1923 Great Kantō earthquake, In fiction
The josei manga and anime Kasei Yakyoku (by author Makiko Hirata) also finishes some time after the earthquake, as a corollary to the main love triangle between the noblewoman Akiko Hashou, her lover Taka Itou, and Akiko's personal maid Sara Uchida. It happens right as the marriage between Akiko and her fiancé Kiyosu Saionji is announced, Sara is in the streets, and Taka is taking Sara's brother Junichirou (who had been injured in a yakuza-related incident) to a hospital. The Hashou's mansion is destroyed, leading to an emotional confrontation between Akiko and Saionji; meanwhile, Sara's humble house in the suburbia is also destroyed and her and Junichirou's mother dies of injuries she sustained in the earthquake.


1923 Great Kantō earthquake, In fiction
The josei manga Akatsuki no Aria (by Michiyo Akaishi) features the earthquake in volume 8. Several places frequented by the protagonist Aria Kanbara, like her boarding school and the house of the rich Nishimikado clan that she is an illegitimate member of, become shelters for the wounded and the homeless. Aria's birth mother is severely injured by debris and later dies, and this triggers a subplot about Aria's own heritage.


1923 Great Kantō earthquake, In fiction
In the 2013 animated film by director Hayao Miyazaki, The Wind Rises, the protagonist Jiro Horikoshi is traveling to Tokyo by train to study engineering. On the way, the 1923 earthquake strikes, damaging the train and causing a huge fire in the city.


1923 Great Kantō earthquake, In fiction
In the 2017 josei manga Fushigi Yûgi Byakko Senki (by Yuu Watase), the heroine Suzuno Osugi enters The Universe of the Four Gods for the first time right after the earthquake: her father Takao, who is dying from injuries he suffered when the family house fatally collapsed on him and Suzuno's mother Tamayo, orders her to do so, so she will survive the disaster and its aftermath. After a brief time there, she's sent back to the already destroyed Tokyo and she, alongside her soon-to-be love interest Seiji Horie and two young boys named Hidero and Kenichi, are taken in by a friend of the late Takao, Dr. Oikawa.


1923 Greek legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Greece on 16 December 1923. The result was a victory for the Liberal Party, which won 250 of the 398 seats.


1923 Greek legislative election, Background
After the defeat of the Liberals in 1920, Eleftherios Venizelos left the country, King Constantine I returned and Greece was soundly defeated by  the newly reformed Turkey in the war in Anatolia. After the death of King Constantine, his eldest son George was proclaimed King George II. After the national defeat and the definitive Treaty of Lausanne however, Greece was sorely divided.


1923 Greek legislative election, Background
On 18 October 1923 the decree for calling elections to the Fourth National Assembly of the Greeks was published. The date of the elections was set for 2 December, and on 19 October, military law and censorship were abolished. Two days later, there was what came to be called a "counter-revolutionary" uprising against the government. This uprising was suppressed but it influenced in a significant way the political situation in the country since the military leaders behind it were pressing for the expulsion of King George and the proclamation of a republic.


1923 Greek legislative election, Aftermath
The pro-monarchist parties abstained and the Liberals won 250 of the 398 seats. Following the elections, the King was forced to leave the country, with Admiral Pavlos Koundouriotis appointed as a regent. The new parliament convened on 2 January 1924. The office of Prime Minister was held for a short time by G. Kafandaris before Alexandros Papanastasiou was appointed to the post on 24 March. His programmatic statement of legislative proposals was perhaps the most radical document which had up to that time ever been read out in the Hellenic Parliament. Its basic aim was to proclaim a republic. On the next day (25 March), Parliament voted to proclaim a republic, and this was endorsed in a referendum held on 13 April.


1923 Greek legislative election, Aftermath
Following the referendum, Pavlos Koundouriotis was elected president by Parliament.


1923 Green Bay Packers season
The 1923 Green Bay Packers season was their fifth season overall and their third season in the National Football League. The team finished with a 7–2–1 record under player/coach Curly Lambeau earning them third place. This was the Packers first season in Bellevue Park.


1923 Green Bay Packers season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1923 Guatemalan parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Guatemala in December 1923. The result was a victory for the Liberal Party, which won all 69 seats. Liberal candidates won overwhelming victories in every constituency, a result that the American diplomatic corps described as farcical.


1923 Hammond Pros season
The 1923 Hammond Pros season was their fourth in the league. The team improved on their previous output of 0–5–1, winning one game. They finished fifteenth in the league.


1923 Hammond Pros season, Schedule
The Pros' second game of the season was the only one they ever played in their home city of Hammond; most of their "home" games were played at Cubs Park in Chicago. The game, played at A. Murray Turner Field (mostly used for baseball with a capacity of only a few thousand), produced Hammond's only win of the 1923 season, 7–0 over the Dayton Triangles.


1923 Hammond Pros season, Schedule
The game's only score came in the fourth quarter when left end "Inky" Williams scooped up a fumble at the Dayton ten-yard-line and returned it for a touchdown; future Pro Football Hall of Famer Fritz Pollard kicked the extra point. (It would also be the last regular-season NFL game played in Indiana for over 60 years, until the Indianapolis Colts moved from Baltimore in 1984.)


1923 Hammond Pros season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1923 Harvard Crimson football team
The 1923 Harvard Crimson football team represented Harvard University in the 1923 college football season. In its fifth season under head coach Bob Fisher, Harvard compiled a 4–3–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 75 to 55. Charles Hubbard was the team captain. The team played its home games at Harvard Stadium in Boston.


1923 Haskell Indians football team
The 1923 Haskell Indians football team was an American football team that represented the Haskell Institute (later renamed Haskell Indian Nations University) as an independent during the 1923 college football season. In its second season under head coach Dick Hanley, the team compiled an 11–2–1 record, shut out eight opponents, and outscored all opponents by a total of 496 to 62.


1923 Haskell Indians football team
For the second consecutive season, fullback John Levi, also known as "Skee", was the team captain. He was also selected by Football World and Athletic World magazines as the first-team fullback on the 1923 All-America team. Haskell players finished first and second in the US in scoring: John Levi with 149 points and end Ansel Carpenter, aka "White Weasel", with 104 points. Carpenter caught a record-breaking 55-yard pass from Levi in 1923 and developed a reputation as "one of the surest kickers in the game."


1923 Haskell Indians football team
Other notable players on Haskell's 1923 team included George Levi and Elkins at halfback, Scott at quarterback, King at center, Jack Norton, aka "Charging Skunk", and Kilbuck at guard, and Peratrovich, Nix, and Theodore "Tiny" Roebuck at tackle. John Levi were inaugural inductees in 1971 into the American Indian Athletic Hall of Fame.


1923 Hawaii Deans football team
The 1923 Hawaii Deans football team was an American football team that represented the University of Hawaii during the 1923 college football season. In its third season under head coach Otto Klum, the team compiled a 5–1–2 record and outscored opponents by a total of 172 to 50. The season concluded with a 7 to 0 victory over the 1923 Oregon Agricultural Aggies football team in the Hawaii Holiday Classic on January 1, 1924.


1923 Hilldale Club season
The 1923 Hilldale Club baseball team represented the Hilldale Club in the Eastern Colored League (ECL) during the 1923 baseball season. The team compiled a 40–21–1 (.653) record and won the ECL pennant. John Henry Lloyd was Hilldale's player-manager. The team played its home games at Hilldale Park in Darby, Pennsylvania, a Philadelphia suburb.


1923 Hilldale Club season
The team included four players who were late inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame: manager/shortstop John Henry Lloyd, third baseman Judy Johnson, catcher Biz Mackey, and catcher Louis Santop.


1923 Hilldale Club season
The team's leading pitchers were Nip Winters (10–3, 2.36 ERA, 95 strikeouts) and Red Ryan (9–5, 2.48 ERA).


1923 Holy Cross football team
The 1923 Holy Cross football team was an American football team that represented the College of the Holy Cross as an independent during the 1923 college football season. In its fifth season under head coach Cleo A. O'Donnell, the team compiled an 8–2 record. The team played its home games at Fitton Field in Worcester, Massachusetts.


1923 Honduran general election
General elections were held in Honduras between 27 and 29 October 1923. Tiburcio Carías Andino won the presidential election with 47.1% of the vote. However, as no candidate had received an absolute majority in the public vote, Congress would vote on the candidates. However, Congress did not meet again until 1 January the following year. In December President Rafael López Gutiérrez declared a state of siege, suspended the constitution, and announced that he would remain in office in order to keep the peace. Although Congress was dominated by the two liberal parties, they did not want Carías, but also could not agree on a common candidate.


1923 Honduran general election
As a result, Carías started a civil war in February, known as the War of Revindication. López Gutiérrez lost the support of his party in several provinces. Scattered fighting took place over two months, with 400 American marines occupying Tegucigalpa.


1923 Honduran general election, Background
In April 1923 Carías was selected by the National Party's Central Committee as the party's candidate for president, with Miguel Paz Barahona as his running mate.


1923 Hong Kong sanitary board election
The Hong Kong Sanitary Board Election of 1923 was supposed to be held on 12 April 1923 for an elected seat in the Sanitary Board of Hong Kong.


1923 Hong Kong sanitary board election
The election was held for the two of the elected seats in the board due to the expiry of term of C. G. Alabaster. Alabaster returned to the Board uncontested.


1923 Howard Bison football team
The 1923 Howard Bison football team was an American football team that represented Howard University during the 1923 college football season. In their first year under head coach Louis L. Watson, the Bison compiled a 7–0–1 record, outscored opponents by a total of 96 to 19, and were recognized as the black college national champion.


1923 Howard Bison football team
The championship game between Howard and Lincoln attracted 25,000 spectators, "the largest crowd in the history of colored football" to that time.


1923 Ice Hockey European Championship
The 1923 Ice Hockey European Championship was the eighth edition of the ice hockey tournament for European countries associated to the International Ice Hockey Federation .


1923 Ice Hockey European Championship
The tournament was played between March 7, and March 11, 1923, in Antwerp, Belgium, and was won by Sweden.


