1919–20 PCHA season, Playoffs, Stanley Cup Finals
Ottawa won the first two games of the series. After Jack Darragh scored the game-winning goal in their 3–2 victory in game one, goaltender Clint Benedict led the Senators to a 3–0 shutout win in game two. Seattle won game three, 3–1, before the series was shifted to Toronto because of Ottawa's slushy ice conditions (the Ottawa Arena did not have artificial ice). Frank Foyston then scored twice to lead the Mets to a 5–2 victory in game four to even the series. In the fifth game, Darragh recorded a hat-trick to lead the Senators to a 6–1 win to clinch the Cup.


1919–20 Penn Quakers men's basketball team
The 1919–20 Penn Quakers men's basketball team represented the University of Pennsylvania during the 1919–20 NCAA men's basketball season in the United States. The head coach was Lon Jourdet, coaching in his sixth season with the Quakers. The team finished the season with a 21–1 record and was retroactively named the national champion by the Helms Athletic Foundation and the Premo-Porretta Power Poll.


1919–20 Penn Quakers men's basketball team
Penn defeated the University of Chicago two games to zero in a best-of-three tournament at the end of the season to determine the national champion. Senior Hubert Peck was named a consensus All-American for the second time in his career (he was also selected in 1918).


1919–20 Penn Quakers men's ice hockey season
The 1919–20 Penn Quakers men's ice hockey season was the 8th season of play for the program.


1919–20 Penn Quakers men's ice hockey season, Season
The Program was rekindled after World War I having been dormant since 1911. Penn alumnus George Orton, a bronze medalist in the steeplechase at the 1900 Summer Olympics, served as head coach for the program's second resurrection. The Philadelphia Ice Palace, which opened on February 14, became Penn's first indoor home.


1919–20 Philadelphia Sphas season
The 1919-20 season was the Philadelphia Sphas' third season in the American League of Philadelphia and second season as the Sphas (originally called Philadelphia YMHA). Game-by-game records are not available for this season. This was the first season that the Sphas finished with a total record over .500.


1919–20 Port Vale F.C. season
The 1919–20 season was Port Vale's first season of football back in the English Football League (their 14th overall following their brief 1892–96 and 1898–1907 spells in the league). It was their first Football League season at The Old Recreation Ground, and their first season in which they were in the same division as rivals Stoke. The club were also referred to as "the Valiants" for the first time, a nickname coined by chairman Frank Huntbach.


1919–20 Port Vale F.C. season
Their return to the Football League completed the success story of a local church team that rose to become a competitor in the second tier of English football. The club considers itself a continuation of the Burslem Port Vale that resigned from the league in 1907, and is recognized as such in an official capacity. The club rose from the North Staffordshire Federation League in 1907–08 to The Central League in 1911–12, and in October 1919 replaced Leeds City in the Football League Second Division.


1919–20 Port Vale F.C. season
Vale finished in mid-table, this was due in part to a tremendous season for top scorer Bobby Blood. As well as earning a return to the Football League, the club also enjoyed minor cup success, lifting the Staffordshire Senior Cup and sharing the North Staffordshire Infirmary Cup. In March 1920, Joe Schofield was appointed manager-secretary, a position he would retain throughout the decade.


1919–20 Port Vale F.C. season, Return to the Football League
Following Port Vale's resignation from the English Football League in 1907, and Stoke's resignation the years after, Staffordshire had been without representation in the league for eleven years. Following the end of the Great War, the Football League was organized back into its national form. In March 1919, Stoke, West Ham United, South Shields, Rotherham County, and Coventry City all gained re-election to the league – Port Vale were short by just one vote.


1919–20 Port Vale F.C. season, Return to the Football League
In the Central League, Vale had won five of their eight games against the reserve sides of Football League First Division clubs Aston Villa, Manchester United, Manchester City, Everton, Blackburn Rovers, and the reserve side of Second Division Huddersfield Town.


1919–20 Port Vale F.C. season, Return to the Football League
On 13 October 1919, Leeds City were expelled from the Football League over illegal payments to their players. Port Vale were elected to fill their spot (ahead of a bid from Tranmere Rovers). The club who had competed their 1906–07 season in the North Staffordshire Church League had taken the Port Vale name and played their way to the second tier of the national league within twelve years.


1919–20 Port Vale F.C. season, Return to the Football League
Port Vale's reserve side fulfilled the remaining fixtures in the Central League. Leeds City had already played their games against Blackpool, Coventry City, Hull City, and Wolverhampton Wanderers; leaving Vale with a solid starting point of ten points from eight matches.


1919–20 Port Vale F.C. season, Overview
The club built a strong side for the 1919–20 Central League campaign, signing skilful forward William Aitken and former Scotland international Peter Pursell from Rangers.


1919–20 Port Vale F.C. season, Overview, Second Division
Back in the Second Division, the club faced a battle to register their players in time for the nine-hour trip to South Shields, where they lost 2–0. Two defeats to eventual champions Tottenham Hotspur followed, before the club scored their first goal, and picked up their first win against South Shields on 10 November thanks to an Aaron Lockett strike.


1919–20 Port Vale F.C. season, Overview, Second Division
The club signed Bobby Blood from Leek United for £50 in order to bolster their strike force, the player had one leg shorter than the other and was riddled with bullets from his valiant efforts in the First World War, and yet he would still prove the doctors wrong who said he would never play football again. The win against South Shields initiated a run of three wins in five games. However this was followed by a streak of seven games without victory.


1919–20 Port Vale F.C. season, Overview, Second Division
Vale had settled in the league by January, and went into the derby with Stoke in March having lost just one of their previous eight games. This included a 4–0 win over Rotherham County which saw Blood score all four, and a 4–1 win over Nottingham Forest in which Blood claimed a hat-trick. Stoke dispatched the Vale 3–0 in front of the biggest home crowd of the season, the first ever encounter between the two clubs in the Football League. Seven days later, Vale went to Stoke to claim a point in front of 27,000 fans.


1919–20 Port Vale F.C. season, Overview, Second Division
At the end of the season Vale finished with forty points, thirty of which came from their own efforts, and ten from Leeds City. This put them eleven points clear of the re-election zones, and fourteen points shy of promotion.


1919–20 Port Vale F.C. season, Overview, Second Division
Easily the club's top scorer was Bobby Blood with 26 goals, 24 of which were in the league (Second Division). Blood was playing in the Football League for the first time at the age of 25. Billy Briscoe scored eight goals in seven Central League games, but failed to transfer this success to the Football League. Peter Pursell played 49 of 51 games, with fellow Scotsman William Aitken also rarely missing game. Tom Lyons and Alfred Bourne missed just four Second Division games between them. Tom Holford was another crucial player, who also acted as manager for much of the season. In March 1920, Joe Schofield was appointed manager-secretary.


1919–20 Port Vale F.C. season, Overview, Finances
Financially, the club were on much better terms than twelve years ago, with even practice matches well attended, and supporters groups busy raising cash to improve The Old Recreation Ground. Seats were priced between one and two shillings. The club had also made almost £700 on their 1918–19 Central League season. In 1919–20, they recorded a profit of almost £650.


1919–20 Port Vale F.C. season, Overview, Cup competitions
The club qualified for the FA Cup by easily dispatching Central Alliance side Loughborough Corinthians 4–0. In the First Round the Vale put up a brave fight against Manchester United, going out 1–0 in front of almost 15,000 supporters – thanks in part due to a great performance from opposition keeper Jack Mew. This was particularly remarkable considering that in their Central League game just four months earlier the Vale first team had lost 3–2 to the United Reserve outfit.


1919–20 Port Vale F.C. season, Overview, Cup competitions
The club lifted the Staffordshire Senior Cup for the first time in their history, dispatching Stoke Reserves 1–0 in the First Round, before an epic semi-final with West Bromwich Albion Reserves that was settled after three replays with a Bobby Blood penalty. Billy Fitchford scored the only goal in the final against Birmingham Reserves at the Victoria Ground.


1919–20 Port Vale F.C. season, Overview, Cup competitions
The annual North Staffordshire Infirmary Cup game finished goalless, and so the trophy was shared with Stoke. The match raised £309 for the local hospital.


1919–20 Prima Categoria, Regulation
Struggles between minor and major clubs continued after four years of wartime break. The planned split between two national leagues had been forgotten, and the regional FAs became the lords of the tournament, which was expanded to 48 clubs. The championship was divided in a preliminary regional phase of ten matchdays, while the following national phase was split into a semifinal round of ten matchdays and a final round between three clubs.


1919–20 Prima Categoria, Regulation
The main tournament was split in eight groups of six clubs. First and second clubs, together with the third teams of Piedmont, advanced to the national championship. Worst clubs had to ask for re-election.


1919–20 Prima Categoria, Regulation
National championship was split in three groups of six clubs. Group winners advanced to the final group of three clubs. The whole tournament consequently had twenty-two matchdays.


1919–20 Prima Categoria, Teams
Six clubs had collapsed during the war. However, Regional FAs agreed to expand the league to 48 clubs. They variously chose to promote, re-elect, or invite clubs to fill the spots they had been granted to.


1919–20 Prima Categoria, Pre-league qualifications, Verdicts
Atalanta, Enotria Goliardo, Grifone GC, Sampierdarenese, GS Bolognese, Pro Caserta, SPES Genova, Trevigliese and Alessandrina were admitted to the 1a Categoria.


1919–20 Prima Categoria, Pre-league qualifications, Verdicts
Amatori Giuoco Calcio Torino, Pastore, Ausonia Pro Gorla, Legnano, Saronno, Varese, Pavia, Carpi, Mantova, and Nazionale Emilia had been previously added to the championship by the Regional FAs.


1919–20 Prima Categoria, Northern Italy, Qualifications, Lombardy - Group A
According to season 1919-20's FIGC rules in case of two teams sharing same position a playoff should have been played. When FIGC managers were noticed of too many matches programmed not for promotion or relegation sudden decided to change rules, just because of the few referees available for those matches, and upcoming matches (lower divisions) urged to get started. Later this playoff wasn't considered for the final table.


1919–20 Prima Categoria, Northern Italy, Semifinals
The National semifinals had 18 clubs: six from Piedmont and Lombardy FAs, two from the other three Regional FAs.


1919–20 Primera Fuerza season, Liga Nacional, Overview
It was contested by 9 teams, and Club España won the championship.


