1919 Swiss referendums
Three referendums were held in Switzerland during 1919. The first two were held on 4 May on amending the constitution to add article 24ter on shipping, and on a constitutional amendment to impose a war tax. Both proposals were approved by a majority of voters and cantons. The third was held on 10 August on temporary amendments to article 73 of the constitution, and was also approved.


1919 Swiss referendums, Background
All three referendums were mandatory referendums, which required a double majority; a majority of the popular vote and majority of the cantons. The decision of each canton was based on the vote in that canton. Full cantons counted as one vote, whilst half cantons counted as half.


1919 Syracuse Orangemen football team
The 1919 Syracuse Orangemen football team represented Syracuse University in the 1919 college football season.


1919 TCU Horned Frogs football team
The 1919 TCU Horned Frogs football team represented Texas Christian University (TCU) as a member of the Texas Intercollegiate Athletic Association (TIAA) during the 1919 college football season. Led by Ted D. Hackney in his first and only year as head coach, the Horned Frogs compiled an overall record of 1–7. The team's captain was Will Hill Acker, who played tackle.


1919 Tasmanian state election
The 1919 Tasmanian state election was held on 31 May 1919 in the Australian state of Tasmania to elect 30 members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly. The election used the Hare-Clark proportional representation system — six members were elected from each of five electorates.


1919 Tasmanian state election
By the 1919 election, the Liberal Party had regrouped and been renamed as the Nationalist Party. The Premier of Tasmania, Walter Lee, had led the party for a relatively untroubled three years, despite the Liberals' one-seat majority over Labor and the uncertainty of World War I.


1919 Tasmanian state election
The Labor Party in Tasmania went into the 1919 election led by Joseph Lyons. Lee led the Nationalist Party to victory, with a 14% margin over Labor, although they only won 16 of the 30 seats in the House of Assembly. Independent Joshua Whitsitt retained his seat.


1919 Tempe Normal Owls football team
The 1919 Tempe Normal Owls football team was an American football team that represented Tempe Normal School (later renamed Arizona State University) as an independent during the 1919 college football season. In their first and only season under head coach George E. Cooper, the Owls compiled a 0–2 record and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 104 to 3. In the first game of the season, the team lost, 59–0, in the Arizona–Arizona State football rivalry.


1919 Tennessee Volunteers football team
The 1919 Tennessee Volunteers football team represented the University of Tennessee in the 1919 college football season. The Vols won three, lost three, and tied three. This was the first varsity team for Tennessee since the 1916 season. Tennessee did not field official football teams in 1917 and 1918 due to World War I.


1919 Texas A&M Aggies football team
The 1919 Texas A&M Aggies football team represented Texas A&M during the 1919 college football season. Texas A&M began the season with a doubleheader in College Station, scored a combined 105 points, and never looked back on their way to an undefeated 1919 season. The team was retroactively recognized as the 1919 national champion by the Billingsley Report (using its alternate "margin of victory" methodology) and as a co-national champion with Harvard and Notre Dame by the National Championship Foundation.


1919 Texas A&M Aggies football team
Overall, Texas A&M won 79.8% of their games played in the decade, with 77.4% of all games being at home for the Aggies.


1919 Texas Longhorns football team
The 1919 Texas Longhorns football team represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 1919 college football season.


1919 Texas Mines Miners football team
The 1919 Texas Mines Miners football team was an American football team that represented the Texas School of Mines (now known as the University of Texas at El Paso) during the 1919 college football season. In its fifth and final season under head coach Tommy Dwyer, the team compiled a 24 record and was outscored by a total of 131 to 67.


1919 The Citadel Bulldogs football team
The 1919 The Citadel Bulldogs football team represented The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina in the 1919 college football season. George Rogers returned to lead the Bulldogs for the 1919 season after a three-year absence. His second tenure as head coach lasted just one season. The Bulldogs played as members of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association and played home games at College Park Stadium in Hampton Park.


1919 Tie Cup Final
The 1919 Tie Cup was the 20° and last edition of this competition. It was contested by the champions of Copa de Competencia Jockey Club (Argentina) and Copa de Competencia (Uruguay).


1919 Tie Cup Final
Boca Juniors beat Nacional) at Estadio Sportivo Barracas, that hosted most international matches during that decade. The final was scheduled for May 1920.


1919 Tie Cup Final, Overview
With only 15 minutes played, Boca Juniors midfielder Mario Buzzo injured so he left the field. Despite playing with ten players most of the match (substitutions were not allowed by those times) the Argentine side scored its first goal on 32 minutes after an aerial passing by winger Pedro Calomino that goalkeeper Andrés Mazali could not intercept well, allowing Pedro Miranda to head the ball.


1919 Tie Cup Final, Overview
In the second half, Uruguayan defender Alfredo Foglino was injured after a collision so both teams played the rest of the match with 10 men each. Boca Juniors' second goal was scored by Pablo Bozzo after heading the ball by a pass from Calomino, regarded as the man of the match.


1919 Tie Cup Final, Match details
Injured players; substitutions were not allowed in those times so both teams ended with 10 players each


1919 Tiong Hoa Championship
The 1919 Tiong Hoa Championship season (known as the C.K.T.H Championship for organisation reasons) was the third season of the Dutch East Indies Tiong Hoa Championship football competition since its establishment in 1917. Union Semarang are the defending champions, having won their first league title.


1919 Tiong Hoa Championship
It was contested by 3 teams, and U.M.S. Batavia won the championship.


1919 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
The 1919 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship was the 30th staging of the Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Tipperary County Board in 1887.


1919 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
Toomevara won the championship after a 3-00 to 1-05 defeat of a Mid Selection in the final. It was their sixth championship title overall and their first title since 1914.


1919 Toledo Blue and Gold football team
The 1919 Toledo Blue and Gold football team was an American football team that represented Toledo University (renamed the University of Toledo in 1967) as an independent during the 1919 college football season. Led by first-year coach Watt Hobt, Toledo compiled a 2–4 record.


1919 Toronto Argonauts season
The 1919 Toronto Argonauts season was the 33rd season for the team since the franchise's inception in 1873. The team finished in second place in the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union with a 3–3 record and failed to qualify for the playoffs.


1919 Toronto municipal election
Municipal elections were held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, on January 1, 1919. Mayor Tommy Church was elected to his fifth consecutive term in office. This election marked the creation of Ward 8, covering the recently annexed areas of East Toronto. The representation of Ward 7 was also increased to have three alderman like every other ward.


1919 Toronto municipal election, Toronto mayor
Church had first been elected mayor in 1915 and had been reelected every year since. He was opposed by several credible opponents, most notably by Controller John O'Neill who was trying to become the first Roman Catholic to be elected mayor of Toronto. Two other prominent candidates also ran, but failed to win much support. MP and future mayor Thomas Foster and former controller William Henry Shaw.


1919 Toronto municipal election, Board of Control
O'Neill's decision to run for mayor opened one vacancy on the Board of Control. It was filled by former Controller R.H. Cameron who had run unsuccessfully for mayor the year previous.


1919 Toronto municipal election, City council
Results taken from the January 1, 1920 Toronto Daily Star and might not exactly match final tallies.


1919 Tour de France
The 1919 Tour de France was the 13th edition of the Tour de France, taking place from 29 June to 27 July over a total distance of 5,560 kilometres (3,450 mi). It was the first Tour de France after World War I, and was won by Firmin Lambot. Following the tenth stage, the yellow jersey, given to the leader of the general classification, was introduced, and first worn by Eugène Christophe.


1919 Tour de France
The fighting in World War I had ravaged the French road system, which made cycling difficult. As a result, the average speed (24.056 km/h) and the number of finishing cyclists (ten) were the lowest in history.


1919 Tour de France, Background
Since the previous Tour de France in 1914, it was impossible to organise the Tour de France due to World War I. Tour organiser Henri Desgrange always wanted to organise a new Tour after the war, and within days after the end of the war, the organisation of the 1919 Tour de France started.


1919 Tour de France, Innovations and changes
Three former winners of the Tour, François Faber, Octave Lapize and Lucien Petit-Breton had died fighting in the war. Two other former winners, Philippe Thys and Odile Defraye started the race. The war had been only over for seven months, so most cyclists did not have a chance to train enough for the Tour. For that reason, there were almost no new younger cyclists, and the older cyclists dominated the race. The organisation did not make it easy for the cyclists: with the addition of a stop at Strasbourg (recently recovered in the war), the length was extended to 5560 km; it was longer than all the previous Tours, and since then only the 1926 Tour de France has been longer.


1919 Tour de France, Innovations and changes
The bicycle manufacturers had also suffered from the war and were unable to sponsor teams of cyclists. They worked together and sponsored more than half of the cyclists under the name "La Sportive", but effectively all the cyclists rode as individuals, wearing grey jerseys. The lack of team colours made riders indistinguishable and lead to the introduction of the leader's jersey. Cyclists were divided in an A-category (professional) and a B-category (amateurs).


1919 Tour de France, Innovations and changes
In previous years, cyclists had to take care of their own food during the race. In 1919, the tour organisation took care of this.


1919 Tour de France, Race overview
The first stage was won by Belgian Jean Rossius. However, he was penalised with 30 minutes for illegally helping Philippe Thys (handing him a water bottle), therefore Henri Pélissier was leading the race. It had not helped Thys however, because he had to abandon the race in the first stage after a large crash.


1919 Tour de France, Race overview
In the beginning of the race, Henri and Francis Pélissier were the best. They both finished before the rest in stage two, with Henri crossing the line first. In the third stage, Henri, leading the race, wanted to stop. Organizer Desgrange did all he could to change Pélissier's mind, and finally Pélissier started to race again. He was already 45 minutes behind, and the next three hours he was chasing the rest. He finally caught up, and finished second in the sprint, after his brother Francis. After that victory, Henri Pélissier said that he was a thoroughbred and the rest of the cyclists were work horses, which made the other cyclists angry. During that third stage, Léon Scieur punctured four times, and lost two hours.


1919 Tour de France, Race overview
In the fourth stage, the rest of the cyclists (only 25 were still in race) took revenge on the Pélissier brothers. When they had to change bicycles, everybody else sped away from them. Henri Pélissier chased the rest, but was then ordered by Desgrange to stop working together with other cyclists in his pursuit. In the end, Henri Pélissier had lost more than 35 minutes, and his brother Francis over three hours. The Pélissier brothers were angry at the organisation and left the race. Jean Alavoine won the stage, and Eugène Christophe became the new leader in the general classification.


