1920 Japanese general election, Electoral system
Following electoral reforms in 1919, the 464 members of the House of Representatives were elected in 295 single-member constituencies, 68 two-member constituencies and 11 three-member constituencies. Voting was restricted to men aged over 25 who paid at least 3 yen a year in direct taxation, reduced from 10 yen in the 1917 elections, increasing the proportion of the population able to vote to 6%.


1920 Kalamazoo football team
The 1920 Kalamazoo football team represented Kalamazoo College during the 1920 college football season.


1920 Kalgoorlie by-election
A by-election was held for the Australian House of Representatives seat of Kalgoorlie on 18 December 1920. It was triggered by the expulsion from the House of Labor Party MP Hugh Mahon.


1920 Kalgoorlie by-election
The subsequent by-election was won by Nationalist Party candidate George Foley. It is the only federal by-election in Australian history at which the government has won a seat from the opposition. Voting was not compulsory in 1920.


1920 Kalgoorlie by-election, Background
After the death of the Irish nationalist Terence McSwiney as the result of a hunger strike in October 1920, Mahon attacked British policy in Ireland and the British Empire as a whole, referring to it as "this bloody and accursed despotism", at an open-air meeting in Melbourne on 7 November.


1920 Kalgoorlie by-election, Background
Subsequently, Prime Minister Billy Hughes moved to expel him from the House of Representatives and on 12 November, the House passed a resolution stating that Mahon had made "seditious and disloyal utterances at a public meeting" and was "guilty of conduct unfitting him to remain a member of this House and inconsistent with the oath of allegiance which he has taken as a member of this House." Mahon therefore became the only MP to be expelled from the Federal Parliament.


1920 Kalgoorlie by-election, Background
Under Section 8 of the Parliamentary Privileges Act, 1987 neither house of the Australian Parliament now has the power to expel someone from membership of the Parliament.


1920 Kansas Jayhawks football team
The 1920 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the Missouri Valley Conference during the 1920 college football season. It was the first and only season under head coach Phog Allen, who is more well known for his accomplishments with the Jayhawks men's basketball team. The Jayhawks compiled a 5–2–1 record (3–2 against conference opponents), tied for third place in the conference. They outscored opponents by a combined total of 117 to 60. They played their home games at McCook Field in Lawrence, Kansas, which was their final season at the venue. George Nettels was the team captain.


1920 Kansas State Wildcats football team
The 1920 Kansas State Wildcats football team represented Kansas State Agricultural College in the 1920 college football season.


1920 Kansas gubernatorial election
The 1920 Kansas gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1920. Incumbent Republican Henry Justin Allen defeated Democratic nominee Jonathan M. Davis with 58.44% of the vote.


1920 Kendall Orange and Black football team
The Kendall Orange and Black football team represented represented Henry Kendall College, which was renamed the University of Tulsa on 1920, during the 1920 college football season. In their second year under head coach Francis Schmidt, the Orange and Black compiled a 10–0–1 record, won the Oklahoma Intercollegiate Conference championship, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 621 to 21. The team won its first two games by scores of 121–0 over St. Gregory's and 151–0 over Northeastern Oklahoma A&M and shut out nine of eleven opponents. Schmidt was later inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame.


1920 Kent State Silver Foxes football team
The 1920 Kent State Silver Foxes football team was an American football team that represented Kent State Normal College (later Kent State University) during the 1920 college football season. In its first season of intercollegiate football, Kent State compiled a 1–2 record with the sole victory coming by way of a forfeit. Paul G. Chandler was the coach.


1920 Kentucky Derby
The 1920 Kentucky Derby was the 46th running of the Kentucky Derby. The race took place on May 8, 1920 and was run at a mile and one-quarter. Horses Golden Broom, Kinnoul, Simpleton, Ethel Gray, and Westwood scratched before the race.


1920 Kentucky Wildcats football team
The 1920 Kentucky Wildcats football team represented the Kentucky Wildcats of the University of Kentucky during the 1920 college football season.


1920 Kildare County Council election
The 1920 Kildare County Council election was held on Friday, 4 June 1920.


1920 Kilkenny County Council election
The 1920 Kilkenny County Council election was held on Monday, 7 June 1920.


1920 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes Constitutional Assembly election
Constitutional Assembly elections were held in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes on 28 November 1920. The Democratic Party emerged as the largest faction, winning 92 of the 419 seats. Deputies are elected by secret ballot, in a direct manner, by the electoral quotient system. The 1920 elections were the first democratic elections in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Shortly after the election, the Communist Party of Yugoslavia was banned by the authorities.


1920 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes Constitutional Assembly election, Background
Up until the elections a Provisional Assembly had existed of unelected delegates from each of the constituent regions of the country.


1920 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes Constitutional Assembly election, Electoral districts
The electoral districts corresponded to administrative divisions of the constitutive lands which came together to form the Kingdom in late 1918. There were 56 in total:


1920 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes Constitutional Assembly election, Parties
There were a total of 22 party lists and one independent list.


1920 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes Constitutional Assembly election, Results
Of the 39 seats won by the Agrarian Alliance-Independent Agrarian Party list, thirty were taken by the Agrarian Alliance and nine by the Independent Agrarian Party.


1920 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes Constitutional Assembly election, Results
Of the 13 seats won by the Bunjevac-Šokac Party–Croatian Popular Party list, nine were taken by the Croatian Popular Party and four by the Bunjevac-Šokac Party.


1920 Kingstown Urban District Council election
The 1920 Kingstown Urban District Council election took place on Thursday 15 January 1920 as part of that year's Irish local elections.


1920 Kingstown Urban District Council election
Unionists emerged as the single largest party on the council, however, no party controlled an overall majority. Following the election the nationalist groups on the council formed a governing coalition. One of the actions of the new council was to rename the town, and council, to Dún Laoghaire, which is the Irish form of the original name for the town, Dunleary


1920 Kingstown Urban District Council election, Results by electoral area, Monkestown Ward
Party breakdown: Unionist: 40.29% (1 seat), Sinn Féin: 39.87% (1 seat), Ind Nat: 19.83% (1 seat).


1920 Kingstown Urban District Council election, Results by electoral area, West Ward
Party breakdown: Sinn Féin: (3 seats), Unionist: (2 seats), Ind Nat: (2 seats), Labour: (1 seat).


1920 Kingstown Urban District Council election, Results by electoral area, East Ward
Party breakdown: Unionist: 52.54% (3 seats), Sinn Féin: 20.02% (1 seat), Labour: 13.16% (1 seat), Ratepayer 9.02% (0 seats), Nat 5.26% (0 seats).


1920 Kingstown Urban District Council election, Results by electoral area, Glasthule Ward
Party breakdown: Unionist: 46.87% (2 seats), Sinn Féin: 25.59% (1 seat), Labour: 15.84% (1 seat), Ind Nat: 9.10% (1 seat), Nat: 2.60% (0 seats).


1920 LSU Tigers football team
The 1920 LSU Tigers football team represented Louisiana State University (LSU) in the 1920 college football season.


1920 Lafayette football team
The 1920 Lafayette football team was an American football team that represented Lafayette College as an independent during the 1920 college football season. In its second season under head coach Jock Sutherland, the team compiled a 5–3 record. Joseph Lehecka was the team captain. The team played its home games at March Field in Easton, Pennsylvania.


1920 Latvian Constitutional Assembly election
Constitutional Assembly elections were held in Latvia on 17 and 18 April 1920. The Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party emerged as the largest party in the Constitutional Assembly, winning 57 of the 150 seats. The elections were boycotted by communist parties. The Constitutional Assembly was responsible for drafting a constitution, which was approved on 15 February and promulgated on 7 November 1922.


1920 Lebanese legislative speaker election
The 1920 Lebanese legislative speaker election was the first legislative speaker election.


1920 Lebanese legislative speaker election
The 17 members of the Administrative Committee of Greater Lebanon elected Daoud Amoun as speaker of the committee.


1920 Lehigh Brown and White football team
The 1920 Lehigh Brown and White football team was an American football team that represented Lehigh University as an independent during the 1920 college football season. In its ninth season under head coach Tom Keady, the team compiled a 5–2–2 record and outscored opponents by a total of 172 to 54. The team played its home games at Taylor Stadium in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.


1920 Leitrim County Council election
An election to Leitrim County Council took place on 31 May 1920 as part of that year's Irish local elections. 19 councillors were elected from 5 electoral divisions by PR-STV voting for a five-year term of office.


1920 Leitrim County Council election
Sinn Féin won every seat for election. The large majority of seats were uncontested, although in Manorhamilton, where seats were contested, Sinn Féin won a massive majority of the votes and as such still secured every seat.


1920 Liga Peruana de Football
The 1920 Primera División was the ninth season of top-flight Peruvian football. A total of 9 teams competed in the league. The champion was Sport Inca.


1920 Limerick City Council election
An election for Limerick City Council was held in 1920 as part of the wider 1920 Irish local elections.


1920 Limerick City Council election
The election saw Sinn Féin winning control of the council, with 26 of the councils 40 seats.


1920 Limerick City Council election, Aggregate results
The result had the following consequences for the total number of seats on the council after the elections:


1920 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
The 1920 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship was the 28th staging of the Limerick Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Limerick County Board in 1887.


1920 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
Young Irelands won the championship after a 5-04 to 0-01 defeat of Newcastle West in the final. It was their third championship title overall and their first title since 1910.


1920 Lithuanian parliamentary election
Elections for the Constituent Assembly were held in Lithuania between 14 and 16 April 1920. The Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party emerged as the largest party, winning 24 of the 112 seats.


1920 Liverpool City Council election
Elections to Liverpool City Council were held on 1 November 1920.


1920 Liverpool City Council election
One third of the council seats were up for election. The term of office for each councillor being three years.


1920 Liverpool City Council election, Ward results
Comparisons are made with the 19?? election results, as the retiring councillors were elected in 19? ?.


1920 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Election 9 November 1920
At the meeting of the council on 9 November 1920, the terms of office of eighteen alderman expired.


1920 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Election 9 November 1920
The following eighteen were elected as Aldermen by the councillors on 9 November 1920 for a term of six years.


1920 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Election 2 March 1921
Caused by the death of Alderman William Roberts (Conservative, last elected as an Alderman by the council on 9 November 1913 on 17 January 1921, which was reported to the council on 19 January 1921.


