1919 Emergency National Convention, History
A report by a special investigating committee appointed by the National Executive Committee, detailing an extensive list of irregularities and illegalities said to have been systematically perpetrated by several of the suspended language federations, was unanimously received by the convention, setting aside the results of the 1919 party election except for a referendum calling for the SPA to affiliate with the Communist International in Moscow, the passage of which by a margin of over 6-to-1 had precluded any possibility of fraudulent passage. The initiative was declared adopted by the convention when it approved the committee report.


1919 Emergency National Convention, History
Upon receiving a supplemental report of the National Executive Committee detailing its actions from May until August 1919, the convention predictably ratified the action of the outgoing NEC in abrogating the 1919 party election, suspending the 7 dissident language federations and decertifying (and thus expelling) the state organizations of Michigan, Massachusetts, and Ohio. Some criticism was levied of the NEC for its failure to appeal to the membership of the suspended and expelled organizations to rejoin the organization.


1919 Emergency National Convention, History
At the 1919 Emergency Convention, the SPA's Constitution was substantially changed. Henceforth, the Constitution mandated for annual National Conventions to be held to elect the members of the governing National Executive Committee, which would henceforth consist of not 15 members but 7. A new Board of Appeals to handle appeals of actions of the NEC was added. The changes made to the SPA's constitution were later submitted to the membership by referendum and ratified.


1919 Emergency National Convention, History
A rather imaginative rendition of the 1919 Emergency National Convention appears in the 1981 Warren Beatty film, Reds.


1919 England to Australia flight
In 1919 the Australian government offered a prize of £A10,000 for the first Australians in a British aircraft to fly from Great Britain to Australia. Of the six entries that started the race, the winners were pilot Ross Smith, his brother Keith Smith as co-pilot, and mechanics James Bennett and Wally Shiers, in a modified Vickers Vimy bomber.


1919 England to Australia flight, The Competition
In early 1919, the Commonwealth Government of Australia offered a prize of £A10,000 for the first flight from Great Britain to Australia, under specific conditions. In May 1919, Billy Hughes, Prime Minister of Australia, and Senator George Pearce, Minister for Defence (Australia), in consultation with the Royal Aero Club, stated that valid aircrews must all be Australian nationals, the aircraft must have been constructed in the British Empire, and the journey must be completed within 720 consecutive hours (30 days) and be completed before midnight on 31 December 1920.


1919 England to Australia flight, The Competition
The departure point must be either Hounslow Heath Aerodrome (for landplanes) or RNAS Calshot (for seaplanes and flying boats), with reporting points at Alexandria and Singapore, and final destination in the region of Darwin. Each flight was to take place under the competition rules of the Royal Aero Club, that would supervise the start, and control the competition generally.


1919 England to Australia flight, Contestants, Sopwith Wallaby
At 11.44 a.m. on 21 October 1919, Captain George Campbell Matthews AFC as pilot, and Sergeant Thomas D. Kay as mechanic, took off from Hounslow Heath Aerodrome in a Sopwith Wallaby (G-EAKS). Bad weather caused delays at Cologne and Vienna, then they were imprisoned as suspected Bolsheviks in Yugoslavia, with further delays due to snow at Belgrade. A cracked engine cylinder at Constantinople, and bad weather at Aleppo caused more delays. Finally, on 17 April 1920, the Wallaby crashed on landing at Grokgak, on Bali. Matthews was slightly injured.


1919 England to Australia flight, Contestants, Vickers Vimy
Vickers entered a converted Vimy bomber (G-EAOU) (the registration being whimsically said to stand for "God 'elp all of us"), crewed by Captain Ross Macpherson Smith with his brother Lieutenant Keith Macpherson Smith as co-pilot and mechanics Sergeant W.H. (Wally) Shiers and Sergeant J.M. (Jim) Bennett. The Vimy left Hounslow Heath at 8.30 am on 12 November 1919.


1919 England to Australia flight, Contestants, Vickers Vimy
It flew via Lyon, Rome, Cairo, Damascus, Basra, Karachi, Delhi, Calcutta, Akyab, Rangoon racecourse, Singora (Songkhla) (in Siam unscheduled in heavy rain), Singapore, Batavia and Surabaya where the aircraft was bogged and had to make use of a temporary airstrip made from bamboo mats, reaching Darwin at 4.10pm on 10 December 1919. The flight distance was estimated as 17,911 kilometres (11,123 mi) and total flying time was 135 hours 55 minutes (131.8 km/h or 81.9 mph). The prize money was shared between the Smith brothers and the two mechanics. The Smith brothers each received a knighthood for this exploit, and the company presented their aircraft to the Australian government. It is now displayed at Adelaide Airport.


1919 England to Australia flight, Contestants, Alliance P.2
On 13 November 1919, Lieutenant Roger M. Douglas, MC DCM and Lieutenant J.S.L. Ross took off from Hounslow Heath in an Alliance P.2 Seabird (G-EAOX) named 'Endeavour'. It crashed in an orchard in Surbiton; Ross was killed outright, and Douglas died soon after of his injuries.


1919 England to Australia flight, Contestants, Blackburn Kangaroo
A team with a Blackburn Kangaroo (G-EAOW) had selected as navigator the Australian aviator Charles Kingsford Smith. Smith withdrew from the contest, and Captain Hubert Wilkins MC and bar took his place. On 21 November 1919, the Kangaroo took off from Hounslow Heath, piloted by Lieutenant V. Rendle with Captain Wilkins, Lieutenant D.R. Williams and Lieutenant Garnsey St. C. Potts as crew. Problems were experienced with the engines, and the plane was forced down over France. Repairs were made and the flight continued, still with engine problems. On 8 December 1919, the aircraft crash-landed at Suda Bay, Crete, ending up against the fence of a mental hospital. The crew escaped without injury.


1919 England to Australia flight, Contestants, Martinsyde Type A
On 5 December 1919, Captain Cedric E. Howell and Lieutenant George Henry Fraser left London in a Martinsyde Type A Mk. I (G-EAMR) aircraft. On 9 December, the aircraft disappeared near Corfu. The wreckage and Howell's body were found offshore, but Fraser's body was never found.


1919 England to Australia flight, Contestants, Airco DH.9
On 8 January 1920, Airco DH.9 (G-EAQM), piloted by Lieutenant Ray Parer, with co-pilot Lieutenant John C. McIntosh, took off from Hounslow Heath. The aircraft completed the flight, the first by a single-engined machine, in an epic 206 days later on  2 August 1920, earning Parer the sobriquet "Battling Ray". Although outside the time limit, the crew was awarded a consolation prize of £A1,000, second only to the Vimy. The DH.9 has been restored and placed on display at the Australian War Memorial at Canberra.


1919 England to Australia flight, Contestants, Airco DH.9
The story is detailed in the book Flight and Adventures of Parer and McIntosh written by Emily Charnwood and first published in 1921. The machine is labelled PD after its sponsor, millionaire Peter Dawson, a whisky manufacturer, who financed the purchase of the machine and much of the journey. Ray Parer later took part in a similar journey, the MacRobertson Trophy Air Race in 1934.


1919 English cricket season
1919 was the 26th season of County Championship cricket in England and the first since 1914. The authorities had doubted if cricket would remain popular after a four-year break and the strain of war. It was decided that County Championship matches should be reduced from three days' duration to two, but cricket had not lost its popularity and the two-day experiment was a failure. Yorkshire finished the season as champions, topping the table by four percentage points. No Test cricket was played but an Australian Imperial Forces team toured England, playing matches from mid-May until mid-September. Andy Ducat, Patsy Hendren, Percy Holmes, Herbert Sutcliffe and Ernest Tyldesley were named in the 1920 edition of Wisden Cricketers' Almanack as the Five Cricketers of the Year for their 1919 performances.


1919 English cricket season, County Championship
The 1919 tournament was hurriedly arranged in the aftermath of the Armistice of 11 November 1918. A key meeting of the county clubs took place at Lord's on Wednesday, 5 February. Fearing that cricket might have lost its popularity since 1914, they decided by a consensus of eleven against five to restrict matches to a two-day duration instead of three, but with longer hours of play. Wisden editor Sydney Pardon led the chorus of disapproval, saying: "I have a very strong opinion that a grave mistake has been made in not letting the game alone. The restriction of all county matches to two days strikes me as being a sad blunder". Pardon went on to suggest that the County Championship should be "dropped entirely for one year" to allow a reasonable period for post-war recovery.


1919 English cricket season, County Championship
The sixteen clubs had to arrange their own fixtures at quite short notice and this was done with variable success. Yorkshire played 26 matches and Lancashire 24 but, at the other extreme, Northamptonshire and Somerset played only twelve apiece while Worcestershire decided not to compete at all. The February meeting had decided to order the tournament on the basis of "percentage of wins to matches played" but, with the disparity in matches played, the final table could easily have presented a false picture.


1919 English cricket season, County Championship
As it was, Yorkshire were awarded the title after winning twelve of their twenty-six matches for a percentage of 46.15%. They were closely followed by Kent, who had 42.85%. Kent, however, played only fourteen matches and, on the final day of the season, they were within one wicket (in a drawn match) of taking the title. Roy Webber said it was "just" that Yorkshire finished top given the number of matches played by each county. Nottinghamshire were third with 35.71% (five wins from fourteen) and Warwickshire were bottom with 7.14% (one win from fourteen).


1919 English cricket season, County Championship
The 1919 County Championship was the 26th since the competition acquired official status in 1890. The opening matches began on Friday, 16 May. These were Middlesex v Nottinghamshire at Lord's and the 1914 (reigning) champions Surrey against Somerset at The Oval. The final match between Essex and Surrey at Leyton was completed on Monday, 1 September.


1919 English cricket season, County Championship
The situation between Yorkshire and Kent on Saturday, 30 August (the second day in both of their final games), was that three title outcomes were possible: if both won they would share the title; if one won and the other did not then the winning team would be champions; if neither won then Yorkshire would be champions. Yorkshire were playing Sussex at Hove and there had been a first day washout so there was little hope of a result with only one day's play possible and the match was drawn.


1919 English cricket season, County Championship
This meant that a win for Kent over Middlesex at Lord's would give them the title. Some play was possible on the first day and Kent were 97 for one overnight in their first innings, having won the toss and decided to bat. They reached 196 and then bowled Middlesex out for 87, forcing them to follow on. Thanks, however, to stubborn resistance by Patsy Hendren and Frank Mann, Middlesex were a tougher nut to crack in their second innings and they held on for the draw. At the close, Middlesex were just twelve runs ahead with one wicket standing.