1919–20 Primera Fuerza season, Liga Nacional, Top goalscorers
Players sorted first by goals scored, then by last name.


1919–20 Princeton Tigers men's ice hockey season
The 1919–20 Princeton Tigers men's ice hockey season was the 20th season of play for the program.


1919–20 Princeton Tigers men's ice hockey season, Season
In its first full season since the end of World War I the ice hockey club was looking to regain some of the prestige it had in the early teens. The opportunities and opponents for the Tigers were also expanding, however, college ice hockey was still encountering the same problem it always had; lack of available ice.


1919–20 Princeton Tigers men's ice hockey season, Season
Princeton spent a week in Concord, New Hampshire at the St. Paul's School facility which they were able to use to prepare for the start of their season. When they hit the ice in January they played at the Pavilion rink in Cambridge because the Boston Arena had been partially destroyed in a fire and was being rebuilt. The rink was so small that teams were forced to play with 6 players aside for the entire contest. Though they played well the Tigers fell 4–5. The following night Princeton was dominated by Toronto and, despite allowing 11 goals, Maxwell was noted as having played particularly well in the game.


1919–20 Princeton Tigers men's ice hockey season, Season
Poor weather caused delays in the construction of the Philadelphia Ice Palace which caused several of the team's games to be rescheduled. They were able to play a game at New Rochelle, losing to the home team 2–4, but playing better with the normal 7 players. The Tigers returned to the Pavilion at the end of the month but several weeks of idleness due to the weather left the team at a disadvantage to Harvard who handed Princeton their fourth loss.


1919–20 Princeton Tigers men's ice hockey season, Season
Princeton played the first intercollegiate game at the Philadelphia Ice Palace against Yale, losing 0–4. a few days later the Tigers managed to earn their first win of the season by downing the restarted Pennsylvania squad. After earning a second win over Quaker City Hockey Club the Tigers faced Yale in a rematch. In the second game against the Elis, the teams agreed to play the entire contest at 6-on-6 with three 15-minute periods. This may be the first college game purposefully played under modern conditions.


1919–20 Princeton Tigers men's ice hockey season, Season
Princeton played well against Dartmouth, keeping up with their opponents until the fourth overtime period, a new program record. Four nights later, however, the Tigers were routed by Harvard again as the Crimson claimed the Championship.


1919–20 Quebec Athletics season
The 1919–20 Quebec Athletics season was the Athletics' first and last season in the National Hockey League (NHL). The Quebec franchise, dating from the National Hockey Association (NHA), was re-activated after two seasons of dormancy. The team placed fourth and last in the league in both halves of the season to not qualify for the playoffs. The Quebec franchise would be transferred to Hamilton, Ontario, before the next season.


1919–20 Quebec Athletics season, Off-season
The Quebec NHL franchise had been dormant for two seasons. In the first season, long-time manager Mike Quinn had retired due to ill health and the club's directors voted to suspend the team. Before the second season, the team had been sold to Percy Quinn (no relation), but Quinn was only using the franchise in an ill-fated attempt to resurrect the National Hockey Association (NHA). The NHL owners then cancelled the Quebec NHL franchise, leaving Quebec out of the league for a second season. In May 1919, Calder and Mike Quinn made efforts to return Quebec to the league. This led to the NHL approving a new franchise in December 1919, to be operated by the Quebec Athletic Club and the club's official name in the NHL was the Quebec Athletic Club, leaving the old 'Bulldogs' nickname behind. Mike Quinn returned to manage the team for the season.


1919–20 Quebec Athletics season, Regular season
Joe Malone and Jack McDonald from the Quebec NHA team were 'returned' to the new Quebec NHL team. Malone would lead the league in scoring with 39 goals. Malone would score seven goals in a game against Toronto on January 31, 1920, and six goals in a game against Ottawa on March 10, 1920.


1919–20 Quebec Athletics season, Regular season
On March 3, the Montreal Canadiens pummeled the Athletics 16–3, setting an all-time NHL record for goals by one team.


1919–20 Quebec Athletics season, Regular season, Final Standings
Note: GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals AgainstTeams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold.


1919–20 RPI men's ice hockey season
The 1919–20 RPI men's ice hockey season was the 17th season of play for the program.


1919–20 RPI men's ice hockey season, Season
Note: Rensselaer's athletic teams were unofficially known as 'Cherry and White' until 1921 when the Engineers moniker debuted for the men's basketball team.


1919–20 Rangers F.C. season
The 1919–20 season is the 46th season of competitive football by Rangers.


1919–20 Rangers F.C. season, Overview
Rangers played a total of 50 competitive matches during the 1919–20 season. This was the first full season since the end of the First World War and clubs who were asked to retire for geographical reasons during the war returned along with the Scottish Cup, which had been withdrawn.


1919–20 Rangers F.C. season, Overview
The team won the league championship with thirty-one wins from there forty-two matches, however the Scottish Cup campaign was ended at the hands of Albion Rovers. It took a second replay to separate the sides and a 2–0 win for Rovers saw them go through to the 1920 Scottish Cup Final.


1919–20 Rugby Union County Championship
The 1913–14 Rugby Union County Championship was the 27th edition of England's premier rugby union club competition at the time.


1919–20 Rugby Union County Championship
Gloucestershire won the competition for the third time defeating Yorkshire in the final.


1919–20 SK Rapid Wien season
The 1919–20 SK Rapid Wien season was the 22nd season in club history.


1919–20 Scottish Cup
The 1919–20 Scottish Cup was the 42nd staging of Scotland's most prestigious football knockout competition. The Cup was won by Kilmarnock who defeated Albion Rovers in the final.


1919–20 Scottish Districts season
The 1919–20 Scottish Districts season is a record of all the rugby union matches for Scotland's district teams.


1919–20 Scottish Football League
Statistics of the Scottish Football League in season 1919–20. The competition was won by Rangers by three points over nearest rival Celtic.


1919–20 Serbian Football Championship
The Serbian Football Championship season of 1919–20 was the first held after the end of the First World War. With the football championships still not organised at national level in the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later renamed into Yugoslavia in 1929), the clubs from Serbia joined together to play in this championship organised by the  Serbian Football Federation (Srpski loptački savez).


1919–20 Sheffield Shield season
The 1919–20 Sheffield Shield season was the 24th season of the Sheffield Shield, the domestic first-class cricket competition of Australia. New South Wales won the championship by virtue of finishing with a better average. First-class cricket had resumed in Australia for the 1918-19 season, but the Sheffield Shield was not contested.


1919–20 Southern Branch Cubs men's basketball team
The 1919–20 Southern Branch Cubs men's basketball team represented the Southern Branch of the University of California during the 1919–20 NCAA men's basketball season and were members of the Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference This was the program's first season and they were coached by Fred Cozens who also coached the football team and served as athletic director. As the southern branch did not offer third year and fourth year coursework until 1924, the roster consisted of first and second year students. In their inaugural season, cubs finished with an overall record of 12–2 and were second in their conference with a record of 8–2.


1919–20 Southern Branch Cubs men's basketball team, Previous Season
Although the Southern Branch's predecessor, the Los Angeles State Normal School, sponsored a men's basketball team, the UCLA recordbooks do not recognize these seasons.


1919–20 Southern Football League
The 1919–20 season was the 22nd in the history of the Southern League, and the first following World War I. Portsmouth won the Southern League championship for the second time, whilst Mid Rhondda won Division Two. There were no promotions or relegations between divisions at the end of the season as all of the clubs in Division One bar Cardiff City were elected to the new Division Three of the Football League, with Cardiff elected to Division Two.


1919–20 Southern Football League
With only 10 clubs remaining (Caerphilly left the league) the league went through a realignment. The league was split into two national sections for England and Wales, with the winners of each section contesting a playoff for the Southern League championship. The remaining clubs in Division Two moved to the Welsh Section. In the English Section, Brighton & Hove Albion Reserves, Chatham Town, Millwall Reserves, Portsmouth Reserves, Reading Reserves, Southampton Reserves, and Watford Reserves rejoined the Southern League. New clubs to join were Boscombe, Charlton Athletic, Gillingham Reserves, Luton Town Reserves, Norwich City Reserves, and Thornycrofts.


1919–20 Southern Football League, Division One
A total of 22 teams contest the division, including 18 sides from previous season and four new teams.


1919–20 Southern Football League, Division Two
A total of 11 teams contest the division, including six sides from previous season and five new teams.


1919–20 Southern Football League, Football League elections
Cardiff City were the only Southern League club to apply for election to the Football League. They were successful and, along with Leeds United, replaced Grimsby Town and Lincoln City in the Football League Second Division.


1919–20 Southern Football League, Football League elections
After the voting, 21 clubs remained in Southern League alongside Grimsby, having gained more votes than other non-elected clubs, were then elected into the newly created Third Division.


1919–20 Southern New England Soccer League season
Statistics of Southern New England Soccer League in season 1919-20.


1919–20 St. Louis Soccer League season
Final league standings for the 1919-20 St. Louis Soccer League.


1919–20 St. Louis Soccer League season, History
Although Ben Millers and Innisfails tied with 23 points each, Ben Millers was declared champion based on the higher number of ties compared to Innisfails. Typically, the SLSL broke points ties by comparing the number of losses, but both teams had lost eight games. The number of ties was then used to determine the winner.


1919–20 Stoke F.C. season
The 1919–20 season was Stoke's 20th season in the Football League and the second in the Second Division.


1919–20 Stoke F.C. season
With the country back to normal after the hostilities in Europe, a full league programme was restored for the 1919–20 season and Stoke were able to take their place back in the Football League since 1908. Stoke had an up and down season as they went on runs of victories and then runs of defeats and unsurprisingly finished in a mid table position of 10th. The 1919–20 season also saw the Potteries derby become a league fixture as local club Port Vale were elected into the football league due to the expulsion of Leeds City. Stoke won the first league meeting between the two clubs 3–0 at Vale's Old Recreation Ground.


1919–20 Stoke F.C. season, Season review, League
During the war Stoke had some success as they impressed in the Lancashire section of the war league. There was of course sadness as seven players died fighting in the war. These were goalkeeper Richard Herron, half-backs Henry Hargreaves and Stan Ripley and reserve team players George Limer, Jack Shorthouse, Tom Kinson and Bill Nixon. Stoke's exploits in the War-League not only brought prestige and standing, but also swelled the coffers to the extent of financial stability.


