Harris
In Everest 1933, Ruttledge's book of the expedition, he writes that "it is probable that this one was carried by Irvine";  that it is highly likely to be Irvine's axe is supported by the fact that three notches carved into his axe exactly match the three notches cut into the side of his swagger stick.


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Summit attempts, First: Wager and Wyn-Harris
Wager and Wyn-Harris's first objective was to see whether the Second Step on the ridge was climbable. They turned the First Step and traversed under the Second Step, not realising that it was guarded by a band of cliffs from below. To make their way up this, Wager and Wyn-Harris aimed for a gully that they believed led to the top of the Second Step. Finding that this was merely a shallow scoop, they followed Norton's 1924 traverse along the slabs above the yellow band on the north face, reaching the Great Couloir at 10.00 a.m.


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Summit attempts, Second: Shipton and Smythe
Shipton and Smythe were waiting at Camp VI for Wager and Wyn-Harris's return. Shipton, struck down by illness, could go no further and after a brief discussion with Smythe, decide to descend to Camp VI. Smythe pressed on alone. At 28,120 feet, approximately the same height as Wager and Wyn-Harris, Smythe turned back.


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Aftermath
The investigation into the expedition's failure set up by the Mount Everest Committee organisation and leadership ruled that Ruttledge, whom they greatly liked and respected, was not an assertive leader.


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Aftermath
In his review of Everest 1933 (Ruttledge, 1941, first published in 1934), G. L. Corbett commended the book with the words, "There are passages as fine as anything in Alpine literature." When analysing the expedition's overall lack of success, he stated that although "there has never been an attempt on a mountain more carefully prepared, more methodically directed", three things were responsible for the failure to reach Mount Everest's summit.


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Aftermath
First, the disagreements over the siting of Camp V and the resulting descent to Camp IV led to the loss of an unusually good climbing window between 20 and 22 May. As Raymond Greene later said, "It may be that we lost not two days but twenty years." The weather thereafter deteriorated sharply. Corbett places the blame squarely at the feet of Ruttledge, who should have been at Camp IV to direct operations, rather than lower down the mountain.


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Aftermath
Second, the instructions to Wager and Wyn-Harris to try to tackle the Second Step lost them valuable time, and even though they eventually decided to take Norton's lower traverse they were by no means convinced that the Step was unclimbable. Regarding the flexibility of their approach, Corbett quoted Smythe, who stated that "Everest will only be climbed by a man who is single-minded in the matter of route, and any doubt or hesitancy in this respect must always lead to defeat." Third, the fact that Smythe was forced to make his summit bid alone was directly attributable to Shipton falling ill on the attempt. Solo climbing, Corbett argued, "is not a practice to be encouraged anywhere: on the last thousand feet of Everest, in dangerous condition, it is bad mountaineering".


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Aftermath
In Upon that Mountain (1943) Shipton wrote that the expedition was far too big and that the number of climbers taken – fourteen – was absurd. He rebuffed the argument put forward by the climbing establishment that reserve climbers were needed in case of sickness, arguing that in the event no one "who was known to be capable of climbing to great altitudes, actually succumbed to sickness before the attempt."


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Aftermath
Moreover, the large complement of climbers on the expedition had an adverse psychological effect, making climbers feel superfluous to an expedition whose aim was simply to put a very small number of climbers on the summit: "Such a state of affairs imposes an intolerable strain on everyone, and is bound to lead to friction and a consequent loss of efficiency." By way of an alternative, Shipton advocated expeditions composed of a small number of climbers, each of whom "recognises their vital importance in the common effort and feels himself to have an equally indispensable part to play."


1933 British Mount Everest expedition, Aftermath
His 1952 statement to the Mount Everest Committee was one of the reasons why he was not chosen to lead the successful 1953 expedition to Mount Everest: "My well-known dislike of large expeditions and my abhorrence of a competitive element in mountaineering might well seem out of place in the present situation."


1933 Brooklyn Dodgers (NFL) season
The 1933 Brooklyn Dodgers season was their fourth in the league. The team improved on their previous season's output of 3–9, winning five games. Despite shutting out five of their opponents, they were also shut out in three games and they failed to qualify for the playoffs for the second consecutive season.


1933 Brooklyn Dodgers (NFL) season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1933 Brooklyn Dodgers season
The 1933 Brooklyn Dodgers finished in 6th place. After the season, manager Max Carey was fired and replaced by coach Casey Stengel.


1933 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1933 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1933 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1933 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1933 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1933 Brown Bears football team
The 1933 Brown Bears football team represented Brown University during the 1933 college football season.


1933 Brownlow Medal
The 1933 Brownlow Medal was the tenth year the award was presented to the player adjudged the fairest and best player during the Victorian Football League (VFL) home and away season. Wilfred Smallhorn of the Fitzroy Football Club won the medal by polling eighteen votes during the 1933 VFL season.


