1922 college football season, November
Baylor beat Texas A&M 13–7. California defeated Washington State, 61–0.


1922 college football season, November
November 11Princeton and Harvard were both unbeaten(6–0–0) when the Tigers travelled to Cambridge to face the Crimson. Princeton had not won on Harvard's home field since 1896, and 54,000 turned out to watch. Although both teams were unbeaten, Harvard was heavily favored to overcome the young Tiger team, and led 3–0 early in the game. On the 18 yard line, though, the Tigers outsmarted Harvard with a triple pass that set up Harry Crum's touchdown run, and went on to win 10–3. Grantland Rice wrote the next day, "Crimson shadows around Cambridge way were thicker tonight than the Chinese wall and as deep as the darkness of Stygia itself..."


1922 college football season, November
At the Polo Grounds, Cornell beat Dartmouth, with the Big Red overcoming the Big Green, 23–0. In Boston, Baylor lost to Boston College, 33–0.


1922 college football season, November
In Seattle, California (7–0–0) faced Washington (5–0–0) in a battle of unbeatens, and handed the Huskies their first defeat, 45–7.


1922 college football season, November
Iowa beat Minnesota 28–14, and Michigan beat Wisconsin 13–6; Drake beat Colorado State, 19–6Vanderbilt beat Kentucky 9–0North Carolina beat VMI 9–7 at Richmond.


1922 college football season, November
November 18Princeton beat Yale, 3–0, to close a perfect season. Cornell beat Albright, 48–14Harvard lost its second straight game, falling 3–0 to BrownIowa won at Ohio State 12–9 to stay unbeaten. Drake defeated Grinnell College. 21–0Baylor beat Oklahoma State, 10–0Vanderbilt won at Georgia 12–0. Auburn upset Centre 6–0. The 1922 Tigers are considered one of Auburn's greatest football teams. At Charlotte, NC, North Carolina defeated Davidson 20–6. California defeated Nevada, 61–13.


1922 college football season, November
November 25Harvard won at Yale, 10–3. California closed its season with a 28–0 win at Stanford. Iowa closed its season at 7–0–0 with a win over Northwestern 37–3, Michigan won at Minnesota 16–7; Drake won at Mississippi State in Starkville, 48–6


1922 college football season, November
November 30 was Thanksgiving Day in 1922. In Philadelphia, Cornell defeated Penn 6–3. In Dallas, Baylor defeated SMU, 24–0, to win the Southwest Conference title. The following week, Baylor lost to the Haskell Indians team, 21–20. North Carolina closed its season with a 10–7 win at Virginia, to finish at 9–1–0. Vanderbilt beat Sewanee, 26–0, to close at 8–0–1.


1922 college football season, Bowl games
In the 1923 Rose Bowl, USC defeated Penn State, 14–3. Though USC had an overall record of 9–1 coming into the game, the Trojans finished fourth place in Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) play, behind California, Oregon, and Washington, having been defeated by PCC champion California. Penn State won its first five games, then only one of the next five, and had a 6–4–1 record at season's end.


1922 college football season, Bowl games
The 1922 San Diego East-West Christmas Classic was played on December 25 at Balboa Stadiumin San Diego, California. The West Virginia the Gonzaga, 21–13, to finish the season undefeated at 10–0—1 record.


1922 college football season, National championship
Three different "retro polls", taken years later and based on opinions drawn from historical research, reached different conclusions. The Helms Athletic Foundation, founded in 1936, declared retroactively that Cornell (8–0) was the best, while the College Football Researchers Association (CFRA) recognized shared between Drake (7–0) and Princeton (8–0); and the National Championship Foundation (NCF) cited California (9–0) as best. The Princeton team was dubbed the "team of destiny" by Grantland Rice after defeating Chicago in the first game nationally broadcast on radio. Today, college football on radio is common for nearly every game in every division.


1922 college football season, National championship
The other unbeaten and untied team was the Iowa (7–0), which canceled its game with unbeaten Drake that year. Other teams that had no defeats in 1922 were West Virginia (10–0–1), Vanderbilt (8–0–1), the Michigan (6–0–1), and Army (8–0–2). Clyde Berryman retroactively selected Vanderbilt as a national champion, which tied Michigan.


1922 in Afghanistan
The following lists events that happened during 1922 in Afghanistan.


1922 in Afghanistan
The amir personally sets a high standard of devotion to duty, which is followed by his civil service. He encourages the sending of Afghan youths abroad to be educated. During the year a number of telegraph and telephone lines are laid down or commenced, e.g., from Landi Khana to Kabul, and from Kabul to Peshawar; while young Afghans are trained for telegraph work at Karachi.


1922 in Afghanistan, February 1922
An Afghan mission arrives in Angora with an autograph letter from the amir expressing the warmest sentiments towards the Turkish government, and stating that he urged the British government to abstain from assisting the Greeks. Towards Russia Afghan sentiment is at first rather unfriendly.


1922 in Afghanistan, Beginning of March 1922
Maj. Francis Humphrys reaches Kabul as British minister. At about the same time Sardar Abdul Hadi Khan arrives in London as Afghan minister to the Court of St. James. This interchange of ambassadors sets the seal upon the new relationship between the two countries. In an interview to The Times Hadi Khan says he thinks the treaty will strengthen trade relations between Afghanistan and India; he also says that his people are beginning to be better disposed towards England.


1922 in Afghanistan, Early summer 1922
Many of the large number of refugees from Turkestan who are hostile to the Soviet government rally to the flag of Enver Pasha when on behalf of the Bokhara government he makes war on Russia. But the successes of the Russian arms soon cause a marked change of sentiment in Afghanistan. On June 17 there appears in the Ittihad-i-Mashriqi of Jalalabad an obviously inspired article strongly disapproving of the anti-Bolshevik insurrection in Turkestan and advocating relations of disinterested friendship all round.


1922 in Afghanistan, Early summer 1922
This policy is energetically pursued by Mohammad Wali Khan, who in July, on his return from his world diplomatic mission, becomes foreign minister in succession to Sardar Mahmud Beg Tarzi. On August 15 he issues a statement that he regards the disturbances in Bokhara as a purely internal affair, the Russo-Afghan treaty of last year having agreed to recognize the independence of Bokhara and Khiva.


1922 in Afghanistan, August 16–25, 1922
Festivities are held at Paghman to celebrate the anniversary of Afghan independence. The amir on this occasion becomes reconciled with his elder brother, Inayatullah Khan. A rumour spread that he had been murdered, and he had to hasten to Kabul to show himself. He takes the opportunity of making a speech in which he lays stress on the importance of developing home industries, of dispensing with foreign officials, and of a strong army to preserve the national independence. Subject to these conditions the amir shows himself anxious to modernize the country. He welcomes the presence of all kinds of foreign missions. Thus on October 13 Raymond Poincaré demands from the French chamber credits for the creation of a French legation in Afghanistan, the two governments having agreed to receive permanent diplomatic missions.


1922 in Afghanistan, October 1922
During the Near Eastern crisis Afghanistan remains outwardly calm, but that it has been profoundly impressed by the success of Turkey is shown a couple of months later when the Times of India publishes the terms of a new treaty between Afghanistan and Angora. In this document Afghanistan acknowledges Turkey as its "suzerain," i.e., as heir to the privileges of the caliphate, and recognizes the independence of Bokhara and Khiva. The chief object of the treaty is to institute a defensive alliance between the two countries, commercial and financial arrangements being left to a separate protocol. Turkey also undertakes to send teachers and military officers to remain in Afghanistan for a period of five years.


1922 in Afghanistan, Early November 1922
The British commercial mission is in Kabul to arrange details of a trade convention on the lines laid down in the Anglo-Afghan treaty.


1922 in Argentine football
1922 in Argentine football saw Huracán win its second consecutive championship, while Independiente obtained its first title, the Asociación Amateurs de Football championship.


1922 in Argentine football, Primera División, Asociación Argentina de Football - Copa Campeonato
Alvear, Boca Alumni, San Fernando and Progresista made their debuts at the top division of Argentine football.


1922 in Argentine football, Argentina national team
The national team contested 4 competitions in 1922, but could not win any of them.


1922 in Argentine football, Argentina national team, Copa Newton
In Buenos Aires, Argentina and Uruguay drew 2-2 but Uruguay won the trophy as visiting team.


1922 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1922 in Australia.


1922 in Australian literature
This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1922.


1922 in Australian literature, Births
A list, ordered by date of birth (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of births in 1922 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of death.


1922 in Australian literature, Deaths
A list, ordered by date of death (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of deaths in 1922 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of birth.


1922 in Australian soccer
The 1922 season was the 39th season of competitive association football in Australia.


1922 in Brazilian football
The following article presents a summary of the 1922 football (soccer) season in Brazil, which was the 21st season of competitive football in the country.


1922 in Brazilian football, Brazil national team
The following table lists all the games played by the Brazil national football team in official competitions and friendly matches during 1922.


1922 in British music
This is a summary of 1922 in music in the United Kingdom.


1922 in British radio
This is a list of events from British radio in 1922.


1922 in Canada, Historical Documents
With words like "hypocrisy" and "criminal disregard," Peter Bryce outlines his efforts to end government inaction on Indigenous health


1922 in Canada, Historical Documents
Dominion Veterans' Alliance calls for no fishing licences to "Orientals" (unless veterans of France) and exclusion of "alien Asiatics"


1922 in Canada, Historical Documents
Observations of artist Mary Riter Hamilton, returned from painting tour of First World War battlefields


1922 in Canada, Historical Documents
Clifford Sifton speaks on Canada's conflicted status as both sovereign country and British dominion


1922 in Canada, Historical Documents
Call for return of Wheat Board to help near-bankrupt western farmers forced to sell wheat below world price


1922 in Canada, Historical Documents
B.C. MP claims canneries favour Japanese Canadians to exclusion of whites, but cannery president says whites are just lazy


1922 in Canada, Historical Documents
First human insulin trial on young diabetes patient is encouraging


1922 in Canada, Historical Documents
Article about Jews who made Quebec "the cradle of Jewish political emancipation in the British Empire"


1922 in Canada, Historical Documents
Sen. Raoul Dandurand advises colleagues to keep Senate non-partisan, without "victors and vanquished"


1922 in Canada, Historical Documents
At its founding convention, Canadian Trotskyite tells Workers Party of Canada it will unify labour for international revolution


1922 in Canada, Historical Documents
Article reports activities of arsonist ghost in Antigonish County, Nova Scotia


1922 in Canada, Historical Documents
Mysterious wreck in upper St. Lawrence River may be British warship


1922 in Canadian football, Regular season, Final regular season standings
Note: GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, PF = Points For, PA = Points Against, Pts = Points


1922 in Canadian football, Grey Cup Championship
10th Annual Grey Cup Game: Richardson Memorial Stadium - Kingston, Ontario


1922 in Canadian football, 1922 Toronto Globe Eastern All-Stars
NOTE: During this time most players played both ways, so the All-Star selections do not distinguish between some offensive and defensive positions.


1922 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1922 in Chile.


1922 in El Salvador
The following lists events that happened in 1922 in El Salvador.


1922 in Estonia
This article lists events that occurred during 1922 in Estonia.


1922 in France, Events
The year 1922 was signalized at its opening by the conference of Cannes, between France, the United Kingdom, and Belgium, which met to consider the situation created by Germany's declaration of her inability to pay what was demanded of her for 1922.


1922 in France, Events
The chief result of this conference was a decision to hold a general European conference at Genoa, and Aristide Briand, the French premier, signed with the British prime minister, David Lloyd George, a draft pact of guarantee which stated that "guarantees for the security of France against a future invasion by Germany are indispensable to the restoration of stability in Europe, to the security of Great Britain, and the peace of the world."


1922 in France, Events
At Paris, however, the political atmosphere had become hostile to Briand, who, finding that he had not the support of Parliament, resigned from the premiership at a memorable sitting on 12 January. After a very brief crisis Raymond Poincaré presented himself before Parliament with a new cabinet containing several members of the previous one.


1922 in France, Events
In his ministerial address, Poincaré said bluntly that France would defend her interests as her Allies defended theirs, and he criticized adversely the conferences of the Supreme Council. His tone was aggressive, but at the same time perfectly courteous.


1922 in France, Events
The old cabinet was not allowed to disappear in peace. Briand, its head, was specially marked out for attack. A report of his ineptitude while at Washington was made the most of in order to discredit him. But his unpopularity reached its height when it leaked out that at Cannes Briand, against the advice of the War Ministry, had given instructions for French war material to be handed over to the Kemalists.


1922 in France, Events
The advent to power of Poincaré caused a distinct change in Franco-British relations. Poincaré did not like conferences. He preferred the old diplomatic method by which the heads of governments did not meet until everything had been discussed and put in order by the ambassadors.


1922 in France, Events
In spite, however, of his avowed objections, Poincaré could not avoid the participation of France in the conference of Genoa, which had been fixed for early in March. In a memorandum sent to the British government on 6 February, Poincaré criticized severely the programme laid down at Cannes for the conference of Genoa.


1922 in France, Events
This document emphasized two points: first, that the treaties drawn up by the peace conference were not to be modified in any particular; secondly, that the power and the authority of the League of Nations should not be derogated from in any way, and that its place should not be usurped by the conference of Genoa in dealing with any of the questions which came within its competence. About a fortnight after the publication of this memorandum, Lloyd George and Poincaré met at Boulogne (25 February) and agreed that at Genoa no discussion should be admitted either of the Treaty of Versailles and its annexes or of reparations. Briand had already obtained a similar assurance at Cannes.


1922 in France, Events
The conference of Genoa actually opened on 15 April, almost a month and a half after the date originally fixed. Whereas all the other powers were represented by their prime ministers, Poincaré remained in Paris. The French representatives were, however, men of the highest standing - Barthou, Colrat, Barrère, Seydoux, Picard, and experts of the first rank.


1922 in France, Events
France's position at the conference was difficult. In regard to Russia she was torn between the desire of defending Europe against the "menace of Bolshevism", a movement that seemed repugnant to French tradition, and the fear of finding herself left behind in the struggle for concessions in Russia, where she had such important interests. In regard to reparations, again, she found herself in danger of becoming isolated on the question of the enforcement of the Treaty of Versailles. At that time France could not think without anxiety of a rupture which would leave her to assert her rights alone.


1922 in France, Events
Her financial situation was bad. Her industry was suffering. The Chamber had adopted the principle of military service for eighteen months, and France was accused of imperialism by those who did not see that it was only the non-execution of the Treaty of Versailles which compelled her to preserve intact her defensive force.


1922 in France, Events
The conference could not agree on the guarantees to be demanded of the Russians, and the memorandum presented to them did not bear the signatures of France and Belgium. France was accused of desiring to checkmate at all costs the agreement, and some bitter words were exchanged. But calm was restored before the conference ended on 19 May. One result of the conference was to show, as Poincaré had foreseen, the irreconcilable opposition between the Soviets and the Western nations. Another result, of particular value to France, was to demonstrate the necessity of Anglo-French agreement, and to cement the alliance still further.


1922 in France, Events
France at Genoa had held her own; she had neither gained nor lost anything. In regard to Russia, she had abandoned none of her claims as a creditor, and in regard to Europe, she remained the champion of the imprescriptible and sacred right of private property. But no solution had been found of the reparations problem. Would such a solution be forthcoming at the Hague conference, which had been decided on as a continuation of Genoa?


1922 in France, Events
The attitude of Germany at the conference of Genoa had been regarded as satisfactory. France had had no need to exercise her right of sanction. Germany seemed willing to accept financial control, and also to impose fresh taxes. It was possible to hope that the conference of bankers which met at Paris in May to study the question of an international loan might really be successful.


1922 in France, Events
The Hague conference commenced in June, and was attended by France, which found itself almost completely in accord with the British government. In order to meet the wishes of France, England consented that the holders of Russian bonds should be invited to participate in the labours of the conference in order to see if they could not come to an understanding directly with the Soviet government. In regard to war debts, the British government repeated that it was willing to annul part of its Russian claim, and this statement obviously opened up the much larger question of all the inter-Allied debts.


1922 in France, Events
The international committee of bankers mentioned above had adjourned (10 June) after laying down as a condition of its assistance that the finances of Germany should be restored and that the uncertainty regarding the extent of reparations should be removed. The representative of France had refused to sign this statement, insisting that no reduction of the figure of reparations could be considered until some arrangement had been made among the Allies by which France herself should be relieved of part of her debt to England and the United States.


1922 in France, Events
In home affairs, Parliament finally passed the eighteen months' service bill. The commercial difficulties with Spain were settled. The Poincaré ministry, though often assailed, remained unshaken. A new scheme of secondary education was introduced by the minister of education, Léon Bérard. The Poincaré cabinet also made efforts to refloat the Banque Industrielle de Chine. This matter raised storms of controversy in France and was utilized by the political parties as a weapon with which to vilify each other. One result of the affair was the suspension for ten years of Philippe Berthelot, the secretary general of the Foreign Office.


1922 in France, Events
In the middle of May the cantonal elections took place and the results tended to show that there had been a slight movement away from the Right. Some of the anti-government candidates at these elections were supported by the local prefects, and a cry was raised against the political activity of public officials, including secondary school teachers and post office employees who adhered to Communism. The government was blamed for not taking serious steps to remove guilty officials.


1922 in France, Events
Whether public clamour was becoming too loud, or whether the government desired to make an example, two Communist deputies, Marcel Cachin and Vaillant Couturier, were tried on 29 July for being concerned in the publication of an article inciting soldiers to disobedience, and were condemned to pay a fine of 500 francs each. Nor was this the only trouble of its kind with which the government had to deal. A prolonged strike of metal workers at Le Havre became so serious that on 26 August the military had to be called out and several casualties ensued.


1922 in France, Events
The strike did not end until 9 October, after lasting 110 days, the men returning to work on terms imposed by their employers. The Communists were blamed for the strike. But the Communists had been in bad odour ever since 14 July when, on the occasion of the Fête National, a young Communist attempted to shoot the president of the republic but missed his mark.


1922 in France, Events
The financial situation was a source of very grave anxiety. The deficit amounted to 4 milliards of francs, despite the yield from taxes, direct and indirect, being much larger than in 1921. The public was alarmed to see no solution proposed except to resort to economies which were not always in the best interests of the state, and to impose taxes which might prove insupportable. It was irritated by seeing the sympathy of the world directed rather to Germany and Russia than to its own embarrassments. The decision for which it waited never seemed to arrive.


1922 in France, Events
The Hague conference had had no other result than to confirm the opinion formed at Genoa, of the impossibility of coming to an accord with the Soviets. Whatever the world may think, France had really sought, both at Genoa and The Hague, to bring Russia back into the comity of nations. But the time was not yet ripe.


1922 in France, Events
Meanwhile, the Chamber appeared not to be disposed to ratify the Washington naval agreements. The government did indeed produce a ratification bill, but it was a long time in committee, and had not reached the full house by the end of the year.


1922 in France, Events
Mention should also be made of the scheme for railway development, including the electrification of the French railways, brought forward during the year by Yves Le Trocquer, minister of public works.


1922 in France, Events
France during the year watched with very close concern developments in the Near East. She did not cease to instil into Mustafa Kemal counsels of moderation, while by sending Henry Franklin-Bouillon to Angora she gave confidence to the Turks. After the Turkish victory over the Greeks, France withdrew her troops to guard against the possibility of serious incidents. She then awaited the decision of the conference of Lausanne on the question of peace with Turkey and the freedom of the Straits.


1922 in France, Events
In Syria, France has reduced her troops to an absolute minimum. The civil credits for 1922 amounted to 50 million francs, but they were soon to be reduced very considerably. There was every reason to expect that before long Syria would cost France next to nothing, at any rate in comparison with the financial sacrifices hitherto made.


1922 in France, Events
The colonial policy of France, under the direction of Albert Sarraut, has been highly successful in 1922, both in Madagascar, in Indochina, and elsewhere. During the year Sarraut at his own expense paid a visit to Martinique, to see what improvements could be effected in those regions. But it is in North Africa that the work of France has been particularly noteworthy. While the conference of Genoa was sitting, Alexandre Millerand, president of the republic, made a tour through Morocco, Algiers, and Tunis. Everywhere he was welcomed with great enthusiasm.


1922 in France, Events
The theme of all his speeches was that the future of North Africa lay in the closest possible cooperation of the native Arabs and Berbers with the French soldiers, administrators, and colonists. In Tunis, Millerand warned the people against a certain pan-Islamic agitation which has been on foot there for some time, and consulted with Lucien Saint, the resident-general, on suggested reforms in the administration.


1922 in France, Events
In Morocco Millerand was struck by the prestige and authority which Marshal Hubert Lyautey had managed to preserve for the person and the office of the sultan, and his success in maintaining a native government which was respected side by side with a protecting power which was obeyed. Millerand said: "France can be proud of its African domain. ... She has not come to enslave. ... The Mohammedan world can have confidence in her, and hand in hand with her aspire to a glorious future."


1922 in France, Events
The last weeks of 1922 brought into view more clearly than ever the default of Germany in the matter of reparations. In spite of various interviews between ministers and the journey of Poincaré to London, no solution was discovered. On 21 December Poincaré again defined his policy in a speech in the Senate which was unanimously approved of. Repeating his formula: "No moratorium without guarantees", he reminded the Germans that they still possessed their immovable goods, their coal, their customs, and other sources of wealth and revenue.


1922 in France, Events
"We want these goods", he proceeded, "and others which you have, to serve as guarantees for your unpaid debts, and also as means for bringing pressure to bear on your great manufacturers, I mean those persons who are acquiring great wealth in Germany at the expense of the people itself." Thus Poincaré drew a clear distinction between the German masses and the privileged few who were exploiting them.


1922 in France, Events
What France desired, he went on, was that Germany should free herself as quickly as possible, the payment of reparations by instalments extending over a long period of time being full of grave inconveniences. "It is desirable, therefore, that Germany should clear herself of her debt by successive payments of lump sums, instead of yearly mites, and for this purpose should procure money from abroad." This did not mean, however, that the regulation of reparations should be put in the hands of bankers; it should remain as hitherto with the governments concerned and the Reparations Commission.


1922 in France, Events
With regard to the inter-Allied debts, Poincaré once more stated the French point of view: "A large part of France's war expenses is represented by its debt to England and the United States; it cannot be asked to repay these countries before it has itself been indemnified for its losses." Referring finally to relations between France and England, Poincaré expressed the hope that these would continue to be as cordial as heretofore, even should the two countries find themselves obliged to differ on any point.


1922 in Germany, Overview
Issues of disarmament and the trial of war criminals had previously been similar sources of anxiety and unrest in Germany, but now receded into the background. In their place was the issue of reparations, which dominated the life of Germans in 1922. Although these social questions remained in the public consciousness, Germans focused most heavily on the economics of how Germany would meet the reparation obligations stipulated by the Treaty of Versailles.


1922 in Germany, Reparation battles, Revisions and requests
On March 21, the Reparations Commission answered by fixing the obligations of Germany at the figures proposed by the German government, but with certain conditions which would have to be carried out by May 31, including requiring a new taxation scheme of 60 billion marks. A number of measures for securing strict control over German finances and the German budget were required to be introduced at early dates, and the scheme for an internal loan submitted by April 30.


1922 in Germany, Reparation battles, Revisions and requests
By 248 votes to 81, with 43 abstentions, the Reichstag on March 30 passed a resolution protesting the new regulations, which many believed would cause the rapid depreciation of German money.


1922 in Germany, Reparation battles, The World Economic Congressional meeting in Genoa
Meanwhile, the great World Economic Congress met in Genoa—the one positive result of the Cannes conference. The congress lost much of its significance for Germany as France had consented to take part in it only on condition that reparations were not officially raised. Nevertheless, the German government regarded the congress as a moral victory. Yet very little actual progress was made.


1922 in Germany, Reparation battles, Recognition of Soviet Russia
The German delegation became the object of unwelcome attention when it concluded a political and economic agreement with the Russian foreign minister Georgi Chicherin in Rapallo on Easter Sunday (April 16). The agreement had been drawn up in Berlin, but laid aside before being finally adopted. This agreement finally established peace between the two countries, waived all claims arising from the war on both sides and restored diplomatic relations. Thus, the Bolshevist government was accorded open recognition. The former Russian ambassador's palace in Berlin, after being empty for years, had already been handed over. This step added some difficulty to the negotiations of the Great Powers with the Moscow government due to the open hostility that many of the European democracies displayed against the Communist regime.


1922 in Germany, Reparation battles, Recognition of Soviet Russia
German delegates' assurances that no disloyalty had been intended by these agreements were rejected with scorn. German delegates futilely asserted that they had reliable information that the other powers were about to conclude arrangements with Russia which would put Germany in a tight corner if she did not act quickly. The French delegation showed itself particularly indignant, as did the British.


1922 in Germany, Reparation battles, Negotiating an international loan
Of more consequence to Germany was the approach of May 31, with the threat of dire consequences if the obligations fixed by the Reparations Commission were not carried out. New French Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré had already set forth the programme of pledges and sanctions with which he meant to overcome the alleged "bad will" of Germany. Accordingly, the German finance minister, Andreas Hermes, went to Paris. As a result of his discussions with the Reparations Commission, the government was able to make a proposal that was accepted. The government promised to keep its finances in order so that it could pay the reparations, even if it meant raising taxes. The Reparations Commission consented.


1922 in Germany, Reparation battles, Loan renegotiation
At the beginning of November the Reparations Commission went to Berlin in the hope of there finding a way out of the impasse. At the same time, a conference was held in Berlin of economic and financial authorities who had been asked to give reasoned opinions on the possibility of stabilizing the mark. Both conferences ended without positive result. The Reparations Commission failed to find the concrete proposals that it had looked for.


1922 in Germany, Reparation battles, Loan renegotiation
On November 13, the Wirth government made definite proposals regarding stabilization and reparations in a note to the Reparations Commission. These proposals were: to fix the German reparation obligations definitely at a tolerable figure, to release Germany for three to four years from all payments in cash and kind, to summon an immediate conference of international financiers to consider the granting of a bank credit to Germany, and, finally, to support Germany's demand for complete equality of treatment in trade and commerce.


1922 in Germany, Politics, Assassination and instability
The most serious event of the year internally occurred on the morning of June 24, when Walther Rathenau was shot dead by assassins in front of his house. Walther Rathenau was the minister for foreign affairs. This event spurred another economic downturn for the Weimar Republic. Four days before the assassination, the Mark was still at one sixty-seventh of its par value. On June 27, just one week later, it had sunk to one-eightieth of par, on July 3 to one hundred-and-fourteenth, and on August 1 to one hundred-and-fiftieth.


1922 in Germany, Politics, Assassination and instability
Owing to this new development, the German government on July 12 made a fresh application for postponement of the payments that had been fixed for 1922, and for a simultaneous reduction of the monthly payments for the clearing of private prewar claims from £2,000,000 to £500,000. The Reparations Commission promised to reply, if possible, by August 15. But France returned an abrupt negative to the request for a reduction of the clearing payments, and even threatened reprisals if Germany did not carry out its clearing obligations by August 5. Eventually, an agreement was reached. Eventually, Germany was allowed to stop cash payments for the rest of 1922 via a conference of the Allies, which commenced on August 7.


1922 in Germany, Politics, Inflation and repercussions
Despite the ending of cash payments for the rest of 1922, the main cause of Germany's inability to pay, the steady depreciation of the mark, was ongoing. Towards the end of the year it assumed a disastrous rapidity. On August 1, the US Dollar still stood at 643 Marks to the Dollar and the British Pound at 2,850 Marks to the Pound. But on September 5 the dollar had already risen to 1,440 Marks and the pound to 6,525 Marks, and in December the pound was worth between 30,000 and 40,000 marks and the dollar between 7,000 and 9,000.


1922 in Germany, Politics, Inflation and repercussions
In such circumstances it was impossible to exercise proper supervision over the national finances. The budget submitted at the beginning of the year had provided for an ordinary revenue and expenditure of 103,208,000,000 Marks. With the mark at one forty-fifth of its par value, the cost of carrying out the terms of the peace treaty was now 187,531,000,000 marks. Of this sum 16,500,000,000 were provided by the ordinary budget; the other 171,000,000,000 would have had to be raised by a loan.


1922 in Germany, Politics, Inflation and repercussions
As soon as the mark fell to a sixtieth of par the deficit became 210,000,000,000 instead of 171,000,000,000; and it swelled to fantastic dimensions with the further depreciation of the mark which followed. The floating debt had risen from 247,000,000,000 at the beginning of the year to 272,000,000,000 by March 31, then to 962,000,000,000 and to 1,494,000,000,000 by the end of the year.


1922 in Germany, Politics, Inflation and repercussions
The government sought to prevent the further fall of the mark by a regulation forbidding dealing in foreign currencies. The measure, however, was not well conceived and proved wholly ineffective; it met with sharp opposition, and soon had to be altered.


1922 in Germany, Politics, Cuno takes over as Chancellor
Late in 1922, the Wirth cabinet found itself compelled to resign owing to party dissensions. In order to secure a broader basis for his government in the critical situation which faced the republic, Dr. Wirth had sought to gain the adherence of the German People's Party, which represented the property-owning classes. Previously, the moderate socialist party had reunited with the Independent Social Democrats who had seceded during the war, while as a kind of counterpoise the bourgeois parties in the government coalition had formed a "working agreement" in the Reichstag with the German People's Party. The united Social Democrats objected to the entry of the German People's Party into the government coalition. Having made this a question of confidence, Dr. Wirth felt himself compelled to resign.


1922 in Germany, Politics, Cuno takes over as Chancellor
The president entrusted the formation of a new cabinet to Dr. Wilhelm Cuno, manager of the Hamburg-America Line, who accomplished the task with some difficulty. As the Social Democrats refused to join, Dr. Cuno formed a so-called business ministry, which usually is composed of non-politicians. In this case, however, it was largely composed of deputies of the bourgeois coalition in addition to Cuno, who did not belong to any party and in fact was not a member of the Reichstag when he first took over. These parties did not form a majority in the House by themselves. Consequently, the cabinet depended on the good will either of the Social Democrats or the German Nationalists.