1923 Icelandic parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Iceland on 27 October 1923. Voters elected all 28 seats in the Lower House of the Althing and eight of the fourteen seats in Upper House. The Citizens' Party, a loose collection of conservatives, emerged as the largest party in the Lower House, winning 16 of the 28 seats.


1923 Icelandic parliamentary election, Electoral system
This was the first election held following changes made to the electoral system in 1920, in which two extra seats were allocated to Reykjavík. Whilst all seats had previously been elected in one or two-member constituencies, the four-member constituency for Reykjavík was now elected by proportional representation using the D'Hondt method.


1923 Icelandic parliamentary election, Electoral system
The changes also equalised the age limits for voting between men (25) and women and servants (previously 40) at 25.


1923 Idaho Vandals football team
The 1923 Idaho Vandals football team represented the University of Idaho in the 1923 college football season, and were led by second-year head coach Robert "Matty" Mathews. It was Idaho's second year in the Pacific Coast Conference and they were 5–2–1 overall and 2–2–1 in conference.


1923 Idaho Vandals football team
Home games were played on campus in Moscow at MacLean Field, with one in Boise at Public School Field.


1923 Idaho Vandals football team
Idaho opened the season with two convincing non-conference victories, then shut out neighbor Washington State 14–0 in the Battle of the Palouse across the border at Rogers Field in Pullman, breaking an eight-game losing streak in the series. It was the first of three consecutive wins over the Cougars in the rivalry. The Vandals did not break the winless streak against Oregon, but battled to a scoreless tie at Hayward Field in Eugene. Idaho remained undefeated after six games, all shutouts, but lost the final two on the road in California.


1923 Illinois Fighting Illini football team
The 1923 Illinois Fighting Illini football team represented the University of Illinois in the 1923 Big Ten Conference football season. The Fighting Illini compiled an 8–0 record (5–0 against Big Ten Conference opponents) and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 136 to 20. The team was selected retroactively as the national champion by the Boand System, College Football Researchers Association, Helms Athletic Foundation, and Parke H. Davis, and as a co-national champion by the Berryman QPRS system, National Championship Foundation, and Jeff Sagarin (using the ELO-Chess methodology).


1923 Illinois Fighting Illini football team
Guard Jim McMillen and halfback Red Grange were consensus All-Americans. McMillen was also the team captain.


1923 Illinois Fighting Illini football team
This was the first season for the Fighting Illini at Memorial Stadium, where the team plays their home games to this day.


1923 Imperial Conference
The 1923 Imperial Conference met in London in the autumn of 1923, the first attended by the new Irish Free State. While named the Imperial Economic Conference, the principal activity concerned the rights of the Dominions in regards to determining their own foreign policy.


1923 Imperial Conference
Where previous Imperial Conferences were held in public session, the 1923 conference allowing for in camera discussion with a resolution "that at meetings of this nature, where questions of high policy and of the greatest consequence to all parts of the British Commonwealth are surveyed and dealt with, it was of the first importance that the representatives present should feel able to speak among themselves with the utmost freedom and in a spirit of complete confidence."


1923 Imperial Conference
The conference occurred in the wake of several important developments in Empire diplomacy. The Chanak Crisis of 1922 was a threatened military conflict between the newly formed Republic of Turkey and the United Kingdom. During the crisis, the British cabinet issued a communiqué threatening to declare war against Turkey on behalf of the UK and the Dominions.


1923 Imperial Conference
British Prime Minister David Lloyd George had not consulted the Dominions and Canada disavowed the British ultimatum: when Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King referred the issue to the Canadian parliament, it declared that it alone had the authority to declare war on behalf of Canada. The other Dominion prime ministers failed to support Lloyd George's action. When a new peace treaty, the Treaty of Lausanne, was negotiated with Turkey in 1923, the Dominion governments did not participate in the negotiations or sign and they declared that the UK acted only for itself and not on behalf of the Dominions.


1923 Imperial Conference
In addition, prior to the Imperial Conference, Canada negotiated the Halibut Treaty with the United States and did so without involving the United Kingdom or allowing the British government to sign on Canada's behalf. This was a departure from earlier practice in which the British government had sole responsibility for imperial foreign affairs and a constitutional right to conduct foreign policy on behalf of the dominions, including signing treaties on their behalf.


1923 Imperial Conference
The British, Australian, and New Zealand governments wished the conference to adopt a broad common foreign policy statement however Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King and South African Prime Minister J. B. M. Hertzog argued that allowing the conference to make decisions that were binding on the dominions would encroach on their autonomy and that foreign policy of each Dominion should be determined by that Dominion's parliament (henceforth referred to as the King-Hertzog principle).


1923 Imperial Conference
The Conference affirmed the Canadian position that dominions had the right to pursue their own foreign policy autonomously from Britain and the Empire and could negotiate and sign treaties on their own behalf. It was also recognised that each member of the Empire was obliged to avoid taking any action that would injure another member and that neither the Dominion governments nor the British government could commit another to an action without its consent.


1923 Imperial Conference
The conference's final report affirmed the Canadian and South African position and thus was a step away from the concept of a centralised British Empire in favour of a more decentralised British Commonwealth without central authority, subsequently affirmed by the Balfour Declaration of 1926 and the Statute of Westminster 1931.


1923 Imperial Conference
Speaking at the conference on the subject of suffrage for non-whites South African politician and former Imperial War Cabinet member Jan Smuts stated,


1923 Imperial Conference
If there was to be equal manhood suffrage over the Union, the whites would be swamped by the blacks. A distinction could not be made between Indians and Africans. They would be impelled by the inevitable force of logic to go the whole hog, and the result would be that not only would the whites be swamped in Natal by the Indians but the whites would be swamped all over South Africa by the blacks and the whole position for which the whites had striven for two hundred years or more now would be given up. So far as South Africa was concerned, therefore, it was a question of impossibility. For white South Africa it was not a question of dignity but a question of existence.


1923 Imperial Conference
Commenting on this speech African-American historian and Pan-Africanist W. E. B. Du Bois wrote that "This almost naïve setting of the darker races beyond the pale of democracy and of modern humanity was listened to with sympathetic attention in England. It is without doubt today the dominant policy of the British Empire."


1923 Imperial Conference
On the issue of trade, Australian prime minister Stanley Bruce lobbied hard and consistently for the Conservative government of Stanley Baldwin to make changes to Great Britain's trading arrangements to give preference to Dominion products over imports from elsewhere. Bruce argued for Empire-wide economic trading arrangements that would see domestic demands filled by production from member states before seeking supplemental imports from other countries and empires.


1923 Imperial Conference
Baldwin and the Conservatives would attempt to introduce such a scheme in Britain; however, the British public feared higher prices for basic products (particularly food), and this fear was a factor in the Conservative government's defeat in the election of December 1923. Baldwin's successor Ramsay MacDonald repudiated the plan and it would not see fruition until the British Empire Economic Conference of 1932.


1923 Imperial Conference
The conference attempted to coordinate industrial research for the purposes of promoting intra-empire trade and this was largely successful, with Departments of Scientific and Industrial Research being founded in the UK, New Zealand and India, and the Commonwealth Institute of Science and Industry being restructured in Australia.


1923 Indian general election
General elections were held in British India in November 1923 for both the Central Legislative Assembly and Provincial Assemblies. The Central Legislative Assembly had 145 seats, of which 105 were elected by the public.


1923 Indian general election
The Assembly was opened on 21 January 1924 by Viceroy Lord Reading.


1923 Indiana Hoosiers football team
The 1923 Indiana Hoosiers football team represented the Indiana Hoosiers in the 1923 Big Ten Conference football season. The Hoosiers played their home games at Jordan Field in Bloomington, Indiana. The team was coached by Bill Ingram, in his first year as head coach.


1923 Indianapolis 500
The 11th International 500-Mile Sweepstakes Race was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway on Wednesday, May 30, 1923.


1923 Indianapolis 500
After winning previously in 1921, Tommy Milton became the first multiple winner of the Indianapolis 500. Howdy Wilcox (the 1919 winner) drove relief for Milton in laps 103-151. During the break, Milton had to have his hands bandaged due to blisters, and changed his shoes due to crimping of his toes.


1923 Indianapolis 500
On lap 22, Tom Alley (driving Earl Cooper's entry) wrecked on the backstretch, going through the wall, and killed 16-year-old spectator Bert Shoup. Alley and two other spectators were injured.


1923 International Cross Country Championships
The 1923 International Cross Country Championships was held in Maisons-Laffitte, France, at the Hippodrome de Maisons-Laffitte on March 25, 1923. Athletes from Belgium were participating for the first time. A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald.


1923 International Cross Country Championships
Complete results, medallists,  and the results of British athletes were published.


1923 International Cross Country Championships, Participation
An unofficial count yields the participation of 36 athletes from 4 countries.


1923 International Lawn Tennis Challenge
The 1923 International Lawn Tennis Challenge was the 18th edition of what is now known as the Davis Cup. For the first time, the competition was split into two zones: the America Zone and the Europe Zone. This change was necessitated by having more than 16 teams compete for the cup (thus not fitting into one easily workable draw). The past several years had also seen a rise in the number of defaults, as teams from around the globe tried to work out the logistics of playing such an international tournament. Regional zones would help alleviate these problems.


1923 International Lawn Tennis Challenge
The Europe Zone consisted of 13 teams, while the America Zone was made up of 4 teams. Hawaii competed for the first and only time. The winners of the Zones met in an Inter-Zonal play-off, with the winner challenging defending champions the United States for the championship.


1923 International Lawn Tennis Challenge
Australia defeated France in the Inter-Zonal play-off, but again lost to the United States in the challenge round. The final was played at the West Side Tennis Club in New York City on 31 August – 3 September.


1923 International Lawn Tennis Challenge America Zone
The America Zone was one of the two regional zones of the 1923 International Lawn Tennis Challenge.


1923 International Lawn Tennis Challenge America Zone
For the first time, the competition would be split into two zones: the America Zone and the Europe Zone. This change was necessitated by having more than 16 teams compete for the cup (thus not fitting into one easily workable draw). The past several years had also seen a rise in the number of defaults, as teams from around the globe tried to work out the logistics of playing such an international tournament. Regional zones would help alleviate these problems.