1919 Tour de France, Race overview
Alavoine would also win the fifth stage, the longest ever in history at 482 kilometres (300 mi). Christophe was still in Grenoble at the start of stage eleven, when, at 2am tour organiser Henri Desgrange gave him a yellow jersey, so that he could easily be recognized. The colour was inspired by the colour of the organizing newspaper l'Auto, although another explanation is that other colours were not available in the post-war shortage. Previously the leader would wear a green armband. Christophe was not happy with his yellow jersey, and other cyclists called him a canary.


1919 Tour de France, Race overview
At that point in the race, it was likely that Christophe would stay the leader until the end of the Tour de France, because he remained in that yellow jersey after the Pyrenees and the Alps. In the penultimate stage, Firmin Lambot, who was in second position, more than 28 minutes behind, attacked. Christophe, still leading the race, chased him, but broke his fork close to Valenciennes. The rules were such that cyclists could get no help at all, so Christophe repaired his bicycle himself.


1919 Tour de France, Race overview
This same thing had already cost him the victory in 1913, and would happen to him for a third time in 1922. It took him over two and a half hours, and he had lost the lead to Lambot. In the last stage, Christophe had a record number of punctures, and also lost his second place to Jean Alavoine. Lambot, aged 33, was at that moment the oldest Tour de France winner in history.


1919 Tour de France, Race overview
Because the organising newspaper l'Auto felt bad for Christophe, he received the same prize money as the winner Lambot. In addition, a collection raised money, the donors for this prize were reported in 20 pages in the newspaper. Altogether, Christophe received 13310 Francs, much more than the 5000 Francs that Lambot received for his victory.


1919 Tour de France, Results
In each stage, all cyclists started together. The cyclist who reached the finish first, was the winner of the stage. The time that each cyclist required to finish the stage was recorded. For the general classification, these times were added up; the cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader. From the eleventh stage on, the leader in the general classification was identified by the yellow jersey.


1919 Tour de France, Results, General classification
Of the 67 cyclists that started the race, only 11 cyclists finished. On 12 August 1919, Paul Duboc (8th overall), was disqualified for borrowing a car to go and repair his pedal axle, which left only 10 cyclists in the final classification. In total, 43 cyclists started as category A, and 24 cyclists as category B.


1919 Tour de France, Aftermath
The yellow jersey that was introduced in this tour, was so successful that it has been used ever since. Thys claimed to have worn the first yellow jersey when leading in 1913: Desgrange had requested him to wear a distinguishable coloured jersey, so his team manager found him a yellow jersey. The winner of the race, Lambot, would later also win the 1922 Tour de France, but has become a half-forgotten figure in the Tour's history. Christophe, who lost the Tour due to bad luck, is still remembered as an eternal second.


1919 Tour de France, Aftermath
The fight between cyclist Pélissier and tour organiser Desgrange would continue for many years. Pélissier would win the 1923 Tour de France.


1919 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 8
The 1919 Tour de France was the 13th edition of Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Tour began in Paris with a flat stage on 29 June, and Stage 8 occurred on 13 July with a flat stage to Marseille. The race finished in Paris on 27 July.


1919 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 8, Stage 1
29 June 1919 — Paris to Le Havre, 388 km (241 mi)


1919 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 8, Stage 2
1 July 1919 — Le Havre to Cherbourg, 364 km (226 mi)


1919 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 8, Stage 3
3 July 1919 — Cherbourg to Brest, 405 km (252 mi)


1919 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 8, Stage 4
5 July 1919 — Brest to Les Sables-d'Olonne, 412 km (256 mi)


1919 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 8, Stage 5
7 July 1919 — Les Sables-d'Olonne to Bayonne, 482 km (300 mi)


1919 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 8, Stage 6
9 July 1919 — Bayonne to Luchon, 326 km (203 mi)


1919 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 8, Stage 7
11 July 1919 — Luchon to Perpignan, 323 km (201 mi)


1919 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 8, Stage 8
13 July 1919 — Perpignan to Marseille, 370 km (230 mi)


1919 Tour de France, Stage 9 to Stage 15
The 1919 Tour de France was the 13th edition of Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Tour began in Paris with a flat stage on 29 June, and Stage 9 occurred on 15 July with a mountainous stage from Marseille. The race finished in Paris on 27 July.


1919 Tour de France, Stage 9 to Stage 15, Stage 9
15 July 1919 — Marseille to Nice, 338 km (210 mi)


1919 Tour de France, Stage 9 to Stage 15, Stage 10
17 July 1919 — Nice to Grenoble, 333 km (207 mi)


1919 Tour de France, Stage 9 to Stage 15, Stage 11
19 July 1919 — Grenoble to Geneva, 325 km (202 mi)


1919 Tour de France, Stage 9 to Stage 15, Stage 11
Eugene Christophe wore the first ever Tour de France race leader's yellow jersey, from the start of the stage.


1919 Tour de France, Stage 9 to Stage 15, Stage 12
21 July 1919 — Geneva to Strasbourg, 371 km (231 mi)


1919 Tour de France, Stage 9 to Stage 15, Stage 13
23 July 1919 — Strasbourg to Metz, 315 km (196 mi)


1919 Tour de France, Stage 9 to Stage 15, Stage 14
25 July 1919 — Metz to Dunkerque, 468 km (291 mi)


1919 Tour de France, Stage 9 to Stage 15, Stage 15
27 July 1919 — Dunkerque to Paris, 340 km (210 mi)


1919 Tour of Flanders
The 1919 Tour of Flanders was the third edition of the Tour of Flanders road cycling race was held on 23 March 1919 and was won by the Belgian Henri Van Lerberghe. Van Lerberghe broke clear at 120 km from the finish in a solo effort and maintained his lead to the finish. He finished 14 minutes ahead of the first group of chasers, the largest winning margin in the history of the race. Léon Buysse won the sprint for second place before Jules Van Hevel. The race started in the centre of Ghent and finished in Gentbrugge, on the outskirts of Ghent. The total distance was 230 kilometres (142.9 miles).


1919 Tour of Flanders
It was the first Tour of Flanders after a five-year hiatus due to the First World War. As from this edition, the Tour of Flanders has been organized annually, even during the Second World War; the longest uninterrupted streak of any cycling race.


1919 Tour of Flanders, Race summary
Before the start of the race, Henri Van Lerberghe declared to the peloton that he was going to drop everyone and impose himself on the race alone. Van Lerberghe attacked into a headwind whilst there was still 120 km to be travelled, in what looked like an attack without any chance of success. During his breakaway, he saw an assistant with a bag of food planned for Marcel Buysse and convinced him that Buysse had abandoned, so as to take his food.


1919 Tour of Flanders, Race summary
Later, he had to pause at a level crossing as there was a train going past at the time. Van Lerberghe did not wait for the train to pass and decided to enter a train car with his bike to get out on the other side. He went on to reach the finish line with a margin of 14 minutes over the next placed rider, the largest margin in the history of the Tour of Flanders. After crossing the line and riding his lap of honour, Van Lerberghe declared to the crowd and, in all sincerity: "Go home; I'm half a day ahead of the pack."


1919 Tulane Olive and Blue football team
The 1919 Tulane Olive and Blue football team represented Tulane University during the 1919 college football season.


1919 U.S. National Championships (tennis)
The 1919 U.S. National Championships (now known as the US Open) was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor grass courts at the West Side Tennis Club, Forest Hills in New York City, United States. The women's tournament was held from 16 June until 20 June while the men's tournament ran from 26 August until 4 September. It was the 39th staging of the U.S. National Championships and the second Grand Slam tennis event of the year.


1919 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Champions, Men's doubles
Norman Brookes /  Gerald Patterson defeated  Bill Tilden /  Vincent Richards 8–6, 6–3, 4–6, 4–6, 6–2


1919 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Champions, Women's doubles
Marion Zinderstein /  Eleanor Goss defeated  Eleonora Sears /  Hazel Wightman 10–8, 9–7


1919 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Champions, Mixed doubles
Marion Zinderstein /  Vincent Richards defeated  Florence Ballin /  Bill Tilden 2–6, 11–9, 6–2


1919 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles
Bill Johnston defeated Bill Tilden 6–4, 6–4, 6–3 in the final to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1919 U.S. National Championships. It was Johnston's second U.S. Championships singles title after 1915. The competition had an unseeded draw of 128 players.


1919 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles
Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman  defeated Marion Zinderstein 6–1, 6–2 in the final to win the Women's Singles tennis title at the 1919 U.S. National Championships. The event was played on outdoor grass courts and held at the Philadelphia Cricket Club in Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia from June 16 through June 21, 1919. It was the first edition of the event without a challenge round. The final began in fine weather  at 2:15 pm on Saturday, June 21, 1920 and lasted 28 1⁄2 minutes. It was Hazel Wightman's fourth national singles title after 1909, 1910 and 1911.


1919 U.S. Open (golf)
The 1919 U.S. Open was the 23rd U.S. Open, held June 9–12 at Brae Burn Country Club in West Newton, Massachusetts, a suburb west of Boston. In the first U.S. Open since 1916, Walter Hagen defeated Mike Brady by one stroke in an 18-hole playoff to win his second and final U.S. Open. It was the second of Hagen's eleven major titles. The championship was not held in 1917 and 1918 due to the First World War.


1919 U.S. Open (golf)
Charles Hoffner, age 22, opened the tournament with a 72 to take the first round lead, but he fell off the pace with a 78 in the second round. Mike Brady carded consecutive rounds of 74 to take the 36-hole lead by two over Hoffner, with Walter Hagen in a group three back. Brady shot 73 in the third round and opened up a commanding five-shot lead over Hagen. In the final round, he stumbled to an 80 for 301 total, allowing Hagen back into the championship. Hagen had a 10-footer (3 m) to win at the 18th, but his putt lipped out.


1919 U.S. Open (golf)
In the playoff the next day, Hagen carried a two-stroke lead to the 17th but then bogeyed to see his lead cut to one. But both players made par on the 18th, giving Hagen the title. Hagen's victory in the playoff came after he partied with entertainer Al Jolson all night before showing up to play.


1919 U.S. Open (golf)
This was the first U.S. Open to be played over three days, with the first and second rounds played on the first two days and the third and final rounds played on the last day (Wednesday). It reverted to the two-day schedule the following year; the three-day schedule returned in 1926 and the four-day schedule began in 1965.