1933 Bucknell Bison football team
The 1933 Bucknell Bison football team was an American football team that represented Bucknell University as an independent during the 1933 college football season. In its seventh season under head coach Carl Snavely, the team compiled a 7–2 record.


1933 Bucknell Bison football team
The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania.


1933 Buffalo Bulls football team
The 1933 Buffalo Bulls football team was an American football team that represented the University at Buffalo as an independent during the 1933 college football season. In its second season under head coach James B. Wilson, the team compiled a 2–3–2 record. The team played its home games at Rotary Field in Buffalo, New York.


1933 Bulgarian State Football Championship
Statistics of Bulgarian State Football Championship in the 1933 season.


1933 Bulgarian State Football Championship, Overview
It was contested by 13 teams, and Levski Sofia won the championship.


1933 Buller by-election
The Buller by-election of 1933 was a by-election during the 24th New Zealand Parliament in the Buller electorate. It was held on Wednesday 22 November 1933. The seat had become vacant due to the death of Labour party leader Harry Holland who was also the leader of the opposition. Two candidates contested the seat, and it was won by Labour's Paddy Webb, who defeated Liberal-Labour candidate H. Ian Simpson who had support from the governing United Party.


1933 Bulli state by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Bulli on 3 June 1933 because of the death of Andrew Lysaght, Labor (NSW).


1933 CCNY Lavender football team
The 1933 CCNY Lavender football team was an American football team that represented the City College of New York (CCNY) as an independent during the 1933 college football season. In their tenth season under Harold J. Parker, the Lavender team compiled a 1–5–1 record.


1933 Cal Aggies football team
The 1933 Cal Aggies football team represented the Northern Branch of the College of Agriculture in the 1933 college football season. The team was known as either the Cal Aggies or California Aggies, and competed in the Far Western Conference (FWC).


1933 Cal Aggies football team
The Aggies were led by sixth-year head coach Irv "Crip" Toomey. They played home games at A Street field on campus in Davis, California. The Aggies finished with a record of two wins and five losses (2–5, 1–4 FWC). The Aggies were outscored by their opponents 40–118 for the 1933 season.


1933 Cal Poly Mustangs football team
The 1933 Cal Poly Mustangs football team represented California Polytechnic School during the 1933 college football season. Cal Poly was a two-year school until 1941, and competed as an independent from 1929 to 1945.


1933 Cal Poly Mustangs football team
The team was led by first-year head coach Howie O'Daniels and played home games in San Luis Obispo, California. They finished the season unbeaten and unscored upon with a record of seven wins and no losses (7–0). Overall, the Mustangs outscored their opponents 73–0 for the season.


1933 Calgary municipal election
The 1933 Calgary municipal election was held on November 22, 1933 to elect a Mayor and six Aldermen to sit on Calgary City Council. Along with positions on Calgary City Council, a Commissioner, three trustees for the Public School Board, and two trustees for the Separate School Board.


1933 Calgary municipal election
Calgary City Council governed under "Initiative, Referendum and Recall" which is composed of a Mayor, Commissioner and twelve Aldermen all elected to staggered two year terms. Commissioner Thomas B. Riley and six Aldermen: Peter Turner Bone, William Ayer Lincoln, Robert Henry Parkyn, John Walker Russell, Fred J. White, and Harry Humble elected in 1932 continued in their positions.


1933 Calgary municipal election, Background
The election was held under the Single Transferable Voting/Proportional Representation (STV/PR) with the term for candidates being two years. The total ballots cast in the election reached 23,681 which was the highest in Calgary history, over 5,000 more than the previous record in 1931.


1933 Calgary municipal election, Plebiscites, Elimination of Recall
For the elimination of recall provisions in the City Charter.


1933 Calgary municipal election, Plebiscites, Fire department hours
To provide fire fighters one day off in a seven-day week.


1933 California Golden Bears football team
The 1933 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California, Berkeley during the 1933 college football season. Under head coach Bill Ingram, the team compiled an overall record of 6–3–2 and 2–2–2 in conference.


1933 Campeonato Carioca
In the 1933 season of the Campeonato Carioca, two championships were disputed, each by a different league.


1933 Campeonato Carioca, AMEA Championship
After the 1932 championship, talks began among the seven main clubs of the AMEA league to discuss whether to adopt professionalism, like APEA in São Paulo had done before, or not. However, after the league's statue was first drafted, only América, Bangu and Fluminense accepted it, although they were joined by Vasco da Gama, which reversed its previous position on that matter. The four teams were consequently expelled from AMEA, which was resolved to remain amateur.


1933 Campeonato Carioca, AMEA Championship
Later on, Bonsucesso joined them, and CBD took a stance against professionalism, prompting LCF and APEA to break with CBD and form a rival confederation called the FBF (Federação Brasileira de Football). to bolster its importance, LCF and APEA agreed on the creation of an interstate tournament between the five LCF teams and seven APEA teams, the Rio-São Paulo Tournament. Meanwhile, other minor teams also joined LCF, and were organized into an affilitated league called the Subliga Carioca de Football (Carioca Football Subleague).