1920 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Election 2 March 1921
In his place, Councillor Charles Henry Rutherford JP (Conservative, Princes Park, last elected 1 November 1920) was elected as an alderman by the council on 2 March 1921.


1920 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Election 6 April 1921
Caused by the death of Alderman James Heald (Conservative last elected as an alderman by the council on 9 November 1920), in whose place Councillor Max Muspratt (Liberal, Vauxhall, last elected unopposed on 1 November 1914) was elected by the council as an alderman on 6 April 1921.


1920 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Election 27 July 1921
Caused by the death of Alderman James Willcox Alsop OBE (Conservative, elected as an alderman by the council on 9 November 1914) on 19 May 1921, in whose place Councillor John George Paris (Conservative, Kirkdale, last elected 1 November 1920), Fine Art Dealer of 40 Falkner Square, Liverpool, was elected by the council as an alderman on 27 July 1921.


1920 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 14 Granby, 23 November 1920
Caused by the election as an alderman of Councillor Joseph Harrison Jones (Liberal, Granby, elected 1 November 1918)  by the council on 9 November 1920


1920 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 13 Princes Park, 13 December 1920
Caused by the resignation of Councillor Acheson Lyle Rupert Rathbonr (Liberal, Princes Park, elected 1 November 1911( which was reported to the council on 1 December 1920.


1920 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 13 Princes Park, 14 March 1921
Caused by the election by the councillors of  Councillor Charles Henry Rutherford JP (Conservative, Princes Park, last elected 1 November 1920)as an alderman on 2 March 1921, following the death of Alderman William Roberts (Conservative, last elected as an Alderman by the councillors on 9 November 1913) on 17 January 1921


1920 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 4 Vauxhall
Caused by the election by the council as an alderman of Councillor Max Muspratt (Liberal, Vauxhall, last elected unopposed on 1 November 1914) on 6 April 1921, following the death of Alderman James Heald (Conservative last elected as an alderman by the council on 9 November 1920).


1920 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 24 Kirkdale 8 August 1921
Caused by the election as an alderman by the Council of Councillor John George Paris (Conservative, Kirkdale, last elected 1 November 1920) on 27 July 1921, following the death of Alderman James Willcox Alsop OBE (Conservative, elected as an alderman by the council on 9 November 1914) on 19 May 1921


1920 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 7 Castle Street 28 September 1921
Caused by the death of Councillor Frank Ambrose Goodwin (Conservative, Castle Street, last elected as a councillor on 1 November 1919) on 14 July 1921


1920 Liège–Bastogne–Liège
The 1920 Liège–Bastogne–Liège was the tenth edition of the Liège–Bastogne–Liège cycle race and was held on 6 June 1920. The race started and finished in Liège. The race was won by Léon Scieur.


1920 Londonderry Borough Council election
An election to Londonderry Borough Council took place on Thursday 15 January 1920 as part of that year's Irish local elections.


1920 Londonderry Borough Council election
As a result, Unionists lost control over Londonderry borough council, which for the first time passed into the control of the city's Catholic majority. The various Nationalist parties in the city contested the election on a pan-nationalist front, emphasizing the national question of Irish self-government, as well as issues over housing.


1920 Londonderry Borough Council election
The Local Government (Ireland) Act 1919 had seen the introduction of a PR electoral system for local government elections in Ireland. Turnout was high, at 93.5%. Despite the new electoral system only 2.8% of ballots were spoiled. Whilst Unionists won nearly 60% of the popular vote, this was connected to the Nationalist dominated West Ward going uncontested.


1920 Londonderry Borough Council election
Nationalist control of the council wouldn't last however, and following the partition of Ireland the Northern Irish Government restored the older, and less representative ward based system.


1920 Londonderry Borough Council election, Results by party, North Ward
The Unionists put forward 7 candidates, and Nationalists 5. The Unionists gave instructions that their candidates should be voted for in alphabetical order. In the first round Unionist candidates 1,923 votes (59.72%), and Nationalists 1,297 (40.28%).


1920 Londonderry Borough Council election, Results by party, Waterside Ward
In Waterside ward 6 Unionists and 3 Nationalists were returned. Anderson and Bradley, topping the poll, were appointed as Aldermen. Unionists were advised to vote and allocate their preferences for Unionist candidates alphabetically.


1920 Londonderry Borough Council election, Results by party, West Ward
The combined Sinn-Fein/Nationalist ticket put up 8 candidates for the 8 seats in the West Ward. The Unionist grouping in the city did not put up any candidates, resulting in there being no contest and the Sinn-Fein/Nationalist candidates being all successful.


1920 Londonderry County Council election
The 1920 Londonderry County Council election was held on Thursday, 3 June 1920.


1920 Londonderry County Council election, Division results, Dungiven
The Dungiven Electoral Area comprised the District Electoral Divisions of Ardmore, Ballykelly, Ballymullins, Banagher, Bondsglen, Claudy, Drum, Dungiven, Eglinton, Faughanvale, Fenny, Foreglen, Glendermott, Glenshane, Lough Enagh, Lower Liberties, Myroe, Owenreagh, Straw, Tamnaherin, The Highlands, Upper Liberties, and Waterside.


1920 Louisiana Industrial football team
The 1920 Louisiana Industrial football team was an American football team that represented the Louisiana Industrial Institute—now known as Louisiana Tech University—as a member of the Louisiana Intercollegiate Athletic Association (LIAA) during the 1920 college football season. Led by first-year head coach R. Foster Clark, Louisiana Industrial compiled an overall record of 5–1. Bob Seegers was the team's captain.


1920 Louisiana gubernatorial election
The 1920 Louisiana gubernatorial election was held on April 20, 1920. Like most Southern states between the Reconstruction Era and the Civil Rights Movement, Louisiana's Republican Party had virtually no electoral support. This meant that the Democratic Party primary held on January 20 was the real contest over who would be governor. The election resulted in the election of John M. Parker as governor of Louisiana.


1920 Louisiana gubernatorial election, Sources
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1920 Louisiana hurricane
The 1920 Louisiana hurricane was a strong tropical cyclone that caused significant damage in parts of Louisiana in September 1920. The second tropical storm and hurricane of the annual hurricane season, it formed from an area of disturbed weather on September 16, 1920, northwest of Colombia. The system remained a weak tropical depression as it made landfall on Nicaragua, but later intensified to tropical storm strength as it moved across the Gulf of Honduras, prior to making a second landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula.


1920 Louisiana hurricane
Once in the Gulf of Mexico, the storm quickly intensified as it moved towards the north-northwest, reaching its peak intensity as a Category 2 hurricane with winds of 100 mph (160 km/h) prior to making landfall near Houma, Louisiana with no change in intensity. Afterwards, it quickly weakened over land, before dissipating on September 23 over eastern Kansas.


1920 Louisiana hurricane
As it approached the United States Gulf Coast, the hurricane forced an estimated 4,500 people to evacuate off of Galveston Island, and numerous other evacuations and precautionary measures to occur. At landfall, the hurricane generated strong winds along a wide swath of the coast, uprooting trees and causing damage to homes and other infrastructure. Heavy rainfall associated with the storm peaked at 11.9 in (300 mm) in Robertsdale, Alabama. The heavy rains also washed out railroads, leading to several rail accidents. Across the Gulf Coast, damage from the storm totaled to $1.45 million, and one death was associated with the hurricane.


1920 Louisiana hurricane, Meteorological history
In mid-September, a trough moved across the central Caribbean Sea and into the vicinity of the Colombian islands. Becoming more organized, it developed a closed circulation on September 16, and as such was classified as a tropical depression at 0600 UTC that day. For much of its early existence the depression remained weak, with winds remaining at 35 mph (55 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure below 1,005 mbar (29.7 inHg). The weak disturbance later made landfall at that intensity on the Mosquito Coast near the border of Honduras and Nicaragua by 0600 UTC on September 18.


1920 Louisiana hurricane, Meteorological history
The small system gained intensity as it moved over Honduras, attaining tropical storm strength on September 19 prior to entering the Gulf of Honduras near Trujillo. In the Gulf of Honduras, the tropical storm slightly intensified to maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (80 km/h) on September 20, and later made landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula as it accelerated towards the north-northwest. Despite initially being reported to have maintained intensity across the peninsula, a reanalysis of the storm determined that it had weakened to minimal tropical storm strength, before entering the Gulf of Mexico late on September 20.


1920 Louisiana hurricane, Meteorological history
The weakened tropical storm began to intensify once in the Gulf of Mexico. On September 20 at 0600 UTC, the storm reached hurricane intensity as a modern-day Category 1 hurricane. Continuing to intensify in the Gulf, the hurricane attained Category 2 hurricane intensity at 0000 UTC on September 22, and subsequently reached its peak intensity with winds of 100 mph (160 km/h) and an estimated minimum pressure of 975 mbar (28.8 inHg). The hurricane later made landfall at peak intensity near Houma, Louisiana at 0100 UTC later that day.


1920 Louisiana hurricane, Meteorological history
Maximum winds spanned 32 mi (51 km) from the center at landfall. Ships offshore the Louisiana coast also reported an eye associated with the hurricane. Once over land, the system began to quickly weaken, degenerating to tropical storm strength by 0600 UTC the same day, while located near Iberville Parish. Continuing to accelerate towards the north-northwest, it is estimated that the tropical cyclone dissipated on September 23 over Kansas, based on observations from nearby weather stations.


1920 Louisiana hurricane, Preparations and impact
Hurricane warnings were initially issued for areas of the Gulf Coast between Morgan City, Louisiana and Corpus Christi, Texas, but were later moved eastward to coastal regions between Pensacola, Florida and New Orleans as the hurricane progressed closer to the coast. Additional marine warnings were also issued for offshore regions that could be potentially affected by the hurricane, and boats were evacuated into Gulf Coast ports. Onshore, freight trains on Galveston Island were moved to the mainland in preparation for the storm. Interurban railways also evacuated people out of the island, with an estimated 4,500 people being evacuated.


1920 Louisiana hurricane, Preparations and impact
The United States Coast Guard were ordered to be ready for immediate service in the event of an emergency, while the US National Guard on strike duty in Galveston's Camp Hutchings were transferred to a barracks in Fort Crockett. Oil companies abandoned operations in coastal oil fields in advance of the hurricane. People along Lake Ponchartrain evacuated into New Orleans, causing hotels to overflow and forcing refugees to take shelter in other public buildings including post offices.