1919–20 Stoke F.C. season, Season review, League
It was hoped that the club was set from a bright future and, with virtually everyone retained who had acquitted themselves so well in the war period, promotion was the target. Two Scottish players George Jarvis (from Celtic) and Jock Stirling (from Bradford Park Avenue) joined the forward ranks, whilst goalkeeper Tom Kay became first choice keeper and would go on to make 70 successive appearances.


1919–20 Stoke F.C. season, Season review, League
The 1919–20 season opened well with good sized crowds being entertained by a winning team. Stoke collected maximum points in eleven of the first 15 matches and they only failed to score in one. Bob Whittingham, who had been such a stalwart during the war, rejoined the club on a permanent transfer from Chelsea and at the same time (October) David Brown arrived from Dundee to give Stoke's forward line an impressive look. But amazingly and completely out of context, Stoke's fortunes took a dramatic turn as they lost the next five matches. The team did manage to recover and in the end finished in 10th spot. A mid-table position was acceptable since the club had sought, initially, to consolidate its position in the Second Division. But the supporters were disappointed with the end result after such a good start to the season.


1919–20 Stoke F.C. season, Season review, FA Cup
Fellow Second Division side Bury defeated Stoke in the first round 2–0.


1919–20 Swiss International Ice Hockey Championship
The 1919–20 Swiss International Ice Hockey Championship was the fifth edition of the international ice hockey championship in Switzerland. HC Rosey Gstaad, won the championship by defeating HC Servette in the final.


1919–20 Swiss National Ice Hockey Championship
The 1919–20 Swiss National Ice Hockey Championship was the 10th edition of the national ice hockey championship in Switzerland. HC Bellerive Vevey won the championship as Akademischer EHC Zürich forfeited the final.


1919–20 Tennessee Volunteers basketball team
The 1919–20 Tennessee Volunteers basketball team represented the University of Tennessee during the 1919–20 college men's basketball season. The head coach was John R. Bender coaching the team in his first season. The Volunteers team captain was "Peg" Bell.


1919–20 Tennessee Volunteers basketball team
The 1920 Volunteer team was one of five colleges and universities invited to take place in the national AAU tournament in March of that year, marking the first postseason appearance for the school. They lost their first-round game to the hosting Atlanta Athletic Club.


1919–20 Toronto St. Patricks season
The 1919–20 Toronto St. Patricks season was the third season of the Toronto National Hockey League franchise. The franchise was sold to the owners of the Toronto St. Patricks amateur hockey association and renamed the St. Patricks. The club improved on its record from the previous season, but did not make the playoffs as the Ottawa Senators won both halves of the season.


1919–20 Toronto St. Patricks season, Regular season, Final standings
Note: GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals AgainstTeams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold.


1919–20 United States collegiate men's ice hockey season
The 1919–20 United States collegiate men's ice hockey season was the 25th season of collegiate ice hockey.


1919–20 University of Virginia men's basketball team
The 1919–20 University of Virginia men's basketball team represented the University of Virginia during the 1919–20 NCAA men's basketball season. The team was led by fifteenth-year head coach Henry Lannigan, and played their home games at Fayerweather Gymnasium in Charlottesville, Virginia. Now known as the Virginia Cavaliers, the team did not have an official nickname prior to 1923.


1919–20 Vanderbilt Commodores men's basketball team
The 1919–20 Vanderbilt Commodores men's basketball team represented Vanderbilt University in college basketball during the 1919–20 NCAA men's basketball season.


1919–20 WPI Engineers men's basketball team
The 1919–20 WPI Engineers men's basketball team represented Worcester Polytechnic Institute during the 1919–20 NCAA men's basketball season. They were coached by Henry C.  Swasey. The Engineers played their home games at Alumni Gym in Worcester, Massachusetts. The team won its first ever championship and finished the season with 14 wins and 2 losses.


1919–20 Washington State Cougars men's basketball team
The 1919–20 Washington State Cougars men's basketball team represented Washington State College for the 1919–20 college basketball season. Led by twelfth-year head coach Fred Bohler, the Cougars were members of the Pacific Coast Conference and played their home games on campus in Pullman, Washington.


1919–20 Washington State Cougars men's basketball team
The Cougars were 10–11 overall in the regular season and 6–7 in conference play, third in the standings.


1919–20 Watford F.C. season
Watford Football Club is an association football team from the county of Hertfordshire, England. The 1919–20 season was their twentieth season of league football, and their first since 1914–15 due to the outbreak of the First World War. It was also their final season in the Southern League, having originally joined it as West Hertfordshire for the 1896–97 season, prior to a merging with another club and renaming in 1898. Having started the season as reigning champions, Watford finished the season as runners up of the Southern League First Division on goal average.


1919–20 Watford F.C. season
They won 26 and drew 6 of their 42 league matches, compared to eventual champions Portsmouth's record of 23 wins and 12 draws. Watford's only other competitive fixture was in the FA Cup, where they were eliminated in the 6th Qualifying round by fellow Southern League side Southend United. The club's manager was Harry Kent, and its top scorer was George Edmonds, with 19 goals from 37 appearances.


1919–20 Welsh Amateur Cup
The 1919–20 Welsh Amateur Cup was the 25th season of the Welsh Amateur Cup. This was the first time the Competition had been played, following a five-year gap due to World War I. The cup was won by Caerau who defeated Barmouth Comrades 4-1 in the final to become the second team from South Wales to win the Cup.


1919–20 Western Football League
The 1919–20 season was the 23rd in the history of the Western Football League in South West England.


1919–20 Western Football League
This was the first season after the end of World War I, which had halted all organised football in the United Kingdom for several years. A number of new clubs joined the league and a second division was formed. Several clubs had not rejoined the league after the war. The Division One champions this season were Douglas, in their first season in the league. Champions of Division Two were Frome Town, although it was Yeovil and Petters United that were promoted to Division One.


1919–20 Western Football League, Final tables
Eleven new clubs joined the league, and they were split into two divisions along with those clubs which had returned to the league after the war.


1919–20 Western Football League, Final tables, Division One
Division One consisted of ten clubs: Bath City, Bristol Rovers Reserves and Welton Rovers, plus seven new clubs:


1919–20 Western Football League, Final tables, Division Two
Division Two consisted of eight clubs: Paulton Rovers, Peasedown St John, Street and Trowbridge Town, plus four new clubs:


1919–20 William & Mary Indians men's basketball team
The 1919–20 William & Mary Indians men's basketball team represented the College of William & Mary in intercollegiate basketball during the 1919–20 season. Under the first year of head coach James G. Driver (who concurrently served as head football coach), the team finished the season with a 5–7 record. This was the 15th season of the collegiate basketball program at William & Mary, whose nickname is now the Tribe.


1919–20 Williams Ephs men's ice hockey season
The 1919–20 Williams Ephs men's ice hockey season was the 17th season of play for the program.


1919–20 Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball team
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by PrimeBOT (talk | contribs) at 22:47, 20 June 2020 (→Schedule: Task 30 - remove deprecated parameter in Template:CBB schedule entry). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1919–20 Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball team
The 1919–1920 Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball team represented University of Wisconsin–Madison. The head coach was Guy Lowman, coaching his third season with the Badgers. The team played their home games at the Red Gym in Madison, Wisconsin and was a member of the Big Ten Conference.


1919–20 Yale Bulldogs men's ice hockey season
The 1919–20 Yale Bulldogs men's ice hockey season was the 25th season of play for the program.


1919–20 Yale Bulldogs men's ice hockey season, Season
Yale appointed former Cornell bench boss Talbot Hunter as head coach, the first for the team since 1917. Owing to not having a home rink for the season, Yale began with a series of road games mostly against Canadian colleges during the winter break.


1919–20 Yale Bulldogs men's ice hockey season, Season
The delay in completion of the Philadelphia Ice Palace forced the Elis to play only one further game before February. Once the Ice Palace was ready Yale managed to finish out their slate of conference games for the first season of the Triangular Hockey League. They were able to defeat Princeton twice but fell to Harvard in both matches, finishing second in the Triangular League.


1919–20 Yale Bulldogs men's ice hockey season, Season
Yale played seven of their nine games under the 6-on-6 with three periods format with only the first Princeton and second Harvard game being played at their more usual 7-on-7 with two halves.


1919–20 Yorkshire Cup
The 1919–20 Yorkshire Cup was the twelfth occasion on which the Yorkshire Cup competition had been held. This season saw the  junior/amateur club Featherstone Rovers being invited again, and this, together with the restart-up of Keighley after the wartime close-down, resulted in an increase of one bringing the total entries up to fourteen. This in turn resulted in two byes in the first round.


1919–20 Yorkshire Cup
This year saw the cup holders retain the trophy after winning for the  fourth successive time, with Huddersfield winning the trophy by beating Leeds by the score of 24-5 in the final. The match was played at Thrum Hall, Halifax, now in West Yorkshire. The attendance was 24,935 and receipts were ££2,096.


1919–20 Yorkshire Cup
This was Huddersfield's seventh appearance in what had been seven appearances in eight consecutive finals between 1909 and this season (which included four successive victories and six in total), and who knows, but for the intervention of the First World War and suspension of the competition, it may have been more. It was also the fourth consecutive win.


1919–20 Yorkshire Cup, Background
The Rugby Football League's Yorkshire Cup competition was a knock-out competition between (mainly professional) rugby league clubs from  the  county of Yorkshire. The actual area was at times increased to encompass other teams from  outside the  county such as Newcastle, Mansfield, Coventry, and even London (in the form of Acton & Willesden. The competition always took place early in the season, in the Autumn, with the final taking place in (or just before) December (The only exception to this was when disruption of the fixture list was caused during, and immediately after, the two World Wars)


1919–20 Yorkshire Cup, Competition and Results, Final, Teams and Scorers
Scoring - Try = three (3) points - Goal = two (2) points - Drop goal = two (2) points


1919–20 Yorkshire Cup, Notes
1 * Featherstone Rovers were at the time a junior/amateur club. They eventually joined the League for season 1921-22


1919–20 Yorkshire Cup, Notes
2 * Thrum Hall was the home ground of Halifax with a final capacity of 9,832 (The attendance record of 29,153 was set on 21 March 1959 for a third round Challenge Cup tie v  Wigan). The club finally moved out in 1998 to take part ownership and ground-share with Halifax Town FC at The Shay Stadium.