1933 Campeonato Carioca, AMEA Championship
Meanwhile, AMEA promoted a number of teams from the second level to organize a thirteen-team championship and began their championship before LCF, on April 30, 1933. However, only four weeks into the championship, Carioca, Flamengo and São Cristóvão left AMEA and tried to join LCF. Flamengo, runners-up of the previous year's championship, were accepted, even though they couldn't join the Rio-São Paulo tournament, which was already underway, but Carioca and São Cristóvão had to play in the Subliga instead.


1933 Campeonato Carioca, AMEA Championship
The edition of the Campeonato Carioca organized by AMEA ended on December 3, 1933. Botafogo won the championship for the 6th time. no teams were relegated.


1933 Campeonato Carioca, AMEA Championship, System
The tournament would be disputed in a double round-robin format, with the team with the most points winning the title.


1933 Campeonato Carioca, LCF Championship
The edition of the Campeonato Carioca organized by LCF (Liga Carioca de Football, or Carioca Football League) kicked off on May 7, 1933 and ended on November 15, 1933. Six teams participated. Bangu won the championship for the 1st time. no teams were relegated.


1933 Campeonato Carioca, LCF Championship, System
The tournament would be disputed in a double round-robin format, with the team with the most points winning the title.


1933 Campeonato Paulista
The 1933 Campeonato Paulista was the 32nd season of São Paulo's top association football league. Two championships were disputed that season, each by a different league. On that year, the professionalism controversy flared up again, as in Rio de Janeiro, the Liga Carioca de Football was formed as a professional football league, in opposition to AMEA (Associação Metropolitana de Esportes Atléticos), which didn't allow professionalism. The national federation, CBD, took AMEA's side and refused to allow professionalism.


1933 Campeonato Paulista
As a consequence, in São Paulo, the state federation, APEA, which accepted professionalist practices since 1926, broke with CBD, and joined LCF to form the FBF (Federação Brasileira de Football). To counter that, CBD sponsored the formation of an amateur league in São Paulo, the Federação Paulista de Football, to compete with APEA.


1933 Campeonato Paulista
Meanwhile, FBF created the Rio-São Paulo Tournament, with the presence of all of APEA's teams, except for Sírio, and as such, all of the matches of their Campeonato Paulista, except for those involving Sírio, were valid for that tournament as well.


1933 Campeonato Paulista, APEA Championship
In the edition organized by the APEA (Associação Paulista de Esportes Atléticos), Palestra Itália won the title for the 5th time. no teams were relegated and the top scorer was São Paulo da Floresta's Valdemar de Brito with 21 goals.


1933 Campeonato Paulista, APEA Championship, System
The championship was disputed in a double round-robin system, with the team with the most points winning the title.


1933 Campeonato Paulista, FPF Championship
In the edition organized by the FPF, which is not recognized by the present-day FPF as an official Paulista championship, Albion won the title for the 1st time. Thirteen teams signed up for that championship, with three of the most important sides withdrawing even before the start of the championship, leaving only ten teams. Paulista won the Torneio Início, but withdrew before the championship proper started as well, leaving nine. By December, only five teams were left, with two teams withdrawing at the end of the First round and the other two withdrawing midway through the second round.


1933 Campeonato Paulista, FPF Championship, System
The championship was disputed in a double round-robin format, with the team with the most points winning the title.


1933 Canisius Griffins football team
The 1933 Canisius Griffins football team was an American football team that represented Canisius College in the Western New York Little Three Conference (Little Three) during the 1933 college football season. Canisius compiled a 6–1–1 record (0–1–1 in the Little Three), shut out six of eight opponents, and outscored all opponents by a total of 199 to 27. William "Hiker" Joy was the head coach for the first year. Quarterback Hank Turgeon was the team captain.


1933 Carnegie Tech Tartans football team
The 1933 Carnegie Tech Tartans football team represented the Carnegie Institute of Technology during the 1933 college football season. The head coach was Howard Harpster, coaching his first season with the team.


1933 Catholic University Cardinals football team
The 1933 Catholic University Cardinals football team was an American football team that represented the Catholic University of America as an independent during the 1933 college football season. In its fourth year under head coach Dutch Bergman, the team compiled a 6–3 record and outscored opponents by a total of 193 to 65.


1933 Centenary Gentlemen football team
The 1933 Centenary Gentlemen football team represented the Centenary College of Louisiana during the 1933 college football season. Paul Geisler was a consensus All-American.


1933 Central State Bearcats football team
The 1933 Central State Bearcats football team represented Central State Teachers College, later renamed Central Michigan University, as an independent during the 1933 college football season. In their third and final season under head coach George Van Bibber, the Bearcats compiled a 5–2–1 record, shut out four of eight opponents, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 164 to 58. The team lost to its in-state rivals Michigan State Normal (7–13) and Western State Teachers (0–19).


