1918 South Australian state election, Background
The first new parties emerged since the two-party system was introduced from the 1910 state election − the Farmers and Settlers Association (F&S), Single Tax (ST) and the Farmers and Producers Country Party (FPCP). The United Labor Party was renamed to the South Australian Branch of the Australian Labor Party on 14 September 1917.


1918 South Australian state election, Results
South Australian state election, 6 April 1918House of Assembly << 1915–1921 >>


1918 South Carolina Gamecocks football team
The 1918 South Carolina Gamecocks football team represented the University of South Carolina during the 1918 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season.


1918 South Carolina gubernatorial election
The 1918 South Carolina gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1918, to select the governor of the state of South Carolina. Robert Archer Cooper emerged from the crowded Democratic primary and ran unopposed in the one-party state's general election to become the 93rd governor of South Carolina.


1918 South Carolina gubernatorial election, Democratic primary
The South Carolina Democratic Party held their primary for governor on August 27 and progressive reformer Robert Archer Cooper emerged as the winner in a crowded field. He garnered more than 50 percent of the vote in the primary election and was able to avoid a runoff election.


1918 South Carolina gubernatorial election, General election
The general election was held on November 5, 1918, and Robert Archer Cooper was elected the next governor of South Carolina without opposition. Being a non-presidential election and few contested races, turnout was much less than the previous gubernatorial election.


1918 South Dakota gubernatorial election
The 1918 South Dakota gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1918. Incumbent Republican Governor Peter Norbeck ran for re-election to a second term. He won the Republican primary unopposed and faced Nonpartisan League candidate Mark P. Bates, a farmer, and Democratic nominee James E. Bird in the general election. Norbeck's share of the vote decreased from 1916 to 53%, but he benefited from the split field. Bates placed second with 26% of the vote, while Bird placed third with 19% of the vote.


1918 South Shields by-election
The South Shields by-election, 1918 was a parliamentary by-election held for the British House of Commons constituency of South Shields on 28 October 1918.


1918 South Shields by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the sitting Liberal Member of Parliament (MP), Cecil Cochrane. Cochrane had held the seat since himself winning it in a by-election on 18 March 1916.


1918 South Shields by-election, Candidates
The only candidate nominated was the Liberal Havelock Wilson a former trade union official who had previously been MP for Middlesbrough from 1892 – 1900 and from 1906 –January 1910.


1918 South Shields by-election, Candidates
The Labour Party had earlier selected Mr George Rowe of the Boilermakers' Society as their candidate but in the end decided not to contest the seat. Part of the reason for this might have been Havelock Wilson's long connection with the trade union movement and his decision to describe himself as Coalition Liberal and Trade Union candidate.


1918 South Shields by-election, Candidates
With the exception of the December 1910 general election when Russell Rea was returned unopposed for the Liberals, all recent elections had been contested by the Unionists. That they chose not to do so in the by-election was presumably because Havelock Wilson was nominated as the candidate of the Coalition government of David Lloyd George in which the Conservative Party participated.


1918 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season
The 1918 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season  was the college football games played by the member schools of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association as part of the 1918 college football season. The season began on September 28.


1918 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season
Georgia Tech was conference champion. Center Bum Day was the first Southern player ever selected to Walter Camp's All-America first-team.


1918 Southern Maori by-election
The 1918 Southern Maori by-election was a by-election during the 19th New Zealand Parliament. The election was held on 21 February 1918.


1918 Southern Maori by-election
The seat of Southern Maori became vacant following the death of the sitting member Taare Parata on 8 January.


1918 Southern Maori by-election
Henare Parata was described as the (National) Government nominee, and was a brother of the previous MP Taare Parata.


1918 Southwest Texas State football team
The 1918 Southwest Texas State football team was an American football team that represented Southwest Texas State Normal School—now known as Texas State University–as an independent during the 1918 college football season. Led by G. B. Marsh in his third and final year as head coach, the team finished the season with a record of 4–2–1. Squatty Williams was the team's cpatain.


1918 Spanish flu quarantine in Portland, Oregon
Portland's Spanish flu quarantine was a set of rules put in place in Portland, Oregon during the 1918 flu pandemic, to control the spread of influenza. The rules involved restricting public congregation, closing stores early, and quarantining houses where the influenza was present.


1918 Spanish flu quarantine in Portland, Oregon, First cases
The first reported case of Spanish flu in Portland was that of Private James McNeese, who arrived in Portland on October 3, 1918, on his way to a cavalry officers' training camp in Texas. McNeese was diagnosed with the flu at Portland's city hospital and sent to the military hospital at the Vancouver Barracks. Thirty more cases of influenza were reported among an army training detachment at Benson Polytechnic High School several days later, leading to the school being quarantined and turned into a makeshift hospital.


1918 Spanish flu quarantine in Portland, Oregon, First cases
Portland Health Officer George Parish was "confident that preventative measures and the application of proper precautions on the part of citizens will serve to hold the malady at a minimum." By the end of October there were over 1000 cases, and the Portland Civic Auditorium was also converted into a hospital.


1918 Spanish flu quarantine in Portland, Oregon, First cases
Still, pressure from the public and businesses led Mayor Baker to reopen the city on November 16. The quarantine was imposed again on December 11, though not popular or heeded by many. Cases rose by mid-January, and people began wearing masks.


1918 Spanish flu quarantine in Portland, Oregon, Rules
In early October 1918, Portland was placed under a strict set of rules to prevent the spread of influenza. After an all-day conference of health officials on October 10, Mayor George Luis Baker announced the specifics of the policy. All downtown stores were required to close at 3:30 PM, and offices were required to close at 4:00 PM. Certain businesses were allowed to remain open after the 3:30 cutoff, but only if they were supplying food or medical supplies.


1918 Spanish flu quarantine in Portland, Oregon, Rules
The rules caused some odd distinctions—for instance, ice cream was allowed to be sold after 3:30, but not sodas or "ice cream mixtures", which were considered drinks. "Schools, churches, lodges, public places of meetings, and places of amusement" were to be closed completely. Police and firemen would be stationed on the streets to keep people from congregating, maintaining the distance of four feet between people as required.


1918 Spanish flu quarantine in Portland, Oregon, Opposition
The quarantine efforts were met with some opposition. Quarantine was unpopular among doctors, who often protested Health Officials efforts to quarantine houses. According to The Oregonian, "[half] a dozen doctors called at the City Health Bureau during the day and attempted to explain that some of their 'flu' cases were tonsillitis, colds, or something else that is not on the list of quarantinable disease."


1918 Spanish flu quarantine in Portland, Oregon, Opposition
In January 1919, the Portland City Council attempted to pass an emergency clause requiring flu masks in public. For an emergency clause to pass, it had to be approved by all City Council Members. However, the clause requiring masks was blocked by City Commissioner Mann, as well as many "drugless healers". Attorney W. T. Vaughn called the clause unconstitutional, saying that "This is class legislation and nothing else. [ Doctors] admit that they know nothing of the disease, but are attempting to muzzle us like a pack of hydrophobia dogs." The ensuing debate lasted for nearly two hours, and the legislation did not pass.


1918 Spanish flu quarantine in Portland, Oregon, Aid programs
The City Health Officer enlisted many workers from fields outside of medicine to help control the disease and quarantine homes. In the beginning of October, a set of slides was prepared to be displayed at theaters, with information on flu safety, such as the rhyme "Smother the sneeze / To prevent disease." (Despite these plans, theaters were shut down less than a week later, when the ban went into effect.) Teachers, who had been put out of work by the ban, were enlisted to find houses of flu victims.


1918 Spanish flu quarantine in Portland, Oregon, Aid programs
On 5 November 1918, several hundred teachers and school administrators met in the city council chamber, while the City Health Officer Parrish outlined a plan. At that point, teachers had not been working for the past three weeks because of the pandemic. "Teachers will survey each house in the assigned district, giving health instructions and explaining the necessity of fumigating thoroughly all houses where influenza has put in an appearance."


1918 Spanish flu quarantine in Portland, Oregon, Aid programs
A local auditorium was converted into a hospital, with 100 beds acquired from the Vancouver Barracks, linens provided by the Red Cross, and a separate ward for Japanese Americans. The hospital was intended for those who had no one to treat them and couldn't afford a private hospital.


1918 Spanish flu quarantine in Portland, Oregon, Aid programs
The health office was also working day and night to find and quarantine influenza cases. In just 1 day in December 1918, 12 heath deputies quarantined 159 cases, and Officer Parrish alone managed to visit 39 homes in a 24-hour stretch.


1918 Spanish flu quarantine in Portland, Oregon, Reactions
In December 1918, Coos Bay, Oregon ran out of child-sized coffins, and corpses were held until more coffins could arrive from Portland. Fred Wilson, the only undertaker in Coos Bay, fell ill with influenza, from working with infected corpses. It was no surprise that in Portland, those who were able left for the coast, the mountains, or southern California to escape the quarantine.


1918 Spanish flu quarantine in Portland, Oregon, Reactions
The Oregonian's "Society" column described a sense of amusement from the prevalence of flu masks. The column observed how the masks made it difficult for people to recognize each other, and how "they are rapidly learning the art of using their eyes to express their sentiments." The column even went as far as to compare wearing flu masks to "indulging in a Halloween Prank or going to a masquerade party."


1918 Spanish flu quarantine in Portland, Oregon, Reactions
W. E. Hill, an artist drawing scenes from life for The Oregonian, comically illustrated the tension around risk of infection. In the illustration, a boy on a streetcar begins to cough after choking on an almond, causing panic as all other passengers clutch their handkerchiefs to their mouths.


1918 Spanish general election
The 1918 Spanish general election was held on Sunday, 24 February and on Sunday, 10 March 1918, to elect the 17th Restoration Cortes of the Kingdom of Spain. All 409 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 180 of 360 seats in the Senate.