1920 Louisiana hurricane, Preparations and impact
Strong winds and gusts were reported across the Gulf Coast and in the Gulf of Mexico. A ship reported a minimum central barometric pressure of 999 mbar (29.5 inHg) just prior to the storm's intensification into a hurricane. Grand Isle, Louisiana reported sustained winds of 90 mph (145 km/h), and winds of at least 60 mph (95 km/h) were reported as far east as Bay St. Louis, Mississippi. As a result, numerous trees were uprooted and power lines were downed.


1920 Louisiana hurricane, Preparations and impact
One death occurred New Orleans after being electrocuted by an electric wire that had been downed by the hurricane's strong winds. The downed power lines also caused a lack of communication from areas affected, hampering relief efforts. In New Orleans, at least 2,500 telephones were without service, and homes were unroofed by the strong winds. Along the coast and further inland, rainfall was concentrated primarily on the eastern half of the cyclone, with most rain occurring from September 21 to the 23rd. In Robertsdale, Alabama, 11.9 in (300 mm) of rain was recorded, the most associated with the hurricane.


1920 Louisiana hurricane, Preparations and impact
A 24–hour September rainfall record was set when 1.60 in (41 mm) of rain was measured in Kelly, Louisiana. However, due to the system's rapid dissipation over land, rainfall amounts remained generally less than 2 in (51 mm) in interior regions of Louisiana. In Texas, rainfall peaked at 1.20 in (30 mm) in Beaumont. The heavy rains caused washouts and damage to railroads across Louisiana. A train running from Louisville, Kentucky to Nashville, Tennessee was left stranded after being washed out near Chef Menteur Pass, and other rail operations were stopped between New Orleans and Mobile, Alabama.


1920 Louisiana hurricane, Preparations and impact
Tides of 5–6 ft (1.5–1.8 m) above average were reported in Lake Borgne and Mississippi Sound as the hurricane moved over the coast, while tides of 5.4 ft (1.6 m) above average were reported in Biloxi, Mississippi. The strong storm surge caused considerable damage to Grand Isle and Manilla Village, Louisiana. Due to the hurricane's landfall near low tide, however, major storm surge impacts were mitigated. Overall infrastructural damage caused by the hurricane totaled to $750,000, while crop related damage, particularly to rice and sugar cane, totaled to $700,000.


1920 Louth by-election
The Louth by-election, 1920 was a parliamentary by-election for the British House of Commons constituency of Louth in Lincolnshire. Voting was held on 3 June 1920. The by-election took place five days after the Louth Flood of 29 May 1920 had claimed 23 lives.


1920 Louth by-election, Vacancy
The seat had become vacant on the death on 28 April of the Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) Henry Langton Brackenbury. He had represented the constituency since the 1918 general election, and previously been Louth's MP from January 1910 to December 1910.


1920 Louth by-election, Electoral history
The constituency was created in 1885. The Liberals had won the seat six times and the Unionists three times. It was a marginal seat in 1910 but in 1918 the Liberal MP, Timothy Davies surprisingly did not receive endorsement from the Coalition Government, which instead was given to his Unionist opponent. The result at that General Election was:


1920 Louth by-election, Campaign
The writ for the by-election was moved on 13 May 1920. Polling day was set for 3 June 1920, 36 days after the death of the former MP. On 25 May 1920 nominations closed to confirm that the election would be a two-way contest. Turnor immediately received the official endorsement of the coalition government and a letter of support from Prime Minister David Lloyd George and the Unionist Leader Bonar Law.


1920 Louth by-election, Campaign
Given the nature of the constituency, agricultural issues played a prominent part in the campaign and were a subject on which Turnor, the Unionist candidate, felt comfortable given his background. Wintringham, the Liberal candidate, was known to be a strong supporter of the temperance movement. The issue of how to resolve problems in Ireland was high on the agenda of the politicians in London. The Liberals argued for the implementation of the Irish Home Rule Bill that had been passed in 1914.


1920 Louth by-election, Campaign
On 29 May, five days before polling day, flooding caused much damage and claimed 23 lives. This event substantially restricted campaigning in the final week. Both campaigns agreed to cancel all planned meetings. Many photographs were taken of the flood aftermath, largely because the press were already in the town for the by-election.


1920 Louth by-election, Campaign
The Liberal campaign seemed to have gone down particularly well in the more rural areas and among women voters.


1920 Louth by-election, Result
The Unionist press were confidently predicting a Unionist victory. There was also talk of a very low turnout due to the recent flooding making it difficult for voters to get to the polls. Despite this difficulty, the turnout was actually higher than it had been at the previous general election. The Liberal candidate Thomas Wintringham, won the by-election, gaining the seat from the Unionists on a large 11.8% swing;


1920 Louth by-election, Result
This was the Liberal Party's fourth gain of the parliament in just 18 months, equaling the number of gains made by the Labour party. The by-election was clear evidence that the Liberals could be restored to their pre-1918 position in agricultural constituencies where Labour candidates were unlikely to feature.


1920 Louth by-election, Aftermath
Thomas Wintringham died in office the following year, triggering another by-election which was won by his wife Margaret. The result at that election was:


1920 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election
The first legislative council election to Madras Presidency after the establishment of dyarchical system of government by the  Government of India Act, 1919, was held in November 1920. Indian National Congress boycotted the election due to its participation in the Non-cooperation movement. The election occurred during the early stages of non-Brahmin movement and the major issue of the election was anti-Brahminism. Justice party won the election with no significant opposition and A. Subbarayalu Reddiar became the first Chief Minister of the presidency.


1920 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Government of India Act, 1919
Based on the recommendations of the  Montague-Chelmsford  report, the  Government of India Act of 1919 was enacted. The Act enlarged the provincial legislative councils and increased the number of elected members more than nominated members and company officials. It introduced a system of dyarchy in the Provinces. Although this Act brought about representative Government in India, the Governor was empowered with overriding powers. It classified the subjects as belonging to either the Centre or the Provinces. The Governor General could override any law passed by the Provincial councils. It brought about the concept of "Partial Responsible Government" in the provinces.


1920 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Government of India Act, 1919
Provincial subjects were divided into two categories - reserved and transferred. Education, Sanitation, Local self-government, Agriculture and Industries were listed as the transferred subjects. Law, Finance, Revenue and Home affairs were the reserved subjects. The provincial council could decide the budget in so far it related to the transferred subjects. Executive machinery dealing with those subjects was placed under the direct control of provincial legislature. However, the provincial legislature and the ministers did not have any control over the reserved subjects, which came under the Governor and his Executive council. It introduced for the first time bicameralism and direct elections in the country. Thus the Indian legislative council was replaced by the bicameral legislature consisting of an Upper House (Council Of State) and a Lower House (Legislative Assembly).


1920 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Constituencies
The Madras Legislative Council had a total of 127 members in addition to the  ex - officio members of the Governor's Executive Council. Out of the 127, 98 were elected from 61 constituencies of the presidency. The constituencies comprised three arbitrary divisions - 1)communal constituencies such as non-Muhammadan urban, non-Muhammadan rural, non-Brahman urban, Mohamaddan urban, Mohamaddan rural, Indian Christian, European and Anglo-Indian 2)special constituencies such as landholders, Universities, planters and trade associations (South India Chamber of Commerce & Nattukottai Nagarathar Association) and 3) territorial constituencies. 28 of the constituencies were reserved for non-Brahmans. 29 members were nominated, out of whom a maximum of 19 would be government officials, 5 would represent the Paraiyar, Pallar, Valluvar, Mala, Madiga, Sakkiliar, Thottiyar, Cheruman and Holeya communities and 1 would represent the "backward tracts". Including the Executive Council members, the total strength of the legislature was 134.


1920 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Electorate and polling
The first general election was held during November 1920. At the time of the election, Madras presidency had a population of 40 million people. The franchise was limited based on property qualifications. 1,248,156 persons were eligible to vote, among whom 303,558 actually cast their votes. The Indian National Congress boycotted the election due to its participation in the Non-cooperation movement. The Hindu reported that polling was as low as 12% in some constituencies and no constituencies reported polling higher than 25%.


1920 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Electorate and polling
The city of Madras reported the highest turnout with 52% polling and Mylapore, a traditionally a Brahmin area had an even higher turnout. The turnout was varied in rural areas, impacted by rain and flooding. The average turnout was 24.9% all over the Presidency. The Madras Mail reported that the turnout was low compared to elections for British parliament, but nonetheless, an impressive demonstration of growth of political consciousness.


1920 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Results
In the absence of significant opposition, the Justice party was able to win 63 seats. Party wise distribution of elected and non elected members:


1920 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Results
The Justice party claimed the support of 18 non elected members bringing up its strength to 81 in the council.


1920 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Analysis
The following table shows communal distribution of the elected and non-elected members.


1920 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Analysis
According to P. Rajaraman, the victory of the Justice party can be attributed to three factors - the election boycott of the Congress, which left the Justice party without any serious opponent, the vigorous campaign of Justice leaders and reservation of seats to non-brahman members.


1920 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Government formation
At first,  Governor Willington invited the wealthy P. Theagaroya Chetty, the leader of the justice party to form the government. He refused the offer as he did not like to be paid a salary from people's taxes. He recommended that A. Subbarayalu Reddiar, Ramarayaningar (Raja of Panagal) and Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu, all Telugu members, be made ministers. Reddiar was appointed as the Chief Minister and as the minister in charge of Education, Public works, Excise & Registration. Ramarayaningar became the minister of local self-government & Public health, while Venkata Reddy Naidu was given the Development portfolio.


1920 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Government formation
The ministers assumed office on 17 December 1920. Perungavur Rajagopalachari was appointed as the President of the legislative council and Edwin Periyanayakam, Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar & P. Subbarayan were made council secretaries. C. P. Ramaswami Iyer was appointed as the Advocate General. The Governor's Executive Council consisted of Sir Lionel Davidson (member for Home), Sir Charles Todhunter (Finance), Muhammad Habibullah (Revenue) and S. Srinivasa Iyengar (Law). On 11 July 1921, Raja of Panagal took over as Chief Minister when Subbarayalu Reddiar resigned on health grounds and A. P. Patro, an Orissa lawyer was appointed as the minister of Education. The council was dissolved at the end of its term on 11 September 1923.