1933 Central State Bearcats football team
In April 1934, Van Bibber resigned as the head football coach at Central State, instead accepting a position as the head football coach and director of physical education at the University of Buffalo. Van Bibber had been a guard at Purdue, graduating in 1932. In three seasons at Central State, Van Bibber compiled a 12–9–2 record.


1933 Chatham Cup
The 1933 Chatham Cup was the 11th annual nationwide knockout football competition in New Zealand.


1933 Chatham Cup
The competition was run on a regional basis, with seven regional associations (Auckland, Walkato, Wellington, Manawatu, Buller, Canterbury, and Otago) each holding separate qualifying rounds.


1933 Chatham Cup
St. Andrews (Manawatu) beat Athletic (Manawatu) in the 1933 Manawatu final. Woollen Mills (Wanganui) played St. Andrews (Manawatu) in the district final, with St. Andrews winning. Waterside (Wellington) then played St. Andrews in the provincial final, winning 4 - 2.


1933 Chatham Cup
Teams taking part in the final rounds are known to have included Ponsonby, Hamilton Wanderers, St. Andrews (Manawatu), Waterside (Wellington), Riccarton, Millerton All Blacks and Maori Hill (Dunedin).


1933 Chatham Cup, The 1933 final
Ponsonby won their second title, having previously held the cup in 1927. John Morrison and Bob Innes were the only two players to have been in both winning teams. Millerton reached the final for the second consecutive time, but again finished runners-up. In the final, Millerton dominated the first half but were unable to beat the Ponsonby defence. Jack Jepson put the Auckland side up after 20 minutes against the run of play, and Innes doubled the lead before the break through a defensive mistake. In the second spell Tom Pollock pulled a goal back for Millerton, but they were unable to get a second breakthrough, despite having several good chances.


1933 Chattanooga Moccasins football team
The 1933 Chattanooga Moccasins football team was an American football team that represented the University of Chattanooga (now known as the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga) in the Dixie Conference during the 1933 college football season. In its third year under head coach Scrappy Moore, the team compiled a 2–3–2 record.


1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane
The 1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane was among the most damaging hurricanes in the Mid-Atlantic states in the eastern United States. The sixth storm and third hurricane of the very active 1933 Atlantic hurricane season, it formed in the eastern Atlantic, where it moved west-northwestward and eventually became a Category 4 on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale. A strong ridge over New England allowed a continued northwest course, bringing the storm south of Bermuda and later toward the middle coast of the eastern United States. Advance warning allowed hundreds of people to evacuate ahead of the hurricane making landfall.


1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane
It did so in northeastern North Carolina on August 23 with winds of about 90 mph (150 km/h). Soon after, the eye crossed over Norfolk, Virginia, the first time that happened since 1821. The hurricane weakened into a tropical storm over northern Virginia shortly before passing near Washington, D.C., becoming the worst tropical cyclone there since 1896. Curving northward, the storm moved through Pennsylvania and New York before losing tropical characteristics on August 25. Now extratropical, the former hurricane moved across Atlantic Canada, dissipating on August 28.


1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane
Across the eastern United States, the hurricane left widespread damage amounting to over $40 million (equivalent to about $800 million in 2020) and causing at least 47 deaths. Although the storm struck North Carolina, damage in the state totaled only about $250,000, largely to crops and transport. Along the Chesapeake Bay, the storm produced 100-year flooding from its storm surge, setting records that remained for 70 years. In Virginia, flooding covered downtown portions of Norfolk in the southeast and Alexandria in the north. Damage in the state was estimated at $17.5 million.


1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane
Similarly heavy damage occurred in Maryland, including over $7 million to crops. High waves along the coast eroded beaches and created a new inlet at Ocean City. The highest rainfall associated with the hurricane was 13.28 in (337 mm) at York, Pennsylvania. In the state, the rains flooded several rivers which forced thousands to evacuate. In neighboring New Jersey, high waves wrecked boats and destroyed a fishing pier, while in New York, flooding caused traffic jams. In Atlantic Canada, heavy rainfall assisted firefighters in combating wildfires, and the associated winds caused isolated power outages.


1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane, Meteorological history
On August 13, a tropical depression developed near the west coast of Africa, southeast of Cape Verde, with an associated closed circulation. Based on observations from a nearby ship, it is estimated the depression quickly intensified into a tropical storm while moving generally to the west-northwest. For several days the storm continued this general trajectory, eventually shifting more to the northwest. Based on interpolation of reports, it is estimated the storm intensified into a hurricane on August 16 while halfway between Africa and the Lesser Antilles. The Weather Bureau began tracking the system on August 18.