1918 Spanish general election, Overview, Background
The Spanish Constitution of 1876 enshrined Spain as a constitutional monarchy, awarding the King power to name senators and to revoke laws, as well as the title of commander-in-chief of the army. The King would also play a key role in the system of El Turno Pacífico (the Peaceful Turn) by appointing and toppling governments and allowing the opposition to take power. Under this system, the Conservative and Liberal parties alternated in power by means of election rigging, which they achieved through the encasillado, using the links between the Ministry of Governance, the provincial civil governors, and the local bosses (caciques) to ensure victory and exclude minor parties from the power sharing.


1918 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
The Spanish Cortes were envisaged as "co-legislative bodies", based on a nearly perfect bicameralism. Both the Congress of Deputies and the Senate had legislative, control and budgetary functions, sharing equal powers except for laws on contributions or public credit, where the Congress had preeminence. Voting for the Cortes was on the basis of universal manhood suffrage, which comprised all national males over twenty-five, having at least a two-year residency in a municipality and in full enjoyment of their civil rights. Voting was compulsory except for those older than 70, the clergy, first instance judges and public notaries.


1918 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
For the Congress of Deputies, 173 seats were elected using a partial block voting in 44 multi-member constituencies, with the remaining 236 being elected under a one-round first-past-the-post system in single-member districts. Candidates winning a plurality in each constituency were elected.


1918 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
In constituencies electing ten seats or more, electors could vote for no more than four candidates less than the number of seats to be allocated; in those with more than eight seats and up to ten, for no more than three less; in those with more than four seats and up to eight, for no more than two less; in those with more than one seat and up to four, for no more than one less; and for one candidate in single-member districts.


1918 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
Additionally, in single-member districts where candidates ran unopposed, as well as in multi-member districts where the number of candidates was equal or less than the number of seats to be filled, candidates were to be automatically proclaimed without an election.


1918 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
The Congress was entitled to one member per each 50,000 inhabitants, with each multi-member constituency being allocated a fixed number of seats: 13 for Barcelona and Madrid, 6 for Valencia, 5 for La Coruña, Palma, Santander and Seville, 4 for Alicante, Almería, Badajoz, Córdoba, Huelva, Jaén, Lugo, Málaga, Murcia and Oviedo and 3 for Alcázar de San Juan, Alcoy, Algeciras, Bilbao, Burgos, Cádiz, Cartagena, Castellón de la Plana, Ciudad Real, El Ferrol, Gijón, Granada, Jerez de la Frontera, Las Palmas, Lérida, Llerena, Lorca, Orense, Pamplona, Pontevedra, San Sebastián, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tarragona, Valladolid, Vera, Vigo and Zaragoza. The law also provided for by-elections to fill seats vacated throughout the legislature.


1918 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
For the Senate, 180 seats were indirectly elected, with electors voting for delegates instead of senators. Elected delegates—equivalent in number to one-sixth of the councillors in each municipal corporation—would then vote for senators using a write-in, two-round majority voting system. The provinces of Barcelona, Madrid and Valencia were allocated four seats each, whereas each of the remaining provinces was allocated three seats, for a total of 150.


1918 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
The remaining 30 were allocated to a number of institutions, electing one seat each—the Archdioceses of Burgos, Granada, Santiago de Compostela, Seville, Tarragona, Toledo, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; the Royal Spanish Academy; the Royal Academies of History, Fine Arts, Sciences, Moral and Political Sciences and Medicine; the Universities of Madrid, Barcelona, Granada, Oviedo, Salamanca, Santiago, Seville, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; and the Economic Societies of Friends of the Country from Madrid, Barcelona, León, Seville and Valencia.


1918 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
An additional 180 seats comprised senators in their own right—the Monarch's offspring and the heir apparent once coming of age; Grandees of Spain of the first class; Captain Generals of the Army and the Navy Admiral; the Patriarch of the Indies and archbishops; as well as other high-ranking state figures—and senators for life (who were appointed by the Monarch).


1918 Spanish general election, Overview, Election date
The term of each House of the Cortes—the Congress and one-half of the elective part of the Senate—expired five years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The Monarch had the prerogative to dissolve both Houses at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election.


1918 St George's, Hanover Square by-election
The St George's, Hanover Square by-election of 1918 was held on 4 October 1918. The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Conservative MP, Sir George Reid. It was won by the Conservative candidate Sir Newton Moore, who was elected unopposed.


1918 St. Louis Browns season
The 1918 St. Louis Browns season involved the Browns finishing 5th in the American League with a record of 58 wins and 64 losses.


1918 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1918 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1918 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1918 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1918 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1918 St. Louis Cardinals season
The 1918 St. Louis Cardinals season was the team's 37th season in St. Louis, Missouri and its 27th season in the National League. The Cardinals went 51–78 during the season and finished 8th in the National League. It would be the last time the Cardinals would finish in last place until 1990, when they finished sixth in the National League East.


1918 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1918 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1918 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1918 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1918 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1918 St. Xavier Saints football team
The 1918 St. Xavier Musketeers football team was an American football team that represented St. Xavier College (later renamed Xavier University) as an independent during the 1918 college football season. In its first season under head coach Albert B. Lambert, the team compiled a 4–1–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 93 to 37.


1918 Stanley Cup Finals
The 1918 Stanley Cup Finals was contested by the National Hockey League (NHL) champion Toronto and the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA) champion Vancouver Millionaires. In a series held entirely in Toronto, the Toronto team won the series by three games to two in the best-of-five game series to win the Stanley Cup. It was the first series contested by the new NHL and subsequently the first Stanley Cup win by the Toronto NHL franchise team.


1918 Stanley Cup Finals, Paths to the Finals
Prior to the 1917–18 season, the National Hockey Association (NHA) had suspended operations as the result of a power play to oust Toronto Blueshirts owner Eddie Livingstone. The remaining clubs then met in November 1918 to form the NHL, using the same constitution and playing rules of the NHA. The NHL took the NHA's place in competing for the Cup in a playoff series with the Pacific Coast Hockey Association.


1918 Stanley Cup Finals, Paths to the Finals
The Toronto NHL players were assigned from the Toronto NHA franchise, and played for a 'temporary' Toronto NHL franchise, operated by the Toronto Arena owners. This is why it is often called the 'Arenas' although no hockey club with the official name "Arenas" existed until after the 1917–18 season.


1918 Stanley Cup Finals, Paths to the Finals
The team at the time used no nickname; and it was often referred to at the time as the "Blueshirts", the nickname of the NHA franchise, as it was announced by the NHA that the franchise had been sold, although this had not been agreed to by Eddie Livingstone, who wanted to resume his franchise, or be compensated under his terms.


1918 Stanley Cup Finals, Paths to the Finals
Despite this black cloud over it, Toronto won the second half of the split regular season, while the Montreal Canadiens won the first half. Toronto then won the NHL title by defeating the Canadiens in a two-game, total-goals series, 10–7.


1918 Stanley Cup Finals, Paths to the Finals
Meanwhile, Vancouver finished the 1917–18 PCHA regular season in second place with a 9–9 record behind the 11–7 Seattle Metropolitans. However, Vancouver beat Seattle in that league's two-game, total-goals finals, 3–1, with a 1–0 game two victory.


1918 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries
As with the three previous NHA-PCHA Cup Final series, the series alternated between the NHL champion and the PCHA champion each year, while the differing rules for the leagues alternated each game. This meant that all of the games for the 1918 championship series were played at Toronto's Arena Gardens.


1918 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries
Two of the major differences between the two leagues' rules proved to be a major factor in the series. The PCHA allowed forward passing (adopted in the 1913–14 season) and played with seven players per side; the NHL did not adopt forward passing until the following season, and only played with six players. In every game, the winner was the one playing under its league's rules.


1918 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries
The Torontos won Games 1 and 3 with victories of 5–3 and 6–3, and the Millionaires recorded 6–4 and 8–1 wins in Games 2 and 4. Because game five was played under NHL rules, it helped Toronto's Corbett Denneny to score the series winning goal in a 2–1 victory. The Torontos outscored the Millionaires by a combined total of 13–7 in the three games played under NHL rules. Conversely, Vancouver recorded a 14–5 margin in the games under PCHA rules.


1918 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries
Toronto goaltender Hap Holmes recorded a 4.20 goals-against average during the series, while Alf Skinner led Toronto with eight goals. Cyclone Taylor scored nine goals for Vancouver.


1918 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving
The 1918 Stanley Cup was presented by the trophy's trustee William Foran. The Arenas never did engrave their name on the Cup for their championship season.


1918 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving
It was not until the trophy was redesigned in 1948 that the words "1918 Toronto Arenas" was put onto its then-new collar.


1918 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving
The following Arenas players and staff were eligible to have their names engraved on the Stanley Cup


1918 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving, Coaching and administrative staff
‡ Played rover position in the Stanley Cup Finals† Missing from team picture.


1918 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving, Stanley Cup engraving
Although the Vancouver team was not the winner of the series, the Vancouver club had the words "Vancouver/Defeated Seattle/1917–18/Score 1–0" engraved on the Cup after winning the PCHA championship over the Metropolitans, who won the previous year's Cup finals. This was consistent with the practice at that time of the trophy being  officially passed on to the winner of the league championship of the previous Cup champion's league.


1918 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving, Stanley Cup engraving
The Toronto club never did engrave their name on the Cup to memorialize their series victory over Vancouver. At the time, the NHL club was in a dispute with the owner of the NHA Toronto franchise holder over the Stanley Cup revenues. In 1948, the NHL engraved "1918 Toronto Arenas" on the Cup.