1919 U.S. Open (golf)
Willie Chisholm set an unfortunate tournament record in the first round at the par-3 8th hole. His approach shot landed in a rocky ravine and he took several shots to get out. He eventually settled for an 18 on the hole, a dubious record that would stand until a 19 was recorded in 1938.


1919 U.S. Open (golf)
Defending champion Chick Evans finished twelve strokes back in tenth place and was the low amateur.


1919 USC Trojans football team
The 1919 USC Trojans football team represented the University of Southern California (USC) in the 1919 college football season. In their first year under head coach Gus Henderson, the Trojans compiled a 4–1 record and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 87 to 21.


1919 USFSA Football Championship
Statistics of the USFSA Football Championship in the 1919 season.


1919 United Kingdom railway strike
The 1919 United Kingdom railway strike was an industrial dispute which last nine days (midnight 26-27 September until 5 October) leading to a victory by the National Union of Railwaymen.


1919 United Kingdom railway strike
The strike was precipitated when the government announced plans to reduce rates of pay which had been negotiated by ASLEF and NUR during the First World War. After nine days of strike action, the government agreed to maintain wages for another year. Subsequent negotiations resulted in the standardisation of wages across the railway companies and the introduction of a maximum eight hour day.


1919 United States Army Air Service aircraft designation system
From 1919 until 1924, the United States Army Air Service used a system to designate the types of aircraft it was operating, based on role and specific characteristics of the aircraft. When first instituted, Roman numerals were used to number the designations in use. These numerals were only applied to the first 15 types before being abandoned. Air-cooled and Water-cooled refer to the engines installed, while Pursuit was the name given to fighter aircraft in the US Army, at that time. The system was replaced by the 1924 United States Army Air Service aircraft designation system.


1919 United States House of Representatives elections
There were four special elections to the United States House of Representatives in 1919, during the 65th United States Congress and 66th United States Congress.


1919 United States anarchist bombings
The 1919 United States anarchist bombings were a series of bombings and attempted bombings carried out by followers of the Italian anarchist Luigi Galleani from April through June 1919.


1919 United States anarchist bombings
These bombings were one of the major factors contributing to the Red Scare of 1919–1920.


1919 United States anarchist bombings, April mail bomb attacks
In late April 1919, at least 36 booby trap dynamite-filled bombs were mailed to a cross-section of prominent politicians and appointees, including the Attorney General as well as justice officials, newspaper editors and businessmen, including John D. Rockefeller. Among all the bombs addressed to high-level officials, one bomb was addressed to the home of a Department of Justice Bureau of Investigation (BOI) field agent once tasked with investigating the Galleanists, Rayme Weston Finch, who in 1918 had arrested two prominent Galleanists while leading a police raid on the offices of their publication Cronaca Sovversiva.


1919 United States anarchist bombings, April mail bomb attacks
The mail bombs were wrapped in brown paper with similar address and advertising labels. Inside, wrapped in bright green paper and stamped "Gimbel Brothers-Novelty Samples", was a cardboard box containing a six-inch by three-inch block of hollowed wood about one inch in thickness, packed with a stick of dynamite. A small vial of sulfuric acid was fastened to the wood block, along with three fulminate-of-mercury blasting caps. Opening one end of the box (the end marked "open") released a coil spring that caused the acid to drip from its vial onto the blasting caps; the acid ate through the caps, igniting them and detonating the dynamite.


1919 United States anarchist bombings, April mail bomb attacks
The Galleanists intended their bombs to be delivered on May Day. Since 1890 and the Second International, May 1 had been celebrated as the international day of communist, anarchist and socialist revolutionary solidarity. Seattle Mayor Ole Hanson, who had recently attained national prominence for opposing a general strike in Seattle, received one of the mailed package bombs, but it was opened by William Langer, a member of his office staff. Langer opened the wrong end of the box and the bottle of acid dropped onto a table without detonation.


1919 United States anarchist bombings, April mail bomb attacks
He took the bomb to the local police, who notified the Post Office and other police agencies. On April 29, Georgia Senator Thomas W. Hardwick, who had co-sponsored the anti-radical Immigration Act of 1918, received a similarly disguised bomb. It blew off the hands of his housekeeper when she attempted to open the package. The senator's wife was also injured in the blast which severely burned her face and neck and a piece of shrapnel cut her lip and loosened several of her teeth.


1919 United States anarchist bombings, April mail bomb attacks
News reports of the Hardwick bomb described its distinctive packaging and an alert post office employee in New York connected this to 16 similar packages which he had set aside a few days earlier for insufficient postage. Another 12 bombs were eventually recovered before reaching their intended targets. The addressees were the following:


1919 United States anarchist bombings, June bombings
On the evening of June 2, 1919, the Galleanists managed to detonate nine large bombs nearly simultaneously in eight cities. These bombs were much larger than those sent in April, using up to 25 pounds (11 kg) of dynamite and all were wrapped or packaged with heavy metal slugs designed to act as shrapnel. Addressees included government officials who had endorsed anti-sedition laws and deportation of immigrants suspected of crimes or associated with illegal movements as well as judges who had sentenced anarchists to prison. The targets were:


1919 United States anarchist bombings, June bombings
Palmer, who was already the recipient of a mail bomb in April, was again attacked in the new wave of violence. None of the targeted men were killed, but one bomb took the life of New York City night watchman William Boehner and the bomb intended for Attorney General Palmer's home prematurely exploded and killed Carlo Valdinoci, who was a former editor of the Galleanist publication Cronaca Sovversiva and close associate of Galleani. Though not seriously injured, Palmer and his family were shaken by the blast and the house itself was largely demolished.


1919 United States anarchist bombings, June bombings
Two near-casualties of the same bomb were Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin Delano Roosevelt and his wife Eleanor, then living across the street from Palmer. They had passed the house just minutes before the explosion and their residence was close enough that one of the bomber's body parts landed on their doorstep.


1919 United States anarchist bombings, June bombings
Each of the bombs was delivered with several copies of a pink flyer, titled "Plain Words", that read as such:


1919 United States anarchist bombings, June bombings
War, Class war, and you were the first to wage it under the cover of the powerful institutions you call order, in the darkness of your laws. There will have to be bloodshed; we will not dodge; there will have to be murder: we will kill, because it is necessary; there will have to be destruction; we will destroy to rid the world of your tyrannical institutions.


1919 United States anarchist bombings, June bombings
The flyer was later traced to a printing shop operated by two anarchists, typesetter Andrea Salsedo and compositor Roberto Elia, who were both Galleanists according to the later memoirs of other members. Salsedo committed suicide and Elia refused an offer to cancel deportation proceedings if he would testify about his role in the Galleanist organization. Unable to secure enough evidence for criminal trials, authorities continued to use the Anarchist Exclusion Act and related statutes to deport known Galleanists.


1919 United States anarchist bombings, Response
Fueled by labor unrest and the anarchist bombings and then spurred on by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer's attempt to suppress radical and non-radical labor organizations, the response to the bombings was characterized by exaggerated rhetoric, illegal search and seizures, unwarranted arrests and detentions and the deportation of several hundred suspected radicals and anarchists. Palmer, twice targeted by anarchist bombs, organized the nationwide series of police actions known as the Palmer raids in November 1919 and January 1920. Under suspicion of violating the Espionage Act, the Sedition Act and/or the Immigration Act of 1918, approximately 10,000 people were arrested, of whom 3,500 were held in detention. Of those held in detention, 556 resident aliens were eventually deported.


1919 United States anarchist bombings, Media and popular culture
The bombings were dramatized in the 2012 film No God, No Master. The bombing of the home of Palmer was also dramatized in the 2011 film J. Edgar.


1919 United States anarchist bombings, Media and popular culture
The June Bombings and the “Plain Words” fliers were referenced in the video game Arkham Origins by Anarky, one of the game’s antagonists.


1919 United States gubernatorial elections
United States gubernatorial elections were held in 1919, in six states. Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland and Mississippi held their gubernatorial elections in odd numbered years, every 4 years, preceding the United States presidential election year. New Jersey at this time held gubernatorial elections every 3 years, which it would abandon in 1949. This was the last time Massachusetts elected its governors to a single-year term, switching to two years from the 1920 election.


1919 United States gubernatorial elections, Notes
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1919 University Farm football team
The 1919 University Farm football team represented University Farm in the 1919 college football season. Although University Farm was the formal name for the school and team, in many newspaper articles from the time it was called "Davis Farm". The team had no nickname in 1919, with the "Aggie" term being introduced in 1922.


1919 University Farm football team
The school did not field a team in 1918 due to World War I. The 1919 team competed as an independent and was led by head coach William E. Bobbitt in his only season as head coach for the school. They played home games in Davis, California. University Farm finished with a record of two wins and five losses (2–5) and was outscored by their opponents 63–109 for the 1919 season.


1919 University of Akron football team
The 1919 Akron football team represented the University of Akron in the 1919 college football season. The team was led by fifth-year head coach Fred Sefton. Akron outscored their opponents by a total of 139–38.


1919 University of Akron football team
The season was the program's most successful one since the 7–2 1910 season, when they were known as Buchtel College.


1919 University of New Mexico football team
The 1919 University of New Mexico football team was an American football team that represented the University of New Mexico as an independent during the 1919 college football season. In their first and only season under head coach John F. McGough, the Lobos compiled a 3–0–2 record, shut out three of five opponents, and outscored all opponents by a total of 136 to 15.


1919 University of New Mexico football team
The Mann brothers, Claude (sometimes Claud) at quarterback and Grant at halfback, starred for the 1919 team. Claude was the team captain.


1919 University of New Mexico football team
Four New Mexico players received first-team honors on the 1919 All-Southwest football team selected by Pop McKale for Spalding's Football Guide: Grant Mann at halfback; Dwight McClure at tackle; Glen Rogers at end; and Ben Gerpheide at fullback.


1919 University of Utah football team
The 1919 University of Utah football team was an American football team that represented the University of Utah in the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) during the 1919 college football season. In their first season under head coach Thomas M. Fitzpatrick, the Utes compiled a 5–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 151 to 62.


1919 Uruguayan Primera División
The Uruguayan Championship 1919 was the 19th season of Uruguay's top-flight football league.


1919 Uruguayan Primera División, Overview
The tournament consisted of a two-wheel championship of all against all. It involved ten teams, and the champion was Nacional.