1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane, Meteorological history
Later that day, a ship reported a pressure of 948 mbar (28.0 inHg), suggesting winds of 135 mph (215 km/h). This made the hurricane a Category 4 on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale. Another ship report on August 20 indicated a pressure of 940 mbar (28 inHg) while reporting hurricane winds, suggesting peak winds of 140 mph (230 km/h).


1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane, Meteorological history
After remaining near peak intensity for three days, the hurricane began steadily weakening while curving more to the west-northwest, a rare track for the region due to steering from a ridge over New England. On August 21, the storm passed about 150 mi (240 km) southwest of Bermuda. At 1000 UTC on August 23, the hurricane made landfall along the northern Outer Banks of North Carolina, near Nags Head, with a pressure of 963 mbar (28.4 inHg). Based on the steady weakening, coastal observations, and a larger than normal size, landfall winds were estimated at 90 mph (150 km/h).


1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane, Meteorological history
A few hours later, the hurricane made another landfall on the North Carolina mainland after crossing the Albemarle Sound. While the hurricane continued to the northwest, the eye briefly moved over Norfolk, Virginia, for the first time since the 1821 Norfolk and Long Island hurricane. Early on August 24, the hurricane weakened into a tropical storm while passing near Washington, D.C. Curving to the north, the storm crossed Pennsylvania and into New York, where it weakened further into a tropical depression. On August 25, the former hurricane turned to the east near the Canada–US border, and after interacting with a cold front, became extratropical. It emerged from Maine and briefly re-intensified, moving across southern Nova Scotia with gale-force winds. On August 28, the circulation dissipated to the south of Newfoundland.


1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane, Preparations and impact
The hurricane first affected Bermuda when it passed to the south. Winds at St. George's reached 64 mph (103 km/h). High waves along the coast prevented boats from docking.


1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane, Preparations and impact
Early on August 21, the Weather Bureau issued storm warnings from Cape Hatteras to Boston, Massachusetts. As the hurricane approached land, the warnings were extended southward to Southport, North Carolina. In Norfolk, Virginia, most ships either remained at port or sought shelter due to advance warning. Residents were advised to evacuate in Ocean View, Virginia Beach, and Willoughby Spit, and about 350 people left their houses in Virginia Beach. Along the coast, the United States Coast Guard rescued more than 200 people, many of whom due to capsized boats.


1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane, Preparations and impact
A 1993 article published in the Monthly Weather Review considered the storm to have been "one of the most severe storms that has ever visited the Middle Atlantic coast." Flooding affected a larger portion of the northeastern United States than any other hurricane in the 1900s after Hurricane Agnes in 1972. The Federal Emergency Management Agency later used high water levels from the storm as a 100-year event for the Chesapeake Bay region.


1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane, Preparations and impact
The next storm to approach the storm surge levels was Isabel in 2003, which was lower in most locations in Virginia, although higher in Washington, D.C. and Baltimore due to sea level rise. This hurricane caused damage from North Carolina through New Jersey, due to the combination of high winds and storm tides, and left at least 47 people dead overall.


1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane, Preparations and impact, North Carolina and Virginia
When the hurricane made landfall in the Outer Banks, it produced winds of 76 mph (122 km/h) at Cape Hatteras. The winds caused crop damage as far inland as Granville County. The four-masted schooner G.A. Kohler hailing from Baltimore and bound for Haiti was driven ashore at Hatteras by the high winds. Across the region, the storm downed power lines, washed out highways, wrecked boats, and destroyed houses, and overall damage in the state was around $250,000.


1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane, Preparations and impact, North Carolina and Virginia
As the hurricane moved into Virginia, winds were as strong as 82 mph (131 km/h) at Cape Henry, while Norfolk reported winds of 70 mph (113 km/h). The latter city reported a record high tide of 9.8 ft (3.0 m) above normal at Sewell's Point, which flooded the downtown section with 5 ft (1.5 m) of water. Water levels were 5 to 8 ft (1.5 to 2.4 m) higher than any previous high water mark in Newport News and most of Fort Eustis was flooded.


1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane, Preparations and impact, North Carolina and Virginia
In Hampton the storm surge flooded Langley Air Force Base, swamped homes and businesses, wrecked boats, and destroyed fishing piers. Rainfall in Chesapeake reached about 10 in (250 mm), and reached about 7 in (180 mm) in Norfolk. Flooding near Norfolk damaged crops, and after its downtown section was flooded, residents were forced to travel by boat. When the flood levels dropped, many fish were left behind in the streets. High water levels of around 4 ft (1.2 m) along the York River destroyed buildings at Gloucester Point. In Virginia Beach, the storm knocked down about 600 trees, many of them about 100 years old, and over 79,000 people lost telephone service.


1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane, Preparations and impact, North Carolina and Virginia
Due to advance warning, there was minimal damage to shipping in the region. However, high waves damaged the steamer Madison with 90 people on board and caused it to drift off Cape Charles, which necessitated rescue from the Coast Guard. Inland flooding occurred along the James River as far west as Richmond, where damage was limited to downed trees and broken windows. The pier of the Jamestown Ferry was washed out in Surry and a marina at Jordan Point near Hopewell was wrecked after the river reached the highest level on record.


1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane, Preparations and impact, North Carolina and Virginia
A powerful storm surge moved up the Chesapeake Bay and flooded waterfront locations. At Colonial Beach along the Potomac River, the surge flooded the town with 4 ft (1.2 m) of water and wrecked a local amusement park. The Potomac in Alexandria was at its highest level since 1899, causing floods 8 ft (2.4 m) deep along U.S. Route 1, and flooding the Old Town section. High winds in the city caused power outages, and flooding along the Cameron Run washed out a bridge.


1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane, Preparations and impact, North Carolina and Virginia
The combination of rain and winds damaged crops in Fairfax and Loudoun counties, mainly to corn and peaches. Statewide, the storm caused $5.25 million in crop damage, largely to corn and tobacco. Damage in the state was estimated at $17.5 million, and there were 15 deaths. After the storm, about 350 people helped clear debris from the streets of Norfolk.


1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane, Preparations and impact, Maryland and the Mid-Atlantic
Farther north, it is estimated the storm produced hurricane-force winds in portions of Maryland. Along the coast, high waves eroded about 2 sq mi (5.2 km2) of beaches in Maryland and another 1 sq mi (2.6 km2) in Delaware. High waves created an inlet that turned Assateague into an island. The storm damaged or destroyed several hotels in the region. Power, telephone, and telegraph outages occurred from Cape Charles through Delaware. In Baltimore, 7.62 in (194 mm) of precipitation fell in 24 hours, setting a record and causing flooding.


1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane, Preparations and impact, Maryland and the Mid-Atlantic
The storm surge wrecked a steamboat pier and promenade at Chesapeake Beach, and damaged or destroyed 70 houses in neighboring North Beach. In Cheverly, flooding caused nine cars of a train to derail, killing four people. Statewide, the storm caused about $7 million in crop damage, mostly to tobacco, tomato, and corn. The high tides caused $3 million in damage to the fishing industry, having damaged or destroyed many boats and docks. There was about $90,000 worth of damage to the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, after docks were damaged. Throughout the state, the hurricane caused about $10 million in property damage, with another $1.1 million to federal properties, about $960,000 in transportation damage, and $364,000 in utility damage.


1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane, Preparations and impact, Maryland and the Mid-Atlantic
In neighboring Delaware, road damage was about $150,000, after three bridges were wrecked along DuPont Highway. Rainfall in the state reached 13.24 in (336 mm) in Bridgeville. In Washington, D.C., the storm dropped 6.39 in (162 mm) of rainfall, at the time the highest on record for a single day total. High winds knocked down trees and destroyed the roofs of several houses. Along the Anacostia River, flooding surpassed a seawall, and traffic was disrupted when the Benning Bridge was flooded with 2 ft (0.61 m) of water. The Washington-Hoover Airport was also flooded.


1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane, Preparations and impact, Maryland and the Mid-Atlantic
Damage in the nation's capital was the worst since a tropical storm in 1896. The highest rainfall associated with the hurricane was 13.28 in (337 mm) near York, Pennsylvania. On August 24, the minimum pressure in Philadelphia dropped to 996 mbar (29.40 inHg), which was the lowest on record in the month of August at the time. Wind gusts in the city reached 42 mph (68 km/h). In the surrounding area, winds and rainfall caused $1 million in damage, mostly to crops and houses, and there were four deaths. Rainfall caused the worst flooding in the Lehigh Valley since 1902. In York County, floods destroyed 47 bridges, while in York proper, about 3,000 people evacuated along the swollen Codorus Creek.


1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane, Preparations and impact, Maryland and the Mid-Atlantic
Hurricane-force winds potentially affected portions of Delaware and southern New Jersey. In Atlantic City, New Jersey, winds reached 76 mph (122 km/h) at a height of 171 ft (52 m), which is 67 mph (107 km/h) at sea level. At the time, this was the highest wind report for the station in the month of August. Rainfall in Atlantic City totaled 8.12 in (206 mm), including 2.25 in (57 mm) that fell in an hour on August 20, which was the monthly average. Two people drowned along the Jersey Shore due to high waves, and the storm capsized nine boats.


1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane, Preparations and impact, Maryland and the Mid-Atlantic
The waves destroyed a 300 ft (91 m) long fishing pier in Cape May. High winds damaged the boardwalk while streets were flooded in Atlantic City, and there was about $3 million in damage. The storm spawned a tornado in Wildwood. At Picatinny Arsenal, residents and members of the military helped prevent a dam from breaking. Sustained winds of around 35 mph (55 km/h) were observed across northern New York, while the top of the Empire State Building reported a gust of 90 mph (140 km/h).


1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane, Preparations and impact, Maryland and the Mid-Atlantic
Heavy rainfall in the state increased water levels along streams, causing one person to drown at Mount Tremper. After a dam broke, 190 people at Godeffroy were stranded until they were rescued by a fire crew. A power outage during the storm caused the Statue of Liberty torch to extinguish for the first time since 1929. Streets and basements of New York City were flooded after the heavy rainfall. The combination of flooding and fallen trees caused heavy traffic jams.


1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane, Preparations and impact, Maryland and the Mid-Atlantic
The former hurricane passed near southern Quebec as a tropical depression, and later crossed southern Nova Scotia as an extratropical cyclone. Along Lake Ontario, winds reached 51 mph (81 km/h), and in Montreal, winds reached 21 mph (33 km/h). After a dry summer, the storm's accompanying rainfall was beneficial, reaching 4.4 in (112 mm) in Fredericton, New Brunswick and 2 in (50 mm) in Halifax, Nova Scotia. The rains helped farmers in Ontario and assisted firefighters in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. In Montreal, 2.4 in (60 mm) of rainfall flooded a tunnel. Gusty winds knocked down power lines in portions of Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Nova Scotia. Overall effects were minor, limited to some utility damage and delays for shipping.


1933 Chicago Bears season
The 1933 season was the Chicago Bears' 14th in the National Football League and the 11th season under head coach George Halas. The team was able to improve on their 7–1–6 record from 1932 and finished with a 10–2–1


1933 Chicago Bears season
The Bears won their first six games while allowing only 33 points. In the middle of the season, the team struggled on the road, losing to Boston and New York and eking out a tie against the new Philadelphia Eagles franchise. After that, however, the Bears regained their winning ways, finishing the regular season with four consecutive wins, including two against Portsmouth, their foe in the indoor 1932 playoff game. The team won the newly established Western Division by 3½ games, and hosted and won the first ever NFL championship game.


1933 Chicago Bears season, Season highlights
The Bears' season was typified by solid defense, a high-octane passing attack (for the era), and the best kicking game in the league. Only three times during the season did opponents score more than 9 points on the Bears. The club finished second behind Brooklyn in scoring defense. Their line was greatly improved by the addition of huge George "Moose" Musso, who weighted over 260 pounds and starred for the Bears for many years. The Bears had the third best scoring offense, trailing the explosive Giants and the Packers.


1933 Chicago Bears season, Season highlights
Living legend Red Grange and future legend Bronko Nagurski continued to lead the running attack but the Bears scored a large majority of their touchdowns through the air. Luke Johnsos continued to play well at end but the aerial attack was vastly improved by the emergence of second year end Bill Hewitt and rookie end Bill Karr. All in all, the Bears scored 11 of their 14 offensive touchdowns through passes. Though statistics were spotty in 1933, Bill Hewitt was among the league leaders in receiving with 16 catches for 274 yards and 2 touchdowns.


1933 Chicago Bears season, Season highlights
The biggest improvement for the Bears and, in many games, the key to their wins was the addition of "Automatic" Jack Manders, one of the first great place kickers in league history. Manders made 14 of 14 PATs (pretty much unheard of in those days) and led the league with 6 field goals. Undoubtedly, the new rule that brought the ball back to the hash marks after every play helped Manders (and all other NFL kickers), but Manders' consistency in the kicking game contributed to the Bears' success all the way through the 1940 season.


1933 Chicago Bears season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1933 Chicago Bears season, NFL Championship Game, Summary
The Bears hosted the NFL Eastern Division champion New York Giants in the NFL championship game. The teams had split the season series, with both teams prevailing at home. The game was played at Wrigley Field in clear, crisp weather. Both teams brought high-powered offenses to the game but the Bears had an advantage on defense. Both teams featured their passing attacks throughout the game but the Giants took a first half lead with a 29-yard pass to Red Badgro despite two Manders field goals. The second half was back and forth, with both clubs taking the lead twice.


1933 Chicago Bears season, NFL Championship Game, Summary
The game was won with an exciting play with less than 3 minutes remaining—a pass from Bronko Nagurski to Bill Hewitt who lateraled to Bill Karr. Karr then scampered 36 yards for the winning score. The Bears won the game 23–21, giving them their second straight league title and third overall.


1933 Chicago Cardinals season
The 1933 Chicago Cardinals season was their 14th in the National Football League. The team failed to improve on their previous year's record of 2–6–2, with only one victory and the worst record in the ten-team league. They failed to qualify for the first scheduled playoff, the 1933 NFL Championship Game.


1933 Chicago Cardinals season
This was the first season of ownership for attorney Charles Bidwill, who bought the team from Dr. David J. Jones for $50,000.


1933 Chicago Cardinals season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1933 Chicago Cubs season
The 1933 Chicago Cubs season was the 62nd season of the Chicago Cubs franchise, the 58th in the National League and the 18th at Wrigley Field. The Cubs finished third in the National League with a record of 86–68.