1923 International Lawn Tennis Challenge America Zone
4 teams entered the America Zone, with the winner going on to compete in the Inter-Zonal Final against the winner of the Europe Zone. Australia defeated Japan in the final, and went on to face France in the Inter-Zonal Final.


1923 International Lawn Tennis Challenge Europe Zone
The Europe Zone was one of the two regional zones of the 1923 International Lawn Tennis Challenge.


1923 International Lawn Tennis Challenge Europe Zone
For the first time, the competition would be split into two zones: the America Zone and the Europe Zone. This change was necessitated by having more than 16 teams compete for the cup (thus not fitting into one easily workable draw). The past several years had also seen a rise in the number of defaults, as teams from around the globe tried to work out the logistics of playing such an international tournament. Regional zones would help alleviate these problems.


1923 International Lawn Tennis Challenge Europe Zone
13 teams entered the Europe Zone, with the winner going on to compete in the Inter-Zonal Final against the winner of the America Zone. France defeated Spain in the final, and went on to face Australia in the Inter-Zonal Final.


1923 International Universities Championships
The 1923 International Universities Championships was organised by the Union Nationale des Étudiants de France (UNEF) and held in Paris, France. Held from 3–6 May, ten nations were present in the men's only programme, which included athletics (18 events) and fencing (4 events).


1923 Invercargill mayoral election
The 1923 Invercargill mayoral election was held on 26 April 1923 as part of that years local elections.


1923 Iowa Hawkeyes football team
The 1923 Iowa Hawkeyes football team represented the University of Iowa in the 1923 Big Ten Conference football season. This season was Howard Jones' last as head coach of the Hawkeyes.


1923 Iowa State Cyclones football team
The 1923 Iowa State Cyclones football team represented Iowa State College of Agricultural and Mechanic Arts (later renamed Iowa State University) in the Missouri Valley Conference during the 1923 college football season. In their second season under head coach Sam Willaman, the Cyclones compiled a 4–3–1 record (3–2–1 against conference opponents), finished in fourth place in the conference, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 121 to 93. They played their home games at State Field in Ames, Iowa. Ira Young was the team captain.


1923 Irish general election
The 1923 Irish general election was held on 27 August 1923 and was the first general election in the Irish Free State established the previous December. The newly elected members of the 4th Dáil assembled at Leinster House on 19 September and the new President of the Executive Council and Executive Council of the Irish Free State were appointed by the Governor-General. The election was held shortly after the end of the Irish Civil War in May 1923. Many of the Republican TDs, who represented the losing anti-Treaty side, were still imprisoned during and after the election and had committed to not participating in the Dáil even if elected. Cumann na nGaedheal, the successor to the Pro-Treaty wing of Sinn Féin, won the election and formed the government.


1923 Irish general election, Result
Cumann na nGaedheal formed the 2nd Executive Council of the Irish Free State.


1923 Irish general election, Result
Most parties made gains, in part because the total number of seats in the Dáil was increased by 25 from 128 to 153. Cumann na nGaedheal were able to form a minority government while Republicans (Anti-Treaty) abstained from taking their seats in the Dáil.


1923 Irish general election, Result
Lax electoral practices were tightened up beforehand by The Prevention of Electoral Abuses Act 1923.


1923 Isle of Man TT
The 1923 Isle of Man Tourist Trophy saw the introduction of the first Sidecar TT race over 3 laps, won by Freddie Dixon and passenger Walter Denney using a special Douglas motorcycle with a banking-sidecar in a time of 2 hours, 7 minutes and 48 seconds, at an average speed of 53.15 mph (85.54 km/h). The fastest Sidecar lap was by Harry Langman on a Scott at 54.69 mph (88.02 km/h).


1923 Isle of Man TT
The Senior race was held in poor weather and local course knowledge allowed local Isle of Man competitor Tom Sheard, also riding a Douglas, to win a second TT to add to his first win in the 1922 Junior TT. Another first-time winner was Stanley Woods, riding to his first of ten victories in the TT races, on a Cotton in the Junior TT. TT novice Jimmie Guthrie suffered a machine breakdown in the Junior 350 cc race, but he achieved six victories in later years.


1923 Isle of Man TT
Changes to the course occurred in 1923 with the adoption of a private road between Parliament Square and May Hill in Ramsey. Previously the course negotiated Albert Road and Tower Road in Ramsey and the new course length was 37.739 miles (revised to 37.733 miles (60.725 km) in 1938).


1923 Italian Grand Prix
The 1923 Italian Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at Monza on 9 September 1923.


1923 Italian Grand Prix
It was the first race to be designated as the European Grand Prix.


1923 Kalamazoo Hornets football team
The 1923 Kalamazoo Hornets football team was an American football team that represented Kalamazoo College during the 1923 college football season. In Maynard Street's first year as head coach, the Hornets compiled a record of 0–10, the worst season record in program history. Kalamazoo also finished with its worst point spread in history, having been outscored by a total of 477 to 30.


1923 Kansas City Monarchs season
The 1923 Kansas City Monarchs baseball team competed in the Negro National League during the 1923 baseball season. The Monarchs compiled a 61–37 (.622) record and won the Negro National League championship. The team played its home games at Muehlebach Field and Association Park in Kansas City, Missouri.


1923 Kansas City Monarchs season
The team's leading pitchers were Bullet Rogan (16–11, 2.94 ERA, 151 strikeouts in 248 innings pitched) and Reuben Currie (15–9, 3.24 ERA, 119 strikeouts in 213 innings pitched).


1923 Kansas Jayhawks football team
The 1923 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the Missouri Valley Conference during the 1923 college football season. In their third season under head coach Potsy Clark, the Jayhawks compiled a 5–0–3 record (3–0–3 against conference opponents), finished in second place in the conference, and were outscored by opponents by a combined total of 68 to 30. The season is, as of 2018, the last season the Jayhawks finished undefeated. They played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Lawrence, Kansas. Charles Black was the team captain. The Jayhawks were MVIAA champions.


1923 Kansas State Wildcats football team
The 1923 Kansas State Wildcats football team represented Kansas State Agricultural College in the 1923 college football season.


1923 Kent State Silver Foxes football team
The 1923 Kent State Silver Foxes football team was an American football team that represented Kent State Normal College (later Kent State University) during the 1923 college football season. In its first season under head coach Frank Harsh, Kent State compiled a 0–5 record.


1923 Kentucky Derby
The 1923 Kentucky Derby was the 49th running of the Kentucky Derby. The race took place on May 19, 1923. Horses Anna M. Humphrey, Chickvale, and Everhart scratched before the race.


1923 Kentucky Wildcats football team
The 1923 Kentucky Wildcats football team was an American football team that represented the University of Kentucky as a member of the Southern Conference during the 1923 college football season. In their first year under head coach Jack Winn, the team compiled a 4–3–2 record.


1923 Kentucky gubernatorial election
The 1923 Kentucky gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1923. Democratic nominee William J. Fields defeated Republican nominee Charles I. Dawson with 53.25% of the vote.


1923 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
The 1923 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship was the 29th staging of the Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Kilkenny County Board.


1923 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
On 19 October 1924, Dicksboro won the championship after a 7-04 to 3-01 defeat of Mooncoin in the final. It was their first ever championship title.


1923 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes parliamentary election
Constitutional Assembly elections were held in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes on 18 March 1923. The seats were divided up by the political borders which existed before the Kingdom's formation and distributed using the population statistics of 1910.


1923 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes parliamentary election
According to a TIME Magazine article published in the next week of the election, the poll was marred by voter intimidation by the military police, suppression of the opposition and the disenfranchisement of ethnic minorities like the Hungarians and the Turks.


1923 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes parliamentary election
After the elections, an opposition Federalist Bloc was formed from the Croatian Republican Peasant Party, Slovenian People's Party and Yugoslav Muslim Organization.


1923 Klass I season
The 1923 Klass I season was the first season of the Klass I, the top level ice hockey league in Sweden. IK Göta won the league championship, as they finished first in the league table.


1923 Kraków riot
The 1923 Kraków riot was a violent riot that took place during a strike on 6 November 1923 in Kraków, Poland. The incident is also called the 1923 Kraków uprising, particularly by Marxist sources. Demonstrators took control of the Main Market Square area and disarmed some troops. Eventually troops and police were ordered to fire on the workers, though some soldiers refused. Three armored cars were used, one of which, named Dziadek ("Grandpa"), was captured by the workers in the Market Square area. Some 18–30 workers were killed, as well as 14 soldiers. No policemen died, but 31 were injured.


1923 Kraków riot, Background
Poland regained independence in 1918 (see Partitions of Poland), in the aftermath of the First World War, but was involved in several military conflicts, such as Polish-Soviet War, till late 1920. After the wars, the newly reconstituted country had to deal with a difficult economic situation, including economic depression and hyperinflation. Workers rights were curtailed, their material situation drastically worsened, and Polish socialists were in opposition to the coalition government of Endecja and Chjeno-Piast, with Wincenty Witos as prime minister.


1923 Kraków riot, Background
At the same time, Witos and his men were afraid that Józef Piłsudski, who for the time being was staying in his estate in Sulejowek, would use any opportunity to return to power. The Marshall was officially presenting himself as a private person, but his house was carefully watched by the police.


1923 Kraków riot, Background
In the fall of 1923, hundreds of strikes took place across the country. At first, Polish government adopted a lenient policy towards worker demonstration, but after a scandal in 1922, in which a carriage with Polish president was pelted by stones by the workers while police did nothing, this policy changed. In October 1923, railroads were militarized, and the striking rail workers were drafted into the army. In Kraków, where workers' strikes and demonstrations were occurring as well, local military commander, General Józef Czikiel, introduced special courts for striking rail workers. In response, on November 5, Polish Socialist Party proclaimed a general strike.


1923 Kraków riot, Riots in Kraków
On 5 November the government forbade any demonstrations, yet this decree was disregarded by the workers of Kraków. Therefore, troops, some of them armed with machine guns, were deployed on the streets of the city, and on crucial positions across the city early in the morning on November 6. A day earlier, Polish Socialist Party (Polska Partia Socjalistyczna, PPS) had declared a general strike as in response to government militarization of the railways (ordered in order to end a month-long strike of the railway workers) and other restrictions. Workers clashed with the police, but the situation didn't progress further on that day.