1918 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving, Stanley Cup engraving
Dick Carroll was not only the first NHL coach to win the Stanley Cup in his first NHL season, Carroll was also a rookie coach.


1918 Stanley Cup playoffs
The 1918 Stanley Cup playoffs were played from March 11 until March 30, when the National Hockey League (NHL) champion Toronto Blue Shirts defeated the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA) champion Vancouver Millionaires for the Stanley Cup.


1918 Stanley Cup playoffs, NHL Championship
Montreal had won the first half of the NHL split season and Toronto had won the second half. The two teams then played a two-game total goals series for the NHL championship and the O'Brien Cup. Toronto won the series and advanced to the Stanley Cup final.


1918 Stanley Cup playoffs, PCHA championship
The Vancouver Millionaires defeated the defending Stanley Cup Seattle Metropolitans, taking a two-game total-goals series 3–2 on a 1–0 win over Seattle in the second game. Barney Stanley scored the decisive goal, the only goal of the second game.


1918 Stanley Cup playoffs, Statistics, NHL playoff scoring leaders
GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points


1918 State of the Union Address
The 1918 State of the Union Address was given by the 28th president of the United States, Woodrow Wilson, on Monday, December 2, 1918, to the houses of the 65th United States Congress. He gave these war statistics, "A year ago we had sent 145,918 men overseas. Since then we have sent 1,950,513, an average of 162,542 each month, the number in fact rising, in May last, to 245,951, in June to 278,760, in July to 307,182, and continuing to reach similar figures in August and September, in August 289,570 and in September 257,438."


1918 State of the Union Address
By the end of 1918, America had won the peace, and World War I was over. He said, "And throughout it all how fine the spirit of the nation was: what unity of purpose, what untiring zeal!" He ended with, "I shall make my absence as brief as possible and shall hope to return with the happy assurance that it has been possible to translate into action the great ideals for which America has striven."


1918 Svenska Mästerskapet Final
The 1918 Svenska Mästerskapet Final was played on 6 October 1918 between the three-time finalists IFK Göteborg and the first-time finalists Helsingborgs IF. The match decided the winner of 1918 Svenska Mästerskapet, the football cup to determine the Swedish champions. IFK Göteborg won their third title with a 5–0 victory.


1918 Swan by-election
The 1918 Swan by-election was a by-election for the Division of Swan in the Australian House of Representatives, following the death of the sitting member Sir John Forrest. Held on 26 October 1918, the by-election led to the election of the youngest person to be elected until 2010 to the Parliament of Australia, Edwin Corboy. It saw the conservative vote split between the Country Party and the Nationalist Party, which directly prompted the introduction of preferential voting in Australia.


1918 Swan by-election, Background
Sir John Forrest, who had been the first Premier of Western Australia, was elected to the Australian House of Representatives for the Division of Swan at the first federal election on 29 March 1901.


1918 Swan by-election, Background
On 6 February 1918, Forrest was offered a place in the British peerage (he was to be created Baron Forrest of Bunbury), though the relevant letters patent had not at the time been issued. Forrest set out for England to accept the offer and take up his place in the House of Lords, but he died en route on 2 September 1918, off the coast of Sierra Leone, from cancer. Thus, a by-election was called to replace Forrest as the representative for Swan.


1918 Swan by-election, Background, Electoral system and political parties in Australia
By 1909, Australia had evolved a two-party system at the federal level, with the conservative Commonwealth Liberal Party and the progressive Australian Labor Party having both alternately won power via general election. This system was upset in November 1916, when the Labor party split over the issue of conscription; Prime Minister Billy Hughes and his pro-conscription supporters left the Labor party and formed a minority government as the "National Labor Party", before merging with the Liberals in February 1917 to form the Nationalist Party with Hughes as their leader.


1918 Swan by-election, Background, Electoral system and political parties in Australia
However, Hughes was distrusted by some on the conservative side of politics for his past involvement in socialist politics as Labor leader, and disaffected conservative farmers were moved to support the new Country Party, which had been formed in Western Australia in 1913 (and would be formed federally in 1922 from an amalgamation of state-based parties).


1918 Swan by-election, Background, Electoral system and political parties in Australia
At the time of the 1918 Swan by-election, Australia used a first past the post voting system, as was used in the United Kingdom, in all elections at the federal level. Under this system, the winner was simply the candidate with the highest numerical total of votes, regardless of whether it was a majority.


1918 Swan by-election, Election
The by-election was the first of what have come to be known in Australia as "three-cornered contests" with two anti-Labor parties both running candidates against Labor. The Nationalist candidate was William Hedges; Basil Murray was the Country Party candidate; Edwin Corboy was the Labor candidate, with William Watson standing as an independent. Hedges was previously a member of the House of Representatives for the Division of Fremantle, from 1906 to 1913. Forrest had won Swan in the previous election unopposed.


1918 Swan by-election, Election, Results
In the end, the Nationalist and Country candidates split the anti-Labor vote, Hedges achieving 29.6% and Murray gathering 31.4% of the total; however, both were beaten by the Labor candidate Corboy, who received 34.4% of the total vote. Corboy was duly elected as the member for Swan.


1918 Swan by-election, Consequences
Corboy, who was elected just 22 years and two months old, remained the youngest person ever to be elected to either house of the Parliament of Australia until the 2010 election, when 20-year-old Wyatt Roy was elected as a member of the Liberal National Party of Queensland to the seat of Longman.


1918 Swan by-election, Consequences
Shocked by the loss of a safe Nationalist seat to Labor, the Nationalist government was moved to initiate electoral reform and change the voting system to preferential voting (also known outside Australia as instant-runoff voting) as part of a rewrite of the electoral legislation, with the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918.


1918 Swan by-election, Consequences
While preferential voting had already been introduced at the state level in Western Australia (1907) and Victoria (1911) and had been considered at the federal level by Sir Joseph Cook's government (1913–1914), it was only the "considerations of partisan advantage [and not] the finer points of electoral theory" that provided the impetus for the change.


1918 Swan by-election, Consequences
Preferential voting was first put to use in the Corangamite by-election for the Victorian seat of Corangamite two months later, and Labor candidate and future Prime Minister James Scullin topped the primary vote, only to be defeated after distribution of preferences by William Gibson of the Victorian Farmers' Union. The preferential voting system remains in place and has helped to support a fairly stable three-party system, with the anti-Labor parties (presently the Liberal Party of Australia and the National Party of Australia) regularly forming coalition governments.


1918 Swan by-election, Consequences
At the 1919 election, Corboy once again polled the highest percentage at the first count, with two conservative candidates again splitting the conservative vote, but with the introduction of preferential voting, Corboy was easily defeated by the Country Party's John Prowse on preferences.


1918 Swan by-election, Consequences
In a twist of fate William Watson, who finished a distant fourth in this by-election with just 4.6% of the vote, would be elected to the House of Representatives for the Division of Fremantle at the 1922 election on the back of preferences from Nationalist candidate William Hedges, the same man who had also contested the by-election and had previously been the member for Fremantle.


1918 Swarthmore Quakers football team
The 1918 Swarthmore Quakers football team was an American football team that represented Swarthmore College as an independent in the 1918 college football season. In their second season under head coach Leroy Mercer, the Quakers compiled a 4–2 record and outscored opponents by a total of 116 to 38.


1918 Swiss general strike
The 1918 Swiss general strike (German: Landesstreik) took place from November 12 to 14 and involved around 250,000 workers.


1918 Swiss general strike, Background
Although Switzerland remained neutral during World War I, it did mobilize its army. The military called 220,000 men into active service. The Swiss labor movement initially supported the cause of national defense.


1918 Swiss general strike, Background
The war caused significant economic privation in the country. It also deepened the rift between workers on the one side and business and farmers on the other. The war caused a considerable spike in the price of consumer goods. Bread prices, for instance, doubled between 1914 and 1918. Farmers and many businesses profited from this, but workers suffered. Their wages did not rise with prices. Average industrial real wages sank by a quarter. Military mobilization further contributed to workers' distress. Workers drafted into the military were not compensated for lost wages and soldiers' pay was much lower than industrial workers' wages.


1918 Swiss general strike, Background
In February 1918 at a meeting in Olten, leaders of the Swiss Socialist Party (SPS), the country's labor unions, and the socialist press decided to create the Olten Action Committee (OAK). Its purpose was to provide unified leadership to the labor movement and the socialist party. It was led by Robert Grimm, the editor of the socialist newspaper Berner Tagwacht and a member of the lower house of parliament, the National Council. The other members were Friedrich Schneider and Rosa Bloch as representatives of the SPS and Karl Dürr, Konrad Ilg, August Huggler, and Franz Reichmann as representatives of various labor unions.


1918 Swiss general strike, Run-up
On November 5, 1918, the Federal Council, Switzerland's executive, deployed two infantry regiments and two cavalry brigades to Zurich. It claimed that economic and political instability could give radicals, particularly foreigners in Zurich, the opportunity to cause disturbances and to attempt a revolution and that the soldiers were needed to maintain order. The troops marched into Zurich on November 7.


1918 Swiss general strike, Run-up
This move angered the city's labor organizations who accused the government of seeking to establish a military dictatorship. The OAK also protested the government's decision. It called for a one-day strike in nineteen cities on November 9, a Saturday. The strikes remained peaceful. They only took place in some of the nineteen cities, because labor organizers in the others felt that they had not been given enough time to prepare and consequently did not heed the Committee's call.


1918 Swiss general strike, Run-up
In Zurich, however, labor leaders considered the Committee's one-day strike overly cautious and vowed to continue the struggle until the Army withdrew from the city. The next day, a Sunday, Zurich's labor movement had made plans to celebrate the first anniversary of the Russian October Revolution. The same day, news of the German November Revolution and the toppling of the German Emperor reached Zurich. The military proscribed all public demonstrations. When troops dispersed a crowd on the square Münsterplatz, the resulting disorder left four protesters injured and one soldier dead. Protesters reassembled on the Milchbuck and were attacked by cavalry bearing sabers, forcing them to flee.