1919 English cricket season, County Championship
The final table was as follows. There was no points system and placings were determined by the percentage of wins to matches played.


1919 English cricket season, County Championship
The two-day experiment failed because, given good weather and batting conditions, the majority of matches could not be completed and were drawn. Pardon and his supporters were proved right and, in an Advisory County Committee meeting at Lord's on Monday, 8 December, the main decision taken was to restore the three-day format for the 1920 championship.


1919 English cricket season, County Championship
In his 1919 editorial, Pardon also complained about a plethora of ideas for reform that were appearing in the newspapers. He argued: "So far as I know the game was flourishing, when in August 1914 the world was suddenly turned upside down. Be this as it may, the resumption of first-class matches was no sooner announced than all the faddists in Great Britain began to fill the newspapers with their ideas of what they were pleased to call reform or reconstruction". Some of the suggestions were dismissed by Pardon as "preposterous" but others needed to be taken more seriously, such as one being supported by Stanley Jackson to shorten the boundaries. All except the two-day match were rejected.


1919 English cricket season, Australian Imperial Forces tour
The Australian Imperial Forces cricket team played twenty-eight first-class matches in England from mid-May until mid-September. Mostly, they played against county teams, but they also met some representative sides such as the South, H. K. Foster's XI and the Gentlemen. Of their twenty-eight matches, the touring side won twelve and lost four; the other twelve (mostly two-day matches) were drawn. Four of the Australian Imperial Forces team passed 1,000 runs during their tour, led by Carl Willis, who accrued 1,652 runs at an average of 41.30. Jack Gregory was the leading wicket-taker for the tourists, claiming 131 wickets.


1919 English cricket season, Statistical leaders
Jack Hobbs was the leading run-scorer in first-class cricket during the season, amassing 2,594 runs at an average of 60.32 during 30 matches for Surrey and the Players. He was the only batsman to exceed 2,000 runs in the year, and was one of 31 to score 1,000 runs or more. Two of those, George Gunn and Patsy Hendren finished the year with a superior batting average to Hobbs; Gunn scored his 1,451 runs at 63.08, while Hendren's 1,655 runs came at 61.29.


1919 English cricket season, Statistical leaders
Ten bowlers took 100 or more wickets during 1919, led by Wilfred Rhodes, who claimed 164. Among those who took 100 wickets, Rhodes also had the best bowling average, claiming his wickets at 14.42. He was trailed in this statistic by Jack White, who took 128 wickets at 14.94, though Bill Hitch, Johnny Douglas and Jack Gregory all took more wickets than White.


1919 Estonian Constituent Assembly election
Constituent Assembly elections were held in Estonia on 5–7 April 1919. The elections were called by the Estonian Provisional Government during the Estonian War of Independence. The Assembly was elected by party-list proportional representation in one nationwide district using the D'Hondt method. Eligible voters included soldiers at the front. The elections were won by left-wing and centrist parties.


1919 Eternal
1919 Eternal (also stylized as 1919★Eternal) is the third studio album by American heavy metal band Black Label Society. It was released on March 5, 2002 and was written for Zakk Wylde's father.


1919 Eternal, Writing
Five songs from the album sessions were written by Zakk Wylde for Ozzy Osbourne's album Down to Earth. Osbourne rejected the songs because they were "too Black Label", so Wylde kept them for this album. The songs were "Bleed for Me", "Life, Birth, Blood, Doom", "Demise of Sanity", an alternate piano version of "Bridge to Cross", and a demo presumably called "I'll Find the Way". The latter two were never released. These original demo songs featured drummer Christian Werr, a friend of Wylde's who happened to be in the right place at the right time to record the tracks. Later, when Wylde went to re-record these demos for 1919 Eternal, Christian's drum tracks were used for "Bleed for Me", "Life, Birth, Blood, Doom", and "Demise of Sanity", which is why Craig Nunenmacher does not appear on these songs.


1919 Eternal, Artwork
The album artwork is based on a German Nazi propaganda poster used to recruit Dutchmen into the Schutzstaffel (SS).


1919 Eternal, Track listing
All tracks are written by Zakk Wylde, except "America the Beautiful" by Katharine Lee Bates and Samuel A. Ward.


1919 Eternal, Track listing
Note: The 15th track is an unlabeled bonus track on the Japanese edition of the album, "Speedball" reversed.


1919 Far Eastern Championship Games
The 1919 Far Eastern Games was the fourth edition of the regional multi-sport event, contested between China, Japan and the Philippines, and was held from 12–16 May 1919 in Manila, the Philippines. A total of eight sports were contested over the course of the five-day event.


1919 Far Eastern Championship Games
In the football competition, China was represented by South China AA, a Hong Kong-based team.


1919 Fergus Falls tornado
The 1919 Fergus Falls tornado was a large and destructive tornado that struck Fergus Falls, Minnesota on Sunday, June 22, 1919. It killed 57 people and is the second deadliest tornado in Minnesota's history (1st was the 1886 Sauk Rapids tornado). This tornado occurred just 10 months after a tornado in Tyler, Minnesota killed 36 people. That twister was Minnesota's fourth deadliest on record.


1919 Fergus Falls tornado, The tornado
The tornado had a path of 20 miles (32 km), and at times was 400 yards (366 m) wide. It hit Fergus Falls at approximately 4:46 pm, and according to witness accounts was a "blank funnel shaped twisting cloud, or possibly several of them". Though the Fujita scale did not exist at that time, it is estimated to have been an F5 based on descriptions and photographs of the damage.


1919 Fergus Falls tornado, Damage
The tornado tore through the northern part of town, leveling 44 city blocks (including the business district), destroying 159 homes and damaging 250 more, some of which were swept completely away. Of the 57 people who died, at least 35 of them were in the Grand Hotel, a three-story, 100 room hotel which was completely flattened. Two hundred more were injured. The tornado also destroyed the Otter Tail County courthouse, the county jail, four churches and multiple other businesses.


1919 Fergus Falls tornado, Damage
Small trees in town were debarked, and railroad tracks were reportedly pulled from the ground at one location, indicative of extreme intensity. The Northern Pacific rail depot was completely destroyed, and reportedly swept away. At Lake Alice, several summer homes were swept into the water along with their occupants, resulting in several fatalities there. The Great Northern Oriental Limited passenger train was thrown off the tracks by the tornado, but none of the 250 passengers on the train was seriously injured. Checks that were sucked up by the tornado in Fergus Falls were found 60 miles to the east.


1919 Finnish parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Finland between 1 and 3 March 1919. The Social Democratic Party emerged as the largest in Parliament with 80 of the 200 seats. Voter turnout was 67.1%.


1919 Finnish parliamentary election, Background
In 1919, Finland was still reeling from the violent and traumatic effects of its Civil War. Many Whites (rightists and centrists) felt that a strong national government was necessary to prevent a new civil war. Some conservatives, especially monarchists, even wondered if Finland should keep its democratic and universal right to vote (for example Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, in the White Army's victory parade in Helsinki in May 1918, he called for the giving of Finland's leadership to a strong leader, free from partisan wrangling).


1919 Finnish parliamentary election, Background
Liberals, such as the first President Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg, believed that discontent with Finland's political, social and economic order would be removed by making reforms. Monarchists had elected Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse (a state of Germany) as the Finnish King in October 1918, but he had renounced the throne in December 1918, conscious of the problems that Finland would have in its relations with the United Kingdom and the United States if it had a citizen of the defeated Germany as its king. The parties that favoured a republic (Social Democrats, Agrarians and Progressives) disagreed on how much power the head of state (President) should have. The monarchist parties (National Coalitioners and Swedish People's Party) favoured a strong presidency if there was going to be a republic at all.


1919 Finnish parliamentary election, Background
In the end, enough Finnish voters sided with the pro-republic parties that also promised significant social reforms, such as the freeing of tenant farmers and the distribution of excess farmland to them.


1919 Finnish presidential election
Indirect presidential elections were held for the first time in Finland in 1919. Although the country had declared Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse King on 9 October 1918, he renounced the throne on 14 December. The President was elected by Parliament, with Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg of the National Progressive Party receiving 71.5% of the 200 votes. Ståhlberg, a moderate, liberal and reformist politician, who favoured improving the material well-being of workers and other economically poor Finns, received the votes of Social Democrats, Agrarians and Progressives.


1919 Finnish presidential election
He also firmly supported the new Finnish Republic, and a parliamentary form of government with a strong President as a mediator and a political reserve for politically troubled times. Mannerheim, an independent right-winger and monarchist, suspected the democratic, republican and parliamentary form of government of producing too partisan political leaders, and of working ineffectively during crises. Ståhlberg favoured the signing of peace treaty between Finland and the Soviet Russia, while Mannerheim in the summer of 1919 strongly considered ordering the Finnish army to invade St. Petersburg to help the Russian Whites in that country's civil war.


1919 Finnish presidential election
Only the National Coalitioners and Swedish People's Party voted for Mannerheim in this presidential election (see, for example, Raimo Salokangas, "An Independent Republic" (Itsenäinen tasavalta) in Seppo Zetterberg et al., eds., A Small Giant of the Finnish History / Suomen historian pikkujättiläinen. Helsinki:  WSOY, 2003, pgs. 611-613;  Pentti Virrankoski, A History of Finland / Suomen historia. Volumes 1&2. Helsinki:  Finnish Literature Society (Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura), 2009, pgs. 766 -773;  Sakari Virkkunen, Finland's Presidents I / Suomen presidentit I.  Helsinki:  Otava Ltd., 1994, pgs. 11-22;  Sakari Virkkunen, Finland's Presidents II / Suomen presidentit II. Helsinki:  Otava Ltd., 1994;  Stig Jägerskiöld, Mannerheim 1867-1951. Helsinki:  Otava Ltd., pgs. 115-121, 123-124, 128).


1919 Florida Gators football team
The 1919 Florida Gators football team represented the University of Florida in the sport of American football during the. 1919 college football season. It was Alfred L. Buser's third and last as the head coach of the Florida Gators football team.


1919 Florida Gators football team
Florida students, fans and alumni had learned to suffer through football losses to major Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) opponents like the Georgia Bulldogs and Tulane Green Wave, but the 7–0 loss to the Florida Southern was viewed by many as an unacceptable failure. Nevertheless, Buser's 1919 Florida Gators completed their football season with an improved overall record of 5–3 and an SIAA conference record of 2–2.


1919 Florida Gators football team, Before the season
The team's captain was Jim Sparkman, who returned from World War I service with the Rainbow Division after playing for Florida from 1914 to 1916. Rondo Hatton was a substitute quarterback on the team.


1919 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Georgia A&M
The season opened with a 33–2 defeat of Georgia A&M.