1919 Uruguayan parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Uruguay in 1919. Although the National Party won the most seats as a single party, the  various factions of the Colorado Party took over half the seats in the Chamber of Deputies.


1919 Utah Agricultural Aggies football team
The 1919 Utah Agricultural Aggies football team was an American football team that represented Utah Agricultural College (later renamed Utah State University) in the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) during the 1919 college football season. In their first season under head coach Dick Romney, the Aggies compiled a 5–2 record (3–2 against RMC opponents), placed fourth in the conference, and outscored all opponents by a total of 234 to 44.


1919 VFA season
The 1919 Victorian Football Association season was the 41st season of the Australian rules football competition. The season was the first to be played after hostilities ended in World War I, and saw a return to a full-length season featuring all ten clubs for the first time since 1914.


1919 VFA season
The premiership was won by the Footscray Football Club, after it defeated North Melbourne by 22 points in the Grand Final on 27 September. It was the club's sixth VFA premiership. Footscray's premiership came after minor premier North Melbourne was undefeated through the home-and-home matches – and, in fact, undefeated since 1914 – before losing both finals matches it played.


1919 VFA season, Association membership
The four clubs which opted not to play during 1918 due to World War I – Brighton, Essendon, Hawthorn and Williamstown – returned to senior competition for the 1919 season. As a result, the Association returned to ten competing clubs, as it had been prior to the war.


1919 VFA season, Association membership
After having played with each team fielding sixteen-a-side since 1912, the Association opted to return to fielding eighteen players on each team.


1919 VFA season, Association membership
After a war-time agreement between the League and Association regarding player transfers between the two competitions expired in 1918, the Association introduced a rule which would see a player disqualified from the Association for two years if he transferred to a League club without a permit from the Association; but, as there was no longer a formal arrangement between the two competitions, such players remained free to play in the League during this period of disqualification.


1919 VFA season, Premiership
The home-and-home season was played over eighteen rounds, with each club playing the others twice; then, the top four clubs contested a finals series under the amended Argus system to determine the premiers for the season.


1919 VFA season, Notable events, North Melbourne's record winning streak
From 1914 until 1919, North Melbourne dominated the Association to compile a record winning streak. Between its two-point loss against Footscray on 17 July 1914 and its nine-point loss against Brunswick in the semi-final on 13 September 1919, North Melbourne won a total of 58 consecutive matches – including 49 premiership matches and nine other matches, such as patriotic fund-raisers during the war.


1919 VFA season, Notable events, North Melbourne's record winning streak
During this time, North Melbourne won three premierships (1914, 1915 and 1918), and completed two (shortened) unbeaten seasons: 15–0 in 1915 and 12–0 in 1918 – it was the last time a team won every match in a season until Geelong West in 1972 (Division 2), and the last time a team achieved it in the top division until Port Melbourne in 2011.


1919 VFA season, Notable events, North Melbourne's record winning streak
After losing the semi-final against Brunswick, North Melbourne also lost its next match – the Grand Final against Footscray – to finish second for the season.


1919 VFL Grand Final
The 1919 VFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Collingwood Football Club and Richmond Football Club, held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne on 11 October 1919. It was the 22nd annual Grand Final of the Victorian Football League, staged to determine the premiers for the 1919 VFL season. The match, attended by 45,413 spectators, was won by Collingwood by a margin of 25 points, marking that club's fifth premiership victory.


1919 VFL season
The 1919 Victorian Football League season was the 23rd season of the elite Australian rules football competition.


1919 VFL season, Premiership season
In 1919, the VFL competition consisted of nine teams of 18 on-the-field players each, with no "reserves", although any of the 18 players who had left the playing field for any reason could later resume their place on the field at any time during the match.


1919 VFL season, Premiership season
Each team played each other twice in a home-and-away season of 18 rounds (i.e., 16 matches and 2 byes).


1919 VFL season, Premiership season
Once the 18 round home-and-away season had finished, the 1919 VFL Premiers were determined by the specific format and conventions of the amended "Argus system".


1919 VFL season, Finals
All of the 1919 finals were played at the MCG so the home team in the semi-finals and Preliminary Final is purely the higher ranked team from the ladder but in the Grand Final the home team was the team that won the Preliminary Final.


1919 VFL season, Grand final
Collingwood defeated Richmond 11.12 (78) to 7.11 (53), in front of a crowd of 45,413 people. (For an explanation of scoring see Australian rules football).


1919 VPI Gobblers football team
The 1919 VPI Gobblers football team represented Virginia Polytechnic Institute in the 1919 college football season. The team was led by their head coach Charles Bernier and finished with a record of five wins and four losses (5–4).


1919 VPI Gobblers football team, Players
The following players were members of the 1919 football team according to the roster published in the 1920 edition of The Bugle, the Virginia Tech yearbook.


1919 Vanderbilt Commodores football team
The 1919 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University in the 1919 college football season. The 1919 season was Dan McGugin's 15th year as head coach. McGugin was returning from his stent in the Army during World War I where he was relieved by interim head coach Ray Morrison. Josh Cody was selected third-team All-America by Walter Camp, for the second time (he also received the honor in 1915).


1919 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Before the season
After World War I, Josh Cody returned to Vanderbilt for his senior year. He was elected captain.


1919 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Union
The season opened with a 41–0 victory over the Union Bulldogs.


1919 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Tennessee
A steady rain hindered the Tennessee game which ended a 3–3 tie. Josh Cody scored on a 30-yard drop kick, while Buck Hatcher made a 25-yard drop kick.


1919 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, at Georgia Tech
Vanderbilt fell to Georgia Tech in the mud 20–0. Buck Flowers and fullback Gaiver starred.


1919 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, at Georgia Tech
The starting lineup was Adams (left end), Cody (left tackle), Bailey (left guard), Early (center), Buckner (right guard), Lipscomb (right tackle), Goar (right end), Sherman (quarterback), Floyd (left halfback), Berryhill (right halfback), Hendrix (fullback).


1919 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Auburn
SIAA champion Auburn suffered its only loss to Vanderbilt, 7–6. Josh Cody returned a fumble 15 yards for a touchdown and made the winning extra point. A bit after, Ed Sherling ran in from the 1-yard line, but Pete Bonner missed goal.


1919 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Auburn
Tom Lipscomb and Frank Goar were sent in on Auburn's last drive. Goar had been sick and Lipscomb was suffering from an injured ankle. The two spurned the team to victory in what the Vanderbilt yearbook called "the greatest defensive stand ever staged by any Vanderbilt team."


1919 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Auburn
The starting lineup was Zerfoss (left end), Cody (left tackle), Buckner (left guard), Early (center) Holmes (right guard), Bailey (right tackle), Adams (right end), Latham (quarterback), Berryhill (left halfback), Floyd (right halfback), Wiggs (fullback).


1919 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Kentucky
On Stoll Field in Lexington, the Kentucky Wildcats fought the Commodores to a scoreless tie.


1919 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Alabama
On a muddy field, the Commodores beat the Alabama Crimson Tide 16–12, giving the Tide their only loss of the season.


1919 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Alabama
On its first drive of the game, Alabama took the ball to the Vanderbilt 2-yard line, but then fumbled the ball that was recovered by Josh Cody of the Commodores to end the scoring threat. The second Alabama fumble resulted in the first touchdown of the game. Early in the second quarter, Riggs Stephenson fumbled the ball that was recovered by Tommy Zerfoss and returned 35-yards for a 7–0 Vanderbilt lead. They further extended their lead to 13–0 at halftime on a 20-yard Grailey Berryhill touchdown run.


1919 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Alabama
Alabama rallied in the second half with a pair of two-yards Stephenson touchdown runs in the third and fourth quarter that made the score 13–12. Cody then provided for the final margin in the 16–12 Commodores' victory with his 30-yard field goal in the fourth quarter.


1919 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Alabama
The starting lineup was Adams (left end), Cody (left tackle), Hendrix (left guard), Early (center), Bailey (right guard), Lipscomb (right tackle), Westgate (right end), Latham (quarterback), Richardson (left halfback), Zerfoss (right halfback), Wiggs (fullback).


1919 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, at Virginia
Vanderbilt met the Virginia Cavaliers on Lambeth Field and won 10–6. The starting lineup was Zerfoss (left end), Cody (left tackle), Hendrix (left guard), Early (center) Bailey (right guard), Lipscomb (right tackle), Adams (right end), Latham (quarterback), Berryhill (left halfback), Wade (right halfback), Wiggs (fullback).


1919 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Sewanee
On a field wet from previous rains, the Sewanee Tigers put up a game fight as Vanderbilt won 33–21. The starting lineup was Zerfoss (left end), Cody (left tackle), Hendrix (left guard), Early (center), Basley (right guard), Lipscomb (right tackle), Adams (right end), Latham (quarterback), Richardson (left halfback), Floyd (right halfback), Wade (fullback).


1919 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Postseason
Fuzzy Woodruff recalls "Auburn claimed it. "We defeated Tech" said Auburn. "Yes, but we defeated you" said Vanderbilt. "Yes", said Alabama, "but Tech, Tulane ,and Tennessee took your measure. We defeated Georgia Tech, who tied Tulane, so we are champions... The newspapers, however, more or less generally supported the claim of Auburn..."


1919 Vermont Green and Gold football team
The 1919 Vermont Green and Gold football team was an American football team that represented  the University of Vermont as an independent during the 1919 college football season. In their only year under head coach William P. Edmunds, the team compiled a 3–6 record.


1919 Vernon Tigers season
The 1919 Vernon Tigers season was the 11th season in the history of the Vernon Tigers baseball team. Playing in the Pacific Coast League (PCL), the team compiled a 111–70 record and won the PCL pennant. "Vinegar Bill" Essick was the team's manager from 1918 to 1925. Film star Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle  was the team owner and president.


1919 Vernon Tigers season
After the regular season ended, the Tigers defeated Mike Kelley's St. Paul Saints in a nine-game series at Washington Park in Los Angeles The series was billed as the "Little World Series" to determine the championship of western minor league baseball.


1919 Vernon Tigers season, Bribery scandal
The Tigers' championship was marred by revelations of a gambling scandal involving first baseman Babe Borton. Borton admitted paying money to three players on the Salt Lake City Bees to throw games against the Tigers. Borton claimed that bribes had also been paid by a teammate to Portland and Seattle players, that the bribes were paid out of a pool of money funded by numerous teammates, and that the bribes were instigated by Vernor manager Bill Essick. Borton was released by the Tigers in 1920 and never again played professional baseball. Other accounts indicated that a Seattle gambler was behind the bribery scheme.