1918 Swiss general strike, General strike
The altercations in Zurich forced the OAK to act. Its members discussed their options in a long and tumultuous meeting. The Committee issued a proclamation entitled "To the Working People of Switzerland". The proclamation called for a general strike beginning on November 12 and made nine demands:


1918 Swiss general strike, General strike
The Federal Council immediately rejected the Committee's demands. It left the door open to social reforms, but insisted they could only be accomplished through legal procedures. It called on the Swiss people to side with the government. The government also placed all federal employees under military law, subject to punishment if they participated in the strike. It mobilized the Army, some 110,000 soldiers. Furthermore, the Swiss government decided to close down the Soviet Union's diplomatic mission in Berne. Its staff, including the mission chief Jan Berzin, were escorted to the German border on November 12.


1918 Swiss general strike, General strike
The general strike started as planned on Tuesday, November 12. Participation was greatest in the industrial areas of German-speaking northern and eastern Switzerland. In Zurich and Basel workers were particularly enthusiastic. Even workers who might not otherwise have taken part in the strike, particularly those in rural areas, were prevented from commuting to work because trains did not run. In the French-speaking Romandy, strike participation was far lower, because the OAK had less influence there. French speakers exhibited more support for the Allies in World War I and some suspected Grimm of harboring sympathy for the Germans. There were no major incidents on the first day of the strike.


1918 Swiss general strike, General strike
On November 12, both chambers of the Swiss legislature assembled for a special session, with some delegates requiring military assistance to reach Berne. By a vote of 136 to 15, the Federal Assembly passed several measures designed to break the strike after two days of debates. Only socialist delegates voted against the measures. The OAK was given an ultimatum to call off the strike by 5 pm on November 13. At 2 am of November 14, the Committee and the socialist leadership complied, calling on workers to resume their work on Friday, November 15. The Committee's decision was unanimous, but for the dissent of Grimm and Schneider, a labor leader from Basel.


1918 Swiss general strike, General strike
The strike had already been called off when it claimed its first lives. In Grenchen, a town in the Canton of Solothurn, protesting workers were tearing up railroad tracks and soldiers shot at them. Three died and more were injured. In Basel and Zurich, workers initially refused to believe news of the strike's end. Schneider traveled to Basel to convince them to return to work. In Zurich, the labor movement, led by Ernst Nobs, was incensed by the decision to end the strike and considered ignoring it. Eventually, moderates prevailed, but in some factories work did not resume until the next Monday.


1918 Swiss general strike, Aftermath and legacy
The 1918 general strike was the most significant domestic crisis in Switzerland since the Sonderbund War of 1847 and the formation of the Swiss federal state in 1848.


1918 Swiss general strike, Aftermath and legacy
In early 1919, twenty-one leaders were put on trial for incitement to mutiny. Grimm, Schneider, and Fritz Platten were convicted for their involvement in the publication and dissemination of the pamphlet calling for the general strike. Specifically, the proclamation contained a call for soldiers to ignore orders to shoot workers. They were sentenced to six months in prison. Nobs was convicted because of a different text he published which was found to be subversive. He was sentenced to a four-week prison term. All four served their sentences, while the other seventeen defendants were acquitted.


1918 Swiss general strike, Aftermath and legacy
The strike did not feature in many works of literary fiction. It plays a part in Meinrad Inglin's Schweizerspiegel, which was published in 1938. Les signes parmi nous, written by Charles-Ferdinand Ramuz in 1919, tells the story of a Bible salesman who travels throughout Switzerland and is led to believe that the Apocalypse is coming because of the Spanish flu and the general strike. Jean-Paul Zimmermann's L'étranger dans la ville, written in 1919 but only published in 1931, deals with the way the strike was perceived in the town of Le Locle. In film, the strike was the subject of the 2018 docufiction Generalstreik 1918: Die Schweiz am Rande eines Bürgerkriegs, directed by Hansjürg Zumstein, which praises the sense of responsibility exhibited both by labor leaders and government officials to avoid a bloodshed.


1918 Swiss referendums
Two referendums were held in Switzerland during 1918. The first was held on 2 June on introducing a direct federal tax, and was rejected by a majority of voters and cantons. The second was held on 13 October 1918 on introducing proportional representation for National Council elections, and was approved by a majority of voters and cantons. As a result, proportional representation was introduced in the 1919 elections.


1918 Swiss referendums, Background
Both referendums were popular initiatives, which required a double majority; a majority of the popular vote and majority of the cantons. The decision of each canton was based on the vote in that canton. Full cantons counted as one vote, whilst half cantons counted as half.


1918 Syracuse Orangemen football team
The 1918 Syracuse Orangemen football team represented Syracuse University in the 1918 college football season.


1918 TCU Horned Frogs football team
The 1918 TCU Horned Frogs football team represented Texas Christian University (TCU) as a member of the Texas Intercollegiate Athletic Association (TIAA) during the 1918 college football season. Led by Ernest M. Tipton in his first and only year as head coach, the Horned Frogs compiled an overall record of 4–3. The team's captain was Bryan Miller, who played quarterback


1918 Taranaki by-election
The Taranaki by-election of 1918 was a by-election in the Taranaki electorate on the west coast of the North Island. It was held during the 19th New Zealand Parliament, on 10 October 1918. It was caused by the death of incumbent MP Henry Okey of the Reform Party and was won by Sydney George Smith, the son of previous Taranaki MP Edward Smith, who stood as an independent Labour candidate. Smith supported the war effort unlike most Labour politicians, gaining him support of voters who likewise supported the war.


1918 Tennessee (SATC) football team
The University of Tennessee Athletic Council, chaired by Professor Nathan Dougherty, officially suspended varsity football during the World War I years of 1917 and 1918 because the majority of the players were called into military service. In addition, Coach John R. Bender was enlisted as an instructor at Camp John Sevier in Greenville, South Carolina.


1918 Tennessee (SATC) football team
During this period without varsity football, two unofficial teams were formed from Army recruits and students. One team represented a training unit called the Fighting Mechanics and the other team represented the Student Army Training Corps (SATC).


1918 Tennessee (SATC) football team
Vanderbilt's program considers the game between the two schools as an official game, however, University of Tennessee does not since most of their team was enlisted in the military fighting in World War I.


1918 Tennessee gubernatorial election
The 1918 Tennessee gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1918. Democratic nominee Albert H. Roberts defeated Republican nominee Hugh B. Lindsay with 62.37% of the vote.


1918 Texas A&M Aggies football team
The 1918 Texas A&M Aggies football team represented Texas A&M during the 1918 college football season. D. V. Graves coached the Aggies for a year while Dana X. Bible served in the war.


1918 Texas Longhorns football team
The 1918 Texas Longhorns football team represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 1918 college football season.


1918 The Citadel Bulldogs football team
The 1918 The Citadel Bulldogs football team represented The Citadel Academy in the 1918 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. Harvey O'Brien served as coach for the third season. The Bulldogs played as members of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association and played home games at College Park Stadium in Hampton Park. The 1918 season was interrupted by World War I and the Spanish flu, resulting in just a three game schedule for the Bulldogs, all taking place after Armistice Day.


1918 Tie Cup Final
The 1918 Tie Cup Final was the final match to decide the winner of the Tie Cup, the 19th. edition of the international competition organised by the Argentine and Uruguayan Associations together. The final was contested by Argentine side Porteño and Uruguayan club Wanderers ,


1918 Tie Cup Final
In the match, played at Gimnasia y Esgrima in Palermo, Buenos Aires, Wanderers beat Porteño 2–1, winning its third Tie Cup trophy (and second consecutive).


1918 Tie Cup Final, Overview
Porteño earned its place in the final as the winner of 1918 Copa de Competencia Jockey Club, after beating Gimnasia y Esgrima (4–0), Almagro (4–2), Estudiantes de Buenos Aires (2–0), Ferro Carril Oeste (4–1)</ref> Tiro Federal (2–1 in the semifinal) and River Plate (2–1 in the final). As a curious fact, Porteño played all its matches in Palermo.


1918 Tie Cup Final, Overview
There were no goals in the first half. On 52 minutes, Pérez, in offside position, made a pass that Buffoni connected to the first goal. Four minutes later, Pérez again sent a pass that was weakily rebounded by Arrieta, allowing Landeira to score the second goal for Wanderers. The only goal of Porteño was scored by Uslenghi by a penalty kick awarded after both backs of Wanderers fouled Clark.


1918 Tie Cup Final, Overview
With that result, Wanderers crowned champion, achieving its third Tie Cup trophy.


1918 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
The 1918 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship was the 29th staging of the Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Tipperary County Board in 1887.


1918 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
Toomevara defeated Boherlahan by 6-00 to 3-04 in the final, however, Boherlahan were later awarded the title after a successful objection. It was their fourth championship title overall and their fourth title in succession.


1918 Toledo Blue and Gold football team
The 1918 Toledo Blue and Gold football team was an American football team that represented Toledo University (renamed the University of Toledo in 1967) as an independent during the 1918 college football season. Led by coach James Baxter, Toledo compiled a 1–1 record.


1918 Toronto anti-Greek riot
The 1918 Toronto anti-Greek riot was a three-day race riot in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, targeting Greek immigrants during August 2–4, 1918. (Some sources indicate the date range August 1–5, to include the event that triggered the violence and the date of the final restoration of the peace.) It was the largest riot in the city's history and one of the largest anti-Greek riots in the world. In the newspapers of the time the events were referred to as the Toronto troubles. The riots were the result of prejudice against new immigrants and the false beliefs that Greeks were not fighting in World War I, and that they were pro-German.