1919 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Georgia A&M
The starting lineup was Clemons (left end), Wuthrich (left tackle), Connell (left guard), Perry (center), Baker (right guard), Goldsby (right tackle), Thomas (right end), B. Anderson (quarterback), C. Anderson (left halfback), Sparkman (right halfback), Olson (fullback).


1919 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Mercer
In spite of rain and mud, the Gators beat the Mercer Baptists 48–0. Three hundred students led a parade in Gainesville afterwards. No extra points were kicked all game due to the wet condition of the ball. Florida scored first on a 40-yard touchdown run from C. Anderson.


1919 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Mercer
The starting lineup was Clemons (left end), Wuthrich (left tackle), Connell (left guard), Perry (center), Baker (right guard), Goldsby (right tackle), Thomas (right end), B. Anderson (quarterback), C. Anderson (left halfback), Sparkman (right halfback), Merrin (fullback).


1919 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Georgia
Tootie Perry had a breakout game in a 16–0 loss to the Georgia Bulldogs on Plant Field, dueling with Georgia center Bum Day. The Gators kept the game close for three quarters.


1919 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Georgia
The starting lineup was Thomas (left end), Goldsby (left tackle), Baker (left guard), Perry (center), Connell (right guard), Wuthrich (right tackle), Clemons (right end), Hatton (quarterback), Anderson (left halfback), Sparkman (right halfback), Merrin (fullback).


1919 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Florida Southern
In the 7–0  upset loss to Florida Southern, captain Jim Sparkman seemed the only one to draw praise.


1919 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Florida Southern
The starting lineup was Clemons (left end), Baker (left tackle), Norton (left guard), Perry (center), Gunn (right guard), Goldsby (right tackle), Thomas (right end), B. Anderson (quarterback), C. Anderson (left halfback), Sparkman (right halfback), Stanley (fullback).


1919 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Tulane
Tulane beat the Gators 14–2 with its swift backfield. The Gators led 2–0 at the half. In the third periods, Tulane's Williams completed a pass for a touchdown. In the fourth period, Fields ran for a touchdown on a 30-yard end run.


1919 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Stetson
Florida romped over Stetson 64–0. The Hatters resorted to using the forward pass.


1919 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, South Carolina
The Gators line tore through the South Carolina Gamecocks in a 13–0 victory. Crom Anderson made the first touchdown on a 15-yard reception. In the third quarter, Merrin rushed through the line and blocked a punt, and Baker fell on Florida's second touchdown.


1919 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, South Carolina
The starting lineup was Swanson (left end), Baker (left tackle), Wuthrich (left guard), Perry (center), Connell (right guard), Goldsby (right tackle), Thomas (right end), B. Anderson (quarterback), C. Anderson (left halfback), Sparkman (right halfback), Merrin (fullback).


1919 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Oglethorpe
To close the season, the Gators defeated Oglethorpe 14–7. Despite the score and being outweighed, Oglethorpe outplayed the Gators. Oglethorpe's touchdown came conventionally, and both Florida scores were off turnovers: the first after a fumble and the second after a blocked punt.


1919 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Oglethorpe
The starting lineup was Clemons (left end), Baker (left tackle), Wuthrich (left guard), Perry (center), Connell (right guard), Goldsby (right tackle), Thomas (right end), B. Anderson (quarterback), Sparkman (left halfback), C. Anderson (right halfback), Merrin (fullback).


1919 Florida Gators football team, Postseason
Al Buser finished his three-year tenure as the Gators' athletic director and football coach with an overall record of 7–8, and he later became the athletic director for Hamline University.


1919 Florida Keys hurricane
The 1919 Florida Keys hurricane (also known as the 1919 Key West hurricane) was a massive and damaging tropical cyclone that swept across areas of the northern Caribbean Sea and the United States Gulf Coast in September 1919. Remaining an intense Atlantic hurricane throughout much of its existence, the storm's slow-movement and sheer size prolonged and enlarged the scope of the hurricane's effects, making it one of the deadliest hurricanes in United States history.


1919 Florida Keys hurricane
Impacts were largely concentrated around the Florida Keys and South Texas areas, though lesser but nonetheless significant effects were felt in Cuba and other areas of the United States Gulf Coast. The hurricanes peak strength in Dry Tortugas in the lower Florida keys, also made it one of the most powerful Atlantic hurricanes to make landfall in the United States.


1919 Florida Keys hurricane
The hurricane developed near the Leeward Islands as a tropical depression on September 2 and gradually gained in strength as it tracked on a generally west-northwesterly path, crossing the Mona Passage and moving across the Bahamas. On September 7, the storm reached hurricane intensity over the eastern Bahamas. On September 9–10, the storm made its eponymous pass of the Florida Keys, passing over the Dry Tortugas with an intensity equivalent to that of a modern-day Category 4 hurricane.


1919 Florida Keys hurricane
Over the next several days, the intense cyclone traversed the Gulf of Mexico, fluctuating in strength before making landfall near Texas' Baffin Bay on September 14 as a large Category 3 hurricane. As it tracked further inland, land interaction caused the storm to gradually weaken; the storm was last noted on September 16 over West Texas.


1919 Florida Keys hurricane, Meteorological history
Based on isolated observations east of the Lesser Antilles on September 1, the precursor to the 1919 Florida Keys hurricane may have been a disorganized tropical wave that tracked westward towards the Leeward Islands. The next day, additional observations indicated that the disturbance had acquired a cyclonic circulation; thus, the system was determined to have become a tropical depression by 12:00 UTC that day just east of Guadeloupe.


1919 Florida Keys hurricane, Meteorological history
Gradual strengthening occurred as the depression tracked west-northwest, attaining tropical storm intensity at 06:00 UTC on September 3. Twelve hours later, the tropical cyclone clipped the extreme-southwestern portion of Puerto Rico with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (80 km/h). The cyclone maintained a low-end tropical storm intensity as it paralleled the northern coast of Hispaniola the following day. On September 6, the storm abruptly turned towards the north in the direction of the Turks and Caicos before resuming a more westerly trajectory a day later.


1919 Florida Keys hurricane, Meteorological history
At 06:00 UTC on September 7, the cyclone strengthened to hurricane intensity north of Crooked Island. Traversing westward across the southern extents of the Bahamas, the newly developed hurricane steadily grew in size and intensity. September 7, the hurricane reached the equivalent of a Category 2 on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson scale and later reached major hurricane strength on September 8 shortly before crossing Andros Island. On September 9, the storm intensified further to Category 4 strength before passing roughly 30–40 mi (48–64 km) south of Key West, Florida in the Florida Straits.


1919 Florida Keys hurricane, Meteorological history
At 07:00 UTC on September 10, the hurricane made landfall on the Dry Tortugas at peak intensity with winds of 150 mph (240 km/h) extending as far as 17 mi (28 km) outwards from the center and a low barometric pressure of 927 mbar (hPa; 27.37 inHg) based on a barometer observation in the eye of the storm. At the time, this made the tropical cyclone the second strongest to strike the United States since 1851, only behind the 1886 Indianola hurricane. After landfall, the storm slowly moved westward into the Gulf of Mexico.


1919 Florida Keys hurricane, Meteorological history
From September 10 to September 14, the tropical cyclone traversed the Gulf of Mexico, maintaining a powerful intensity. On September 12, the hurricane briefly weakened to Category 3 intensity before restrengthening shortly thereafter. The following day, the storm reached a secondary peak intensity with winds of 145 mph (235 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 931 mbar (hPa; 27.50 inHg) over the western Gulf of Mexico before weakening precipitously afterwards.


1919 Florida Keys hurricane, Meteorological history
At 21:00 UTC on September 14, the hurricane made its final landfall near Baffin Bay as a Category 3 hurricane with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) and a central pressure of 950 mbar (hPa; 28.06 inHg). Upon moving ashore, the storm was unusually large; its radius of maximum winds measured 40 mi (65 km) compared to the average of 21 mi (33 km) for storms of similar intensities. As the hurricane tracked further inland, land interaction weakened the cyclone, with winds dropping below hurricane-force on September 15 and then below tropical storm-force the next day. By 18:00 UTC on September 16, the tropical cyclone had dissipated over West Texas, near the border between Texas and Mexico.


1919 Florida Keys hurricane, Preparations
Due to the lack of hurricane observations at sea, the first tropical cyclone warning prompted by the United States Weather Bureau was a storm warning on September 8 issued for areas along the Florida coast from Jupiter on the east coast to Fort Myers on the peninsula's west coast with the storm already a major hurricane over the Bahamas. The first hurricane warning was issued the next day for coastal areas from Jupiter to Key West, with all vessels requested to avoid the Florida Straits and the waters off Florida's Atlantic coast.


1919 Florida Keys hurricane, Preparations
In addition, the storm's projected path into the Gulf of Mexico prompted the bureau to also direct the clearance of ships in the hurricane's trajectory. In Miami, Florida, the orange's power plant cut off its electrical output as a precautionary measure, forcing an intentional power outage in the city. On the 10th at 10:30 p.m., northeast storm warnings were issued from Carrabelle, Florida to New Orleans, Louisiana. On the 11th at 4 p.m., the storm warnings for the northeast Gulf coast were changed to hurricane warnings, and extended westward along the length of the Louisiana coast.


1919 Florida Keys hurricane, Preparations
At 9 p.m., northwest storm warnings were issued for the northwest Gulf coast from Port Arthur to Velasco, Texas. At 4 p.m. on the 12th, storm warnings were in effect from Mobile, Alabama to Pensacola, Florida, with hurricane warnings in effect along the Mississippi and Louisiana coasts. On the evening of the 13th, northwest storm warnings were in effect for the entire Texas coast.


1919 Florida Keys hurricane, Impact, The Bahamas and Cuba
While passing through the Bahamas on September 8, the Ward Line steamer Corydon struck land and later sank during the storm. The ship was not found until September 11, at which time it was discovered that 27 people on board had drowned while nine others managed to survive after swimming to shore. On the islands, strong winds produced by the hurricane destroyed numerous homes and sank several schooners, leaving many homeless. In the Florida Strait, a Cuban vessel carrying 45 people was stranded during the storm. However, another ship in the area managed to reach the Cuban vessel and rescue all passengers.


1919 Florida Keys hurricane, Impact, The Bahamas and Cuba
Although the hurricane never made landfall on Cuba, the storm's close proximity to the northern stretches of the island led to considerable impacts. A strong storm surge combined with wind-swept waves topped the Havana seawall, flooding areas of the city as far as six blocks inland and prompting the evacuation of homes at risk. The inundation also disabled some of Havana's tram systems and halted automotive traffic.