1923 Kraków riot, Riots in Kraków
Another large workers demonstration begun in late morning of 6 November, resulting in events described in some sources as Bloody Tuesday. It all started when the protesters approached Worker's House, located at Dunajewskiego Street, where a demonstration was planned for that day. However, the House was locked, and in front of it were the police, some of them with rifles and bayonets. Angry workers came closer to the police, and then one of the officers, positioned in a nearby hotel, fired at the crowd. It was the spark that ignited the crowd.


1923 Kraków riot, Riots in Kraków
The demonstrators rushed at the police, disarming some of the officers. At the same time, a Polish Army regiment, called to help the police, appeared in the Planty Park. The workers began chanting "Long live Józef Piłsudski", and upon hearing that, the soldiers put down their weapons, honoring their beloved commandant. Soon afterwards, rifles were in the hands of the demonstrators, many of whom were well-trained veterans of the Polish-Soviet War.


1923 Kraków riot, Riots in Kraków
Since the situation was getting very serious, local authorities called uhlans of the 8th Regiment, under Rotmistrz Lucjan Bochenek, an experienced soldier, who ordered his subordinates to charge on the crowd, but horses were unable to run on the wet sidewalks, and many of them slipped and fell. The workers dispersed, with a number of them hiding in nearby houses, where they opened fire. Bochenek, and his deputy Mieczyslaw Zagorski were killed, and shocked uhlans were disarmed. Another cavalry unit was also disarmed, and its commandant, shot in both legs, was unable to control the soldiers, who, after hearing workers chant "Long live Pilsudski! Down with the government of Witos! ", mingled with the crowd, giving up their weapons.


1923 Kraków riot, Riots in Kraków
Upon order of General Czikiel, Colonel Becker was left in charge of the army units sent to fight the demonstrators. Becker, finding out about failure of the mounted troops, sent into action infantry regiments, which on previous night had been transported from Katowice and the area of Lwow. Meanwhile, workers were erecting barricades and clashing with the police and troops units again. The Internationale was sung. The demonstrators took control of the Main Market Square area and disarmed some troops. Eventually, troops and police were given orders to fire on the workers, although some soldiers refused to do so. Three Armored cars were used; one of which, named Dziadek, was captured by the workers in the area of the market square. The driver of the armored car was killed, two other soldiers inside were seriously wounded.


1923 Kraków riot, Riots in Kraków
Around midday of November 6, the center of the city was under control of the workers, with police and army units stationed around Kraków Main station, and offices of the voivode. At that time, rumors began circulating among the demonstrators, which had it that large army units with artillery were on their way. However, the government in Warsaw, anxious about the situation, had already begun negotiations with the opposition, and a five-hour truce was declared, which prevented further fighting. Altogether, about 18 to 30 workers and 14 soldiers were killed (including 11 cavalryman from an ill-fated charge), and there were 101 soldiers wounded. No policeman were killed, but 31 were injured. Among the civilians, 10 were seriously wounded. Also, the demonstrators killed 61 army horses.


1923 Kraków riot, Aftermath
By 6 November the Polish government declared that it was willing to negotiate with PPS, a ceasefire was agreed upon, and the riots subsided. The government agreed to reverse its decision about militarization of the railways; the unpopular voivode of Kraków Voivodeship, Kazimierz Gałecki, was replaced by Karol Olpiński; and General Józef Czikel (commander of the Kraków Military District No. V) was replaced by Lucjan Żeligowski. In return, the socialists promised to end the strike, and urged all workers to return to work the next day. In Kraków, the police withdrew from the streets, which temporarily were patrolled by the armed workers.


1923 Kraków riot, Aftermath
The increasingly unpopular Chjeno-Piast government would resign in December 1923, partly due to its handling of the Kraków riots. Apart from Kraków, in early November 1923 there were violent street demonstrations and clashes with police in other southern Polish cities, such as Tarnów, and Boryslaw, with a number of people wounded, as well as killed. All killed cavalrymen were buried at Kraków's Rakowicki Cemetery, where a monument with their names was erected.


1923 LFF Lyga
The 1923 LFF Lyga was the 2nd season of the LFF Lyga football competition in Lithuania. It was contested by 4 teams, and LFLS Kaunas won the championship.


1923 LSU Tigers football team
The 1923 LSU Tigers football team represented Louisiana State University (LSU) in the 1923 college football season. This was LSU's first season as a member of the Southern Conference.


1923 Lafayette football team
The 1923 Lafayette football team was an American football team that represented Lafayette College as an independent during the 1923 college football season. In its fifth and final season under head coach Jock Sutherland, the team compiled a 6–1–2 record. Arthur Deibel was the team captain. The team played its home games at March Field in Easton, Pennsylvania.


1923 Latvian Football Championship
The 1923 Latvian Football Championship of the Latvian Higher League was contested by 6 teams with Kaiserwald winning the championship.


1923 Latvian Football Championship
In the first stage, province group, LNJS from Liepāja won in the tournament of best teams from Kurzeme, Zemgale, Vidzeme and Latgale regions. In the second stage, Kaiserwald (Riga) defeated LNJS [Liepaja] 4-0.


1923 Latvian church property referendum
A referendum on the transfer of church property was held in Latvia on 1 and 2 September 1923, the first time a referendum had been held in the country. Voters were asked whether the government should be stopped from transferring the Lutheran St James's Church in Riga to the Roman Catholic Church. Although a large majority voted for the proposal, voter turnout was well below the level required, and the church building was subsequently given to the Catholic Church.


1923 Latvian church property referendum, Background
The  government led by Prime Minister Zigfrīds Anna Meierovics had started legislating for the transfer of Baltic German St James's Church to the Roman Catholic Church as well as forcing the Lutheran Church to share Riga Cathedral with the Catholics. The moves were vigorously opposed by Paul Schiemann, a prominent defender of minority rights, who claimed the bill would "abandon the principles of a state of culture and law" during a parliamentary debate.


1923 Latvian church property referendum, Background
Schiemann attracted international sympathy for the Lutheran Church's fight, and managed to force the country's first ever referendum. However, supporters of the transfer called for a boycott of the referendum.


1923 Latvian church property referendum, Aftermath
Although the referendum was passed by a large margin, turnout was just 21.4%. The referendum had required 400,000 to vote in favour for it to succeed, but achieved only just over half the number.


1923 Latvian church property referendum, Aftermath
Subsequently the church building was given over to the Roman Catholic Church, who took it over as their cathedral the following May. The Lutherans were also forced to share Riga Cathedral with the Catholics.


1923 Leeds Central by-election
The Leeds Central by-election, 1923 was a parliamentary by-election for the British House of Commons constituency of Leeds Central on 26 July 1923.


1923 Leeds Central by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the death of the sitting Unionist MP, Arthur Wellesley Willey on 2 July 1923. He had been MP here since winning the seat in 1922.


1923 Leeds Central by-election, Electoral history
Willey had gained the seat from the Liberals at the previous general election;


1923 Leeds Central by-election, Result
The Unionists held the seat. The Liberal share was halved with the Labour party picking up that former Liberal vote.


1923 Lehigh Brown and White football team
The 1923 Lehigh Brown and White football team was an American football team that represented Lehigh University as an independent during the 1923 college football season. In its second season under head coach James A. Baldwin, the team compiled a 6–2–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 107 to 57. The team played its home games at Taylor Stadium in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.


1923 Liberian general election
General elections were held in Liberia in 1923. In the presidential election, the result was a victory for Charles D. B. King of the True Whig Party, who was re-elected for a second term.


1923 Liberian general election
The results of the election were rigged, with King receiving 45,000 votes, despite there being only 6,000 Liberians eligible to vote.


1923 Lincoln Lions football team
The 1923 Lincoln Lions football team was an American football team that represented Lincoln University in the Colored Intercollegiate Athletic Association (CIAA) during the 1923 college football season. In their first year under head coach Ulysses S. Young, the Lions compiled a 5–1–2 record and were recognized as the black college national co-champion along with Howard.


1923 Lincoln Lions football team
The championship game between Howard and Lincoln attracted 25,000 spectators, "the largest crowd in the history of colored football" to that time.


1923 Lincoln Lions football team
The team's players included quarterback Jazz Byrd, left halfback and team captain Robert Walter Johnson (nicknamed "Whirlwind), right halfback "Butts" Brown, fullback Lee, ends J. W. Lancaster and "Birdie" Crudup, tackles W. R. C. Coston and R. S. Jason, guards Poindexter and Parker, and center Chris "Big Boy" Morgan. Lincoln captured five of eleven first-team spots on the 1923 All-C.I.A.A. football team selected by committee of the Colored Intercollegiate Athletic Association. Lincoln's first-team honorees were Byrd at quarterback, R. W. Johnson at left halfback, Chris Morgan at center, and J. W. Lancaster in the line.


1923 Lithuanian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Lithuania on 12 and 13 May 1923. The Lithuanian Popular Peasants' Union emerged as the largest party in the second Seimas, winning 16 of the 78 seats.


1923 Liverpool City Council election
Elections to Liverpool City Council were held on 1 November 1923.


1923 Liverpool City Council election
One third of the council seats were up for election. The term of office for each councillor being three years.


1923 Liverpool City Council election
Twelve of the thirty-nine seats up for election were uncontested.


1923 Liverpool City Council election, Ward results
Comparisons are made with the 1920 election results, as the retiring councillors were elected in 1920.


1923 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Election 9 November 1923
At the meeting of the Council on 9 November 1923, the terms of office of eighteen alderman expired.


1923 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Election 9 November 1923
The following eighteen were elected as Aldermen by the councillors on 9 November 1923 for a term of six years.


1923 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Election 4 June 1924
Caused by the death of Alderman William Henry Watts(Liberal, last elected as an alderman on 9 November 1920)on 13 March 1924.


1923 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Election 4 June 1924
In his place Councillor James Bolger (Irish Nationalist), North Scotland, elected 1 November 1921) was elected as an alderman by the councillors on 4 June 1924.