1918 Toronto anti-Greek riot
The riots were triggered by news about the expulsion of a disabled veteran, Private Claude Cludernay, from the Greek-owned White City Café on Thursday evening, August 1. Cludernay was drunk and belligerent and struck a waiter, who ejected him and called police. Although the event was insignificant, it sparked indignation, and violence started on Friday, August 2, when crowds estimated at 5,000–20,000 persons, led by World War I army veterans, looted and destroyed every visibly Greek business in the city center, while the overwhelmed police could not prevent this and just stood by and watched.


1918 Toronto anti-Greek riot
Due to the scope of the violence, the city mayor had to invoke the Riot Act to call in the militia and military police. On Saturday night, the police and militia were engaged in fierce battles downtown attempting to stop the violence. In total, an estimated 50,000 on both sides took part in the riot. Over 20 restaurants were attacked, with damages estimated at more than $1,000,000 in modern (as of 2010) values.


1918 Toronto anti-Greek riot
After the events, Greek community leaders issued an official statement stating that they support the Allied cause. They stated that those who were naturalized were joining the Canadian army and that there were more than 2,000 Greeks in the Canadian Expeditionary Force (C.E.F.) with many from Toronto, and at least five Toronto Greeks had been killed while serving with the C.E.F, and ten incapacitated. Additionally, at least 135 Toronto Greeks had returned home to join the Greek army against the Central Powers.


1918 Toronto anti-Greek riot
Many Greek families abandoned the Yonge Street area after the riots, eventually forming a new Greek neighbourhood further east along Danforth Avenue.


1918 Toronto anti-Greek riot
The riots echoed incidents in the United States where Greek immigrants were attacked and displaced by mobs and even the Ku Klux Klan. The Greek diaspora responded with overt demonstrations of patriotism, such as buying large amounts of war bonds during World War II and changing their names to make them more familiar to North American ears.


1918 Toronto municipal election
Municipal elections were held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, on January 1, 1918. Mayor Tommy Church was elected to his fourth consecutive term in office.


1918 Toronto municipal election, Toronto mayor
Church had first been elected mayor in 1915 and had been reelected every year since. His opponent was Controller R.H. Cameron, who finished some ten thousand votes behind.


1918 Toronto municipal election, Board of Control
There was considerable change to the Board of Control in this election. Three new members were elected: Cameron created one vacancy by choosing to run for mayor, and Thomas Foster had also decided to not run again. Incumbent William Henry Shaw was defeated.


1918 Toronto municipal election, City council
Results taken from the January 1, 1919 Toronto Daily Star and might not exactly match final tallies.


1918 Toronto municipal election, Vacancy
Ward 7 Alderman William Henry Weir dies December 11, 1918 and is not replaced.


1918 Tulane Olive and Blue football team
The 1918 Tulane Olive and Blue football team represented Tulane University during the 1918 college football season.


1918 Tullamore by-election
The Tullamore by-election of 1918 was held on 19 April 1918. The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Independent Nationalist MP, Edward John Graham. It was won by the Sinn Féin candidate Patrick McCartan, who stood unopposed.


1918 Tullamore by-election
McCartan had previously contested the by-election in South Armagh for Sinn Féin but lost out to the Irish Parliamentary Party candidate. He was subsequently elected for the merged King's County constituency in the 1918 general election,


1918 Tyler tornado
The 1918 Tyler tornado was a deadly and destructive tornado that devastated the town of Tyler, Minnesota on Wednesday, August 21, 1918. The F4-estimated tornado hit the town at approximately 9:20 pm, killing 36 people and injuring over 100 others. Debris from Tyler was found up to 23 miles (37 km) away. It is the fourth-deadliest tornado in Minnesota's history.


1918 U.S. National Championships (tennis)
The 1918 U.S. National Championships (now known as the US Open) was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor grass courts at the West Side Tennis Club, Forest Hills in New York City, United States. The women's tournament was held from 17 Jun until 22 June while the men's tournament ran from 26 August until 3 September. It was the 38th staging of the U.S. National Championships and due to World War I the only Grand Slam tennis event of the year.


1918 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Men's Doubles
Bill Tilden /  Vincent Richards defeated  Fred Alexander /  Beals Wright 6–3, 6–4, 3–6, 2–6, 6–4


1918 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Women's Doubles
Marion Zinderstein /  Eleonora Sears defeated  Molla Bjurstedt /  Mrs. Rogge 7–5, 8–6


1918 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Mixed Doubles
Hazel Wightman /  Irving Wright defeated  Molla Bjurstedt /  Fred Alexander 6–2, 6–4


1918 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles
Robert Lindley Murray defeated Bill Tilden 6–3, 6–1, 7–5 in the final to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1918 U.S. National Championships, his second consecutive title at the event. The event was held at the West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills, New York from August 26 through September 3, 1918.


1918 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles
Molla Bjurstedt defeated Eleanor Goss 6–4, 6–3 in the challenge round to win the Women's Singles tennis title at the 1918 U.S. National Championships. The event was played on outdoor grass courts and held at the Philadelphia Cricket Club in Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia from June 17 through June 22, 1918. It was the last edition of the event with a challenge round.


1918 USC Trojans football team
The 1918 USC Trojans football team represented the University of Southern California (USC) in the 1918 college football season. In their fifth and final year under head coach Dean Cromwell, the Trojans compiled a 2–2–2 record, scored 61 points, and allowed 61 points.


1918 Ukrainian Constituent Assembly election
Elections to the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly (Ukrainian: Вибори до Українських Установчих Зборів) were never finished as a result of events in the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the following.


1918 Ukrainian Constituent Assembly election, Organization
There were 301 seats contested to the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly in 13 electoral districts starting on January 9 [O.S. December 27] 1918. The elections were proclaimed on November 20 by the Third Universal of the Central Rada of the Ukrainian People's Republic. The Universal proclaimed that the Constituent Assembly would convene on January 22 [O.S. January 9] 1918. The elections were conducted by the Electoral Bureau of the General Secretary of Internal Affairs directed by Mykhailo Kovenko.


1918 Ukrainian Constituent Assembly election, Organization
The Universal proclaimed that the Constituent Assembly's 301 deputies were to be elected by a direct universal, equal and secret vote on the basis of proportional representation of 1 deputy per 100,000 constituents. Male and female citizens aged 20 and over who have attained the right to vote were allowed to participate in the elections.


1918 Ukrainian Constituent Assembly election, Preparation
Right before elections the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party tried to sabotage the elections through another coup-d'etat that was scheduled to take place on December 24 to establish the Soviet power in Ukraine. However, that attempt was effectively extinguished, all Bolshevik military formations were disarmed, and sent by train to the Soviet Russia including the 2nd Guard Corps led by Yevgenia Bosch that was stopped near Zhmerynka en route to Kiev in support of the mutiny. On December 30 the government of Russia (Sovnarkom) issued an ultimatum to reinstate legal rights of Bolshevik military formations in Ukraine, which was ignored.


1918 Ukrainian Constituent Assembly election, Results
According to the election results, 171 of the 301 deputies were elected in regions where the Bolsheviks were not in power. Over 70 percent of the total votes cast were for Ukrainian political parties while only 10 percent went to the Bolsheviks. Following political turmoil, the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly never convened and the Central Council took on its responsibilities. The elections were paused due to invasion of Russia and the chaos that was spread as the result of it. The Central Rada announced that it will act as the legislative body until the Assembly will be convened.


1918 United Kingdom general election
The 1918 United Kingdom general election was called immediately after the Armistice with Germany which ended the First World War, and was held on Saturday, 14 December 1918. The governing coalition, under Prime Minister David Lloyd George, sent letters of endorsement to candidates who supported the coalition government. These were nicknamed "Coalition Coupons", and led to the election being known as the "coupon election". The result was a massive landslide in favour of the coalition, comprising primarily the Conservatives and Coalition Liberals, with massive losses for Liberals who were not endorsed. Nearly all the Liberal MPs without coupons were defeated, although party leader H. H. Asquith managed to return to Parliament in a by-election.


1918 United Kingdom general election
It was the first general election to include on a single day all eligible voters of the United Kingdom, although the vote count was delayed until 28 December so that the ballots cast by soldiers serving overseas could be included in the tallies.


1918 United Kingdom general election
It resulted in a landslide victory for the coalition government of David Lloyd George, who had replaced H. H. Asquith as Prime Minister in December 1916. They were both Liberals and continued to battle for control of the party, which was rapidly losing popular support and never regained power.


1918 United Kingdom general election
It was the first general election to be held after enactment of the Representation of the People Act 1918. It was thus the first election in which women over the age of 30, and all men over the age of 21, could vote. Previously, all women and many poor men had been excluded from voting. Women generally supported the coalition candidates.


1918 United Kingdom general election
It was the first parliamentary election in which women were able to stand as candidates following the Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act 1918, believed to be one of the shortest Acts of Parliament ever given Royal Assent. The Act was passed shortly before Parliament was dissolved. It followed a report by Law Officers that the Great Reform Act 1832 had specified parliamentary candidates had to be male and that the Representation of the People Act passed earlier in the year did not change that. One woman, Nina Boyle, had already presented herself for a by-election earlier in the year in Keighley but had been turned down by the returning officer on technical grounds.


1918 United Kingdom general election
The election was also noted for the dramatic result in Ireland, which showed clear disapproval of government policy. The Irish Parliamentary Party were almost completely wiped out by the Irish republican party Sinn Féin, who vowed in their manifesto to establish an independent Irish Republic. They refused to take their seats in Westminster, instead forming a breakaway government and declaring Irish independence. The Irish War of Independence began soon after the election. Because of the resulting partition of Ireland, this was the last United Kingdom general election to include the entire island of Ireland.