1919 Vernon Tigers season, Position players
Third baseman/outfielder Bob Meusel led the Tigers with a .337 batting average, 221 hits, 38 doubles, 14 home runs, a .504 slugging percentage, and 330 total bases. His 221 hits ranked second in the PCL behind Sam Crawford. Meusel later played 10 seasons for the New York Yankees from 1920 to 1929.


1919 Vernon Tigers season, Position players
Babe Borton compiled a .303 batting average with 15 doubles, 10 triples, and 14 home runs (tied with Meusel for third in the PCL).


1919 Vernon Tigers season, Position players
Left fielder Hugh High, who played in the majors from 1913 to 1918, had a .317 average to finish second on the team behind Meusel.


1919 Vernon Tigers season, Position players
Center fielder Chet Chadbourne, who played in the majors off-and-on from 1906 to 1918, ranked second on the team behind Meusel in hits (212), doubles (33), and total bases (269).


1919 Vernon Tigers season, Pitchers
Wheezer Dell, a native of Tuscarora, Nevada, led the team with 25 wins, 50 pitching appearances, and 351 innings pitched. Dell won 103 games for Vernon from 1919 to 1922 and was later inducted into the Pacific Coast League Hall of Fame.


1919 Vernon Tigers season, Pitchers
Art Fromme, who played in the majors from 1906 to 1915, also pitched well for the 1919 Tigers, compiling a 20-7 record and leading the team with a 2.23 earned run average.


1919 Vernon Tigers season, Pitchers
Byron Houck, who played in the majors off and on from 1912 to 1918, compiled a 19-16 record with a 3.88 earned run average.


1919 Vernon Tigers season, Pitchers
Happy Finneran, who pitched in the majors from 1912 to 1918, compiled a 14-4 record (.778 winning percentage) with a 2.49 earned run average.


1919 Vernon Tigers season, Statistics, Batting
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; SLG = Slugging percentage


1919 Vernon Tigers season, Statistics, Pitching
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; PCT = Win percentage; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1919 Verona Caproni Ca.48 crash
On August 2, 1919, a Caproni Ca.48 airliner crashed at Verona, Italy. All  aboard died, with various sources  placing the death toll at 14, 15, and 17. It was Italy‘s first commercial aviation disaster and one of the earliest heavier-than-air airliner disasters in history.


1919 Verona Caproni Ca.48 crash, Flight history
The Caproni Ca.48, owned and operated by the Caproni company and flown by two Italian military pilots, took off from the company's home airfield at Taliedo, a district of Milan, Italy, on Saturday, August 2, 1919, at 7:30 a.m. local time for a flight to Venice, where it arrived without incident at 9:22 a.m. After spending the day at Venice, the aircraft took off at 5:00 p.m. for the return flight to Taliedo.


1919 Verona Caproni Ca.48 crash, Flight history
Eyewitnesses reported that as the airliner passed near the airfield at Verona at an altitude of 3,000 feet (910 m), its wings seemed first to flutter and then to collapse entirely. Several of the people on board jumped from the aircraft to their deaths before it crashed. There were no survivors.


1919 Verona Caproni Ca.48 crash, Aircraft
The Ca.48, a large triplane, was an airliner conversion of the Caproni Ca.42 variant of the Caproni Ca.4 heavy bomber; such bombers had seen service with the air component of the Italian Army during World War I in strikes against targets in Austria-Hungary, as well as with the British Royal Naval Air Service. Caproni carried out the Ca. 48 airliner conversion by removing all armament and mounting a double-deck cabin with large windows and seating for 23 passengers on the aircraft. Although it generated excitement when first introduced to the public, the Ca.48 probably never entered airline service.


1919 Verona Caproni Ca.48 crash, Casualties
Sources agree that everyone aboard died in the crash, but differ on the number of people on board. A source published five days after the accident claims that 14 people – the airliner's two pilots; five prominent Italian journalists, among them Tullo Morgagni; and seven Caproni company mechanics – were on board. Later sources place the death toll at 15 and 17 without further explanation.


1919 Victorian Legislative Council election
Elections were held in the Australian state of Victoria on Thursday 5 June 1919 to elect 17 of the 34 members of the state's Legislative Council.


1919 Victorian Legislative Council election, Results, Legislative Council
Victorian Legislative Council election, 5 June 1919Legislative Council << 1916–1922 >>


1919 Victorian Legislative Council election, Candidates
Sitting members are shown in bold text. Successful candidates are highlighted in the relevant colour. Where there is possible confusion, an asterisk (*) is also used.


1919 Victorian Legislative Council election, Candidates
A by-election for Melbourne North, to fill the vacancy caused by Donald Melville's death, was held concurrently with this election and is shown below.


1919 Victory Cup
The Victory Cup was a one-off Scottish football competition held in 1919 to celebrate the end of World War I. It is an unofficial competition in statistical terms, taking place at the end of the 1918–19 season just before official competitions such as the Scottish Cup resumed (the top division of the Scottish Football League continued during the conflict).


1919 Victory Cup
The winners of the Victory Cup were St Mirren who defeated Heart of Midlothian 3–0 after extra time in the final at Celtic Park in Glasgow.


1919 Victory Cup, Summary
The format was a straight knockout tournament involving clubs in the south and west of Scotland, with each round played as a single match with replays as necessary, and the final at a neutral venue. Matches took place between March and April 1919.


1919 Victory Cup, Summary
Due to the scarcity of materials and the swift manner in which the competition was organised, no trophy was available to be presented to the winners at the time; St Mirren instead received a 'Victory Cup Shield'. They received a trophy at a later time.


1919 Victory Cup, Summary
A similar wartime competition was held at the end of World War II, won by Rangers. Coincidentally, the manager of the losing team in that final (Willie McCartney of Hibernian) was the son of John McCartney, the Hearts manager in 1919.


1919 Villanova Wildcats football team
The 1919 Villanova Wildcats football team represented the Villanova University during the 1919 college football season. The Wildcats team captain was Hugh McGeehan.


1919 Virginia Cavaliers football team
The 1919 Virginia Cavaliers football team represented the University of Virginia in the 1919 college football season.


1919 WAFL season
The 1919 WAFL season was the 35th season of the West Australian Football League.


1919 Wake Forest Baptists football team
The 1919 Wake Forest Baptists football team represented Wake Forest College during the 1919 college football season.


1919 Washington & Jefferson Presidents football team
The 1919 Washington & Jefferson Presidents football team was an American football team that represented Washington & Jefferson College as an independent during the 1919 college football season. David C. Morrow returned for his fifth season a head coach, having helmed the team from 1908 to 1911. Washington & Jefferson compiled a record of 6–2 and outscored opponents by a total of 125 to 14.


1919 Washington Senators season
The 1919 Washington Senators won 56 games, lost 84, and finished in seventh place in the American League. They were managed by Clark Griffith and played home games at National Park.


1919 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1919 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1919 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1919 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1919 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1919 Washington State Cougars football team
The 1919 Washington State Cougars football team was an American football team that represented Washington State College during the 1919 college football season. Head coach Gus Welch led the team to a 2–2 mark in the PCC and 5–2 overall. This year marked the team's adoption of the "Cougars" nickname.


1919 Washington Sun Dodgers football team
The 1919 Washington Sun Dodgers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Washington during the 1919 college football season. In its second, non-consecutive season under coach Claude J. Hunt, the team compiled a 5–1 record, was co-champion of the Pacific Coast Conference, and outscored its opponents by a combined total of 202 to 31. Ervin Dailey was the team captain. 1919 marked the university's adoption of the Sun Dodgers nickname.


1919 Washington University Pikers football team
The 1919 Washington University Pikers football team was an American football team that represented Washington University of St. Louis as a member of the Missouri Valley Conference (MVC) during the 1919 college football season. In its third and final season under head coach R. B. Rutherford, the team compiled a 5–2 record (2–2 against MVC opponents), tied for third place in the conference, and outscored opponents by a total of 127 to 30.


1919 Washington and Lee Generals football team
The 1919 Washington and Lee Generals football team represented Washington and Lee University during the 1919 college football season. The Generals competed in the South Atlantic Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SAIAA) and were coached by W. C. Raftery in his third year as head coach, compiling an 8–1 record (2–1 SAIAA). In captain Turner Bethel's final game, a win over Tulane, he "covered himself with glory as well as mud." Quarterback Jim Mattox made the field goal to upset Georgia Tech.


1919 Washington and Lee Generals football team
Fuzzy Woodruff gave W&L the championship of the South for 1919.


1919 Washington and Lee Generals football team, References, Sources
This College football 1919 season article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1919 Wellington City mayoral election
The 1919 Wellington City mayoral election was part of the New Zealand local elections held that same year. In 1919, elections were held for the Mayor of Wellington plus other local government positions including fifteen city councillors. The incumbent Mayor John Luke retained office for a fourth consecutive term. The polling was conducted using the standard first-past-the-post electoral method.


1919 West Tennessee State Normal football team
The 1919 West Tennessee State Normal football team was an American football team that represented West Tennessee State Normal School (now known as the University of Memphis) as an independent during the 1919 college football season. This was the first year of head coach V. M. Campbell's second stint as head coach. West Tennessee State Normal compiled a 3–4 record.


1919 West Virginia Mountaineers football team
The 1919 West Virginia Mountaineers football team represented the West Virginia Mountaineers during the 1919 college football season. The Mountaineers completed the regular season with an 8–2 record.


1919 West Virginia Mountaineers football team
As a senior, in 1919, Ira Rodgers had one of the greatest seasons of any player from WVU. Rodgers led the nation in scoring with 147 points on 19 touchdowns and 33 extra-point kicks. He also threw 11 touchdown passes, which was a rare feat for that era and a WVU record until 1949. Rodgers earned consensus All-American honors that season, the first All-American in WVU history.


1919 Western State Hilltoppers football team
The 1919 Western State Hilltoppers football team represented Western State Normal School (later renamed Western Michigan University) as an independent during the 1919 college football season. In their 13th season under head coach William H. Spaulding, the Hilltoppers compiled a 4–1 record and outscored their opponents, 156 to 91. Quarterback Walt Olsen was the team captain.