1920 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Impact
The Justice party which came into existence in 1916 was able to capture power on social development and non-Brahmin platform. It would go on to rule Madras till the  1937 elections (with an interlude during 1926–30). Noting the significance of its victory, the Official review of the Government of India (1921–22) said:


1920 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Impact
For the first time in the history of India, the lower castes of Madras have asserted themselves against the intellectual oligarchy of the upper caste and have seized political power in their own hands... The first bulwark of caste dominance in political matters has been stormed as a result of the recent constitutional changes


1920 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Impact
Some of the legislative initiatives of the first Justice Government have had a lasting impact and are still in practice in one form or another. On 16 September 1921, the Justice government passed the first communal government order (G. O. # 613), thereby becoming the first elected body in the Indian legislative history to legislate reservations, which have since become standard policy in India. Similarly, the Madras Hindu Religious Endowment Act, introduced on 18 December 1922, brought many of the Hindu Temples under the direct control of the state government. This Act, which was eventually passed by the second Justice Government in 1925, set the precedent for several later Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowment (HR & CE) Acts and the current policy of the state of Tamil Nadu.


1920 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Impact
The Government of India Act of 1919 had restricted women from becoming legislators. The first Justice Government reversed this policy by moving a resolution in the council on 1 April 1921. The qualifications for becoming a member of the council were made gender neutral. This resolution cleared the way for Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddi's nomination to the council in 1926, when she became the first woman to become a member of any legislature in India.


1920 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Impact
The Mid-day Meal Scheme, was first introduced in 1920 by the Madras Corporation with the approval of the legislative council, as a breakfast scheme in a corporation school at Thousand Lights, Madras. Later it was expanded to four more schools. This was the precursor to the free noon meal schemes introduced by K. Kamaraj in 1960's and expanded by M. G. Ramachandran in the 1980s.


1920 Maine Black Bears football team
The 1920 Maine Black Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of Maine during the 1920 college football season. In its second season under head coach James A. Baldwin, the team compiled a 3–3–3 record. Raymond Smith was the team captain.


1920 Maine gubernatorial election
The 1920 Maine gubernatorial election took place on September 13, 1920.


1920 Maine gubernatorial election
Incumbent Governor Carl Milliken was defeated in the Republican primary.


1920 Maine gubernatorial election
Republican candidate Frederic Hale Parkhurst defeated Democratic candidate Bertrand G. McIntire.


1920 Major League Baseball season
The 1920 Major League Baseball season was contested from April 14 to October 12, 1920. The Brooklyn Robins and Cleveland Indians were the regular season champions of the National League and American League, respectively. The Indians then defeated the Robins in the World Series, five games to two.


1920 Major League Baseball season
This was the first season to be presided over by the newly created office of Commissioner of Baseball. In the wake of the Black Sox scandal, the credibility of baseball had been tarnished with the public and fans and the owners of the teams clamored for credibility to be restored. A three-person National Commission ran the major and minor leagues—composed of the American League President, National League President, and one team owner—but the owners felt that creating one position with near-unlimited authority was the answer.


1920 Major League Baseball season
Each team had a 154-game regular season schedule, consisting of 22 games against the seven other teams in the same league. That scheduling had been used since 1904, except for 1919, and would be used until 1961 in the American League and 1962 in the National League.


1920 Major League Baseball season, Creation of the office of the Commissioner of Baseball
Persisting rumors of the Chicago White Sox throwing the previous year's World Series to the Cincinnati Reds and another game during the 1920 season led to the game's brass looking for ways of dealing with the problems of gambling within the sport. At the time, MLB was governed by a three-man National Commission composed of American League President Ban Johnson, National League President John Heydler and Cincinnati Reds owner Garry Herrmann. At the request of the other owners, Herrmann left the office reducing the Commission to be deadlocked by two. With the owners disliking one or both presidents, calls began for stronger leadership, although they opined they could support the continuation of the leagues' presidencies with a well-qualified Commissioner.


1920 Major League Baseball season, Creation of the office of the Commissioner of Baseball
A plan that began to circulate and gain support was dubbed the "Lasker Plan," after Albert Lasker, a shareholder of the Chicago Cubs, called for a three-man commission with no financial interest in baseball. With the Black Sox scandal exposed on September 30, 1920, Heydler began calling for the Lasker Plan. All eight NL teams supported the plan, along with three AL teams. The three AL teams were the White Sox, the New York Yankees and the Boston Red Sox.


1920 Major League Baseball season, Creation of the office of the Commissioner of Baseball
The teams in support of the Lasker Plan wanted federal judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis to take the office of Baseball Commissioner. Johnson, who opposed the plan and thus, the appointment of Landis, had allies in the other five AL clubs, and attempted to get Minor League Baseball to side with him. However, the minor leagues would not, and when the AL teams learned their position, they relented and instead went along with the Lasker Plan. The owners agreed that they needed a person with near-unlimited authority and a powerful person to fill the position of commissioner.


1920 Major League Baseball season, Creation of the office of the Commissioner of Baseball
The owners approached Landis, who eventually accepted the position as the first Commissioner of Baseball. He drafted the agreement which gave him almost unlimited authority throughout the major and minor leagues – every owner on down to the batboys was accountable to the Commissioner – including barring owners from dismissing him, speaking critically of him in public or challenging him in court. He also kept his job as a federal judge. Of course, a near autocratic leader was probably what was needed for baseball at the time as the Black Sox scandal had placed the public's trust in baseball on shaky ground as the owners accepted the terms of the agreement with a scant trace of opposition, if any.


1920 Major League Baseball season, Effect of the Black Sox scandal on the AL pennant race
After an August 31 game between the Philadelphia Phillies and Chicago Cubs, allegations began to arise that the game was fixed. The state court in Chicago opened a grand jury to investigate gambling within baseball. Gambler Billy Maharg came forward with information that he worked with New York gambler Arnold Rothstein and former boxer Abe Attell to get the White Sox to throw the 1919 World Series. The White Sox again were contending for the American League title and were in a near-dead heat with the Cleveland Indians and New York Yankees. However, on September 28, eight White Sox players were indicted and suspended by owner Charlie Comiskey. The Indians pulled ahead and won the pennant by two games over the White Sox.


1920 Manitoba general election
The 1920 Manitoba general election was held on June 29, 1920 to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Manitoba, Canada.


1920 Manitoba general election
The election resulted in a fragmented parliament, with no group holding effective power over the legislature. Norris's Liberals were re-elected. They remained the largest party, but were reduced to a minority government with 21 seats out of 55.


1920 Manitoba general election
This was the first general election in which women could vote and run for office. Edith Rogers was elected in this election, becoming the first woman elected to the Manitoba Legislature.


1920 Manitoba general election
This was also the first election where Single Transferable Voting was used to elect the Winnipeg MLAs, now ten in number.


1920 Manitoba general election, Background
Between the previous 1915 election and the 1920 campaign, Manitoba experienced profound social and cultural change. Since the formal introduction of partisan politics in 1888, Manitoba had been dominated by the Liberal and Conservative parties, which governed the province in succession. After World War I, new political groups and interests emerged to threaten the two-party system.


1920 Manitoba general election, Background
The Winnipeg General Strike of 1919 brought labour issues to the forefront of provincial concern, and radicalized many working-class Manitobans. In previous elections, labour and socialist parties were a marginal force; going into the 1920 election, they stood to make significant electoral gains. In the rural constituencies, several candidates ran for office as farmer representatives, or as "people's candidates" opposed to partisan government.


1920 Manitoba general election, Background
Against this backdrop, the governing Liberal Party of Tobias Norris was forced to run a defensive campaign. Supported by the Winnipeg Free Press, the Liberals portrayed themselves as a stabilizing force amid the province's changes.


1920 Manitoba general election, Background
The 1920 election is notable for its use of Single Transferable Voting in the City of Winnipeg. Previously, the city had been divided into three two-member constituencies. Starting in the 1920 election, Winnipeg was a single ten-member constituency, where each voter had but one vote. The method of election was a single transferable ballot system of proportional representation.


1920 Manitoba general election, Outcome
The election resulted in a fragmented parliament, with no group holding effective power over the legislature. Norris's Liberals remained the largest party, but were reduced to a minority government with 21 seats out of 55. The party remained in office until 1922, but unwilling or unable to find joint cause with the other factions did little in the way of legislative initiatives.


1920 Manitoba general election, Outcome
Twelve "farmer" and "independent farmer" candidates were elected in rural constituencies. These candidates were a heterogeneous group, and did not run a united campaign. While not a "political party" in the traditional sense, they formed a functional caucus group in the legislature. Some members of this group later joined the political wing of the United Farmers of Manitoba, which took power in the next election.


1920 Manitoba general election, Outcome
In Winnipeg, Liberal candidates took four seats and Conservatives two but Labour made a good showing there as well. Seven different working-class and left-wing parties ran candidates in Winnipeg. The Labour Party won an impressive victory in Winnipeg, with party leader Fred Dixon receiving a lead of more than 7,000 votes ahead of his nearest rival in the First Count. His surplus were not wasted but through STV, the votes were transferred to other candidates, many going to another DLP candidate Ivens who was then elected.


1920 Manitoba general election, Outcome
Leftists were rewarded with four seats of the 10 Winnipeg seats. Elected were Dixon and William Ivens of the Dominion Labour Party, George Armstrong of the Socialist Party, and John Queen of the Social Democratic Party. Robert B. Russell narrowly failed to win a second seat for the Socialists. The Ex-Soldiers and Ex-Sailors Party of Manitoba also campaigned with the labour candidates in Winnipeg.


1920 Manitoba general election, Outcome
Ivens, Armstrong, Queen and Russell were all serving prison sentences at the time of their election, due to their leadership of  the Winnipeg General Strike. Many Winnipeg-ers believed the prison sentences were politically motivated, and the issue was a rallying cry for labour in the campaign.


1920 Manitoba general election, Outcome
Seven other labour MLAs were elected in the rest of the province, making the Labour group the third largest in the legislature.


1920 Manitoba general election, Outcome
The Conservative Party managed a minor recovery from its disastrous showing in 1915, winning eight seats under new leader Richard G. Willis. Willis himself was not elected.