1918 United Kingdom general election, Background
Lloyd George's coalition government was supported by a minority (majority after the election) of the Liberals and Bonar Law's Conservatives. However, the election saw a split in the Liberal Party between those who were aligned with Lloyd George and the government and those who were aligned with Asquith, the party's official leader.


1918 United Kingdom general election, Background
On 14 November it was announced that Parliament, which had been sitting since 1910 and had been extended by emergency wartime action, would dissolve on 25 November, with elections on 14 December.


1918 United Kingdom general election, Background
Following confidential negotiations over the summer of 1918, it was agreed that certain candidates were to be offered the support of the Prime Minister and the leader of the Conservative Party at the next general election. To these candidates a letter, known as the Coalition Coupon, was sent, indicating the government's endorsement of their candidacy. 159 Liberal, 364 Conservative, 20 National Democratic and Labour, and 2 Coalition Labour candidates received the coupon. For this reason, the election is often called the Coupon Election.


1918 United Kingdom general election, Background
80 Conservative candidates stood without a coupon. Of these, 35 candidates were Irish Unionists. Of the other non-couponed Conservative candidates, only 23 stood against a Coalition candidate; the remaining 22 candidates stood in areas where there were no coupons, or refused the offer of a coupon.


1918 United Kingdom general election, Background
The Labour Party, led by William Adamson, fought the election independently, as did those Liberals who did not receive a coupon.


1918 United Kingdom general election, Background
The election was not chiefly fought over what peace to make with Germany, although those issues played a role. More important was the voters' evaluation of Lloyd George in terms of what he had accomplished so far and what he promised for the future. His supporters emphasised that he had won the Great War. Against his strong record in social legislation, he called for making "a country fit for heroes to live in".


1918 United Kingdom general election, Background
This election was also known as a khaki election, due to the immediate postwar setting and the role of the demobilised soldiers.


1918 United Kingdom general election, Coalition victory
The coalition won the election easily, with the Conservatives the big winners. They were the largest party in the governing majority. Lloyd George remained Prime Minister, despite the Conservatives outnumbering his pro-coalition Liberals. The Conservatives welcomed his leadership on foreign policy as the Paris Peace talks began a few weeks after the election.


1918 United Kingdom general election, Coalition victory
An additional 47 Conservatives, 23 of whom were Irish Unionists, won without the coupon but did not act as a separate block or oppose the government except on the issue of Irish independence.


1918 United Kingdom general election, Coalition victory
While most of the pro-coalition Liberals were re-elected, Asquith's faction was reduced to just 36 seats and lost all their leaders from parliament; Asquith himself lost his own seat. Nine of these MPs subsequently joined the Coalition Liberal group. The remainder became bitter enemies of Lloyd George.


1918 United Kingdom general election, Coalition victory
The Labour Party greatly increased its vote share and surpassed the total votes of either Liberal party. Labour became the Official Opposition for the first time, but they lacked an official leader and so the Leader of the Opposition for the next fourteen months was the stand-in Liberal leader Donald Maclean (Asquith, having lost his seat at this election, was not returned until a by-election in February 1920). Labour could only slightly increase their number of seats, however, from 42 to 57 and some of their earlier leaders including Ramsay MacDonald and Arthur Henderson lost their seats. Labour won the most seats in Wales (which had previously been dominated by the Liberals) for the first time, a feat it has continued to the present day.


1918 United Kingdom general election, Coalition victory
The Conservative MPs included record numbers of corporate directors, bankers and businessmen, while Labour MPs were mostly from the working class. Bonar Law himself symbolised the change in the type of a Conservative MP as Bonar Law was a Presbyterian Canadian-born Scottish businessman who became in the words of his biographer, Robert Blake, the leader of "the Party of Old England, the Party of the Anglican Church and the country squire, the party of broad acres and hereditary titles".


1918 United Kingdom general election, Coalition victory
Bonar Law's ascent as leader of the Conservatives marked a shift in Conservative leaders from the aristocrats who generally led the party in the 19th century to a more middle class leadership who usually led the party in the 20th century. Many young veterans reacted against the harsh tone of the campaign and became disillusioned with politics.


1918 United Kingdom general election, Ireland
In Ireland, the Irish Parliamentary Party, which favoured Home Rule within the United Kingdom, lost almost all their seats, most of which were won by Sinn Féin under Éamon de Valera, which called for independence. The executions of many of the leaders of the Easter uprising of 1916, the force-feeding of those imprisoned in connection with the uprising who had gone on a hunger strike in 1917, and the Conscription Crisis of 1918 all served to alienate Irish Catholic opinion from the United Kingdom.


1918 United Kingdom general election, Ireland
The Sinn Féin candidates had promised on the campaign trail to win an Irish republic "by any means necessary", which was a code-word for violence, though it is not entirely clear if all Irish voters understood what the phrase meant. The 73 Sinn Féin elected members declined to take their seats in the British House of Commons, sitting instead in the Irish revolutionary assembly, the Dáil Éireann. On 17 May 1918 almost the entire leadership of Sinn Féin, including de Valera and Arthur Griffith, had been arrested. In total 47 of the Sinn Féin MPs were elected from jail. The Dáil first convened on 21 January 1919, which marks the beginning of the Irish War of Independence.


1918 United Kingdom general election, Ireland
In the six Ulster counties that became Northern Ireland, Unionists consolidated their position by winning 23 out of the 30 seats. Cardinal Logue brokered a pact in eight seats (one, East Donegal, not in the six counties), after nominations closed, where Catholic voters were instructed to vote for one particular nationalist party. Split evenly, the Irish Parliamentary Party won four of those seats and Sinn Féin three. (The pact failed in East Down). Joe Devlin, memorably, also won Belfast (Falls) for the Irish Parliamentary Party in a straight fight with Éamon de Valera of Sinn Féin.


1918 United Kingdom general election, Ireland
Constance Markievicz became the first woman elected to Parliament. She was a Sinn Féin member elected for Dublin St Patrick's, and like the other Sinn Féin MPs, did not take her seat at Westminster.


1918 United Kingdom general election, Results, Maps
Results in Ireland. The Sinn Féin MPs did not take their seats in the House of Commons, and instead formed the Dáil Éireann (English: Assembly of Ireland).


1918 United States House of Representatives election in Wyoming
The 1918 House election in Wyoming was held on November 5, 1918. Incumbent Republican Congressman Frank Wheeler Mondell ran for re-election to a twelfth term in the U.S. House of Representatives. He was opposed by Democratic nominee Hayden M. White, the former Johnson County Prosecuting Attorney and the 1908 Democratic nominee for Congress. Owing in large part to the Republican landslide in 1918, Mondell handily defeated White to win re-election.


1918 United States House of Representatives elections
The 1918 United States House of Representatives elections were held November 5, 1918, which occurred in the middle of President Woodrow Wilson's second term.


1918 United States House of Representatives elections
With the country in World War I (contrary to previous promises by Wilson), and Wilson's personal popularity ebbing, the Republicans gained 25 seats and took over control of the House from Wilson's Democrats. Internal divide among Democratic leadership over aspects related to payment of the war also decreased the unity of the party, which had been the organization's strength during the decade. The Progressive Party also disappeared, with its former members generally becoming Democrats. Minnesota's Farmer–Labor Party, a descendant of populism, also gained its very first seat.


1918 United States House of Representatives elections
Frederick H. Gillett (R-Massachusetts) became Speaker, and previous speaker Champ Clark (D-Missouri) became Minority Leader.


1918 United States House of Representatives elections, Overall results
1 One vacancy, Victor L. Berger, a member of the Socialist Party of America, whom the House refused to seat.


1918 United States House of Representatives elections, Idaho
This was the first election in which Idaho was divided into districts, formerly it had had a single at-large district with two seats.


1918 United States House of Representatives elections, Non-voting delegates, Alaska Territory
As he had successfully done the previous time, Wickersham again contested the election. During the contest, Sulzer died April 28, 1919 and Democrat George Barnes Grigsby won the June 5, 1919 special election to finish the term. Wickersham then won the election contest and was seated March 1, 1921.


1918 United States House of Representatives elections in California
The United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1918 was an election for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 5, 1918. Democrats and Republicans swapped seats, leaving California's House delegation unchanged at 6 Republicans, 4 Democrats, and 1 Prohibition incumbent.


1918 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina
The 1918 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina were held on November 5, 1918 to select seven Representatives for two-year terms from the state of South Carolina. The primary elections were held on August 27 and the runoff elections were held two weeks later on September 10. All seven incumbents were re-elected and the composition of the state delegation remained solely Democratic.


1918 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 1st congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Richard S. Whaley of the 1st congressional district, in office since 1913, was unopposed in his bid for re-election.


1918 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 2nd congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman James F. Byrnes of the 2nd congressional district, in office since 1911, won the Democratic primary and was unopposed in the general election.


1918 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 3rd congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Frederick H. Dominick of the 3rd congressional district, in office since 1917, defeated Wyatt Aiken in the Democratic primary and was unopposed in the general election.


1918 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 4th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Samuel J. Nicholls of the 4th congressional district, in office since 1915, won the Democratic primary and was unopposed in the general election.


1918 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 5th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman William F. Stevenson of the 5th congressional district, in office since 1917, was unopposed in his bid for re-election.


1918 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 6th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman J. Willard Ragsdale of the 6th congressional district, in office since 1913, was unopposed in his bid for re-election.


1918 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 7th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Asbury Francis Lever of the 7th congressional district, in office since 1901, won the Democratic primary and defeated Republican R.H. Richardson in the general election.


1918 United States Senate election in Illinois
The 1918 United States Senate election in Illinois took place on November 5, 1918.


1918 United States Senate election in Illinois
Incumbent Democrat J. Hamilton Lewis lost reelection to Republican Medill McCormick.


