1923 Syracuse Orangemen football team
The 1923 Syracuse Orangemen football team represented Syracuse University in the 1923 college football season.


1923 TCU Horned Frogs football team
The 1923 TCU Horned Frogs football team represented Texas Christian University (TCU) as a member of the Southwest Conference (SWC) during the 1923 college football season. Led by first-year head coach Matty Bell, the Horned Frogs compiled an overall record record 4–5 overall with a conference mark of 2–1, placing third in their inaugural year as members of the Southwest Conference. TCU played their home games at Panther Park in Fort Worth, Texas. The team's captain was Blair Cherry, who played end.


1923 Tauranga by-election
The Tauranga by-election of 1923 was a by-election during the 21st New Zealand Parliament in the Tauranga electorate. The seat became vacant due to the death of the sitting Member, William Herries. The election was held on 28 March 1923 and won by Charles MacMillan, who defeated the former prime minister Joseph Ward.


1923 Tauranga by-election, Background
Two candidates contested the seat. The first was Charles MacMillan, a former Mayor of Tauranga (1915–1917. MacMillan represented the Reform Party and was put forward by the party to succeed Herries. The other candidate was Sir Joseph Ward, a former Liberal party Prime Minister.


1923 Tauranga by-election, Background
The Labour Party took a keen interest in the by-election. Leader Harry Holland was fearful that Ward's return to Parliament might result in a revival of the Liberals, delaying Labour's rise as the main left-wing party. As a result, he sought to stand a candidate to split the anti-Reform vote. He was overruled however, by the party executive citing the lack of any established branches within the electorate and the possibility of a poor showing by the candidate damaging party morale and credibility.


1923 Tauranga by-election, Result
MacMillan won the by-election; Ward's defeat was humiliating to him.


1923 Tauranga by-election, Result
MacMillan remained as Tauranga's representative until his defeat at the 1935 election. Ward was thought to be a spent force, but he was returned to Parliament again in the 1925 election, and then went on to become Prime Minister again in 1928. He retired in 1930, and died soon after.


1923 Tempe Normal Owls football team
The 1923 Tempe Normal Owls football team was an American football team that represented Tempe Normal School (later renamed Arizona State University) as an independent during the 1923 college football season. In their first season under head coach Aaron McCreary, the Owls compiled a 4–2 record and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 152 to 102. John Turner was the team captain.


1923 Tempe Normal Owls football team
Coach McCreary graduated from Temple Normal School in 1915 and had thereafter been in charge of athletics at Tucson High School.


1923 Temple Owls football team
The 1923 Temple Owls football team was an American football team that represented Temple University as an independent during the 1923 college football season. In its second and final season under head coach M. Francois D'Eliscu, the team compiled a 0–5 record.


1923 Tennessee Docs football team
The 1923 Tennessee Docs football team (variously "Docs", "UT Doctors" or the "Tennessee Medicos") represented the University of Tennessee College of Medicine in Memphis in the 1923 college football season.


1923 Tennessee Volunteers football team
The 1923 Tennessee Volunteers football team (variously "Tennessee", "UT" or the "Vols") represented the University of Tennessee in the 1923 college football season. Playing as a member of the Southern Conference (SoCon), the team was led by head coach M. B. Banks, in his third year, and played their home games at Shields–Watkins Field in Knoxville, Tennessee. The 1922 Vols won five, lost four, and tied one game (5–4–1 overall, 4–3 in the SoCon). Playing all but four games at home, the 1923 Vols were outscored by their opponents 167 to 82 and were shut out three times.


1923 Texas A&M Aggies football team
The 1923 Texas A&M Aggies football team represented Texas A&M during the 1923 college football season.


1923 Texas Longhorns football team
The 1923 Texas Longhorns football team represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 1923 college football season. In their first year under head coach E. J. Stewart, the Longhorns compiled an 8–0–1 record, shut out seven of nine opponents, and outscored all opponents by a collective total of 241 to 21.


1923 Texas Longhorns football team
Texas upset a powerful Vanderbilt squad 16 to 0 at the State Fair. The highlight of the game was a run by Oscar Eckhardt, running over multiple Vanderbilt tacklers and regaining his balance with a hand on the ground at the 8-yard line.


1923 Texas Mines Miners football team
The 1923 Texas Mines Miners football team was an American football team that represented the Texas School of Mines (now known as the University of Texas at El Paso) as an independent during the 1923 college football season. In its second season under head coach Jack C. Vowell, the team compiled a 3–4 record and outscored opponents by a total of 115 to 65.


1923 The Citadel Bulldogs football team
The 1923 The Citadel Bulldogs football team represented The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina in the 1923 college football season. Carl Prause served as head coach for the second season. The Bulldogs played as members of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association and played home games at College Park Stadium in Hampton Park.


1923 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
The 1923 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship was the 32nd staging of the Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Tipperary County Board in 1887.


1923 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
Toomevara won the championship after a 5-04 to 3-03 defeat of Kilmoyler in the final. It was their seventh championship title overall and their first title since 1919.


1923 Tiverton by-election
The Tiverton by-election, 1923 was a parliamentary by-election held for the British House of Commons constituency of Tiverton in Devon on 21 June 1923.


1923 Tiverton by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the death from pneumonia on 22 May 1923 of the sitting Unionist Party MP, Herbert Sparkes. Sparkes had been elected at the 1922 general election with a majority of just 74 votes over his Liberal opponent Francis Dyke Acland, with Labour’s Fred  Brown badly adrift in third place and losing his deposit.


1923 Tiverton by-election, Candidates
The Unionists selected Colonel Gilbert Acland-Troyte from Bampton near Tiverton, a professional soldier, as their candidate. The Liberals stuck with Acland, who had formerly been MP for Richmond in the North Riding of Yorkshire and for Camborne in Cornwall and who had been a government minister. The Tory and Liberal candidates were actually cousins, their grandfathers had been brothers. The Labour Party decided not to contest the election but Mr Brown wished to stand again. Labour refused to endorse his candidacy  and he therefore resigned from the Labour Party  and put himself up as an Independent Labour candidate.


1923 Tiverton by-election, Issues
The Liberal and Unionist candidates sparred over the relative merits of the government’s agricultural and land policy, with Acland urging the government to invest more in farming communities and relieve rates on agricultural land. Brown tried to make capital on this issue too emphasising his role as the local organiser for the Agricultural Workers’ Union. While Acland-Troyte also defended the government’s overall record, Francis Acland was playing up his south-western credentials and his personal qualities. The fact that the Lloyd George and Asquithian wings of the Liberal Party in the area both supported Acland and the party nationally appeared to be moving towards reunion was also offered as a factor in shoring up support for the party in the by-election.


1923 Tiverton by-election, Result
Despite local Unionist optimism that they would be able to hold the seat, Acland got home with a majority of 403.


1923 Tiverton by-election, Result
Brown’s vote at the previous general election deserted him with ex-Labour voters recognising that he could not win, especially without official Labour backing, and voting for Acland to deny the seat to the Tories. Brown lost hs deposit again. Both the Liberal and Unionist candidates increased their total vote on an increased turnout from the general election (up from 80.1% to 88.1%) but the fall in the Labour vote was the key to the result.


1923 Toledo Maroons season
The 1923 Toledo Maroons season was their second in the league. The team failed to improve on their previous output of 5–2–2, winning only three games. They finished tenth in the league.


1923 Toledo Maroons season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1923 Toledo Rockets football team
The 1923 Toledo Rockets football team was an American football team that represented Toledo University (renamed the University of Toledo in 1967) during the 1923 college football season. In their first season under head coach Pat Dwyer, the team compiled a 6–4 record, the first winning season in program history, won the Northwest Ohio League championship, and shut out its opponents in all six victories. The team's 87 points against Findlay established the program's single game scoring record and remains the second highest point total in program history. Gib Stick's 30 point tally in the Findlay game also remains tied for the second highest single game scoring total in program history.


1923 Toledo Rockets football team
The team captain was James Pierce, the first African-American to hold the position. Pierce became a professor after graduation.


1923 Toledo Rockets football team
According to the Toledo media guide, the program's nickname dates to the 1923 season. The 1923 season opened with a game against Carnegie Tech in Pittsburgh. According to the media guide, the Pittsburgh reporters in the press box were surprised to learn that the Toledo team did not have a nickname and asked a Toledo student, James Neal, to come up with a nickname. Neal suggested the team be called the Skyrockets, and the sportswriters shortened the name to Rockets. The Rockets nickname has been in use since 1923.


1923 Toronto Argonauts season
The 1923 Toronto Argonauts season was the 37th season for the team since the franchise's inception in 1873. The team finished in second place in the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union with a 3–1–2 record and failed to qualify for the playoffs.


1923 Toronto municipal election
Municipal elections were held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, on January 1, 1923. Charles A. Maguire was reelected to his second term as mayor.


1923 Toronto municipal election, Toronto mayor
Charles A. Maguire had been acclaimed as mayor the election previously. The 1923 campaign focused on Sir Adam Beck's proposal of an electrical radial railway along the length of the Toronto water front and further into the neighbouring cities. Maguire was in favour of the controversial plan. His main opponent was R.J. Fleming who opposed the scheme. Fleming had previously served as mayor of Toronto several decades previously. The radial plan was voted down in a referendum that accompanied the vote, but Maguire was reelected mayor.


1923 Toronto municipal election, Board of Control
One new member was elected to the Board of Control: Alderman Joseph Singer.


1923 Toronto municipal election, City council
Other than Ward plus number, the names are not official, and given here only as a guide to current-day places.


1923 Toronto municipal election, City council
Results taken from the January 1, 1923 Toronto Daily Star and might not exactly match final tallies.


1923 Tour de France
The 1923 Tour de France was the 17th edition of the Tour de France, taking place 24 June to 22 July. It consisted of 15 stages over 5386 km, ridden at an average speed of 24.233 km/h. The race was won by Henri Pélissier with a convincing half-hour lead to his next opponent, Italian Ottavio Bottecchia. In total, 139 cyclists entered the race, of which 48 finished. Pélissier's victory was the first French victory since 1911, as the Tour de France had been dominated by Belgian cyclists since then.