1920 Manitoba general election, Outcome
Three independents were also elected to the legislature in rural districts.


1920 Manitoba general election, Outcome
The first woman was elected to the Legislature in this election. Edith Rogers was also the first Indigenous woman in the Manitoba Legislature.


1920 Manitoba general election, Winnipeg election results
Winnipeg:Single Transferable Voting was used to elect the ten Winnipeg MLAs in one city-wide district.


1920 Manitoba general election, Winnipeg election results
Final Winnipeg seat tally: Liberal 4, DLP 2, Conservative 2, SDP 1, SPC 1.


1920 Manitoba general election, Winnipeg election results
Election was not by party list. The successful candidates were chosen individually by the voters: Liberals: Thomas Johnson, John Stovel,Duncan Cameron, Edith Rogers Dominion Labour: Fred Dixon, William Ivens Conservatives: John Thomas Haig, William J. Tupper Social Democrats: John Queen Socialists: George Armstrong (but not Robert Russell)(All of the successful candidates except one were among the most-popular candidates in the First Count. One came from among the lower-ranking candidates to take a seat through vote transfers. Each voter casting just a single vote in a multi-member district meant mixed roughly proportional ranking of candidates from the 1st Count on.


1920 Manitoba general election, Winnipeg election results
41 candidates ran for the ten seats. 10 Liberal; 10 Conservatives; 4 Labour candidates; 8 Independents; 3 SPC; 1 SDP; 2 Ind.-Liberals; 1 Ind.-P/Conservative; 1 S&S. At least five were women.


1920 Manitoba general election, Winnipeg election results
Valid votes: 47,427Quota was 4312 (This was the minimum required to win a seat, until the last count.)


1920 Manitoba general election, Winnipeg election results
Fifth Count (Gislason and Lyon eliminated. Transfer of their votes to back-up preferences, where possible):


1920 Manitoba general election, Winnipeg election results
Ninth Count (Johns eliminated. Transfer of votes to back-up preferences):


1920 Manitoba general election, Winnipeg election results
(Numbers for the 33rd count not listed. Dick eliminated. Stovel elected with 4674 votes; Cameron elected with 4394 votes.)


1920 Manitoba general election, Winnipeg election results
(4 candidates remaining, 3 seats still open)After the necessary transfer of surplus votes, if no one gets quota, the bottom candidate will be eliminated, leaving just enough candidates for the available seats.


1920 Manitoba general election, Winnipeg election results
(4 candidates remaining, 3 seats still open)Thirty-Seventh Count (Cameron's surplus transferred - no change in order of candidates)


1920 Manitoba general election, Winnipeg election results
Thirty-Eighth CountRussell is eliminated, leaving only Armstrong, Rogers and Tupper to take the three open seats. They are declared elected.


1920 Manitoba general election, Winnipeg election results
Final Winnipeg seat tally: Liberal 4, DLP 2, Conservative 2, SDPC 1, SPC 1


1920 Manitoba general election, Winnipeg election results
Election was not by party list. The successful candidates were chosen individually by the voters:Liberals: Thomas Johnson, John Stovel,Duncan Cameron, Edith Rogers Dominion Labour: Fred Dixon, William IvensConservatives: John Thomas Haig, William J. TupperSocial Democrats: John QueenSocialists: George Armstrong (but not Robert Russell)


1920 Manitoba general election, Sources
The first ballot results for Winnipeg and results for all other constituencies are taken from an official Manitoba government publication entitled "Manitoba elections, 1920-1941" (cross-referenced with an appendix to the government's report of the 2003 provincial election). The Canadian Parliamentary Guide for 1921 lists slightly different results for Dufferin and Gladstone; the other two sources contain more information, however, and may be taken as more reliable.


1920 Manitoba general election, Sources
All ballot results for Winnipeg after the first count are taken from reports in the Winnipeg Free Press newspaper. It is possible that some errors appeared in the original publication.


1920 Manitoba general election, Post-election changes
The Independent and Farmer members formed a parliamentary bloc after the election, known as the Independent-Farmer group. Albert Kristjansson later left the Labour caucus to sit with this group.


1920 Manitoba general election, Post-election changes
Birtle (George Malcolm to cabinet, September 30, 1920), October 14, 1920:


1920 Manitoba general election, Post-election changes
Lakeside (Charles Duncan McPherson to cabinet, January 20, 1921), January 31, 1921:


1920 Maraşspor
1920 Maraşspor, formerly Kahramanmaraş Büyükşehir Belediyespor, is a football club located in Kahramanmaraş, Turkey. The team competes in TFF Third League, having been promoted in the 2011–12 season.


1920 Marion Cadets football team
The 1920 Marion Cadets football team was an American football team that represented the Marion Military Institute as an independent during the 1920 college football season. The Cadets compiled an overall record of 2–5.


1920 Marquette Hilltoppers football team
The 1920 Marquette Hilltoppers football team was an American football team that represented Marquette University as an independent during the 1920 college football season. In its fourth season under head coach John J. Ryan, the team compiled a 7–2 record.


1920 Marshall Thundering Herd football team
The 1920 Marshall Thundering Herd football team represented Marshall College (now Marshall University) in the 1920 college football season. Marshall posted a winless 0–8 record, being outscored by its opposition 0–247. Home games were played on a campus field called "Central Field" which is presently Campus Commons.


1920 Maryland Aggies football team
The 1920 Maryland Aggies football team represented the University of Maryland in the 1920 college football season. In their 10th season under head coach Curley Byrd, the Aggies compiled a 7–2 record, 4–0 against South Atlantic Intercollegiate Athletic Association opponents, shut out five of nine opponents, and outscored all opponents 149 to 55. The team's victories included games against Virginia Tech (7–0), North Carolina (10–0), Syracuse (10–7), and Johns Hopkins (24–7). The losses were sustained against Rutgers (0–6) and Princeton (0–35).


1920 Massachusetts Aggies football team
The 1920 Massachusetts Aggies football team represented Massachusetts Agricultural College in the 1920 college football season. The team was coached by Harold Gore and played its home games at Alumni Field in Amherst, Massachusetts. Massachusetts finished the season with a record of 5–2–1.


1920 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1920 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1920.


1920 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Republican primary, Lieutenant Governor, Results
Congressman Alvan Fuller narrowly defeated Speaker of the State House Joseph Warner for the nomination.


1920 Massachusetts legislature
The 141st Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1920 during the governorship of Calvin Coolidge. Edwin T. McKnight served as president of the Senate and Joseph E. Warner served as speaker of the House.


1920 Mecklenburg-Schwerin state election
The 1920 Mecklenburg-Schwerin state election was held on 13 June 1920 to elect the 64 members of the Landtag of the Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.


1920 Mecklenburg-Strelitz state election
The 1920 Mecklenburg-Strelitz state election was held on 16 May 1920 to elect the 36 members of the Landtag of the Free State of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.


1920 Memorial Cup
The 1920 Memorial Cup final was the second junior ice hockey championship of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association. The George Richardson Memorial Trophy champions Toronto Canoe Club Paddlers of the Ontario Hockey Association competed against the Abbott Cup champions Selkirk Fishermen of the Manitoba Junior Hockey League. In a two-game, total goal series, held at the Arena Gardens in Toronto, Ontario, Toronto won their first Memorial Cup, defeating Selkirk 15 - 5.


1920 Memorial Cup, Winning roster
Harold Applegath, Billy Burch, Lionel Conacher, Sydney Hueston, Cyril Kelly, Duke McCurry, John Mollenhauer, Frank Moore, Wilfred White, Roy Worters. Coach: Dick Carroll


1920 Mendoza earthquake
The 1920 Mendoza earthquake took place in the province of Mendoza, Argentina, on 17 December at 6:59:49 p.m. It measured magnitude 6.0, and its epicenter was at , with a depth of 40 km.


1920 Mendoza earthquake
The earthquake was felt with grade VIII (Severe) on the Mercalli intensity scale. It affected the provincial capital Mendoza, and caused material damage and numerous fatalities in several towns 30 km (19 mi) to the northeast.


1920 Mercer Baptists football team
The 1920 Mercer Baptists football team was an American football team that represented  Mercer University as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association during the 1920 college football season. In their first season under head coach Josh Cody, Mercer compiled a 2–7 record.


1920 Mexican general election
General elections were held in Mexico on September 5, 1920. The result was a victory for Álvaro Obregón, who received 95.8% of the vote. Obregón was inaugurated on December 1.


1920 Miami Redskins football team
The 1920 Miami Redskins football team was an American football team that represented Miami University as a member of the Ohio Athletic Conference (OAC) during the 1920 college football season. In its third season under head coach George Little, Miami compiled a 5–2–1 record (3–2–1 against conference opponents) and finished in eighth place out of 17 teams in the OAC.


1920 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team
The 1920 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team was an American football team that represented Michigan Agricultural College (MAC) as an independent during the 1920 college football season. In their first and only year under head coach Potsy Clark, the Aggies compiled a 4–6 record and outscored their opponents 270 to 166.


1920 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team
On October 30, the Aggies set a school scoring record with 109 points against Olivet College. After a bye week, the team scored 81 points against the Chicago YMCA. The Aggies won the two games by a total of 190 to 0.


1920 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team
In April 1921, coach Clark left Michigan Agricultural to become head football coach at the University of Kansas. He later led the 1935 Detroit Lions team to the NFL Championship.


1920 Michigan Mines football team
The 1920 Michigan Mines football team represented the Michigan College of Mines—now known as Michigan Technological University—as an independent during the 1920 college football season. Michigan Mines compiled a 2–0 record.


1920 Michigan State Normal Normalites football team
The 1920 Michigan State Normal Normalites football team represented Michigan State Normal College (later renamed Eastern Michigan University) during the 1920 college football season. In their third non-consecutive season under head coach Elton Rynearson, the Normalites compiled a record of 6–2 (1–2 against Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association opponents) and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 132 to 86. William Hansor was the team captain.


1920 Michigan Wolverines football team
The 1920 Michigan Wolverines football team was an American football team that represented the University of Michigan in the Big Ten Conference during the 1920 college football season. In its 20th season under head coach Fielding H. Yost, the team compiled a 5–2 record (2–2 against conference opponents), finished sixth in the Big Ten, and outscored opponents by a total of 121 to 21.