1918 United States Senate election in Illinois, Election information
The primaries and general election coincided with those for House and those for state elections. The primaries were held September 11, 1918.


1918 United States Senate election in Illinois, Election information
This was the first election for this U.S. Senate seat to be held after the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution went into effect, and was therefore the first time that this seat faced a popular election.


1918 United States Senate election in Iowa
The 1918 United States Senate election in Iowa took place on November 5, 1918. Incumbent Republican Senator William S. Kenyon was re-elected to a second term in office over Democrat Charles Rollin Keyes.


1918 United States Senate election in Maine
The 1918 United States Senate election in Maine was held on September 9, 1918.


1918 United States Senate election in Maine
Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Bert Fernald, who had been elected to fill the unexpired term of the late Senator Edwin C. Burleigh, was elected to a full term in his own right, defeating Democrat Elmer Newbert.


1918 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
The United States Senate election of 1918 in Massachusetts was held on November 5, 1918. Democrat David I. Walsh defeated incumbent Republican John W. Weeks.


1918 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
Walsh became the first U.S. Senator from Massachusetts elected to a full term as a member of the modern Democratic Party. (A previous Democratic U.S. Senator, Robert Rantoul Jr., served only one month in 1851 after winning a special election.)


1918 United States Senate election in Michigan
The 1918 United States Senate election in Michigan took place on November 5, 1918. Incumbent Republican Senator William Alden Smith did not seek re-election to a third term in office. In the race to succeed him, Republican former Secretary of the Navy Truman Handy Newberry defeated the automobile industrialist Henry Ford. Ford first challenged Newberry in the Republican primary and lost and then faced Newberry again, running as the Democratic nominee in the general election.


1918 United States Senate election in Michigan
The race was highly controversial for campaign spending practices by both major candidates, with Newberry also hammering Ford for his pacifism during World War I, his antisemitism, and for helping his son Edsel avoid the draft. Newberry narrowly won the election but was ultimately forced to resign from the Senate under scrutiny for his campaign spending in this race.


1918 United States Senate election in Michigan, Republican primary, Campaign
In August 1917, Governor Albert E. Sleeper and his staff, disappointed in Senator William Alden Smith, suggested former Secretary of the Navy Truman Handy Newberry run for Smith's seat. They encouraged Newberry, by way of an intermediary, to run. In October, a meeting of Sleeper's staff was held at Port Huron, where the Governor pledged to stay out of the race, although his staff were unanimous in support of Newberry. A month later, a letter was drafted by one of the men present, Roger M. Andrews, encouraging Newberry to enter the race as Sleeper's preferred candidate. Newberry responded that the race was "intensely interesting" to him.


1918 United States Senate election in Michigan, Republican primary, Campaign
By February 1918, Newberry had begun building a campaign apparatus, hiring Paul H. King of Detroit to manage his campaign on March 1. King  gradually built an extremely large campaign staff throughout the state, headquartered at the Ford Building in Detroit.


1918 United States Senate election in Michigan, Republican primary, Campaign
On June 7, former Governor Fred M. Warner entered the race only to withdraw eleven days later after Henry Ford entered the race. After much speculation, Ford formally announced his campaign on June 14, 1918 with the endorsement of President Woodrow Wilson. Senator Smith finally ended his re-election campaign on July 26, the day before the deadline for filing nominating petitions.


1918 United States Senate election in Michigan, Republican primary, Campaign
In early August, newspapers including the Escanaba Journal, Charlotte Republican, and Senator Smith's own Grand Rapids Herald (under the pen of Arthur Vandenberg) published editorials criticizing Newberry for his excessive campaign spending and declaring that Newberry should not be nominated because if elected, there would be no difficulty for Democrats to prove he had obtained his seat illegally. Newberry replied that he had the assurance of his campaign staff that all expenditures were within the law. On August 15, his campaign committee echoed this statement. Vandenburg, Lieutenant Governor Luren Dickinson, and State Representative Merlin Wiley, who was managing the Osborn campaign, were harshly critical of the campaign's response.


1918 United States Senate election in Michigan, Republican primary, Results
The primary election was held on August 27 and resulted in a victory for Newberry.


1918 United States Senate election in Michigan, Republican primary, Results
On September 6, the Newberry campaign committee reported $176,560.08 of spending on the primary campaign, of which $147,860.16 was for "advertising and other publicity." Newberry's largest donations came from his brother John, his brother-in-law Victor Barnes, and Henry B. Joy, president of Packard Motors.


1918 United States Senate election in Michigan, Democratic primary, Campaign
Democrats were behind Ford from the start. President Wilson's endorsement was preceded by a June 4 meeting of the Democratic state committee at Lansing, where Democrats called for Ford as the compromise candidate of all parties and demanded that all Republican candidates withdraw from the race.


1918 United States Senate election in Michigan, Democratic primary, Campaign
However, a dissident movement led by William J. Mickel instead supported James W. Helme for the nomination.


1918 United States Senate election in Michigan, Democratic primary, Results
The primary election was held on August 27 and resulted in a victory for Ford.


1918 United States Senate election in Michigan, General election, Campaign
Newberry's extravagant primary spending became a focus of the general election campaign. In an open letter published September 17, ex-Governor Osborn congratulated Newberry on his victory and pledged his support but urged Newberry to confess that he had knowingly broken campaign finance laws without realizing the enormity of his offense. The same day, Democratic U.S. Senator Atlee Pomerene of Ohio presented a resolution for an investigation of Newberry's campaign for extravagant expenses; the resolution was postponed until after the election by a vote of 10–1. Billboards and other campaign advertisements were posted attacking Newberry's spending, primary opponent William G. Simpson published another letter on October 6 arraigning Newberry, and several of his campaign staff were held in contempt of court for refusing to testify to a federal grand jury in response to subpoenas.


1918 United States Senate election in Michigan, Aftermath, Senate investigation, 65th Congress
Ford initially declined to seek a recount, his secretary stating, "We believe that the campaign has been clean, as campaigns go, and therefore are willing to abide by the return sheets." One week later, however, Ford hinted at the possibility of a recount, arguing that Wall Street conspired to back Newberry because he opposed President Wilson.


1918 United States Senate election in Michigan, Aftermath, Senate investigation, 65th Congress
In December, Ford's counsel obtained court orders for the preservation of ballots, poll books, and tally sheets. Ford petitioned the Senate on January 6, 1919 to recount the November ballots and investigate the primary and general elections. Ford and Newberry were invited to testify before the Senate Committee on Privileges and Elections on January 17, where Ford's counsel asked for an immediate investigation and recount, claiming that Newberry had only acknowledged a fraction of his spending and had actually spent $500,000 in the primary campaign. A resolution to that effect was presented by Senator Henry F. Ashurst and it passed the committee with one Republican vote.


1918 United States Senate election in Michigan, Aftermath, Senate investigation, 65th Congress
On January 27, the same day the Ford challenge resolution passed out of committee, U.S. Senator Charles E. Townsend of Michigan presented a letter from Senator-elect Newberry accusing Ford of running "the most elaborate, expensive, and pretentious [campaign] in the history of the State" and charging improper and unlawful practices by Ford workers in Wayne County, a normally Republican stronghold which Ford had won by 35,000 votes. A resolution to investigate the counter-charges was presented on January 28.


1918 United States Senate election in Michigan, Aftermath, Senate investigation, 65th Congress
Ford denied the charges "in as emphatic language as parliamentary rules will permit."


1918 United States Senate election in Michigan, Aftermath, Senate investigation, 65th Congress
Ultimately, the Committee on Privileges and Elections, in recognition that the case would come before the following Senate seated in March, submitted a substitute Resolution, authorizing the preservation of ballots and documents for the hearing of testimony and actual recount by the next Congress. It was ultimately conceded that no challenge could be made to seating Newberry until he had actually received his credentials from Senator Smith on March 3.


1918 United States Senate election in Michigan, Aftermath, Senate investigation, 66th Congress
In the 66th Congress, Republicans overtook the Democrats as the majority party in the Senate, and Privileges and Elections Chairman Pomerene was replaced by William P. Dillingham of Vermont. At the opening of the new Congress, the Ford petition was once again laid before the committee. Another resolution for the preservation of evidence, recount of ballots, and investigation of charges and counter-charges to be reported to the Senate was reported favorably on June 18, and reported favorably from the Committee to Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses of the Senate on December 3.


1918 United States Senate election in Michigan, Aftermath, Criminal investigation
Separately, Ford employed at least 40 private investigators to investigate. They compiled their report and sent it to the U.S. Department of Justice, which assigned a special prosecutor who was a friend of Ford's lead investigator.


1918 United States Senate election in Michigan, Aftermath, Criminal investigation
The Department of Justice began its investigation as early as August 1918. A corps of investigations, led by elections fraud experts Earl Houck and Frank Dailey, were sent to Michigan to investigate bank records and safety deposit vaults and successfully influenced local political leaders with hints of bribes from Newberry. During subsequent Senate debate, Senator Townsend decried the investigatory effort to "collective evidence of something which would help the administration's candidate for Senator [referring to Ford]" but did admit Newberry's spending was "unconscionable" and had been detrimental to Newberry's own campaign.


1918 United States Senate election in Michigan, Aftermath, Criminal investigation
On October 18, 1919, the Department of Justice announced it would bring fraud charges against Newberry in front of a grand jury. The grand jury was empaneled on October 22 in the United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan and it found an indictment on six counts against Newberry and 134 on November 29. The defendants were charged with violations of the Federal Corrupt Practices Act and Michigan statutes made applicable by that Act, forbidding a candidate to contribute or expend more than $3,750 in procuring his own nomination or election. They were also charged with conspiracy to violate federal anti-bribery law and conspiracy to commit mail fraud by embezzling some of the campaign funds for themselves.