1923 Tour de France, Innovations and changes
The French cyclists Henri and Francis Pélissier had stopped the 1920 Tour de France after Henri received a penalty from the Tour organisation for throwing away a tire. This had caused a fight between the Pélissier brothers and tour organiser Henri Desgrange, and because of this fight, the Pélissier brother had been absent in the 1921 and 1922 Tours de France. In 1921, Henri Desgrange wrote in his newspaper: "Pélissier doesn't know how to suffer.


1923 Tour de France, Innovations and changes
He will never win the Tour" Still, Henri Pélissier was the most talented French racer of his period, and in 1923 had won every major race except the Tour de France. The Tour de France had been dominated by Belgian cyclists in the last years, which was not good for the popularity of the race in France. The organiser knew that Pélissier in the race would increase the interest in the race, but did not want to apologise to Pélissier. Therefore, Desgrange wrote in l'Auto that Henri Pélissier was too old to win the Tour de France, and that Pélissier would therefore probably never start in the Tour de France. This was the reason for Pélissier to enter the race the same day.


1923 Tour de France, Innovations and changes
In the 1922 Tour de France, Hector Heusghem had lost the race because he received a one-hour penalty for illegally changing his bicycle. The rules about reparations were changed in the 1923 Tour: technical assistance from team directors was allowed. It was still not allowed to change equipment with other cyclists.


1923 Tour de France, Innovations and changes
Another introduction was the time bonus for stage winners. After each stage, the overall time of the stage winner was reduced with two minutes.


1923 Tour de France, Participants
In previous years, the cyclists had been divided in two classes, the sponsored class and the unsponsored class. In 1923, this system changed, and three categories were used: the "first category", of the top cyclist, the "second category", of lesser but still sponsored cyclists, and the touriste-routiers, the quasi-amateurs.


1923 Tour de France, Participants
The sponsors, who had joined forces in the previous tours under the name La Sportive, were now financially stable enough to have their own teams. Automoto, sponsor of the team with the Pélissier brothers, had commercial interests in Italy, so wanted to have Italian cyclists in the team. Several Italian cyclists were hired, who were supposed to come to France. Only one Italian cyclist showed up, Ottavio Bottecchia, who had started as a professional the year before. The sponsor then decided that the marketing plan would not work with only one Italian cyclist, and wanted to send him back. At the last minute, Bottecchia was allowed to stay on the team.


1923 Tour de France, Race overview
The first stage was won by Robert Jacquinot, who had also won the first stage of the 1922 Tour de France. In the second stage, Ottavio Bottecchia, at that moment a little-known Italian cyclist, won the sprint. Bottecchia had finished in second place in the first stage, and now took over the lead. He was the first Italian cyclist to wear the yellow jersey.


1923 Tour de France, Race overview
In the third stage, the Pélissier brothers showed their dominance. The race was won by Henri, with Francis in second place. Bottecchia had a flat tire after 300 km in the race and lost some minutes, but he fought back and only lost 37 second on the finish line.


1923 Tour de France, Race overview
In the fourth stage, Henri Pélissier received a two-minute penalty, for throwing away a tyre. Bottecchia punctured again and lost the lead to Romain Bellenger.


1923 Tour de France, Race overview
In the Pyrenees, French Jean Alavoine was the dominant cyclist, as he won three stages. In the sixth stage, Robert Jacquinot, who was primarily known as a sprinter, rode away and topped the first three mountains first. He seemed to go on and win the stage and took over the lead, but the last mountain was too much for Jacquinot, and he fell off his bike climbing the Peyresourde. Alavoine passed Jacquinot and went on to win the stage, while Bottecchia won back enough time to regain his lead from Bellenger, who lost a lot of time. When Alavoine won his third stage in Nice, Bottecchia was leading the race, with Alavoine in second place and Henri Pélissier in third place, almost half an hour behind.


1923 Tour de France, Race overview
In the tenth stage, the high alps were climbed. Francis Pélissier was riding with an injured knee, but together with Lucien Buysse, he was planning to help Henri Pélissier take over the lead from their teammate Bottecchia. Although the race was neutralized on the Vars, Henri Pélissier still won the stage with a large margin to Alavoine and Bottecchia, and took over the lead. The experience of Pélissier helped him: Bottecchia was riding in too big a gear, which Pélissier saw.


1923 Tour de France, Race overview
In order to change gears, Bottecchia would have had to dismount his bicycle, so Pélissier sped away, and Bottecchia could not follow. In the eleventh stage, the Pélissier brothers left all other cyclists behind, with only Bellenger staying within ten minutes. Alavoine had to abandon the race after an accident, which put Bottecchia in second place. At that point, all the stages left were flat stages where it is difficult to win much time, and with an almost 30 minutes lead over his teammate Bottecchia, Pélissier was assured of the victory.


1923 Tour de France, Results
In each stage, all cyclists started together. The cyclist who reached the finish first, was the winner of the stage. The time that each cyclist required to finish the stage was recorded. For the general classification, these times were added up; the cyclist with the least accumulated time (after compensating for time bonuses and/or time penalties) was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey.


1923 Tour de France, Results, General classification
For his overall victory, Henri Pélissier received 10000 francs. In total, Henri Pélissier won 17638 francs in the 1923 Tour de France, almost ninety times the standard monthly wage at that time.


1923 Tour de France, Aftermath
Henri Pélissier was the first French winner of the Tour de France since 1911, and ended a series of seven Belgian victories. Desgrange, who had been in a fight with Pélissier for three years, wrote "The mountains seemed to sink lower, sunk by the victorious thrust of his muscle. More than a score of times on the most vicious gradients, hands on the tops of the bars, he looked down at the valley bottoms, like an eagle staring at his prey". The French victory was good for the organising newspaper l'Auto: the circulation increased to almost half a million copies, while it peaked at one million the morning after Pélissier's victory.


1923 Tour de France, Aftermath
At the end of the race, the winner Henri Pélissier declared that Bottecchia would be the winner of the next Tour. This prediction was right; Bottecchia won the 1924 and the 1925 Tour de France.


1923 Tour de France, Aftermath
The introduction of time bonuses for stage winners was considered a success and has been used for many Tours after 1923, although the details have changed since.


1923 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 8
The 1923 Tour de France was the 17th edition of Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Tour began in Paris with a flat stage on 24 June, and Stage 8 occurred on 8 July with a flat stage to Toulon. The race finished in Paris on 22 July.


1923 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 8, Stage 1
24 June 1923 — Paris to Le Havre, 381 km (237 mi)


1923 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 8, Stage 2
26 June 1923 — Le Havre to Cherbourg, 371 km (231 mi)


1923 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 8, Stage 3
28 June 1923 — Cherbourg to Brest, 405 km (252 mi)


1923 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 8, Stage 4
30 June 1923 — Brest to Les Sables-d'Olonne, 412 km (256 mi)


1923 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 8, Stage 5
2 July 1923 — Les Sables-d'Olonne to Bayonne, 482 km (300 mi)


1923 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 8, Stage 6
4 July 1923 — Bayonne to Luchon, 326 km (203 mi)


1923 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 8, Stage 7
6 July 1923 — Luchon to Perpignan, 323 km (201 mi)


1923 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 8, Stage 8
8 July 1923 — Perpignan to Toulon, 427 km (265 mi)


1923 Tour de France, Stage 9 to Stage 15
The 1923 Tour de France was the 17th edition of Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Tour began in Paris with a flat stage on 24 June, and Stage 9 occurred on 10 July with a mountainous stage from Toulon. The race finished in Paris on 22 July.


1923 Tour de France, Stage 9 to Stage 15, Stage 9
10 July 1923 — Toulon to Nice, 281 km (175 mi)


1923 Tour de France, Stage 9 to Stage 15, Stage 10
12 July 1923 — Nice to Briançon, 275 km (171 mi)


1923 Tour de France, Stage 9 to Stage 15, Stage 11
14 July 1923 — Briançon to Geneva, 260 km (160 mi)


1923 Tour de France, Stage 9 to Stage 15, Stage 12
16 July 1923 — Geneva to Strasbourg, 377 km (234 mi)


1923 Tour de France, Stage 9 to Stage 15, Stage 13
18 July 1923 — Strasbourg to Metz, 300 km (190 mi)


1923 Tour de France, Stage 9 to Stage 15, Stage 14
20 July 1923 — Metz to Dunkerque, 433 km (269 mi)


1923 Tour de France, Stage 9 to Stage 15, Stage 15
22 July 1923 — Dunkerque to Paris, 343 km (213 mi)


1923 Tour of Flanders
The seventh running of the Tour of Flanders cycling classic was held on Sunday, 18 March 1923. Swiss rider Heiri Suter won the race in a three-man sprint with Belgians Charles Deruyter and Albert Dejonghe. Suter became the first non-Belgian winner of the Tour of Flanders. 43 of 86 riders finished.


1923 Tour of Flanders, Route
The race started and finished in Ghent – totaling 243 km. The course featured two categorized climbs:


1923 Trinity Blue Devils football team
The 1923 Trinity Blue Devils team was an American football team that represented Trinity College (later renamed Duke University) as an independent during the 1923 college football season. In its first and only season under head coach E. L. Alexander, the team compiled a 5–4 record and outscored opponents by a total of 211 to 104. The team shut out Guilford (68–0), Randolph–Macon (54–0), and Elon (39–0). Jimmy Simpson was the team captain.


1923 Tulane Green Wave football team
The 1923 Tulane Green Wave football team represented Tulane University during the 1923 college football season.


1923 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team
The 1923 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team represented the University of Tulsa during the 1923 college football season. In their second year under head coach Howard Acher, the Golden Hurricane compiled a 2–5–1 record and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 165 to 107. The team ended its season with a 20–0 victory over Des Moines, and then a 35–0 loss to Haskell.


1923 Turkish general election
General elections were held in Turkey in 1923. The Association for Defence of National Rights (later Republican People's Party) was the only party in the country at the time.


1923 Turkish general election, Electoral system
The elections were held under the Ottoman electoral law passed in 1908, which provided for a two-stage process. In the first stage, voters elected secondary electors (one for the first 750 voters in a constituency, then one for every additional 500 voters). In the second stage the secondary electors elected the members of the Turkish Grand National Assembly. However, a second law was passed on 3 April 1923 lowering the voting age to 18 and abolishing the tax-paying requirement.