1923 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 13 Princes Park, 22 November 1923
Caused by the resignation of Councillor David Jackson (Conservative, Prince's Park, elected 1 November 1922) which was reported to the Council on 9 November 1923


1923 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 13 Princes Park, 22 November 1923
The term of office to expire on 1 November 1925.


1923 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 17 Aigburth, 17 January 1924
Caused by the death on 19 December 1923 of Councillor John Ritchie (Conservative, Aigburth, elected 1 November 1921).


1923 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 23 Netherfield, 9 April 1924
Caused by the election of Councillor Harold Edward Davies (Conservative, Netherfield, elected 1 November 1921) as an alderman by the councillors on 9 November 1923


1923 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 12 Dingle, 30 July 1924
Caused by the death of Councillor William Pemberton Coslett (Liberal, Dingle, elected 1 November 1921) on 16 October 1923 which was reported to the Council on 24 October 1923.


1923 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 2 North Scotland 10 July 1924
Caused by the election by the councillors of Councillor James Bolger (Irish Nationalist), North Scotland, elected 1 November 1921) as an alderman on 4 June 1924, following the death of Alderman William Henry Watts (Liberal, last elected as an alderman on 9 November 1920) on 13 March 1924.


1923 Liverpool Edge Hill by-election
"The Liverpool Edge Hill by-election of 1923 was held on 6 March 1923. The by-election was held due to the resignation of the incumbent Conservative MP, William Rutherford. It was won by the Labour candidate Jack Hayes.


1923 Liège–Bastogne–Liège
The 1923 Liège–Bastogne–Liège was the 13th edition of the Liège–Bastogne–Liège cycle race and was held on 3 June 1923. The race started and finished in Liège. The race was won by René Vermandel.


1923 Lombard Olive football team
The 1923 Lombard Olive football team was an American football team that represented Lombard College during the 1923 college football season. In its third year under head coach Paul J. Schissler, the team compiled a 6–1 record.


1923 Los Angeles mayoral election
The 1923 election for Mayor of Los Angeles took place on May 1, 1923. Incumbent George E. Cryer was re-elected.


1923 Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football team
The 1923 Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented the Louisiana Polytechnic Institute—now known as Louisiana Tech University—as a member of the Louisiana Intercollegiate Athletic Association (LIAA) during the 1923 college football season. Led by William Henry Dietz in his second and final year as head coach, Louisiana Tech compiled an overall record of 6–2. The team's captain was Roe Hollis.


1923 Louisville Brecks season
The 1923 Louisville Brecks season was their third season in the league and final season as the Brecks. The team failed to improve on their previous output of 1–3, losing all their games. They tied for nineteenth place in the league.


1923 Louisville Brecks season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1923 Louisville Cardinals football team
The 1923 Louisville Cardinals football team was an American football team that represented the University of Louisville as an independent during the 1923 college football season. In their first season under head coach Fred Enke, the Cardinals compiled a 5–3 record.


1923 Loyola Wolf Pack football team
The 1923 Loyola Wolf Pack football team was an American football team that represented Loyola College of New Orleans (now known as Loyola University New Orleans) as an independent during the 1923 college football season. In its third and final season under head coach William Flynn, the team compiled a 5–1–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 104 to 41.


1923 Ludlow by-election
The Ludlow by-election, 1923 was a parliamentary by-election for the British House of Commons constituency of Ludlow, Shropshire, on 19 April 1923.


1923 Ludlow by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the succession to the peerage of the sitting Unionist MP, Ivor Windsor-Clive on 6 March 1923. He had been MP here since winning the seat in the January 1922 by-election.


1923 Ludlow by-election, Election history
Conservative or Unionist candidates had won the seat at every election from 1903 onwards. The result at the last General election was;


1923 Ludlow by-election, Candidates
The Unionist candidate was Lt-Col. George Windsor-Clive, a retired Army Officer. His father had sat for Ludlow in the 19th century. The Liberal candidate was Capt. Edward Calcott Pryce, a solicitor. He had been the National Liberal candidate at the last General Election. Following the mood around the country, the National Liberals and Liberals in Ludlow united behind his candidature. The Labour party chose to intervene in the contest and fielded Percy F. Pollard.


1923 Ludlow by-election, Result
Despite the intervention of a Labour candidate, the Liberals managed to reduce the Unionist majorityThe Labour candidate lost his deposit.


1923 Ludlow by-election, Aftermath
Windsor-Clive continued as MP until retiring in 1945. The Unionists/Conservatives continued to hold the seat until 2001. The Liberal Party failed to capitalize on their strong showing and local unity by failing to run a candidate either in 1923 or 1924. Neither did Pryce stand for parliament again. The result at the following General election;


1923 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election
The second legislative council election to Madras Presidency after the establishment of diarchical system of government by the Government of India Act, 1919 was held in 1923. Voter turnout was higher than the previous election. Swarajists, a breakaway group from Indian National Congress participated in the election. The ruling Justice Party had suffered a split, when a splinter group calling themselves anti-Ministerialists left the party. It won the highest number of seats but fell short of a majority. Nevertheless, Madras Governor Willington invited it to form the government.


1923 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election
Incumbent Justice chief minister Panagal Raja was nominated by party leader Theagaraya Chetty to continue as chief minister for a second term. The government survived a no-confidence motion (with the support of non-elected members), brought against it on the first day of its tenure by the opposition headed by C. R. Reddy.


1923 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Background, Split in Justice Party
Constant infighting within the Justice Party led to the creation of a group calling themselves anti-ministerialists. This group included notable members like C. Natesa Mudaliar, T. A. Ramalingam Chettiar, C. R. Reddy and P. Subbarayan. They challenged Theagaroya Chetty's leadership alleging that he was exercising autocratic control over the party. Chetty's support for British oppression of the Non-cooperation movement was disapproved by members of his party including Subbaroyan and R. K. Shanmugam Chettiar. Inclusion of no Tamil members by Theagaroya Chetty in the ministry caused resentment among Tamil members. Members of the previous ministry Raja of Panagal and Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu were Telugu members and A. P. Patro was from Orissa. Theagaroya Chetty also had Telugu ancestry.


1923 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Background, Birth of Swarajists
The years after the 1920 election witnessed major developments at the national level. Gandhi and his followers including C. Rajagopalachari strongly believed in Congress not participating in the elections. However, Chittaranjan Das (C. R. Das), Motilal Nehru and few others encouraged Congress participation in election. The party passed a resolution on 7 September 1922 to allow its members to stand as candidates and participate in the elections. C. R. Das's attempt to move a resolution advocating active participation in elections, at the Congress meeting  held in Gaya in December 1922 after the imprisonment of Gandhi failed.


1923 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Background, Birth of Swarajists
Soon afterwards, C. R. Das and his followers formed Swaraj Party on 1 January 1923. Their platform included fighting the elections and participating in the elections and continue non-cooperation from within the diarchy. However, they did not secede from Congress and remained as a Pressure group within the Congress. After much debate between the pro- and anti-Council entry members within the Congress, a special meeting held in late September 1923 in Delhi authorised willing Congressmen to participate in elections while reinstating its commitment to non-cooperation. Rajagopalachari who did not attend the meeting expressed his support for Council entry.


1923 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Background, Birth of Swarajists
Despite his national support for Council entry, he continued working against it in Tamil Nadu. After Gandhi was released from Jail in February 1924, he was willing to accommodate the Swarajists in the Congress fold while expressing dislike for Council entry. He advised Rajaji also to follow a similar course in Madras and it was not until 1925 Rajaji publicly accepted Gandhi's advice. S. Srinivasa Iyengar joined the Swarajists and became the leader of the party machinery for the Madras Presidency.


1923 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Constituencies
The Madras Legislative Council had a total of 127 members in addition to the ex–officio members of the Governor's Executive Council. Out of the 127, 98 were elected from 61 constituencies of the presidency. The constituencies comprised three arbitrary divisions – 1)communal constituencies such as non-Muhammadan urban, non-Muhammadan rural, non-Brahman urban, Mohamaddan urban, Mohamaddan rural, Indian Christian, European and Anglo-Indian 2)special constituencies such as landholders, Universities, planters and trade associations (South India Chamber of Commerce & Nattukottai Nagarathar Association) and 3) territorial constituencies. 28 of the constituencies were reserved for non-Brahmans. 29 members were nominated, out of whom a maximum of 19 would be government officials, 5 would represent the Paraiyar, Pallar, Valluvar, Mala, Madiga, Sakkiliar, Thottiyar, Cheruman and Holeya communities and 1 would represent the "backward tracts". Including the Executive Council members, the total strength of the legislature was 134.


1923 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Polling
The term of the first council expired on 11 September 1923. Elections for the second council were held on 31 October. Heavy rains and the resulting flooding in some areas delayed the completion of polling till 10 November. Elections for held for only 44 constituencies. From the remaining 17 constituencies, 20 members were elected unopposed. The franchise was limited based on property qualifications. More people cast their votes in this election than the first one. 28% polling was recorded in North Arcot rural constituency, 58.8% in Madras city and 77% in Tiruneveli-Palayamcotai urban constituency. Over all the presidency witnessed a 36.2% turnout.


1923 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Results
The Justice Party emerged as the single largest party but was not able to obtain a simple majority. The Swarajists contested 11 seats and they won all of them. The following table shows the party wise distribution of elected and non elected members.


1923 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Analysis
The following table shows communal distribution of the elected and non-elected members.


1923 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Analysis
The poor performance of Justice party has been attributed to four reasons  – 1) Internal dissent in the party weakened it. Members like Natesa Mudaliar, M. C. Rajah and O. Kandasamy Chettiar were openly critical of the party's functioning during the first council. 2) The exclusion of Tamils from the first ministry weakened it in the Southern Tamil speaking districts of the presidency 3)The Swarajists emerged as a small yet significant opposition to the Justice party. 4)Lack of an effective campaign hobbled the party's performance in the polls.