1918 United States Senate election in Michigan, Aftermath, Criminal investigation
Prosecutors presented evidence alleging fraudulent expenditures of between $500,000 and $1,000,000 in connection with the primary and a vast political conspiracy throughout the state, including bribery, corruption of the press and elections boards, and voter fraud. Defendants argued that the government had failed to adequately present their evidence, leaving the defendants in ignorance of the specific acts and witnesses on whom the government had relied to build its case. On January 5, the defendants argued on demurrer that the indictment was unauthorized because Congress lacked the power to regulate primary elections; though the judge denied the motion to demur, the Supreme Court later upheld this argument in Newberry v. United States.


1918 United States Senate election in Michigan, Aftermath, Newberry appeal
Newberry would successfully appeal his conviction to the Supreme Court, who ruled the FCPA unconstitutional in a 5-4 decision in Newberry v. United States. Newberry was allowed to retain his seat, but faced a condemnation by the Senate for his excess spending. Newberry ultimately resigned in 1922 and was succeeded by James J. Couzens, the Republican Mayor of Detroit and a former executive of the Ford Motor Company.


1918 United States Senate election in Minnesota
The 1918 United States Senate election in Minnesota took place on November 5, 1918. It was the first election for Minnesota's Class 2 seat in the United States Senate, and the second U.S. Senate election in Minnesota overall, held after the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which established the popular election of United States Senators. Incumbent U.S. Senator Knute Nelson of the Republican Party of Minnesota easily defeated his challenger in the general election, Willis Greenleaf Calderwood of the National Party, to win a fourth term in the Senate.


1918 United States Senate election in Mississippi
The 1918 United States Senate election in Mississippi was held on November 3, 1918. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator James K. Vardaman ran for re-election to a second term in office, but was defeated in the Democratic primary by U.S. Representative Pat Harrison.


1918 United States Senate election in Mississippi
Because Harrison faced only nominal opposition in the general election, his victory in the August 20 primary was tantamount to election.


1918 United States Senate election in Montana
The 1918 United States Senate election in Montana took place on November 5, 1918. Incumbent United States Senator Thomas J. Walsh, who was first elected to the Senate in 1912, ran for re-election. He won the Democratic primary uncontested, and was opposed in the general election by Oscar M. Lanstrum, a former State Representative and the Republican nominee, and Jeannette Rankin, one of two United States representatives from Montana's at-large congressional district and the nominee of the National Party. Walsh narrowly won his second term in the Senate.


1918 United States Senate election in New Jersey
The United States Senate election of 1918 in New Jersey was held on November 7, 1918.


1918 United States Senate election in New Jersey
Incumbent Democratic Senator William Hughes died in office in January. Republican Governor of New Jersey Walter Evans Edge was elected to the six-year term over Democrat George LaMonte.


1918 United States Senate election in New Jersey
In a special election held the same day, interim Senator David Baird Sr. (whom Edge had appointed) was elected to serve the remainder of Senator Hughes' term.


1918 United States Senate election in Oklahoma
The 1918 United States Senate election in Oklahoma took place on November 5, 1918. Incumbent Senator Robert L. Owen, a Democrat, sought re-election in his first popular election. He won the Democratic primary in a landslide and faced former U.S. Attorney W. B. Johnson in the general election. Owen won re-election by a wide margin.


1918 United States Senate election in South Carolina
The 1918 South Carolina United States Senate election was held on November 5, 1918 simultaneously with the special senate election to select the U.S. Senator for a six-year term from the state of South Carolina. Nathaniel B. Dial won the Democratic primary and was unopposed in the general election to win the six-year term to the Senate.


1918 United States Senate election in South Carolina, Democratic primary, Campaign
The primary election in 1918 for Senate was shaping up to be a contentious affair between Ben Tillman and Cole Blease, two of the state's most notorious demagogues. Blease had performed surprisingly well in the 1916 gubernatorial election where he had almost knocked off incumbent Governor Richard Irvine Manning III. The death of Tillman in July ended all prospects of an epic battle and the race became a contest between Blease and Nathaniel B. Dial. The South Carolina Democratic Party held the primary on August 27 and Dial garnered over 50% of the vote to avoid a runoff election. Blease suffered the worst loss of his political career mainly because of his vitriolic opposition to World War I which made him appear as a traitor. There was no opposition to the Democratic candidate in the general election so Dial was elected to a six-year term in the Senate.


1918 United States Senate election in South Dakota
The 1918 United States Senate election in South Dakota took place on November 5, 1918. Incumbent Republican Senator Thomas Sterling sought re-election in his first popular election. He defeated former Governor Frank M. Byrne in the Republican primary and then faced former State Representative Orville Rinehart, the 1916 Democratic nominee for Governor, in the general election. Sterling defeated Rinehart, along with independent candidate W. T. Rafferty, by a wide margin to win re-election.


1918 United States Senate election in South Dakota, Socialist Primary, Results
After winning the primary, Knapp withdrew as a candidate, citing his disagreement with the Socialist Party's anti-war policies.


1918 United States Senate election in Texas
The 1918 United States Senate election in Texas was held on November 5, 1918. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Morris Sheppard was re-elected to a second term in office easily.


1918 United States Senate election in Wyoming
The 1918 United States Senate election in Wyoming took place on November 5, 1918. Incumbent Republican Senator Francis E. Warren ran for re-election to his fifth consecutive term in the Senate, in his first popular election. He was opposed by former Governor John E. Osborne, the Democratic nominee, who had until recently served as the U.S. Assistant Secretary of State. Owing in part to Warren's long record of service, and also to the strong Republican performance throughout the country in the 1918 elections, Warren defeated Osborne by a wide margin.


1918 United States Senate elections
The 1918 United States Senate elections were held throughout 1918, the midpoint of Woodrow Wilson's second term as President of the United States. Republicans gained a slim 2-seat control after picking up a net 6 seats (4 in general elections and 2 in special elections).


1918 United States Senate elections
The change in control meant that the Republicans could deny entry of the United States into the League of Nations. American participation in this new international institution was the centerpiece of Wilson's post-war foreign policy.


1918 United States Senate elections
It was the first election in which all Class 2 senators were subject to direct or popular election following the enactment of the Seventeenth Amendment, making them the final class under the old system.


1918 United States Senate elections, Party division
These numbers represent composition at the March 4, 1919 start of the 66th United States Congress. Composition often changes due to deaths, resignations, or party shifting.


1918 United States Senate elections, Complete list of races, Special elections during the 65th Congress
In these special elections, the winner was seated during 1918 or before March 4, 1919; ordered by election date.


1918 United States Senate elections, Complete list of races, Elections leading to the 66th Congress
In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1919; ordered by state.


1918 United States Senate special election in South Carolina
The 1918 South Carolina United States Senate special election was held on November 5, 1918 simultaneously with the regular senate election to select the U.S. Senator from the state of South Carolina to serve the remainder of the term for the 65th Congress. The election resulted from the death of Senator Benjamin Tillman on July 3, 1918. William P. Pollock won the Democratic primary and was unopposed in the general election to win the remaining four months of the term.


1918 United States Senate special election in South Carolina, Democratic primary
The South Carolina Democratic Party held the primary on August 27 and William P. Pollock had a slight lead, but did not garner over 50% of the vote and was forced into a runoff election against Thomas H. Peeples. On September 10, Pollock won the runoff and was thereby elected for the short term in the Senate because there was no opposition to the Democratic candidate in the general election.


1918 United States elections
The 1918 United States elections elected the 66th United States Congress, and took place in the middle of Democratic President Woodrow Wilson's second term. The election was held during the Fourth Party System. It was the lone election to take place during America's involvement in World War I. Republicans won control of both chambers of Congress for the first time since the 1908 election.


1918 United States elections
The election took place during the Spanish flu pandemic. Campaigning was disrupted around the country. In Nebraska, for instance, authorities lifted a ban on public gatherings in early November 1918 and permitted politicians to campaign five days prior to polls opening. The turnout was 40%, which was unusually low for a midterm election (turnout was at 52% and 50% in the 1910 and 1914 midterm elections). The low turnout was possibly due to the disruption caused by the pandemic.


1918 United States elections
In an example of the six-year itch phenomenon, Republicans took complete control of Congress from the Democrats. The Republicans won large gains in the House, taking 25 seats and ending coalition control of the chamber. In the Senate, Republicans gained 5 seats, taking control of the chamber by a slim majority.


1918 United States elections
The elections were a major defeat for progressives and Wilson's foreign policy agenda, and foreshadowed the Republican victory in the 1920 election. Republicans ran against the expanded war-time government and the Fourteen Points, especially Wilson's proposal for the League of Nations. The Republican victory left them in control of both houses of Congress until the 1930 election.


1918 United States elections
The election was also a turning point for women's suffrage in the United States: ballot initiatives to extend suffrage to women (among all-male electorates) were held in the states of Oklahoma, Louisiana, South Dakota, and Michigan. Of these initiatives, all but the one in Louisiana passed, and despite the ongoing pandemic, extensive grassroots organizing by suffragists  meant they successfully campaigned against incumbent Senators who had refused to support the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, including John W. Weeks of Massachusetts, who had been considered invincible, and Willard Saulsbury Jr. of Delaware.


1918 United States gubernatorial elections
United States gubernatorial elections were held in 1918, in 32 states, concurrent with the House and Senate elections, on November 5, 1918 (September 9 in Maine).


1918 Upper Hunter state by-election
A by-election was held in the New South Wales state electoral district of Upper Hunter on 8 June 1918. The by-election was triggered by the resignation of Mac Abbott (Nationalist).


1918 Uruguayan Primera División
The 1918 Primera División was the 18th season of Uruguay's top-flight football league.