1919 Widnes by-election
The Widnes by-election of 1919 was held on 30 August 1919. The by-election was held due to the elevation to the peerage of the incumbent Coalition Conservative MP, William Walker. It was won by the Labour candidate Arthur Henderson.


1919 William & Mary Indians football team
The 1919 William & Mary Orange and Black football team represented the College of William & Mary as a member of the South Atlantic Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SAIAA) during the 1919 college football season. Led by first-year head coach James G. Driver, William & Mary finished the season with an overall record of 2–6–1 and a mark of 1–3 in SAIAA play.


1919 Williams Ephs football team
The 1919 Williams Ephs football team represented Williams College during the 1919 college football season.


1919 Wimbledon Championships
The 1919 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The tournament ran from 23 June until 7 July. It was the 39th staging of the Wimbledon Championships, and the first Grand Slam tennis event of 1919. It was the first Wimbledon championship after a four-year hiatus due to World War I.


1919 Wimbledon Championships, Champions, Men's Doubles
Ronald Thomas /  Pat O'Hara Wood defeated  Rodney Heath /  Randolph Lycett, 6–4, 6–2, 4–6, 6–2


1919 Wimbledon Championships, Champions, Women's Doubles
Suzanne Lenglen /  Elizabeth Ryan defeated  Dorothea Lambert Chambers /  Ethel Larcombe, 4–6, 7–5, 6–3


1919 Wimbledon Championships, Champions, Mixed Doubles
Randolph Lycett /  Elizabeth Ryan defeated  Albert Prebble /  Dorothea Lambert Chambers, 6–0, 6–0


1919 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles
Norman Brookes and Anthony Wilding were the defending champions, but Wilding was killed during World War I. Brookes partnered with Gerald Patterson but they lost in the semifinals to eventual champions Pat O'Hara Wood and Ronald Thomas.


1919 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles
O'Hara Wood and Thomas defeated Rodney Heath and Randolph Lycett in the final, 6–4, 6–2, 4–6, 6–2 to win the Gentlemen' Doubles tennis title at the 1919 Wimbledon Championships.


1919 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles, Draw, Top half, Section 2
The nationality of G Fisher and CGM Plumer are unknown.


1919 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles
Gerald Patterson defeated Algernon Kingscote 6–2, 6–1, 6–3 in the All Comers' Final, and then defeated the reigning champion Norman Brookes 6–3, 7–5, 6–2 in the Challenge Round to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1919 Wimbledon Championships.


1919 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed Doubles
James Cecil Parke and Ethel Larcombe were the defending champions, but Parke did not participate. Larcombe partnered with Ronald Thomas but they lost in the semifinals to eventual champions Randolph Lycett and Elizabeth Ryan.


1919 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed Doubles
Lycett and Ryan defeated Albert Prebble and Dorothea Lambert Chambers in the final, 6–0, 6–0 to win the Mixed Doubles tennis title at the 1919 Wimbledon Championships.


1919 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed Doubles, Draw, Top half, Section 2
The nationalities of CGM Plumer and Mrs Plumer are unknown.


1919 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles
Agnes Morton and Elizabeth Ryan were the defending champions, but Morton did not participate. Ryan partnered with Suzanne Lenglen, and went on to defeat Dorothea Lambert Chambers and Ethel Larcombe in the final, 4–6, 7–5, 6–3 to win the Ladies' Doubles tennis title at the 1919 Wimbledon Championships.


1919 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles
Suzanne Lenglen defeated Phyllis Satterthwaite 6–1, 6–1 in the All Comers' Final, and then defeated the reigning champion Dorothea Lambert Chambers 10–8, 4–6, 9–7 in the Challenge Round to win the Ladies' Singles tennis title at the 1919 Wimbledon Championships.


1919 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles final
The 1919 Wimbledon women's singles final was a championship match at the 1919 Wimbledon Championships, one of the three amateur tennis World Championship tournaments at the time and one of the four modern Grand Slam tournaments. The final was contested as a challenge round between French tennis player Suzanne Lenglen, the winner of the All Comers' bracket, and British tennis player Dorothea Lambert Chambers, the reigning champion from 1914.


1919 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles final
Lenglen won the match 10–8, 4–6, 9–7 for the title, her first of six Wimbledon singles titles and second major singles title out of 12 in total between her four World Championship singles titles and eight Grand Slam singles titles. Lenglen also won the women's doubles title at the tournament with Elizabeth Ryan.


1919 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles final
With the victory, Lenglen became a global sport celebrity and elevated women's tennis to a similar stature as men's tennis instead of a sideshow. The attendance of 8000 at the match that was more than double the seating capacity led Wimbledon to build a much larger venue that opened three years later. The match set the record for most games in a Wimbledon women's singles final at 44, which stood until 1970. Lenglen and Lambert Chambers had a rematch in the Wimbledon challenge round the following year that Lenglen won easily.


1919 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles final, Background
The 1919 edition of the Wimbledon Championships was the first since 1914 after a four-year hiatus due to World War I. It was one of two World Championship tournaments held that year, along with the World Covered Court Championships. The third such tournament, the World Hard Court Championships, waited until 1920 to resume in part due it being scheduled earlier in the calendar year. At the time, Wimbledon was also known as the World Grass Court Championships to match the naming scheme of the other two World Championships on clay (known as Hard Court) and wood (known as Covered Court).


1919 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles final, Background
With the challenge system in place, Suzanne Lenglen had to win six matches to reach the challenge round, while  Dorothea Lambert Chambers did not have to play any other matches. Lenglen made it through the first four rounds while only losing six games. Among the players she defeated were 1912 champion Ethel Larcombe and future champion Kathleen McKane. Her biggest challenge in the All Comers' competition was her doubles partner Ryan, who saved match points down 2–5 to level the second set at five games.


1919 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles final, Background
After an hour-long rain delay at 30–30, Lenglen won the last two games to win the match. Following a lopsided victory in the All Comers' final against Sattherthwaite, Lenglen faced Lambert Chambers in the challenge round. Lenglen was 20 years old and the reigning World Hard Court champion from 1914, while Lambert Chambers was 40 years old and a seven-time Wimbledon champion. Although Lambert Chambers had defeated Lenglen in their only previous encounter in 1914, Lenglen was considered the favourite for this match five years later.


1919 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles final, Match details
All three sets of the match were extremely close. Lambert Chambers was able to trouble Lenglen with well-placed drop shots. While Lenglen led most of the first set, Lambert Chambers saved two set points with drop shots while down 3–5 and then earned two set points of her own at 6–5. However, Lenglen saved both and eventually won the set 10–8. Lambert Chambers forced a third set, despite squandering a 4–1 lead. The situation reversed in the final set as Lambert Chambers came from 4–1 down to earn two match points at 6–5.


1919 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles final, Match details
Though like in the first set, Lenglen saved both of them, including the first with a volley off the wooden frame of her racquet on an attempted passing shot by Lambert Chambers. She ultimately won the set 9–7 for her first Wimbledon title. The match set the record for most games in a Wimbledon women's singles final with 44, a mark only since surpassed by the 1970 final between Margaret Court and Billie Jean King. Over 8000 people attended the match, including King George V and Queen Mary, and well above the seating capacity of 3500 on Centre Court.


1919 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles final, Aftermath
Lenglen's victory cemented her place at the top of women's tennis, where she would remain until she retired from competitive tennis in 1926. It also made Lenglen a star and an international celebrity, while boosting the popularity of women's tennis in general. In particular, the sellout crowd of 8000 greatly exceeding the seating capacity of 3500 at Worple Road led Wimbledon to build a new venue at Church Road with a seating capacity of 10000. The new stadium opened three years later in 1922 and Church Road remains the site of Wimbledon today.


1919 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles final, Aftermath
Lambert Chambers played in one more Wimbledon, reaching the challenge round again the following year to setup a rematch of the 1919 final. Lenglen won the rematch much more easily, only losing three games. Aside from the 1919 final, Lenglen never lost more than three games in a single set in any of her other major finals at the World Championship or Grand Slam tournaments before or thereafter.


1919 Wisconsin Badgers football team
The 1919 Wisconsin Badgers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Wisconsin in the 1919 Big Ten Conference football season. The team compiled a 5–2 record (3–2 against conference opponents), finished in a tie for fourth place in the Big Ten Conference, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 91 to 41. John R. Richards was in his third year as Wisconsin's head coach.


1919 Wisconsin Badgers football team
Center Charles Carpenter was the team captain. Carpenter was also a consensus first-team selection for the 1919 College Football All-America Team.


1919 Wisconsin Badgers football team
End Paul Meyers was selected as an All-American by Walter Eckersall. Meyers had an 80-yard touchdown reception, on a pass from Wally Barr, in a game against Minnesota on November 1, 1919. The play held the Wisconsin record for longest pass and reception for 63 years.


1919 Wisconsin Badgers football team
Three Wisconsin players received first-team All-Big Ten honors: Charles Carpenter, Paul Meyers, and end Frank Weston.


1919 World Series
The 1919 World Series matched the American League champion Chicago White Sox against the National League champion Cincinnati Reds. Although most World Series have been of the best-of-seven format, the 1919 World Series was a best-of-nine series (along with 1903, 1920, and 1921). Baseball decided to try the best-of-nine format partly to increase popularity of the sport and partly to generate more revenue.


1919 World Series
The events of the series are often associated with the Black Sox Scandal, when several members of the Chicago franchise conspired with gamblers, allegedly led by Arnold Rothstein, to throw the World Series games. The 1919 World Series was the last World Series to take place without a Commissioner of Baseball in place. In 1920, the various franchise owners installed Kenesaw Mountain Landis as the first "Commissioner of Baseball."


1919 World Series
In August 1921, despite being acquitted from criminal charges, eight players from the White Sox were banned from organized baseball for fixing the series (or having knowledge about the fix).


1919 World Series, The Teams, The Chicago White Sox
In 1917, the Sox won the World Series and, managed by William "Kid" Gleason, the 1919 Chicago White Sox had the best record in the American League. Team owner Charlie Comiskey had succeeded in building one of the most powerful teams in baseball. Most of the same players had defeated the New York Giants in the 1917 World Series, four games to two. They had fallen to sixth place in the American League in 1918, largely as a result of losing their best player, Shoeless Joe Jackson, and a few of his teammates as well, to World War I service.