1920 Michigan Wolverines football team
Left tackle Angus Goetz was the team captain. Other notable players included halfbacks Frank Steketee and Eddie Usher, right tackle Tad Wieman, left end Franklin Cappon, right end Paul G. Goebel, left guard Robert J. Dunne, and center Ernie Vick.


1920 Michigan Wolverines football team, Players, Varsity letter winners
The following 16 players received their "M" letter for their play on the 1920 football team.


1920 Michigan Wolverines football team, Players, aMa letter winners
The following 13 players were awarded "aMa" letters for their work as backups on the 1920 team:


1920 Michigan gubernatorial election
The 1920 Michigan gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1920. Republican nominee Alex J. Groesbeck defeated Democratic nominee Woodbridge Nathan Ferris with 66.43% of the vote.


1920 Middle Tennessee State Normal football team
The 1920 Middle Tennessee State Normal football team represented the Middle Tennessee State Normal School (now known as Middle Tennessee State University) during the 1920 college football season. The team finished the season with an overall record of 4–1.


1920 Middleton and Prestwich by-election
The Middleton and Prestwich by-election, 1920 was a by-election held on 22 November 1920 for the British House of Commons constituency of Middleton and Prestwich in Lancashire.


1920 Middleton and Prestwich by-election
The by-election was triggered by the appointment as a judge of the sitting Coalition Liberal Member of Parliament, Sir Ryland Adkins KC. Adkins was appointed Recorder of Birmingham and this being an office of profit he was obliged by the electoral law of the day to submit to a by-election.


1920 Middleton and Prestwich by-election, Constituency background
Adkins had represented Middleton since winning the seat at the 1906 general election. At the 1918 general election Middleton was merged with Prestwich to create a new seat and Adkins retained it as a supporter of the coalition government of David Lloyd George and Bonar Law, having received The Coalition Coupon, despite the fact that he had previously acted as a loyal Asquithian. In 1918 Adkins had faced only Labour opposition and had won by a majority of 8,330 votes.


1920 Middleton and Prestwich by-election, By-election truce
When the by-election was first occasioned, it had apparently been the intention of the Labour Party to contest it. The Conservatives were content to stand aside again for their coalition partner. Labour were planning to put up Alderman Matthew Burrow Farr of Mossley as their candidate but owing to an outbreak of smallpox in the constituency a by-election truce was called on the advice of the medical authorities so as to avoid the need for the usual door to door canvassing and holding of public meetings. This opportunity to withdraw with honour may have suited Labour given the difficulty in winning the seat they faced against the combined Liberal and Conservative electorate lined up behind Adkins.


1920 Middleton and Prestwich by-election, Result
In the event therefore no candidate stepped forward to challenge Sir Ryland Adkins and he was returned unopposed.


1920 Middleton and Prestwich by-election, Adkins, 1920–1923
Adkins continued to represent the constituency until 1923, the second general election after the fall of the Coalition when he lost to the Tories by 529 votes in a three-cornered contest, with Alderman Farr for Labour and A N Stewart-Sandeman for the Conservatives.


1920 Milan–San Remo
The 1920 Milan–San Remo was the 13th edition of the Milan–San Remo cycle race and was held on 25 March 1920. The race started in Milan and finished in San Remo. The race was won by Gaetano Belloni.


1920 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team
The 1920 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team represented the University of Minnesota in the 1920 college football season. In their 21st year under head coach Henry L. Williams, the Golden Gophers compiled a 1–6 record (0–6 against Big Ten Conference opponents) and were outscored by their opponents by a combined score of 92 to 62. The team suffered the program's first ever six-game losing streak, and it finished tied for last place in the conference.


1920 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team
Guard Festus Tierney and halfback Arnold Oss were selected as first-team player on the 1920 All-Big Ten Conference football team.


1920 Minnesota gubernatorial election
The 1920 Minnesota gubernatorial election took place on November 2, 1920. Republican Party of Minnesota candidate J. A. O. Preus defeated Independent challenger's Henrik Shipstead and the Mayor of St. Paul, Laurence C. Hodgson. Shipstead narrowly lost to Preus in the Republican primary of that year and challenged him in the general, beating the Democratic nominee but coming far short of winning the general.


1920 Minnesota gubernatorial election
Shipstead would soon join the Farmer–Labor Party, which didn't officially participate in this election, and would become the first party member to win statewide under that banner as Senator in 1922. The Farmer–Laborites would also become the main opposition party to the Democrats, displacing them until their political union in the 1940s.


1920 Minnesota lieutenant gubernatorial election
The 1920 Minnesota lieutenant gubernatorial election took place on November 2, 1920. Republican Party of Minnesota candidate Louis L. Collins defeated Independent challenger George H. Mallon and Minnesota Democratic Party candidate James P. McDonnell.


1920 Minnesota lieutenant gubernatorial election
Captain Mallon was the nominee of the young Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party. However, the Farmer-Labor nominees for Governor and Lieutenant Governor in the general election of 1920 were unable to use the Farmer-Labor party designation and ran as Independents instead.


1920 Minnesota lieutenant gubernatorial election
Also among the defeated candidates was Lillian Friedman of the Socialist Party of Minnesota, who was the first woman ever to be nominated for the office of Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota, and the final nominee of the Socialist Party for that office. The 1920 general election—the first held since the ratification of the 19th Amendment—also saw the first nomination of a woman for the office of Minnesota Secretary of State: Lily J. Anderson of the Farmer-Labor Party.


1920 Mississippi A&M Aggies football team
The 1920 Mississippi A&M Aggies football team represented the Mississippi A&M Aggies of Agricultural and Mechanical College of the State of Mississippi during the 1920 college football season.


1920 Mississippi College Collegians football team
The 1920 Mississippi College Collegians football team was an American football team that represented Mississippi College as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) during the 1920 college football season. In their first year under head coach Stanley L. Robinson, the team compiled a 3–5 record.


1920 Mississippi Normal Normalites football team
The 1920 Mississippi Normal Normalites football team was an American football team that represented Mississippi Normal College (now known as the University of Southern Mississippi) as an independent during the 1920 college football season. In their first year under head coach B. B. O'Mara, the team compiled a 4–2–1 record.


1920 Missouri Tigers football team
The 1920 Missouri Tigers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Missouri in the Missouri Valley Conference (MVC) during the 1920 college football season. The team compiled a 7–1 record (5–1 against MVC opponents), finished in second place in the conference, and was outscored all opponents by a combined total of 156 to 61. James Phelan was the head coach for the first of two seasons. The team played its home games at Rollins Field in Columbia, Missouri.


1920 Missouri gubernatorial election
The 1920 Missouri gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1920 and resulted in a victory for the Republican nominee, Arthur M. Hyde, over the Democratic nominee, John M. Atkinson, and several other candidates representing minor parties.


1920 Missouri gubernatorial election
This was the first Missouri gubernatorial election in which more than one million votes were cast, mostly a result of the increased turnout compared to previous elections, due to the 1919 passage and August 18, 1920 ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, giving women the right to vote.


1920 Missouri lieutenant gubernatorial election
The 1920 Missouri lieutenant gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1920. Republican nominee Hiram Lloyd defeated Democratic nominee Carter M. Buford with 54.49% of the vote.


1920 Montana State Bobcats football team
The 1920 Montana State Bobcats football team was an American football team that represented Montana State College (later renamed Montana State University) in the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) during the 1920 college football season. In its first season under head coach D. V. Graves, the team compiled a 4–1–1 record (0–0–1 against RMC opponents) and outscored all opponents by a total of 62 to 41.


1920 Montana football team
The 1920 Montana football team represented the University of Montana in the 1920 college football season. They were led by second-year head coach Bernie Bierman, played their home games at Dornblaser Field and finished the season with a record of four wins and three losses (4–3).


1920 Montana gubernatorial election
The 1920 Montana gubernatorial election took place on November 2, 1920. Incumbent Governor of Montana Sam V. Stewart, who was first elected Governor in 1912 and 1916, declined to run for re-election. To replace him, former United States Senator Joseph M. Dixon won the Republican primary, which was closely contested. In the general election, he faced Burton K. Wheeler, the former United States Attorney for the District of Montana and the Democratic nominee. Ultimately, Dixon defeated Wheeler by a wide margin to win his first and only term as governor.


1920 Muncie Flyers season
The 1920 Muncie Flyers season was the franchise's inaugural season in the American Professional Football League (APFA)—later named the National Football League. The Flyers entered the season coming off a 4–1–1 record in 1919. Several representatives from the Ohio League wanted to form a new professional league; thus, the APFA was created. The 1920 team only played in one game that counted in the standings: a 45–0 loss against the Rock Island Independents. This game and the Columbus Panhandles–Dayton Triangles on the same date is considered to be the first league game featuring two APFA teams.


1920 Muncie Flyers season
The Flyers tried to schedule other games, but the opponents canceled to play better teams. As a result, the Flyers had to play the rest of the season's game versus local teams. In week 10, the Flyers won a game against the Muncie Offers More AC for the Muncie City Championship. No players from the 1920 Muncie Flyers were listed on the 1920 All-Pro Team, and no player has been enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame.


1920 Muncie Flyers season, Offseason
The Muncie Flyers, playing as the Muncie Congerville Flyers, finished 4–1–1 as an independent team in 1919. They concluded this season with a win over Avondale AA and won the Muncie City Championship. Representatives of four Ohio League teams—the Canton Bulldogs, the Cleveland Tigers, the Dayton Triangles, and the Akron Pros—called a meeting on August 20, 1920, to discuss the formation of a new, professional league. At the meeting, they tentatively agreed on a salary cap and pledged not to sign college players or players already under contract with other teams. They agreed on a name for the circuit: the American Professional Football Conference.


1920 Muncie Flyers season, Offseason
Earl Ball, the Flyers' manager, heard about this gathering on August 29 and was interested in participating. The original four representatives then invited other professional teams to a second meeting on September 17. At that meeting, held at Bulldogs owner Ralph Hay's Hupmobile showroom in Canton, representatives of the Rock Island Independents, the Flyers, the Decatur Staleys, the Racine Cardinals, the Massillon Tigers, the Chicago Cardinals, and the Hammond Pros agreed to join the league. Representatives of the Buffalo All-Americans and Rochester Jeffersons could not attend the meeting but sent letters to Hay asking to be included in the league. Team representatives changed the league's name slightly to the American Professional Football Association and elected officers, installing Jim Thorpe as president. Under the new league structure, teams created their schedules dynamically as the season progressed, and representatives of each team voted to determine the winner of the APFA trophy.