1922 in Germany, Politics, Cuno takes over as Chancellor
The new government continued the reparations policy of its predecessor. When a conference of the Allies met in London to consider the German request for a postponement of payment, the new government made fresh proposals on matters of detail regarding the periods and the application of the loans it had in view. The conference rejected the proposals as inadequate. The London negotiations brought no solution of the reparations question.


1922 in Germany, Politics, Cuno takes over as Chancellor
Poincaré's plans for the seizing of "productive pledges" and the occupation of the Ruhr valley met with the opposition of the other powers, while Poincaré on his side was not to be moved from his designs, which were of a military and political rather than economic character, by any offers of England for a mutual cancellation of debts. Thus the year ended with a situation full of ominous uncertainty.


1922 in Germany, Politics, Internal unrest
The internal position of the republic was somewhat weakened by unrest arising from economic fragility, which resulted from uncertainty concerning the war debts and its adverse effect on the economy. In February, a strike engineered by the more reckless elements of labor among the railway employees paralyzed traffic for six days in North Germany and a part of Baden. It then collapsed, and was followed by disciplinary action against some of the instigators and also those participators in the strike who had been guilty of acts of violence and sabotage.


1922 in Germany, Politics, Internal unrest
The government, supported by public opinion, held that state employees had no right to strike, and received a vote of confidence on this point in the Reichstag. A frivolous strike of the Berlin municipal workers, which left the capital without light, water, and electricity, ended after three days with an unconditional resumption of work. Food disturbances broke out at some places in the summer, but they were easily suppressed.


1922 in Germany, Politics, Internal unrest
More disturbing to the peace of the republic were the subterraneous movements which were forming in anti-republican circles. The preceding year had been marked by the murder of Matthias Erzberger. This year was marked by the aforementioned murder of Walther Rathenau, an attempt to poison Philipp Scheidemann, the lord mayor of Kassel, with prussic acid on Whit Monday, and the stabbing of journalist Maximilian Harden on July 3. The feeling aroused found vent in great demonstrations on the part of the republican section of the population, especially among the working classes. In certain places, e.g., Zwickau, near Magdeburg, Freiburg, Darmstadt, etc., violent exhibitions of popular resentment erupted, at times accompanied by bloodshed.


1922 in Germany, Politics, Political repercussions
The republican authorities acted with great energy, and proclaimed relentless warfare against the "Right". An order (invoking the infamous Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution) was issued investing the government with extraordinary powers to cope with the emergency. A few days later it was withdrawn in favour of a bill "for the protection of the republic", increasing the penalties for attacks on republican institutions and officials, establishing a special State Court within the Reich Court, and laying down regulations for the strict control of societies, meetings, and printed matter.


1922 in Germany, Politics, Political repercussions
This was followed by an amnesty bill, a crimes bill, and a supplement to the officials law. The Reichstag passed the bill for the protection of the republic after a long discussion by 303 votes to 102. The other bills were also passed by large majorities. Only the German Nationalists, the Bavarian People's Party, the Communists, and certain members of the German People's Party voted against them.


1922 in Germany, Politics, Politically motivated trials
In response to the Law for the Protection of the Republic, a number of organizations which espoused anti-republican sentiment, were dissolved. In the trial of ex-Captain Manfred von Killinger in May for abetting the murder of Erzberger it became apparent that there must have been parties behind the scenes, but the identities of the parties remained unknown, and the accused was acquitted, although his connection with the murderers of Erzberger was not in doubt. The actual murderers of Rathenau, the engineer Hermann Fischer and Naval Lieutenant (retired) Erwin Kern, had escaped arrest and condemnation by suicide. A number of persons who were accused partly of complicity, partly of abetting or assisting, were brought before the new court in October.


1922 in Germany, Politics, Politically motivated trials
A political trial held at Munich was of quite a different character. The author Freiherr Hubert von Leoprechting was on trial for high treason. This man was accused of being in the pay of Dard, the French envoy in Munich, who left the city for good a few days before the trial. It came out in the trial that Dard had acquainted the accused with the plans for separating South from North Germany, and that these plans were, if necessary, to be assisted by an advance of French troops through the Main valley. He was condemned to imprisonment for life and loss of civil rights.


1922 in Germany, Politics, Politically motivated trials
Wolfgang Kapp, the instigator of the notorious Kapp Putsch of March 1920, was going to put to trial, but died before he could put on trial.


1922 in Germany, Treaties and the Creation of Poland
A number of treaties were concluded with various states, including Switzerland, the United States, Italy, Latvia, and Finland. Most were economic in character, and served to clear away the debris left by the war. The extension of the Russo-German Treaty of Rapallo to the Soviet republics federated with Russia took place as a matter of course, and aroused no attention.


1922 in Germany, Treaties and the Creation of Poland
The Second Polish Republic and Germany made good progress towards coming to terms on the question of Upper Silesia. Through the mediation of the Swiss deputy Felix Calonder, the two countries came to an agreement in April. The agreement was designed to last fifteen years, which gave prospect of a lasting settlement. The most difficult questions were those of the protection of minorities, and of German private property liquidation in the portions of Upper Silesia assigned to Poland. Difficulties arose when Poland claimed an unrestricted right of liquidation, and failed to recognize the right of the chairman of the Mixed Commission to arbitrate. A compromise was reached, in which Poland gained a limited right of liquidation, without inflicting too great a hardship on the German owners.


1922 in Germany, Treaties and the Creation of Poland
On July 17, the transfer to Poland of the parts of Upper Silesia assigned to her commenced. At the same time, large portions of the population moved from newly-Polish districts into the parts that remained German. A few weeks later, the German districts voted on whether they should become an autonomous federated state, or remain incorporated with Prussia. The result was: 513,126 votes for Prussia, 50,400 for autonomy. It was now possible to hold the elections to the Reichstag (institution) and the Prussian Landtag which had been postponed on account of the occupation. They ended unfavourably for the Poles, who won no seat out of five in the Reichstag, and only one out of eight in the Landtag.


1922 in Germany, Treaties and the Creation of Poland
Great dissatisfaction arose in Germany in response to the fate of five villages on the east bank of the Vistula. These villages had formerly belonged to West Prussia, were inhabited almost entirely by Germans, and had voted to remain in Germany in the East Prussian plebiscite. The boundary commission nevertheless assigned them to the Polish Corridor, in spite of protests by the inhabitants, the Reichstag, and the Prussian Landtag. The Prussian premier Otto Braun emphatically stigmatized this decision as a "scandalous breach of the peace of Versailles". The protest was so effective that the execution of the decision was postponed and had not yet been carried out at the end of the year.


1922 in Greece
The year 1922 was the most calamitous in the whole history of modern Greece. It witnessed the shattering of hopes and aspirations nourished by Hellenism ever since the first days of its struggle for independence and the realization of the dream of a free Hellas, the centenary of which had just been celebrated; more particularly of the idea of a greater Greece with which the name of Eleftherios Venizelos has been so closely associated ever since his first call to power in 1910. From a Balkan power of dominant magnitude Greece was thrown back into the unenviable position she occupied after the disastrous Greco-Turkish War of 1897.


1922 in Greece, Continued Strife
The first months of 1922 were marked by the continuation of the strife between Constantinists and Venizelists, which found its most notable expression in the controversy between the Athens government and the Constantinople Phanar in connection with the election in December 1921 of Mgr. Meletios Metaxakis, an ardent supporter of Venizelos, as ecumenical patriarch. Athens refused to recognize Mgr. Metaxakis as spiritual head of the church in Greece proper, and the synodical court in Athens went so far as to condemn him to be deprived of his ecclesiastical rank and interned in the Monastery of Zante.


1922 in Greece, Negotiations for Peace
In the meantime the efforts of the Allies to negotiate a peace settlement between Greece and the Turkish Nationalists which had been commenced in the previous year, were continued. A meeting of British, French, and Italian statesmen to discuss Near Eastern affairs and the revision of the Sèvres Treaty was unofficially announced to take place early in February, but was postponed.


1922 in Greece, Negotiations for Peace
On March 22, however, a conference of Allied foreign ministers consisting of Raymond Poincaré, Lord Curzon of Kedleston, and Carlo Schanzer was opened in Paris, and one of its first steps was to propose to the Greeks and Turks a three months' armistice in Asia Minor together with the establishment of a neutral zone between the warring armies, pending negotiations for the conclusion of peace.


1922 in Greece, Negotiations for Peace
At the same time it advocated the evacuation of the whole of Asia Minor by the Greeks, the establishment of a special regime for the Smyrna area, and the placing of racial minorities under the protection of the League of Nations.


1922 in Greece, Negotiations for Peace
It further drew up plans for the demilitarization of the Straits and a rectification of the Turkish-Greek frontier in Eastern Thrace between the neighbourhood of Ganos on the Sea of Marmora and a point on the Bulgarian frontier in the western part of the Stranja mountains, leaving Rodosto to the Turks and placing Baba-Eske and Kirk Kilisse on the Greek side of the border, Greece thus retaining Adrianople.


1922 in Greece, Negotiations for Peace
The Angora government expressed its readiness to enter into an armistice on condition that Smyrna should be immediately evacuated by the Greeks, and that the evacuation of Asia Minor should be completed within four months.


1922 in Greece, Negotiations for Peace
The Greek government, while nominally accepting the Allied proposals, made hasty preparations for the formation, under the auspices of the Greek military leaders, of a special "Government of Ionia" (hinterland of Smyrna) on the same general lines as the Angora Nationalist government, while simultaneously an organization of Greeks resident abroad, consisting mainly of Venizelist elements and calling itself the "League for National Defense", issued an appeal to Greeks all over the world to oppose the evacuation of Asia Minor by the Greek army.


1922 in Greece, Negotiations for Peace
Meanwhile, no attempt was made to carry out the Allied proposals in practice, and for nearly three months the situation in Asia Minor remained in suspense, no official armistice being concluded, while at the same time active hostilities on the front were limited to small skirmishes between the outposts of the two armies.


1922 in Greece, Internal Situation
The internal situation during the spring and early summer of 1922 also remained more or less stationary, except for a series of minor cabinet crises. Dimitrios Gounaris resigned in March, and was succeeded by Nikolaos Stratos, a moderate royalist, who, however, gave place once more to Gounaris. The latter in his turn resigned for a second time, before being a month in office, on May 12, and was again succeeded by Stratos, who, after holding the premiership for a short time, made way for a coalition cabinet under Petros Protopapadakis, which included among its members both Stratos and Gounaris.


1922 in Greece, Attempted Peace
Undaunted by the failure of the Paris conference, the French government made another attempt to bring Turkey and Greece to terms in the earlier part of July, when it put forward a proposal for the holding of a preliminary meeting of Turkish and Greek representatives in the presence of Allied commissioners. The Greek government, however, informed the Allies that Greece, after having in vain shown every disposition to facilitate a solution of the Eastern problem, would now reserve liberty of action and seek some direct solution.


1922 in Greece, Attempted Peace
This announcement was followed by a note handed to the Allies on July 29, in which the Greek government declared its intention of occupying Constantinople with Greek troops, and thus forcing the Turks to conclude peace. This last note was duly followed by the landing of 25,000 Greek troops at Rodosto and corresponding military preparations for the carrying out of the proposed coup, according to a plan elaborated by General Hatzianestis, who had succeeded General Papoulas as commander-in-chief of the Greek armies. On being warned by the British government of the serious consequences that would follow such a step, the Greek minister of foreign affairs gave a positive assurance that on no account would Greece occupy Constantinople without Allied sanction, which was, as a matter of fact, refused.


1922 in Greece, Attempted Peace
Speaking in the House of Commons on the Near Eastern situation on August 4, David Lloyd George strongly supported Greek claims to Asia Minor and Eastern Thrace, and paid a glowing tribute to Greek arms. Excerpts from the British premier's speech were published in a Greek army order of the day and distributed among the Greek troops in Asia Minor. Having failed to carry out the Constantinople coup, King Constantine's government once more reverted to the plan for the proclamation of an independent Ionia.


1922 in Greece, Attempted Peace
At the same time a last attempt was made by the Allies to convoke a Near East conference (this time to be held in Venice, in September) of representatives of the Great Powers and the two belligerents to discuss terms of peace. Before, however, these steps could lead to any result, military events supervened, which entirely transformed the situation.


1922 in Greece, Commencement of General Offensive
On August 26 the Turkish Nationalist forces under the command of Mustafa Kemal Pasha attacked the Greek lines south and northeast of Afium-Karahissar. The operations gradually developed into a general offensive against the Greek forces, which were compelled two days later to evacuate the place.


1922 in Greece, Commencement of General Offensive
The loss of this key position was swiftly followed by the retreat of the Greek forces from Eskişehir and other important posts, and in less than a fortnight what had from the first been a somewhat serious reverse to Greek arms developed into a debacle of unexpected magnitude, which left the Greek government no alternative but to order the immediate withdrawal of the army from Asia Minor and to address an appeal to the Allies to intervene with the object of procuring a cessation of hostilities.


1922 in Greece, Commencement of General Offensive
The Turks refused an armistice, and the Greek army was forced to embark while still being pursued by the victorious enemy, who entered Smyrna on September 9. Thousands of Greek refugees streamed to the coast from all parts of Anatolia, fleeing from the revenge of the Turks. The total number transported to various parts of Greece with the assistance of the Greek authorities and the Allies amounted to nearly 1,000,000.


1922 in Greece, Government Crisis
The Greek debacle in Asia Minor was naturally followed by a government crisis in Greece proper. The cabinet resigned on September 8, and Nikolaos Kalogeropoulos was entrusted by the king with the formation of a new ministry. After two days spent in negotiations he failed in his task, and Nikolaos Triantaphyllakos, the ex-high commissioner of Greece at Constantinople, was summoned, and succeeded with difficulty in forming a makeshift government. In the meantime excitement and dissatisfaction were steadily growing among the population, and strict measures were necessary for the maintenance of order.


1922 in Greece, Government Crisis
On September 26 martial law was proclaimed, following the revolt in Salonika of 8,000 troops and their officers, who sent word to Athens demanding the abdication of King Constantine and the imprisonment of the former prime ministers, Gounaris and Stratos. This revolt was followed by that of troops stationed in the islands of Mytilene, Chios, and Crete.


1922 in Greece, Government Crisis
The army contingents in Mytilene formed a Revolutionary Committee headed by Colonel Stylianos Gonatas, which despatched by aeroplane the following demands to Athens: the dismissal of the government, the dissolution of the Chamber, the holding of new elections, and the abdication of King Constantine in favour of the Diadoch. The revolutionary movement swiftly spread to other centres of old and new Greece and to the Greek gunboats stationed at Mytilene and in and about the port of Piraeus. The cabinet immediately resigned, and on September 27 King Constantine abdicated for the second time in the course of his career, and the Diadoch succeeded to the throne of Greece as King George II.


1922 in Greece, Revolutionary Committee
On September 28 the revolutionary troops, headed by their leaders, Colonel Plastiras and Colonel Gonatas, entered Athens amidst wild scenes of enthusiasm. One of the first steps taken by the Revolutionary Committee, which immediately took over the governancy of the country, was to order the expulsion from Greece of King Constantine and Queen Sofia and of the Princes Andrew and Nicholas, the ex-king's brothers, and to arrest all prominent premiers, politicians, and military and naval leaders of the Constantinist faction, such as Gounaris, Stratos, Protopapadakis, and Theotokis, Admiral Goudas, General Papoulas, etc.


1922 in Greece, Revolutionary Committee
A telegram was despatched by the Revolutionary Committee to Venizelos in Paris requesting him to collaborate with the new government in the attempt to rescue Greece from the catastrophe in which she had been involved by King Constantine and his advisers, and a new cabinet was formed with Alexandros Zaimis, as premier, and Nikolaos Sokrates Politis, as foreign minister – both Venizelists. Venizelos, in his reply, intimated that for the time being he would confine himself merely to representing his country's interests abroad, and refused any actual participation in the new government. On September 30 ex-King Constantine, ex-Queen Sofia, and Prince Nicholas, with other members of the royal family, left Greece for Italy, the ex-King never to return.


1922 in Greece, Negotiations
On October 3 negotiations were opened at Mudania in Asia Minor between representatives of the Nationalist Turkish government on the one hand and the Allies and Greece on the other for the conclusion of an armistice. After serious division of opinion which nearly led to a complete breakdown, terms were finally signed on October 10.


1922 in Greece, Negotiations
The Turks undertook to respect neutral zones on the European and Asiatic sides of the Straits, while the Allies guaranteed the evacuation of Eastern Thrace by the Greek army within fifteen days of the signing of the convention, the Greek troops to be replaced provisionally by Allied forces not exceeding seven battalions in total strength.


1922 in Greece, Negotiations
The demarcation line between Greek Western Thrace and the part of Eastern Thrace reverting to Turkey in virtue of the armistice convention was fixed along the left bank of the Maritza from its outlet into Aegean Sea to the point where it crosses the frontier of Thrace into Bulgaria.


1922 in Greece, Negotiations
The new conditions in the Near East created by the Greek debacle led the Italian government to proclaim the denunciation of Italo-Greek agreement of May 17, 1920, which provided for a settlement of the differences that had arisen between Greece and Italy regarding the Dodecanese Islands, a step which called forth a protest from the government of the United Kingdom.


1922 in Greece, Inquiry
The inquiry into the causes of the Greek military debacle in Asia Minor and the search for its authors instituted by the Revolutionary Committee on its advent to power resulted in a number of new arrests of leading personalities. Thus, towards the end of October, the ex-king's brother, Prince Andrew, was arrested at Corfu on the charge of having disobeyed the orders of his military chiefs while commanding an army corps on the front. Kalogeropoulos, ex-premier, Valtatzis, ex-foreign minister, General Hatzianestis, ex-commander-in-chief, and others were also subsequently charged with high treason and imprisoned. On November 20 a conference of representatives of the Allies, Turkey, and Greece was opened at Lausanne for the purpose of the revision of the Sèvres Treaty and the final settlement of the Near Eastern problem. At the opening stages of the conference, Greece was represented by Venizelos.


1922 in Greece, New Government
Little was heard of Greek internal affairs in the meantime, the attention of the whole nation being centred on Venizelos' efforts abroad to procure a settlement which should be as painless as possible for his country.


1922 in Greece, New Government
The first cabinet formed under the regime of the Revolutionary Committee (which had established itself as the real master of Greece with King George II merely as a figurehead) underwent several slight changes, the chief of which was caused by the refusal of Zaimis to retain the premiership (which remained vacant, with Sotirios Krokidas as acting premier), and after having been in power for less than two months resigned on November 24, chiefly owing to internal differences arising from the trial of the ex-ministers, statesmen, and military leaders by a revolutionary tribunal on the charges of high treason.


1922 in Greece, New Government
The British government, through its minister in Athens, Lindley, urged that the accused should be treated leniently. While certain members of the cabinet were prepared to accept the British suggestion, the more irreconcilable elements refused to submit to what they considered as foreign intervention in Greek internal affairs, and the cabinet accordingly resigned, and was replaced by one composed exclusively of members of the Revolutionary Committee and of the republican group which formed the committee's most active supporters.


1922 in Greece, New Government
Colonel Gonatas, one of the leaders of the Revolutionary Committee, was appointed premier, and Konstantinos Rentis, one of the leaders of the republican group, as acting minister for foreign affairs. On November 27 the trial by the revolutionary court martial of the ex-ministers and military leaders was concluded. Six of the accused – Gounaris, Theotokis, Valtatzis, Stratos, Protopapadakis, and General Hatzianestis – were sentenced to death and executed the next morning, while Admiral Goudas and General Stratigos were sentenced to imprisonment for life.


1922 in Greece, New Government
Following the execution of Gounaris and his companions the British government instructed the British minister at Athens to ask for his passports and leave Greece; nor had diplomatic relations between the two countries been renewed by the end of the year. Shortly after the execution of the six ministers the ex-king's brother Prince Andrew was tried by the same tribunal and sentenced to banishment for life from Greece. The prince and his family left Greece on December 4 for London.


1922 in Greece, End of the Year
Thus year 1922 closed for Greece in the most inauspicious circumstances with the question of a peace settlement which should enable the country to devote its forces to peaceful reconstruction still in abeyance, and internal dissatisfaction and unrest steadily increasing. One marked result of this discontent was a noticeable growth of republican sentiment which seemed to be paving the way for important developments in the near future.


1922 in Iceland
The following lists events that happened in 1922 in Iceland.


1922 in Ireland
Events from the year 1922 in Southern Ireland, later Ireland.


1922 in Italy, Events
The year 1922 is characterized by the rise to power of the fascists and the nomination of Benito Mussolini as Prime Minister, the beginning of Fascist regime (1922–1943) in Italy.


1922 in Japan
Events from the year 1922 in Japan. It corresponds to Taishō 11 (大正11年) in the Japanese calendar.


1922 in Mandatory Palestine
Events in the year 1922 in the British Mandate of Palestine.


1922 in Michigan
Major events occurring during 1922 in Michigan included: a multi-day debate in the U.S. Senate over the seating of Michigan Senator Truman Newberry who stood accused of misconduct undermining his election to the Senate; the re-election of Alex J. Groesbeck as Governor of Michigan; the election of Woodbridge Nathan Ferris, the first Democrat to represent Michigan in the U.S. Senate in 70 years; the resignation of Sen. Newberry in November 1922 and his replacement with Detroit Mayor James J. Couzens; the 1922 Michigan Wolverines football team, led by All-Americans Harry Kipke, Bernard Kirk, and Paul G. Goebel, going through the season undefeated; and the December 1922 death of Michigan star Bernard Kirk due to injuries sustained in an automobile crash.


1922 in Michigan
At the end of the year, the Detroit Free Press published a list of the principal events occurring in that city during 1922.


1922 in Michigan
The principal events included: laying of the cornerstone on the Detroit Masonic Temple; opening of the new Temple Beth El; the opening of the Capitol Theater (later renamed the Detroit Opera House); voters approval of the city's purchase of the Detroit United Railway; the Dodge Brothers' gift of 11 new parks to the state; the opening of bank offices at the First National Bank building; announcement of plans to construct a new Roman Catholic cathedral; the Detroit Tigers' third-place finish in the American League; the final run of the Detroit Fire Department's fire horses on April 10; the victory of Jesse G. Vincent's Packard Chris-Craft in the annual Gold Cup motorboat race; and the launching of the USS Detroit.


1922 in Michigan, Population
In the 1920 United States Census, Michigan was recorded as having a population of 3,668,412, ranking as the seventh most populous state in the country. By 1930, Michigan's population had increased by 32.0% to 4,842,325.


1922 in Michigan, Population, Cities
The following is a list of cities in Michigan with a population of at least 15,000 based on 1920 U.S. Census data. Historic census data from 1910 and 1930 is included to reflect trends in population increases or decreases.


1922 in Michigan, Population, Boom cities of the 1920s
The 1920s saw an explosion of growth in the population of small cities near Detroit, with some communities growing more than three fold. Dearborn was the most extreme case, growing 20-fold from 2,470 to 50,358 persons.


1922 in Michigan, Population, Counties
The following is a list of counties in Michigan with populations of at least 40,000 based on 1920 U.S. Census data. Historic census data from 1910 and 1930 are included to reflect trends in population increases or decreases.


1922 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during 1922 in New Zealand.


1922 in New Zealand, Incumbents, Government
The 20th New Zealand Parliament concludes. The general election held in December sees the Reform Party lose its majority and need to negotiate for support with Independents and two Liberal Party MPs to remain in government.


1922 in New Zealand, Arts and literature, Film
See : Category:1922 film awards, 1922 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, Category:1922 films


1922 in New Zealand, Sport, Lawn bowls
The national outdoor lawn bowls championships are held in Dunedin.


1922 in Norwegian football, Class A of local association leagues
Class A of local association leagues (kretsserier) is the predecessor of a national league competition.


1922 in Norwegian football, Norwegian Cup, Quarter-finals
Ørn - Drafn 4-2Kvik (Trondhjem) - Kvik (Fredrikshald) 3-5Odd - Larvik Turn 2-1Sarpsborg - Moss 0-1


1922 in Norwegian music
The following is a list of notable events and releases of the year 1922 in Norwegian music.


1922 in Polish football
The 1922 season was the 3rd season of competitive football in Poland.


1922 in Polish football
Józef Klotz scored the first-ever goal for the Poland national football team. He scored it against Sweden in Stockholm in May 1922, in the team's third international match.


1922 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1922 in South Africa.


1922 in Southern Rhodesia
The following lists events that happened during 1922 in Southern Rhodesia.


1922 in Taiwan
Events from the year 1922 in Taiwan, Empire of Japan.


1922 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1922 to Wales and its people.


1922 in architecture
The year 1922 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1922 in association football
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1922 throughout the world.


1922 in baseball
The following are the baseball events of the year 1922  throughout the world.


1922 in baseball, Negro leagues final standings, East (independent teams) final standings
A loose confederation of teams were gathered in the East to compete with the West, however East teams did not organize a formal league as the West did.


1922 in country music
This is a list of notable events in country music that took place in the year 1922.


1922 in film
The following is an overview of 1922 in film, including significant events, a list of films released and notable births and deaths.


1922 in film, Top-grossing films (U.S.)
The top ten films released in 1922 by U.S. gross are as follows:


1922 in fine arts of the Soviet Union
The year 1922 was marked by many events that left an imprint on the history of Soviet and Russian Fine Arts.


1922 in jazz
This is a timeline documenting events of Jazz in the year 1922.


1922 in jazz
Musicians born that year included Carmen McRae and Charles Mingus.


1922 in jazz, Jazz scene
In 1922, the jazz age was well underway. Chicago and New York City were becoming the most important centres for jazz, and jazz was becoming very profitable for jazz managers such as Paul Whiteman . Whiteman by 1922 managed some 28 different jazz ensembles on the East Coast of the United States, earning over a $1,000,000 in 1922.


1922 in jazz, Jazz scene
Despite its popularity, as a form of music Jazz was still not appreciated by many critics, including Anne Faulkner who passed off  jazz as "a destructive dissonance", asking if the music "put the sin in syncopation"and Henry van Dyke who described jazz as "an unmitigated cacophony, a species of music invented by demons for the torture of imbeciles.


1922 in jazz, Jazz scene
Chicago in 1922 in particular was attracting bands such as Joe "King" Oliver's Creole Jazz Band at the Lincoln Gardens, joined by Louis Armstrong on August 8, 1922, and the Austin High Gang featuring Frank Teschemacher (clarinet), Jimmy McPartland (cornet), Richard McPartland (guitar and banjo) and Lawrence "Bud" Freeman (saxophone) who began playing at the Friar's Inn in Chicago.


1922 in jazz, Jazz scene
Meanwhile, on the New York scene, Duke Ellington arrived in New York City with Sonny Greer and banjo player Elmer Snowden and met his idol James P. Johnson, Fats Waller who had begun to make a name for  himself with his piano rolls and Willie "The Lion" Smith. Coleman Hawkins, already well noted for his high level of profiency joined  Mamie Smith's Jazz Hounds and were later hired in New York by Fletcher Henderson.


1922 in jazz, Jazz scene
Jazz began to emerge in the Soviet Union with the "First Eccentric Orchestra of the Russian Federated Socialist Republic – Valentin Parnakh's Jazz Band ".


1922 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1922. Under modern copyright law of the United States, all works published before January 1, 1923, with a proper copyright notice entered the public domain in the United States no later than 75 years from the date of the copyright. Hence books published in 1922 or earlier entered the public domain in the United States in 1998.


1922 in literature, Events
This is a significant year for high modernism in English literature.


1922 in motorsport
The following is an overview of the events of 1922 in motorsport including the major racing events, motorsport venues that were opened and closed during a year, championships and non-championship events that were established and disestablished in a year, and births and deaths of racing drivers and other motorsport people.


1922 in motorsport, Annual events
The calendar includes only annual major non-championship events or annual events that had own significance separate from the championship. For the dates of the championship events see related season articles.


1922 in music
This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1922.


1922 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1922.


1922 in paleontology, Plesiosaurs, New taxa
A rhomaleosaurid. A new genus for "Plesiosaurus" arcuatus Owen (1840)


1922 in poetry
Lilacs out of the dead land, mixingMemory and desire, stirringDull roots with spring rain. Winter kept us warm, coveringEarth in forgetful snow, feeding


1922 in poetry
— Opening lines from The Waste Land by T. S. Eliot, first published this year


1922 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1922 in poetry, Works published in English, Indian subcontinent in English
Including all of the British colonies that later became India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Nepal:


1922 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1922 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1922 in radio
1922 in radio details the internationally significant events in radio broadcasting for the year 1922.


1922 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1922.


1922 in science
The year 1922 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.


1922 in science fiction
The year 1922 was marked, in science fiction, by the following events.


1922 in science fiction, Awards
The main science-fiction Awards known at the present time did not exist at this time.


1922 in sports
1922 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1922 in the Belgian Congo
The following lists events that happened during 1922 in the Belgian Congo.


1922 in the Soviet Union
The following lists events that happened during 1922 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.


1922 in the United Kingdom
Irish affairs occupied an important place in politics throughout this year. 1922 saw the establishment of the Irish Free State in the south and west of the island.


1922 in the United Kingdom, Overview
The social and political problems of most prominence in this year showed a further departure from those that chiefly occupied public attention during the Great War, and the country had by then almost returned to its normal condition. Prices continued to fall during the early part of the year, but very slowly as compared with the previous decline, and in the latter half of the year the fall ceased almost entirely, prices becoming comparatively stabilized at about 80% above the level of July 1914.


1922 in the United Kingdom, Overview
Labour problems, which occupied so much attention during and after the war, were less constantly in the public eye. The principle of inevitable reductions in wages had been accepted by the working classes as a whole, and there were few strikes on a large scale, the worst being that in the engineering trade. Unemployment continued to be very great, but it was recognised that little more could be done by government measures for its alleviation, and the subject was much less prominent in the political world than it had been in the previous year.


1922 in the United Kingdom, Overview
A further indication of the return to normal conditions was in the gradual decay of the coalition government. The combination of parties brought about in the presence of a common danger no longer worked in peacetime. Very early in the year signs of disintegration became manifest in the coalition. On several occasions the two wings threatened to fall apart, but the government was successfully held together by the personality of Prime Minister David Lloyd George until the last quarter of the year, when the internal dissensions of many months reached a bursting point, and the coalition collapsed.


1922 papal conclave
The 1922 papal conclave was held following Pope Benedict XV's death from pneumonia on 22 January 1922 after a reign of eight years. 53 of the 60 cardinals assembled in the Sistine Chapel eleven days later on 2 February to elect his successor. They chose Cardinal Achille Ratti on the fourteenth ballot, held on the fifth day of the conclave. He took the name Pius XI. The new pope immediately revived the traditional public blessing from the balcony, Urbi et Orbi ("to the city and to the world"), which his predecessors had eschewed since the loss of Rome to the Italian state in 1870.


1922 papal conclave
The four non-European cardinals did not participate in the conclave. Three of them arrived too late and one did not attempt the journey. Three weeks after his election, Pope Pius XI issued rules extending the time between the death of a pope and the start of the conclave in order to increase the likelihood that cardinals from distant locations could participate in the next conclave.


1922 papal conclave, Background
The previous five conclaves had produced a seesawing between conservatives and liberals, from the conservative Pope Gregory XVI in 1831 to the initially liberal Pope Pius IX. By the time of his death in 1878 Pius IX had become a reactionary conservative and he was succeeded by the liberal Pope Leo XIII, who on his death was succeeded by the populist conservative Pope Pius X. In 1914 the liberal Benedict XV was elected.


1922 papal conclave, Background
At the death of Benedict XV there were 61 members of the College of Cardinals. Enrique Almaraz y Santos, the Archbishop of Toledo, died the same day. Three of the remaining 60 cardinals did not attend the conclave for reasons of health: José María Martín de Herrera y de la Iglesia, Giuseppe Prisco, and Lev Skrbenský z Hříště. Joaquim Arcoverde de Albuquerque Cavalcanti of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro knew he could not reach Rome in time for the conclave and did not attempt the journey. The other three non-European cardinals–William Henry O'Connell of Boston, Denis Dougherty of Philadelphia, and Louis-Nazaire Bégin of Québec City–did not arrive in time to participate in the conclave.


1922 papal conclave, Background
Two-thirds of the non-Italian cardinals and some of the Italians wanted to delay the start of the conclave until at least one of the Americans arrived. Cardinal János Csernoch of Hungary told the other cardinals that "America is a vital part of the Church. It will be calamitous to deny her participation in the election of the Pontiff. It will have a grave reaction among the American people; it will wound their pride and dignity." Cardinal Friedrich Gustav Piffl opposed proceeding without the Americans "for the sake of a technicality". The 53 cardinals who entered the conclave on 2 February, the eleventh day following the death of Benedict XV as required, were 31 Italians, five French, four Spanish, three German, 3 British, 2 Polish, 2 Austrian, one Hungarian, one Belgian and one Dutch.


1922 papal conclave, Balloting
The 1922 conclave was the most divided conclave in many years. While two of the previous three conclaves had lasted three days or less, the 1922 conclave lasted for five days. It took fourteen ballots for Achille Ratti, the Archbishop of Milan, to reach the two-thirds majority needed for election. He had been made a cardinal and appointed Archbishop of Milan just eight months earlier after a long academic career and less than three years in the diplomatic service of the Holy See.


1922 papal conclave, Balloting
At the conclave, the College of Cardinals was divided into two factions. One conservative faction known as the "irreconcilables" and "integrationists" led by the Secretary of the Holy Office Cardinal Rafael Merry del Val favored the policies and style of Pope Pius X. The other more conciliatory faction favoring the style and policies of Pope Benedict XV was led by the Cardinal-Camerlengo Pietro Gasparri, who had served as Benedict's Secretary of State.


1922 papal conclave, Balloting
No ballots were taken on the first day. Four ballots were taken on each of the succeeding days, two in the morning and two in the afternoon. Gasparri approached Ratti before voting began on the third day and told him he would urge his supporters to switch their votes to Ratti, who was shocked to hear this. When it became clear that neither Gasparri nor del Val could win, the cardinals approached Ratti, thinking him a compromise candidate not identified with either faction.


1922 papal conclave, Balloting
Cardinal Gaetano de Lai approached Ratti and was believed to have said: "We will vote for Your Eminence if Your Eminence will promise that you will not choose Cardinal Gasparri as your secretary of state". Ratti is said to have responded: "I hope and pray that among so highly deserving cardinals the Holy Spirit selects someone else. If I am chosen, it is indeed Cardinal Gasparri whom I will take to be my secretary of state". As anticipated, Gasparri's recognition that he could not be elected and his consequent support of Ratti allowed him to remain Secretary of State until he retired in 1930.


1922 papal conclave, Balloting
Ratti was elected pope on the conclave's fourteenth ballot on 6 February reportedly receiving 38 votes. The Cardinal Dean Vincenzo Vannutelli, the protopriest Michael Logue and the protodeacon Gaetano Bisleti approached Ratti and Cardinal Vannutelli asked if he accepted his election. Ratti replied "It is God's will". When pressed for a more explicit answer he replied "As it is God's will, it cannot be refused. Since it is the will of God I must obey". Vannutelli asked the new pope by what name he would be called.


1922 papal conclave, Balloting
Ratti chose "Pius XI", explaining that Pius IX was the pope of his youth and Pius X had appointed him head of the Vatican Library. According to The New York Times, Ratti also told the cardinals he chose the name Pius because "he wanted a Pius to end the Roman question which had begun under a Pius".


1922 papal conclave, Balloting
Shortly afterwards white smoke rose from the Sistine Chapel chimney and at around 12:30 p.m. Gaetano Bisleti, the cardinal-protodeacon appeared on the central balcony of St. Peter's Basilica and announced the election of Ratti as Pope Pius XI.


1922 papal conclave, Blessing
As his first act as pope, Pius XI revived the traditional public blessing from the balcony, Urbi et Orbi, ("to the city and to the world"), abandoned by his predecessors since the loss of Rome to the Italian state in 1870. This suggested his openness to a rapprochement with the government of Italy.


1922 papal conclave, Blessing
He had earlier given indication of this to the cardinals at the conclave when he explained his choice of name ("a Pius to end the Roman question which had begun under a Pius") and his informing them that he would give the blessing in public from the central balcony. When some of the more conservative cardinals tried to persuade him not to give the blessing from the external balcony, he listened to their arguments for a while and overruled their objections by saying: "Remember, I am no longer a Cardinal. I am the Supreme Pontiff now". Also, at Pius XI's first appearance, the banner draped on the balcony displayed the arms of Pius IX—the pope who lost Rome to Italy—rather than the arms of his immediate predecessor Benedict XV.


1922 papal conclave, Blessing
Shortly after the blessing was imparted, Prince Ludovico Chigi Albani della Rovere, the Marshal of the Conclave, issued a statement by order of the secretary of the conclave:


1922 papal conclave, Blessing
His Holiness, Pope Pius XI, while making every reservation in favor of the inviolable rights of the Church and of the Holy See, which rights he has sworn to defend, has given his first blessing from the exterior balcony overlooking the Square of St. Peter's in the special intention that his blessing should be addressed not only to those present in the square, and not only to those in Rome and Italy, but to all nations and all peoples and should bring to the whole world the wish and announcement of that universal pacification we all so ardently desire."


1922 papal conclave, Blessing
It was rumoured that immediately after the election, he decided to appoint Pietro Gasparri as his Cardinal Secretary of State. The contemporary report by The New York Times on the following day 7 February appears to confirm this as it reported that Gasparri, who had served as Benedict XV's Secretary of State, was reappointed by the new pope and the reappointment was announced almost immediately after the new pope assumed his pontificate. The Pope also received the diplomatic corps and the Papal aristocracy in an audience later in the afternoon.


1922 papal conclave, Blessing
Pius XI was crowned on 12 February. Unlike his immediate predecessor, who had his coronation in the Sistine Chapel, Pius' coronation took place in the dais in front of the high altar in Saint Peter's Basilica.


1922 papal conclave, New rule for scheduling a conclave
Immediately following the conclave, the fact that the cardinals had disputed delaying the conclave to await the arrival of the Americans was openly discussed. On 8 February, four French cardinals, Louis Luçon of Rheims, Louis-Ernest Dubois of Paris, Pierre Andrieu of Bordeaux, and Louis-Joseph Maurin of Lyon, asked for changes to church law to allow for an indefinite delay to ensure participation by cardinals for North and South America. And Cardinal Pietro Gasparri, who had led the Italians in opposition to a delay, expressed support for some modification of the schedule.


1922 papal conclave, New rule for scheduling a conclave
On 28 February Pope Pius met with Cardinal O'Connell and said: "There will be no more racing 5,000 miles in a vain endeavor to reach Rome in time for a Conclave. The United States is too important to be ignored as she has been. I shall see to it that what happened at the last Conclave shall not occur again."


1922 papal conclave, New rule for scheduling a conclave
Pius XI issued new regulations in Cum Proxime on 1 March 1922. He noted the experience of the conclave that elected him and that cardinals had requested modifications. He set the start of the conclave at ten to fifteen days from the death of the pope and allowed the cardinals to extend that to as long as eighteen days. It had taken the American cardinals from fifteen (6 February) to eighteen days (9 February) to arrive in Rome.


1922 Úrvalsdeild
The 1922 Úrvalsdeild is an season of top-flight Icelandic football.


1922 Úrvalsdeild, Overview
It was contested by 3 teams, and Fram won the championship.


1922–1924 Iraqi Constituent Assembly election
Elections to a Constituent Assembly (Arabic: المجلس التأسيسي, al-Majlis al-Ta’seessy) were held in Iraq between 24 October 1922 and 25 February 1924, electing the country's first parliament. The Constituent Assembly was elected to draft a constitution, legislate a law for general elections, and ratify the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1922.


1922–1924 Iraqi Constituent Assembly election, Background
After World War I, Iraq was founded as a country under the British administration through a mandate issued by the League of Nations in 1920. On 21 November 1920, the first Iraqi government was established, Abd Al-Rahman Al-Gillani was appointed as the first Prime Minister of Iraq. In 1921, Faisal I was elected as King of Iraq by the Cairo Conference. On 10 October 1922, the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty was signed by the Iraqi and British governments.


1922–1924 Iraqi Constituent Assembly election, Results
The elections used an indirect electoral system, in which the general public (only men over 18 were allowed to vote) elected 383 secondary voters, who in turn elected the 100 deputies of the Assembly. The Assembly convened on 27 March 1924 with the King and British officials attending the opening ceremony. The main political issue at the time was ratifying the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty. There were no formal parties, although those who supported ratifying the Treaty without revisions were considered pro-government and pro-treaty; this bloc was led by Abdul-Muhsin Al-Saadoun and Prime Minister Jafar al-Askari.


1922–1924 Iraqi Constituent Assembly election, Results
Those who opposed the treaty or sought its revision before ratifying were seen as anti-government; this bloc was led by Yasin al-Hashimi. During the first Assembly session, both Al-Saadoun and Al-Hashimi ran for the position of Speaker, with Al-Saadoun winning by a vote of 50–23. The Assembly continued its meetings until 2 August, with the first general elections held the following year.


1922–1924 Iraqi Constituent Assembly election, Aftermath
Despite a strong campaign by the anti-treaty parties, the British administration succeeded in convincing the King and hesitant politicians and deputies to accept the treaty. On 10 June 1924, the assembly convened to vote on the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty. 69 deputies attended the meeting and the assembly approved the treaty by a vote of 37–24.


1922–23 Aberdeen F.C. season
Aberdeen F.C. competed in the Scottish Football League First Division and Scottish Cup in season 1922–23.


1922–23 Aberdeen F.C. season, Overview
Aberdeen finished in fifth place out of 20 in the Scottish First Division, their highest finish since 1911. A new ground record for Pittodrie Stadium was set in October when 27,000 spectators attended a game against Rangers which finished 0-0. In the Scottish Cup, a club record victory was achieved over Peterhead in the third round. Aberdeen won 13–0. Andy Rankine was the club's top scorer this season with 17; fourteen in the league and three in the cup.


1922–23 American Soccer League
Sam Mark took over the failing Fall River United at the end of the 1921-22 season and relaunched the club as the Fall River F.C. this season. Also, following the 1921-22 season, the Philadelphia F.C. club was transferred "back" to Bethlehem as the reorganized Bethlehem Steel F.C. and a new team was organized in Philadelphia to take its place.


1922–23 Army Cadets men's basketball team
The 1922–23 Army Cadets men's basketball team represented the United States Military Academy (known as "Army" for their sports teams) during the 1922–23 intercollegiate basketball season in the United States. The team finished the season with a 17–0 record and was retroactively named the national champion by the Premo-Porretta Power Poll. It was head coach Harry Fisher's second season coaching the team.


1922–23 Arsenal F.C. season
The 1922–23 season was Arsenal's fourth consecutive season in the top division of English football.


1922–23 Arsenal F.C. season, Results, FA Cup
Arsenal entered the FA Cup in the first round proper, in which they were drawn to face Liverpool.


1922–23 Austrian First Class
The 1922–23 Austrian First Class season was the twelfth season of top-tier football in Austria. SK Rapid Wien claim their eighth Austrian title after winning the title by four points over second place SV Amateure. On the other end of the table, Floridsdorfer AC, Wiener AC and SC Rudolfshügel were all relegated to the second tier of Austrian football.


1922–23 Belgian First Division, Overview
It was contested by 14 teams, and Royale Union Saint-Gilloise won the championship.


1922–23 Bethlehem Steel F.C. season
The 1922-23 Bethlehem Steel F.C. season was the second season for the club in the American Soccer League but its first season in Bethlehem after playing the previous season as Philadelphia F.C. Following the 1921-22 season, the Philadelphia club was transferred "back" to Bethlehem and a new team was organized in Philadelphia to take its place. The club finished the season in 2nd place.


1922–23 Bethlehem Steel F.C. season, American Soccer League
Pld = Matches played; W = Matches won; D = Matches drawn; L = Matches lost; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; Pts = Points


1922–23 Beşiktaş J.K. season
The 1922–23 season for Beşiktaş did not involve any football tournaments or leagues due to the Turkish Independence War. Most of the players (if not all) fought in the war. The president and manager were still the same.


1922–23 Birmingham F.C. season
The 1922–23 Football League season was Birmingham Football Club's 27th in the Football League and their 10th in the First Division. They finished in 17th position in the 22-team division, and set an unwanted record sequence of eight league defeats, since equalled but as of 2012 not beaten. They also competed in the 1922–23 FA Cup, entering at the first round proper and losing to Huddersfield Town in that round.


1922–23 Birmingham F.C. season
Twenty-six players made at least one appearance in nationally organised first-team competition, and there were ten different goalscorers. Full -back Jack Jones played in 41 matches over the 43-match season; goalkeeper Dan Tremelling and forward Joe Bradford appeared in one fewer. Bradford was leading scorer for the second year running, with 19 goals, of which 18 came in the league.


1922–23 Birmingham F.C. season
Off the field, the club made a £13,000 saving on wages and general expenses to end the season with a profit of £3,000. This was Frank Richards' last season as secretary-manager. He was succeeded by Billy Beer, who as a player made 250 appearances for the club in the 1900s.


1922–23 Blackpool F.C. season
The 1922–23 season was Blackpool F.C. 's 22nd season (nineteenth consecutive) in the Football League. They competed in the 22-team Division Two, then the second tier of English football, finishing fifth.


1922–23 Blackpool F.C. season
Harry Bedford was the club's top scorer for the second consecutive season, with 32 goals.


1922–23 Blackpool F.C. season, Season synopsis
After two opening draws, four consecutive wins kickstarted Blackpool's League campaign. Inconsistency came into play once more, with victories being interspersed with draws and defeats.


1922–23 Blackpool F.C. season, Season synopsis
Nine wins in the second half of the season assisted in their fifth-placed finish.


1922–23 Blackpool F.C. season, Season synopsis
The FA Cup saw another first-round exit, this time at Derby County.


1922–23 Bradford City A.F.C. season
The 1922–23 Bradford City A.F.C. season was the 16th in the club's history.


1922–23 Bradford City A.F.C. season
The club finished 15th in Division Two, and reached the 1st round of the FA Cup.


1922–23 Brentford F.C. season
During the 1922–23 English football season, Brentford competed in the Football League Third Division South and finished in 14th place.


1922–23 Brentford F.C. season, Season summary
After a promising 9th-place finish at the end of the 1921–22 Third Division South season, Brentford player-manager Archie Mitchell retired from playing in order to concentrate solely on management. Financial problems during the off-season meant that the squad was hit by the triple-departure of forwards Harry Anstiss, George Pither and long-serving wing half Alf Amos to league rivals Millwall. The previous season's leading goalscorer Harry Morris was successfully retained and the money generated from the sales allowed the squad's wages to be paid through the off-season. 11 new players were transferred in, with a contingent from the North East, including full back George Kell, half backs Bill Inglis and John Haggan and forwards Gordon Johnstone, Reginald Parker, Harry Stott and John Thain. Trainer Michael Whitham was replaced by former Bees manager Dusty Rhodes.


1922–23 Brentford F.C. season, Season summary
Despite Harry Morris scoring 10 goals in an 11 match spell early in the season, by early November 1921, Brentford were rooted in mid-table. A failure to convert draws into wins dropped the club down to 18th on Christmas Day and the sales of Harry Morris to Millwall and long-serving full back Bertie Rosier to Clapton Orient in February 1923 exacerbated the team's problems scoring and conceding goals.


1922–23 Brentford F.C. season, Season summary
Though never looking in any danger of having to seek re-election, a run of goals from Gordon Johnstone and Reginald Parker inspired a seven match unbeaten spell from mid-March to mid-April which lifted Brentford to 14th. Three draws and two defeats in the final five matches of the season saw the Bees secure a 14th-place finish.


1922–23 British Home Championship
The 1922–23 British Home Championship was a football tournament played between the British Home Nations during the 1922–23 season. It was won by Scotland, the strongest of the Home Nations during the decade, who almost whitewashed the other three nations but ultimately were held to a 2–2 draw by England in the final, deciding match.


1922–23 British Home Championship
England and Scotland dominated the tournament, both winning their opening matches. England began six months earlier than their opponents, defeating Ireland at home in October 1923. Scotland matched this result in their opening game in March 1924 and continued with a second victory over Wales, against whom England only managed a draw in Cardiff. In the final matches, Scotland drew with England, doing just enough to take the trophy by a single point. Ireland, playing for pride comprehensively beat Wales in the last match of the competition to come third.


1922–23 Brooklyn Wanderers F.C. season
The 1922–23 Brooklyn Wanderers F.C. season was the first season for the club and its first season in both the New Jersey State Soccer League and the American Soccer League. The team was formed by the Bay Ridge F.C. to play in the New Jersey State League while the Bay Ridge team continued to play in the First Division of the amateur New York State Association Football League. The team left the New Jersey State League in the middle of the season to join the American Soccer League as its eighth club.


1922–23 Brooklyn Wanderers F.C. season, American Soccer League
Pld = Matches played; W = Matches won; D = Matches drawn; L = Matches lost; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; Pts = Points


1922–23 Buffalo Bulls men's basketball team
The 1922–23 Buffalo Bulls men's basketball team represented the University of Buffalo during the 1922–23 NCAA college men's basketball season. The head coach was Art Powell, coaching his eight season with the Bulls.