1933 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1933 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1933 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1933 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1933 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1933 Chicago Maroons football team
The 1933 Chicago Maroons football team was an American football team that represented the University of Chicago during the 1933 Big Ten Conference football season. In their first season under head coach Clark Shaughnessy, the Maroons compiled a 3–3–2 record, finished in a tie for eighth place in the Big Ten Conference, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 118 to 56.


1933 Chicago White Sox season
The 1933 Chicago White Sox season was the team's 33rd season in the major leagues, and its 34th season overall. They finished with a record 67–83, good enough for 6th place in the American League, 31 games behind the first place Washington Senators.


1933 Chicago White Sox season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1933 Chicago White Sox season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1933 Chicago White Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1933 Chicago White Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1933 Chicago White Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1933 Chico State Wildcats football team
The 1933 Chico State Wildcats football team represented Chico State Teachers College during the 1933 college football season. Chico State competed in the Far Western Conference in 1933. They played home games at College Field in Chico, California.


1933 Chico State Wildcats football team
The 1933 Wildcats were led by head coach Art Acker in his 11th year. Chico State finished the season with a record of two wins and six losses (2–6, 1–3 FWC). The Wildcats were outscored by their opponents 21–77 for the season.


1933 Cincinnati Bearcats football team
The 1933 Cincinnati Bearcats football team was an American football team that represented the University of Cincinnati as a member of the Buckeye Athletic Association during the 1933 college football season. In their third season under head coach Dana M. King, the Bearcats compiled a 7–2 record (4–1 against conference opponents).


1933 Cincinnati Reds (NFL) season
The 1933 Cincinnati Reds season was their inaugural season in the National Football League. The team started 0–5-1, finished 3–6–1 and failed to qualify for the playoffs.


1933 Cincinnati Reds (NFL) season
The Reds had one of the most anemic offenses in the history of the National Football league, setting records in futility for fewest yards, passing attempts, pass completions and passing touchdowns in a season.


1933 Cincinnati Reds (NFL) season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1933 Cincinnati Reds season
The 1933 Cincinnati Reds season was a season in American baseball. The team finished eighth and last in the National League with a record of 58–94, 33 games behind the New York Giants.


1933 Cincinnati Reds season, Offseason
The Reds hired Larry MacPhail as its chief executive and general manager during the off-season. MacPhail had previously purchased an interest in the Columbus Red Birds, a minor league affiliate of the St. Louis Cardinals before being hired by the Reds after being recommended for the position by Cardinals general manager Branch Rickey.


1933 Cincinnati Reds season, Offseason
Following two consecutive last place finishes with a combined record of 177-285, the Reds replaced manager Dan Howley. The club hired Donie Bush as his replacement for the 1933 season. Bush had previous managerial experience, as in 1923, he was a player/manager with the Washington Senators, leading the club to a 75-78 record and a fourth-place finish in the American League. Bush was the manager of the Pittsburgh Pirates from 1927-1929, leading them to the National League pennant in 1927 with a 94-60 record. Bush also managed the Chicago White Sox from 1930-31.


1933 Cincinnati Reds season, Offseason
On November 30, the Reds traded away outfielder Babe Herman to the Chicago Cubs, getting pitcher Bob Smith, catcher Rollie Hemsley, outfielder Johnny Moore and outfielder Lance Richbourg. Smith had a 4-3 record with a 4.61 ERA in 34 games with the Cubs in 1932. Hemsley split the 1932 season between the Cubs and the Pittsburgh Pirates, batting .289 with three home runs and 32 RBI in 76 games split between the two clubs. Moore had a .305 batting average with 13 home runs and 64 RBI in 119 games, and Richbourg hit .257 with a home run and 21 RBI in 44 games.


1933 Cincinnati Reds season, Offseason
On December 17, Cincinnati and the St. Louis Cardinals made a trade, in which the Reds traded pitcher Ownie Carroll and outfielder Estel Crabtree in exchange for first baseman Jim Bottomley. Bottomley hit .296 with 11 home runs and 48 RBI in 91 games with the Cardinals during the 1932 season. During his career with St. Louis, Bottomley hit .325 with 181 home runs and 1105 RBI in 1392 games since the 1922 season.


1933 Cincinnati Reds season, Offseason
Bottomley won the National League Most Valuable Player award in 1928 when he hit .325 with a league leading 31 home runs and 136 RBI and 20 triples in 149 games. In 1925, Bottomley led the NL with 227 hits and 44 doubles, while in 1925, he again led the NL in doubles with 40, and in runs batted in with 120.


1933 Cincinnati Reds season, Offseason
The Reds sold pitcher Al Eckert and outfielder Lance Richbourg to the St. Louis Cardinals on January 3, then on January 23, the Reds sold infielder Wally Gilbert to the Cardinals.