1923 U.S. Figure Skating Championships
The 1923 U.S. Figure Skating Championships was held on February 15 and 16 in New Haven, Connecticut.


1923 U.S. Figure Skating Championships, Senior results, Men
After 1918 champion and reigning silver medalist Nathaniel Niles withdrew due to an injury, Sherwin Badger won his fourth straight national title.


1923 U.S. Figure Skating Championships, Senior results, Ladies
Theresa Weld Blanchard won her fourth straight national championship and fifth overall, narrowly defeating Beatrix Loughran.


1923 U.S. Figure Skating Championships, Senior results, Pairs
Theresa Weld Blanchard and Nathaniel Niles were the only competitors and won their fifth national crown.


1923 U.S. Figure Skating Championships, Sources
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1923 U.S. National Championships (tennis)
The 1923 U.S. National Championships (now known as the US Open) was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor grass courts at the Germantown Cricket Club in Philadelphia, PA, United States. The women's tournament was held from 13 August until 18 August while the men's tournament ran from 10 September until 15 September. It was the 43rd staging of the U.S. National Championships and the third Grand Slam tennis event of the year.


1923 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Men's Doubles
Bill Tilden /  Brian Norton defeated  Richard Norris Williams /  Watson Washburn 3–6, 6–2, 6–3, 5–7, 6–2


1923 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Women's Doubles
Kitty McKane /  Phyllis Howkins Covell defeated  Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman /  Eleanor Goss 2–6, 6–2, 6–1


1923 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Mixed Doubles
Molla Mallory /  Bill Tilden defeated  Kitty McKane /  John Hawkes 6–3, 2–6, 10–8


1923 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles
Bill Tilden defeated Bill Johnston 6–4, 6–1, 6–4 in the final to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1923 U.S. National Championships. It was Tilden's fourth U.S. Championships title and his sixth Grand Slam title overall.


1923 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles
First-seeded seventeen year-old Helen Wills defeated Molla Mallory 6–2, 6–1 in the final to win the Women's Singles tennis title at the 1923 U.S. National Championships. The event was held at the West Side Tennis Club, Forest Hills, New York City. It was Wills' first U.S. National singles title.


1923 U.S. Open (golf)
The 1923 U.S. Open was the 27th U.S. Open, held July 13–15 at Inwood Country Club in Inwood, New York, a suburb east of New York City on Long Island. Amateur golf legend Bobby Jones, age 21, captured his first career major championship, defeating Bobby Cruickshank by two strokes in an 18-hole Sunday playoff.


1923 U.S. Open (golf)
Qualifying directly preceded the tournament proper, which was held on Friday and Saturday, 36 holes per day, with no cut.


1923 U.S. Open (golf)
Jones held a three-stroke lead through 54 holes, but struggled throughout the final round on Saturday afternoon. He bogeyed the first, hit his tee shot out of bounds at the par-3 seventh for a double bogey, hit his second shot on 16 into the parking lot, and then added another bogey at 17. Still with the lead heading to the 18th, Jones made a double-bogey for a round of 76 (+4) and 296 (+8) total. Cruickshank, playing behind Jones, made double bogey at 16 and had to birdie the last to tie Jones; he hit his approach shot to five feet (1.5 m) and made the putt.


1923 U.S. Open (golf)
During the 18-hole playoff on Sunday, Jones and Cruickshank only halved three of the first 17 holes, but they were all square heading to the 18th. After both players drove into the rough, Cruickshank elected to lay up short of the green, but Jones went for it and hit a 2-iron to 8 feet (2.4 m). After Cruickshank put his third shot into a bunker and fourth to 15 feet (4.6 m), Jones two-putted for the championship.


1923 U.S. Open (golf)
This was the first of Jones' four U.S. Open titles, a record shared with three others: Willie Anderson, Ben Hogan, and Jack Nicklaus. It was also the first of four playoffs Jones was involved in, winning twice.


1923 UCI Road World Championships
The 1923 UCI Road World Championships took place in Zürich, Switzerland on 25 August 1923.


1923 UCI Track Cycling World Championships
The 1923 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were the World Championship for track cycling. They took place in Zürich, Switzerland from 18 to 26 August 1923. Three events for men were contested, two for professionals and one for amateurs.


1923 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships
The 1923 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships women's competition were the first national track and field championships for women in the United States. The tournament was held on 29 September 1923 at Weequahic Park in Newark, New Jersey.


1923 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships, Background
After the initial Women's World Games in 1922 in Paris and the three Women's Olympiads (1921 Women's Olympiad, 1922 Women's Olympiad and 1923 Women's World Games) in Monaco, interest in women's sports grew internationally. In 1922, the Women's Amateur Athletic Association (WAAA) was founded in the United Kingdom. The WAAA organised the first official British women's championships in track and field (WAAA Championships) on 18 August 1923 at the Oxo Sports Ground in Downham outside London.


1923 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships, Background
In the United States, the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) was founded in 1888, and held its first national championship for women in the sport of swimming in 1916. In 1922, try-outs for the 1922 Women's World Games were held on 13 May at Oaksmere School in Mamaroneck, New York. Some historians consider this event to be the first "national" women's track meet.


1923 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships, Background
In 1923, the AAU sponsored the first official American women's championships in track and field.


1923 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships, Events
The meet was held on 29 September 1922 at Weequahic Park in Newark, New Jersey. Female athletes for the 1922 games also trained at Weequahic Park.


1923 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships, Events
The athletes competed in 11 events: running 50 yards, 100 yards, relay race 4x110 yards, hurdling 60 yards, high jump, long jump, discus throw, shot put, javelin, baseball throw (softball throw) and basketball throw. The tournament was a huge promotion for women's sports.


1923 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships, Results
Elinor Churchill's baseball throw of 234 feet, 5 ¾ inches also was a new world record, improving her record set the previous year by more than 10 feet.


1923 USC Trojans football team
The 1923 USC Trojans football team represented the University of Southern California (USC) in the 1923 college football season. In their fourth year under head coach Gus Henderson, the Trojans compiled a 6–2 record (2–2 against conference opponents), finished in a tie for fourth place in the Pacific Coast Conference, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 173 to 62. On October 6, 1923, the Trojans played their first game in the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, a 23–7 victory over the Pomona Sagehens.


1923 USSR Chess Championship
The 1923 USSR Chess Championship was the second edition of USSR Chess Championship. Held from 8 to 24 July in Petrograd. The tournament was won by Peter Romanovsky.


1923 Union (Tennessee) Bulldogs football team
The 1923 Union Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented Union University of Jackson, Tennessee as an independent during the 1923 college football season. Led by Joe Guyon in his second season as head coach, the Bulldogs compiled an overall record of 4–4–1.


1923 United Kingdom dock strike
The 1923 United Kingdom dock strike commenced in June 1923 when over 50,000 dockers were unhappy with a proposed pay reduction from 8s to 5s 6d for a four-hour minimum employment period. Ernest Bevin, the  general secretary of the recently founded  Transport and General Workers' Union  had signed an agreement accepting this new rate of pay.


1923 United Kingdom dock strike
The strike began in Hull but soon spread across the UK.


1923 United Kingdom dock strike
Thousands of dockers left the TGWU to joined the Amalgamated Stevedores' Labour Protection League to form the National Amalgamated Stevedores, Lightermen, Watermen and Dockers.


1923 United Kingdom general election
The 1923 United Kingdom general election was held on Thursday 6 December 1923. The Conservatives, led by Stanley Baldwin, won the most seats, but Labour, led by Ramsay MacDonald, and H. H. Asquith's reunited Liberal Party gained enough seats to produce a hung parliament. It is the most recent UK general election in which a third party (here, the Liberals) won over 100 seats. The Liberals' percentage of the vote, 29.7%, has not been exceeded by a third party at any general election since.


1923 United Kingdom general election
MacDonald formed the first ever Labour government with tacit support from the Liberals. Rather than trying to bring the Liberals back into government, Asquith's motivation for permitting Labour to enter power was that he hoped they would prove to be incompetent and quickly lose support. Being a minority, MacDonald's government only lasted ten months and another general election was held in October 1924.


1923 United Kingdom general election, Overview
In May 1923, Prime Minister Bonar Law fell ill and resigned on 22 May, after just 209 days in office. He was replaced by Chancellor of the Exchequer, Stanley Baldwin. The Labour Party had also changed leaders since the previous election, after J. R. Clynes was defeated in a leadership challenge by former leader Ramsay MacDonald.


1923 United Kingdom general election, Overview
Having won an election just the year before, Baldwin's Conservative Party had a comfortable majority in the House of Commons and could have waited another four years, but the government was concerned. Baldwin felt the need to receive a mandate from the people, which, if successful, would strengthen his grip on the Conservative Party leadership and allow him to introduce tariff reform and imperial preference as protectionist trade policies over the objections of the free trade elements of his party.


1923 United Kingdom general election, Overview
Oxford historian (and Conservative MP) J.A.R. Marriott depicts the gloomy national mood:


1923 United Kingdom general election, Overview
The times were still out of joint. Mr. Baldwin had indeed succeeded in negotiating (January 1923) a settlement of the British debt to the United States, but on terms which involved an annual payment of £34 million, at the existing rate of exchange. The French remained in the Ruhr. Peace had not yet been made with Turkey; unemployment was a standing menace to national recovery; there was continued unrest among the wage-earners, and a significant strike among farm labourers in Norfolk.


1923 United Kingdom general election, Overview
Confronted by these difficulties, convinced that economic conditions in England called for a drastic change in fiscal policy, and urged thereto by the Imperial Conference of 1923, Mr. Baldwin decided to ask the country for a mandate for Preference and Protection.


1923 United Kingdom general election, Overview
The result backfired on Baldwin, who lost a host of seats to Labour and the Liberals, resulting in a hung parliament. Baldwin attempted to continue in power, hoping that the Liberals would support his government, but they combined with Labour to vote down the King's Speech prepared by Baldwin, causing his government to fall. For the first time in history, Labour formed a government.


1923 United Kingdom general election in Northern Ireland
The 1923 United Kingdom general election in Northern Ireland was held on 6 December as part of the wider general election. There were ten constituencies, seven single-seat constituencies with elected by FPTP and three two-seat constituencies with MPs elected by bloc voting. Only three of the constituencies had contested elections.


1923 United Kingdom general election in Northern Ireland, Results
The election saw no change in the representation of the 13 seats in Northern Ireland.


1923 United Kingdom general election in Northern Ireland, Results
In the election as a whole, the Conservative Party, now led by Stanley Baldwin, lost its majority and the Labour Party formed a minority with Ramsay MacDonald as Prime Minister. The Ulster Unionists sat as members of the Conservative Party.


1923 United States House of Representatives elections
There were several special elections to the United States House of Representatives in 1923, spanning the 67th United States Congress and 68th United States Congress.


1923 United States Senate elections
The United States Senate elections of 1923 were special elections that occurred in the near the end of Republican President Warren G. Harding's term. The Farmer-Labor party gained one seat from Republicans who kept the other seat and their majority.


1923 United States Senate elections, Change in Senate composition, Before the elections
At the beginning of the 68th Congress in March 1923.


1923 United States Senate elections, Elections during the 68th Congress
In these special elections, the winners were seated after March 4, 1923.


1923 United States Senate special election in Minnesota
The 1923 United States Senate special election in Minnesota took place on July 16, 1923. The election was held to fill, for the remainder of the unexpired term, the seat in the United States Senate left vacant by Republican U.S. Senator Knute Nelson, who died in office on April 28, 1923.


1923 United States Senate special election in Minnesota
State Senator Magnus Johnson of the Farmer–Labor Party of Minnesota defeated Governor J. A. O. Preus of the Republican Party of Minnesota, and State Senator James A. Carley of the Minnesota Democratic Party, which, together with Henrik Shipstead's victory in 1922, brought both of Minnesota's seats in the United States Senate into the hands of the Farmer–Labor Party for the first time in history.


1923 United States Senate special election in Minnesota
Johnson's victory marked the first time, since Morton S. Wilkinson took office in 1859, that neither of Minnesota's seats in the United States Senate were held by a Republican. It also marked the first time, since Wilkinson's assumption of the office, that the person holding Minnesota's Class 2 U.S. Senate seat was not a Republican, and Johnson became just the second non-Republican to ever hold that seat (the first being the Democrat James Shields, whose term of office ended when Wilkinson's began).


1923 United States Senate special election in Vermont
The 1923 United States Senate special election in Vermont took place on November 6, 1923. Republican Porter H. Dale was elected to the United States Senate to serve the remainder of the deceased William P. Dillingham's term, defeating Democratic candidate Park H. Pollard.


1923 United States gubernatorial elections
United States gubernatorial elections were held in 1923, in four states. Kentucky, Louisiana and Mississippi hold their gubernatorial elections in odd numbered years, every 4 years, preceding the United States presidential election year.


1923 United States gubernatorial elections
In Maryland, the usual four-year term was reduced to three years as a one-off, so that from 1926 the elections would be held in an even-numbered year rather than as previously in the odd numbered year preceding the United States presidential election year.


1923 United States gubernatorial elections, Notes
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1923 University of Akron football team
The 1923 Akron football team was an American football team that represented the University of Akron in the Ohio Athletic Conference (OAC) during the 1923 college football season. In its ninth season under head coach Fred Sefton, the team compiled a 4–3–1 record (2–3–1 against conference opponents) and outscored opponents by a total of 92 to 37. Quarterback Ed Kregenow was the team captain.


1923 Uruguayan Primera División of AUF
The 1923 Primera División was the 23rd season of top-flight football in Uruguay. This was organised by official body, Uruguayan Football Association (AUF), while dissident body, Uruguayan Football Federation (FUF), organised its own championship simultaneously.


1923 Uruguayan Primera División of AUF, Overview
The tournament consisted of a round-robin. It involved twelve teams, and the champion was Nacional.


1923 Uruguayan Primera División of AUF, Overview
This year was the first fractured Uruguayan football championship, due to the schism that triggered the emergence of a parallel Uruguayan Football Federation organizing their own championship. However, the league recognized by FIFA and CONMEBOL remained the Uruguayan Football Association (AUF), which achieved the same for the fourth time to get South American Championship selections with their representative, qualifying for the Paris Olympic Games the following year.


1923 Uruguayan Primera División of AUF, Overview
Disenrollment of AUF clubs Peñarol and Central the previous year, produced the first appearance of clubs Bella Vista and Fénix in the first division. In turn, Montevideo Wanderers, Charley and Lito participated in both tournaments with two different teams. Lito were dubbed "round" in the AUF and Lito "square" in the FUF, differing by the shield they carried on a Barca shirt. The Wanderers used their official name in the AUF, registering with an alternate team under the name of "Athletic Wanderers" in the FUF.


1923 Uruguayan Primera División of FUF
The 1923 Primera División championship was the first tournament organized by the Uruguayan Football Federation (FUF), a dissident association founded by clubs Central Español and Peñarol that had recently disaffiliated from the Uruguayan Football Association (AUF). The tournament was held simultaneously with the AUF, in the episode known as the "schism of Uruguayan football".


1923 Uruguayan Primera División of FUF, Overview
The tournament consisted of a round-robin tournament. It involved 32 teams, all newly enrolled to this new federation, and many of them had close relationship with the CA Penarol baptized teams with names such as "Peñarol del Plata", "Roland Moor" or "Roberto Chery" which directly referenced that club. Finally, Atlético Wanderers won the title. The squad played the tournament with an alternate team due to the senior squad was participating of the official 1923 Primera División (AUF).


1923 Utah Agricultural Aggies football team
The 1923 Utah State Aggies football team was an American football team that represented Utah State Agricultural College in the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) during the 1923 college football season. In their fifth season under head coach Dick Romney, the Aggies compiled a 5–2 record (4–2 against RMC opponents), finished fourth in the RMC, and outscored opponents by a total of 147 to 59.


1923 Utah Utes football team
The 1923 Utah Utes football team was an American football team that represented the University of Utah in the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) during the 1923 college football season. In their fifth season under head coach Thomas M. Fitzpatrick, the Utes compiled a 4–3 record and outscored opponents by a total of 241 to 48.


1923 VFA season
The 1923 Victorian Football Association season was the 45th season of the Australian rules football competition. The premiership was won by the Footscray Football Club, after it defeated Port Melbourne by 14 points in the Grand Final on 1 October. It was the club's eighth VFA premiership, which meant that the club surpassed Geelong (L.) for the most premierships won in VFA history.


1923 VFA season, Rule changes
In 1923, the League and Association entered into a new agreement in which players could not transfer from one competition to the other without a clearance from his club and a permit from his current competition. Such a rule had existing prior to 1918, but since it had lapsed a refusal by one competition to permit a transfer was not binding in the other. The League was motivated to enter into the agreement by the aggressive recruiting of some Association clubs over the previous few years. The agreement was intended to last for five years, but it was broken prior to the 1925 season during the off-field machinations which led to Footscray, Hawthorn and North Melbourne leaving the Association and joining the League.


1923 VFA season, Premiership
The home-and-home season was played over eighteen rounds, with each club playing the others twice; then, the top four clubs contested a finals series under the amended Argus system to determine the premiers for the season.


1923 VFL Grand Final
The 1923 VFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Essendon Football Club and Fitzroy Football Club, held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne on 20 October 1923. It was the 27th annual Grand Final of the Victorian Football League, staged to determine the premiers for the 1923 VFL season. The match, attended by 46,566 spectators, was won by Essendon by a margin of 17 points, marking that club's fifth premiership victory.


1923 VFL Grand Final
The match was scheduled to take place a week earlier but was postponed because the ground had been flooded after heavy rain. As a result, this Grand Final coincided with the Caulfield Cup.


1923 VFL Grand Final
Fitzroy were the reigning premiers, while Essendon had not won a premiership since 1912. Essendon were known at this time as the "Mosquito Fleet" due to their large number of small and pacey players such as Charlie Hardy and George Shorten.


1923 VFL Grand Final
George Rawle made his VFL debut in the Grand Final.


1923 VFL season
The 1923 Victorian Football League season was the 27th season of the elite Australian rules football competition.


1923 VFL season, Premiership season
In 1923, the VFL competition had nine teams of 18 on-the-field players each, with no "reserves", although any of the 18 players who had left the playing field for any reason could later resume their place on the field at any time during the match.


1923 VFL season, Premiership season
Each team played each other twice in a home-and-away season of 18 rounds (i.e., 16 matches and 2 byes).


1923 VFL season, Premiership season
Once the 18 round home-and-away season had finished, the 1923 VFL Premiers were determined by the specific format and conventions of the amended "Argus system".


1923 VMI Keydets football team
The 1923 VMI Keydets football team represented the Virginia Military Institute in their 33rd season of organized football, during the 1923 college football season. Led by fourth-year head coach Blandy Clarkson, the Keydets went 9–1 and outscored opponents 224 to 23. Tackle Charlie Barbour was All-Southern.


1923 VPI Gobblers football team
The 1923 VPI Gobblers football team represented Virginia Polytechnic Institute in the 1923 college football season. The team was led by their head coach B. C. Cubbage and finished with a record of six wins and three losses (6–3).


1923 VPI Gobblers football team, Players
The following players were members of the 1923 football team according to the roster published in the 1924 edition of The Bugle, the Virginia Tech yearbook.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores baseball team
The 1923 Vanderbilt Commodores baseball team represented the Vanderbilt Commodores of Vanderbilt University in the 1923 NCAA baseball season,


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team
The 1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University during the 1923 Southern Conference football season. The team's head coach was Dan McGugin, who served his 19th year in that capacity. Members of the Southern Conference (as well as co-members of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association), the Commodores played six home games at Dudley Field in Nashville, Tennessee, and finished the season with a record of 5–2–1 overall and 3–0–1 in Southern Conference (SoCon) play, outscoring opponents 137–33.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team
Vanderbilt won its conference for the third straight year, tying with Washington & Lee for the Southern Conference championship. Most sportswriters listed the Commodores as the outright winner of the mythical Southern crown, resulting in their receiving the Champ Pickens Trophy as champions of the South. It is to date the last conference title for Vanderbilt football. The team suffered losses to the national champion Michigan Wolverines and the undefeated Texas Longhorns.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team
The offense was led by captain and quarterback Doc Kuhn and All-Southern halfback Gil Reese. The defense which averaged 2.33 points per game at home, was anchored by All-Southern ends Lynn Bomar and Hek Wakefield. Bomar was also a consensus All-American, even selected such by Walter Camp, a rarity for a player from the South. Of Wakefield's performance during the game with the Wolverines, Michigan head coach Fielding Yost said "I never saw a greater exhibition of end play." As was common in 1923 and the days of one platoon football, both Bomar and Wakefield also featured heavily on offense and the kicking game.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Before the season
Following two unbeaten seasons, Wallace Wade left his position at assistant coach to be head coach at Alabama, where he went on to win three national and four SoCon titles. He was replaced at Vanderbilt with former All-American tackle  and Vanderbilt alumnus Josh Cody. Vanderbilt faced a hard schedule through the month of October.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Before the season
Quarterback Doc Kuhn was elected captain at the end of last year. Returning players included Kuhn, Lynn Bomar, Tuck Kelly, Red Rountree, Gil Reese, and Fatty Lawrence; who composed "the nucleus around which Dan McGugin and his assistant "Josh" Cody are forming the 1923 eleven."


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Before the season
Lengthy end Tot McCullough was ruled ineligible for the coming season. Those who played for baseball in the South Georgia league, or any other unrecognized one, were disallowed from participating in varsity athletics in the Southern Conference. Tot had played with the Albany club.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 1: Howard
The Commodores opened the season at Dudley Field against the Howard Bulldogs on October 6 and were considered heavy favorites. Vanderbilt won by a score of 27–0. The regulars played only in the first quarter, scoring 20 points. Captain Doc Kuhn once returned a kickoff 80 yards.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 1: Howard
To the woe of Commodore fans, tackle Tex Bradford was ruled ineligible on October 10;  on grounds of having already played four years of college athletics. His loss was lamented so near the eve of the Michigan game, for his line work against them was "materially responsible" for the 0 to 0 tie of last year.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 2: at Michigan
In the second week of play, Vanderbilt traveled to Ann Arbor for a rematch of last year's scoreless tie with the Michigan Wolverines. There was much optimism among the Vanderbilt faithful, for last year its team had many injuries when it tied Michigan; and this year the squad was healthy. Michigan's A. J. Sturzenegger had scouted Vanderbilt shortly before the game, and found the Commodores to have good reason for thinking they could win. He was not alone in this view, the Commodores were "regarded as having fully as strong an aggregation as last year."


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 2: at Michigan
Vanderbilt lost the hard-fought game 3–0, handing the Commodores their first loss in two years. Much like last year, the game featured little offense and stalwart defense. Vanderbilt "handcuffed the Wolverines' running and passing game" and "had a defense which became nothing less than a stone wall whenever her goal was threatened." Both Commodore halfback Gil Reese and Wolverine halfback Harry Kipke were "marked men"; and Vanderbilt's offense never crossed the 35-yard line.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 2: at Michigan
Reese and Doc Kuhn were said to raise fans to their feet with the showcase of speed, but the Wolverines kept it confined to sideways runs of little gain. A wire service account of the game noted the defensive play, "Both played crafty football, the fumbling that tended to mar the game being more than offset by swift, dashing interception of passes while the work of the linesmen on both sides was at top form."


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 2: at Michigan
The lone score of the game came on a 15-yard field goal by consensus first-team All-American Jack Blott in the second quarter. Play was in Vanderbilt territory for all of the first half. After Michigan had reached the Vanderbilt 7-yard line, two drives at the line failed, resulting in lost yardage. On third down, Jack Blott was called into the backfield from his normal position at center and kicked a field goal. Two field goal attempts by Kipke failed. One was blocked and another rolled under the cross bar.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 2: at Michigan
The one other long gain of the day was a 20-yard run late in the third quarter from Herb Steger. The run came just after Vanderbilt had advanced its furthest into Michigan territory and had its drive ended by a Steger interception. Vanderbilt never advanced far enough to attempt a field goal.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 2: at Michigan
Vanderbilt's best player that day was Hek Wakefield, showcasing his skill in tackling Michigan's runners. "I never saw a greater exhibition of end play," said Fielding Yost, referring to Wakefield. The Kingsport Times reported that governor Austin Peay had given Hek praise for his play that day. Thomas Ryan also had a fine game, out-punting the famed Harry Kipke. The Michigan Alumnus attributed this to Ryan's superior line, claiming Kipke was under constant threat of a blocked punt. The Alumnus also said Kipke could not seek to return punts, for fear of fumbling.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 2: at Michigan
As soon as he received the ball, Vanderbilt ends Hek Wakefield or Lynn Bomar would crash into him. After the game, the referee McDonald approached guard Tuck Kelly and told him, "You are the first individual I've complimented after a game in which I officiated, but I want to tell you that I never saw a better guard than you are." Steger was Michigan's best runner that day. The Wolverines' backfield having three men who could pass the ball in Kipke, Steger, and Uteritz, was said to help them throughout the game by vexing Vanderbilt's secondary.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 2: at Michigan
The Michigan Alumnus summarized the game thus: "Never surely was a game more lacking in spectacular features and  thrills. For a good part of the time it gave one the same sort of feeling which was so common during the Great War, when a gain of a few yards was a matter for rejoicing, and it was hard to believe that even the most dashing attack could accomplish any lasting results." The game featured few penalties, no injuries, and few substitutions. Michigan made only three substitutions, and Vanderbilt not a one. Michigan completed 5 out of 16 passes for 90 yards. Vanderbilt completed just 1 of 5 for a 9-yard gain. A diagram of the game says this one pass was from Kuhn to Bomar.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 2: at Michigan
Michigan and Red Grange's Illinois both finished the 1923 season undefeated and share both Big Ten and national titles.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 2: at Michigan
Vanderbilt's starting lineup for the Michigan game: Bomar (left end), Bradford (left tackle), Lawrence (left guard), Sharp (center), Kelly (right guard), Rives (right tackle), Wakefield (right end), Kuhn (quarterback), Meiers (left halfback), Reese (right halfback), Ryan (fullback).


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 3: at Texas
The third week of play saw the lone upset that week in the South, as Vanderbilt lost to the Texas Longhorns in Dallas. Before the game, the Mexia Daily News reported "that Vandy outweighs Texas about fifteen pounds to the man but remember the saying "the bigger they are the harder they fall"' The Longhorns were coached by Ed Stewart. In the first period Vanderbilt drove to within a few yards of the goal, but Texas held. Lane Tynes and Oscar Eckhardt led the Texas drive which ended in a score.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 3: at Texas
In the third quarter, Robert Robertson kicked a 45-yard field goal. A 12-yard run by Oscar Eckhardt over left tackle in the fourth quarter was the final score. Onlookers said Oscar Eckhardt "flattened tacklers like dominoes," until almost down at the 8-yard line. He regained his balance with one hand and plowed over for the score that led to a 16–0 victory. Said the Fort Worth Star-Telegram of Eckhardt's run, "Eckhardt, knocked to earth, rose like a phoenix and blazed down the line until he crossed the thin white marker.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 3: at Texas
In all, he drove 20 yards through the gold and black to put his name in the Texas Varsity hall of fame." Blinkey Horn, sportswriter for the Nashville Tennessean, wrote "In Texas, Oscar Eckhardt has displaced Davy Crockett, Sam Houston, and the Alamo. If there are any more institutions in the new country, he has set them aside. Texas beat its first six opponents by a combined score of 202-0, and finish the year undefeated at 8-0-1. This was Vanderbilt's first loss to a southern team since 1920. The travel, to Texas four days after returning from Michigan, was cited as a reason for the loss. One writer put it as "the cross-country trip was too much for the stamina of the team."


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 3: at Texas
Hugh McDermott, scouting for the Oklahoma Sooners, said the kicks from Eckhardt in the '23 Texas-Vandy game featured the best kicking he had ever seen. He recounted, "Once Eckhardt put the ball in play from his 15-yard line following a fair catch and punted 65 yards on the fly over the entire Vanderbilt team."


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 4: Tulane
The next week saw a match back at Nashville between two teams which had lost to Texas — Vanderbilt and Tulane. Tulane had lost to Texas on October 13, 33–0. Vanderbilt beat Tulane 17–0  with scores mostly due to blocked punts.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 4: Tulane
Tulane showed considerable optimism going into its road trip with Vanderbilt, Tennessee, and Auburn. Ed Hebert of the Times-Picayune wrote of  underdog Tulane, "Handicapped through the absence of their captain "Little Eva" Talbot, through an injury, the Greenbacks have become more determined to upset the dope kettle and completely bathe the Vandy eleven in a contest that points every way to a victory for the powerful crew that held the Michigan Wolverines to a 3–0 victory recently at Ann Arbor."


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 4: Tulane
On having played similar foes in Texas, he went on, "Thus if Vandy can be so outclassed by a club that Tulane has already fought every inch of the way it stands that there is going to be fur-flying in copious quantities when the Commodores and Greenbacks meet Saturday." Tulane had a renowned backfield of Lester Lautenschlaeger, Brother Brown, Ellis Henican, and Peggy Flournoy. The "Greenies" were coached by Clark Shaughnessy.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 4: Tulane
Vanderbilt was without its quarterback and captain Doc Kuhn as well as halfback Gil Reese. Reese had hurt his knee, and during the previous week's game against the Texas Longhorns, Kuhn was hit on the head and had still yet to gain his mental composure. Hek Wakefield was shifted to quarterback. Red Rountree took Reese's place.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 4: Tulane
The first score came on a punt off the toe of Flournoy. Vanderbilt drove all the way to Tulane's 7-yard line before four unsuccessful runs at Tulane's line by Rountree gave the Greenbacks the ball back deep in their territory. On the ensuing punt, Tulane's line was broken by Tom Ryan, Bob Rives, Bo Rowland, and Lynn Bomar. Bomar blocked the kick. In the ensuing scramble, Alf Sharp dove to recover the football in the end zone. The second came when Lynn Bomar helped Vanderbilt run to the 33-yard line, where Wakefield drop kicked a field goal. After this Tulane drove right down to Vanderbilt's 5-yard line when the whistle sounded to end the half.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 4: Tulane
In the fourth quarter, Vanderbilt got the ball due to a Tulane fumble. Bomar ran for many yards, and Vanderbilt was at Tulane's 1-yard line. Four dives at the line from Bomar were all for naught and again Tulane had the ball near its own goal. Bomar again blocked the punt, but Henican recovered and rushed to the 20-yard line before being stopped. On the next punt, Flournoy fumbled the ball and fell on it at his own 5-yard line. From there Rountree got the score on fourth down.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 4: Tulane
Lynn Bomar's play was exemplary. "Take Bomar out of the Vandy lineup", said Hebert, "and Tulane would have won the game by three touchdowns." Bob Rives was also given praise, called "No. 1 gallant in the line." Blinkey Horn of the Nashville Tennessean, wrote of the outcome, "Back up the slope the Commodores have started. They did not scale the rim in their 17-0 triumph over Tulane, but they shook from their feet much of the muck which mired them in Texas. They did not reach the splendor of the sunlight,  in harvesting two touchdowns and a field goal out of the fog. Vision of the peak is denied the Commodores but no longer is there so thick a blur over the binoculars."


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 4: Tulane
Vanderbilt's starting lineup for Tulane: Roland (left end), Rives (left tackle), Kelly (left guard), Sharp (center), Lawrence (right guard), Walker (right tackle), Bomar (right end), Wakefield (quarterback), Meiers (left halfback), Rountree (right halfback), Ryan (fullback).


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 5: Mississippi A & M
In a cold drizzle and a well soaked field, Vanderbilt and the Mississippi A&M Aggies played to a scoreless tie. The outcome was much a result of Mississippi A & M's defense and Vanderbilt's fumbles. The Aggies were coached by Earl Abell.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 5: Mississippi A & M
The kickoff from Lynn Bomar went to P. E. Stephens  at the Aggies' 5-yard line, who returned it for 10 yards. The Aggies would punt. Gil Reese went around end for an 11-yard run, getting the ball to Mississippi's 15-yard line. There, the Commodores were held. Later in the first quarter, Doc Kuhn ran around the left end for a 43-yard gain. On a fourth down, a pass from Hek Wakefield to Kuhn was incomplete, and the ball went over on downs. The Aggies then started to advance the ball for the first time, until throwing an interception to Gil Reese at Vanderbilt's 40-yard line. Reese returned the ball to Mississippi's 25-yard line. But again, the Aggies' defense stood tall.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 5: Mississippi A & M
The second quarter started with the Aggies' offense advancing. They went from their own 25-yard line to midfield using the run game. The Aggies punted to Vanderbilt's 25-yard line. Wakefield netted a long punt over the Aggies' safety man back to their own 20-yard line. A pass of 15 yards had the Aggies' driving until stopped at the 43-yard line. On the next possession for Vandy, Reese lost 15 yards in an attempt to go around the right end. Vanderbilt was getting the upper-hand in field position from the series of punts, but Kuhn fumbled with the Aggies recovering at their own 40-yard line. On the next possession for Vanderbilt there was again another lost fumble, this time by Tom Ryan at Mississippi's 45-yard line.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 5: Mississippi A & M
Bomar again kicked to the Aggies, who would punt it back. Gil Reese made a return of 30 yards to his own 45-yard line. Ryan ran up the middle for 15 yards, and Reese lost 7. From here the advance was stymied, and Wakefield attempted the 31-yard drop kick. A heavy, slick ball missed. Reese against lost considerable yardage Vandy's next possession, being thrown back 19 yards on an attempted end run. This again hurt what they had gained in the punt exchanges.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 5: Mississippi A & M
The fourth quarter started with Vanderbilt driving into Mississippi territory, working from the 40-yard line to the 25, before being held. Later, a 25-yard end run from Reese was called back due to Vandy committing an offside penalty. Melfere then passed to Kuhn for a 15-yard gain. Another pass worked, Kuhn to Bomar for 20 yards more. The Commodores fumbled, and the Aggies recovered at the 10-yard line. After another punt Vanderbilt tried desperately its passes near midfield, but was unsuccessful. The game ended with Mississippi A & M having the ball near midfield.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 5: Mississippi A & M
The Aggies played their best game all season. The Times-Picayune noted, "Entering that game doped to lose the Aggies played a defensive game punting almost every time the pigskin was obtained by them. But even with defensive tactics letting Vandy hold the ball the majority of the time they scored half as many first downs as did the Commodores." Gil Reese was the biggest feature of Vanderbilt's offense, as Bomar, Wakefield, and Kenneth Bryan were given praise on the defensive side of the ball. Halfbacks Stephens and H. G. Perkins were offensive standouts for Mississippi A & M. The Aggies went on to also tie Florida, their only Southern loss coming against Tennessee the week before the Vandy game.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 5: Mississippi A & M
The starting lineup for the Mississippi A&M game was the following: Bomar (left end), Rives (left tackle), Lawrence (left guard), Sharp (center), Bryan (right guard), Walker (right tackle), Wakefield (right end), Kuhn (quarterback), Reese (left halfback), Rountree (right halfback), Ryan (fullback).


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 6: Tennessee
With a 51–7 victory over the Tennessee Volunteers, the Commodores regained "all the power and smoothness with which it had started the 1923 season." Ralph McGill reflected the sentiment, "All the pent-up fury of misunderstanding and disappointment burst out like a flood. The Vols might as well have flung themselves in the way of a runaway train. It was a machine that found itself. The power was there and the Commodores took a fierce joy in using it." The Volunteers were led by M. B. Banks, in his third year as head coach.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 6: Tennessee
Vanderbilt gained 455 yards of total offense. Gil Reese rushed for 214 yards, as well as 95 yards on punt returns. Reese scored five times, with touchdown runs of 70 yards, 45 yards, and 29 yards respectively. Red Rountree scored another, a 63-yard run. Captain Kuhn got the other touchdown, and Wakefield made a drop kick. Lynn Bomar, Alf Sharp, and Bob Rives on defense helped hold the Volunteers to only 7. With the win Vanderbilt was still a contender for the Southern title. Lowe played best for Tennessee, getting its lone touchdown.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 6: Tennessee
Vanderbilt's starting lineup for Tennessee: Bomar (left end), Rives (left tackle), Lawrence (left guard), Sharp (center), Bryan (right guard), Walker (right tackle), Wakefield (right end), Kuhn (quarterback), Reese (left halfback), Rountree (right halfback), Ryan (fullback).


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 7: Georgia
On November 17, the Commodores beat the Georgia Bulldogs at Dudley Field by a lopsided score of 35 to 7. Fred Russell said this was when "the Gold and Black hit the season's peak." Morgan Blake, sportswriter in the Atlanta Journal, wrote "No southern team has given the Georgia Bulldogs such a licking in a decade." Georgia was labeled "Dixie's top team;" its only loss coming against traditional powerhouse Yale. Georgia's defense had previously shut out all its Southern Conference opponents, with no southern team crossing the Bulldogs' 20 or 25 yard line. Vanderbilt halfback Gil Reese starred in this game, including two punt returns for touchdowns. A History of the University of Georgia tells us,  "it was no difficulty to stop all the players except one. That one was Gil Reese, and he went pretty much wherever he wanted to."


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 7: Georgia
Early on in the first quarter, Gil Reese fumbled a punt from Georgia's Joe Bennett; and the Bulldogs' own Jim Taylor recovered it on Vanderbilt's 25-yard line. The Commodores' defense stood tall, and Georgia was unable to score. At some point during the first quarter, Gil Reese foreshadowed what was to come with a 23-yard run. Later on, the Commodores were to get their first score. With the first quarter just about to end, Bennett dropped back to pass. The ball hit off his receiver's finger tips, into the hands of Alf Sharp for the interception.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 7: Georgia
Alf Sharp was tackled on Georgia's 30-yard line; the pass coming from somewhere inside the 25-yard line. On the ensuing Vanderbilt possession, Red Rountree ran up the middle for a 7-yard gain. Thomas Ryan ran through for 4 more yards and the first down. Ryan ran three more times in a row to close out the quarter, netting another first down on the third carry. This carried the Commodores to the 7-yard line before the quarter closed and teams had to switch sides.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 7: Georgia
After a 2-yard run from Ryan, Reese ran in for a touchdown behind guard Tuck Kelly. Hek Wakefield missed the field goal for the extra point, but an offside penalty from the Bulldogs awarded the Commodores the point. Punts were exchanged by both teams in the next few possessions. Then Gil Reese returned a punt for 63 yards and the touchdown. Reese started the return by running wide to the right; seven Georgia players were in hot pursuit. Reese stopped in his tracks, causing two Georgia defenders to go past him.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 7: Georgia
Running down the sideline and weaving through the rest of the defenders' missed tackles, eventually Reese was beyond them all and ran in for the score. Morgan Blake says this score was what broke the Bulldogs' will. He further lamented,"when you say that Mr. Reese is a combination of a greyhound, rabbit, antelope, and greased pig you only mildly do this young gentleman justice." Wakefield kicked goal. The first half ended with Vanderbilt up 14 to 0. The Bulldogs had not yet managed a single first down.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 7: Georgia
In the third quarter, quarterback Doc Kuhn completed a 45-yard pass to end Hek Wakefield, caught at Georgia's 4-yard line. From there Vandy scored with a line buck from Ryan. Later in the third quarter, Gil Reese ran for 30 yards on a sneak play. It "not only fooled the Bulldogs but everyone in the stands." It seems there was a moment of not knowing where the ball was, until Reese shot out the other side of the line. Punishing runs off tackle then led the Commodores to another touchdown.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 7: Georgia
Georgia finally put together a drive in the fourth quarter. The drive of 85 yards included 8 first downs; likely a result of a change in strategy, "the Bulldogs decided to quit using the shift and try the old fashioned punt formation. From this formation the Bulldogs ran their ends well and did some deadly forward passing." The Bulldogs completed five forward passes during the drive, for a total of 44 yards. The end runs of Cleckley, Wiehrs, and Nelson also contributed to the Bulldogs' lone touchdown. It was said Cleckley, coming in during the final quarter, who performed the best of all of them. Nelson ran it in for the score, Bennett kicked goal.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 7: Georgia
Soon afterwards, Gil Reese ran for an 81-yard touchdown. He did it running up the middle of the field, and "behind great interference furnished by the entire Vandy team, and especially Bomar and Kuhn." Former Vanderbilt coach Wallace Wade, who was at the game scouting Georgia, said the Commodores that day were "the smartest I ever saw." Reese ran for over 200 yards for the second week in a row, with 232 yards on his five largest plays and over 300 total yards. Along with Reese's play, Lynn Bomar's and Bob Rives' defensive play were cited as highlights for Vanderbilt. For Georgia, the tackling of Sam Richardson and Jake Butler was "spasmodically brilliant." Also, Jim Taylor and Joe Bennett played well on both sides of the ball.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 7: Georgia
The victory over Georgia, as well as the surprising tie of Georgia Tech by Kentucky, made the contest for the Southern Conference a three team race between Vanderbilt, Washington & Lee, and Alabama. All of those teams had gone 3-0-1 in conference play to that point.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 7: Georgia
Vanderbilt starting lineup for the Georgia game: Bomar (left end), Rives (left tackle), Lawrence (left guard), Sharp (center), Kelly (right guard), Walker (right tackle), Wakefield (right end), Kuhn (quarterback), Reese (left halfback), Rountree (right halfback), Ryan (fullback).


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 8: Sewanee
The season ended against Vanderbilt's traditional Thanksgiving Day rival Sewanee. Vanderbilt was favored by more than two touchdowns, but the stout Sewanee team and the steady rain  made for a close game. Vanderbilt won on a soggy field by the score of 7 to 0. Hay had been placed over the field in an attempt to absorb the rain, but it helped little. The rain had fallen for nearly 24 hours.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 8: Sewanee
Vanderbilt won the toss and elected to defend the north goal, making it so Sewanee had to kick against the wind to open the game. The short punts from Sewanee's Sanders led to a score. Sewanee got the kickoff and punted the ball just 19 yards after two runs failed. Vanderbilt got a first down, but then Hek Wakefield fumbled the ball with Sewanee recovering at the 10-yard line. The ensuing punt from Sewanee's Sanders just went 14 yards. After one first down, Sewanee's defense again stiffened, and the ball was turned over on downs at the 7-yard line.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 8: Sewanee
Sewanee got off another short punt; this time of 10 yards. The Commodores were unable to get through the line on its first three downs, but on fourth down Doc Kuhn hit Gil Reese on a pass, and Reese scampered across the goal line. Wakefield kicked goal. This was the game's first and only scoring drive; the rest of the game marred by punts with few plays in opposing team's side of the field. In the second quarter Gil Reese broke off the longest run of the day for some 40 yards, but Vanderbilt could not use it to score.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 8: Sewanee
Combined the teams would punt 31 times. The game was said to be "mired in the muck of a miserable field." The best players for Sewanee this game were its captain, Litton, on defense, and Gene Harris on offense. On this same Thanksgiving Day, the Florida Gators beat the Alabama Crimson Tide in the rain to help ensure a Southern title for the Commodores. Then Florida players Cy Williams, Goldy Goldstein, and Ark Newton later teamed up with Vanderbilt tackle Bob Rives in 1926, on the Newark Bears of the American Football League.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 8: Sewanee
Vanderbilt's starting lineup for the Sewanee game:  Bomar (left end), Rives (left tackle), Lawrence (left guard), Sharp (center), Kelly (right guard), Walker (right tackle), Wakefield (right end), Kuhn (quarterback), Rountree (right halfback), Barker (left halfback), Ryan (fullback).


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Postseason, Princeton game
In a postseason contest played for the benefit of local charitable institutions, Vanderbilt played a cast of Princeton varsity stars on December 8. Among the stars were Stan Keck, Frank Murrey, Hank Garrity, John P. Gorman, Ralph Gilroy, A. Barr Snively and Herb Treat. It was the first showcase of Eastern football in Nashville in many years. The Commodores tied the Ex-Tigers, 7-7. Both scores occurred within five minutes of each other.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Postseason, Princeton game
The one player on Vanderbilt's roster not from the 1923 varsity team was Hek Wakefield's younger brother Robert Allen "Jack" Wakefield. He was a highly renowned back of the freshman team;  "One would hardly be wrong in calling Jack Wakefield, Vanderbilt fullback, the greatest player in Southern freshman football for the past season." It was the only game he ever played with a varsity team at Vanderbilt. He soon left to play professional baseball with the Saint Louis Cardinals. Jack twice broke his leg in preliminary work with the Cardinals, leaving him out for the season.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Postseason, Princeton game
On December 10, 1924, after a quarrel with his fiancee, Jack went to the house of a friend in Memphis and committed suicide with a pistol. By all accounts he played an inspired game, "he cut an all Princeton line into shreds of Black and Orange. He threw all America tackles aside as he would throw sacks of straw, and trampled great names into the turf." Then Centre head coach Charley Moran called Jack "the greatest football player I ever saw, barring nobody."


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Postseason, Princeton game
Vanderbilt outplayed the Princeton Tigers to start the second quarter, driving to their 18-yard line. Captain Doc Kuhn threw a pass to Lynn Bomar, who ran across the goal line for the touchdown. Hek Wakefield kicked goal. Princeton seemed to have awaken after the ensuing kickoff. A 33-yard pass from Snively to Gorman got the Tigers to midfield. Then on a pass which did not go so far in the air, Gorman caught it and ran to the end zone. Gorman made the try, and the game ended as a tie.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Postseason, Princeton game
Murrey, who organized the meeting, missed three drop kicks in the game. In the first quarter Princeton drove 60 yards down the field, until Murrey missed the kick. Another time in the fourth quarter, Princeton went nearly 80 yards and Murrey's kick was just short. Some time before this last kick was the other missed attempt. Gilroy made a play which was said to resemble his play against Harvard in 1921, wherein he turned a short pass into a 65-yard touchdown, but it was called back due to an offside penalty.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Postseason, Princeton game
The game raised $6,000 to be divided equally between a home for old ladies and a home for crippled orphan children, the latter known as the Nashville Children's Home. Princeton passed for 134 yards, and made 10 first downs to Vandy's 7.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Postseason, Princeton game
Vanderbilt's starting lineup for the Princeton game: Bomar (left end), Rives (left tackle), Bryan (left guard), Sharp (center), Kelly (right guard), Walker (right tackle), Wakefield (right end), Kuhn (quarterback), Reese (left halfback), Rountree (right halfback), Ryan (fullback).


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Postseason, Southern champions
Vanderbilt and Washington & Lee finished the season as co-champions of the Southern Conference. A poll of sportswriters elected the Commodores as best team in the south, awarding them the Champ Pickens Trophy. 12 of 14 votes put Vanderbilt in first place, with 1 each for Washington & Lee and VMI. 6 votes had Washington & Lee in second place, and 2 had Florida in second. This was Vanderbilt's third Southern football title in a row. The trophy was presented at the annual football banquet on December 4, held at the Commercial Club, to captain Doc Kuhn, by brother Jordan Stokes.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Postseason, All-Southern and All-American
Both ends of the All-Southern team came from Vanderbilt, Hek Wakefield and Lynn Bomar. Bomar, who was a consensus All-American in 1923, was the only Southern player selected for Walter Camp's All-American team– and one of the first All-Americans selected for his first team from the South, as well as the last. Georgia athletic director Herman Stegeman called Wakefield "the best player in the South." Coach Dan McGugin ranked Wakefield as the best end he ever had in his long career at Vanderbilt.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Postseason, All-Southern and All-American
In the polling done by the Atlanta Journal, halfback Gil Reese received the second most votes of any All-Southern player with 25. The most went to Douglas Wycoff, fullback at Georgia Tech, who faced little competition. Guard Tuck Kelly was also selected for the All-Southern squad. Tuck was selected at year's end to captain the team next year.


1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Personnel, Depth chart
The following chart provides a visual depiction of Vanderbilt's lineup during the 1923 season with games started at the position reflected in parenthesis. The chart mimics a short punt formation while on offense, with the quarterback under center.


1923 Vermont Green and Gold football team
The 1923 Vermont Green and Gold football team was an American football team that represented  the University of Vermont as an independent during the 1923 college football season. In their third year under head coach Tom Keady, the team compiled a 6–3–1 record.


1923 Victorian police strike
The 1923 Victorian Police strike occurred in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. On the eve of the Melbourne Spring Racing Carnival in November 1923, half the police force in Melbourne went on strike over the operation of a supervisory system using labour spies. Riots and looting followed as crowds poured forth from Flinders Street railway station on the Friday and Saturday nights and made their way up Elizabeth and Swanston Streets, smashing shop windows, looting, and overturning trams.


1923 Victorian police strike, Reasons for the strike
The strike started late on Wednesday night 31 October 1923 – the eve of Melbourne's Spring Racing Carnival – when a squad of 29 constables at Russell Street Police Headquarters refused duty, citing the continued use of spies by management. The Victoria Police force at the time were understaffed, lowly paid in comparison with other state police forces, and had no industry pension, with the government continually deferring promises on the introduction of a pension program.


1923 Victorian police strike, Reasons for the strike
The Police Association had made repeated attempts to improve the pay and conditions of the force, and had made representations over the use of "spooks" as inappropriate for supervision to the Nationalist government of Victoria under the Premier, Harry Lawson. The strike was led by Constable William Thomas Brooks, of the licensing squad, who two years earlier circulated a petition among his fellow officers calling for better conditions. Headed Comrades and Fellow Workers, it was signed by almost 700 men.


1923 Victorian police strike, Reasons for the strike
The strike was not a Police Association initiative, although the organisation negotiated on behalf of the strikers with the Premier, Harry Lawson. Most of the strikers were constables, many of them returned servicemen. Detectives and senior officers did not participate.


1923 Victorian police strike, Reasons for the strike
After 24 hours the Premier demanded a return to work and promised no victimisation, although there was no promise of meeting the strikers' demands. After 48 hours, the Premier again demanded a return to work but with no guarantees regarding victimisation.


1923 Victorian police strike, Reasons for the strike
The Victorian Trades Hall Council, surprised by the wildcat strike, volunteered to negotiate on behalf of the strikers but were rebuffed by the government. Subsequently, 634 policemen were discharged and two were dismissed, about a third of the Victorian force, most of them never to be re-employed as members of the Victorian Police Force.


1923 Victorian police strike, Rioting and looting in Melbourne city centre
On Friday and Saturday nights riots and looting occurred in the city, resulting in three deaths, trams being turned over, plate glass windows being smashed and merchandise looted from stores. Constables on point duty were jeered at and harassed by people until they retreated to the Town Hall, where the crowd taunted them to come out. Tramways staff and uniformed sailors helped to direct traffic in the absence of police.


1923 Victorian police strike, Rioting and looting in Melbourne city centre
A request by the Premier to the Federal Government for troops to prevent and put down trouble was refused, however Sir Harry Chauvel and other army chiefs appointed guards on defence establishments. Over the weekend five thousand volunteer 'special constables' were sworn in to restore order, under the direction of Sir John Monash at the Melbourne Town Hall and led by AIF veterans and CMF officers. They were identified by badges and armbands.


1923 Victorian police strike, Rioting and looting in Melbourne city centre
The rioting and looting was quickly attributed to Melbourne's criminal element by all of Melbourne's newspapers, but subsequent court records show that most of the offenders who were apprehended were young men and boys without criminal histories. After the strike, the Monash Royal Commission into the Victoria Police strike brought down its findings. The government subsequently increased pay and conditions for police, including a bill to establish a police pension scheme before the end of 1923.


1923 Villanova Wildcats football team
The 1923 Villanova Wildcats football team represented the Villanova University during the 1923 college football season. The Wildcats team captain was Frank Pickett.


1923 Virginia Cavaliers football team
The 1923 Virginia Cavaliers football team represented the University of Virginia in the 1923 college football season. The team was led by first-year head coach  Greasy Neale.


1923 Virginia Union Panthers football team
The 1923 Virginia Union Panthers football team was an American football team that represented Virginia Union University in the Colored Intercollegiate Athletic Association (CIAA) during the 1923 college football season. In their third and final year under head coach Harold D. Martin, the Panthers compiled a 6–0–2 record and won the CIAA championship. The Panthers were selected by the Pittsburgh Courier as the black college national champion. The team played its home games at Hovey Field in Richmond, Virginia.


1923 Virginia Union Panthers football team
Key players included fullback Al Fentress and halfbacks Julius Martin and Leroy Williams. Guard Miller was the only Virginia Union player to receive first-team honors on the 1923 All-CIAA football team selected by committee of the Colored Intercollegiate Athletic Association.


1923 Virginia state highway renumbering
In 1923, the U.S. state of Virginia renumbered many of its state highways. This renumbering was caused by the increase in mileage. Note that old SR 26 was removed entirely.


1923 Volta a Catalunya
The 1923 Volta a Catalunya was the fifth edition of the Volta a Catalunya cycle race and was held from 31 May to 3 June 1923. The race started and finished in Barcelona. The race was won by Maurice Ville.


1923 WAAA Championships
The 1923 WAAA Championships were the first national track and field championships for women in the UK. The tournament was held on 18 August 1923 at the Oxo Sport Grounds in London, United Kingdom.


1923 WAAA Championships, Background
After the successful first 1922 Women's World Games in Paris and the three Women's Olympiads (1921 Women's Olympiad, 1922 Women's Olympiad and 1923 Women's World Games) in Monaco the interest for women's sports also grew internationally. In 1922 the "Women's Amateur Athletic Association" (WAAA) was founded in the UK, that year several ”national” women’s track meet were held.


1923 WAAA Championships, Background
In 1923 the WAAA now organised the first official British women championships in track and field (WAAA Championships). In the US the "Amateur Athletic Union" (AAU) sponsored the first national championship for women in track and field on 29 September 1923.


1923 WAAA Championships, Events
The meet was held on 18 August at the Oxo Sport Grounds in Downham, Bromley in South London.


1923 WAAA Championships, Events
The athletes competed in 11 events: running 100 yards, 220 yards, 440 yards, 880 yards, relay race 660 yards, hurdling 120 yards, high jump, long jump, shot put, javelin and track walk 880 yards. 3 unofficial world records were set: Mary Lines in running 440 yards and hurdles 120 yards and Edith Trickey i track walk 880 yards. The tournament was a huge promotion for women's sports.


1923 WAAA Championships, Results
Many of the participating athletes also competed in the 1924 Women's Olympiad at Stamford Bridge.


1923 WAFL season
The 1923 WAFL season was the 39th season of the West Australian Football League. It saw East Perth set an unequalled WAFL record of five consecutive premierships, which in major Australian Rules leagues has only been beaten by SANFL club Port Adelaide with six straight from 1954 to 1959 and equalled by Sturt between 1966 and 1970. The Royals prevailed after two superb games with East Fremantle, who had had its last two home-and-away games cancelled due to undertaking a tour of Victoria and South Australia.


1923 WAFL season
The top four teams was unchanged for the third successive season, and tailender Perth looked likely to suffer a winless season before winning its last match – a fate the Redlegs would suffer again in 2000.


1923 WAFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 1
A brilliant last quarter allows East Perth to unfurl its 1922 pennant with an impressive win after Subiaco, fifth for the previous two seasons, outplayed it in general play for two-quarters.


1923 WAFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 3
An excellent second quarter allows East Fremantle to remain unbeaten despite kicking only 3.5 (23) for three-quarters.


1923 WAFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 6
In an "unnecessarily rough" WACA game several casualties had to be treated after the match at the ground and Parkes of West Perth was taken to hospital.


1923 WAFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 8
The Leederville Oval match sees the first use of an electric bell in Australian football.


1923 WAFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 9
During the following weekend, Western Australia thrashed South Australia by the score of 13.13 (91) to 4.3 (27).


1923 WAFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 12
After a violent all-in-brawl with the scores level at half-time (for which no reports were made despite most players fighting even after a later inquiry), Subiaco take over for their last win of 1923.


1923 WAFL season, Finals, First semi-final
In a match marred by Perth’s wettest September on record and consequent extremely slippery conditions, a depleted East Perth, with 38-year-old coach Matson forced to strip, hold West Perth to 0.2 (2) with the wind in the last quarter and advance to the final.


1923 WAFL season, Finals, Second semi-final
In their first WAFL match for over a month, East Fremantle completely outplay the Southerners.


1923 WAFL season, Finals, Final
East Perth’s 0.8 (8) with the wind in the second quarter ensures East Fremantle will force a rematch.


1923 WAFL season, Finals, Grand Final
East Perth set an Australian record, winning a fifth consecutive premiership after coming from behind with brilliant determination led by an impassable half-back line.


1923 Wake Forest Baptists football team
The 1923 Wake Forest Baptists football team was an American football team that represented Wake Forest University during the 1923 college football season. In its first season under head coach Hank Garrity, the team compiled a 6–3 record. After a particularly impressive win against Trinity College (predecessor of Duke University), in the following issue of the school newspaper, the editor of the paper, Mayon Parker (1924 Wake Forest graduate), first referred to the team as "Demon Deacons," in recognition of what he called their "devilish" play and fighting spirit. Henry Belk, Wake Forest's news director, and Garrity liked the title and used it often, so the popularity of the term grew.


1923 Walker Cup
The 1923 Walker Cup, the second Walker Cup Match, was a team golf match played on 18 and 19 May 1923 on the Old Course at St Andrews in Fife, Scotland. The United States won 6 to 5, with one match halved.


1923 Walker Cup, Format
There were ten players in each team. Four 36-hole matches of foursomes were played on Friday and eight singles matches on Saturday. Each of the 12 matches was worth one point in the larger team competition. Matches level after 36 holes were halved.


1923 Walker Cup, Teams, Team Great Britain
Orme Bristowe was the reserve. John Caven was not selected for any matches.


1923 Waratahs tour of New Zealand
The 1923 Waratahs tour of New Zealand was a series of rugby union games undertaken by the New South Wales Teams against invitational and national teams of New Zealand.


1923 Waratahs tour of New Zealand
The Queensland Rugby Union had collapsed in 1919 and would not be reborn until 1929 leaving the New South Wales Rugby Union to administer the game in Australia at the national representative level. In 1923 the New South Wales side toured New Zealand


1923 Waratahs tour of New Zealand
Previously the All Blacks visited New South Wales in the 1922 tour.


1923 Washington & Jefferson Presidents football team
The 1923 Washington & Jefferson Presidents football team was an American football team that represented Washington & Jefferson College as an independent during the 1923 college football season. The team compiled a 6–1–1 record. John Heisman was the head coach.


1923 Washington Huskies football team
The 1923 Washington Huskies football team was an American football team that represented the University of Washington during the 1923 college football season. In its third season under head coach Enoch Bagshaw, the team compiled a 10–1–1 record, finished in second place in the Pacific Coast Conference, tied with Navy in the 1924 Rose Bowl, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 298 to 58. Wayne Hall was the team captain. 1923 marked the university's adoption of the Huskies nickname.


1923 Washington Senators season
The 1923 Washington Senators won 75 games, lost 78, and finished in fourth place in the American League. They were managed by Donie Bush and played home games at Griffith Stadium.


1923 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1923 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1923 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1923 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1923 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1923 Washington State Cougars football team
The 1923 Washington State Cougars football team represented Washington State College (renamed Washington State University in 1959) in the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) during the 1923 college football season. In its first season under head coach Albert Exendine, the team compiled a 2–4–1 record (1–3–1 against PCC opponents), finished in a tie for sixth place in the PCC, and was outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 84 to 56. The team's victories were over Pacific (19-0) and Oregon (13-7).


1923 Washington and Lee Generals football team
The 1923 Washington and Lee Generals football team represented Washington and Lee University during the 1923 college football season. The Generals competed in the Southern Conference (SoCon) and were coached by Jimmy DeHart in his second year as head coach, compiling a 6–2–1 record overall with a 4–0–1 mark in SoCon play.


1923 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship
The 1923 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship was the 23rd staging of the Waterford Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Waterford County Board in 1897.


1923 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship
Dungarvan won the championship. This was their fourth championship title overall and their first title since 1920.


1923 Wellington City mayoral election
The 1923 Wellington City mayoral election was part of the New Zealand local elections held that same year. In 1923, elections were held for the Mayor of Wellington plus other local government positions including fifteen city councillors. The polling was conducted using the standard first-past-the-post electoral method.