1921 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 5: at Illinois
Michigan traveled to Champaign, Illinois, for its first road game on October 29, 1921. A special train with 11 Pullmans left Ann Arbor on Friday evening with 600 students and the varsity band. Upon arriving in Champaign on Saturday morning, the Michigan contingent walked to the Inman Hotel where the Michigan team was quartered. Michigan students raided the hotel dining room and woke the guests with a variety of cheers and songs, including "Varsity" and "Samuel Hall".


1921 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 5: at Illinois
The Wolverines defeated the Illini 3 to 0 on a field that was "soaked from torrents of rain that fell all of the night before," with players skidding around the field and vision "obscured by clotted mud." Michigan entered the game hobbled by injuries, with three of the team's backfield starters, Harry Kipke, Eddie Usher, and Ted Bank, all being unable to play.


1921 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 5: at Illinois
The lone scoring drive of the game came in the second period and was led by the rushing efforts of left halfback Franklin Cappon and fullback Doug Roby, which advanced the ball to the Illinois six-yard line. From there, right halfback Frank Steketee kicked a field goal from placement to give the Wolverines a 3 to 0 lead. Late in the game, Michigan maintained another long drive, and time was called with the ball at the Illinois 15-yard line. The Detroit Free Press praised the efforts of Cappon, who was moved from tackle to halfback for the game after injuries to multiple backfield players.


1921 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 5: at Illinois
After the game, the Michigan varsity band put their caps on backwards and led the Michigan students in a snake-dance through the streets of Champaign. On arriving at the Inman Hotel, varsity cheerleader Al Cuthbert climbed atop the hotel's glass awning to lead the Michigan contingent in cheers, breaking the awning in the process.


1921 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 5: at Illinois
Michigan's starting lineup against Illinois was Bernard Kirk (left end), James Johns (left tackle), Dunne (left guard), Ernie Vick (center), Hugh Wilson (right guard), Stanley Muirhead (right tackle), Paul G. Goebel (right end), Irwin Uteritz (quarterback), Cappon (left halfback), Frank Steketee (right halfback), and Roby (fullback). Michigan played the entire game with only one substitution, Donald Swan entering the game at right guard in the fourth quarter.


1921 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 6: at Wisconsin
On November 12, 1921, and with two weeks to prepare, the Wolverines played the undefeated Wisconsin Badgers to a 7–7 tie at Camp Randall Stadium in Madison, Wisconsin. The game was played on "a mud-ridden field that made footing almost impossible."


1921 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 6: at Wisconsin
Two-thousand Michigan students and alumni traveled to the game on a special train that left Ann Arbor on Friday night and arrived in Madison "looking like tramps" on Saturday morning at 10 a.m. Michigan's varsity band, consisting of some 60 pieces, also traveled on the special train and led a parade around the Wisconsin State Capitol building "followed by students and Michigan cars"


1921 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 6: at Wisconsin
Wisconsin's touchdown followed after a punt by the Badger fullback Sundt appeared to be headed for a touchback in the endzone, but fell dead in the mud less six inches from Michigan's goal line. Michigan's right halfback, Frank Steketee, was required to punt from behind his goal line. With the Badgers breaking through on the play, Steketee hurried his kick which went straight up in the air, advancing no more than 15 yards before rolling back toward the Michigan goal. Wisconsin's right end Gus Tebell "speared" the ball and dove across the goal line for a touchdown.


1921 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 6: at Wisconsin
Michigan responded with its own second-quarter touchdown to tie the score. With the ball near midfield, Michigan executed a "trick play" consisting of a "double forward pass." The play began with quarterback Irwin Uteritz tossing the ball to right end Paul G. Goebel. Goebel then threw a "fast, low pass" to an uncovered fullback Doug Roby. Roby caught the ball at the 20-yard line and ran from there across the goal line. Goebel also kicked the extra point. Michigan's touchdown was the first (and only) touchdown scored against the 1921 Wisconsin football team. Kipke missed a dropkick for field goal in the third quarter. Later, with the ball at Wisconsin's 20-yard line, Clark Dean attempted a field goal from placement, but the left side of the line was left unguarded, and Wisconsin right tackle Brumm was able to partially block the kick.


1921 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 6: at Wisconsin
Wisconsin completed 10 of 20 passes in the game for 102 yards, while Michigan completed only one of four passes, the lone completion coming on Goebel's 45-yard touchdown pass to Roby. Michigan ran the ball 45 times for 103 yards while Wisconsin rushed 42 times for 82 yards. Michigan center Ernie Vick was credited with repeatedly breaking through the line and holding Wisconsin to a loss of yardage. Michigan quarterback Irwin Uteritz was also credited with his best game of the season, intercepting "numerous passes," recovering a fumble, and making several "neat returns of punts."


1921 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 6: at Wisconsin
The game was played in 15-minute quarters. Michigan's starting lineup against Wisconsin was Kirk (left end), James Johns (left tackle), Dunne (left guard), Ernie Vick (center), Hugh Wilson (right guard), Stanley Muirhead (right tackle), Paul G. Goebel (right end), Irwin Uteritz (quarterback), Franklin Cappon (left halfback), Steketee (right halfback), and Doug Roby (fullback). Substitutes were Harry Kipke, Eddie Usher, Clark Dean, Searles, Petro, LeRoy Neisch, and Louis Curran. Michigan's captain Dunne left the game late in the second quarter with an injury to his arm or shoulder. Michigan's ends Goebel and Bernard Kirk also left the game with injuries in the second half.


1921 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 7: Minnesota
In the final game of the 1921 season, Michigan defeated the Minnesota Golden Gophers by a 38–0 score. The game was played at Ferry Field in Ann Arbor before a crowd estimated at 33,000 spectators, first in drizzling rain and then in cold weather. Prior to the start of the game, a ceremony was held dedicating a bronze memorial tablet honoring four Michigan athletes (Curtis Redden, Otto Carpell, Efton James, and Howard R. Smith) who died in World War I.


1921 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 7: Minnesota
Michigan's quarterback Irwin Uteritz scored two touchdowns, including a 65-yard interception return that the Detroit Free Press called "the most thrilling achievement of the afternoon." Left end Clark Dean added a field goal from the 50-yard line that the Free Press called "the longest of the season, and, in most respects, the greatest any Michigan man ever exhibited to the gaze of paid spectators."


1921 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 7: Minnesota
Franklin Cappon scored on a 60-yard touchdown run, and Paul G. Goebel kicked all five extra points and, unguarded late in the game, scored a touchdown on a 30-yard pass from Doug Roby that the Free Press called Michigan's "most spectacular pass" since 1907. Frank Steketee also scored a touchdown when he jumped on a Cappon fumble in the end zone. The game marked the worst defeat that a Minnesota football team had suffered to that point in the program's history, exceeding a 41–7 loss to Iowa earlier in the 1921 season.


1921 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 7: Minnesota
The Free Press noted that the Wolverines' team execution against Minnesota recommended vindication for coach Yost: "To his disparagers who claim he cannot cope with the younger school of coaches in the employment of the mysteries of the modern game, Yost gave the laugh, a long, resonant burst of the so-called raspberry."


1921 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 7: Minnesota
Michigan's starting lineup against Minnesota was Dean (left end), James Johns (left tackle), Charles Petro (left guard), Ernie Vick (center), Hugh Wilson (right guard), Stanley Muirhead (right tackle), Goebel (right end), Uteritz (quarterback), Cappon (left halfback), Harry Kipke (right halfback), and Roby (fullback). Substitutes included Steketee, Ted Bank, Ray Knode, Don Weiman, C. J. Smith, Louis Curran, John Searle, LeRoy Neisch and William Van Orden.


1921 Michigan Wolverines football team, Players, Varsity letter winners
For their contributions to the 1921 Michigan football team, the following 22 players received varsity letters:


1921 Michigan Wolverines football team, Players, aMa letter winners
At the University of Michigan, players receiving varsity letters were known as "M" men for the varsity letter "M" that they received. Other participants making significant contributions, but not sufficient to receive a full varsity letter, were recognized with what was known as "aMa" status. For their contributions to the 1921 football team, the following 10 players received "aMa" designations:


1921 Michigan Wolverines football team, Players, Players not receiving letters
Other players listed on Michigan's roster, but who received neither a varsity "M" or an "aMa", include the following:


1921 Michigan Wolverines football team, Players, Awards and honors
At the end of the 1921 season, two Michigan players received first-team All-America honors. Center Ernie Vick was selected as a first All-American by Walter Camp, and end Paul G. Goebel was selected as a first-team All-American by sports writer Lawrence Perry.


1921 Michigan Wolverines football team, Players, Awards and honors
For his All-Big Ten Conference football team, Walter Eckersall of the Chicago Tribune selected Vick and guard Robert J. Dunne as first-team players. Eckersall also named Franklin Cappon as a second-team halfback, Goebel as a third-team end and Irwin Uteritz as a third-team quarterback.


1921 Michigan Wolverines football team, Players, Awards and honors
H. G. Salsinger of The Detroit News selected Vick, Cappon and Goebel as first-team All-Big Ten players. Of Vick, Salsinger wrote: "His defensive value was so marked that Yost shifted him to tackle on defense, and here he was the bulwark of the Michigan wall. No player diagnosed a play more quickly than Vick, none moved faster on attack or defense, and none tackled harder or with greater accuracy than Vick."


1921 Michigan Wolverines football team, Players, Awards and honors
Luther A. Huston of the International News Service selected only Dunne as a first-team player on his 1921 All-Star Big Ten team.


1921 Michigan Wolverines football team, Coaching staff
Michigan's coaching staff in 1921 was led by head coach Fielding H. Yost in his 21st season in the position. In June 1921, he was selected to replace Philip Bartelme as the university's director of intercollegiate athletics, while still retaining his post as head football coach.


1921 Michigan Wolverines football team, Coaching staff
After the loss to Ohio State and a combined record of 8–6 in 1919 and 1920, public criticism of the 50-year-old coach developed. In early November 1921, the Grand Rapids alumni association passed a resolution calling on the university to hire a new football coach to replace Yost. The resolution was mailed to university president Marion LeRoy Burton and each member of the Board of Regents. However, in the days that followed, the student body and the Detroit alumni association publicly backed Yost. Yost ultimately served 25 years as Michigan's head coach, compiling a 165–29–10 record.


1921 Michigan Wolverines football team, Coaching staff
Yost's assistant coaches for 1921 included Angus Goetz and Tad Wieman, both of whom had played at the tackle position on Yost's 1920 Michigan Wolverines football team. Michigan's head basketball coach (E. J. Mather) and head baseball coach (Ray Fisher) also served as assistant coaches for the football team. A. J. "Sturzy" Sturzenegger was the assistant coach responsible for the halfbacks and ends.


1921 Michigan Wolverines football team, Coaching staff
The team's trainer was the former sprint champion, Archie Hahn, who won three gold medals (60 metres, 100 metres, and 200 metres) at the 1904 Summer Olympics. The assistant trainer was William Fallon, and the manager was Alfred L. May.


1921 Mid Armagh by-election
The Mid Armagh by-election of 1921 was held on 23 June 1921. The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Ulster Unionist MP, James Rolston Lonsdale. It was won unopposed by the UUP candidate Henry Bruce Armstrong.


1921 Mid Down by-election
The Mid Down by-election of 1921 was held on 2 July 1921. The by-election was held due to the incumbent Ulster Unionist MP, James Craig, being elected Prime Minister of Northern Ireland. It was won by the UUP candidate Robert Sharman-Crawford.


1921 Middle Tennessee State Normal football team
The 1921 Middle Tennessee State Normal football team represented the Middle Tennessee State Normal School (now known as Middle Tennessee State University) during the 1921 college football season. The team captain was Boots Ridley.


1921 Milan–San Remo
The 1921 Milan–San Remo was the 14th edition of the Milan–San Remo cycle race and was held on 3 April 1921. The race started in Milan and finished in San Remo. The race was won by Costante Girardengo.


1921 Millsaps Majors football team
The 1921 Millsaps Majors football team was an American football team that represented Millsaps College the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) in the 1921 college football season. Led by Ewing Y. Freeland in his first and only season as head coach, the team compiled an overall record of 1–5–1  with a mark of 0–3 in SIAA play.


1921 Minneapolis Marines season
The 1921 Minneapolis Marines season was their inaugural season in the National Football League. The team finished with a 1–3 record against league opponents, and tied for thirteenth place in the league.


1921 Minneapolis Marines season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1921 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team
The 1921 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team represented the University of Minnesota in the 1921 Big Ten Conference football season. In their 22nd and final year under head coach Henry L. Williams, the Golden Gophers compiled a 3–4 record (2–4 against Big Ten Conference opponents) and were outscored by their opponents by a combined score of 141 to 60.


1921 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team, Game summaries, Michigan
In the final game of the 1921 season, Minnesota lost to Michigan by a 38–0 score. The game was played at Ferry Field in Ann Arbor, Michigan, before a crowd estimated at 33,000 spectators, first in drizzling rain and then in cold weather. Prior to the start of the game, a ceremony was held dedicating a bronze memorial tablet honoring four Michigan athletes who died in World War I.


1921 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team, Game summaries, Michigan
Michigan's quarterback Irwin Uteritz scored two touchdowns, including a 65-yard interception return that the Detroit Free Press called "the most thrilling achievement of the afternoon." Michigan end Clark Dean added a field goal from the 50-yard line that the Free Press called "the longest of the season, and, in most respects, the greatest any Michigan man ever exhibited to the gaze of paid spectators."


1921 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team, Game summaries, Michigan
Franklin Cappon scored on a 60-yard touchdown run, and Paul G. Goebel kicked all five extra points and, unguarded late in the game, scored a touchdown on a 30-yard pass from Doug Roby that the Free Press called Michigan's "most spectacular pass" since 1907. Frank Steketee also scored a touchdown when he jumped on a Cappon fumble in the end zone. The game marked the worst defeat that a Minnesota football team had suffered to that point in the program's history, exceeding a 41–7 loss to Iowa earlier in the 1921 season.


1921 Mississippi A&M Aggies football team
The 1921 Mississippi A&M Aggies football team represented the Mississippi A&M Aggies of Agricultural and Mechanical College of the State of Mississippi during the 1921 college football season.


1921 Mississippi College Choctaws football team
The 1921 Mississippi College Choctaws football team represented Mississippi College as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) during the 1921 college football season. The team was led by second-year head coach Stanley L. Robinson and College Football Hall of Famer, halfback Goat Hale. "Ten other players are on Hale's teams, but they are there merely to conform with gridiron rules." Hale scored 161 points and gained 2,160 yards as he was selected All-Southern. The team's stadium is today named Robinson-Hale stadium, for coach Robinson and Goat Hale.


1921 Mississippi College Choctaws football team, Season summary, Tulane
Goat Hale nearly single-handedly defeated Tulane 14–0. Hale scored first on a 25-yard run around right end, and the second touchdown came on a run of 80 yards. Soon after, he signed a large baseball contract.


1921 Mississippi College Choctaws football team, Season summary, Louisiana College
In the second week of play the Choctaws beat Louisiana College 68–0.


1921 Mississippi College Choctaws football team, Season summary, Mississippi A&M
The season's only SIAA loss came in the third week against in-state rival Mississippi A&M by a single point, 14–13.


1921 Mississippi College Choctaws football team, Season summary, Birmingham–Southern
Hale scored three touchdowns in a 27–6 victory over Birmingham–Southern. The first was a 60-yard punt return. The Panthers scored in the third quarter on a 55-yard touchdown pass from Gandy to Griffin.


1921 Mississippi College Choctaws football team, Season summary, Birmingham–Southern
The starting lineup was Simmons (left end), Hudson (left tackle), Everett (left guard), Sheffield (center), Fortenberry (right guard), Stuart (right tackle), Austin (right end), Lambright (quarterback), Hale (left halfback), Tyler (right halfback), Keith (fullback).


1921 Mississippi College Choctaws football team, Season summary, Ole Miss
The Choctaws defeated the Mississippi team 27–7 at a game in Vicksburg.


1921 Mississippi College Choctaws football team, Season summary, Florida
The Choctaws battled coach William G. Kline's Florida Gators to a 7–7 tie. Florida had the greater weight and Mississippi College the greater speed.


1921 Mississippi College Choctaws football team, Season summary, Florida
Led by Hale, the Choctaws controlled the first half. In the middle of the fourth quarter, Florida  led a comeback with a series of forward passes, scoring its touchdown. Ark Newton had a 92-yard punt in this game.


1921 Mississippi College Choctaws football team, Season summary, Spring Hill
On Thanksgiving Day, Mississippi College beat the Spring Hill Badgers of Mobile 28–7. Hale ran for four touchdowns. Spring Hill's Frank Bogue picked up a fumble and, with no one in front of him and most players down, raced towards the goal. Hale chased him down from behind, saving a touchdown. "It was a sensational run, and probably the fastest ever seen in Mobile."


1921 Mississippi College Choctaws football team, Season summary, Baylor
The final game of the season was a  24–0 loss to Baylor in Dallas.


1921 Mississippi Normal Normalites football team
The 1921 Mississippi Normal Normalites football team was an American football team that represented Mississippi Normal College (now known as the University of Southern Mississippi) as an independent during the 1921 college football season. In their first year under head coach O. V. Austin, the team compiled a 3–4 record.


1921 Missouri Tigers football team
The 1921 Missouri Tigers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Missouri in the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association (Missouri Valley) during the 1921 college football season. The team compiled a 6–2 record (4–2 against Missouri Valley opponents), finished in a tie for second place in the Missouri Valley conference, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 136 to 50. James Phelan was the head coach for the second of two seasons. The team played its home games at Rollins Field in Columbia, Missouri.


1921 Montana State Bobcats football team
The 1921 Montana State Bobcats football team was an American football team that represented Montana State College (later renamed Montana State University) in the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) during the 1921 college football season. In its second season under head coach D. V. Graves, the team compiled a 2–4 record (0–1 against RMC opponents) and was outscored by a total of 74 to 63.


1921 Montana football team
The 1921 Montana football team represented the University of Montana in the 1921 college football season. They were led by third-year head coach Bernie Bierman, played their home games at Dornblaser Field and finished the season with a record of three wins, three losses and one tie (3–3–1).


1921 Muncie Flyers season
The 1921 Muncie Flyers season was their second and final season in the National Football League. The team failed to improve on their previous record against league opponents of 0–1, losing two games. They tied for eighteenth place in the league. The team folded after the season, finishing 0–3 against NFL opponents as a league franchise.


1921 Muncie Flyers season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1921 NC State Aggies football team
The 1921 NC State Aggies football team was an American football team that represented North Carolina State University during the 1921 college football season. In its second season under head coach Harry Hartsell, the team compiled a 3–3–3 record.


1921 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans
The 1921 College Basketball All-American team, as chosen retroactively by the Helms Athletic Foundation. The player highlighted in gold was chosen as the Helms Foundation College Basketball Player of the Year retroactively in 1944.


1921 NCAA Track and Field Championships
The 1921 NCAA Track and Field Championships was the first NCAA track and field championship. The event was held at Stagg Field in Chicago, Illinois in June 1921. The University of Illinois won the team title.


1921 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Overview
The 1921 NCAA Track and Field Championships were held at Stagg Field in Chicago on June 17 and 18, 1921. The University of Illinois won the team championship with 20¼ points. Notre Dame finished in second place.


1921 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Overview
Gus Pope of the University of Washington was the individual points leader with 10 points earned through first-place finishes in both the shot put and the discus.


1921 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Track events, 120-yard high hurdles
1. Earl Thomson, Dartmouth - 14.4 seconds (tied his own world record) 2. Crawford3. Anderson, Minnesota4. Wynn, Notre Dame5. Couglan, University of the South


1921 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Track events, 220-yard dash
1. Eric Wilson, Iowa - 22.6 seconds 2. Smith, Nebraska 3. Leonard Paulu, Grinnell 4. Hayes, Notre Dame 5. Jing, Ohio


1921 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Track events, 220-yard low hurdles
1. Gus Desch, Notre Dame - 24.8 seconds 2. Kollin, Wisconsin 3. Frazier, Baylor 4. Wallace, Illinois 5. Wynn, Notre Dame


1921 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Track events, 440-yard dash
1. Frank Shea, Pittsburgh - 49 seconds2. Butler, Michigan3. Donohoe, Illinois4. Pratt, Washington5. Johnson, Wisconsin


1921 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Track events, Half-mile run
1. Earl Eby, Penn - 1:57.42. Higgins, Ames3. Nash, Wisconsin4. Yates, Illinois5. Donohoe, Illinois


1921 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Track events, One-mile run
1. Ray Watson, Kansas Aggies - 4:23.42. McGinnis, Illinois3. Sweitzer, Minnesota4. Ferguson, Ohio State5. Graham, Ames


1921 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Track events, Two-mile run
1. John Romig, Penn State - 9:31 2. Wharton, Illinois 3. Rathbun, Ames 4. Canton, St. Olafs 5. Finkle, Wisconsin


1921 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Field events, Broad jump
1. Gaylord Stinchcomb, Ohio State - 23 feet, 3⅜ inches2. Sward, Knox2. Osborn, Illinois4. Sundt, Wisconsin5. Alberts, Illinois


1921 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Field events, High jump
1. Johnny Murphy, Notre Dame - 6 feet, 3 inches2. Alberts, Illinois 3. Hoffman, Iowa 4. Frankland, Washington 4. Osborne, Illinois


1921 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Field events, Pole vault
1. Longino Welch, Georgia Tech - 12 feet1. Eldon Jenne, Washington State - 12 feet1. Lloyd Wilder, Wisconsin - 12 feet1. R. Gardner, Yale - 12 feet5. Merrick, Wisconsin5. Hogan, Notre Dame


1921 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Field events, Discus throw
1. Gus Pope, Washington - 142 feet, 2¼ inches 2. Blackwood, Northwestern3. Praeger, Kalamazoo4. Duke Slater, Iowa5. Weiss, Illinois


1921 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Field events, Javelin
1. Flint Hanner, Stanford - 191 feet, 2-l/4 inches 2. Tuck, Oregon 3. Hoffman, Michigan 4. Mahan, Texas A&M 5. Oberst, Notre Dame


1921 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Field events, Shot put
1. Gus Pope, Washington - 45 feet, 4½ inches2. Dale, Nebraska3. Weiss, Illinois4. Lindsay, Rice5. Shaw, Notre Dame


1921 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Field events, Hammer throw
1. Charles Redmon, Chicago - 133 feet 9¾ inches2. Blackwood, Northwestern3. Duke Slater, Iowa4. Skidmore, University of Southern Illinois


1921 NCAA baseball season
The 1921 NCAA baseball season, play of college baseball in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) began in the spring of 1921. Play largely consisted of regional matchups, some organized by conferences, and ended in June. No national championship event was held until 1947.


1921 NCAA baseball season, Conference winners
This is a partial list of conference champions from the 1921 season.


1921 NFL Championship controversy
The 1921 NFL Championship controversy, known among Buffalo sports historians and fans as the Staley Swindle, is a dispute in which the Buffalo All-Americans unintentionally surrendered the 1921 APFA Championship title to the Chicago Staleys (later renamed the Chicago Bears). The controversy began at the conclusion of the 1921 season, when the All-Americans finished the season with the best record in the American Professional Football Association (renamed the National Football League in 1922). However, after losing what the All-Americans owner had intended to be an exhibition game to the Staleys on December 4, 1921, the All-Americans lost their title to Chicago on a tiebreaker.


1921 NFL Championship controversy, Background
The Buffalo All-Americans finished 1921 with a 9–0–2 record; meanwhile, Chicago captured second place with its only loss coming against Buffalo on Thanksgiving. The Staleys refused to play any road games that season except for their Thanksgiving game against the then-undefeated All-Americans, who also had played all of their games at home. Chicago owner George Halas then challenged the All-Americans to a rematch.


1921 NFL Championship controversy, Background
Buffalo owner, Frank McNeil, having already scheduled the team's last game for December 3 against the Akron Pros, agreed on the condition that it be considered only a "post-season exhibition match" and not be counted in the standings. McNeil made a point of telling the Buffalo media that the two games were exhibitions and would have no bearing on the team's claim to the APFA title.


1921 NFL Championship controversy, Background
He also released the players Buffalo had borrowed from the then-defunct Detroit Tigers NFL team to play one last exhibition game under the Tigers banner (the same day as the Staleys/All-Americans matchup, the Tigers played the Detroit Maroons; McNeil made one exception and kept lineman Clarence "Steamer" Horning, who would incidentally score the All-Americans' only points in the Staleys rematch by recovering a blocked punt for a touchdown). McNeil then scheduled the game against the Staleys for one day after the team's final game against Akron. Therefore, after a game against the tough Akron Pros on December 3, McNeil's team would take an all-night train to Chicago to play the Staleys the next day.


1921 NFL Championship controversy, Background
The All-Americans defeated the Pros, 14–0, then the team boarded a train for Chicago. Several of their players instead left to play in the Detroit Tigers game. Despite the defections and being worn out from the previous game, the All-Americans held their own against the Staleys, with the game tied in the third quarter; a field goal from Dutch Sternaman broke the tie and won the game for Chicago, 10–7. McNeil continued to assert that his team was the AFPA's 1921 champion, and even invested in tiny gold footballs for his players to commemorate the achievement.


1921 NFL Championship controversy, Background
Even with the loss, Buffalo was still 9–1–2, while Chicago was 8–1, 0.5 games behind Buffalo in the standings (Buffalo played more games earlier in the season). If the season had ended that day, Buffalo would still have won the league title. Chicago, however, saw their opportunity, and swiftly scheduled two more games in December: one against the Canton Bulldogs, and the other against their crosstown rivals, the Chicago Cardinals. Winning both would have propelled Chicago to 10–1, one win ahead of Buffalo, and secure the championship. The Staleys defeated Canton, 10–0, on December 11, but managed only to reach a scoreless tie with the Cardinals on December 18. Thus, the two teams finished with identical records of 9–1 (ties did not count in the APFA standings at the time).


1921 NFL Championship controversy, Background
Halas decided to declare that the title belonged to Chicago and began to persuade the other owners in the league to give his Staleys the title. Halas based his claim for the championship on his belief that the second game of the Buffalo-Chicago series mattered more than the first. He also pointed out that the aggregate score of the two games was 16–14 in favor of the Staleys.


1921 NFL Championship controversy, Background
McNeil insisted that Buffalo was the champion and maintained that the last two games his team played were merely exhibitions, to which Halas rebutted that there were no such things as exhibitions, since no set end of the season existed, and thus, according to him, all games had to be counted, whether Buffalo intended them to or not. (Both the All-Americans and the Staleys had disputed the previous year's title, but were both overruled and the Brunswick-Balke Collender Cup went to the Akron Pros.)


1921 NFL Championship controversy, Background
The league then instituted the first tiebreaker for the championship. The new rule stated that a rematch counted more than a first matchup, which handed the championship to Chicago. In their decision, based on a generally accepted (but now obsolete) rule that if two teams play each other more than once in a season, the second game counts more than the first, the executive committee followed established tradition. Had Buffalo not played the last game (or if it had not been counted per Buffalo's wishes), they would have had an undefeated season and won the title. This tiebreaker was discontinued by the NFL in 1933.


1921 NFL Championship controversy, Background
The winner of the game was supposed to have received possession of the Brunswick-Balke Collender Cup, the championship trophy established as a rotating prize the previous season. However it never arrived, so the Staleys did not receive the trophy, which is now thought to have been lost.


1921 NFL Championship controversy, Background
Throughout the rest of his life, McNeil made numerous attempts to get the league's decision overturned. Buffalo never again reached the level of success they did in the 1918-1921 period; the franchise barely stayed over .500 winning percentage for the next three seasons, after which the team fell to the bottom of the league in the standings for most of the rest of the decade, suspending operations in 1927 and folding in 1929.


1921 NFL Championship controversy, Background
The Professional Football Researchers Association has recognized both sides of the debate. Jeffrey J. Miller, who coined the phrase "Staley Swindle" to describe the controversy, has argued most fervently that the All-Americans were wronged by the league's decision, which stands to the present day. Kenneth Crippen, in contrast, has noted that Buffalo's competition was not as stiff and that, overall, the Staleys had a better season when factoring in margins of victory and strength of schedule. Ultimately the legitimacy of Buffalo's claim to the title rests on whether the game in question was on or off the record.


1921 NFL Championship controversy, Long-term impact
The league was also forced to place a finite end to the season to prevent a repeat of this incident: in 1924, Chicago attempted to do the same thing with a post-season match against the Cleveland Bulldogs, but the league disallowed it, meaning the Bulldogs kept their title, and banned the use of postseason championship games.


1921 NFL Championship controversy, Long-term impact
In 1932, Chicago (now known as the Bears) and the Portsmouth Spartans finished tied for first in the standings, while the tiebreaker was not applicable since both their games had ended in ties. This situation forced the league to rescind the rule and schedule a playoff game to decide the championship.


1921 NFL Championship controversy, Long-term impact
The NFL Championship Game would become permanent in 1933 when the NFL was divided into Eastern and Western divisions with a standardized schedule: the "greater weight to a later game" tiebreaker was also formally abolished.


1921 NSWRFL season
The 1921 New South Wales Rugby League premiership was the fourteenth season of Australia’s first rugby league football club competition which was based in Sydney. Nine teams from across the city contested the season, with North Sydney being crowned premiers by virtue of finishing the season on top of the League. The 1921 season also saw the St George club enter the competition, replacing the Annandale club, who after thirteen seasons, exited the League.


1921 NSWRFL season, Season summary
Because the 1921–22 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain departed in mid-July only one series of nine rounds was played, with the second series being devoted to the City Cup. The premiership was decided with no finals on a first-past-the-post basis.


1921 NSWRFL season, Season summary
Premiers North Sydney became the second team to go through a season undefeated - seven wins and an 8-8 draw with Easts in round 5. Their brilliant performance earned them their maiden premiership.


1921 NSWRFL season, Season summary
University became the third team to have gone through a season winless, as Annandale had done the previous season and in 1918. University’s season yielded eight losses from eight starts, conceding 295 points at an average of 36.88 per match.


1921 NSWRFL season, Season summary
The season saw an experiment with referees instead of halfbacks feeding the scrum. Although the experiment was very quickly viewed a dismal failure and abandoned, the amendment was sometimes advocated in later years after scrums became largely uncontested.


1921 NSWRFL season, Season summary, Teams
With the addition of St George in place of the recently departed Annandale club, the number of teams in the League remained at nine.


1921 NYU Violets football team
The 1921 NYU Violets football team was an American football team that represented New York University as an independent during the 1921 college football season. In their second year under head coach Frank Gargan, the team compiled a 2–3–3 record.


1921 Navy Midshipmen football team
The 1921 Navy Midshipmen football team represented the United States Naval Academy during the 1921 college football season. In their second season under head coach Bob Folwell, the Midshipmen compiled a 6–1 record, shut out six opponents, and outscored all opponents by a combined score of 147–13.


1921 Navy Midshipmen football team
The annual Army–Navy Game was played on November 26 at the Polo Grounds in New York City; Navy won 7–0.


1921 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team
The 1921 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Nebraska in the Missouri Valley Conference (MVC) during the 1921 college football season. In its first season under head coach Fred Dawson, the team compiled a 7–1 record (3–0 against conference opponents), won the MVC championship, and outscored opponents by a total of 283 to 17. The team played its home games at Nebraska Field in Lincoln, Nebraska.


1921 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Before the season
Former head coach Schulte stepped down to focus on coaching other sports at Nebraska, but remained involved with the team as the lineman coach. New head coach Dawson arrived from Princeton, inheriting a team that had eighteen lettermen returning, the highest number ever for the program to date. Nebraska also rejoined the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association after a two-year stint as an independent, so the high number of returning starters raised aspirations for a conference title. A new league rule was enacted that restricted preseason practices to the two weeks prior to the first game, so much work was to be done after the summer break to be ready.


1921 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Roster
Berquist, Joy #2 RGDewitz, Herbert #10 (So.) QBEkeroth PLAYERHamilton PLAYERHartley, Harold #20 (Jr.) FBHartman, Cecil #16 FBHendrickson, Emil #28 THiggins PLAYERHouse, Gordon #25 CHoy, George #8 (Jr.) HBKlemke, George #22 ELayton, Marvin #18 (So.) FBLewellen, Verne #23 (So.) HBLyman, Roy Link #4 LTMcGlasson, Harold #13 QBMcGlasson, Ross #24 (So.) TNixon, Byran #27 (So.) G


1921 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Roster
Noble, Dave #7 (So.) HBOdum #14 PLAYERPeterson, Carl #26 (So.) CPreston, Glen #15 (So.) QBPucelik, John #11 (Sr.)LGReed #17 GRussell, Robert #9 QBScherer, Leo #19 (Jr.) ESchoeppel, Andrew #6 (Jr.) ESwanson, Clarence #1 (Sr.)EThomas PLAYERToft PLAYERTripplett, Richard #30 (Jr.) EWeller, Raymond #3 (Jr.) RTWenke, Adolph #12 (Jr.) GWoodward PLAYERWright, Floyd #21 HB


1921 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Nebraska Wesleyan
Nebraska Wesleyan arrived in Lincoln as Nebraska's tune up game, and nearly every player on the roster found time in the game as the Cornhuskers rolled to an easy shutout victory, as Nebraska's goal was never threatened. This was the last game between these teams, ending the 5th-oldest active series in Nebraska's history to that date, all eight games Nebraska victories dating back to 1896.


1921 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Haskell
For the second game in a row, Nebraska brought to a close a historic series. Nebraska's run of games with Haskell was the 7th oldest active series, dating to 1901. Much like the previous game, Nebraska was never seriously threatened and posted another shutout win, bringing the Haskell series to a close with a 7-2 record.


1921 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Notre Dame
Nebraska's first ever trip to South Bend, after six straight games against Notre Dame in Lincoln, continued what had become one of the marquee games of the west. The game was all about Nebraska's stingy defense and inept offense. Time after time, the Cornhuskers turned away serious goal line threats, while also failing to find the scoreboard due to fumbles, incompletions and interceptions. Knute Rockne changed his plan for the second half, to ensure Nebraska remained scoreless and banking on eventually finding points with low-risk plays, much like the previous year's game. Chet A. Wynne was among the Notre Dame players who contributed to their one successful scoring drive, and with those points the game was decided. Nebraska fell further behind in the series, to 2-4-1.


1921 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Oklahoma
The Cornhuskers bounced right back from the bitter loss in South Bend by blanking the reigning conference champion Oklahoma Sooners in Lincoln, in Nebraska's first conference game since returning to the league. The win moved the Cornhuskers to 2-0-1 against Oklahoma to date.


1921 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Pittsburgh
Nebraska traveled to Pennsylvania for their first ever contest with Pittsburgh, known in the east as a strong team to be feared. The Cornhuskers were undaunted, taking a halftime lead and ultimately holding the Panthers scoreless for the entire game. Building on the exposure started by the 1920 victory over Rutgers the previous year, Nebraska solidified their reputation as a western powerhouse to the football fans of the east.


1921 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Kansas
The Cornhuskers easily handled the Jayhawks at the homecoming game, never seriously threatened during the course of the game as Nebraska recorded their fifth shutout over their previous six games, and improved over Kansas 18-9-1 all time.


1921 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Iowa State
Iowa State fired the first shot of the game, putting up an early field goal to take a 3-0 lead, but that was last time the Cyclones would speak. The Cornhuskers ruined Iowa State's homecoming game by rolling up 35 unanswered points, finishing conference play unbeaten, and improving their dominating lead over Iowa State 13-4-1.


1921 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Colorado Ag
Nebraska finished the 1921 season with force, flattening the Colorado Ag football squad. Though the Aggies managed a 4th quarter score, Nebraska's 70 points were the most they had scored against any opponent since their 100-0 victory over Nebraska Wesleyan in 1917. Colorado Ag was now down 0-2 against Nebraska to date.


1921 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, After the season
Coach Dawson's first season was a clear success, with all games won except for the hard-fought Notre Dame loss, and an undisputed league championship secured in Nebraska's return to league play. The program's overall record improved to 181-61-15 (.733), while the conference record was improved to 27-3-2 (.875).


1921 Nevada Sagebrushers football team
The 1921 Nevada Sagebrushers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Nevada as an independent during the 1921 college football season. In their third season under head coach Ray Courtright, the team compiled a 4–3–1 record and outscored its opponents by a total of 183 to 113. The Sagebrushers were the first team to score against the 1921 California Golden Bears football team that was recognized as the 1921 national champion. The Sagebrushers were also the only team to defeat the 1921 Utah Agricultural Aggies football team that won the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) championship.


1921 Nevada Sagebrushers football team
Nevada's star player Jimmy "Rabbit" Bradshaw was a second-team halfback on the 1921 College Football All-America Team selected by Malcolm McLean. McLean also selected Bradshaw as the first-team quarterback on his 1921 All-Western team. McLean wrote: "The Nevada star, while not a large man, is quick as a flash, a wonder on a running team and has been compared to Walter Eckersall, former Maroon star as an all-round player. He is one of the greatest open-field runners in the country."


1921 New Hampshire football team
The 1921 New Hampshire football team was an American football team that represented  New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts during the 1921 college football season—the school became the University of New Hampshire in 1923. In its sixth season under head coach William "Butch" Cowell, the team compiled an 8–1–1 record, only losing to Dartmouth, while outscoring their opponents by a total of 234 to 66.


1921 New Hampshire football team
Early in the season, the team played two "home" games in nearby Dover, New Hampshire. The first home game at Memorial Field, located in Durham, New Hampshire, was held in November; the field was used for home football games through the 1935 season.


1921 New Hampshire football team, Schedule
Although The Granite yearbook described the September 24 contest against USMC Portsmouth as a "practice game", the result is listed by College Football Data Warehouse and the Wildcats' media guide. A newspaper article about the next season's rematch noted that the USMC team was composed of Marine Corps personnel working at the Portsmouth Naval Prison in nearby Kittery, Maine.


1921 New Hampshire football team, Schedule
The 1921 game was the first meeting between the New Hampshire and Army football programs. It was one of two contests the Cadets played on October 1; before losing to New Hampshire, Army defeated Springfield College that same day.


1921 New Hampshire football team, Schedule
The Dartmouth game was attended by Governor of New Hampshire Fred H. Brown, a Dartmouth graduate. Following their 1921 game, New Hampshire and Holy Cross next met in 1973. New Hampshire's 56–7 win over Massachusetts remains the largest margin of victory in what later became known as the Colonial Clash rivalry. Other than 1943 and 1945, when New Hampshire did not field teams due to World War II, 1921 remains the most recent season without a New Hampshire–Maine game.


1921 New Hampshire football team, Schedule
Team captain Dutch Connor was an inaugural member of the UNH Wildcats Hall of Fame in 1982.


1921 New Mexico Lobos football team
The 1921 New Mexico Lobos football team represented the University of New Mexico as an independent during the 1921 college football season. In their second season under head coach Roy W. Johnson, the Lobos compiled a 2–2 record.


1921 New Mexico Lobos football team
Tackle Frank O. Greenleaf was the team captain. Other starting players on the team included Ogle Jones (halfback/quarterback), Walter Hernandez (fullback), Thomas Calkins (quarterback/halfback), Vernon Wilfley (halfback), George White (end), Clifford Bernhardt (end), John Richard Popejoy (tackle), Max Ferguson (tackle/guard), Ralph Hernandez (guard), Kenneth Greuter (guard), and Cullen Pearce (center).


1921 New Year Honours
The New Year Honours 1921 were appointments by King George V to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by members of the British Empire. They were published on 31 December 1920.


1921 New Year Honours
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.


1921 New Year Honours, British Empire, Promotions
The following promotions have been made, to date from 31 December 1920.


1921 New Year Honours, British Empire, Promotions
Honorary ranks, in recognition of distinguished services rendered during the War.


1921 New Year Honours (New Zealand)
The 1921 New Year Honours in New Zealand were appointments by King George V on the advice of the New Zealand government to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by New Zealanders. The awards celebrated the passing of 1920 and the beginning of 1921, and were announced on 1 January 1921.


1921 New Year Honours (New Zealand)
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour.


1921 New York Brickley Giants season
The 1921 New York Brickley Giants season was their sole season in the American Professional Football Association (which would be renamed the National Football League in 1922). The team finished the season with a 0–2 league record, and tied for eighteenth place in the league. Overall, the team posted a 5–3 record, when taking non-league games into account. The team is also referred to as the Brooklyn Giants in contemporary advertising.


1921 New York Brickley Giants season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1921 New York City mayoral election
The 1921 New York City mayoral election took place on November 8, 1921, resulting in a victory for Democratic Party candidate John Francis Hylan.


1921 New York City mayoral election, Overview
The major candidates included New York City mayor and Democratic Party candidate John Hylan who stood for re-election, Manhatten borough president and Republican Party candidate Henry Curran, and the Socialist Party candidate Jacob Panken. Hylan was the son of an Irish-Catholic immigrant and affiliated with Tammany Hall machine politics. Curran had run as a coalition candidate for the Republican factions. Panken had run a progressive campaign and gained support from Milwaukee mayor Daniel Hoan, but failed to generate the same level of support as the Socialist candidate from the prior election, Morris Hillquit.


1921 New York City mayoral election, Overview
In the primary election for mayor, Henry Curran heavily defeated Fiorello H. La Guardia, president of the board of aldermen.


1921 New York Giants season
The 1921 New York Giants season was the franchise's 39th season, which culminated in the Giants defeating the New York Yankees in the World Series.


1921 New York Giants season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1921 New York Giants season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1921 New York Giants season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1921 New York Giants season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1921 New York Giants season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1921 New York Giants season, World series, Game 1
October 5, 1921, at the Polo Grounds (IV) in New York City


1921 New York Giants season, World series, Game 2
October 6, 1921, at the Polo Grounds (IV) in New York City


1921 New York Giants season, World series, Game 3
October 7, 1921, at the Polo Grounds (IV) in New York City


1921 New York Giants season, World series, Game 4
October 9, 1921, at the Polo Grounds (IV) in New York City


1921 New York Giants season, World series, Game 5
October 10, 1921, at the Polo Grounds (IV) in New York City


1921 New York Giants season, World series, Game 6
October 11, 1921, at the Polo Grounds (IV) in New York City


1921 New York Giants season, World series, Game 7
October 12, 1921, at the Polo Grounds (IV) in New York City


1921 New York Giants season, World series, Game 8
October 13, 1921, at the Polo Grounds (IV) in New York City


1921 New York Yankees season
The 1921 New York Yankees season was the 19th season for the Yankees in New York and their 21st overall. The team finished with a record of 98–55, winning their first pennant in franchise history, winning the American League by 41⁄2 games over the previous year's champion, the Cleveland Indians. New York was managed by Miller Huggins. Their home games were played at the Polo Grounds.


1921 New York Yankees season, Regular season
With star slugger Babe Ruth hitting 59 home runs, setting a new major league home run record for the third consecutive year, while also having his greatest overall season statistically, the Yankees appeared to be the team to beat in the World Series. Their landlords, the New York Giants, had rebuilt after slipping a bit in the late 1910s, and had won the National League pennant. For the first time, all the games of a World Series would be held in the same ballpark.


1921 New York Yankees season, Regular season
The best-5-of-9 Series (its last before returning to the best-4-of-7 format) saw the Yankees take a 2 games to 0 lead and later a 3–2 series lead, but Ruth suffered a serious injury in game 3 that limited his appearances in the remaining games, save for one pinch-hit appearance, and the Giants rallied to win the Series 5 games to 3.


1921 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1921 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1921 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1921 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1921 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1921 New York state election
The 1921 New York state election was held on November 8, 1921, to elect a judge of the New York Court of Appeals, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly. Six amendments to the State Constitution were also proposed.


1921 New York state election, History
In 1921, there was only one state officer to be elected statewide: a judge of the Court of Appeals, to succeed Emory A. Chase, who had died on June 25. William S. Andrews, who had been sitting on an additional seat by designation since 1917, was appointed to fill the vacancy until the end of the year.


1921 New York state election, History
State conventions had been abolished, and replaced with direct primaries since 1914. Now, a new law permitted state conventions again which the Republicans celebrated and the Democrats repudiated.


1921 New York state election, History
The Republican state convention met on September 22 and 23 in Syracuse. U.S. Senator William M. Calder was Permanent Chairman. The incumbent William S. Andrews was nominated for the Court of Appeals unanimously.


1921 New York state election, History
The Democratic state convention met on September 26 at the Hotel Commodore in New York City. Ex-Governor Al Smith was Temporary Chairman until the choice of Harriet May Mills as Permanent Chairman. Ex-Supreme Court Justice Townsend Scudder was nominated for the Court of Appeals unanimously.


1921 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election
The 1921 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election was held in September 1921 to determine the future leadership of the New Zealand Labour Party. The election was won by Buller MP Harry Holland, retaining office.


1921 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election, Background
Harry Holland had led the Labour Party since 1919. After being elected leader, he led Labour to their first election later that same year gaining 3 seats. He cemented his hold over the party beating off a challenge the year later. The Labour caucus was as divided between moderates and militants as the Labour movement as a whole, which was the backdrop of these internal contests. Holland and his leadership were the subject of much media attention, with newspapers also critical of his leadership style.


1921 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election, Candidates, Harry Holland
Holland had won Labour's previous leadership contests (opposed by McCombs as well). By Labour standards he was a radical and wrote prolifically on socialist theory. This perceived extremism led many to question whether Labour could gain much traction in future elections. However, the majority of Labour's caucus were also radicals giving Holland the numbers he needed to remain leader.


1921 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election, Candidates, James McCombs
McCombs had served in parliament since 1913 and had more parliamentary experience than Holland. He also had been the inaugural president of the Labour Party in 1916. McCombs was the leader of the Labour Party's moderate faction and continued his agitation against Holland's leadership which he and others thought to be too autocratic. His main supporters in caucus in his plight were fellow Christchurch MPs Dan Sullivan and Ted Howard.


1921 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election, Result
The election was conducted through a members ballot by Labour's parliamentary caucus. Holland secured five votes to McCombs' two.


1921 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election, Aftermath
Harry Holland continued to lead the Labour Party, surviving several more challenges, and would until his death in 1933. McCombs and Sullivan continued to agitate against Holland's claim to the leadership for the next few years.


1921 New Zealand rugby league season
The 1921 New Zealand rugby league season was the 14th season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand.


1921 New Zealand rugby league season, International competitions
New Zealand toured Australia, losing to New South Wales 56-9. They then defeated Queensland 25-12 before losing the second and third matches 21-16 and 8-3 respectively. The final three matches of the tour saw a loss to Toowoomba and wins over Wide Bay and Newcastle. New Zealand were coached by Jim Rukutai, captained by Henry Tancred and included Clarrie Polson.


1921 New Zealand rugby league season, International competitions
New Zealand also provided one player to the Australasian tour of Great Britain; Bert Laing. On their way to Great Britain and France the Australasian Kangaroos played an exhibition match at the Basin Reserve in Wellington.


1921 New Zealand rugby league season, National competitions, Northern Union Cup
Auckland again held the Northern Union Cup at the end of the season.


1921 New Zealand rugby league season, National competitions, Inter-district competition
Auckland toured the country, defeating Wellington 23-21, the West Coast 47-7 and Canterbury 39-14. Auckland included; Bill Stormont, Bill Davidson, captain Maurice Wetherill, Tim Peckham and Alf Townsend.


1921 New Zealand rugby league season, National competitions, Inter-district competition
A second Auckland side, including Bert Avery, defeated King Country 58-25 in Auckland while a third Auckland side lost 15-18 to the Hawke's Bay.


1921 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Auckland
City won the Auckland Rugby League's Monteith Shield and the Roope Rooster.


1921 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Auckland
Carlaw Park was officially opened on 25 June. The City Rovers defeated Maritime 10-8 in front of 7,000 fans on opening day.


1921 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Auckland
Ponsonby United successfully defended the Thacker Shield, defeating Petone from Wellington 21-13. They then accepted a challenge from Auckland City club, and lost the trophy to City. Sydenham had also challenged for the trophy but had been told that there was no suitable date. The Canterbury Rugby League, and their President Henry Thacker, challenged this decision and the New Zealand Rugby League stepped in, returning the trophy to Canterbury. The rules were subsequently amended to make the shield only contestable between South Island clubs.


1921 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Auckland
City included Bill Davidson, Maurice Wetherill, Bert Laing, George Paki, Tim Peckham and Alf Townsend. Maritime included Ivan Littlewood, Eric Grey and Stan Webb.


1921 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Other competitions
The South Auckland Rugby League was constituted on 28 April 1921.


1921 North Carolina Tar Heels football team
The 1921 North Carolina Tar Heels football team represented the University of North Carolina in the 1921 college football season.


1921 North Dakota Agricultural Aggies football team
The 1921 North Dakota Agricultural Aggies football team was an American football team that represented North Dakota Agricultural College (now known as North Dakota State University) as an independent during the 1921 college football season. In their third year under head coach Stanley Borleske, the team compiled a 3–3–1 record.


1921 North Dakota gubernatorial recall election
The 1921 North Dakota gubernatorial recall election was a recall election of North Dakota Governor Lynn Frazier in 1921. Frazier was the first U.S. governor ever successfully recalled from office; there would not be another successful recall of a governor until California Governor Gray Davis was recalled in 2003.


1921 North Dakota gubernatorial recall election, Background
The recall stemmed from the conflict between the allegedly socialist-leaning Nonpartisan League, of which Governor Frazier was a member, and the Independent Voters Association, a conservative and pro-market faction. Frazier and his party supported state ownership of industries, while the IVA opposed it. A dispute broke out specifically over government ownership of the Bank of North Dakota and State Mill and Elevator.


1921 North Dakota gubernatorial recall election, Background
By September, the campaigners had been able to gather 73,000 names on petitions asking for the recall of Frazier, Attorney General William Lemke, and Commissioner of Agriculture John Hagan. These men made up the Industrial Commission, which acts as a board of directors for the state-owned entities. The date of the recall was set for October 28, 1921.


1921 North Dakota gubernatorial recall election, Results
In the October 28 vote, Ragnvald A. Nestos was elected as governor by a margin of 4,093. He was sworn in on November 23.


1921 Northern Illinois State Teachers football team
The 1921 Northern Illinois State Teachers football team represented Northern Illinois State Teachers College as an independent in the 1921 college football season. They were led by second-year head coach Paul Harrison and played their home games at Glidden Field, located on the east end of campus. The Teachers finished the season with a 3–5 record. Allan Newman was the team's captain.


1921 Northern Ireland general election
The 1921 Northern Ireland general election was held on 24 May 1921. It was the first election to the Parliament of Northern Ireland. Ulster Unionist Party members won a two-thirds majority of votes cast and more than three-quarters of the seats in the assembly. Sinn Féin in particular was shocked at the scale of the Unionist victory, having spent considerable resources on the campaign, and had expected to win between 1/3 and 1/2 of the seats. The election was conducted using the single transferable vote system.


1921 Northern Ireland general election
The election took place during the Irish War of Independence, on the same day as the election to the parliament of Southern Ireland. As the election in Southern Ireland was merely a formality, with all candidates being returned unopposed (and therefore guaranteeing Sinn Féin complete dominance), Sinn Féin was able to focus its resources entirely on the election in Northern Ireland. The Sinn Féin campaign focused on the issue of partition implemented by the Government of Ireland Act 1920, with Sinn Féin and the Nationalist party running on a combined anti-partition ticket.


1921 Northern Ireland general election, Sinn Féin campaign
Sinn Féin invested considerable resources in their campaign, placing advertisements in almost 50 northern newspapers making a range of arguments against partition. Sinn Féin also published its own newspaper, The Unionist, of which 50,000 copies were sent to prominent Protestants in East Ulster, particularly County Antrim. In particular, Sinn Féin claimed there was widespread ignorance over the situation in Ulster and warned against the economic dangers of partition, particularly in relation to threats of a renewed boycott against northern goods in a manner similar to the "Belfast Boycott". Sinn Féin also attempted to attract Ulster's rural and agricultural workers, arguing partition would put them at the mercy of eastern Ulster's urban elites.


1921 Northern Ireland general election, Sinn Féin campaign
Despite the scale and organisation of the campaign, its arguments failed to resonate with voters, with the party's chief organiser Eamon Donnelly claiming on the day of the election that all Sinn Féin's efforts had achieved was assuring a high Unionist turnout.


1921 Northwestern Purple football team
The 1921 Purple Wildcats team represented Northwestern University during the 1921 Big Ten Conference football season. In their second year under head coach Elmer McDevitt, the Purple compiled a 1–6 record (0–5 against Big Ten Conference opponents) and finished in last place in the Big Ten Conference.


1921 Norwegian Football Cup
The 1921 Norwegian Football Cup was the 20th season of the Norwegian annual knockout football tournament. The tournament was open for all members of NFF. This was the third consecutive year that Frigg played in the final, but after having lost the previous two they won 2-0 against Odd in this year's final and won their third title. Ørn were the defending champions, but were eliminated by Brann in the quarterfinal.


1921 Norwegian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Norway on 24 October 1921. This was the first election to use proportional representation, which replaced previous two round system. The result was a victory for the Conservative Party-Free-minded Liberal Party alliance, which won 57 of the 150 seats in the Storting.


1921 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team
The 1921 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team represented the University of Notre Dame during the 1921 college football season, led by fourth-year head coach Knute Rockne.


1921 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team
Back John Mohardt led the team to a 10–1 record with 781 rushing yards, 995 passing yards, 12 rushing touchdowns, and nine passing touchdowns. Grantland Rice wrote that "Mohardt could throw the ball to within a foot or two of any given space" and noted that the 1921 Notre Dame team "was the first team we know of to build its attack around a forward passing game, rather than use a forward passing game as a mere aid to the running game."


1921 Oglethorpe Stormy Petrels football team
The 1921 Oglethorpe Stormy Petrels football team represented Oglethorpe University in the sport of American football during the 1921 college football season.


1921 Ohio State Buckeyes football team
The 1921 Ohio State Buckeyes football team represented Ohio State University in the 1921 Big Ten Conference football season. The Buckeyes compiled a 5–2 record while outscoring opponents 110–14. The 14 points allowed came in Ohio State's only losses. As of 2021, the Buckeyes' 1921 loss to Oberlin remains their last loss to a team from the state of Ohio.


1921 Oklahoma A&M Aggies football team
The 1921 Oklahoma A&M Aggies football team represented Oklahoma A&M College in the 1921 college football season. This was the 20th year of football at A&M and the first under John Maulbetsch. The Aggies played their home games at Lewis Field in Stillwater, Oklahoma. They finished the season 5–4–1, 1–1 in the Southwest Conference.


1921 Oklahoma Sooners football team
The 1921 Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the University of Oklahoma in the 1921 college football season. In their 17th year under head coach Bennie Owen, the Sooners compiled a 5–3 record (2-3 against conference opponents), finished in a tie for seventh place in the Missouri Valley Conference, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 127 to 102.


1921 Oklahoma Sooners football team
No Sooners were recognized as All-Americans, and end Howard Marsh was the only Sooner to receive all-conference honors.


1921 Ole Miss Rebels football team
The 1921 Ole Miss Rebels football team represented the University of Mississippi during the 1921 college football season. The team was coached by R. L. Sullivan and played in the Bacardi Bowl.


1921 Ontario prohibition referendum
An Ontario prohibition referendum was held on April 18, 1921, concerning a ban on the importation of alcoholic beverages into Ontario. The referendum passed, and an importation ban was implemented.


1921 Ontario prohibition referendum, Referendum question
Shall the importation and the bringing of intoxicating liquors into the province be forbidden?


1921 Ontario prohibition referendum, History
Though the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council had ruled in 1896 that provinces do not have the authority to prohibit the importation of alcohol, the Canada Temperance Act allowed the federal government to enact a prohibition if a majority was reached in a referendum. Similar referendums had previously been undertaken in Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Nova Scotia in 1920, and in New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island in 1921.


1921 Ontario prohibition referendum, History
Initially, the Ontario referendum was to be held on the same day as those in Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Nova Scotia. Concerns about the voter list eventually led to its rescheduling.


1921 Ontario prohibition referendum, Results
Total prohibition, or "bone-dry" prohibition, was brought into effect in Ontario. Though the provincial government was bound by the results, the enactment of an importation ban would be delayed.


1921 Ontario prohibition referendum, References, Bibliography
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1921 Open Championship
The 1921 Open Championship was the 56th Open Championship, held 23–25 June at the Old Course in St Andrews, Scotland. Former local Jock Hutchison won his only Open Championship, in a 36-hole playoff over amateur Roger Wethered. It was Hutchison's second and final major title.


1921 Open Championship, Qualification
Qualifying took place on 20–21 June, Monday and Tuesday, with 18 holes on the Eden Course and 18 holes on the Old Course; the top 80 and ties qualified. Jock Hutchison led the field on 146; the qualifying score was 161 and 85 players advanced.


1921 Open Championship, Qualification
The entries included an unusually large number of U.S.-based players following a funding-raising campaign by an American golf magazine. On 27 September 1920 Golf Illustrated wrote a letter to the Professional Golfers' Association of America with a suggestion that a team of twelve to twenty American professionals be chosen to play in the British Open, to be financed by popular subscription. At that time no American golfer had won the British Open. The idea was that of James D. Harnett, who worked for the magazine.


1921 Open Championship, Qualification
The PGA of America made a positive reply and the idea was announced in the November 1920 issue. The fund was called the British Open Championship Fund. By the next spring the idea had been firmed-up. A team of 12 would be chosen, who would sail in time to play a warm-up tournament at Gleneagles (the Glasgow Herald 1000 Guinea Tournament) prior to the British Open at St Andrews, two weeks later. The team of 12 was chosen by PGA president George Sargent and PGA secretary Alec Pirie, with the assistance of USGA vice-president Robert Gardner.


1921 Open Championship, Qualification
A team of 11 sailed from New York on the RMS Aquitania on 24 May, together with James Harnett, Harry Hampton deciding at the last minute that he could not travel. The American team was: Jim Barnes, Emmet French, Clarence Hackney, Walter Hagen, Charles Hoffner, Jock Hutchison, Tom Kerrigan, George McLean, Fred McLeod, Bill Mehlhorn, and Wilfrid Reid.


1921 Open Championship, Qualification
The day before the Glasgow Herald Tournament, a match was played between the Americans and a team of British professionals, the first match between American and British professionals. It was a forerunner of the Ryder Cup matches, which began six years later in 1927.


1921 Open Championship, Qualification
After the Glasgow tournament, most of the American team travelled to St Andrews to practice, however, Walter Hagen and Jock Hutchison played in a tournament at Kinghorn on 14 and 15 June. Hagen had a poor first round and didn't turn up for the second day, while Hutchison scored 74 and 64 and took the £50 first prize. The American-based entry was augmented by two other professionals, Jack Burgess and James Douglas Edgar, and some amateurs, including Bobby Jones. All the American-based professionals qualified with the exception of Wilfrid Reid, who scored 163. Two of the amateurs qualified, Bobby Jones and Paul Hunter.


1921 Open Championship, Venue
^ The 10th hole was posthumously named for Bobby Jones in 1972.


1921 Open Championship, Details
During the first round on Thursday morning, Hutchison made a hole-in-one at the 8th and then drove the green at the par-4 9th, his ball settling inches from the hole. He finished with a round of 72 and a two-shot lead, and continued to lead after 36 holes at 147, a shot ahead of Jim Barnes and Ted Ray. In the two-day format, there was no cut after 36 holes.


1921 Open Championship, Details
After the third round on Friday morning, Hutchison trailed Barnes and Sandy Herd by four shots, but both co-leaders shot 80 in the final round and fell into a tie for sixth with five others. Wethered, a student at Oxford, carded 71 to finish at 296, while Hutchison shot 70 to tie and force a Saturday playoff.


1921 Open Championship, Playoff
Wethered almost did not make it to the playoff, as he was scheduled to play for his cricket team that day and had to be persuaded to stay and play golf. In the playoff, the first two holes were halved before Hutchison gained two shots at the 3rd. However he played a poor 4th hole and took six to make the match all square again. Hutchison took a grip on the match by scoring four threes from the 7th to the 10th while Wethered took four fours. At lunch, Hutchison held a three shot lead.


1921 Open Championship, Playoff
In the afternoon, Hutchison struggled at the first three holes but managed to halve the holes with Wethered. The match then turned decisively with Wethered taking six at the 4th and Hutchison taking threes at the 5th and 6th. Wethered dropped another shot at the 7th and now Hutchison was nine strokes ahead. Hutchison was in trouble at the 11th and took five but Wethered three-putted and only gained one stroke. Thereafter, Hutchison's lead increased to twelve before his cautious play at the final holes reduced the lead to nine.


1921 Open Championship, Playoff
Although a native of St Andrews, Hutchison had become a U.S. citizen and was credited as being the Open's first American champion. The Times reported under the headline "Cup Goes to U.S.A." that "our Open Championship goes for the first time in its history to America." The following year, Hagen became the first U.S.-born winner. Bobby Jones, 19, played at St Andrews and the Open for the first time, and was the low amateur after 36 holes. He withdrew in the third round after taking four shots to get out of a bunker at the 11th.


1921 Open Championship, Round summaries, Final round
Amateurs: Wethered (296), Hunter (307), Kyle (309), Seymour (314),                 Armour (315), Murray (316), Harris (322), Quilter (327).


1921 Oregon Agricultural Aggies football team
The 1921 Oregon Agricultural Aggies football team represented Oregon Agricultural College (now known as Oregon State University) in the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) during the 1921 college football season. In their second season under head coach R. B. Rutherford, the Beavers compiled a 4–3–2 record (1–2–1 against PCC opponents), finished in fourth place in the PCC, and outscored their opponents, 231 to 42. Chuck Rose was the team captain. Fullback Gap Powell was selected as an All-American by Football World and Athletic World. The team played its home games at Bell Field in Corvallis, Oregon.


1921 Oregon Webfoots football team
The 1921 Oregon Webfoots football team represented the University of Oregon in the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) during the 1921 college football season. In their fourth season under head coach Charles A. Huntington, the Webfoots compiled a 5–1–3 record (0–1–2 against PCC opponents), finished in fifth place in the PCC, and outscored their opponents, 145 to 75. The team played its home games at Hayward Field in Eugene, Oregon.


1921 Orkney and Shetland by-election
The Orkney and Shetland by-election, 1921 was a parliamentary by-election held for the British House of Commons constituency of Orkney and Shetland on 17 May 1921.


1921 Orkney and Shetland by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the death in London on 19 April 1921 of the sitting Coalition Liberal MP, Cathcart Wason. Wason had represented Orkney and Shetland since the 1900 general election. At the 1918 general election he had been returned unopposed, having been awarded the Coalition coupon.


1921 Orkney and Shetland by-election, Candidates
The Coalition Liberals selected Sir Malcolm Smith, an ex-chief magistrate of Leith and a native of Shetland with large commercial interests in the islands. The Unionists did not seek to oppose their Coalition allies, although there was a strong expectation that the Independent Liberals would put up a candidate. There was no Labour Party tradition in the seat at that time. The Asquithian Liberals selected Sir Robert Hamilton, a judge in the East Africa Protectorate, as their candidate but he withdrew his candidature.


1921 Orkney and Shetland by-election, Result
The field having been left free for Smith by the other parties, he was returned unopposed. However, Smith held the seat only until the 1922 general election when he did face a challenge from Hamilton who emerged the winner by a majority of 625 votes.


1921 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo)
1921 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo) was the 15th water polo championship in Hungary. There were five teams who played one round match for the title.


1921 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo), Final list
* M: Matches W: Win D: Drawn L: Lost G+: Goals earned G-: Goals got P: Point


1921 Ottawa Rough Riders season
The 1921 Ottawa Rough Riders finished in 2nd place in the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union with a 3–3 record, but failed to qualify for the playoffs.


1921 Ottawa municipal election
The city of Ottawa, Canada held municipal elections on January 3, 1921 to elect members of the 1921 Ottawa City Council.


1921 Ottawa municipal election, Mayor of Ottawa
Election day results showed Plant defeating Kent by six votes. A recount showed he won by 22 votes.


1921 PGA Championship
The 1921 PGA Championship was the fourth PGA Championship, held September 27 to October 1 on Long Island at Inwood Country Club in Inwood, New York. The match play field of 32 consisted of the defending champion and the top qualifiers from the 1921 U.S. Open. The competition was five rounds of 36-hole matches in a single-elimination tournament.


1921 PGA Championship
Walter Hagen defeated Jim Barnes, 3 & 2, in the final, for the third of his eleven major titles. Barnes won the first two PGA titles in 1916 and 1919. Defending champion Jock Hutchison lost in the second round to Gene Sarazen, 8 & 7. Sarazen won consecutive titles in 1922 and 1923. After not entering in 1922 and losing the final in 1923, Hagen won four consecutive PGA Championships, starting in 1924.


1921 Pacific Tigers football team
The 1921 Pacific Tigers football team represented the College of the Pacific—now known as the University of the Pacific—in Stockton, California during the 1921 college football season. Compared to the rest of the football program's history up to this point, the 1921 season was very successful for the Tigers In Erwin Righter's first season as head coach (he would serve for an additional twelve years), Pacific compiled a 3–3 record, the first time the program had more than one win. They scored 117 points during the season, more than their total from the previous six seasons combined.


1921 Pala
1921 Pala, provisional designation 1973 SE is a background asteroid in an unstable orbit located in the outer region of asteroid belt, approximately 8.2 kilometers in diameter. It is one of very few bodies located in the 2 : 1 mean motion resonance with Jupiter. It was discovered by Dutch–American astronomer Tom Gehrels at Palomar Observatory on 20 September 1973.


1921 Pala, Orbit and characterization
Pala is a non-family background asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.0–4.6 AU once every 5 years and 12 months (2,187 days; semi-major axis of 3.30 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.39 and an inclination of 19° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Palomar with its official discovery observation.


1921 Pala, Orbit and characterization
It has a strongly unstable orbit near the 2:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. The asteroid's orbit is expected to persist for another 18 million years though.


1921 Pala, Orbit and characterization
Pala measures approximately 8.2 kilometers in diameter, while the albedo of its surface has not been estimated. As of 2017, the body's spectral type as well as its rotation period and shape remain unknown.


1921 Pala, Naming
This minor planet is named after the Indian reservation, Pala, located at the base of Palomar Mountain, believed to apply to an Indian tribe whose members have lived in the area for many centuries. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3938).


1921 Paraguayan Primera División season
The 1921 season of the Paraguayan Primera División, the top category of Paraguayan football, was played by 10 teams. The national champions were Guaraní.


1921 Paris–Roubaix
The 1921 Paris–Roubaix was the 22nd edition of the Paris–Roubaix, a classic one-day cycle race in France. The single day event was held on 27 March 1921 and stretched 263 km (163 mi) from Paris to its end in a velodrome in Roubaix. The winner was Henri Pélissier from France.


1921 Paris–Tours
The 1921 Paris–Tours was the 16th edition of the Paris–Tours cycle race and was held on 17 April 1921. The race started in Paris and finished in Tours. The race was won by Francis Pélissier.


1921 Parramatta by-election
A by-election was held for the Australian House of Representatives seat of Parramatta on 10 December 1921. This was triggered by the resignation of Nationalist MP, Treasurer and former Prime Minister Sir Joseph Cook to become Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom.


1921 Parramatta by-election
The by-election was won by Nationalist candidate Herbert Pratten, who resigned from the Senate to run.


1921 Patea by-election
The Patea by-election was a by-election in the New Zealand electorate of Patea, a rural seat on the west coast of the North Island.


1921 Patea by-election, Background
The by-election was held on 13 April 1921, and was precipitated by the resignation of sitting Reform member of parliament, Walter Powdrell. The Reform Party chose Edwin Dixon, the Mayor of Hawera, as their official candidate, and apparently Clutha Mackenzie was their second preference. Earlier, Thomas William McDonald announced his intention to stand for the Reform Party, however left without contesting the by-election.


1921 Patea by-election, Background
Labour candidate Lew McIlvride polled a small vote compared to Dixon and Morrison, however he was the only one of the three candidates who increased the vote for his party compared with 1919 and was rewarded with contesting a winnable seat in 1922 in Napier, which he won.


1921 Penistone by-election
The Penistone by-election, 1921 was a by-election held on 5 March 1921 for the British House of Commons constituency of Penistone in Yorkshire.


1921 Penistone by-election, Vacancy
The seat had become vacant on the resignation of the Liberal Member of Parliament Sydney Arnold, due to ill-health. He had held the seat since its creation for the 1918 general election.


1921 Penistone by-election, Electoral history
The result at the last General Election in 1918 was;


1921 Penistone by-election, Campaign
Polling Day was set for 5 March, making it the fourth by-election to be held that week. On 25 February nominations closed to confirm that the election would be a three-way contest.


1921 Penistone by-election, Campaign
Sir James Hinchcliffe received the official endorsement of the Coalition Government.


1921 Penistone by-election, Aftermath
Pringle reversed the tables on Gillis at the following General Election when the Liberals re-gained the seat from the Labour party;


1921 Penn Quakers football team
The 1921 Penn Quakers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Pennsylvania as an independent during the 1921 college football season. In their second season under head coach John Heisman, the Quakers compiled a 4–3–2 record and outscored all opponents by a total of 164 to 135. The team played its home games at Franklin Field in Philadelphia.


1921 Penn State Nittany Lions football team
The 1921 Penn State Nittany Lions football team represented the Pennsylvania State College in the 1921 college football season. Known as the "Mystery Team", they were coached by Hugo Bezdek and played their home games in New Beaver Field in State College, Pennsylvania.


1921 Penn State Nittany Lions football team
The Lions were again undefeated, but tied Harvard and rival Pittsburgh on the road. The season concluded in December with a long trip to Seattle and a 21–7 win over struggling Washington.


1921 Penrith and Cockermouth by-election
The Penrith and Cockermouth by-election, 1921 was a parliamentary by-election held for the British House of Commons constituency of Penrith and Cockermouth in Cumberland on 13 May 1921.


1921 Penrith and Cockermouth by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the sitting Unionist Member of Parliament (MP), the Right Hon. James Lowther. Lowther was retiring as Speaker of the House of Commons and was created Viscount Ullswater later in 1921.


1921 Penrith and Cockermouth by-election, Candidates
The election was straight fight between Major-General Cecil Lowther, the brother of the retiring MP, soldier and former big game hunter for the Unionists and Levi Collison, an art printer from Preston in Lancashire for the Asquithian Independent Liberal Party.