1920 Muncie Flyers season, Regular season
The Flyers hosted a practice game against the Muncie Tigers on September 26, 1920, but the result of the game is unknown. The Flyers' first game of the season was against the Rock Island Independents. The Independents beat the Flyers 45–0. As a result, the Staleys, who were supposed to play the Flyers the next week, cancelled because they wanted to play a better team. The Flyers tried to schedule game for the next few weeks but were unsuccessful. Since there were no rules to keep players on teams, several Flyers' players left and played for other teams.


1920 Muncie Flyers season, Regular season
The Flyers scheduled a game against the Cleveland Tigers three weeks later, but the game was cancelled because the Tigers decided to play against the Panhandles instead. The same result happened next week against the Dayton Triangles. The Flyers were challenged by the Gas City Tigers and Muncie Offers More AC—two teams of Muncie. These games are not counted in the APFA standings.


1920 Muncie Flyers season, Regular season, Schedule
The table below was compiled using information from The Pro Football Archives and The Coffin Corner, both of which used various contemporary newspapers. A dagger () represents a non-APFA team. For the results column, the winning team's score is posted first followed by the result for the Flyers. For the attendance, if a cell is greyed out and has "N/A", then that means there is an unknown figure for that game. The green-colored cells indicates a win; and the red-colored cells indicate a loss. The games against the local teams are listed, but are not counted in the final APFA standings.


1920 Muncie Flyers season, Game summaries, Week 2: at Rock Island Independents
In their only APFA game counted in the standings, the Muncie Flyers played against the Rock Island Independents. It is considered to be one of the first games played with two APFA teams. Since kickoff times were not standardized, it is unknown if the Muncie–Rock Island or Columbus–Dayton game is the first game. In the first quarter, the Independents scored three touchdowns: two from Arnold Wyman and one from Rube Ursella. In the second quarter, Ursella kicked a 25-yard field goal, and Wyman scored from an 86-yard kickoff return. In the third quarter, Sid Nichols had a 5-yard rushing touchdown, and Waddy Kuehl scored a 7-yard rushing touchdown, en route to a final score of the game was 45–0.


1920 Muncie Flyers season, Game summaries, Week 10: at Gas City Tigers
It took the Flyers eight weeks in order to have a game played; they accepted the Gas City Tigers' challenge to play in Gas City, Indiana, on November 18. The Tigers were 9–0 and outscored their opponents 443–9 this season. Halfback Mickey Hole scored a 45-yard rushing touchdown three minutes into the game. On the next possession, the Flyers scored again; Kenneth Huffine scored the touchdown, and Cooney Checkaye kicked the point after, which made the score 13–0. Near the beginning of the second quarter, Checkaye scored, but the extra point was missed. The Tigers scored their only touchdown in the game in the third quarter. The final score of the game was 19–7.


1920 Muncie Flyers season, Game summaries, Week 10: at Muncie Offers More AC
After their first victory of the season, the Flyers were challenged by the Muncie Offers More AC. The game was labelled as the Muncie City Championship. Since most of the other local teams' seasons were finished, both Muncie teams hired as many as 20 players for the game. The field was muddy, which caused Offers More AC to fumble the ball several times. In the third quarter, the Flyers scored two touchdowns to give them a 14–0 lead going into the fourth quarter. The Flyers added 10 more points—a touchdown and a field goal—in the final quarter to win the Championship 24–0.


1920 Muncie Flyers season, Game summaries, Week 11: at Gas City Tigers
The Flyers last game of the 1920 season was against the Gas City Tigers. The Tigers signed up several players to help them defeat the Flyers. The first quarter was scoreless, as the only near score was from a failed drop kick from the Flyers. The first score of the game came in the second quarter. Weaver of the Tigers returned a punt 85 yards for a touchdown. On the Tigers' next possession, they dropped a pass in the endzone on fourth down.


1920 Muncie Flyers season, Game summaries, Week 11: at Gas City Tigers
Early in the third quarter, a member of the Tigers fumbled, and the Flyers recovered it on the 5-yard line. Huffine score a rushing touchdown on that possession to tie the game 7–7. The last score of the game came from the Flyers; Checkaye returned a punt 60 yards for a touchdown to give the Flyers a 13–7 victory. The Tigers almost scored on their final possession on the game but fumbled.


1920 Muncie Flyers season, Post-season
Without any APFA wins, the Flyers could not contend for the APFA Championship. However, with wins against the Gas City Tigers and the Muncie Offers More AC, the Flyers claimed to have won the Indiana State Championship. Sportswriter Bruce Copeland compiled the All-Pro list for the 1920 season, but no player from the Flyers was on the list. Ken Huffine decided to be affiliated with the Chicago Stayles after the 1920 season, and Cooney Checkaye took over the role the following season. It did not help, and the Flyers' final year in the APFA was 1921. As of 2012, no players from the 1920 Muncie Flyers have been enshrined into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.


1920 Muncie Flyers season, Standings
Awarded the Brunswick-Balke Collender Cup and named APFA Champions. Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1920 NC State Aggies football team
The 1920 North Carolina State Aggies football team was an American football team represented North Carolina State University in the South Atlantic Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SAIAA) during the 1920 college football season. In its second season under head coach Bill Fetzer, the team compiled a 7–3 record.


1920 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans
The 1920 College Basketball All-American team, as chosen retroactively by the Helms Athletic Foundation. The player highlighted in gold was chosen as the Helms Foundation College Basketball Player of the Year retroactively in 1944.


1920 NCAA baseball season
The 1920 NCAA baseball season, play of college baseball in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) began in the spring of 1920. Play largely consisted of regional matchups, some organized by conferences, and ended in June. No national championship event was held until 1947.


1920 NCAA baseball season, Conference winners
This is a partial list of conference champions from the 1920 season.


1920 NSWRFL season
The 1920 New South Wales Rugby Football League premiership was the thirteenth season of Sydney's professional rugby league football club competition, Australia's first. The introduction of a Sydney University side saw nine teams from across the city contest during the season. Balmain were crowned premiers by virtue of finishing the season on top of the League.


1920 NSWRFL season, Season summary
Due to the 1920 Great Britain Lions tour, from rounds 5 to 8, several players in the NSWRFL were selected to play matches for Metropolis (Sydney), New South Wales and Australia.


1920 NSWRFL season, Season summary
In a round 7 game between Glebe and University Frank Burge scored eight tries which remains the standing record for the most tries by an individual in a NSWRL/NRL premiership match. Arthur Oxford set the pace in goal kicking, scoring 29 goals in three games. He also took the record of most goals in succession (23) which would stand until 1978.


1920 NSWRFL season, Season summary
The NSWRFL ran the City Cup competition for the second half of the season.


1920 NSWRFL season, Season summary
The Balmain Tigers again dominated the season, while University's first year was a disappointment: the Students conceded a whopping 118 tries in thirteen games for a record “tries against” average of 9.08 per match that has not been beaten since. Balmain played consistently and defensively throughout the season except for a slip-up 13–30 loss to Eastern Suburbs in Round 10. Holding a seven-point lead on the premiership ladder with three rounds left to play secured their fifth premiership in six years. The final three rounds were left unplayed and no Finals were contested.


1920 NSWRFL season, Teams
With the addition of Sydney University's team, the League was again at nine sides. At the end of the season however, Annandale exited the League after eleven seasons, having won only fifteen and drawn four of 126 games since 1912.


1920 NYU Violets football team
The 1920 NYU Violets football team was an American football team that represented New York University as an independent during the 1920 college football season. In their first year under head coach Frank Gargan, the team compiled a 2–5–1 record.


1920 Navy Midshipmen football team
The 1920 Navy Midshipmen football team represented the United States Naval Academy during the 1920 college football season. In their first season under head coach Bob Folwell, the Midshipmen compiled a 6–2 record, shut out three opponents, and outscored all opponents by a combined score of 164 to 43.


1920 Navy Midshipmen football team
The annual Army–Navy Game was played on November 27 at the Polo Grounds in New York City; Navy won 7–0.


1920 Nebi Musa riots
The 1920 Nebi Musa riots or 1920 Jerusalem riots took place in British-controlled part of Occupied Enemy Territory Administration between Sunday, 4 and Wednesday, 7 April 1920 in and around the Old City of Jerusalem. Five Jews and four Arabs were killed, and several hundred were injured. The riots coincided with and are named after the Nebi Musa festival, which took place every year on Easter Sunday, and followed rising tensions in Arab-Jewish relations. The events came shortly after the Battle of Tel Hai and the increasing pressure on Arab nationalists in Syria in the course of the Franco-Syrian War.


1920 Nebi Musa riots
Speeches were given by Arab religious leaders during the festival (in which large numbers of Muslims traditionally gathered for a religious procession), which included slogans referencing Zionist immigration and previous confrontations around outlying Jewish villages in the Galilee. The trigger which turned the procession into a riot is not known with certainty. The local Arab population ransacked the Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem.


1920 Nebi Musa riots
The British military administration of Palestine was criticized for withdrawing troops from inside Jerusalem and because it was slow to regain control. As a result of the riots, trust among the British, Jews, and Arabs eroded. One consequence was that the Jewish community increased moves towards an autonomous infrastructure and security apparatus parallel to that of the British administration.


1920 Nebi Musa riots
In its wake, sheikhs of 82 villages around the city and Jaffa, claiming to represent 70% of the population, issued a document protesting the demonstrations against the Jews. This condemnation may have been procured with bribes. Notwithstanding the riots, the Palestinian Jewish community held elections for the Assembly of Representatives on 19 April 1920 among Jews everywhere in Palestine except Jerusalem, where they were delayed to 3 May. The riots also preceded the San Remo conference which was held from 19 to 26 April 1920 at which the fate of the Middle East was to be decided.


1920 Nebi Musa riots, Background
The contents and proposals of both the Balfour Declaration of 1917 and Paris Peace Conference, 1919, which later concluded with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles, were the subject of intensive discussion by both Zionist and Arab delegations, and the process of the negotiations were widely reported in both communities. In particular, the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, led to an undertaking by the victorious powers, predominantly Great Britain and France, to assume a 'holy mission of civilization' in the power vacuum of the Middle East.


1920 Nebi Musa riots, Background
Under the Balfour Declaration, a homeland for the Jewish people was to be created in Palestine. The principle of self-determination affirmed by the League of Nations was not to be applied to Palestine, given the foreseeable rejection by the people of Zionism, which the British sponsored. These post-World War I arrangements both for Palestine and other Arab societies led to a 'radicalization' of the Arab world.


1920 Nebi Musa riots, Background
On 1 March 1920, the death of Joseph Trumpeldor in the Battle of Tel Hai at the hands of a Shiite group from Southern Lebanon, caused deep concern among Jewish leaders, who made numerous requests to the OETA administration to address the Yishuv's security and forbid a pro-Syrian public rally. However, their fears were largely discounted by the Chief Administrative Officer General Louis Bols, Military Governor Ronald Storrs and General Edmund Allenby, despite a warning from the head of the Zionist Commission Chaim Weizmann that a "pogrom is in the air", supported by assessments available to Storrs.


1920 Nebi Musa riots, Background
Communiqués had been issued about foreseeable troubles among Arabs, and between Arabs and Jews. To Weizmann and the Jewish leadership, these developments were reminiscent of instructions that Russian generals had issued on the eve of pogroms. In the meantime, local Arab expectations had been raised to a pitch by the declaration of the Syrian Congress on 7 March of the independence of Greater Syria in the Kingdom of Syria, with Faisal as its king, that included the British-controlled territory within its claimed domain. On 7 and 8 March, demonstrations took place in all cities of Palestine, shops were closed and many Jews were attacked. Attackers carried slogans such as "Death to Jews" or "Palestine is our land and the Jews are our dogs!"


1920 Nebi Musa riots, Background
Jewish leaders requested that OETA authorise the arming of the Jewish defenders to make up for the lack of adequate British troops. Although this request was declined, Ze'ev Jabotinsky, together with Pinhas Rutenberg, led an effort to openly train Jewish volunteers in self-defense, an effort of which the Zionist Commission kept the British informed. Many of the volunteers were members of the Maccabi sports club and some of them were veterans of the Jewish Legion. Their month of training largely consisted of calisthenics and hand to hand combat with sticks. By the end of March, about 600 were said to be performing military drills daily in Jerusalem. Jabotinsky and Rutenberg also began organizing the collection of arms.


1920 Nebi Musa riots, Background
The Nebi Musa festival was an annual spring Muslim festival that began on the Friday before Good Friday and included a procession to the Nebi Musa shrine (tomb of Moses) near Jericho. It had apparently existed since the time of Saladin. Arab educator and essayist Khalil al-Sakakini described how tribes and caravans would come with banners and weapons. The Ottoman Turks usually deployed thousands of soldiers and even artillery to keep order in the narrow streets of Jerusalem during the Nebi Musa procession. However, Storrs issued a warning to Arab leaders, but deployed only 188 policemen.


1920 Nebi Musa riots, 4–7 April 1920, Old City
By 10:30 a.m. on Sunday, 4 April 1920, 60,000–70,000 Arabs had congregated in the city square for the Nebi Musa festival, and groups had been attacking Jews in the Old City's alleys for over an hour. A speech marked by anti-Zionist rhetoric was delivered by Amin al-Husayni from the balcony of the Arab Club. Musa al-Husayni, his uncle, the mayor, was also with him and spoke from the municipal building's balcony in similar terms. According however to testimony given by Fayyad al-Bakri to the Palin Commission, the rioting began when the Hebron banner he was holding while standing in Jaffa Street outside the Crédit Lyonnais Bank, was spat on by a Jew and when the latter was pushed away, Jewish bystanders began throwing stones.


1920 Nebi Musa riots, 4–7 April 1920, Old City
The editor of the newspaper Suriya al-Janubia (Southern Syria), Aref al-Aref, another Arab Club member, delivered a speech on horseback at the Jaffa Gate. The nature of his speech is disputed. According to Benny Morris, he said "If we don't use force against the Zionists and against the Jews, we will never be rid of them", while Bernard Wasserstein wrote "he seems to have co-operated with the police, and there is no evidence that he actively instigated violence". In fact, Wasserstein adds, "Zionist intelligence reports of this period are unanimous in stressing that he spoke repeatedly against violence".


1920 Nebi Musa riots, 4–7 April 1920, Old City
The crowd reportedly shouted "Independence! Independence!" and "Palestine is our land, the Jews are our dogs!" Arab police joined in applause, and violence started. The local Arab population ransacked the Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem. The Torath Chaim Yeshiva was raided, and Torah scrolls were torn and thrown on the floor, and the building then set alight. During the next three hours, 160 Jews were injured.


1920 Nebi Musa riots, 4–7 April 1920, Old City
Khalil al-Sakakini witnessed the eruption of violence in the Old City:


1920 Nebi Musa riots, 4–7 April 1920, Old City
The army imposed night curfew on Sunday night and arrested several dozen rioters, but on Monday morning they were allowed to attend morning prayers and were then released. Arabs continued to attack Jews and break into their homes, especially in Arab-majority mixed buildings.


1920 Nebi Musa riots, 4–7 April 1920, Old City
On Monday, as disturbances grew worse, the Old City was sealed off by the army and no one was allowed to exit the area. Martial law was declared, but looting, burglary, rape, and murder continued. Several homes were set on fire, and tombstones were shattered. British soldiers found that the majority of illicit weapons were concealed on the bodies of Arab women. On Monday evening, the soldiers were evacuated from the Old City, a step described in the Palin Report as "an error of judgment". Even with martial law, it took the British authorities another 4 days to restore order.


1920 Nebi Musa riots, 4–7 April 1920, Old City
The Old City's Jewish community had no training or weapons, and Jabotinsky's men had found themselves outside the walled Old City, and shut out by British soldiers. Two volunteers were able to enter the Jewish Quarter disguised as medical personnel to organize self-defense – using rocks and boiling water.


1920 Nebi Musa riots, 4–7 April 1920, Old City
Five Jews and four Arabs died in the riots. Two-hundred and sixteen Jews were injured, 18 critically, and 23 Arabs, one critically. About 300 Jews were evacuated from the Old City.


1920 Nebi Musa riots, Accusations of British complicity
In Hebrew the incidents were described as meoraot, connoting targeted attacks reminiscent of what had often occurred especially in Russia, whereas Palestinian Arabs referred to them as an heroic witness to an 'Arab Revolt'. The use of the word pogrom to describe such outbreaks of communal violence bore with it the implication that the governing authorities, in this case the British administration, had actively connived in an anti-Jewish riot.


1920 Nebi Musa riots, Accusations of British complicity
The term drew an analogy between the classic form such actions took in Eastern Europe, where Jews were the victims of racist, anti-Semitic terror campaigns supported by the ruling authorities, with the situation in Palestine where Zionism was promoting a colonial adventure that was ethnically exclusive and challenged local Arab nationalist aspirations.


1920 Nebi Musa riots, Accusations of British complicity
It was asserted soon after, by Chaim Weizmann and British army Lieutenant Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen, that Haj Amin al-Husseini had been put up to inciting the riot by British Field-marshal Allenby's Chief of Staff, Colonel Bertie Harry Waters-Taylor, to demonstrate to the world that Arabs would not tolerate a Jewish homeland in Palestine. The assertion was never proven, and Meinertzhagen was dismissed.


1920 Nebi Musa riots, Accusations of British complicity
The Zionist Commission noted that before the riots Arab milkmen started to demand their customers in Meah Shearim pay them on the spot, explaining that they would no longer be serving the Jewish neighbourhood. Christian storekeepers had marked their shops in advance with the sign of the cross so that they would not be mistakenly looted. A previous commission report also accused Storrs of inciting the Arabs, blaming him for sabotaging attempts to purchase the Western Wall as well. A petition circulated among American citizens and presented to their consul protested that the British had prevented Jews from defending themselves.


1920 Nebi Musa riots, Accusations of British complicity
After the violence broke out, Ze'ev Jabotinsky met Military Governor Storrs and suggested deployment of his volunteers, but his request was rejected. Storrs confiscated his pistol and demanded to know the location of his other weapons, threatening to arrest him for possessing a firearm. Later, Storrs changed his mind and asked for 200 volunteers to report to the police headquarters to be sworn in as deputies. After they arrived and the administering of the oath had begun, orders came to cease and he sent them away. Arab volunteers had also been invited, and were likewise sent away.


1920 Nebi Musa riots, Accusations of British complicity
On Sunday night, the first day of the riots, several dozen rioters were arrested, but on Monday morning they were allowed to attend morning prayers and were then released. On Monday evening, after martial law was declared, the soldiers were evacuated from the Old City, a step described in the Palin Report as "an error of judgment".


1920 Nebi Musa riots, Accusations of British complicity
After the riots, Storrs visited Menachem Ussishkin, the new head of the Zionist Commission, to express "regrets for the tragedy that has befallen us".


1920 Nebi Musa riots, Accusations of British complicity
- "I mean the unfortunate events that have occurred here in the recent days", Storrs said.


1920 Nebi Musa riots, Accusations of British complicity
When Storrs hesitated to categorize the events as such, Ussishkin replied,


1920 Nebi Musa riots, Accusations of British complicity
- "You Colonel, are an expert on matters of management and I am an expert on the rules of pogroms."


1920 Nebi Musa riots, Accusations of British complicity
The Palin Report noted that Jewish representatives persisted in describing the events as a "pogrom", implying that the British administration had connived in the violence.


1920 Nebi Musa riots, Palin Commission of Inquiry
The Palin Commission (or Palin Court of Inquiry), a committee of inquiry sent to the region in May 1920 by the British authorities, examined the reasons for this trouble. According to the Survey of Palestine:


1920 Nebi Musa riots, Palin Commission of Inquiry
Savage attacks were made by Arab rioters in Jerusalem on Jewish lives and property. Five Jews were killed and 211 injured. Order was restored by the intervention of British troops; four Arabs were killed and 21 injured. It was reported by a military commission of inquiry that the reasons for this trouble were:--


1920 Nebi Musa riots, Palin Commission of Inquiry
The Palin Report on the April riots was not signed until July 1920, after the San Remo conference and replacement of the British OETA by a High Commissioner, Sir Herbert Samuel. The Report was submitted in August 1920, though never published, and was critical of both sides.