1919 World Series, The Teams, The Chicago White Sox
Comiskey fired manager Pants Rowland after the season, replacing him with Kid Gleason, who had played over 20 years in the majors but had never managed before. The 88–52 White Sox won the American League pennant again in 1919, by 3+1⁄2 games over the Cleveland Indians (world champions the following year).


1919 World Series, The Teams, The Chicago White Sox
Jackson was the unquestioned star of the team. The left fielder hit .351 that season, fourth in the league and in the AL's top five in slugging percentage, RBI, total bases and base hits. He was not the only star in a lineup with hardly a weak spot, as former A's superstar leadoff hitter Eddie Collins, one of the greatest second basemen of all time, was still going strong in his early thirties, hitting .319 with a .400 on-base percentage. Right fielder Nemo Leibold hit .302 with 81 runs scored.


1919 World Series, The Teams, The Chicago White Sox
First baseman Chick Gandil hit .290, third baseman Buck Weaver .296, and center fielder Oscar "Hap" Felsch hit .275 and tied Jackson for the team lead in home runs with only 7 (as the dead-ball era was coming to a close). Even typical "good field, no hit" catcher Ray Schalk hit .282 that year, and shortstop Swede Risberg was not an automatic out with the .256 average and 38 RBI. Manager Gleason's bench contained two impressive hitters, outfielder Shano Collins and infielder Fred McMullin, both veterans of the 1917 world championship.


1919 World Series, The Teams, The Chicago White Sox
The 1919 pennant-winning pitching staff was led by a pair of aces and a very promising rookie. Knuckleballer Eddie Cicotte had become one of the AL's best pitchers after turning 30 and discovering the "shine ball;" he had won 28 games for the 1917 champions, and after an off-year in 1918 had come back with a hefty 29–7, leading the league in wins and second in earned run average to Washington's veteran "Big Train" Walter Johnson. Next came Claude "Lefty" Williams, at 23–11 and 2.64.


1919 World Series, The Teams, The Chicago White Sox
Twenty-six-year-old rookie Dickie Kerr started only 17 games, but turned in a solid 13–7 and 2.88. Fourth in the rotation was Urban "Red" Faber, who had beaten the Giants three times in the 1917 World Series but had an off-year in 1919 at 11–9 and 3.83 in 20 starts. He was ill and unable to pitch in the Series, limiting Gleason to three top-of-the-line starters for what could be nine games.


1919 World Series, The Teams, The Chicago White Sox
However, all was not well in the White Sox camp. Tension between many of the players and owner Comiskey was quite high, given his penny-pinching ways memorialized in two urban legends: (1) that he told Gleason to shut down Cicotte in the last days of the regular season to prevent him from winning 30 games, a milestone which would have earned him a sizeable $10,000 bonus; (2) that many derided the White Sox as the Black Sox because Comiskey wouldn't pay to have their uniforms laundered regularly, and they became blacker and blacker due to accumulated sweat, grime, and dirt.


1919 World Series, The Teams, The Cincinnati Reds
In contrast to the White Sox, the 1919 Cincinnati Reds were upstarts. They had finished no higher than third since 1900, and then only twice, before winning the NL pennant handily in 1919. Under new manager Pat Moran, best known as the leader of another bunch of unlikely newcomers to the World Series, the 1915 Philadelphia Phillies, the Reds finished nine games in front of the runner-up New York Giants at 96–44 and at least 20 games ahead of the other six, with the second highest NL won-lost percentage since 1910 at .686.


1919 World Series, The Teams, The Cincinnati Reds
Their greatest star was center fielder Edd Roush, who led the league in hitting at .321 and, like the White Sox's Jackson, was in the top five of their respective leagues in most important hitting categories. Third baseman Heinie Groh was the other great hitter on the team at .310 with a .392 on-base percentage and 79 runs scored. Slick-fielding first baseman Jake Daubert, a two-time National League batting champion with Brooklyn earlier in the decade, also scored 79 runs and hit .276, while catcher Ivey Wingo hit .273.


1919 World Series, The Teams, The Cincinnati Reds
The rest of the team was unheralded, including second baseman Morrie Rath, a .264 hitter with no power but a good on-base percentage, and shortstop Larry Kopf, a .270 singles hitter. The corner outfielders were decidedly weaker hitters, with former Phillies star left fielder Sherry Magee's .215 in 56 games and right fielder Earle "Greasy" Neale's .242 with little power. This would prompt Moran to start rookie Pat Duncan in left field in the World Series.


1919 World Series, The Teams, The Cincinnati Reds
The Reds' pitching was universally solid, however. The team's big three included Hod Eller (20–9, 2.39), Dutch Ruether (19–6, 1.82) and Slim Sallee (21–7, 2.06), all among the league leaders in various categories. They were backed by three other pitchers who were almost as successful: Jimmy Ring at only 10–9 but 2.26, Ray Fisher at 14–5 and 2.17 with five shutouts, and Cuban Dolf Luque at 10–3 and 2.63, former and future Giant who would win the last game of the 1933 World Series in long relief for New York. It was a deep and talented staff, a definite advantage in a Series whose format had just been changed from best of seven to best of nine.


1919 World Series, The Fix
The conspirators got an unexpected assist when a flu-stricken Faber was left off the World Series roster. Indeed, years later catcher Schalk said that had Faber been healthy, there never would have been a fix (since he almost certainly would have gotten starts that went to Cicotte and/or Williams). Despite their many wins on the field, the White Sox were an unhappy team. Many observers believe that it was Comiskey's stinginess that was largely to blame for the Black Sox scandal, despite the fact that the 1919 White Sox payroll was third highest in the American League, behind only Boston and New York.


1919 World Series, The Fix
Stories of the "Black Sox" scandal have usually included Comiskey in its gallery of subsidiary villains, focusing in particular on his intentions regarding a clause in Cicotte's contract that would have paid Cicotte an additional $10,000 bonus for winning 30 games. According to Eliot Asinof's account of the events, Eight Men Out, Cicotte was "rested" for the season's final two weeks after reaching his 29th win presumably to deny him the bonus, but the truth may be more complex.


1919 World Series, The Fix
Cicotte won his 29th game on September 19, had an ineffective start on September 24 and was pulled after a few innings in a tuneup on the season's final day, September 28 (three days before the Series opener). In addition, Cicotte reportedly agreed to the fix the same day he won his 29th game before he could have known of any efforts to deny him a chance to win his 30th. The story was probably true with regard to the 1917 season, however, when Cicotte won 28 games and hurled the White Sox to the world championship.


1919 World Series, The Fix
Although rumors were swirling among the gamblers (according to Tom Meany in his chapter on the 1919 Reds in "Baseball's Greatest Teams," "Cincinnati money was pouring in" even though the White Sox were regarded as the overwhelming favorite) and some of the press, most fans and observers were taking the Series at face value. On October 2, the day of Game 2, the Philadelphia Bulletin published a poem which would quickly prove to be ironic:


1919 World Series, Summary
NL Cincinnati Reds (5) vs. AL Chicago White Sox (3)


1919 World Series, Matchups, Game 1
The first game began at 3 pm at Cincinnati's Redland Field, with 30,511 fans in the stands and ticket scalpers outside the park raking in at least $50 per ticket. Chicago failed to score in the top of the first. In the bottom of the inning, Cicotte (who was paid his $10,000 the night before the series began) took the mound and hit the leadoff hitter, Morrie Rath, in the back with his second pitch, a prearranged signal to Arnold Rothstein that the fix was on.


1919 World Series, Matchups, Game 1
Even so, the game remained close for a while, due in part to some excellent defense from the conspirators, seeking to deflect suspicion from themselves. In the fourth, however, Cicotte "went haywire" (again according to Meany, op. cit. ), allowing a number of hits in succession climaxed by a two-out triple to the opposing pitcher, as the Reds scored five times to break a 1–1 tie. Cicotte was relieved at that point, but the damage was done and the Reds went on to add three more runs in later innings and win 9–1.


1919 World Series, Matchups, Game 1
Sportswriters thought that a bad throw by Cicotte to Risberg in the fourth inning, which prevented a possible double play, was suspicious. By that evening, there already were signs that things were going wrong. Only Cicotte, who had shrewdly demanded his $10,000 in advance, had been paid. "Sleepy" Bill Burns and Maharg met with Abe Attell, the former world boxing champ and Rothstein's intermediary, but he withheld the next installment ($20,000) nonetheless to bet on the next game. The next morning Gandil met Attell and again demanded money, but again to no avail.


1919 World Series, Matchups, Game 2
Although they had not received their money, the players were still willing to go through with the fix. "Lefty" Williams, the starting pitcher in Game 2, was not going to be as obvious as Cicotte. After a shaky start, he pitched well until the fourth inning, when he walked three and gave up as many runs. After that he became virtually unhittable again, giving up only one more run; but lack of clutch-hitting, with Gandil a particularly guilty party, led to a 4–2 White Sox loss.


1919 World Series, Matchups, Game 2
Attell was still in no mood to pay up afterwards, but Burns managed to get hold of $10,000 and gave it to Gandil, who distributed it among the conspirators. The teams headed northwest to Comiskey Park in Chicago for Game 3 the next day, with no days off for travel in this Series.


1919 World Series, Matchups, Game 3
Rookie pitcher Dick Kerr, the Game 3 starter for the Sox, was not in on the fix. The original plan was for the conspirators, who disliked Kerr, to lose this game; but by now dissent among the players meant that the plan was in disarray. Burns still had faith and gathered the last of his resources to bet on Cincinnati. It was a decision that would leave him broke, as Chicago scored early—Gandil himself driving in two runs—and Kerr was masterful, holding the Reds to three hits in a 3–0 complete game shutout.


1919 World Series, Matchups, Game 4
Cicotte, the Game 4 White Sox starter, was determined not to look as bad as he had in Game 1. For the first four innings, he and Reds pitcher Jimmy Ring matched zeroes. With one out in the fifth, Cicotte fielded a slow roller by Pat Duncan but threw wildly to first for a two-base error. The next man up, Larry Kopf, singled to left; Cicotte cut off the throw from Jackson and fumbled the ball, allowing Duncan to score. The home crowd was stunned by the veteran pitcher's obvious mistake. When he then gave up a double to Greasy Neale scoring Kopf to make it 2–0, that was enough of a lead for Ring, who threw a three-hit shutout of his own matching Kerr's in Game 3. The Reds led the Series 3–1.