1921 Penrith and Cockermouth by-election, Issues, Liberals
For the Liberals, the by-election was an opportunity to attack the record of the Coalition government of David Lloyd George. They particularly tried to highlight the waste and inefficiency of the government with the local farming community. They were however hampered by years of political inactivity and poor organisation in the constituency. It was reported that Collison, despite his principal trade of art printer, had considerable experience of farming, advocated an advanced agricultural policy and that many local farmers regarded him as a real friend. Collison also favoured some degree of nationalisation in the mining industry, which was less popular, even against the background of coal strikes which had made supplies in the area scarce.


1921 Penrith and Cockermouth by-election, Issues, Government
Lowther strongly attacked all forms of socialism and schemes of nationalisation, raising the spectre of land nationalisation if the electorate deserted the coalition. He also hoped to gain votes through his family association with the previous MP who had held the seat since 1886  and with Speaker Lowther's son, Christopher who was Coalition Tory MP in nearby North Cumberland.


1921 Penrith and Cockermouth by-election, The result
The by-election resulted in a narrow win for the Coalition candidate, a majority of just 31 votes out of 15,325 cast. Lowther commented that the result of the election showed the public did not favour nationalisation and did not wish to see Ireland given complete independence. Collison's attacks on government extravagance were seen as the reason he came so near to gaining the seat. Lowther and Collison faced each other again in the 1922 general election with Collison successful on that occasion by 378 votes.


1921 Persian coup d'état
1921 Persian coup d'état, known in Iran as 3 Esfand 1299 coup d'état (Persian: کودتای ۳ اسفند ۱۲۹۹ with the Solar Hijri date), refers to several major events in Persia in 1921, which eventually led to the establishment of the Pahlavi dynasty as the ruling house of the country in 1925.


1921 Persian coup d'état
The events began with a coup by the Persian Cossack Brigade headed by Reza Khan, and directed by the British, on 21 February 1921. With this coup Zia'eddin Tabatabaee took over power and became Prime Minister. The coup was largely bloodless and faced little resistance. With his expanded forces and the Cossack Brigade, Reza Khan launched successful military actions to eliminate separatist and dissident movements in Tabriz, Mashhad and the Jangalis in Gilan. The campaign against Simko and the Kurds was less successful and lasted well into 1922, though eventually concluding with Persian success.


1921 Persian coup d'état, Background
In late 1920, the Persian Soviet Socialist Republic in Rasht was preparing to march on Tehran with "a guerrilla force of 1,500 Jangalis, Kurds, Armenians and Azerbaijanis", reinforced by the Bolsheviks' Red Army. This fact, along with various other disorders, mutinies and unrest in the country created "an acute political crisis in the capital."


1921 Persian coup d'état, Background
By 1921, the ruling Qajar dynasty of Persia had become corrupt and inefficient. The oil-rich nation was somewhat reliant on the nations of Britain and Russia for military and economic support. Civil wars earlier in the decade had threatened the government, and the only regular military force at the time was the Cossack Brigade.


1921 Persian coup d'état, Background
The Qajar shah in 1921 was Ahmad, who had been crowned at the age of eleven. He was considered to be a weak, incompetent ruler, especially after British, Russian and Ottoman occupations of Persia during World War I. In 1911, when the capital city, Tehran, had been seized by the Russians, armed Bakhtiaris tribesmen, rather than Iranian regular troops, expelled the invaders. This further diminished the government's reputation, rendering it almost powerless in time of war.


1921 Persian coup d'état, Background
Britain, which played a major role in Persia, was perturbed by the Qajar government's inability to rule efficiently. This inefficiency was the background of a power struggle between Britain and Soviet Russia, each nation hoping to control Persia.


1921 Persian coup d'état, Background
On 14 January 1921, the British General Edmund Ironside chose to promote Reza Khan, who had been leading the Tabriz battalion, to lead the entire brigade. About a month later, under British direction, Reza Khan's 3,000-4,000 strong detachment of the Cossack Brigade reached Tehran.


1921 Persian coup d'état, The coup and subsequent events, Reza Khan seizes Tehran
On 18 February 1921 the Cossacks reached Tehran meeting little resistance. In the early morning of 21 February they entered the city. Only several policemen, taken by surprise, are said to had been killed or wounded in the center of Tehran. Backed by his troops, Reza Khan forced the government to dissolve and oversaw his own appointment as minister of war. Reza Khan also ensured that Ahmad, still ruling as shah, appoint Sayyed Ziaoddin Tabatabaee as prime minister.


1921 Persian coup d'état, The coup and subsequent events, Treaty with the USSR
On 26 February the new government signed a treaty of friendship with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, formerly the Russian Empire. As a result of the treaty, the Soviet Union gave up some of its former Russian facilities in Iran, although the Soviet diplomats ensured that their nation was allowed to intervene with its military in Iran, as long as the intervention was "self-defense". The USSR also gave up any Russian-owned railroads and ports in Iran.


1921 Persian coup d'état, The coup and subsequent events, Change of prime ministers
Prior to the coup, Ahmad Qavam, governor of Khorasan, had asserted his loyalty to the Qajar regime. When he refused to recognize the government installed by Reza Khan, he was jailed in Tehran. During his imprisonment, Gavam cultivated a hatred of the man who had arrested him, Colonel Mohammad Taghi Pessian, now the gendarmerie chief.


1921 Persian coup d'état, The coup and subsequent events, Change of prime ministers
Sayyed Ziaoddin Tabatabaee, who had been installed as prime minister, was removed from office on 25 May by Shah Ahmad's decree. Shortly afterward, Qavam was released from prison and given Tabatabaee's former post. Colonel Pessian refused to accept this betrayal of the coup's ideals of a democratic Iran and began to gather popular support and many tribes flocked to make up his formidable force.


1921 Persian coup d'état, The coup and subsequent events, Quelling local uprisings, Pessian's revolt
After Gavam was made prime minister, one of the coup leaders and now the gendarmerie chief Colonel Mohammad Taghi Pessian opposed the new order and erosion of the democratic principles for which he and many of his fellow Iranians had fought and so departed Tehran. Soon at the head of a rebel army, Pessian went to battle with the armies of several regional governors. However, the rebels were eventually defeated and Reza Khan ordered that Pessian be beheaded and that the head be returned to Tehran and put on display to prove that Pessian, now a national hero, was dead to quell further rebellions. The Kurds of Khorasan also revolted in the same year.


1921 Persian coup d'état, The coup and subsequent events, Quelling local uprisings, Gilan campaign
The campaign on the Republic of Gilan was taken in early July 1921, by the main Cossack force, led by Vsevolod Starosselsky. Following a gendarme operation, led by Habibollah Khan (Shiabani), they cleared up Mazandaran and moved into Gilan. On 20 August, ahead of the arrival of the Cossacks, the insurgents pulled out of Rasht, retreating towards Enzeli. The Cossacks entered Rasht on 24 August. Though further pursuit after the revolutionaries turned successful at Khomam and Pirbazar, they have become heavily assaulted later on by the Soviet fleet, which bombed them by heavy artillery fire. First, it had been believed that the entire force of 700 men, led by Reza Khan, became annihilated in this event, though later the actual casualty rate was determined to be about 10%, with the rest of them scattering upon the bombardment. As a result, Starosselski ordered evacuation of Rasht.


1921 Persian coup d'état, The coup and subsequent events, Quelling local uprisings, Gilan campaign
The Soviet Republic of Gilan officially came to an end in September 1921. Mirza and his German friend Gauook (Hooshang) were left alone in the Khalkhal Mountains, and died of frostbite.


1921 Persian coup d'état, Aftermath
In the aftermath of 1921 events, relations of Persian government with the Sheikhdom of Mohammerah had also become strained. In 1924, Sheikh Khazal rebellion broke out in Khuzestan, being the first modern Arab nationalist uprising led by the Sheikh of Mohammerah Khaz'al al-Ka'bi. The rebellion was quickly and effectively suppressed with minimal casualties.


1921 Persian coup d'état, Aftermath
Rezā Khan was placed on the throne by constitutional assembly in 1925, and many of those involved in the coup were either killed or put in prison. One General, Sepahbod Amir Ahmadi, tried to stand up against the establishment of a new monarchy, but on a visit to his now imprisoned brother-in-law, General Heydargholi Pessian, who had been one of the leaders of the coup that defeated the Qajar dynasty, Amir Ahmadi  confessed that his efforts to prevent Reza Khan being made Shah and the monarchy reinstated were being thwarted by the British.


1921 Persian coup d'état, Aftermath
Reza Khan was finally declared Shah, taking the surname Pahlavi and thus founding the Pahlavi dynasty. The Pahlavis ruled in Iran until the revolution of 1979, when the government was toppled and replaced with that of the Islamic Republic of Iran, headed by Ruhollah Khomeini. The day after the Shah left Iran, the revolutionary leaders declared Colonel Mohammad Taghi Pessian the first Martyr of the Revolution although Pessian was a Secularist.


1921 Persian legislative election
The Persian legislative election of 1921 was the first election held after the 1921 Persian coup d'état. Reformers' Party, led by Hassan Modarres was the majority party while Socialist Party was the main opposition.


1921 Perth Carnival
The 1921 Perth Carnival was the fourth edition of the Australian National Football Carnival, an Australian rules football interstate competition, staged in August 1921. It was the first carnival to take place in Perth and was won by the home state, Western Australia.


1921 Perth Carnival
The decision to stage the carnival in Perth represented a significant additional expense for the carnival, as the transcontinental travel expenses for the visiting states were much higher. New South Wales and Queensland quickly withdrew, and Tasmania equivocated but ultimately decided likewise, resulting in a small carnival of only three teams. Nevertheless, the council saw benefit in staging the carnival in Perth to consolidate the strength of Australian rules football in the city, as it had seen post-war growth in the popularity of soccer as a rival code.


1921 Perth Carnival
Ultimately, the carnival made a good profit, with a total gate of £5530 more than covering the visiting teams' travel expenses of £2000. The crowd of 26,461 drawn to the final match between Western Australia and South Australia set a new record for the highest sports attendance in Western Australian history.


1921 Perth Carnival
In a famous conclusion to the match between Victoria and Western Australia, star Victorian full forward Dick Lee marked within scoring distance, and prepared a place kick which would have given Victoria the lead. He then played on (gathering the placed ball as he ran past it), and was tackled by Nipper Truscott as the final bell sounded.