1919–20 in Belgian football
The 1919–20 season was the 20th season of competitive football in Belgium.


1919–20 in Belgian football, Overview
FC Brugeois won the Division I for the first time. For that season, no relegation or promotion occurred.


1919–20 in English football
The 1919–1920 season was the 45th season of competitive football in England, and the first following the end of World War I.


1919–20 in English football, Honours
Notes = Number in parentheses is the times that club has won that honour. * indicates new record for competition


1919–20 in English football, Football League
Following the War The Football League grew from 40 to 44 teams. The failure of Glossop to be re-elected to the league meant that five new clubs joined the league. A resurrected Stoke, along with Coventry City, South Shields, Rotherham County and West Ham United joined the Second Division.


1919–20 in English football, Football League
Six of the seven players banned for their involvement in the 1915 British football betting scandal were re-instated in recognition of their service to the country during World War I.  Sandy Turnbull's re-instatement was posthumous as he had been killed in the war. Enoch West, who had fought his ban more vigorously than the others, was denied re-instatement.


1919–20 in Scottish football
The 1919–20 season was the 47th season of competitive football in Scotland and the 30th season of the Scottish Football League. The number of teams in the Scottish League was increased from 18 to 22. Those clubs who were asked to retire for geographical reasons at the end of the 1916–17 season — Aberdeen, Dundee and Raith Rovers — returned, while Albion Rovers were elected.


1919–20 in Scottish football, Scottish Cup
Kilmarnock were winners of the Scottish Cup after a 3–2 final win over Albion Rovers.


1919–20 in Scottish football, Junior Cup
Parkhead were winners of the Junior Cup after a 2–0 win over Cambuslang Rangers in the final.


191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery
The 191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Regiment was a unit of Britain's Royal Artillery (RA) formed during World War II. Created around experienced drafts from existing Territorial Army units, it trained as mobile artillery with an armoured division. Later it served through the campaign in North West Europe, supporting varied formations such as the Royal Marine Commandos, Royal Armoured Corps and Polish troops operating under First Canadian Army.


191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin
In late 1942 the Royal Artillery formed 11 new regiments of field artillery built upon cadres drawn from experienced units. On 16 December the two field regiments in 42nd Armoured Division, 86th (Hertfordshire Yeomanry) and 147th (Essex Yeomanry) were ordered to provide cadres of approximately battery strength for a new regiment to be numbered 191st. The unit started to form on 21 December and immediately adopted the designation 'Herts and Essex Yeomanry', with the following organisation:


191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin
The second-in-command of 147th (EY) Fd Rgt, Major J.R. Cochrane, a Regular Army officer, was promoted to lieutenant-colonel to command the new regiment, which took over billets and Nissen huts at Hovingham and Slingsby, North Yorkshire, previously occupied by 86th (HY) Fd Rgt. Apart from the large cadres from the two yeomanry regiments, 191st was to be made up to strength with men from disbanded infantry battalions. The first to arrive were 112 men from 30th Battalion, Wiltshire Regiment.


191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Training
The regiment's first eight 25-pounder guns and tractors arrived at the beginning of January 1943, and a month later 533 and 534 Btys had their full establishment of eight guns each, though 532 Bty had to make do with old 18/25-pounders at first. At the end of three months, the regiment was at full establishment in manpower, and training was proceeding, though there were few men suitable for training as signallers. A Light Aid Detachment (LAD) of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) had been formed, but at first had no vehicles or equipment.


191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Training
At the end of March 1943, 42nd Armoured Division transferred from Northern Command to Southern Command and 191st (H&EY) Fd Rgt went with it, moving to Trowbridge Barracks. On 3 May it officially replaced 86th Fd Rgt in 42nd Armoured Division. That month a detachment of the Royal Corps of Signals arrived to man the 'rear link' communications. Later the regiment was issued with Crusader Mk III tanks for armoured Observation Posts (OPs), later replaced by Cavaliers.


191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Training
During the spring of 1943 the regiment carried out field firing at Okehampton Camp, mobile exercises with 30th Armoured Brigade on West Down, Salisbury Plain, and an armour–infantry live-firing exercise at Sennybridge Training Area with 71st Infantry Brigade. It was known that 42nd Armoured Division was to be broken up, so during the summer 147th Fd Rgt worked mostly with 30th Armoured Bde and 191st with 71st Infantry Bde – 532 Bty affiliated to 1st Battalion Highland Light Infantry, 533 to 1st Bn Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, and 534 to 1st Bn East Lancashire Regiment. In September there were further practice shoots at Okehampton, with 532 Bty being loaned to 79th Armoured Division for exercises at Linney Head, Pembrokeshire.


191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Training
42nd Armoured Division was broken up in October 1943, and after a period of uncertainty 191st (H&EY) Fd Rgt went to Ramillies Barracks, Aldershot, where it was ordered to mobilise as part of 2nd Canadian Army Group Royal Artillery (AGRA).


191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Training
In November 1943 the regiment moved to Sutton in Surrey, but spent much time training on the Otterburn and Redesale ranges and on Salisbury Plain. On 1 January 1944 Lt-Col Cochrane was appointed to the staff of First Canadian Army and was succeeded in command by Lt-Col Maurice Hope. Shortly afterwards, the regiment was offered the opportunity to take on the identity of 6th Field Regiment, a Regular Army unit that had been disbanded in India. However, 191st decided to retain its links with the county Yeomanry regiments and turned down the offer.


191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Training
Training now concentrated on the role the regiment would take in the forthcoming invasion of Europe (Operation Overlord). 2nd Canadian AGRA was not scheduled to land until late in the build-up programme for the invasion, but 3rd Canadian Division would be landing on Juno Beach on D-Day under the command of I British Corps and would require extra firepower. 191st (H&EY) Field Rgt was therefore attached to I Corps' 4th AGRA for the early stages of the operation.


191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Training
Training in loading and unloading from landing craft became a priority, and the Cavalier tanks were abandoned (thereafter OP tanks would have to be borrowed from the armoured formations the guns were supporting). Final live-firing and loading exercises were carried out in the spring of 1944, and in April the regiment moved into I Corps' concentration area in Essex: RHQ and 533 Bty at Ramsden Hall, near Billericay, 532 Bty to Great Baddow, and 534 Bty to Little Baddow. On 2 June the regiment moved to its marshalling area in Epping Forest and on the morning of 6 June, as the leading assault waves landed on the Normandy beaches, 191st (H&EY) Fd Rgt moved to Royal Albert Dock, where it embarked at 18.00.


191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy campaign
The regiment began landing about half a mile west of Courseulles-sur-Mer on 9 June (D + 3) and completed disembarkation of its light scale of vehicles and equipment by nightfall on 10 June. Two guns out of each four-gun Troop were towed by 3-tonner ammunition lorries instead of their normal Quad gun tractors, and some personnel had to walk. The forward observation officers (FOOs) deployed on 11 June in support of No. 46 (Royal Marine) Commando and the North Shore Regiment, who were clearing villages along the River Mue. Supported by concentrations from 191st Fd Rgt, these units took all their objectives before nightfall, and defensive fire (DF) missions broke up the German counter-attacks on 12 June.


191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy campaign
On 13 June the regiment was switched to support 9th Canadian Infantry Brigade, which had just come into the line at Barbières. Each battery established an OP with one of the battalions: 532 Bty supporting The Highland Light Infantry of Canada at the western end of Les Buissons, 533 with the Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Highlanders at Vieux Cairon, and 532 with The Nova Scotia Highlanders at the eastern end of Les Buissons. Once the DF tasks had been registered there was not much firing because of ammunition shortages. On 15 June the regiment's 'second residue' arrived with the remaining vehicles.


191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy campaign, Operation Epsom
On 17 June the regiment moved to Bretteville-l'Orgueilleuse where in addition to supporting 9th Canadian Bde it was to take part in the barrage preceding Operation Epsom. Over 700 guns were assembled to support this attack around the western edge of Caen, but the operation was delayed until 26 June by a storm in the English Channel that disrupted the landing of supplies and reinforcements. The barrage began at 07.30 and continued (with pauses to allow the guns to cool) until 10.20, during which the regiment fired 11,000 rounds of High explosive shell (HE).


191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy campaign, Operation Epsom
It had been firing in support of 15th (Scottish) Division, which advanced towards the bridges over the River Odon but was held up by German strongpoints and lost the protection of the artillery's creeping barrage. By the end of the day they had established 'Scottish Corridor' but were still short of the bridges. The next day 191st Fd Rgt returned to its positions at Barbières.


191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy campaign, Operation Charnwood
191st Field Rgt fired in support of 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade in its attack on Carpiquet Airfield on 4 July, and then prepared for Operation Charnwood on 8 July. For this attack on Caen, the whole regiment was supporting a single battalion, the Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Highlanders. I Corps' barrage opened at 04.20 for 90 minutes, then the FOOs advanced with the Canadian battalion, calling down fire as required.


191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy campaign, Operation Charnwood
A protective barrage was laid while the leading infantry company dealt with a minefield on the way to Gruchy, and later in the day the right hand company advanced behind a barrage from 191st to capture the isolated Chateau de St-Louet. Late in the day the North Nova Scotia Highlanders attacked Franqueville, and 191st switched to support this attack, followed by DF tasks to ensure that the Canadians could hold the positions captured. At the end of the day I Corps called a 'Victor' target (all available guns) on the German troops and vehicles streaming out of Caen in retreat.


191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy campaign, Operation Charnwood
The Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Highlanders spearheaded the next day's attack supported by 191st Fd Rgt's guns, even though these had been unable to get forward and the FOOs were now at the extreme range of their radios. As the Canadians slowly cleared the houses of Caen, Lt-Col Hope with Maj Pearson of 532 Bty got ahead of them and were the first Allied troops to reach the Abbaye aux Hommes and liberate thousands of refugees sheltering there. By 12.45 Carpiquet Airfield had been cleared and 191st's guns could get forward. The regiment fired several concentrations on enemy pockets south of the River Orne on 10 July.


191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy campaign, Operation Goodwood
There was a regrouping of artillery after the fighting in Caen, with 191st Fd Rgt returning to the command of 4th AGRA and moving north-east of Caen to support 6th Airborne Division along the lower Orne. FOOs joined 4th Special Service Brigade (532 Bty) and 1st Special Service Brigade (533 Bty). This front was quiet, and on 17 July 191st Fd Rgt came under the command of 51st (Highland) Division for Operation Goodwood.