1919 World Series, Matchups, Game 4
After the game "Sport" Sullivan came through with $20,000 for the players, which Gandil split equally among Risberg, Felsch, and Williams, who was due to start Game 5 the next day.


1919 World Series, Matchups, Game 5
Game 5 was postponed by rain for a day. Both starters, Williams and Cincinnati's Hod Eller, pitched excellently at first, with neither allowing a runner past first until the top of the sixth, when Eller himself hit a blooper that fell between Felsch and Jackson. Felsch's throw was off-line, sending Eller all the way to third. Leadoff hitter Morrie Rath hit a single over the drawn-in infield, scoring Eller. Heinie Groh walked before Edd Roush's double—the result of more doubtful defense from Felsch—brought home two more runs, with Roush scoring shortly thereafter. Eller pitched well enough (he struck out nine batters, including a then-World Series record six in a row, since tied by Moe Drabowsky in the 1966 World Series opener) for the four runs to stand up, and the Reds were only one game away from their first world championship.


1919 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
The Series reverted to Cincinnati for Game 6. Dickie Kerr, starting for the White Sox, was less dominant than in Game 3. Aided and abetted by three errors, the Reds jumped out to a 4–0 lead before Chicago fought back, tying the game at 4 in the sixth, which remained the score into extra innings. In the top of the tenth, Gandil drove in Weaver to make it 5–4, and Kerr closed it out to record his — and Chicago's — second win.


1919 World Series, Matchups, Game 7
Despite the rumors already circulating about Cicotte's erratic performances in Games 1 and 4, White Sox manager Kid Gleason showed faith in his ace for Game 7. This time, the knuckleballer did not let him down. Chicago scored early and, for once, it was Cincinnati that committed errors. The Reds threatened only briefly in the sixth before losing 4–1, and suddenly the Series was relatively close again. This marked the only time in World Series history that the winner of Game 7 did not ultimately go on to win the series.


1919 World Series, Matchups, Game 7
This did not go unnoticed by Sullivan and Rothstein, who were suddenly worried. Before the Series started, the Sox had been strong favorites and few doubted they could win two games in a row—presuming that they were trying to win. Rothstein had been too smart to bet on individual games, but had $270,000 riding on Cincinnati to win the Series. The night before Game 8, Williams—the scheduled starter—was supposedly visited by an associate of Sullivan's known as Harry F who left no doubt that if he failed to blow the game in the first inning, he and his wife would be in serious danger.


1919 World Series, Matchups, Game 8
Whatever Williams had been told made its impression. In the first, throwing nothing but mediocre fastballs, he gave up four straight one-out hits for three runs before Gleason relieved him with "Big" Bill James, who allowed one of Williams' baserunners to score. James continued ineffective and, although the Sox rallied in the eighth, the Reds came away with a 10–5 victory for a five-games-to-three Series win. Jackson hit the only homer of the Series in the third inning after the Reds had built a 5–0 lead.


1919 World Series, Matchups, Game 8
Immediately after the Series ended, rumors were rife from coast to coast that the games had been thrown. Journalist Hugh Fullerton of the Chicago Herald and Examiner, disgusted by the display of ineptitude with which the White Sox had "thrown" the series, wrote that no World Series should ever be played again.


1919 World Series, Composite line score
1919 World Series (5–3): Cincinnati Reds (N.L.) over Chicago White Sox (A.L.)


1919 World Series, Notable performances
Jackson led all players with his .375 average. Some believed that most of his offensive potency came in games that were not fixed and/or when the game seemed out of reach. He hit the Series' lone home run in the eighth and final game, a solo shot in the third inning, by which time the Reds were already ahead 5–0. His five hits with runners in scoring position came in: Game 6, sixth inning with Kerr pitching; Game 7, first and third innings; Game 8, two in the four-run eighth.


1919 World Series, Notable performances
Shoeless Joe had 12 hits overall, a World Series record at that time.


1919 Wyoming Cowboys football team
The 1919 Wyoming Cowboys football team represented the University of Wyoming as a member of the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) during the 1919 college football season. In its fourth season under head coach John Corbett, the team compiled a 3–5 record (3–3 against conference opponents) and was outscored by a total of 115 to 68. Andrew W. Willis was the team captain.


1919 Württemberg state election
The 1919 Württemberg state election was held on 12 January 1919 to elect the 150 members of the Württemberg state constituent assembly.


1919 Yale Bulldogs football team
The 1919 Yale Bulldogs football team represented Yale University in the 1919 college football season. The Bulldogs finished with a 5–3 record under first-year head coach Albert Sharpe. No Yale player received first-team honors on the 1919 College Football All-America Team.


1919 college football season
The 1919 college football season had no clear-cut champion, with the Official NCAA Division I Football Records Book listing Centre, Harvard, Illinois, Notre Dame, and Texas A&M as having been deemed national champions by major selectors Only Harvard, Illinois, and Texas A&M claim national championships for the 1919 season. Texas A&M began claiming the 1919 national championship in 2012.


1919 in Afghanistan
The following lists events that happened during 1919 in Afghanistan.


1919 in Afghanistan, February 20, 1919
The amir Habibullah Khan, who has always been a loyal friend to Britain, is murdered whilst camping in the Laghman Valley. Thereupon ensues a competition for the throne. At Jalalabad a proclamation is issued that Nasrullah Khan has assumed the throne, but in Kabul power is seized by Amanullah Khan, the third son of the late amir. Amanullah's mother was Habibullah's chief wife; but the late amir's eldest son is Inayatullah who appears to have supported the claims of Nasrullah. Amanullah soon shows, however, that he has control of the situation and the rival claimant withdraws.


1919 in Afghanistan, February 20, 1919
There is more than a suspicion that Nasrullah (a brother of the late sovereign) was not unduly disturbed at Habibullah's assassination. The new amir, Amanullah, begins his reign by announcing that he will punish those who are guilty of the assassination of his father, that he will institute reforms in the country, including the abolition of the virtual slavery, which exists in a disguised form, and that he will preserve the tradition of friendship with India. On April 13 a durbar is held at Kabul, at which the assassination of the late amir is investigated. A colonel is found guilty of committing the murder and executed, and the new amir's uncle, Nasrullah, is found guilty of complicity in the crime, and is sentenced to imprisonment for life.


1919 in Afghanistan, Early May 1919
Amanullah launches what becomes known as the Third Anglo-Afghan War. A large Afghan army comes pouring across the Indian frontier and proceeds to pillage far and wide in the northwest provinces. Within a few days, and before the Afghans have suffered any serious defeats, the amir enters into tentative negotiations with the Indian government. The fighting continues, however, the British forces on the frontier being commanded by Gen. Sir Arthur Barrett. The aeroplanes attached to the Anglo-Indian forces bomb both Jalalabad and Kabul.


1919 in Afghanistan, Early May 1919
After much procrastination a peace conference is opened at Rawalpindi on July 26, Sir Hamilton Grant representing the Indian government and Sardar Ali Ahmad Khan representing the amir. A preliminary peace (the Treaty of Rawalpindi) is signed on August 8. By the terms of the agreement the arrears of the late amir's subsidy are confiscated, and no subsidy is to be paid at present to the new amir. The Afghan privilege of importing arms and ammunition from India is also withdrawn.


1919 in Afghanistan, Early May 1919
The frontier in the region of the Khyber is to be definitely demarcated by the Indian government, and the Afghans are to accept this demarcation. The Indian government expresses its willingness, however, to receive another Afghan mission six months later. Moreover, there is another item in the agreement which is subsequently made known and which evokes considerable criticism in England. In the past there was an agreement between Britain and Afghanistan that Afghanistan should have no relations with any foreign government except Britain. According to the new treaty this stipulation is withdrawn, the amir's government thus obtaining full liberty to enter into relations with any foreign government. It is regarded by many as a sinister comment on this agreement that during the year the amir sends a mission to Moscow.


1919 in Argentine football
1919 in Argentine football saw the "Asociación Argentina de Football" (AFA) league championship abandoned mid season. The clubs then split between two different associations. The majority of the clubs joined the new "Asociación Amateurs de Football" (AAm) while six clubs remained with the official body.


1919 in Argentine football
Boca Juniors won four titles that year, including the Primera División and three cups, domestic Copa de Competencia Jockey Club and Copa Ibarguren and the international Tie Cup. Meanwhile, Racing Club joined the dissident Asociación Amateurs and won it to achieve its 7th consecutive league championship.


1919 in Argentine football, Primera División, Asociación Argentina de Football - Copa Campeonato
The 1919 season started on 16 March 1919 but the tournament was annulled due to internal problems. Therefore a new dissident Association was created and there were two tournaments disputed at the same time.


1919 in Argentine football, Primera División, Asociación Argentina de Football - Copa Campeonato
After the schism the Asociación Argentina organized a tournament with the few remaining teams, 6 in total. Boca Juniors was declared champion with 14 fixtures to be played.


1919 in Argentine football, Primera División, Asociación Amateurs de Football
Internal problems in the Association caused that some members left to create a new league: the Asociación Amateurs de Football, which organized its own championships. Racing Club joined the new rival association winning the tournament, its 7th consecutive league title.


1919 in Argentine football, Primera División, Asociación Amateurs de Football
Vélez Sársfield played its first Primera División championship after being disaffiliated from the Asociación Argentina.


1919 in Argentine football, Argentina national team, Copa América
Argentina travelled to Brazil to play in the 3rd edition of Copa América. They finished in 3rd place behind hosts Brazil and runners-up Uruguay.


1919 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1919 in Australia.


1919 in Australian literature
This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1919.


1919 in Australian literature, Births
A list, ordered by date of birth (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of births in 1919 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of death.


1919 in Australian literature, Deaths
A list, ordered by date of death (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of deaths in 1919 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of birth.


1919 in Brazilian football
The following article presents a summary of the 1919 football (soccer) season in Brazil, which was the 18th season of competitive football in the country.


1919 in Brazilian football, Brazil national team
The following table lists all the games played by the Brazil national football team in official competitions and friendly matches during 1919.


1919 in British music
This is a summary of 1919 in music in the United Kingdom.


1919 in British-administered Palestine
Events in the year 1919 in British-administered Palestine (British-controlled part of OETA territory).


1919 in Canada, Historical Documents
Canada and other dominions demand full status in League of Nations


1919 in Canada, Historical Documents
J.W. Dafoe hears about Canadian researchers whose weapon helped to end First World War