1923 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Government formation
After the elections, Madras Governor Willington called upon the Justice Party to form the Government. Theagaraya Chetty recommended two former ministers Raja of Panagal (as Chief Minister) and A. P. Patro to be included in the cabinet. Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu, the minister for Development was dropped and instead T. N. Sivagnanam Pillai, a Tamil member was inducted in the ministry. The ministers assumed office on 19 November 1923. Abdullah Ghatala Sabib Bahadur, S. Arpudasami Udayar and T. C. Thangavelu Pillai were appointed as Council secretaries.


1923 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Government formation
The new executive council of the Governor consisted of C. G. Todhunter, A. R. Knapp, C. P. Ramaswami Iyer and Vasudeva Ravi Varma Valiya Raja . L. D. Swamikannu Pillai was appointed by the Governor as the President of the legislative council for one year and his successor was to be chosen by the council itself after the end of his term. The council lasted from 26 November 1923, till 7 November 1926.


1923 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Government formation, No-confidence motion
Though Justice Party won the highest number of seats, it was still of short of a majority. Therefore, a no-confidence motion was moved on the first day (27 November 1923) of the council questioning the legitimacy of its Government. It was the first such motion in Indian legislative history. The motion was filed by anti-Ministerialists who had organized themselves as the United Nationalist Party (UNP). C. R. Reddy, who moved the motion, said in his statement that he did not question the authority of the Governor, but the legitimacy of the Justice Party government.


1923 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Government formation, No-confidence motion
He had two main arguments – 1)The election results showed that the electorate was against the government and 2)The Raja of Panagal showed nepotism in choosing the Presidents of various local governmental bodies. The government was defended in the legislature by the Raja of Panagal and A. P. Patro. S. Satyamurti  (later leader of the Swaraj party) made his maiden speech in the assembly in support of the motion. The motion was discussed for two days and put to vote on 28 November. The government survived with the support of nominated members.


1923 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Government formation, No-confidence motion
65 members including 21 non elected members opposed the motion, while 43 supported it and 10 (including Venkata Reddy Naidu) remained neutral. Members who supported the motion and voted against the government included members of the UNP, Swarajists, all independents and non official Muslim members. Members who opposed the motion and voted for the government included 44 members of the Justice party, 13 nominated and 8 ex officio members. The nationalist newspaper, The Hindu which had opposed the Justice Party from its inception contended


1923 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Government formation, No-confidence motion
If the official and nominated members are excluded, the figures reduce themselves to 44 votes cast for the ministers and 43 votes against it. Looked at from the angle of electorate at large, the 44 votes represented elected of 192,855 as against the 43 representing 257,144. So, it is exceedingly clear that the electorate at large has given its verdict against the Ministers.


1923 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Impact
The second Justice government ushered in by the 1923 elections continued and expanded the policies and legislative initiatives of the first Justice government of 1920–23. The Hindu Religious Endowment bill, which had been first introduced on 18 December 1922, was finally passed in 1925. This effectively brought a majority of the Hindu temples in the presidency under the control of the provincial government. This Act set the precedent to for several later Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowment (HR & CE) Acts and the current policy of the state of Tamil Nadu.


1923 Maine Black Bears football team
The 1923 Maine Black Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of Maine as a member of the New England Conference during the 1923 college football season. In its third season under head coach Fred Brice, the team compiled a 5–3 record (3–0 against conference opponents) and won the New England Conference championship. Henry Small was the team captain.


1923 Major League Baseball season
The 1923 Major League Baseball season was contested from April 17 to October 15, 1923. The New York Giants and New York Yankees were the regular season champions of the National League and American League, respectively. The Yankees then defeated the Giants in the World Series, four games to two.


1923 Major League Baseball season
This was the second of eight seasons that "League Awards", a precursor to the Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award (introduced in 1931), were issued. Only an American League award was given in 1923.


1923 Malaya Cup
This was the third season of the Malaya Cup (later known as the Malaysia Cup), an annual soccer tournament. It was contested by states in Malaya. The final was contested by the southern and northern champions in their respective conference rounds. Seven states sent their teams. The final was held at Selangor Club Field on 25 August 1923 where Singapore collected their second title in three consecutive final appearances against Perak with scoreline 2–1. It was during this year that a newspaper described it as "by far the greatest sporting event of the year (in Malaya)".


1923 Malaya Cup, Conference Round
Seven teams participated in the third edition of the Malaya Cup, Johor, Malacca, Negeri Sembilan, Singapore, Penang, Selangor and Perak. The teams were divided into two conferences, the Northern Section and Southern Section. The Northern Section comprised Penang, Selangor and Perak, while the Southern Section was composed of Johor, Negeri Sembilan, Malacca and Singapore. Each team played against each other (two games per team) and the winners of each conference played in the final. Each win gave the winning team 2 points while losing gave 0 points. A draw meant a point shared between two teams.


1923 Malaya Cup, Final
The final was held at Selangor Club Field on 25 August 1923. Singapore won the match 2–1 against Perak. This was Singapore's second title in three consecutive final appearances.


1923 Manx Amateur Road Races
The 1923 Manx Amataeur Road Races a forerunner of the Manx Grand Prix were held on 20 September 1923. The first winner was Les Randles riding a 500c Sunbeam motor-cycle.


1923 Manx Amateur Road Races
During an early morning practice session, the Isle of Man competitor Ned Brew crashed fatally in an accident at the Hillbery Corner.


1923 Manx Amateur Road Races, Results, 1923 Manx Amateur Road Race
Thursday 20 September 1923 –  5 laps (188.75 miles) Isle of Man TT Mountain Course.


1923 Marquette Golden Avalanche football team
The 1923 Marquette Golden Avalanche football team was an American football team that represented Marquette University as an independent during the 1923 college football season. In its second season under head coach Frank Murray, the team compiled an 8–0 record.


1923 Marshall Thundering Herd football team
The 1923 Marshall Thundering Herd football team represented Marshall College (now Marshall University) in the 1923 college football season. Marshall posted a 1–7 record, being outscored by its opposition 28–271. Home games were played on a campus field called "Central Field" which is presently Campus Commons.


1923 Maryland Aggies football team
The 1923 Maryland Aggies football team represented the University of Maryland in the 1923 college football season. In their 13th season under head coach Curley Byrd, the Aggies compiled a 7–2–1 record (2–1 in conference), finished in seventh place in the Southern Conference, and outscored their opponents 214 to 56.


1923 Maryland Aggies football team
In 1923, the eponymous stadium, for which coach Byrd had petitioned for funding, was completed at a cost of $60,000 with a maximum capacity of 10,000. That season was also one of Byrd's most successful. He hired former Maryland quarterback and future long-time basketball coach, Burton Shipley, as an assistant coach. The team shutout five of its opponents and held Johns Hopkins and Catholic to just six points apiece. The only losses came at Yale and against Virginia Tech.


1923 Maryland Aggies football team
Maryland led Yale, 14–12, at halftime, but a referee ruled incomplete a drop kick that Byrd claimed was good by a "country mile". Yale won the game, 16–14. Mainly for his performance against Yale and Penn, end Bill "Zeke" Supplee was named an All-American by the Associated Press. He was the first Maryland player honored as such.


1923 Maryland Aggies football team, Schedule
1 at Washington, D.C. (Griffith Stadium)2 at Baltimore, Md. (Memorial Stadium)


1923 Maryland gubernatorial election
The 1923 Maryland gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1923. Incumbent Democrat Albert Ritchie defeated Republican nominee Alexander Armstrong with 55.97% of the vote.


1923 Massachusetts Aggies football team
The 1923 Massachusetts Aggies football team represented Massachusetts Agricultural College in the 1923 college football season. The team was coached by Harold Gore and played its home games at Alumni Field in Amherst, Massachusetts. Massachusetts finished the season with a record of 2–5. The Aggies were charter members of the newly established New England Conference, although they did not face any in-conference opponents this season.


1923 Meath Senior Football Championship
The 1923 Meath Senior Football Championship was the 31st edition of the Meath GAA's premier inter-county Gaelic football tournament, for the 3 clubs that were entered. The final was played in Kells with Rathkenny receiving a walkover from Navan Harps in the final, and thus claiming their 5th Senior title. This was a strange Championship, in that Rathkenny won the Championship playing only one game in the process.


1923 Mecklenburg-Strelitz state election
The 1923 Mecklenburg-Strelitz state election was held on 8 July 1923 to elect the 35 members of the Landtag of the Free State of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.


1923 Memorial Cup
The 1923 Memorial Cup final was the fifth junior ice hockey championship of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association. The George Richardson Memorial Trophy champions Kitchener Colts of the Ontario Hockey Association in Eastern Canada competed against the Abbott Cup champions University of Manitoba of the Manitoba Junior Hockey League in Western Canada. In a two-game, total goal series, held at the Arena Gardens in Toronto, Ontario, the University of Manitoba won their 1st Memorial Cup, defeating Kitchener 14 goals to 6.


1923 Memorial Cup, Winning roster
A. Chapman, C.S. Doupe, Nip Johnson, Jack Mitchell, Bob Moulden, Murray Murdock, Art Puttee, F. Robertson, Blake Watson, Stony Wise, Clare Williams. Coach: Hal Moulden


1923 Mercer Baptists football team
The 1923 Mercer Baptists football team was an American football team that represented Mercer University as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association during the 1923 college football season. In their first year under head coach Stanley L. Robinson, the team compiled a 4–5 record. Robinson was hired from Mississippi College in March 1923 to replace Josh Cody who resigned to become an assistant coach at Vanderbilt.


1923 Miami Redskins football team
The 1923 Miami Redskins football team was an American football team that represented Miami University as a member of the Ohio Athletic Conference (OAC) during the 1923 college football season. In its second and final season under head coach Harry W. Ewing, Miami compiled a 3–4–1 record (1–4–1 against conference opponents) and finished in 16th place out of 19 teams in the OAC.


1923 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team
The 1923 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team has represented Michigan Agricultural College (MAC) in the 1923 college football season. In their first year under head coach Ralph H. Young, the Aggies compiled a 3–5 record and were outscored by their opponents 144 to 56.