191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy campaign, Operation Goodwood
This operation opened with a massive bombing programme by RAF Bomber Command and the US Eighth and Ninth Air Forces, assisted by a 'flak suppression' barrage by the British and Canadian artillery on every known German anti-aircraft ('Flak') position. Once the heavy bombers left the area, the artillery switched to engaging every known German artillery position. 191st Field Rgt played a full part in these bombardments, starting with flak suppression on the Colombelles factory area in the outskirts of Caen. Although the fighting went on for three days, 191st Fd Rgt's guns were out of range of most targets after the first afternoon.


191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy campaign, Operation Goodwood
On 20 July 191st Fd Rgt was switched across to 3rd British Division. Although the gun area was well behind 3rd Division's front line, its flank was overlooked by the enemy-held Bois de Bavent, only a mile away. From here the regiment was harassed by German mortar fire during the night: an ammunition stack on 533 Bty's position was set alight and cases of burning cartridges had to be dragged away from the HE shells, while a complete gun detachment of A Trp, 532 Bty was wiped out; the regiment suffered 19 casualties in one night.


191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy campaign, Operation Goodwood
534 Battery followed 3rd Division forward next morning, but the wagon lines were attacked by a German 88mm Self-propelled gun and on 22 July B Trp of 532 Bty was forced out of its position by continued mortaring. On 26 July the regiment was transferred to support 6th Airborne Division once more, 532 Bty with 1st Special Service Bde, 533 Bty with 3rd Parachute Brigade. The regiment stayed here under occasional harassing fire for three weeks. By now First Canadian Army HQ was operational, and had taken command of I Corps and other British troops along the coastal flank of 21st Army Group as well as the Canadian troops.


191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy campaign, Operation Paddle
As the German front in Normandy crumbled, 6th Airborne Division began to follow up along the coast (Operation Paddle), and 191st Fd Rgt supported the Special Service and Parachute brigades in a series of small operations across rivers and through villages until they reached Pont-Audemer on 26 August. 6th Airborne Division was relieved at this point, but Lt-Col Hope attached 191st Fd Rgt to 49th (West Riding) Division to continue the pursuit to the Seine.


191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy campaign, Operation Astonia
The regiment now reverted to the command of 4th AGRA, first accompanying a reconnaissance by 4th Special Service Bde towards Le Havre (the regiment discovering and crossing a partly demolished bridge over the Seine on 31 August), then taking part in the full scale attack on that port on 10 September (Operation Astonia). This was carried out in under 48 hours supported by specialist armour, air attack, and massive artillery concentrations. 191st Field Rgt took part in the harassing fire (HF) and counter-battery (CB) tasks before the attack, and then supported 34th Tank Brigade. The FOOs were up with the leading troops, bringing down fire as required. Lieutenant-Colonel Hope was later awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) for his work as artillery adviser to the commander of 34th Tank Bde during the street-fighting on 11 September.


191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy campaign, Operation Astonia
After a few days out of the line, 191st Fd Rgt moved up the coast to join 4th Special Service Bde besieging the isolated German garrison in Dunkirk. Supply lines were now stretched, and the regiment's Royal Army Service Corps transport detachment had to run a shuttle service bringing ammunition and rations from Fécamp, many miles to the west.


191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Scheldt campaign
The strategic requirement now was to clear the Scheldt Estuary and get the port of Antwerp into use as an Allied supply base. On 8 October, 191st Fd Rgt was ordered to rejoin I Corps at Turnhout in Belgium. Here Lt-Col Hope was appointed artillery adviser to 4th Special Service Bde in 'Force T' for the planned attack on Walcheren, while the second-in-command, Major Proudlock, was left in command of the regiment, which would form part of 'Clarkeforce'. This was a mobile force commanded by Brigadier W.S. Clarke of 34th Tank Brigade.


191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Scheldt campaign, Clarkeforce
49th (West Riding) Division was to attack towards Loenhout, and then unleash Clarkeforce to exploit the breakthrough and move up the main road to Wuustwezel in Operation Rebound part of the much larger operational offensive codenamed Pheasant. Clarkeforce consisted of Churchill tanks of 107th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps carrying infantry of the 1st Battalion, Leicestershire Regiment, accompanied by a troop of Achilles self-propelled 17-pounders from 248 Bty, 62nd (6th London) Anti -Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery, and a troop of Churchill Crocodile flamethrowing tanks of the 1st Fife and Forfar Yeomanry. The field artillery support was provided by 191st Fd Rgt.


191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Scheldt campaign, Clarkeforce
Operation Rebound started with a barrage fired by the field regiments of 49th (WR) Division reinforced by two medium regiments, then Clarkeforce was launched at 16.00 on 20 October, bypassing some strongpoints to be mopped up by supporting troops, and reached 'Stone Bridge'. The fight for this point, supported by fire from 191st Fd Rgt, took most of the remaining afternoon, but the bridge was seized before it could be completely demolished, and Clarkeforce pushed across it and into Wuustwezel from the rear. The tanks then pushed on in the darkness until halted by roadblocks.


191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Scheldt campaign, Clarkeforce
107th RAC moved on at 0800 the following morning towards Nieuwmoer, led by A Squadron of 49th (West Riding) Reconnaissance Regiment RAC. Meanwhile the troops round Stone Bridge, including 191st Fd Rgt, had to beat off counter-attacks by German armour. 532 Battery, which had already crossed over, were called upon to deploy and fire in an anti-tank role. The spearhead of Clarkeforce was held up by enemy-held woods, and at last light, Major Proudlock called in fire from every divisional and AGRA gun within range (about 200) to devastate this woodland. On 22 October, the advance continued towards Esschen, 191st Fd Rgt moved up to Nieuwmoer, despite pockets of enemy resistance along the route, which ambushed some of the force's rear echelon vehicles. After clearing the enemy pockets, Clarkeforce rested on 24 October to plan the next phase of its advance (Operation Thruster).


191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Scheldt campaign, Clarkeforce
Before Clarkeforce was launched again, 56th Infantry Bde prepared the way by advancing from Esschen to Nispen during the night of 25/26 October. After supporting this advance, 191st Fd Rgt's FOOs rejoined Clarkeforce for its push towards Brembosch the following morning against strong enemy rearguards. The guns moved forward to Esschen to cover this advance, which involved crossing a massive anti-tank ditch and driving off enemy armour. Major Proudlock was awarded the DSO for his work under fire to direct the artillery support, which involved three field, two medium and two heavy anti-aircraft regiments as well as his own.


191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Scheldt campaign, Clarkeforce
By 31 October, Clarkeforce and 56th Bde. accompanied by 191st Fd Rgt, had moved through Wouw and reached Roosendaal. 49th (WR) Division's final objective was Willemstad on the Hollands Diep (part of the Maas Estuary). This was 10 miles (16 km) away across poor country for armour, so Clarkeforce was disbanded and the division carried out a conventional infantry advance (Operation Humid), supported by 191st Fd Rgt firing from the outskirts of Roosendaal. Willemstad was liberated on 6 November after the German garrison withdrew across the Maas.


191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Scheldt campaign, Moerdijk
The only remaining German bridgehead across the Hollands Diep was at Moerdijk. On 7 November 1st Polish Armoured Division arrived to attack this pocket, and at dawn the following day the attack went in, supported by 191st Fd Rgt's gunners 4 miles (6.4 km) away near Zevenbergen, who noted the steady increase in range called for by the FOOs as the Poles advanced rapidly. However, they were unable to prevent the Moerdijk bridges being destroyed.


191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Scheldt campaign, Moerdijk
The regiment was then billeted round Etten, but on 13 November, a composite battery (532 Bty with an additional Trp) left to support 22nd Canadian Armoured Regiment mopping up odd pockets of Germans marooned south of the Maas, while the following day F Trp of 534 Bty moved near to Willemstad to support 18th Canadian Armoured Car Regiment patrolling the south bank of the Maas. Lastly, B Trp of 532 Bty and D Trp of 533 Bty supported a thin screen of 51st (H) Division watching the islands of Duiveland and Overflakkee in the Lower Scheldt.


191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Disbandment
By now 21st Army Group was suffering from a severe shortage of reinforcements, and units were being disbanded. As the junior RA regiment in the theatre, 191st Fd Rgt was ordered to disband, the younger men being drafted to infantry units and specialists distributed to other RA units. On 2 December the regiment rendezvoused south of the Maas and fired off all its remaining ammunition at the enemy-held bank, including red, white and blue smoke shells. 191st (Herts and Essex Yeomanry) Rgt officially disbanded on 4 December 1944. Most of the technical assistants and driver-operators (still wearing their regimental badges) were formed into divisional counter-mortar observation teams for 43rd (Wessex), 49th (West Riding) and 52nd (Lowland) Divisions. The regiment had lost 15 men killed during the campaign.


191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Insignia
In April 1943 Lt-Col Cochrane devised an arm badge for the regiment comprising the red shield bearing three golden seaxes from the Essex Yeomanry badge, surmounted by the golden hart of the Herts Yeomanry badge, embroidered on a green diamond (the Herts Yeomanry colour). Although strictly unofficial and not conforming to Army Council Instructions, the badge (worn on both arms) was well-regarded by members of the regiment who nicknamed it the 'Goat and Cutlasses'. Uniquely, it was adopted by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission instead of an authorised cap badge to be carved on the headstones of members of the regiment who died on service.


191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Insignia
The regiment's vehicles initially carried the hollow red diamond badge of the 42nd Armoured Division. While serving with First Canadian Army it adopted that formation's vehicle mark of a rectangle equally divided into red, black and red horizontal stripes, but without the superimposed yellow maple leaf carried by Canadian units. The unit's arm of service mark was the number 186 in white on the red-over-blue square of the RA with a white bar at the base.


191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Memorial
191st Field Regiment is included on the Hertfordshire Yeomanry's World War II memorial tablet unveiled in St Albans Abbey on 19 September 1954.


191st (Southern Alberta) Battalion, CEF
The 191st (South Alberta) Battalion, CEF, was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Macleod, Alberta, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 in that town and the surrounding district. After sailing to England in March 1917, the battalion was absorbed into the 21st Reserve Battalion on June 9, 1917. The 191st (South Alberta) Battalion, CEF, had one officer commanding: Lieutenant-Colonel Willoughby C. Bryan.