1919 Florida Keys hurricane, Impact, United States
A tornado, spawned by the hurricane, struck Goulds, Florida on September 10, moving inland from Biscayne Bay. It caused US$25,000 (1919 dollars) in damage. Of the approximately 600-900 people officially reported killed in the storm, roughly 500 of them were aboard ten ships lost at sea. Communication was cut off for the entirety of Florida south of Miami following the storm's passage. By comparison, South Florida outside the Florida Keys remained relatively unscathed. Winds in Tampa only reached 26 mph (42 km/h) as the hurricane passed to the city's south.


1919 Florida Keys hurricane, Impact, United States
Despite otherwise minor damage in Miami, 17 houseboats and small craft sunk in Biscayne Bay as a result of rough seas. Damage and casualties on the Texas coast were also severe, in part due to false rumors that the storm had turned north into Louisiana, which warranted taking storm warnings in Corpus Christi down the day before landfall. Though warnings were posted again early the following day, the citizens were ill-prepared when the hurricane made landfall south of the city as a major hurricane; the storm surge was as high as 16 feet (4.9 m).


1919 Florida Keys hurricane, Impact, United States
This large storm spread winds of 60 miles per hour (97 km/h) across Miami, Florida, Burrwood, Louisiana, and Galveston, Texas. A total of 1500 cattle were driven off of Padre Island into Laguna Madre. Heavy rains were common across southern Texas, with numerous locations recording 6 inches (150 mm) to 12 inches (300 mm) of rainfall within 24 hours, which set daily rainfall records. Storm surge and abnormally high tides resulted in extensive damage. About 23 blocks of homes were destroyed or washed away in Corpus Christi.


1919 Florida Keys hurricane, Impact, United States
A total of 284 bodies were recovered in the city and damage totaled at least $20 million. In Matagorda, Palacios, and Port Lavaca, wharves, pop houses, and small boats were significantly impacted. The docks and buildings in Port Aransas were swept away, while school building remained standing. Houses and crops were also flattened in Victoria. At least 310 deaths were reported in Texas, but there may have been as many as 600 fatalities. The steamer Valbanera was found sunk between Key West and the Dry Tortugas with 488 aboard whom were all missing without trace. Among eight former Navy patrol yachts lost in the hurricane was the USS Helena I (SP-24).


1919 Florida Keys hurricane, Aftermath
The storm surge caused by this hurricane prompted the city of Corpus Christi to construct a breakwater in 1925, and a seawall was subsequently built in 1940. Robert Simpson, a storm survivor who was 6 years old at the time, related his experience in an interview in 1989. Simpson, citing inspiration from this hurricane, pursued a career in meteorology and later served as the first director of the National Hurricane Research Project and as a director of the National Hurricane Center (NHC). Additionally, he co-developed and published the Saffir–Simpson scale with Herbert Saffir in 1973, a hurricane intensity scale implemented by The Loop Organisation in 1974.


1919 Florida Southern Moccasins football team
The 1919 Florida Southern Moccasins football team represented Florida Southern College during the 1919 college football season. Southern upset the Gators 7–0.


1919 Fremantle Wharf riot
The 1919 Fremantle Wharf riot, also known as the Battle of the Barricades, arose out of a strike by stevedores in Fremantle, Western Australia in 1919. The strike was called by the Waterside Workers' Federation (WWF) over the use of National Waterside Workers Union (NWWU) workers to unload the quarantined ship Dimboola, and escalated into fatal violence when WWF workers and supporters attempted to prevent NWWU members from carrying out the work.


1919 Fremantle Wharf riot, Background
In 1917, the Fremantle Lumpers Union refused to load ships that they believed were destined to take supplies to Germany, then an enemy nation. This belief was denied by the government of the day (but was however later proven to be correct), and in response the shipowners and government brought in strike-breakers under the National Waterside Workers Union banner. This was intended to be only for the job at hand, but the NWWU labour continued to be employed after the immediate need, and despite their willingness the WWF workers were prevented from returning to work for some time.


1919 Fremantle Wharf riot, Riot
On 4 May 1919, the WWF were blockading the wharf to prevent the NWWU workers from reaching the Dimboola. The NWWU workers, however, arrived in boats down the river, accompanied by the recently appointed Western Australian Premier, Hal Colebatch. In the fracas, Tom Edwards, a union worker, was attempting to assist the WWF president William Renton when he was struck on the head by a police baton. He died three days later at Fremantle Hospital.


1919 Fremantle Wharf riot, Aftermath
The funeral of Edwards at Fremantle Cemetery attracted a large crowd numbering into the thousands including fellow wharf workers and most members of the Western Australian parliamentary Labor Party.


1919 Fremantle Wharf riot, Aftermath
An inquest into the riot found that Edwards' death was accidental.


1919 Fremantle Wharf riot, Aftermath
A memorial fountain was sculpted by Pietro Porcelli in Edwards' honour. It was located over time in a number of locations and is now found in Kings Square.


1919 French legislative election
The 1919 legislative election, the first election held after World War I, was held on 16 and 30 November 1919.


1919 French legislative election
It resulted in a decisive victory for the right-wing Bloc National.


1919 French legislative election
Proportional representation by department replaced the two-round system by arrondissements in use since 1889. However, a provision of the system allowed a party to win all the seats in a certain constituency if it had won over 50% of all votes cast.


1919 French legislative election, Campaign
The formation of electoral lists needed to take into account of three factors: on one hand, the tendency of the opinion to think that the Union sacrée needed to be prolonged in peacetime in order to solve the new problems of France of the post-war period; on the other hand, the refusal of the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO), then in crisis, to discuss the question of the Bolshevism. To preserve their unity, the Socialists decided in April 1919 not to conclude any agreement ahead of the legislative elections.


1919 French legislative election, Campaign
This decision isolated the radicals, forced to give up a new alliance of the left, and allowed an aggressive campaign of the right and centre directed against the SFIO, accused of Bolshevism; finally, the persistence of partisan divisions within the right. The monarchists of Action française were isolated, but the nationalists, the Catholics, and the "progressives" (who are in fact the moderate republicans from the pre-war period) brought together the moderate republicans of the center-right, gathered in several small organizations, all members of Democratic Alliance, but rejected any possibility of an agreement with the radicals. The radicals were found stuck between the SFIO which hesitated between radicalization and the status quo, and a right more than ever anti-leftist.


1919 French legislative election, Campaign
Following complex negotiations, 324 lists were formed. The Socialists chose homogeneous lists, while the radicals divided between lists allied with the center-right and isolated lists. The lists of the Bloc National gathered the members of the Democratic Republican Alliance, the progressives, the nationalists and the Catholics. Alexandre Millerand managed to gather around him a very broad coalition in his stronghold of the second sector of the Seine by advocating a reinforcement of the presidential powers.


1919 French legislative election, Results
The results were, except for the SFIO, which made gains, managing to run candidates in all constituencies; rather confusing. Radicals, particularly when they were isolated, tended to decline, and the victory of the Bloc National was without ambiguity: a blue wave hit the Chamber of Deputies, called the "blue horizon chamber", because of the great number of ex-World War I servicemen who sat there (44% of the total of the deputies). This victory would remain the largest victory of the right and the centre-right until the 1968 legislative election. 60% of the deputies in this legislature were newly elected.


1919 Furman Purple Hurricane football team
The 1919 Furman Purple Hurricane football team represented the Furman Purple Hurricane of Furman University during the 1919 college football season.


1919 Geneva Covenanters football team
The 1919  Geneva Covenanters football team was an American football team that represented Geneva College as an independent during the 1919 college football season. Led by third-year head coach Philip Henry Bridenbaugh, the team compiled a record of 4–2–2.


1919 Georgetown Blue and Gray football team
The 1919 Georgetown Blue and Gray football team represented Georgetown University during the 1919 college football season. Led by Albert Exendine in his sixth year as head coach, the team went 7–3 and won a South Atlantic Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SAIAA) championship.


1919 Georgia Bulldogs baseball team
The 1919 Georgia Bulldogs baseball team represented the Georgia Bulldogs of the University of Georgia in the 1919 NCAA baseball season.


1919 Georgia Bulldogs baseball team, Schedule and results
One game (a loss) not accounted for in Media Guide.


1919 Georgia Bulldogs football team
The 1919 Georgia Bulldogs football team Georgia Bulldogs of the University of Georgia during the 1919 college football season. completed the season with a 4–2–3 record. The Bulldogs won their first four games, but struggled in the last five games. The two losses came against Alabama and Auburn. This was Coach Cunningham's last season as the head coach for Georgia. The record for the decade was the same as the coach's record: 43–18–9.


1919 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Before the season
Georgia had its first season since the First World War interrupted play.


1919 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Season summary, Sewanee
Sewanee was defeated 13–0. The starting lineup was Reynolds (left end), Rigdon (left tackle), Whelchel (left guard), Day (center), Vandiver (right guard), Pew (right tackle), Hargrett (right end), Barchan (quarterback), J. Reynolds (left halfback(, Rothe (right halfback), Neville (fullback).


1919 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Season summary, Florida
Florida's Tootie Perry had a breakout game in a 16–0 win for the Bulldogs on Plant Field, dueling with Georgia center Bum Day. The Gators kept the game close for three quarters.


1919 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Season summary, Florida
The starting lineup was Collings (left end), Pew (left tackle), Vandiver (left guard), Day (center), Whelchel (right guard), Rigdon (right tackle), O. Reynolds (right end), Barchan (quarterback), Rothe (left halfback), Cheves (right halfback), Munn (fullback).


1919 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Season summary, Auburn
In heavy rain and mud, SIAA champion Auburn defeated Georgia 7–0. Red Howard ran through the entire Georgia team for 52 yards and the touchdown.


1919 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Season summary, Auburn
The starting lineup was O. Reynolds (left end), Harper (left tackle), Vandiver (left guard), Day (center), Pew (right guard), Rigdon (right tackle), Collings (right end), Barchan (quarterback), J. Reynolds (left halfback), Rothe (right halfback), Neville (fullback).


1919 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Season summary, Tulane
Georgia and Tulane fought to a 7–7 tie. The starting lineup was Reynolds (left end), Harper (left tackle), Whelchel (left guard), Day (center), Rigdon (right guard), Pew (right tackle), Collings (right end), Barchan (quarterback), McWhorter (left halfback(, Broyles (right halfback), Munn (fullback).


1919 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Season summary, Alabama
Alabama beat the Bulldogs 6–0. The only points in the game came on a pair of J. T. O'Connor field goals. The first was from 45-yards in the first and the second from 25-yards in the second quarter. Both teams played strong defense throughout the game, and Georgia nearly pulled out a win when Buck Cheves intercepted an Alabama pass in the final seconds of the game and made a sizable return before he was tackled by the Crimson Tide.


1919 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Season summary, Alabama
The starting lineup was Reynolds (left end), Harper (left tackle), Rigdon (left guard), Day (center), Whelchel (right guard), Pew (right tackle), Collings (right end), Cheeves (quarterback), McWhorter (left halfback(, Broyles (right halfback), Tanner (fullback).


1919 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Season summary, Clemson
The Bulldogs and the Clemson Tigers battled to a scoreless tie.


1919 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team
The 1919 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team represented the Georgia Tech Golden Tornado of the Georgia Institute of Technology during the 1919 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The Tornado was coached by John Heisman in his 15th year as head coach, compiling a record of 7–3 (3–1 SIAA) and outscoring opponents 257 to 33.


1919 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Before the season
Jack McDonough started at quarterback as a true freshman when Marshall Guill was moved to end. Pup Phillips was captain.


1919 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Camp Logan
The season opened with a 48–0  defeat of Camp Logan.


1919 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Furman
In the second week of play, Tech swamped Furman, 74–0.


1919 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Clemson
After being held scoreless in the first half, Tech beat Clemson 28–0. The entire backfield, as well Fincher, Lebey, and Higgins in the line, were cited as stars of the game. The play of Tech seemed stimulated in the second half by the substitution of Shorty Guill. The first touchdown was the best run of the game, for 26 yards around left end, Flowers "sidestepped, ducked, twisted  and turned until he had again crossed the field almost to the opposite side and then stiff-arming the last man in his way, crossed the goal for a touchdown." Red Barron went around right end for 35 yards and the second touchdown. A 15-yard pass from Flowers to Bill Fincher netted the third touchdown. Ferst went back in for Guill and got the last touchdown on a 12-yard buck behind left guard.


1919 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Clemson
The starting lineup was: Fincher (left end), Higgins (left tackle), Lebey (left guard), Phillips (center), Dowling (right guard), Lyman (right tackle), Staton (right end), McDonough (quarterback), Flowers (left halfback), Barron (right halfback), Gaiver (fullback).


1919 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Vanderbilt
Tech beat Dan McGugin's Vanderbilt Commodores in the mud 20–0, giving the Commodores their only loss on the season. Buck Flowers and fullback Bill Gaiver starred.


1919 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Vanderbilt
The starting lineup was: Fincher (left end), Higgins (left tackle), Lebey (left guard), Amis (center), Dowling (right guard), Huffines (right tackle), Staton (right end), Guill (quarterback), Flowers (left halfback), Barron (right halfback), Gavier (fullback).


1919 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Pittsburgh
Tech was beaten 16–6 by Pop Warner's Pittsburgh Panthers, the first team to score on Tech all year.


1919 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Davidson
Tech beat Davidson 33–0, Flowers running around his old teammates.


1919 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Washington & Lee
Quarterback Jim Mattox made the field goal to help Washington & Lee upset Tech. the first loss to a Southern team since 1914 for Tech.


1919 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Washington & Lee
The starting lineup was: Fincher (left end), Doyal (left tackle), Lebey (left guard), Phillips (center), Dowling (right guard), Higgins (right tackle), Staton (right end), Guill (quarterback), Flowers (left halfback), Ferst (right halfback), Gavier (fullback).


1919 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Georgetown
Dewey Scarboro returned a kickoff 102 yards for a touchdown in the 27–0 win over Georgetown.


1919 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Auburn
The Auburn Tigers beat Tech 14–7,  its first loss to an SIAA school in five years. The first touchdown of the game was made by Jack McDonough. Judy Harlan later fell on his own punt for a safety. In the third quarter, Warren blocked a Dewey Scarboro punt and Sloan recovered the ball and ran it 35 yards for a touchdown. Auburn's Fatty Warren "waddled" for a 40-yard touchdown off a blocked punt in the victory.


1919 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Auburn
The starting lineup was Guill (left end), Fincher (left tackle), Lebey (left guard), Phillips (center), Dowling (right guard), Huffines (right tackle), Staton (right end), McDonough (quarterback), Barron (left halfback), Ferst (right halfback), Harlan (fullback).


1919 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Postseason
After a divorce in 1919, Heisman left Atlanta to prevent any social embarrassment to his former wife, who chose to remain in the city. He picked Bill Alexander as successor and went back to Penn for three seasons from 1920–1922.


1919 Georgian parliamentary election
Constituent Assembly elections were held in the Democratic Republic of Georgia between 14 and 16 February 1919. The electoral system used was party-list proportional representation using the D'Hondt method in a single nationwide district. The result was a victory for the Social Democratic Labour Party of Georgia, which won 81% of the vote, and 109 of the 130 seats. In by-elections held in spring, they lost four seats and the Armenian Party in Georgia–Dashnaktsitiuni and the Georgian National Party both won seats.


1919 Georgian parliamentary election
Following the election, the Constituent Assembly approved and ratified the Act of Independence on 12 March.


1919 German federal election
Federal elections were held in Germany on 19 January 1919, although members of the standing army in the east did not vote until 2 February. The elections were the first of the new Weimar Republic, which had been established after World War I and the Revolution of 1918–19, and the first with women's suffrage. The previous constituencies, which heavily overrepresented rural areas, were scrapped, and the elections held using proportional representation. The voting age was also lowered from 25 to 20. Austrian citizens living in Germany were allowed to vote, with German citizens living in Austria being allowed to vote in the February 1919 Constitutional Assembly elections.


1919 German federal election
From its inaugural session on 6 February, the National Assembly (Nationalversammlung) functioned as both a constituent assembly and unicameral legislature. The supporting parties of the "Weimar Coalition" (SPD, Zentrum and DDP) together won 76.2% of the votes cast; on 13 February, provisional president Friedrich Ebert appointed Philipp Scheidemann, of the SPD, as Minister-President. The office was later renamed Chancellor when the Weimar Constitution came into force in August 1919. The Scheidemann cabinet replaced the revolutionary Rat der Volksbeauftragten (Council of the People's Deputies). Voter turnout was 83.0%.


1919 German presidential election
The presidential election (Reichspräsidentenwahl) of 1919 was the first election to the office of President of the Reich (Reichspräsident), Germany's head of state during the 1919-1933 Weimar Republic. The constitution that stipulated a direct popular vote was not completed before 11 August 1919. Because a head of state was needed immediately the 1919 presidential election was held indirectly, by the National Assembly, on 11 February 1919. The winner was SPD chairman Friedrich Ebert, who beat former (Imperial) Secretary of the Interior Arthur von Posadowsky-Wehner in the first round of voting by 277 to 49 votes. Ebert was supported by the SPD, the German Centre Party and the German Democratic Party (DDP), the parties of the "Weimar Coalition", which held more than 77 per cent of the seats in the National Assembly. He became President of Germany.


1919 Giro d'Italia
The 1919 Giro d'Italia was the 7th edition of the Giro d'Italia, a cycling race organized and sponsored by the newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport. The race began on 21 May in Milan with a stage that stretched 302.8 km (188 mi) to Trento, finishing back in Milan on 8 June after a 277 km (172 mi) stage and a total distance covered of 2,984 km (1,854 mi). The race was won by the Italian rider Costante Girardengo of the Stucchi team. Second and third respectively were Italian Gaetano Belloni and Belgian Marcel Buysse.


1919 Giro d'Italia
Of 66 riders starting the race, only 15 completed it. The Giro (the first one after the Great War) had the first to stages arriving in the "unredeemed" cities of Trento and Trieste, and was literally dominated by Girardengo, who won seven stages. The '"eternal second" Gaetano Belloni won his first stage in the Giro.


1919 Giro d'Italia
This edition of the race was also characterised by the first stage victory by a Swiss rider and by the first non-Italian cyclist on the final podium: the Belgian Marcel Buysse.


1919 Giro d'Italia, Participants
Of the 63 riders that began the Giro d'Italia on 21 May, fifteen of them made it to the finish in Milan on 8 June. Riders were allowed to ride on their own or as a member of a team. There were four teams that competed in the race: Bianchi Pirelli, Legnano-Pirelli, Peugeot-Tedeschi, and Stucchi-Dunlop. The isolati riders that participated in the race were primarily war veterans. Organizers promised all isolati riders at least 180 lire if they reached Milan. The Milan Army Corps carried participants luggage for the race with an Fiat 18 BL lorry that remained after the war.


1919 Giro d'Italia, Participants
The peloton was almost completely composed of Italians. The field featured two former Giro d'Italia champions in the three-time winner Carlo Galetti and Eberardo Pavesi who was a member of the 1912 Atala winning team. Other notable Italian riders that started the race included Costante Girardengo, Angelo Gremo, Ezio Corlaita, and Giuseppe Santhià. Girardengo was current Italian men's road race champion and was recovering from the Spanish flu.


1919 Giro d'Italia, Final standings, General classification
There were fifteen cyclists who had completed all ten stages. For these cyclists, the times they had needed in each stage was added up for the general classification. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the winner. Giosuè Lombardi won the prize for best ranked independent rider in the general classification.


1919 Giro di Lombardia
The 1919 Giro di Lombardia was the 15th edition of the Giro di Lombardia cycle race and was held on 2 November 1919. The race started and finished in Milan. The race was won by Costante Girardengo.


1919 Glamorgan County Council election
The tenth election to Glamorgan County Council, south Wales, took place in March 1919. It was preceded by the 1913 election and followed by the 1922 election.


1919 Glamorgan County Council election, Overview of the Result
In this first post-war election a significant advance was made by the Labour Party, which captured a number of seats, and established a comfortable majority on the Council for the first time.


1919 Glamorgan County Council election, Boundary Changes
A number of boundary changes had taken place since the previous election. The extension of the Swansea Borough boundary caused the disappearance of the Llansamlet, Morriston, Sketty, and Oystermouth divisions which were no longer part of the county. Four new divisions were created in pther parts of the county. The old Margam division was divided into two (Margam East and Port Talbot West), and the Llantrisant division was likewise divided into two new wards, namely Gilfach Goch and Tonyrefail, Llantwit Fardre. A new division was also created at Hopkinstown, Pontypridd and the old Aber division was divided into the Cwm Aber and Llanfabon divisions. The number of wards remained at 66.


1919 Glamorgan County Council election, Candidates
Most of the re-elected Conservatives represented wards on the outskirts of Cardiff and in the Vale of Glamorgan. Labour candidates were returned unopposed in a number of the mining valleys although sitting Liberals were also unopposed in some of these localities.


1919 Glamorgan County Council election, Candidates
Of the eleven retiring aldermen, seven sought re-election to the Council. Three of these namely E.H. Fleming (Lab, Hopkinstown), William Jones (Lab, Mountain Ash)  and William Llewellyn (Lib, Ogmore Vale) were returned unopposed.


1919 Glamorgan County Council election, Contested Elections
Many of the contested elections resulted in the decision of the Labour Party to run more candidates than ever before. The distribution of these candidates was not uniform, with candidates being run in all Rhondda wards bar two (where two long-serving Liberals went unopposed). In contrast there was only one contested elections in the Aberdare district, and this was more personal than political. Despite the Labour advance at district level in the pre-war period they fielded no candidates.


1919 Glamorgan County Council election, Outcome
A number of seats changed hands as Labour captured twelve seats and lost only one. Most attention focused on the defeat of two members who had served since 1889, namely Alderman J.M. Smith (Aberavon) and Alderman W.H. Mathias (Rhondda) lost to Labour challengers, but Labour victories occurred in most parts of the county . A third retiring alderman, Evan Davies (Lib, Maesteg) was also defeated while the Rev D.H. Williams (Lib, Barry) sought off a Labour challenger.


1919 Glamorgan County Council election, Results, Gadlys
The sitting member was heavily defeated by the minister of Tabernacle, Aberdare.


1919 Glamorgan County Council election, Results, Mountain Ash
Lord Aberdare was initially nominated but withdrew, allowing retiring alderman William Jones to be returned unopposed.


1919 Glamorgan County Council election, Results, Pontlottyn
Alderman William Williams withdrew in favour of sitting councillor William Hammond.


1919 Glamorgan County Council election, Results, Tonyrefail and Gilfach Goch
The Liberal candidate had sought to withdraw before polling day but missed the deadline and his name was therefore included on the ballot.


1919 Glamorgan County Council election, Results, Trealaw
The sitting member, David Charles Evans, licensed victualler, withdrew, allowing the Labour candidate to be returned unopposed.


1919 Glamorgan County Council election, Results, Treorchy
Long-serving councillor, Thomas Jones, was defeated and W.P. Thomas withdrew before the poll.


1919 Glamorgan County Council election, Election of Aldermen
In addition to the elected councillors the County Council consisted of 22 county aldermen. Aldermen were elected by the council, and served a six-year term. Following the 1919 election, there were twelve aldermanic vacancies, following the resignation of Alderman J.E. Evans.


1919 Glamorgan County Council election, Election of Aldermen
It was initially resolved to re-elect the four retiring aldermen who had been successful at the recent election, namely:


1919 Glamorgan County Council election, By-elections, Aberdare
Retired grocer F.W. Mander was returned unopposed following William Thomas's election as alderman.


1919 Glamorgan County Council election, By-elections, Barry by-election
The by-election at Barry was caused by the re-election of the Rev, D.H. Williams as alderman. John Lowden, who had held the seat for fifteen years and had stood down in favour of D.H. Williams at the recent election, was defeated by a Labour candidate.


1919 Glamorgan County Council election, By-elections, Gower by-election
Farmer Charles Bevan of Port Eynon held the seat for Labour following W.H. Davies's appointment as alderman.


1919 Glamorgan County Council election, By-elections, Hopkinstown by-election
The successful candidate, John Tristram, was an engine driver on the Taff Vale Railway and the local secretary of the National Union of Railwaymen.


1919 Glamorgan County Council election, By-elections, Port Talbot West by-election
Edward Lowther, general manager of the Port Talbot Railway and Docks company chosen as joint Conservative and Liberal candidate defeated Thomas Griffiths (Lab).


1919 Gonzaga Bulldogs football team
The 1919 Gonzaga Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented the Gonzaga University as an independent during the 1919 college football season. In their first year under head coach William Higgins, the team compiled a 2–3 record.


1919 Gotha state election
The 1919 Gotha state election was held on 25 February 1919 to elect the 19 members of the Landtag of Gotha.


1919 Grand National
The 1919 Grand National was the 78th renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England on 28 March 1919.


1919 Grand National
It was the first true Aintree Grand National since 1915, with the intermittent races being cancelled due to World War I and substituted by a 'Racecourse Association Steeplechase' and later a 'War National Steeplechase' at Gatwick Racecourse.


1919 Grand National
The 1919 National was won by the Poethlyn, ridden by Ernest Piggott. The pair had won an unofficial National at Gatwick in 1918 and on the back of this started 11/4 favourites, the shortest starting odds of any Grand National winner to date.


1919 Grand Prix season
The 1919 Grand Prix season was the first season following the armistice that ended World War I in November 1918. European economies were struggling, and many automotive firms had to recover and retool from military production. So, there was very little racing activity as it took time for the companies and populations to recover. As the world rebuilt there were only two major races held in the year – the Indianapolis 500 and the Targa Florio.


1919 Grand Prix season
Unsurprisingly there was a mixture of old and new in the fields and in both events, it was the pre-war machinery that was triumphant. In the Indianapolis race, Howdy Wilcox in his Peugeot saw off a competitive field including new cars from Duesenberg, Miller and Ballot. It also had the first postwar deaths at the event when Arthur Thurman, and then Louis LeCocq and his mechanic were killed in separate accidents. Wilcox went on to be awarded the year's AAA national championship.


1919 Grand Prix season
The Targa Florio attracted a solid field but was held in November in atrocious weather. Raced on a shorter variant of the Madonie circuit, it became a contest between the new Ballot of René Thomas and the pre-war Peugeot voiturette of André Boillot (both of whom had been at Indianapolis). On the tight course and with the bad weather, the power advantage of the bigger cars was negated, and it was Boillot who got the victory after a gruelling eight hours in wind, rain and snow.


1919 Grand Prix season, Regulations and Technical
The Indianapolis regulations remained the same as they were before the war – with a maximum engine size of 300 cu in (4.92 litres). The organisers of the Targa Florio had seven categories subdivided by number of cylinders and engine bore.


1919 Grand Prix season, Regulations and Technical
An inevitable surge in technology during wartime was carried over into automotive engineering design. The rapid advances in airplane engines could be translated into racing engines. Ettore Bugatti had taken Ernest Henry from Peugeot to help with the development of his Bugatti U-16 engine, with twin 8-cylinder blocks. This project was then picked up by Fred Duesenberg’s company which used new, lightweight carburettors made by Harry Miller on his innovative straight-8 engine.


1919 Grand Prix season, Regulations and Technical
Advances in metallurgy allowed lighter engines to be built, which meant they could be run at higher revolutions thereby generating more power. So, engines could be smaller and thus give a lower centre-of-gravity, which in turn meant better road-handling. Chain drives were abandoned in favour of shaft and virtually all racing units had twin-camshafts. Similarly, the long-stroke large-capacity four-cylinder pre-war engines disappeared.


1919 Grand Prix season, Regulations and Technical
The Frontenacs of Gaston and Louis Chevrolet utilised a significant amount of aluminium that made them far lighter (1600 lbs) than most other cars, that were well over 2000 pounds.


1919 Grand Prix season, Season review
During wartime, the AAA National Championship was still held in an abbreviated format. There were now no more road-races included in the event list. The points-system devised for the 1916 season was discontinued. In 1917, from 22 races (none longer than 250 miles) at 8 venues, Earl Cooper won his third championship. In 1918 there were 12 races at 4 circuits it was Ralph Mulford who won his second championship. These were retroactively calculated in 1927.


1919 Grand Prix season, Season review
Soon after the Armistice Carl Fisher got organising the next 500-mile race at Indianapolis – to be called the “Liberty 500 Mile Sweepstakes”. He contacted Frenchman René Thomas, winner of the 1913 race, to come and add international interest. Thomas in turn approached Ballot, with Ernest Henry, to build a new car, from scratch, within a hundred days.


1919 Grand Prix season, Season review
A full field of 36 cars was entered to qualify for the 33 starting spots. Of necessity, there was a broad mixture of new and pre-war cars. Four new Ballots arrived with their veteran drivers René Thomas, Jules Goux, Louis Wagner and Paul Bablot. Three Duesenbergs with the new straight-8 engine were entered but only Tommy Milton’s was ready in time to qualify. They also had 4-cylinder works cars for Eddie O'Donnell and Wilbur D'Alene and four privateer entries. Four of the Chevrolet brothers’ new Frontenacs arrived for themselves as well as reigning champion Mulford and Joe Boyer. There were two private entries of new 4-cylinder Millers and former winner Ralph DePalma was driving a V-12 Packard 299. British team Sunbeam had cars for Briton Dario Resta and Frenchman Jean Chassagne but officials disqualified the team for having over-size engines. This left the reigning race-winner without a drive.


1919 Grand Prix season, Season review
The Peugeot EX5s from the pre-war races were still competitive and two were entered by the Indianapolis Motor Speedway team for Howdy Wilcox and French former winner Jules Goux. There was also an L25 voiturette driven by André Boillot, younger brother of former French racing hero Georges Boillot. Finally, three Stutzes were entered as Durant Specials for Cliff Durant, Earl Cooper and Eddie Hearne for the Chevrolet company.


1919 Grand Prix season, Season review
The new Ballots were soon found to be over-geared, creating chronic tyre-wear on the brick surface. With no time to replace the engines, the only solution was to replace the Rudge-Whitworth wheels with smaller American wheels and tyres. This was the final time that a single timed lap would be used to judge qualification, with a minimum 80 mph needed (a 1:52.5 lap). Thomas got the fastest time with his Ballot on the first day of qualification to take pole position, ahead of Wilcox (Peugeot) and Guyot (Ballot), while Goux needed an engine change and was lucky to qualify his Peugeot with the last run of the day on Thursday.


1919 Grand Prix season, Season review
At the start it was DePalma who stormed into the lead from Gaston Chevrolet and Wilcox. Then after 60 laps DePalma fell back with engine issues. When Chevrolet had tyre problems soon after, his brother Louis took over the lead. There were two terrible accidents mid-race. On lap 45, Arthur Thurman lost control of his Duesenberg at turn 3, smashed into the wall and rolled. Thurman was killed and his mechanic critically injured. Then on lap 97 Louis LeCocq crashed. The car rolled and burst into flame. Trapped underneath he and his mechanic, Robert Bandini, were killed.


1919 Grand Prix season, Season review
Wilcox took the lead at two-thirds’ distance. The vaunted Ballot challenge did not eventuate: Thomas’ tyres were torn up on the bricks, Wagner lost a wheel and Goux retired from exhaustion. Bablot became ill and was relieved by Chassagne (whose Sunbeam was scratched) who then crashed the car. In the end, it was a triumph for the pre-war cars: Wilcox won by a comfortable four minutes from Hearne in the Durant-Stutz and Jules Goux in the Peugeot third.


1919 Grand Prix season, Season review
From only two starts – a win at Indianapolis and second at the Sheepshead Bay Derby, Wilcox scored enough points to subsequently be awarded the AAA championship narrowly from Eddie Hearn (who had four second places and a third).


1919 Grand Prix season, Season review
One of the first motor-race events in Europe after the war was a series of speed trials in August on the beach of Fanø island on the west coast of Denmark. By late in the year Conde Vincenzo Florio was able to use his reputation to assemble a reasonable field of twenty-four cars to his Targa Florio, the first major race in post-war Europe. Again, it was a mix of old and new cars.


1919 Grand Prix season, Season review
In 1915 Nicola Romeo got a majority shareholding in ALFA and merged it three years later into his group of engineering  companies. The Alfa Romeo 40/60 had veteran Giuseppe Campari and Nino Franchini as drivers. Among the four FIATs was Antonio Ascari in his first season of racing. There were also entries from race-regulars Itala, Diatto, Aquila Italiana and Nazzaro. New entry CMN had two cars for their drivers, Ugo Sivocci and a 21-year old Enzo Ferrari, who had already driven their cars from the factory in Milan. Foreign interest was generated with the entry of René Thomas in his Ballot and André Boillot in the Peugeot L25, both now back from Indianapolis. Finally, there was the new British firm Eric-Campbell, with cars for 1912 Targa winner Cyril Snipe and Jack Scales.


1919 Grand Prix season, Season review
Four years of neglect through wartime had left the roads in a terrible state so a new, shortened circuit was used this year. The medio Madonie was 108 km long still started at Cerda but cut across from Castellana to Collesano to avoid the worst of the mountain roads. This was not helped by the atrocious weather on the day of the race, with the cars starting amidst high winds and snow. Thomas was leading at the end of the first of four laps. Ascari slid off down a ravine.


1919 Grand Prix season, Season review
Franchini retired his Alfa Romeo, stung by the frozen mud thrown up at him, and thereafter the Alfa cars were fitted with mudguards. Boillot went off the road half a dozen times in his efforts to keep up. Going into the last lap, Thomas stopped to refuel where his crew alerted him of the fast-approaching Peugeot. Meanwhile, Boillot's mechanic instead grabbed a tank of fuel and filled up on the run. The smaller Peugeot had a seven-minute lead and in his rush to catch up, Thomas went off the road, breaking the Ballot's axle.


1919 Grand Prix season, Season review
Oblivious to the extent of his lead, Boillot kept pushing right to the end. Coming up to the finish-line the crowd surged onto the road to greet him. Fearful of a terrible accident at speed, Boillot slewed the car round in avoidance, injuring three spectators and hitting the palisade in front of the grandstand. The rest of the crowd tried to push the car back onto the road until a journalist warned he would be disqualified if they did. Dazed, and exhausted after nearly eight hours of concentration, the two did it and reversed over the line. Ernest Ballot then sportingly pointed out that reversing was also against the rules, so in a comical episode Boillot got back in the car, drove back to the incident site, turned around and drove back to the finish line to finally claim the victory.


1919 Grand Prix season, Season review
The Italian cars were never able to keep up, with Antonio Moriondo in an Itala finishing half an hour behind in second, Domenico Gamboni's Diatto in third with only eight cars making it to the finish. Enzo Ferrari and the last two competitors, already well delayed, were held up further in Campofelice as the town square had filled with villagers to listen to a speech by the local governor, with no way through. By the time they finally reached the finish-line virtually everyone had caught the train back to Palermo and a remaining carabinieri took their finishing time.


1919 Green Bay Packers season
The 1919 Green Bay Packers season was their first season of competitive football. The team was formed by Curly Lambeau and George Whitney Calhoun with help from the Indian Packing Company. Lambeau served as team captain, the position closest related to the modern position of head coach, while Willard Ryan served as the official head coach. The club posted a 10–1 record against other teams in Wisconsin and Michigan.


1919 Green Bay Packers season, Founding
According to traditional accounts, Curly Lambeau, a standout high school football player, made Knute Rockne's varsity Notre Dame team in his freshman year, only to resign after a severe case of tonsillitis. Still wanting to play football, a casual conversation with George Calhoun, editor of the Press-Gazette, in the Summer of 1919 convinced him to organize his own team. In the succeeding weeks, Calhoun ran advertisements in the Press-Gazette inviting prospective players to join the team. On August 11, local athletes came together in the editorial room at the Press-Gazette building and formed the team that would become the Green Bay Packers.


1919 Green Bay Packers season, Founding
While the Packer organization recognizes 1919 as the year this town team was founded, a number of sources show that the 1919 team succeeded teams organized on an annual basis since 1896. Lambeau organized the team in 1919 and brought it to the NFL in 1921 but the tradition of football in Green Bay goes back to 1896, earlier than any other NFL team, including the 1898 Racine St. Cardinals in Chicago.


1919 Green Bay Packers season, Sponsorship
Since the team needed funds for uniforms and equipment, Lambeau entered an agreement with his employer, the Indian Packing Company. The company provided $500 and Lambeau agreed to name the team after it. At first the team was denoted the "Green Bay Indians" but by the end of the year the press was referring to the team as the Packers. The company also allowed the team to use an open lot on company property for practices three times a week.


1919 Green Bay Packers season, Home Field
The Packers played their home games in Hagemeister Park, a vacant lot next to East High. There were no bleachers and fans could watch the game for free, walking along the sideline next to the line of scrimmage. The field was sectioned off by ropes although the fans sometimes entered the field of play during particularly exciting parts of the game. At halftime, the players would gather in the endzone to discuss strategy and the fans would often join the discussion. To pay player salaries, a hat was passed around the crowd for donations. The Packers played 8 games at Hagemeister Park in their first season.


1919 Green Bay Packers season, Season results
The Packers finished the season with a record of 10–1, only losing to the Beloit Fairies 6-0. Apart of the Beloit loss, they only allowed one other team to score, Racine Iroquois. For the 1919 season, they placed first among all professional teams in Wisconsin. Their first ever road game occurred on Oct 19, 1919, at Ishpeming, MI.


1919 Hamburg state election
The 1919 Hamburg state election was held on 16 March 1919 to elect the 160 members of the Hamburg Parliament.


1919 Harvard Crimson football team
The 1919 Harvard Crimson football team represented Harvard University in the 1919 college football season. They finished with a 9–0–1 record and were retroactively named as the 1919 national champion by the Helms Athletic Foundation and the Houlgate System, and as a co-national champion by the College Football Researchers Association, National Championship Foundation, and Parke H. Davis. They outscored their opponents 229 to 19.


1919 Haskell Indians football team
The 1919 Haskell Indians football team was an American football team that represented the Haskell Indian Institute  (now known as Haskell Indian Nations University) as an independent during the 1919 college football season. In its first season under head coach Bud Saunders, Haskell compiled an 8–2–1 record, shut out five opponents, and outscored opponents by a total of 218 to 53.


1919 Hessian state election
The 1919 Hessian state election was held on 26 January 1919 to elect the 70 members of the Hessian constituent people's assembly.


1919 Holy Cross football team
The 1919 Holy Cross football team was an American football team that represented the College of the Holy Cross as an independent during the 1919 college football season. In its first season under head coach Cleo A. O'Donnell, the team compiled a 5–3 record. The team played its home games at Fitton Field in Worcester, Massachusetts.


1919 Honduran general election
General elections were held in Honduras between 26 and 28 October 1919. Rafael López Gutiérrez of the Liberal Party won the presidential election with 81% of the vote.


1919 Hong Kong sanitary board election
The 1919 Sanitary Board Election was supposed to be held on 10 March 1919 for the one of the 2 unofficial seats in the Sanitary Board of Hong Kong.


1919 Hong Kong sanitary board election
Only ratepayers who were included in the Special and Common Jury Lists of the years or ratepayers who are exempted from serving on Juries on account of their professional avocations, unofficial members of the Executive or Legislative Council, or categories of profession were entitled to vote at the election.


1919 Hong Kong sanitary board election
Dr. F. M. G. Ozorio sought for second term without being uncontested.


1919 Howard Bulldogs football team
The 1919 Howard Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented Howard College (now known as the Samford University) as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) during the 1919 college football season. In their first year under head coach Chester Dillon, the team compiled a 3–5–2 record.


1919 Icelandic parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Iceland on 15 November 1919. Voters elected all 26 seats in the Lower House of the Althing and eight of the fourteen seats in Upper House. The Home Rule Party remained the largest party in the Lower House, winning 10 of the 26 seats.


1919 Idaho Vandals football team
The 1919 Idaho Vandals football team represented the University of Idaho in the 1919 college football season. Idaho was led by first-year head coach Ralph Hutchinson and played as an independent; they joined the Pacific Coast Conference in 1922. The Vandals had two home games in Moscow on campus at MacLean Field, with none in Boise.


1919 Idaho Vandals football team
Idaho dropped a fifth consecutive game to Washington State in the Battle of the Palouse, falling 0–37 at Rogers Field in Pullman. Four years later, the Vandals won the first of three consecutive, their only three-peat in the rivalry series.


1919 Idaho Vandals football team
Idaho opened with three losses, then won twice for a 2–3 record.


1919 Illinois Fighting Illini football team
The 1919 Illinois Fighting Illini football team represented the University of Illinois in the 1919 college football season. The Fighting Illini compiled a 6–1 record (6–1 against Big Ten Conference opponents) and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 91 to 48. The team was selected retroactively as the national champion by the Billingsley Report and Boand System, and as a co-national champion by the College Football Researchers Association, Parke H. Davis, and Jeff Sagarin (using his alternate ELO-Chess methodology). Fullback William Kopp was the team captain.


1919 Indiana Hoosiers football team
The 1919 Indiana Hoosiers football team was an American football team that represented the Indiana Hoosiers during the 1919 college football season. In their fourth season under head coach Ewald O. Stiehm, the Hoosiers compiled a 3–4 record and finished in ninth place in the Big Ten Conference. They won games against Wabash (20–7), Kentucky (24–0), and Syracuse (12–6), and lost games to national champion Centre (12–3), Minnesota (20–6), Notre Dame (16–3), and Northwestern (3–2).


1919 Indianapolis 500
The 7th Liberty 500-Mile Sweepstakes was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway on Saturday, May 31, 1919.


1919 Indianapolis 500
After a two-year hiatus due to World War I, the Indianapolis 500 returned to competition in 1919. Howdy Wilcox won, accompanied by riding mechanic Leo Banks. More than half the field (19 of 33 cars) consisted of rookie drivers, tied for the most ever, excluding the inaugural race where all 40 cars were considered "rookies." Ralph DePalma, the 1915 winner, and the driver who suffered a defeat in 1912, again put in a strong performance. DePalma led 93 of the first 102 laps, and drove the first half at record-breaking speed. Tire problems, however, necessitated a long pit stop, and DePalma finished in 6th place.


1919 Indianapolis 500
Rain was a factor during practice, limiting available track time in the days immediately leading up to time trials. Since most teams did not arrive until later in the month, some cars had very limited preparation time. Qualifying was supposed to be held on just one day, but officials decided to add two additional days due to the lost track time.


1919 Indianapolis 500
The first half of the race was marred by three fatalities. Driver Arthur Thurman died in a crash on lap 45. On lap 96, Louis LeCocq and his riding mechanic Robert Bandini wrecked in turn two, and both were burned to death.


1919 Indianapolis 500, Race background
Over two years had gone by since the last competitive events had been held at the Speedway. The 1916 race was followed by the Harvest Auto Racing Classic, at which point the track was closed due to the escalation of World War I. When the Armistice was signed in November 1918, the Speedway management was anxious to begin planning for the resumption of the 500-mile race for 1919. Some early rumors circulated that the race may change dates to July 4, or even expand to 1,000 miles. These rumors were briefly entertained when the AAA Contest Board announced that both May 30 and July 4 were being set aside on the calendar for the event.


1919 Indianapolis 500, Race background
On December 6, 1918, Speedway business manager T.E. "Pop" Myers announced that the 1919 Indianapolis 500 would be scheduled for Friday, May 30. It was decided to keep the traditional date, and likewise return the race to a distance of 500 miles. The 1916 race had been scheduled for 300 miles (a decision that management later mostly regretted), the only such time which the race was scheduled for less than 500 miles. AAA would return as the sanctioning body. An editorial the following day in the Indianapolis News, however, sharply criticized the choice of Memorial Day.


1919 Indianapolis 500, Race background
It was going to be the first "Decoration Day" holiday following the end of the "Great War", and they believed that the holiday should be left alone to properly honor the many thousands of war casualties. About a week later, Speedway management announced that they would change the date to Saturday May 31. The race was deliberately moved off Memorial Day (Friday May 30) and pushed to Saturday so as not to detract from the holiday.


1919 Indianapolis 500, Race background
The race was given a new name for 1919, the Liberty Sweepstakes as a gesture to the peacetime brought on by victory and the end of the war. The new title was used for only one year. Without hesitation, Cliff Durant submitted the first entry on December 16.


1919 Indianapolis 500, Race schedule
* Includes days where track activitywas significantly limited due to rain


1919 Indianapolis 500, Practice
The deadline for entries to be submitted was midnight on Thursday May 1. A total of 43 cars were entered, including three entries by the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. The AAA Contest Board confirmed that the maximum starting field rule of 33 cars would apply.


1919 Indianapolis 500, Time trials
Time trials were scheduled for three days, May 27–29. Elimination trials consisted of one timed lap. This would be the final time single-lap qualifying runs were used at Indianapolis. In 1920, four-lap time trial runs would be introduced. For the first time, qualifiers would line up in the grid by speed based on the day they qualified. All cars that qualified on the first day would line up by speed rank first, with the fastest qualifier starting on the pole position. The remaining cars that qualified on subsequent days would line up by speed rank behind the first day qualifiers. The cars from the second and third days, however, were merged on the grid. This format was adopted in order to encourage more drivers to qualify early on, instead of waiting until the last minute.


1919 Indianapolis 500, Time trials
Originally it was planned for all elimination trials to be held on Tuesday, but due to inclement weather, the schedule was expanded to allow Wednesday and Thursday as well. The minimum speed to qualify was set at 80 mph, and the field was set at a maximum of 33 cars. Based on the entries prepared at the track, the expectation was that about six cars would fail to qualify.


1919 Indianapolis 500, Time trials
In an effort to foil the "bootleg" programs that were being printed and sold in and around the Speedway, car numbers were not assigned until race morning.


1919 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Tuesday May 27
The first day of time trials was held Tuesday May 27 starting at 10:00 a.m. Ralph DePalma (98.2 mph) was the first car in the field. Former winner René Thomas shattered the track record with a lap of 104.7 mph to secure the pole position. Thomas went out late in the afternoon, deciding to wait out windy conditions. A total of eleven cars completed runs, all over 90 mph. Howdy Wilcox went out after Thomas, and qualified second with a speed of 100.0 mph.


1919 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Wednesday May 28
The second day of time trials was held Wednesday May 28. The qualifiers on the second and third day would line up behind the qualifiers from the first day. Louis Chevrolet drove a Frontenac at a speed of 103.1 mph to be the fastest car of the day. Tommy Milton was on his was to qualifying over 101 mph, but his car slowed, and he managed a lap of only 89.9 mph.


1919 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Wednesday May 28
During a practice run, Omar Toft spun in the south turns, but avoided contact and was able to continue around. Two cars, Al Cotey and Dave Lewis, made an attempt but failed to qualify. Cotey was too slow (below the 80 mph minimum) and Lewis suffered engine failure. Both drivers were eligible to try again on Thursday.


1919 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Wednesday May 28
A total of 13 cars completed qualifying runs Wednesday, filling the field to 24 cars. The final starting positions, however, for those 13 cars would not be finalized until qualifying was completed on Thursday.


1919 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Thursday May 29
The third and final day of time trials was held Thursday May 29. The day opened with nine spots available in the field.


1919 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Thursday May 29
The 1913 winner Jules Goux was the final car to qualify. During a practice run on Thursday, he suffered a broken piston and broken connecting rod, which blew a hole in the Peugeot's engine block. The Premier team offered him a spare engine, and Goux spent the entire day working to install it. Late in the day, just minutes before sundown, Goux took the car to the track. After one single warm-up lap, he signaled to officials to start the run. His lap of 95 mph bumped James Reynolds, and Goux surprisingly made the field. Not as lucky was Dave Lewis. A day after suffering engine problems, Evans was on his qualifying lap, running over 100 mph. Two-thirds of the way through the lap, the bearings in the engine burned out, and broke the crankcase.


1919 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Thursday May 29
During an exhibition run, Ralph DePalma attempted to set track records in a 950-c.i.d. car, the same car he set records in at Daytona. He failed to break René Thomas's one-lap record from Tuesday, but he did set 5-mile and 10-mile distance speed records.


1919 Indianapolis 500, Race recap
The start of the race was scheduled for Saturday May 31 at 11:00 a.m. local time. The facility was closed to the public on Friday, but participants were allowed a brief period of practice time on Friday morning for last-minute preparations. The rest of the day was spent prepping the track by scrubbing the brick surface of oil and debris.


1919 Indianapolis 500, Race recap
Maurice Becker, the riding mechanic for Howdy Wilcox during the month, was disallowed by his family from participating in the race. He was replaced for the race by Leo Banks just hours before the start.


1919 Indianapolis 500, Race recap
A crowd estimated at 120,000 arrived at the Speedway, on a hot sunny, Saturday morning. At 8 a.m., the Purdue Band entertained fans. Pace car driver Jesse G. Vincent, with passenger Eddie Rickenbacker, took the field around for one unscored warm-up lap. At a speed of about 80 mph, the field was released for the start. André Boillot's car initially failed to pull away, but eventually got started, and sprinted to catch up to the rest of the field.


1919 Indianapolis 500, Race recap, First half
The first half of the race belonged to 1915 winner Ralph DePalma. Depalma led the first 65 laps, and raced at a record pace. With an average speed of over 92 mph, DePalma was shattering existing track records. Though the pace was incredible, his lead was not large. His closest contenders stayed within reach. Louis Chevrolet took the lead for lap 66-74, before giving it back to DePalma. Also in the top five were Earl Cooper, Howdy Wilcox, and René Thomas.


1919 Indianapolis 500, Race recap, First half
Two fatal accidents, taking the lives of three competitors, marred the first half of the race. On lap 45, Arthur Thurman lost control at about 90 mph, swerved to the inside wall on the backstretch, then flipped over three times. Thurman was thrown from the car, and landed about twenty-five feet away. He died about ten minutes later as he was being taken to the hospital. His riding mechanic Nicholas Molinaro suffered a fractured skull, but survived.


1919 Indianapolis 500, Race recap, First half
On the 96th lap, Louis LeCocq and his riding mechanic Robert Bandini lost control and turned over in the exit of turn two. The fuel tank ruptured and burst into flames. Both LeCocq and Bandini were pinned underneath the car, doused with gasoline, and burned to death at the scene. With other cars whizzing by, flaming gasoline was spread in all directions, as crews attempted to extinguish the flames.


1919 Indianapolis 500, Race recap, Second half
After dominating most of the first half, Ralph DePalma gave up the lead on lap 103 to make a pit stop. DePalma was experiencing tire trouble, and was forced to make long stop to make repairs. DePalma lost about ten laps in the pits, and fell out of contention.


1919 Indianapolis 500, Race recap, Second half
Howdy Wilcox took the lead on lap 103, and led the rest of the way. After major crashes and high attrition in the first half, the second half of the race settled down into a steady pace. Only three cars dropped out in the second half, leaving 14 cars running to complete 500 miles. Wilcox made a pit stop for tires and fuel at some point after the 400 mile mark. He came out of the pits with a two-lap lead over Eddie Hearne, and cruised the rest of the way.


1919 Indianapolis 500, Race recap, Second half
Late in the race, Louis Chevrolet reportedly came into the pits on three wheels. He made repairs, and finished in 7th place. After losing much time in the pits, Ralph DePalma worked his way back up to finish 6th. DePalma nipped Chevrolet at the scoring line by a fraction of a second in the battle for 6th-7th. DePalma led 93 laps, bringing his career total so far to 425 laps led - by far the most of any driver during that era. (DePalma would lead 613 laps in his career).


1919 International Congress of Working Women
The International Congress of Working Women (ICWW), formed in 1919, was an organization formed by female laborers around the world. The ICWW planned to share their concerns around female labor issues at the first Annual International Labor Organization Conference of 1919. The ICWW was successful in creating a document of provisions which was presented to the ILO, and affected decision making in the ILO's Commission on the Employment of Women.


1919 International Congress of Working Women, Background
The world was facing the turn of a new age during the eighteenth and nineteenth century, the industrial age. Labor transformed from hand methods to a new manufacturing process. This new technology and machinery increased opportunities for employment in newly formed factories and mills. Individuals around the world experienced the increasing availability of jobs for all ages: men, women, and children.