1923 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team, Game summaries, Michigan
On October 27, 1923, the Aggies lost to Michigan, 37–0, at Ferry Field. Harry Kipke's "broken field running figured prominently in Michigan's scoring." Richard Vick started in place of Herb Steger, who was held in reserve for the Iowa game the following week. A newspaper account of the game reported that Vick "played brilliantly, plunging and passing for repeated gains," revealing "a wealth of strength among the Michigan reserves." The 1924 Michiganensian reported that the Aggies "furnished a good practice game" and noted the every player on the Michigan bench was able to play in the game.


1923 Michigan Mines football team
The 1923 Michigan Mines football team represented the Michigan College of Mines—now known as Michigan Technological University—as an independent during the 1923 college football season. Michigan Mines compiled a 2–0 record.


1923 Michigan State Normal Normalites football team
The 1923 Michigan State Normal Normalites football team represented Michigan State Normal College (later renamed Eastern Michigan University) during the 1923 college football season. In their first season under head coach James M. Brown, the Normalites compiled a record of 2–5–1 and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 104 to 55. Malcolm I. Dickie was the team captain.


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team
The 1923 Michigan football team was an American football team that represented the University of Michigan during the 1923 Big Ten Conference football season. In their 23rd year under head coach Fielding H. Yost, Michigan compiled an undefeated 8–0 record, tied for the Big Ten Conference football championship, and outscored its opponents by a combined total of 150 to 12. The season was part of a 20-game undefeated streak for Michigan that began on October 29, 1921, and continued until October 18, 1924. During the combined 1922 and 1923 seasons, Yost's teams compiled a 14–0–1 record.


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team
Although no system was in place during this era to determine a national champion, the NCAA recognizes as official certain selectors who have sought to establish historic national championships. One of the official selectors, the Billingsley Report, recognizes the 1923 Michigan team as the sole national champion. A second official selector, the National Championship Foundation, recognizes Michigan as co-champion with Illinois. Illinois, led by Red Grange, and Michigan both had perfect records and, despite playing in the same conference, did not play each other during the 1923 season.


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team
Michigan's backfield was led by halfbacks Harry Kipke and Herb Steger and quarterback Irwin Uteritz. Steger was the team's leading scorer, and Kipke, the team captain, developed a reputation as the best punter in college football and later was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. On defense, the 1923 team gave up an average of 1.6 points per game, held its first four opponents scoreless, and gave up only one touchdown during the entire season. Left tackle Stanley Muirhead played every minute of Michigan's 1923 season and was one of the team's defensive leaders. Center and placekicker Jack Blott was a consensus first-team pick for the 1923 All-America Team.


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team
Highlights of the 1923 season included a 3–0 victory over Southern Conference champion Vanderbilt, a 19–0 victory over Ohio State before the largest crowd in Ferry Field history and a 10–0 victory over an undefeated Minnesota team that had scored 34 and 20 points against Northwestern and Iowa in the preceding weeks. A 6–3 victory over Wisconsin featured a game-saving "diving shoe-string tackle" by Edliff Slaughter on the last play of the game – a play that Fielding Yost later called "the greatest play in football I ever saw."


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team, Preseason
Michigan's 1922 team finished its season undefeated with a record of 6–0–1 and tied with Iowa team for the Big Ten Conference football championship. Several key players from the 1922 team did not return in 1923, including fullback Franklin Cappon, right end Paul Goebel, and left end Bernard Kirk. Cappon and Goebel were lost to graduation, and Kirk had died from injuries sustained in an automobile accident in December 1922. There were, however, several starters returning from the undefeated 1922 team, including halfback Harry Kipke, quarterback Irwin Uteritz, center Jack Blott, and tackle Stanley Muirhead.


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team, Preseason
In May 1923, the University of Michigan's Board of Control of Athletics announced that the new field house under construction would be named after Fielding H. Yost, who had been Michigan's head football coach for 22 years. At the time of its completion in the fall of 1923, Yost Field House was "the largest structure for competitive athletics in the world." The structure was designed to have a seating capacity of 12,500, an indoor track with a 75-foot straightaway, basketball courts, indoor practice facilities for the football and baseball teams, locker and shower facilities for 4,200, athletic association offices, and trophy rooms.


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 1: Case
Michigan opened its 1923 season on October 6 with a 36–0 victory over the Case Scientific School in front of a crowd of more than 15,000 spectators at Ferry Field. Michigan had opened its season with a home game against Case 16 times between 1902 and 1923.


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 1: Case
Michigan's first touchdown was scored by right halfback Herb Steger on a 15-yard pass from left halfback Harry Kipke. Steger missed the extra point kick. Then, in the second quarter, Steger scored his second touchdown on a 53-yard run through right tackle. Kipke's drop kick for the extra point was blocked, and Michigan led, 12–0. Kipke also missed a drop kick for field goal in the second quarter. Still in the second quarter, Steger scored his third touchdown on a pass from quarterback Irwin Uteritz. Kipke's drop kick for extra point was good, and Michigan led, 19–0, at halftime.


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 1: Case
On Michigan's second play from scrimmage in the second half, William Herrnstein, substituting for Kipke, ran 28 yards for a touchdown. Jack Blott kicked the extra point, and Michigan led, 26–0. In the fourth quarter, Kipke kicked a field goal from the 45-yard line. Michigan's final touchdown was scored by Frederick Parker, substituting for Uteritz at quarterback, on a fourth down run from inside the one-yard line, and Kipke drop kicked for the extra point.


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 1: Case
Michigan's starting lineup in the game was Philip Marion (left end), Stanley Muirhead (left tackle), Harold Steele (left guard), Jack Blott (center), Harry Hawkins (right tackle), Ed Vandervoort (right guard), Louis Curran (right end), Irwin Uteritz (quarterback), Harry Kipke (left halfback), Herb Steger (right halfback), and James Miller (fullback).


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 2: Vanderbilt
On October 13, 1923, Michigan defeated the Southern Conference co-champion Vanderbilt Commodores, 3–0, at Ferry Field. Michigan's victory snapped a 20-game unbeaten streak for Vanderbilt that dated back to November 1920. Vanderbilt was coached by Dan McGugin, who had played for Yost's Michigan teams in 1901 and 1902 and had been an assistant coach for Michigan in 1903. During McGugin's tenure at Vanderbilt, Michigan played nine games against the Commodores from 1905 to 1923, with Michigan winning eight games and playing to a tie in 1922. Vanderbilt returned nine of eleven starters from its 1922 team that held Michigan scoreless in the prior year's game and was regarded as having as strong a team as it had in 1922.


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 2: Vanderbilt
The game's only points were scored on a field goal in the second quarter. After Michigan drove to the Vanderbilt seven-yard line, the Wolverines lost yardage on first and second down. On third down, Jack Blott was called into the backfield from his normal position at center. Blott kicked a field goal from the 15-yard line. A wire service account of the game noted, "Both played crafty football, the fumbling that tended to mar the game being more than offset by swift, dashing interception of passes while the work of the linesmen on both sides was at top form."


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 2: Vanderbilt
The Michigan Alumnus summarized the game thus: "Never surely was a game more lacking in spectacular features and thrills. For a good part of the time it gave one the same sort of feeling which was so common during the Great War, when a gain of a few yards was a matter for rejoicing, and it was hard to believe that even the most dashing attack could accomplish any lasting results."


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 2: Vanderbilt
The game featured few penalties, no injuries, and few substitutions. Michigan made only three substitutions, and Vanderbilt none. Michigan completed five out of 16 passes for 90 yards. Vanderbilt completed just one of five for a nine-yard gain. Two field goal attempts by Kipke failed. One was blocked and another rolled under the cross bar. The one other long gain of the day was a 20-yard run late in the third quarter from Herb Steger. The run came just after Vanderbilt had advanced its furthest into Michigan territory and had its drive ended by a Steger interception. Vanderbilt never advanced far enough to attempt a field goal.


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 2: Vanderbilt
Vanderbilt's best player that day was Hek Wakefield, showcasing his skill in tackling Michigan's runners. "I never saw a greater exhibition of end play," said Fielding Yost, referring to Wakefield.


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 2: Vanderbilt
Michigan's starting lineup against Vanderbilt was Philip Marion (left end), Stanley Muirhead (left tackle), Edliff Slaughter (left guard), Jack Blott (center), Harold Steele (right guard), Ed Vandervoort (right tackle), Louis Curran (right end), Irwin Uteritz (quarterback), Harry Kipke (left halfback), Herb Steger (right halfback), and James Miller (fullback).


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 3: Ohio State
On October 20, 1923, Michigan defeated Ohio State, 23–0, in the 20th installment of the Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry with Michigan having compiled a 14–3–2 record in the previous games.


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 3: Ohio State
The game attracted between 45,000 and 50,000 spectators, setting a new record as "the greatest throng that ever jammed historic Ferry field." The crowd included an estimated 15,000 Ohio State fans with thousands having driven to the game by automobile and thousands more in special trains from Columbus. At least six airplanes were also employed to bring spectators to Ann Arbor, including two brothers flying to Ann Arbor from Denver and several Marines from Quantico, Virginia, flying in four airplanes to scout the Michigan team for the upcoming match against the Quantico Marines. Tickets sold for prices as high as $50, and 16 persons were jailed for ticket scalping. The Michigan athletic department reported that 55,000 ticket applications had been denied, requiring "the entire time of four men for the past three weeks to return money for which tickets were not available."


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 3: Ohio State
Coach Yost announced on October 18, two days before the game, that he would retire as Michigan's football coach at the end of the year, though he would remain the school's athletic director. After Yost's announcement, sports columnist Billy Evans called Yost "one of the greatest mentors in the history of the game" and "one of the pioneers in Western Conference football."


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 3: Ohio State
The only points scored in the first half came on a field goal by Jack Blott. The score followed a drive that started at Ohio State's 49-yard line and featured a 24-yard gain on Michigan's first pass, a ten-yard toss from Irwin Uteritz to Harry Kipke who ran the ball to the Ohio State 23-yard line. On the next play, Michigan ran a triple pass with Kipke carrying the ball to Ohio State's 11-yard line. The Buckeyes' defense held, and Blott kicked a field goal from placement from the 17-yard line.