191st (Southern Alberta) Battalion, CEF
Perpetuation of the 191st Battalion was assigned in 1920 to the 7th Battalion of the Alberta Regiment. When that regiment split in two in 1924, the 3rd Battalion of the North Alberta Regiment carried on the perpetuation. The North Albertas disbanded in 1936.


191st (Southern Alberta) Battalion, CEF
In 1929, the battalion was awarded the theatre of war honour The Great War, 1917.


191st Air Refueling Squadron
The 191st Air Refueling Squadron (191 ARS) is a unit of the Utah Air National Guard 151st Air Refueling Wing located at Roland R. Wright Air National Guard Base, Utah. The 191st is equipped with the KC-135R Stratotanker.


191st Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II
Activated in October 1943 as the 407th Fighter Squadron at Hamilton Field, California. During World War II, the squadron was an Operational Training Unit (OTU), equipped with second-line P-39 Airacobras and P-40 Warhawks. Its mission was to train newly graduated pilots from Training Command in combat tactics and maneuvers before being assigned to their permanent combat unit. Initially assigned to IV Fighter Command, then transferred to III Fighter Command in 1944, being re-equipped with P-51D Mustangs. It took part in air-ground maneuvers and demonstrations, participating in the Louisiana Maneuvers in the summer of 1944 and in similar activities in the US until after V-J Day.


191st Air Refueling Squadron, History, Utah Air National Guard
The wartime 407th Fighter Squadron was re-activated and re-designated as the 191st Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Utah Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Salt Lake City Municipal Airport, Utah and was extended federal recognition on 18 November 1946 by the National Guard Bureau. The 191st Fighter Squadron was entitled to the history, honors, and colors of the 407th Fighter Squadron.


191st Air Refueling Squadron, History, Utah Air National Guard
The squadron was equipped with F-51D Mustangs and was assigned to the Colorado Air National Guard 140th Fighter Group, although it was operationally under the control of the Utah Air National Guard at Salt Lake City. During its early years with the F-51D, the unit earned prominence as one of the Air Force's most respected aerial gunnery competitors.


191st Air Refueling Squadron, History, Utah Air National Guard, Korean War activation
As a result of the Korean War, the 191st Fighter Squadron was federalized and brought to active duty on 1 April 1951 and assigned to the 140th Fighter Wing. The unit was ordered to the new Clovis Air Force Base, New Mexico, which arrived in October 1951. The federalized 140th was a composite organization of activated Air National Guard units, composed of the 191st, the 187th Fighter Squadron (Wyoming ANG) and the 120th Fighter Squadron (Colorado ANG). The 140th and its components were equipped with F-51D Mustangs, and were re-designated as Fighter-Bomber squadrons on 12 April 1951.


191st Air Refueling Squadron, History, Utah Air National Guard, Korean War activation
During their period of federal service, many pilots were sent to Japan and South Korea to reinforce active-duty units, 10 pilots flew over 100 missions, and two Utah pilots were killed in this war. One Utah ANG pilot, Capt. Clifford Jolley, flying an F-86 Sabrejet, shot down seven soviet made MIG-15 aircraft and became the first Air Guard "Ace" of the Korean War.


191st Air Refueling Squadron, History, Utah Air National Guard, Korean War activation
At Clovis, elements of the 140th FBW took part in Operation Tumbler-Snapper – 1952, a nuclear bomb test in Nevada. On 15 November 1952, the elements of the 140th returned to Air National Guard control in their respective states.


191st Air Refueling Squadron, History, Utah Air National Guard, Cold War
Upon return to Utah state control, the 191st was re-equipped by Tactical Air Command (TAC) with F-51D Mustangs. On 1 June 1955 it was transferred to Air Defense Command (ADC) and re-designated as the 191st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, and received its first jet aircraft, the F-86A Sabre which it used as a day-only interceptor for the air defense of Utah.


191st Air Refueling Squadron, History, Utah Air National Guard, Cold War
On 1 July 1958, the 191st was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 151st Fighter-Interceptor Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 191st FIS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 151st Headquarters, 151st Material Squadron (Maintenance), 151st Combat Support Squadron, and the 1151st USAF Dispensary.


191st Air Refueling Squadron, History, Utah Air National Guard, Cold War
Also, in 1958, the 151st FIW implemented the ADC Runway Alert Program, in which interceptors of the 191st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron were committed to a five-minute runway alert. The F-86s were replaced by the F-86L Sabre Interceptor, a day/night/all-weather aircraft designed to be integrated into the ADC SAGE interceptor direction and control system.


191st Air Refueling Squadron, History, Utah Air National Guard, Transport mission
On 1 April 1961, the 151st was transferred from Air Defense Command to the Military Air Transport Service (MATS), and re-equipped with C-97 Stratofreighter. The 151st Air Transport Group expanded its military airlift role to worldwide mission capabilities. Entering the realm of Southeast Asia and the Vietnam War, the Utah Air National Guard flew its first mission into the Southeast Asia theater combat zone in late 1964, and continued to do so throughout the Vietnam War years. In January 1966, the unit became the 151st Military Airlift Group (151 MAG), under the Military Airlift Command [MAC]. In 1969, the C-97s were retired and replaced by the C-124C Globemaster II. During the Vietnam War, Utah Air Guard crews flew 6,600 hours of support missions for American forces.


191st Air Refueling Squadron, History, Utah Air National Guard, Air Refueling
The 151st Military Airlift Group was transferred to Strategic Air Command (SAC) on 1 July 1972 and was equipped with second-line KC-97L Stratotankers. In 1978, the squadron received KC-135A Stratotankers; a newer and faster jet tanker. In January 1979 the unit began the 24-hour-per-day Strategic Air Command (SAC) alert commitment. This commitment would be maintained for the next 12 years until President George Bush ended the SAC Alert Force in 1991.


191st Air Refueling Squadron, History, Utah Air National Guard, Air Refueling
The 1980s found the squadron involved in many training exercises as well as "real World" flying missions. In 1982 the unit converted to a newer version model aircraft—the KC-135E. In April 1983 the 191st Air Refueling Squadron was involved in the first Pacific Tanker Task Force, with flights to Guam, South Korea and Australia. Spring of 1984 brought a very large "first" for the 1191st Air Refueling Squadron.


191st Air Refueling Squadron, History, Utah Air National Guard, Air Refueling
The unit participated in Coronet Giant, an exercise which entailed a direct flight from the United States to West Germany by 12, A-10 Thunderbolt II attack fighters, refueled along the way by three KC-135's from the 191st The route spanned 3600 miles, and was the largest mission of this type ever undertaken by a guard force.


191st Air Refueling Squadron, History, Utah Air National Guard, Air Refueling
During Operation Desert Shield, the squadron received orders for a partial activation on 20 December 1990. All aircraft, aircrews and a number of support personnel were dispatched to the newest forward operating base at Cairo West Airport, Egypt on 27–29 December 1990. They became the basis for the 1706th Air Refueling Wing (Provisional). Other unit personnel were mobilized for use as stateside "backfill" (replacing troops sent forward) or sent to overseas destinations.


191st Air Refueling Squadron, History, Utah Air National Guard, Air Refueling
On 30 April 1999, the 151st ARG was tasked for a Presidential Reserve Call Up due to the crisis in Kosovo. President William Clinton authorized the call up of 33,000 reserve personnel for up to 270 days. The 191st deployed to Europe to support Operation Allied Force.


191st Air Refueling Squadron, History, Utah Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
Following the terrorist's attacks on the United States the squadron was tasked to provide aerial refueling support for the countless fighter combat air patrols performed over major U.S. cities. Dubbed Operation Noble Eagle (ONE), the 191st ARS flew their first ONE mission on 12 September 2001. The highest sortie production occurred in November when fighter combat air patrols occurred every four hours over most of the major U.S. cities.


191st Air Refueling Squadron, History, Utah Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
In addition to supporting ONE, the 191st ARS also provided support for Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), deploying aircraft and personnel to Spain to support combat air operations from late Sep 2001 until the spring of 2002.


191st Air Refueling Squadron, History, Utah Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
At home, local communities see many benefits from the Utah ANG. Many opportunities exist to meet legitimate military training needs while serving the community. Activities include Sub-for-Santa, Blood Drives, highway cleanup, and the 2002 Winter Olympics. The Utah ANG also maintains a state of readiness should Utah need support during an earthquake, flood, civil disturbance, or major disaster, and was involved in assisting evacuees in the aftermath of hurricanes Katrina and Rita.


191st Army Band
The 191st Army Band, popularly known as the Band of the Wild West, is a military band of the U.S. Army Reserve posted at Camp Parks, California. Activated in 1943 as the 91st Infantry Division Band, the unit deployed to Europe in World War II where it fought in the Spring 1945 offensive in Italy. It received its current designation as the 191st Army Band in 2008. The 191st Army Band is a subordinate unit of the U.S. Army's 63rd Regional Support Command.


191st Army Band, History, Background
The 191st Army Band was activated on August 2, 1943 and was originally known as the 91st Infantry Division Band. The unit was the amalgamation of the 361st Infantry Regiment Band and 91st Infantry Division's Artillery Band, created as a result of the Army's earlier decision to abolish regimental bands in favor of division-level bands. The following year it deployed with the rest of the division to Italy where it participated in the Rome-Arno, North Apennines, and Po Valley campaigns. Over the next 60 years it would be periodically deactivated, activated, and redesignated. In 1962 the pipe band of the U.S. Army's 5th Infantry Division was deactivated and its bagpipers transferred to the Band of the Wild West; the band, today, remains one of the few U.S. military bands with attached bagpipes.


191st Army Band, History, Background
In 2003 the band was mobilized for regular Army service for ten months, making it the only Army Reserve band to be mobilized in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. It received the Army Superior Unit Award for its performance during this mobilization. On October 16, 2008 it assumed its current designation, as the 191st Army Band, and was placed under the 63rd Readiness Division at Camp Parks.


191st Army Band, History, Traditions, Baldric
The drum-major's baldric is styled in dark blue. The unit's tab is displayed below a doubled white scroll inscribed "191st" "ARMY BAND" in red letters and below three scrolls inscribed "THE BAND" "OF THE" "WILD WEST" in dark blue letters. The red, yellow, and black band represents the Army Superior Unit Award earned by the unit. The three white bands display the campaign credit for WWII service: Rome-Arno, North Apennines, and Po Valley.


191st Army Band, History, Traditions, Mace
The drum-major's mace shows, on the dome, the distinctive unit insignia of the 63rd Readiness Division. Displayed around the mace is the inscription "191st ARMY BAND". On the lower portion and on both sides of the mace, are three scrolls bearing the inscription "THE BAND" "OF THE" "WILD WEST"; below is the image of crossed miner's picks and pan, used by the miner's during the California Gold Rush, alluding to the unit's home station of California. A stylized rope encircles the bottom of the mace six times, suggesting a lariat and a symbol of the Wild West.


191st Army Band, History, Traditions, Special unit designation
The 191st Army Band uses the special unit designation "Band of the Wild West" originally authorized it when designated the 91st Division Band.


191st Army Band, History, Traditions, Tabard
The background of the trumpeter's tabard is adapted from the California flag; displayed is the distinctive unit insignia worn by the unit between a red scroll inscribed "191st ARMY BAND" in white at top and below the insignia are two stacked dark blue scrolls inscribed " THE BAND OF THE WILD WEST " in white.


191st Army Band, Mission
As one of three reserve bands under the control the 63rd Regional Support Command (the others are the 300th Army Band in Bell, California and the 395th Army Band in Mustang, Oklahoma), the 191st Army Band provides ceremonial musical support to 40,000 Army Reserve soldiers in a region encompassing the states of California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. It, additionally, provides public performances in northern California, including Memorial Day parades and other events.


191st Army Band, Mission
Like other U.S. Army bands, other than premier ensembles, the 191st Army Band is reconfigurable as a light infantry platoon and, during combat operations, would reinforce military police "by performing command post security, all-source production section security, and perimeter security for the ... EPW central collecting point and EPW holding area".


191st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery
191st Heavy Anti- Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, was an air defence unit of Britain's Territorial Army formed in Birmingham before World War II. It defended the West Midlands against attack during the Battle of Britain, and was then shipped to Malta, where it served through most of the long siege when the island fortress was bombed incessantly.


191st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, Origin
In the 1930s the increasing need for anti-aircraft (AA) defence for Britain's cities was addressed by converting a number of Territorial Army (TA) infantry units into AA gun units of the Royal Artillery (RA). The Birmingham-based 6th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment was one unit selected for this role, becoming 69th (Royal Warwickshire Regiment) Anti - Aircraft Brigade, Royal Artillery, on 10 December 1936, consisting of four batteries, including 191 AA Battery. The brigade continued to wear its Royal Warwicks cap badge, together with RA collar badges. The newly converted 191 AA Bty established Battery Headquarters (BHQ) at Fernbank House, Alum Rock Road. (From 1 January 1939, RA gun 'brigades' (such as the 69th) were termed regiments.)


191st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, World War II, Mobilisation and Phoney War
The TA's AA units were mobilised on 23 September 1938 during the Munich Crisis, with units manning their emergency positions within 24 hours, even though many did not yet have their full complement of men or equipment. The emergency lasted three weeks, and they were stood down on 13 October. In June 1939, as the international situation deteriorated, a partial mobilisation of TA units was begun in a process known as 'couverture', whereby each AA unit did a month's tour of duty in rotation to man selected AA positions.


191st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, World War II, Mobilisation and Phoney War
On 24 August, ahead of the declaration of war, the units of Anti- Aircraft Command were fully mobilised at their war stations. 69th (Royal Warwickshire) AA Rgt was under the command of 34th (South Midland) Anti - Aircraft Brigade, which controlled the Gun Defended Areas (GDAs) of Birmingham and Coventry. 191 AA Battery was manning 3-inch guns at Coventry Sites B (2 guns) and D (4 guns), as well as providing detachments manning Light machine guns (LMGs) at the Ryton aircraft factory, which was designated a Vulnerable Point (VP).


191st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, World War II, Mobilisation and Phoney War
Shortly after war was declared on 3 September, 191 AA Bty was ordered to move via Gloucester to Newport, Wales, with its six mobile 3-inch guns together with another section of two taken from 190 AA Bty. It set out from Ryton on 8 September and all guns were in position by the end of 9 September; it then commenced building command points (CPs). After that there was little to do during the so-called Phoney War.


191st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, World War II, Mobilisation and Phoney War
A group of officers from the regiment volunteered to join the Regular 4th AA Rgt for service with the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in France. The battery returned to Birmingham on 8 October, taking over Sites N and O. On 2 December BHQ left Fernbank House and set up in Hamstead Hill. At the end of the year the battery was manning 2 x  4.5-inch guns at Site N and 3 x 3.7-inch guns  at Site O.


191st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of Britain
The Phoney War ended with the German invasion of the Low Countries on 10 May, and all gunsites were put on high alert, with ammunition ready, and all crews armed with rifles to deal with German paratroops. However, there was no immediate attack. On 1 June 1940, along with other units equipped with 3-inch or heavier guns, the 69th was designated a Heavy AA (HAA) Regiment and its batteries were similarly retitled. GL Mk I gun-laying radar began to be delivered to the regiment's gun sites during the summer.


191st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of Britain
Although most of the Luftwaffe air raids during the Battle of Britain were concentrated on London and the South and East Coasts, the West Midlands also suffered badly, with Birmingham and Coventry experiencing heavy raids in August. Before the next wave of raids, 191 HAA Bty left the regiment on 6 October and became an independent battery under War Office control, preparatory to going overseas.


191st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, World War II, Siege of Malta
191 HAA Battery formed part of a group of reinforcements bound for Malta that also included 222 (Derby) HAA Bty (formerly of 68th (North Midland) HAA Rgt), together with spare AA guns and barrels. It sailed from Liverpool aboard fast liners and arrived at Gibraltar on 6 November. Here the party picked up Regimental HQ of 10th HAA Rgt and boarded Royal Navy warships for the dash to Malta (Operation Coat). The ships were attacked by enemy aircraft but got through unharmed. 191 HAA Battery arrived in Grand Harbour on 10 November under the command of Maj K.W. Davies with five officers and 198 other ranks. Together with 222 HAA Bty it now comprised 10th HAA Rgt, joined a month later by 190 HAA Bty from 69th (RWR) HAA Rgt.


191st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, World War II, Siege of Malta
Malta had been under air attack since the day Italy entered the war (11 June 1940) and in January 1941 the German Luftwaffe joined the Regia Aeronautica in attacks on the island, which urgently needed AA reinforcements. Soon after the battery arrived, the aircraft carrier HMS Illustrious put into Grand Harbour to repair damage sustained during Operation Excess and all the available AA guns concentrated to protect her during furious air attacks. She put to sea again on 23 January.


191st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, World War II, Siege of Malta
In February the Luftwaffe 's Fliegerkorps X was ordered to neutralise Malta, and it began a series of heavy bombing raids, mainly at night, accompanied by mine-dropping in and around the harbour, and daylight sweeps by Messerschmitt Bf 109 single-engined fighters. In March there was dive-bombing against the RAF airfields, defended by 10th HAA Rgt, and attacks on a supply convoy on 23 March. The HAA guns were engaged almost every day, taking a steady toll of the bombers, but the ammunition expenditure was very great. By the beginning of June the depleted Fliegerkorps X handed responsibility back to the Italians.


191st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, World War II, Siege of Malta
Malta was largely left alone during the summer of 1941, but attacks resumed in November 1941 after Fliegerkorps II arrived in Sicily. Air raids were increasingly common during November and December, and rations and supplies began to run short. At the turn of the year headquarters instituted a policy of rotating HAA units to maintain freshness. 10th HAA Regiment exchanged with 7th HAA Rgt and took responsibility for defending Fort Manoel and Grand Harbour with a mixture of 4.5-inch, 3.7-inch and 3-inch guns.


191st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, World War II, Siege of Malta, 1942
The Luftwaffe continued to pound the island, concentrating on the harbour and airfields, usually with raids of 15 Ju 88s escorted by 50 or more fighters. By now the RAF fighter strength had been reduced to a handful of aircraft, and the AA guns were the main defence. March and April 1942 were the period of the heaviest air raids on Malta, with well over 250 sorties a day on occasions. In April 1942 the Luftwaffe switched tactics to Flak suppression, with particular attention being paid to the HAA gunsites.


191st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, World War II, Siege of Malta, 1942
On the last day of April the Regia Aeronautica rejoined the attack – which the AA gunners took as a sign that the Luftwaffe was suffering badly. By now each HAA regiment on Malta was rationed to 300 rounds per day and replacement gun barrels were scarce. When the fast minelayer HMS Welshman ran in ammunition supplies on 10 May (part of Operation Bowery), the most intense AA barrage yet fired was provided to protect her while unloading. After that, Axis air raids tailed off during the summer, apart from a flare-up in July. Only a few high-flying fighters or night bombers were engaged.


191st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, World War II, Siege of Malta, 1942
By October the Luftwaffe had reinforced Fliegerkorps II, and a new round of heavy raids began, using new low-level fighter-bomber tactics, particularly against Luqa airfield, and sometimes machine-gunning the HAA positions. HAA guns had difficulty engaging these raids, but assisted the defending fighters by firing single 'pointer' rounds to conserve ammunition. This form of fighter-bomber sweep also lost heavily to the AA guns and RAF fighters. At this stage 191 HAA Bty, with seven officers, 208 other ranks, and 21 attached Maltese Auxiliaries, was billeted in Spinola, and was organised into three Troops manning gunsites XHE28


191st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, World War II, Siege of Malta, 1942
(Spinola, 3 x 4.5-inch and 1 x GL Mk I*), XHE 29 (Fort Manoel, 4 x 3.7-inch) and XHE33 (Tal Balal, 2 x 3.7-inch in action, with one gun in the workshops and another loaned to the Malta School of Artillery). Major Davies commanded 10th HAA Rgt while the CO was in hospital.


191st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, World War II, Siege of Malta, 1942
Shortages of food and supplies on the island were now becoming serious. At last, in November Welshman and her sister ship HMS Manxman appeared, followed by a supply convoy. With the Axis defeat at Alamein and the Allied North Africa landings the same month, the siege of Malta was ended. The only enemy air activity for the rest of the year was occasional high-flying reconnaissances and one raid on Luqa in December. On 15 December Maj Davies was posted to HQ Malta Command and was replaced in command on 191 HAA Bty by Maj G.K.F. Holden.


191st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, World War II, Siege of Malta, 1943
With the worst now over, the AA units on Malta could get down to refresher training. By June/July 1943 10th HAA Rgt formed part of a large AA concentration protecting the build-up of forces in Malta for the Allied invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky), with 191 HAA Bty deployed at XHD17M (Ta Ġiorni, 3 x static 3.7-inch Mk II) and XHE28 (Spinola, 3 x static 4.5-inch Mk I, GL Mk I).


191st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, World War II, 68th (North Midland) HAA Rgt
RHQ of 68th (North Midland) HAA Rgt had been captured at the fall of Tobruk on 21 June 1942. However, its 222 HAA Bty remained, forming part of 10th HAA Rgt on Malta. On 17 June 1943, RHQ 10th HAA Rgt was officially disbanded and reformed as RHQ 68th (North Midland) HAA Rgt, with the same batteries:190 and 191 from Birmingham, and 222 from Derby.


191st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, World War II, 68th (North Midland) HAA Rgt
Although the AA defences of Malta were progressively run down as units returned home or joined the campaigns in Sicily and later in mainland Italy, 68th HAA Regiment remained part of the permanent garrison of the island until the end of the war and beyond. Before then all the original members of the TA battery would have left under the 'Python' home leave scheme.


191st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, Postwar
68th HAA Regiment was placed in suspended animation in Malta in December 1946 so that it could be officially reformed in the Territorial Army in the UK on 1 January 1947. The personnel remaining at Tigne Camp in Malta were then considered to be a war-formed regiment in the Regular RA.


191st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, Postwar, 60 HAA Battery
The war-formed 68th HAA Rgt was redesignated 36th Coast Artillery/AA Rgt on 1 April 1947. Simultaneously, 191 HAA Bty was disbanded and its personnel used to resuscitate 19 Coast Bty of the Regular RA as 60 Coast Bty. The regiment became a pure HAA unit in 1948 and in 1959 it was converted into an AA guided weapons regiment. In 1968 60 HAA Bty was placed in suspended animation.


191st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, Postwar, 469th (Royal Warwicks) HAA Rgt
Meanwhile the 69th HAA Rgt, which had been placed in suspended animation in Italy in January 1945, reformed in the TA on 1 January 1947 as 469th (Royal Warwickshire Regiment) (Mixed) HAA Rgt ('Mixed' indicating that members of the Women's Royal Army Corps were integrated into the unit). However, TA batteries were now lettered P, Q, R, S within the regiment and lost their distinctive numbers.


191st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, Postwar, 469th (Royal Warwicks) HAA Rgt
When AA Command was disbanded on 10 March 1955, 469 HAA Rgt with three other regiments was amalgamated into 442 Light AA Rgt, in which the regimental and battery lineage was maintained by P (5th/6th Royal Warwicks) Bty. This regiment was broken up in 1961, when P Bty became C Company, 7th Bn Royal Warwickshire Regiment.


191st Infantry Brigade (United States)
The 191st Infantry Brigade was constituted on 24 June 1921 in the Organized Reserves as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 191st Infantry Brigade, and assigned to the 96th Division. It was organized in December 1921 at Portland, Oregon, and redesignated on 23 March 1925 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 191st Brigade, then redesignated on 24 August 1936 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 191st Infantry Brigade.


191st Infantry Brigade (United States)
It was converted and redesignated on 6 April 1942 as the 96th Reconnaissance Troop (less 3rd Platoon), 96th Division (Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 192d Infantry Brigade, concurrently converted and redesignated as the 3rd Platoon, 96th Reconnaissance Troop, 96th Division). The Troop was ordered into active military service on 15 August 1942 and reorganized at Camp Adair, Oregon, as the 96th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop, an element of the 96th Infantry Division.


191st Infantry Brigade (United States)
It was reorganized and redesignated on 16 August 1943 as the 96th Reconnaissance Troop, Mechanized, and then again reorganized and redesignated on 20 November 1945 as the 96th Mechanized Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop. Following World War II service with the 96th Infantry Division in the Pacific, it was inactivated on 3 February 1946 at Camp Anza, California.


191st Infantry Brigade (United States)
The unit was again activated on 20 January 1947 at Spokane, Washington. (The Organized Reserves was redesignated 25 March 1948 as the Organized Reserve Corps; redesignated 9 July 1952 as the Army Reserve.) It was reorganized and redesignated on 12 April 1949 as the 96th Reconnaissance Company and its location changed on 15 October 1951 to Salt Lake City, Utah. As part of an overall force reduction in the Reserve, the unit was inactivated 1 June 1959 at Salt Lake City, Utah.


191st Infantry Brigade (United States)
It was converted and redesignated (less 3rd Platoon) on 5 November 1962 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 191st Infantry Brigade, and relieved from assignment to the 96th Infantry Division (3rd Platoon, 96th Reconnaissance Company, concurrently redesignated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 192nd Infantry Brigade – hereafter separate lineage) and activated on 1 February 1963 at Helena, Montana, as the Army Reserve's only mechanized infantry brigade, with elements in four states. The brigade consisted of these units:


191st Infantry Brigade (United States)
The 191st held its first active duty training as a brigade at Fort Lewis, WA, in June 1963 and in May 1964 took part in Exercise DESERT STRIKE in the Mojave Desert. Half of the brigade took part in the exercise while the other half participated in active duty training at Fort Irwin, CA.


191st Infantry Brigade (United States)
According to an article in the March 1967 issue of The Army Reserve Magazine, "The 191st was to be the largest Army Reserve element in a combined operation that brought Active Army and Reserve Component troops together in the largest peacetime maneuver ever held in the United States. Under the guidance of [Brigadier] General [John P.] Connor, the brigade worked around the clock to bring troops and equipment to the required state of readiness to make a good showing for the Army Reserve during the exercise".


191st Infantry Brigade (United States)
The brigade returned to Fort Irwin for its 1965 active duty training, the first time all elements of the entire brigade attended training at the same location at the same time. This was followed by extensive home station training in preparation for active duty training in 1966. Such training continued into the following year as the brigade prepared for a field training exercise at Fort Irwin in June 1967.


191st Infantry Brigade (United States)
The 191st Infantry Brigade was inactivated on 29 February 1968 at Helena, Montana, after only five years of existence, although some of its subordinate elements remained active as separate units. This included the 8th Battalion, 40th Armor, which was reassigned to the 63d ARCOM.


191st Infantry Brigade (United States)
In late July 1990, soldiers of 8th, 40th Armor were sent to Fort Hunter Ligget, California for Annual Training. After their arrival, they were notified they were to be mobilized in preparation for Operation Desert Shield (Due to Iraq invading Kuwait, 2 Aug. 1990)


191st Infantry Brigade (United States)
On 24 October 1997 the brigade was withdrawn from the Army Reserve and allotted to the Regular Army; Headquarters concurrently activated at Fort Lewis, Washington. It was inactivated there on 16 October 1999, then reactivated at Fort Lewis on 1 December 2006. This was accomplished by reorganizing and reflagging the existing 4th Brigade, 91st Division (Training Support) and assuming the mission to train Army Reserve and National Guard units.


191st Infantry Brigade (United States)
In September 2012 elements of HQ 191st Infantry Brigade deployed as an SFAT (Strategic Forces Advisory Team) to eastern Afghanistan in support of Operation ENDURING FREEDOM. The brigade was inactivated at Fort Lewis, Washington, during a ceremony held on 8 January 2014 and elements of the unit were integrated with the 189th Infantry Brigade (Training Support).


191st Infantry Brigade (United States), Organization
During its most recent service the brigade was composed of:


191st Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
The 191st Division (Chinese: 第191师) was created in February 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 11th Brigade, 4th Column of Huabei Military Region. Its history could be traced back to 3rd Military Sub-district of Jinchaji Military Region, formed in November 1937.


191st Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
The division was a part of 64th Corps. Under the flag of 191st division it took part in the Chinese Civil War.


191st Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
The division was composed of 571st, 572nd and 573rd Infantry Regiments. In December 1950 Artillery Regiment, 191st Division was activated, and redesignated as 571st Artillery Regiment in 1953.


191st Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In January 1951 the division converted to Soviet-built small arms. After soon the division moved into Korea as a part of People's Volunteer Army in February 1951. In October and November the division took part in the First and Second Battle of Maryang San.


191st Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In August 1953, the division pulled out of Korea and renamed as the 191st Infantry Division (Chinese: 步兵第191师). The division stationed in Dandong, Liaoning province since then.


191st Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In May 1954, 387th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment of 182nd Infantry Division was attached to the division and renamed as 396th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment. The division was then composed of:


191st Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In February 1955, the division, along with the rest of 64th Corps moved to Port Arthur to receive equipment left by the withdrawing Soviet Union. The division received equipment left by 17th Guards Rifle Division, and then stationed in Jinzhou District.


191st Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In April 1960 the division was renamed as the 191st Army Division (Chinese: 陆军第191师). In June 1962, the division was catalogued as a "big" division (northern, catalogue A).


191st Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In June 1963 the division moved to Dandong, Liaoning again.


191st Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
From January to August 1968, Anti- Aircraft Artillery Battalion, 191st Army Division moved to North Vietnam to take part in the Vietnam War. On March 28 the battalion shot down 2 F-4C fighters. However this claim could not be confirmed by U.S. sources.


191st Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In September 1968, 396th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment detached from the division and was transferred to 5th Tank Division as 3rd Independent Tank Regiment.


191st Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In late 1969, 571st Artillery Regiment was renamed as Artillery Regiment, 191st Army Division. The division was then composed of:


191st Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
From November 1968 to May 1970, Reconnaissance Company, 191st Army Division, along with 75-mm Recoilless Rifle Battery, 572nd Infantry Regiment, took part in reconnaissance missions in Zhenbao Island area, securing the left flank of the island. However element of the division did not participate in the direct fire fight during the Zhenbao Island Incident, March 1969. In the 1970s the division maintained as a catalogue B unit.


191st Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In September 1985, the division was renamed as the 191st Infantry Division (Chinese: 步兵第191师) again. From 1985 to 1998 the division maintained as a northern infantry division, catalogue B. 571st and 573rd Regiments were converted to training unit until 1989, when they were further converted to combat units.