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 3: Ohio State
In the third quarter, Blott missed a field goal on Michigan's first drive, with the ball going right of the crossbar. Later in the third quarter, Michigan extended its lead after blocking a punt by Hoge Workman in Ohio State territory. Michigan took the ball to the Ohio State 16-yard line on a pass from Uteritz to Louis Curran. On the next play, Uteritz completed a pass to Herb Steger who ran the last 15 yards for a touchdown. Blott place-kicked the extra point.


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 3: Ohio State
Early in the fourth quarter, Michigan scored its second touchdown on a pass from Uteritz to Kipke that netted 37 yards. Blott again place-kicked the extra point. Michigan's final touchdown followed an interception by Steger that gave the Wolverines the ball at Ohio State's 42-yard line. On a series of running plays, Michigan drove the ball inside Ohio State's ten-yard line. Charles Grube, substituting for Jim Miller, ran on fourth down and gained four yards to Ohio State's one-yard line. On first down from the one-yard line Grube fumbled, but recovered the ball. On the next play, Steger ran through the right guard for a touchdown. Michigan tried a pass for the extra point, but the pass from Uteritz was incomplete. Ohio State never advanced the ball inside Michigan's 40-yard line.


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 3: Ohio State
Michigan's 23-point margin was its largest over the Buckeyes since 1909 and "one of the most startling upsets of the 1923 Western Conference championship season." Michigan's offense was led by its passing game, completing five of nine passes for long gains and without any interceptions. Ohio State, on the other hand, completed only three of 12 passes. As one Ohio newspaper noted, "The Wolverines made almost uncanny use of the aerial attack, their peculiar use of this play turning the battle. Ohio held Michigan fairly well when the  Wolverines employed straight football but the over-head game seemed to mystify the Buckeyes completely."


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 3: Ohio State
Michigan's starting lineup against Ohio State was Marion (left end), Muirhead (left tackle), Slaughter (left guard), Blott (center), Steele (right guard), Vandervoort (right tackle), Curran (right end), Uteritz (quarterback), Kipke (left halfback), Steger (right halfback), and Miller (fullback). Players appearing as substitutes for Michigan included Hawkins, Rockwell, Grube, Herrnstein, and Witherspoon. Michigan converted ten first downs in the game to five for Ohio State.


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 4: Michigan Agricultural
On October 27, Michigan defeated the Michigan Agricultural Aggies (now known as the Michigan State Spartans), 37–0, at Ferry Field. The game featured a battle between brothers Harry Kipke, left end for Michigan, and Ray "Stub" Kipke, left end for Michigan Agricultural. Michigan's Kipke had the better game, scoring two touchdowns and punting five times for a 48-yard average. Kipke scored Michigan's first touchdown when he took the ball in punt formation and ran 20 yards around his right end. Kipke then missed the extra point.


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 4: Michigan Agricultural
Michigan's second touchdown was scored on a short run by Miller from inside the one-yard line, and Jack Blott's kick for extra point was blocked, and Michigan led, 12–0, at the end of the first quarter. In the second quarter, Michigan scored on a short run by Kipke, and the extra point was scored on a pass from Kipke to Louis Curran. Michigan led, 19–0, at halftime.


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 4: Michigan Agricultural
The Aggies held the Wolverines scoreless in the third quarter, but Michigan extended its lead with three touchdowns in the fourth quarter. The fourth quarter scoring began with a fourth down pass from Irwin Uteritz to Charles Grube. Blott's extra point was blocked and Michigan led 25–0. Frederick Parker scored next on a three-yard run, and Tod Rockwell's kick for extra point was blocked. Fullback Richard Vick scored Michigan's final touchdown on a 30-yard run around the left end. Parker's dropkick for extra point was wide and low. Vick reportedly "played brilliantly, plunging and passing for repeated gains," revealing "a wealth of strength among the Michigan reserves." The 1924 Michiganensian reported that the Aggies "furnished a good practice game" and noted every player on the Michigan bench was able to play in the game.


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 4: Michigan Agricultural
Michigan's starting lineup against the Aggies was Philip Marion (left end), Stanley Muirhead (left tackle), Harry Hawkins (left guard), Jack Block (center), Harold Steele (right guard), Ed Vandervoort (right tackle), Irwin Uteritz (quarterback), Harry Kipke (left halfback), William Herrnstein (right halfback), and James Miller (fullback).


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 5: at Iowa
On November 3, Michigan traveled to Iowa City to play Howard Jones' Iowa Hawkeyes in its first road game of the 1923 season. Michigan and Iowa had tied for the Western Conference championship in 1922, but the two teams had not played each other in 21 years.


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 5: at Iowa
Michigan defeated Iowa, 9–3. In the first quarter, Harry Kipke punted from midfield, and his kick grazed an Iowa lineman. Iowa's Wesley Fry let the ball roll into the end zone, not realizing it had been touched by one of his teammates. Jack Blott, Michigan's 200-pound center, raced down the field and jumped on the ball. Referee James Masker awarded a touchdown to Michigan. Iowa fans, having not seen the ball touch any of the Hawkeyes, reacted angrily to the ruling. Blott won praise for his "quick thinking" in racing to recover the fumble, with one writer noting:


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 5: at Iowa
When Jack Blott, Michigan's star center, fell on a loose ball, in back of the goal line in the recent Michigan-Iowa game, he performed a feat which is rarely accomplished on the gridiron.


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 5: at Iowa
Not only did it win the contest for the Wolverines, but it marked one of the few times wherein a center is credited with having scored a touchdown ... Blott's performance was all the more unique in that he passed the ball for Kipke's attempted drop kick and then raced down the field ahead of any of the other players in time to drop on the leather as it bounded across the final chalk mark . . .


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 5: at Iowa
A few minutes later, Kipke drop-kicked for a field goal from the Iowa 40-yard line to give Michigan a 9–0 lead. In the second quarter, Iowa scored on a drop-kick field goal by Fisher. Iowa's three points on the field goal were the first points allowed by Michigan during the 1923 season. After the first quarter, the Michigan offense was held scoreless, unable to make "any headway thru Iowa's big black line."


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 5: at Iowa
Michigan's lineup against Iowa was Philip Marion (left end), Stanley Muirhead (left tackle), Edliff Slaughter (left guard), Jack Blott (center), Harold Steele (right guard), Ed Vandervoort (right tackle), Louis Curran (right end), Irwin Uteritz (quarterback), Harry Kipke (left halfback), Herb Steger (right halfback), and James Miller (fullback). The only two substitutions for Michigan were George Babcock for Vandervoort and Charles Grube for Miller.


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 6: Quantico Marines
In the sixth game of the 1923 season, Michigan faced the United States Marine Corps football team from the Quantico Marine Corps Base in Virginia. The game was attended by 2,000 Marines and by several dignitaries, including Secretary of the Navy Edwin Denby, who had played football at Michigan in the 1890s, and Marine Corps Commandant John A. Lejeune. Before the game, dedication ceremonies were held for the newly constructed Yost Field House. Speaking to thousands jammed into the building for the dedication, University of Michigan President Marion LeRoy Burton said, "May this building, bearing his name, stand through the years as a silent but compelling witness to the worth of loyalty, integrity, and manhood."


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 6: Quantico Marines
Michigan defeated the Marines, 26–6. The Marines took the opening kickoff and drove 89 yards for a touchdown, using "a bewildering aerial and line attack." The Marines' touchdown was the only one scored on Michigan during the entire 1923 season. The Marines led 6–0 at the end of the first quarter, but Michigan then scored 26 unanswered points.


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 6: Quantico Marines
Quarterback Irwin Uteritz led Michigan's comeback, scoring a touchdown in the second quarter on a dive between center Jack Blott's legs. Uteritz kicked the extra point and added his eighth point on an extra point in the third quarter. In the fourth quarter, Uteritz "limped perceptibly" after a hard tackle, but remained in the game until Michigan's trainer ordered him off the field. After the game, it was determined that Uteritz's leg had been broken, and he was unable to play in the last two games of the season. On learning that Uteritz would be unable to play in the remaining games, Coach Yost told reporters, "There goes half of the football team. . . . He was the best field general I ever had."


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 6: Quantico Marines
Ferdinand Rockwell replaced Uteritz at quarterback. When Rockwell came into the game, Michigan lined up for a field goal with Rockwell holding the ball. As the Marines came through to block the kick, Rockwell jumped to his feet and ran the ball 26 yards for a touchdown. The touchdown run was Rockwell's first play for Michigan's varsity team. In addition to the touchdowns by Uteritz and Rockwell, Michigan also scored on touchdowns by Jim Miller and Frederick Parker. Due to an error by the official timekeeper, time was not called at the end of the first quarter, and the quarter consumed 33 minutes of playing time before the oversight was discovered. The other three quarters were played for regulation periods of 15 minutes.


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 6: Quantico Marines
Michigan's starting lineup against the Quantico Marines was Marion (left end), Muirhead (left tackle), Slaughter (left guard), Blott (center), Hawkins (right guard), Babcock (right tackle), Neisch (right end), Uteritz (quarterback), Kipke (left halfback), Steger (right halfback), and Miller (fullback).


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 7: at Wisconsin
On November 17, Michigan defeated Wisconsin, 6–3, at Camp Randall Stadium in Madison, Wisconsin. Ferdinand Rockwell was Michigan's starting quarterback, replacing the injured Irwin Uteritz. Rockwell scored Michigan's only points on a controversial play. Rockwell caught a Wisconsin kick and began running with the ball. The ball bounced off his chest at the 32-yard line, and Rockwell picked up the loose ball. Rockwell was hit and appeared to be knocked down, but the whistle was not blown and Rockwell continued running 68 yards through a relaxed Wisconsin secondary, which thought the ball was dead. Rockwell's performance in the closing games of the 1923 season led sports columnist Billy Evans to write: "Rockwell is one of the best open field runners in the Western Conference. He, more than any other man, saved the Big Ten title for Michigan."


1923 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 7: at Wisconsin
The 1923 Michigan-Wisconsin game ended with a play that Fielding H. Yost later called "the greatest play in football I ever saw." With 18 second left in the game, Wisconsin had the ball at its own 35-yard line and needed to gain 65 yards for a score. A Wisconsin player caught a pass and appeared to be heading to a game-winning touchdown. Yost described Edliff Slaughter's "diving shoe-string tackle" as follows: