1925 VFA season, Association membership
The changes left the Association without three of its strongest clubs: on-field, Footscray and North Melbourne had between them won every minor premiership since 1912, and won fifteen of the twenty-six premierships since the breakaway of the League in 1897; off-field, the clubs were amongst the richest.


1925 VFA season, Association membership
The League stated on the record that it wanted to poach three strong clubs, rather than just one, to weaken the Association as much as possible, as it was concerned that with 'the agreement' broken, a strong Association would be in the position to recruit heavily from League clubs – as had occurred in the early 1920s before 'the agreement' was in place. Many Association delegates believed that Footscray's victory against League premiers Essendon in the previous year's end-of-season playoff charity match had contributed significantly to the League's fears and motivated its actions.


1925 VFA season, Association membership
Melbourne Carnivals Ltd, which owned the Motordrome, was keen to stage top level football on its venue. At one stage, it considered an ambitious scheme to install floodlights and stage night matches at the Motordrome, to establish three new clubs into the Association – Public Service, Melbourne City and Richmond City – as well as admitting Coburg and Camberwell, and to bankroll enormous wages of £5 per week to lure the best players away from the League, in an attempt to make the Association the dominant football competition in the state. Nothing ever came of the scheme; but, fifty years later, a very similar set of circumstances played out when World Series Cricket changed the landscape of world cricket.


1925 VFA season, Association membership
The Association secured the Motordrome as its finals venue, having lost the North Melbourne Recreation Reserve in the League's expansion. As a result of the changes, the size of the Association was reduced to eight clubs.


1925 VFA season, Premiership
The home-and-home season was played over only fourteen rounds, compared with the eighteen matches that previous seasons had been played over, with each club playing the others twice; then, the top four clubs contested a finals series under the amended Argus system to determine the premiers for the season.


1925 VFL Grand Final
The 1925 VFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Geelong Football Club and Collingwood Football Club, held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne on 10 October 1925. It was the 29th annual grand final of the Victorian Football League, staged to determine the premiers for the 1925 VFL season. The match, attended by 64,288 spectators, was won by Geelong by a margin of 10 points, marking that club's first VFL premiership victory.


1925 VFL Grand Final
Geelong, competing in their first VFL grand final, had been the best side all season, having lost only two games on their way to the minor premiership and at one stage put together a sequence of 12 successive wins. Collingwood on the other hand had only made the finals on percentage, a spot only cemented when they defeated South Melbourne by 65 points in the final round.


1925 VFL Grand Final
Geelong outscored Collingwood in each of the first three quarters to open up a 25-point lead going into the final term. Collingwood finished strongly but Geelong held on to claim its first VFL premiership. Captain-coach Cliff Rankin starred with five goals.


1925 VFL Grand Final
Tom Fitzmaurice had extra reason to celebrate, as it was his 100th VFL match and his third successive premiership, having won flags in the previous two seasons at Essendon.


1925 VFL Grand Final, Aftermath
In describing the scenes following Geelong's first VFL premiership and the club's first premiership since 1886 (in the VFA), The Age reported:


1925 VFL Grand Final, Aftermath
The scene in the Geelong dressing-room was remarkable. The players who had succeeded, where teams for 39 years had failed, seemed to be the coolest men there. They had just come out of a strenuous contest, and were besieged by enthusiastic supporters, but they accepted the plaudits with becoming modesty. Not one of them had been in a premiership team, save Tom Fitzmaurice, who played with Essendon in their last two premierships, and not one of them was alive when Geelong last gained the honours.


1925 VFL season
The 1925 Victorian Football League season was the 29th season of the Australian rules football competition. The premiership was won by the Geelong Football Club, after it defeated Collingwood by ten points in the Grand Final.


1925 VFL season
The 1925 season saw the admission of three new clubs – Footscray, Hawthorn and North Melbourne – all of which cross to the VFL from the Victorian Football Association after an off-field struggle which lasted for much of the summer.


1925 VFL season, Expansion of the VFL, Public Service Football Club
In July 1924, the Public Service Football Club, a club whose players would consist entirely of state and federal public servants rather than being drawn from a geographical recruiting district, was established and applied to join the VFL. Melbourne Carnivals Ltd had offered to lease the Public Service club its newly developed venue, the Amateur Sports Ground, for football if it could gain entrance to the league. The venue was centrally located, between Batman Avenue and Swan Street, the site which later became Olympic Park, and was to have been expanded to a capacity of 100,000. The VFL was keen to have control over the venue, and equally keen to prevent the VFA or the local rugby league or soccer associations from controlling such a valuable asset.


1925 VFL season, Expansion of the VFL, Public Service Football Club
Since the end of World War I, the VFL had contained nine clubs; and, while the League had taken applications several times for a tenth club, it had each time opted to remain at nine clubs. But, the availability of the Amateur Sports Ground was an important strategic opportunity, and in September 1924, the VFL formally resolved to "draw up a scheme for the inclusion of one or more clubs, and secure the Amateur Sports Ground for the League" before the 1925 season.


1925 VFL season, Expansion of the VFL, Claims of the Footscray Football Club
While the league reviewed the application of the Public Service, it was also fielding other applications, most notably that of the Footscray Football Club from the VFA. Footscray was widely regarded as the strongest candidate among existing clubs to join the VFL, and had been considered as such for many years. It was the richest VFA club, had a strong corporate backing due to its location in the heart of the industrial district of the western suburbs, and it had dominated the Association since the war, winning four of the previous six premierships and five minor premierships in a row. Its win against VFL premiers Essendon in Dame Nellie Melba's Limbless Soldiers' Appeal match at the end of the 1924 season had affirmed its credentials.


1925 VFL season, Expansion of the VFL, Claims of the Footscray Football Club
Admitting the Public Service team would have met both of the League's aims, but admitting Footscray would not have secured the Amateur Sports Ground. The League investigated other means of securing the venue without having to admit Public Service, including having Richmond leave the nearby Punt Road Oval to use it as a home venue, having Geelong play all of its away matches at the venue, or scheduling each club to play one or more of its home games at the neutral venue – similar to the way that VFL Park was later used in the 1970s and 1980s.


1925 VFL season, Expansion of the VFL, Claims of the Footscray Football Club
There were two other significant problems with admitting Footscray – or indeed any other club from the VFA:


1925 VFL season, Expansion of the VFL, Claims of the Footscray Football Club
After having waited many months without response since first applying to the VFL in July 1924, the Public Service withdrew its application on 3 November and submitted an application to join the VFA; and in December, the VFA provisionally accepted the application. However, Melbourne Carnivals withdrew its offer to the Public Service to use the Amateur Sports Ground (now known as the Motordrome, with a motorcycling arena having been installed in November) in the meantime. Public Service was unable to secure a replacement, so withdrew from the VFA without playing a game.


1925 VFL season, Expansion of the VFL, Breaking the agreement
With the Public Service club no longer available, and 'the agreement' all but preventing the VFL from admitting a VFA club, it looked likely that the VFL would remain at nine teams. But, in December 1924, the VFA admitted the Coburg Football Club, from the VFL seconds competition, into its senior ranks. The VFL contended that 'the agreement' was valid specifically between the two bodies as they were constituted at the time it was signed; and that by admitting a new club, the constitution of the VFA had changed and the agreement was voided. This gave the VFL the opportunity to admit VFA clubs. The VFA considered its legal position, but decided not to proceed, the result being that both competitions considered the agreement broken.


1925 VFL season, Expansion of the VFL, Admission of new VFL clubs
With 'the agreement' no longer an impediment, the VFL set about admitting a tenth club. Footscray and North Melbourne were both discussed, but both were rejected by the clubs set to lose sections of their recruiting districts. It was then proposed to admit three clubs instead of one; the VFL delegates agreed, and Footscray, Hawthorn and North Melbourne were admitted. This league saw two specific benefits with this scheme:


1925 VFL season, Expansion of the VFL, Admission of new VFL clubs
One impediment to admitting North Melbourne was that the State Government had prevented the VFL from moving into the Arden Street Oval in 1921, after protest from the VFA that it would lose its most central venue. The VFL wrote to the Minister for Lands and obtained the necessary permission from the minister to use the venue before it was able to admit North Melbourne. It is thought that Prahran would have been the twelfth team, had this permission not been obtained.


1925 VFL season, Expansion of the VFL, Admission of new VFL clubs
Through all of this, the VFL failed to secure use of the Motordrome, and the VFA began using it for finals matches, but it never became one of its regularly used venues. It never was expanded to become the 100,000 capacity, strategically critical, centrally located venue once imagined.


1925 VFL season, Premiership season
In 1925, the VFL competition consisted of twelve teams of 18 on-the-field players each, with no "reserves", although any of the 18 players who had left the playing field for any reason could later resume their place on the field at any time during the match.


1925 VFL season, Premiership season
Teams played each other in a home-and-away season of 17 rounds; matches 12 to 17 were the "home-and-away reverse" of matches 1 to 6.


1925 VFL season, Premiership season
Once the 17 round home-and-away season had finished, the 1925 VFL Premiers were determined by the specific format and conventions of the amended "Argus system".


1925 VFL season, Finals
All of the 1925 finals were played at the MCG so the home team in the Semi Finals and Preliminary Final is purely the higher ranked team from the ladder but in the Grand Final the home team was the team that won the Preliminary Final. Geelong lost to Melbourne in the semi final, but still went on to the grand final because they were minor premiers.


1925 VFL season, Grand final
Geelong defeated Collingwood 10.19 (79) to 9.15 (69), in front of a crowd of 64,288 people. (For an explanation of scoring see Australian rules football).


1925 VPI Gobblers football team
The 1925 VPI Gobblers football team was an American football team that represented Virginia Polytechnic Institute as a member of the Southern Conference during the 1925 season. In its fifth season under head coach B. C. Cubbage, VPI compiled a 5–3–2 record (3–3–1 against conference opponents), finished in tenth place in the Southern Conference, and was outscored by a total of 52 to 39. The team played its home games at Miles Field in Blacksburg, Virginia.


1925 VPI Gobblers football team, Players
The following players were members of the 1925 football team according to the roster published in the 1926 edition of The Bugle, the Virginia Tech yearbook.


1925 Vanderbilt Commodores football team
The 1925 Vanderbilt Commodores football team was an American football team that represented Vanderbilt University as a member of the Southern Conference during the 1925 football season. In its 21st year under head coach Dan McGugin, the team compiled a 6–3 record (3–3 against conference opponents), finished in 11th place in the conference, and outscored opponents by a total of 158 to 63.


1925 Vermont Green and Gold football team
The 1925 Vermont Green and Gold football team was an American football team that represented  the University of Vermont as an independent during the 1925 college football season. In their first year under head coach William McAvoy, the team compiled a 3–6 record.


1925 Victorian Legislative Council election
Elections were held in the Australian state of Victoria on Saturday 4 June 1925 to elect 17 of the 34 members of the state's Legislative Council. MLC were elected using preferential voting.


1925 Victorian Legislative Council election, Results, Legislative Council
Victorian Legislative Council election, 4 June 1925Legislative Council << 1922–1928 >>


1925 Victorian Legislative Council election, Candidates
Sitting members are shown in bold text. Successful candidates are highlighted in the relevant colour. Where there is possible confusion, an asterisk (*) is also used.


1925 Villanova Wildcats football team
The 1925 Villanova Wildcats football team was an American football team that represented Villanova University as an independent during the 1925 college football season. The team compiled a 6–2–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 107 to 40. In March 1925, the school hired Harry Stuhldreher as its new head coach. Stuhldreher was the quarterback at Notre Dame from 1922 to 1924, a three-time All-American and member of the legendary "Four Horsemen" backfield. James Callaghan was the team captain. The team played its three home games at Shibe Park in Philadelphia.


1925 Virginia Cavaliers football team
The 1925 Virginia Cavaliers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Virginia as a member of the Southern Conference during the 1925 season. In its third season under head coach Greasy Neale, Virginia compiled a 7–1–1 record (4–1–1 against conference opponents) and outscored opponents by a total of 144 to 31. The team played its home games at Lambeth Field in Charlottesville, Virginia.


1925 Virginia gubernatorial election
The 1925 Virginia gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1925 to elect the governor of Virginia.


1925 Virginia gubernatorial election
Incumbent Governor Elbert Lee Trinkle, Democrat was ineligible to run for re-election due to term limits.


1925 Virginia gubernatorial election
The Democratic Nominee, State Senator Harry F. Byrd defeated the Republican Nominee, former State Delegate Samuel H. Hoge.


1925 Volta a Catalunya
The 1925 Volta a Catalunya was the seventh edition of the Volta a Catalunya cycle race and was held from 21 May to 24 May 1925. The race started and finished in Barcelona. The race was won by Miguel Mucio.


1925 WAFL season
The 1925 WAFL season was the 41st season of the West Australian Football League. It was notable as the season where a fully-fledged system of district football was firmly in place after two seasons of planning, with Perth divided into eight zones, one of which was allocated to Claremont in preparation for their entry to senior WAFL ranks for 1926 and another covered the Midland area later to be allocated to Swan Districts. Along with this, the WAFL introduced a reserves competition for players not good enough for their club's league team.


1925 WAFL season
The season saw East Fremantle gain revenge for the previous season's Grand Final loss against a Subiaco team often thought to be the most talented that club had fielded so far in its history with three exceptional finals performances.


1925 WAFL season
A notable incident during the season was a postponement of the Round 12 match between East Perth and West Perth because the Cardinals failed to return on time from a tour of Tasmania, due to being entertained by Senator Pearce in Melbourne the day the ‘Kalgoorlie Express’ was due to leave from Melbourne.


1925 WAFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 1
The new rule (as in the VFL) of awarding a free kick against a player who puts the ball out of bounds is regarded as a great success: it was estimated that in one game there were only seventeen stoppages.


1925 WAFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 2
Perth’s score was the first of twenty goals in the WAFL since 12 July 1919, when East Fremantle kicked 21.15 (141) against West Perth.


1925 WAFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 4
Subiaco, with Ahearn kicking eight goals in the absence of top goal-sneak Rodriguez, move to a clear top. In the process the Maroons end the most recent run of 100 games without reaching 100 points.


1925 WAFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 5 (Foundation Day)
This is the most recent drawn game between Subiaco and South Fremantle.


1925 WAFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 7
1924 wooden spooners West Perth, in rainy conditions, win their fourth straight game by thrashing a depleted Royal team with 8.9 (57) to 2.3 (15) after half-time.


1925 WAFL season, Home-and-away season, Interstate match
South Australia hold off the locals in a thrilling match, in which a gate of £997 showed the popularity of football.


1925 WAFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 9
In a thrilling last stanza of a scrappy game, South Fremantle fail to obtain the decisive goal and kick the only 0.3 (3) of the whole last quarter.


1925 WAFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 14
Subiaco seal the minor premiership as a result of East Perth’s shocking forward work in perfect conditions.


1925 WAFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 15
A dubious goal by Beaumont when Sharples almost certainly marked inside the field of play gives West Perth a narrow win.


1925 WAFL season, Finals, Second semi-final
An eight-goal second quarter ensures East Perth upset the minor premiers, in the process avenging their loss in the corresponding match from 1924.


1925 WAFL season, Finals, Final
After losing star goalkicker Bonny Campbell with a broken bone in his ankle the Royals are crushed by a rugged East Fremantle outfit


1925 WAFL season, Finals, Grand Final
East Fremantle continue their form of the previous two finals to have the premiership sealed by half-time, aided by a wind that lost its force during the second quarter.


1925 WAFL season, Notes
The only subsequent King's Birthday games in the WA(N)FL occurred in 1946, the season after government bans on weekday sport during the Pacific War were lifted. Until 1947, WA(N)FL attendances were almost never quantified except for finals matches, and before 1920 they were not quantified even then – gates were used as an indication of the number watching.


1925 Wabash Little Giants football team
The 1925 Wabash Little Giants football team was an American football team that represented Wabash College as an independent during the 1925 college football season. In its seventh season under head coach Robert E. Vaughan, Wabash compiled a 5–3–1 record. Its three losses were to Big Ten Conference opponents Minnesota, Iowa, and Illinois. One of its victories was against Big Ten opponent Purdue.


1925 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team
The 1925 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team was an American football team that represented Wake Forest University as an independent during the 1925 college football season. In its third season under head coach Hank Garrity, the team compiled a 6–2–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 185 to 40.


1925 Walsall by-election
The Walsall by-election of 1925 was held on 27 February 1925. The by-election was held due to the disqualification of the incumbent Unionist MP, William Preston. It was retained by Preston.


1925 Walsall by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the disqualification of the sitting Unionist MP, William Preston. He had only been an MP since the General Election of 1924. However, following his election, it was discovered that Preston had received payments for two small contracts to supply electrical fittings to the Post Office Stores Department. As a government contractor, Preston was ineligible to stand for parliament, and his election was declared void.


1925 Walsall by-election, Electoral history
The constituency was created for the 1832 general election. Over the years, the seat frequently changed hands between Liberal and Conservative. The Labour Party first ran a candidate in 1918. The Liberal Pat Collins had won in both 1922 and 1923 before Preston won in 1924;


1925 Walsall by-election, Campaign
The confidence within Liberal Party ranks was not high following the 1924 general election when they were reduced to just 40 MPs. Among the defeated was their leader H.H. Asquith. Lloyd George had been elected the Chairman of the Liberal Parliamentary party. On 21 February, although suffering illness, Lloyd George spoke at Walsall Town Hall in front of 2,500 people, in support of Macnamara.


1925 Walsall by-election, Result
The result was almost identical to the result at the 1924 general election, with little change in the vote share of the three parties;


1925 Walsall by-election, Aftermath
Preston was only a member of the House of Commons for one term. At the 1929 general election there was a swing to Labour, and he was defeated by that party's candidate;


1925 Waratahs tour of New Zealand
The 1925 Waratahs tour of New Zealand was a series of rugby union games undertaken by the New South Wales Teams against invitational and national teams of New Zealand.


1925 Waratahs tour of New Zealand
The Queensland Rugby Union had collapsed in 1919 and would not be reborn until 1929 leaving the New South Wales Rugby Union to administer the game in Australia at the national representative level. In 1925 the New South Wales side toured New Zealand


1925 Waratahs tour of New Zealand
Previously the All Blacks visited New South Wales in the 1925 tour.


1925 Waratahs tour of New Zealand, Matches
Scores and results list New South Wales' points tally first.


1925 Washington & Jefferson Presidents football team
The 1925 Washington & Jefferson Presidents football team was an American football team that represented Washington & Jefferson College as an independent during the 1925 college football season. In its eighth and final season under head coach David C. Morrow, the team compiled a 6–2–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 165 to 50. The team played its home games at College Field in Washington, Pennsylvania.


1925 Washington & Jefferson Presidents football team
On October 17, 1925, during a game against Carnegie Tech, a large section of the old wooden stands at College Field collapsed 300 to 400 spectators into Chartiers Creek.


1925 Washington Huskies football team
The 1925 Washington Huskies football team was an American football team that represented the University of Washington as a member of the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) during the 1925 PCC football season. In its fifth season under head coach Enoch Bagshaw, the team compiled a 10–1–1 record, won the PCC championship, lost to Alabama in the 1926 Rose Bowl, and outscored all opponents by a total of 480 to 59.


1925 Washington Huskies football team
Fullback Elmer Tesreau was the team captain. Halfback Wildcat Wilson was selected as a consensus first-team player on the 1925 All-America team. Other key players on the team included quarterback George Guttormsen, tackle Walden Erickson, guard Egbert Brix, center Douglas Bonamy, and ends Judson Cutting and Clifford Marker.


1925 Washington Senators season
The 1925 Washington Senators won 96 games, lost 55, and finished in first place in the American League. Fueled by the excitement of winning their second AL pennant, the Senators led 3 games to 1 in the World Series before succumbing to the Pittsburgh Pirates.


1925 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1925 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1925 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1925 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1925 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1925 Washington State Cougars football team
The 1925 Washington State Cougars football team was an American football team that represented Washington State College as a member of the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) during the 1925 PCC football season. In its third season under head coach Albert Exendine, the team compiled a 3–4–1 record (2–3 against PCC opponents) and tied for sixth place in the PCC.


1925 Washington University Pikers football team
The 1925 Washington University Pikers football team was an American football team that represented Washington University of St. Louis as a member of the Missouri Valley Conference during the 1925 college football season. In its first season under head coach Bob Higgins, the team compiled a 2–5–1 record and was outscored by a total of 95 to 29. The team played its home games at Francis Field in St. Louis.


1925 Washington and Lee Generals football team
The 1925 Washington and Lee Generals football team was an American football team that represented Washington and Lee University as a member of the Southern Conference during the 1925 football season. In its fourth season under head coach James DeHart, Washington and Lee compiled a 5–5 record (5–1 against conference opponents), finished in fourth place in the conference, and outscored opponents by a total of 111 to 104.


1925 Washington and Lee Generals football team
Washington and Lee's team captain James Kay Thomas was selected as a first-team end on the All-Southern team compiled by the Associated Press.


1925 Wellington City mayoral election
The 1925 Wellington City mayoral election was part of the New Zealand local elections held that same year. In 1925, elections were held for the Mayor of Wellington plus other local government positions including fifteen councillors. The polling was conducted using the standard first-past-the-post electoral method.


1925 Wellington City mayoral election, Background
Incumbent Mayor Robert Wright did not seek a third term, but ran as a councillor once again. To replace him, the Civic League initially nominated councillor Thomas Forsyth as their candidate for the mayoralty, but he withdrew in favour of former councillor Charles Norwood. Sitting councillor Charles Henry Chapman was the Labour Party's candidate.


1925 West Tennessee State Teachers football team
The 1925 West Tennessee State Teachers football team was an American football team that represented West Tennessee State Teachers College (now known as the University of Memphis) as an independent during the 1925 college football season. In their second season under head coach Zach Curlin, West Tennessee State Teachers compiled a 0–7–1 record.


1925 West Virginia Mountaineers football team
The 1925 West Virginia Mountaineers football team was an American football team that represented West Virginia University as an independent during the 1925 college football season. In its first season under head coach Ira Rodgers, the team compiled an 8–1 record, shut out seven of nine opponents, allowed only two touchdowns during the season, and outscored opponents by a total of 175 to 18.


1925 West Virginia Mountaineers football team
The team played its home games at the newly-constructed Mountaineer Field in Morgantown, West Virginia. The dedication ceremony for the new stadium was conducted on November 14, 1925.


1925 West Virginia Mountaineers football team
Guard Walter Mahan was selected as second-team All-Americans. Mahan was also the team captain.


1925 Western Australian prohibition referendum
A referendum was held on 4 April 1925 in the Australian state of Western Australia on the topic of prohibition.


1925 Western Australian prohibition referendum, History
The Licensing Act Amendment Act 1922 (No.39 of 1922) was assented to by the Governor of Western Australia on 22 December 1922. Section 60 of the Act (which became Section 87(e) of the Licensing Act 1911) stipulated that "in 1925, and in every fifth year thereafter... there shall be taken a poll of the electors in every electoral district on the proposal that prohibition shall come into force in Western Australia". It also provided that if prohibition was passed, "the proposal shall be that licenses for the sale of intoxicating liquor shall be restored". The franchise was to be the same as that for the Western Australian Legislative Assembly, and a proposal could only be carried if 60% of all votes were in favour.


1925 Western Australian prohibition referendum, History
Prior to the enactment of this provision, two referendums, one in 1911 and another in 1921, had rejected prohibition.


1925 Western Australian prohibition referendum, Referendum results
Question: Do you favour Prohibition coming into force in Western Australia?


1925 Western Australian prohibition referendum, Aftermath
Despite the legislation calling for five-yearly referendums, only one more was held in 1950. Section 87 of the Licensing Act was repealed in 1959.


1925 Western State Hilltoppers football team
The 1925 Western State Hilltoppers football team represented Western State Normal School (later renamed Western Michigan University) as an independent during the 1925 college football season. In their second season under head coach Earl Martineau, the Hilltoppers compiled a 6–2–1 record and outscored their opponents, 125 to 47. Quarterback Walter Farrer was the team captain.


1925 Wightman Cup
The 1925 Wightman Cup was the third edition of the Wightman Cup, the annual women's team tennis competition between the United States and Great Britain. It was held at the West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills, New York, United States. Great Britain defeated the United States to win their second title, the first time the cup was won by the visiting team.


1925 William & Mary Indians football team
The 1925 William & Mary Indians football team was an American football team that represented the College of William & Mary as an independent during the 1925 college football season. In its third season under head coach J. Wilder Tasker, William & Mary compiled a 7–4 record and outscored opponents by a total of 235 to 86.


1925 Wimbledon Championships
The 1925 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The tournament ran from 22 June until 4 July. It was the 45th staging of the Wimbledon Championships, and the third Grand Slam tennis event of 1925.


1925 Wimbledon Championships
Because Suzanne Lenglen, Jean Borotra and René Lacoste played finals on Saturday, the finals of the Men's Doubles and Mixed Doubles took place on Monday 6 July.


1925 Wimbledon Championships
Suzanne Lenglen won all three events she entered; the women's singles, the women's doubles, and the mixed doubles.


1925 Wimbledon Championships, Champions, Men's Doubles
Jean Borotra /  René Lacoste defeated  Raymond Casey /  John Hennessey, 6–4, 11–9, 4–6, 1–6, 6–3


1925 Wimbledon Championships, Champions, Women's Doubles
Suzanne Lenglen /  Elizabeth Ryan defeated  Kathleen Bridge /  Mary McIlquham, 6–2, 6–2


1925 Wimbledon Championships, Champions, Mixed Doubles
Jean Borotra /  Suzanne Lenglen defeated  Uberto de Morpurgo /  Elizabeth Ryan, 6–3, 6–3


1925 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles
Frank Hunter and Vincent Richards were the defending champions, but did not participate.


1925 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles
Jean Borotra and René Lacoste defeated Raymond Casey and John Hennessey in the final, 6–4, 11–9, 4–6, 1–6, 6–3 to win the Gentlemen' Doubles tennis title at the 1925 Wimbledon Championships.


1925 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles
René Lacoste defeated defending champion Jean Borotra 6–3, 6–3, 4–6, 8–6 in the final to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1925 Wimbledon Championships.


1925 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed Doubles
Brian Gilbert and Kitty McKane were the defending champions, but lost in the quarterfinals to eventual champions Jean Borotra and Suzanne Lenglen.


1925 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed Doubles
Borotra and Lenglen defeated Uberto de Morpurgo and Elizabeth Ryan in the final, 6–3, 6–3 to win the Mixed Doubles tennis title at the 1925 Wimbledon Championships.


1925 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed Doubles, Draw, Top half, Section 1
The nationalities of Mrs K Buchanan and Mrs Heathcote are unknown.


1925 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles
Hazel Wightman and Helen Wills were the defending champions, but did not participate.


1925 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles
Suzanne Lenglen and Elizabeth Ryan defeated Kathleen Bridge and Mary McIlquham in the final, 6–2, 6–2 to win the Ladies' Doubles tennis title at the 1925 Wimbledon Championships.


1925 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles, Draw, Bottom half, Section 4
The nationalities of Mrs DC Bousfield and CI Kalber are unknown.


1925 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles
Suzanne Lenglen defeated Joan Fry 6–2, 6–0 in the final to win the Ladies' Singles tennis title at the 1925 Wimbledon Championships.


1925 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles
Kitty McKane was the defending champion, but lost in the semifinals to Lenglen.


1925 Wisconsin Badgers football team
The 1925 Wisconsin Badgers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Wisconsin in the 1925 Big Ten Conference football season. The team compiled a 6–1–1 record (3–1–1 against conference opponents), finished in third place in the Big Ten Conference, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 131 to 50. George Little was in his first year as Wisconsin's head coach. Little had been the head coach at Michigan in 1924; the Badgers suffered their only defeat of the 1925 season to Little's former team.


1925 Wisconsin Badgers football team
Steve Polaski was the team captain. Halfback Doyle Harmon was selected by Walter Eckersall as a first-team player on the 1925 All-Big Ten Conference football team.


1925 Wisconsin Badgers football team
The team played its home games at Camp Randall Stadium. The capacity was more than doubled for the 1925 season from 14,000 to 29,783. During the 1925 season, the average attendance at home games was 15,118.


1925 Wisła Kraków season
The 1925 season was Wisła Kraków's 17th year as a club.


1925 Women's British Open Squash Championship
The 1925 Ladies Open Championships was held at the Queen's Club, West Kensington in London from 1–7 December 1924. Joyce Cave won the title defeating her sister Nancy Cave in the final. This championship was held in the 1924 but in the 1924/25 season so is attributed as being the 1925 event.


1925 Women's British Open Squash Championship, Draw and results, Notes
+ Mrs. Winifred Kittermaster (née Miss Winifred Rotherham) Susan Noel was only 12 years old during this tournament.


1925 Workers' Summer Olympiad
The 1925 Workers' Summer Olympiad was the second edition of International Workers' Olympiads. The games were held from July 24 to July 28 at Frankfurt am Main in Germany.


1925 Workers' Summer Olympiad
Total number of participants was more than 100,000 of which 3,000 were actual athletes from 12 countries. The rest were spectators who were invited to take part on mass gymnastics that underlined the ideas of worker sports. Motto of the 1925 Olympiad was "Nie wieder Krieg!" – No More War!


1925 Workers' Summer Olympiad
The events mostly took place at the newly opened Waldstadion that is today known as Commerzbank-Arena. An outdoor swimming pool, Stadionbad, was built for the swimming competitions. The opening ceremony had a choir of 1,200 people singing and later 60,000 actors took part in the drama presentation "Worker Struggle for the Earth" marching through the streets of Frankfurt. All events attracted a total of 450,000 spectators.


1925 Workers' Summer Olympiad
The most notable result was a new world record of 51.3 in women's 4×100 metres relay set by the German team of Arbeiter-Turn- und Sportbund (ATSB), although it was never ratified by IAAF. Football tournament was also won by the German team of ATSB. The most successful athletes came from Finnish Workers' Sports Federation, winning 31 events out of 44.


1925 Workers' Winter Olympiad
The 1925 Workers' Winter Olympiad was the first edition of International Workers' Olympiads. The games were held from January 31 to February 2 at the German town of Schreiberhau which today is a part of Poland and it is called Szklarska Poręba.


1925 Workers' Winter Olympiad
Four nations participated the 1925 Workers' Winter Olympiad. The only sport was Nordic skiing. Competitors did not represent their country but instead they were competing under the common red flag of the Workers' movement.


1925 Workers' Winter Olympiad, Country ranking
Participating nations are ranked by positions, since no medals were awarded at the Workers' Olympiads.


1925 World Allround Speed Skating Championships
The 1925 World Allround Speed Skating Championships took place on the 21st and 22 February 1925 at the ice rink Bislett Stadion in Oslo, Norway.


1925 World Allround Speed Skating Championships
Roald Larsen was defending champion but did not succeed in prolonging his title. Clas Thunberg became World champion for the second time.


1925 World Allround Speed Skating Championships, Rules
The ranking was made by award ranking points. The points were awarded to the skaters who had skated all the distances. The final ranking was then decided by ordering the skaters by lowest point totals.


1925 World Allround Speed Skating Championships, Rules
One could win the World Championships also by winning at least three of the four distances, so the ranking could be affected by this.


1925 World Figure Skating Championships
The World Figure Skating Championships is an annual figure skating competition sanctioned by the International Skating Union in which figure skaters compete for the title of World Champion.


1925 World Figure Skating Championships
Men's and pairs' competitions took place from February 14 to 15 in Vienna, Austria. Ladies' competitions took place from January 31 to February 1 in Davos, Switzerland.


1925 World Series
The 1925 World Series was the championship series of the 1925 Major League Baseball season. A best-of-seven playoff, it was played between the National League (NL) pennant winner Pittsburgh Pirates and the Washington Senators. The Pirates defeated the Senators four games to three to win the series.


1925 World Series
In a reversal of fortune on all counts from the previous 1924 World Series, when Washington's Walter Johnson had come back from two losses to win the seventh and deciding game, Johnson dominated in Games 1 and 4, but lost Game 7.


1925 World Series
The Senators built up a 3–1 Series lead. After Pittsburgh won the next two games, Johnson again took the mound for Game 7, and carried a 6–4 lead into the bottom of the seventh inning. But errors by shortstop Roger Peckinpaugh in both the seventh and eighth innings led to four unearned runs, and the Pirates become the first team in a best-of-seven Series to overcome a 3–1 Series deficit to win the championship. Peckinpaugh, the Senators' regular shortstop and the 1925 American League Most Valuable Player, had a tough Series in the field, committing a record eight errors.


1925 World Series
Playing conditions were of no help. The 1925 Series was postponed twice due to poor weather, and Game 7 was played in what soon became a steady downpour, described as "probably the worst conditions ever for a World Series game." Senators outfielder Goose Goslin reported that the fog prevented him from clearly seeing the infield during the last three innings of the game, and claimed that the Series-winning hit was actually a foul ball.


1925 World Series
In the next day's The New York Times, James Harrison wrote "In a grave of mud was buried Walter Johnson's ambition to join the select panel of pitchers who have won three victories in one World Series. With mud shackling his ankles and water running down his neck, the grand old man of baseball succumbed to weariness, a sore leg, wretched support and the most miserable weather conditions that ever confronted a pitcher."


1925 World Series
Twice in Game 7 the visiting Senators held leads of at least three runs over the Pirates but failed to hold them. In fact, after the top of the first inning, Washington led 4–0. Nevertheless, Pittsburgh eventually won the game, scoring three runs in the bottom of the eighth inning to turn a 6–7 deficit into a 9–7 lead. To date, the four-run deficit is the largest ever overcome in the seventh game of the World Series.


1925 World Series
A memorable play occurred during the eighth inning of Game 3. The Senators' Sam Rice ran after an Earl Smith line drive hit into right center field. Rice made a diving "catch" into the temporary stands, but did not emerge with the ball for approximately 15 seconds. The Pirates contested the play, saying a fan probably stuffed the ball into Rice's glove. The call stood and Rice parried questions about the incident for the rest of his life—never explicitly saying whether he had or had not really made the catch.


1925 World Series
His typical answer (including to Commissioner Landis, who said it was a good answer) was always "The umpire said I caught it." Rice left a sealed letter at the Hall of Fame to be opened after his death. In it, he had written: "At no time did I lose possession of the ball."


1925 World Series
Writer Lamont Buchanan wrote, "In 1925, the Senators hopped the Big Train once too often... earning Bucky [Harris] the criticism of many fans and American League head [Ban] Johnson who dispatched an irate wire to the Senators manager." In his telegram, Ban Johnson accused the manager of failing to relieve Walter Johnson "for sentimental reasons." Despite the second-guessing, Harris always said, 'If I had it to do over again, I'd still pitch Johnson.'"


1925 World Series
This was Walter Johnson's second and final World Series appearance. By the time the original Washington Senators next reached the Fall Classic in 1933 – their last before they became the Minnesota Twins, and the city's last until the 2019 Nationals – Johnson had retired.


1925 World Series, Matchups, Game 1
Wednesday, October 7, 1925, at Forbes Field in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania


1925 World Series, Matchups, Game 1
This game remains to date the last road World Series game the Washington Senators/Minnesota Twins franchise has won. They have lost their last 14 since. Walter Johnson pitched a complete game and allowed only five hits and struck out ten. The Senators got on the board in the second on Joe Harris's home run off of Lee Meadows. In the fifth, they loaded the bases on three singles with no outs, but after Meadows struck out the next two batters, a two-run single by Sam Rice made it 3–0 Senators.


1925 World Series, Matchups, Game 1
Pie Traynor's leadoff home run in the bottom half gave the Pirates their only run in the game. The Senators added another run in the ninth off of Johnny Morrison when Goose Goslin hit a leadoff single, moved to second on a sacrifice bunt and scored on Ossie Bluege's single. This is to date the last road World Series game the Senators/Twins franchise has won.


1925 World Series, Matchups, Game 2
Thursday, October 8, 1925, at Forbes Field in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania


1925 World Series, Matchups, Game 2
In Game 2, Joe Judge's second inning home run off of Vic Aldridge gave the Senators a 1–0 lead, but the Pirates tied the game in the fourth on Glenn Wright's home run in the fourth off of Stan Coveleski. In the eighth, Kiki Cuyler's two-run home run in the eighth following a Roger Peckinpaugh error that let Eddie Moore reached first put the Pirates up 3–1. In the ninth, the Senators loaded the bases with no outs on two walks and a single, but scored only once on Bobby Veach's sacrifice fly as Aldridge retired the next two batters and the Pirates tied the series heading to Washington.


1925 World Series, Matchups, Game 3
Saturday, October 10, 1925, at Griffith Stadium in Washington, D.C.


1925 World Series, Matchups, Game 3
In Game 3, the Pirates struck first in the second when Pie Traynor hit a leadoff triple off of Alex Ferguson and scored on Glenn Wright's sacrifice fly, but the Senators tied the game in the third off of Ray Kremer when Sam Rice hit a leadoff single and scored on Joe Judge's double. The Pirates regained the lead in the fourth when Kiki Cuyler hit a leadoff single and scored on Clyde Barnhart's double.


1925 World Series, Matchups, Game 3
They added to their lead in the sixth on Kremer's RBI single with two on, but Goose Goslin's home run in the bottom half cut their lead back to one. Next inning, the Senators loaded the bases on a walk and two singles with one out before Judge's sacrifice fly tied the game, then an RBI single by Joe Harris put them up 4–3. A key play occurred in the eighth inning when Earl Smith's line drive into right-center field was caught by Sam Rice who fell into the temporary stands (see overview above). Firpo Marberry pitched two shutout innings to close the game.


1925 World Series, Matchups, Game 4
Sunday, October 11, 1925, at Griffith Stadium in Washington, D.C.


1925 World Series, Matchups, Game 4
This was Johnson's only post-season shutout. A three-run home run by Goose Goslin followed by a solo home run by Joe Harris off of Emil Yde, who pitched just 2 1⁄3 innings, in the third inning put the Senators up 3–1 in the series. Yde became the first pitcher in the history of the World Series to surrender back-to-back home runs.


1925 World Series, Matchups, Game 5
Monday, October 12, 1925, at Griffith Stadium in Washington, D.C.


1925 World Series, Matchups, Game 5
The Pirates loaded the bases in the first, but failed to score. In the bottom half, Sam Rice hit a leadoff single and scored on Goose Goslin's double. In the third, after two walks, Clyde Barnhart's RBI single tied the game, then Pie Traynor's sacrifice fly put the Pirates up 2–1. Joe Harris's home run in the fourth tied the game. After a walk and single, back-to-back RBI singles by Kiki Cuyler and Clyde Barnhart in the seventh put the Pirates up 4–2 and knock Stan Coveleski out of the game.


1925 World Series, Matchups, Game 5
The Senators cut the lead to 4–3 in the bottom half when Nemo Leibold hit a leadoff double and scored on Sam Rice's single, but the Pirates got the run back in the eighth when Glenn Wright hit a leadoff double off of Tom Zachary and scored on Stuffy McInnis's single. They added another run in the ninth on Wright's RBI single off of Firpo Marberry with the run charged to Zachary. Vic Aldridge retired the Senators in order in the bottom half as the Pirates' 6–3 win forced a Game 6 in Pittsburgh.


1925 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
Tuesday, October 13, 1925, at Forbes Field in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania


1925 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
The Senators struck first on Goose Goslin's home run in the first, then added another run in the second on Roger Peckinpaugh's RBI double, but Pirates' Ray Kremer would shut them out afterward. In the third, with runners on second and third, Clyde Barnhart's groundout and Pie Traynor's single scored a run each to tie the game. Eddie Moore's fifth inning home run put the Pirates up 3–2. Their lead held, forcing a Game 7.


1925 World Series, Matchups, Game 7
Thursday, October 15, 1925, at Forbes Field in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania


1925 World Series, Matchups, Game 7
The Senators loaded the bases in the first on a single and two walks with one out. A walk to Joe Judge and RBI single by Ossie Bluege put them up 2–0 and knock starter Vic Aldridge out of the game. Johnny Morrison came in relief, but a catcher interference call and error allowed two more runs to score. In the third, a leadoff single by Morrison, then RBI hits by Eddie Moore, Max Carey and Clyde Barnhart cut the Senators' lead to 4–3.


1925 World Series, Matchups, Game 7
In the fourth, Joe Harris's two-run double extended Washington's lead to 6–3. Back-to-back doubles by Carey and Kiki Cuyler in the fifth cut the lead to 6–4, then in the seventh, Moore reached first on an error before Carey's RBI double and Traynor's RBI triple tied the game. Roger Peckinpaugh's home run in the eighth off of Ray Kremer put the Senators back atop 7–6, but in the bottom half, back-to-back two-out doubles by Earl Smith and Carson Bigbee tied the game. A walk and fielder's choice loaded the bases before Cuyler's two-run double put the Pirates atop 9–7.


1925 World Series, Matchups, Game 7
Red Oldham retired the Senators in order in the ninth to end the series. The Pirates hit Walter Johnson hard for 15 hits in a 9–7 comeback win in rainy, wet and muddy conditions. The Pirates were the first team to come back from a 3–1 deficit in a seven-game series.


1925 World Series, Composite line score
1925 World Series (4–3): Pittsburgh Pirates (N.L.) defeat Washington Senators (A.L.)


1925 Wyoming Cowboys football team
The 1925 Wyoming Cowboys football team represented the University of Wyoming in the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) during the 1925 college football season. In its second season under head coach William Henry Dietz, the team compiled a 6–3 record (4–3 against RMC opponents), finished fifth in the conference, and outscored opponents by a total of 147 to 83. The team won its first five games and then lost three of the last four games of the season, including rivalry games with Utah Agricultural and Colorado Agricultural.


1925 Wyoming Cowboys football team
The 1925 team had the only winning record in Wyoming program history between 1911 and 1931.


1925 Yale Bulldogs football team
The 1925 Yale Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented Yale University as an independent during the 1925 college football season. In its eighth season under head coach Tad Jones, the team compiled a 5–2–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 204 to 76.


1925 Yale Bulldogs football team
Yale guard Herbert Sturhahn was named a first-team player on the 1925 College Football All-America Teams selected by the Associated Press, Collier's Weekly, the All-America Board (made up of Tad Jones of Yale, Knute Rockne of Notre Dame and Glenn Scobey Warner of Stanford), and the New York Sun. Sturhahn was also later inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. Yale tackle Johnny Joss was also named a first-team All-American for 1925 by the New York Sun.


1925 Yugoslav Football Championship
The 1925 National Championship (Serbo-Croato-Slovenian: Državno prvenstvo 1925. / Државно првенство 1925.) was a football competition in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. It was the second straight year that the club from Belgrade, Jugoslavija, has taken the championships.


1925 Yukon general election
The 1925 Yukon general election was held on 7 September 1925 to elect the three members of the Yukon Territorial Council. The council was non-partisan and had merely an advisory role to the federally appointed Commissioner.


1925 Yukon general election, Members elected
Robert Lowe stepped down from the council shortly after the election to run in the 1925 federal election. Willard "Deacon" Phelps was acclaimed to the vacant seat.


1925 college football season
The 1925 college football season ended with no clear national champion. At the close of the season, noted sports writer Billy Evans described the championship contest as "a dead heat" among Dartmouth, Tulane, Michigan, Washington, and Alabama.


1925 college football season
Dartmouth, led by halfback Andy Oberlander, compiled an 8–0 record and outscored its opponents by a total of 340 to 29. Having defeated Harvard, Cornell, and Chicago, Dartmouth was retroactively declared the national champion by the Dickinson System and Parke H. Davis.


1925 college football season
Alabama compiled a 10–0 record and has been recognized as national champion by the Billingsley Report, Boand System, College Football Researchers Association, Helms Athletic Foundation, and others. In an intersectional game between undefeated teams, Alabama defeated Pacific Coast Conference champion Washington by a 20–19 score in the 1926 Rose Bowl; that game has been called "the game that changed the South."


1925 college football season
Michigan shut out seven of eight opponents, outscored all opponents by a total of 227 to 3, and was retroactively named a co-national champion by Jeff Sagarin. The team featured two consensus All-Americans in quarterback Benny Friedman and end Bennie Oosterbaan, a passing combination that became known as the "Benny to Bennie Show". Michigan coach Fielding H. Yost called his 1925 squad "the greatest football team I ever saw in action."


1925 college football season
Tulane also went undefeated at 9–0–1. Tulane halfback Peggy Flournoy led the nation in scoring with 128 points.


1925 college football season
Colgate, Louisville, Michigan State Normal, Hawaii, Nebraska Wesleyan, and Oberlin also had undefeated teams in 1925.


1925 college football season, Rose Bowl
The 1926 Rose Bowl pairing  of Alabama and Washington later became the subject of a television documentary, Roses of Crimson, and hailed as "the football game that changed the South". Alabama was the first Southern football team to be invited to play in the Rose Bowl, and proved that the Southern teams could compete with those from the East, the Midwest, and the West Coast. George Wilson helped the Huskies take a 12–0 lead at halftime, but both extra point attempts failed, and Wilson was injured.


1925 college football season, Rose Bowl
In the third quarter, Alabama exploded for three touchdowns, starting with quarterback Pooley Hubert's run to make the score 12–7. Washington lost the ball on its 35-yard line, and Johnny Mack Brown carried the ball over to make the score 14–12 in favor of Alabama. A 61-yard pass from Hubert to Brown set up Alabama's third score for a 20–12 lead. George Wilson returned in the fourth quarter, and the Huskies scored a touchdown and the point after to close the score to 20–19, but the missed conversion attempts from the first half cost them the game. The victory for Coach Wallace Wade established Alabama as a football powerhouse.


1925 in Afghanistan
The following lists events that happened during 1925 in Afghanistan.


1925 in Afghanistan, January–May
The amir takes severe measures to prevent a recrudescence of the rebellion among the Khost tribes which gave him so much trouble in the previous year. Early in February two shopkeepers in Kabul, members of the Ahmadiyya community of Muslims, and followers of the Quadian Mullahwho was executed in the previous summer for fomenting the rebellion, are sentenced to death by stoning for apostasy, and the sentence is carried out with great barbarity in the presence of Afghan officials. In the course of the same month there is a general dragooning of the revolted tribes.


1925 in Afghanistan, January–May
According to the Afghan newspapers, in two weeks all the Mangal villages are occupied, 3,500 houses are bombarded and burnt, 1,575 rebels are killed and wounded, 460 women and children die of cold and hunger during their flight in the snow, and 6,000 head of cattle and an immense booty are captured. The returning troops make a triumphal entry into Jalalabad, where flowers are showered on them by the amir and his mother. On May 25, sixty Khost rebels, mainly Ghilzais, are shot by order of the amir. After the rebellion, the amir does not prosecute further his reforming designs, and leaves the country in the traditional state. He devotes his energies to increasing its military power, having fifty young Afghans trained as airmen, and importing aeroplanes from Russia and large quantities of ammunition through India.


1925 in Afghanistan, January–May
As the Soviet government continues to make sedulous efforts to extend Russian influence in Afghanistan, negotiations are commenced for a Russo-Afghan trade convention, and there is a steady infiltration of Russians prospecting for oil round Herat and in Afghan Turkestan. The Afghan government looks with disfavour on this activity, and it becomes genuinely alarmed at Russian designs when, near the end of December, Russian troops occupy an island in the Oxus at Darkad, which has always been regarded as Afghan territory, overpowering two Afghan posts by which it was held.


1925 in Afghanistan, June–August
An "incident" occurs which for a time disturbs the relations between Afghanistan and Italy. An Italian engineer resident in Kabul named Dario Piperno is condemned to death by the Afghan court for killing a policeman who was trying to arrest him for some offence.


1925 in Afghanistan, June–August
On the Italian government offering to pay "blood money" for him, he is promised his release, but after the blood money has been duly paid, he is executed on June 2. Benito Mussolini at once makes a formal protest against the execution, and hands a note to the Afghan minister in Rome, demanding that the Afghan minister for foreign affairs should call in person on the Italian minister in Kabul to express his regret at the incident, while a company of Afghan soldiers was to salute the Italian flag.


1925 in Afghanistan, June–August
He further demands the payment of an indemnity of £7,000, in addition to the restoration of the blood money. The Afghan government procrastinates so long with its reply as to exhaust the patience of the Italian government, and a rupture of diplomatic relations is imminent when, on August 17, a telegram reaches Rome stating that the Afghan government has agreed to come to terms. It is announced the next day that the Afghan foreign minister has presented the apologies of his government to the Italian minister at Kabul, and has handed over £6,000 as indemnity and as repayment of the blood money. Good relations between the two countries are thereupon resumed.


1925 in Argentine football
1925 in Argentine football saw Huracán winning its 3rd. Asociación Argentina de Football (AFA) championship while Racing Club won the dissident league AAm championship, being the 9th. title for the club.


1925 in Argentine football, Primera División, Asociación Argentina de Football - Copa Campeonato
Sportivo del Norte changed its name to "Club Atlético Colegiales" and Platense II to "Retiro" (and later to "Universal") while Villa Urquiza changed to "General San Martín".


1925 in Argentine football, Argentina national team
Argentina won the 1925 Copa América played at its own country, being Brazil the runner-up.


1925 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1925 in Australia.


1925 in Australian literature
This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1925.


1925 in Australian literature, Births
A list, ordered by date of birth (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of births in 1925 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of death.


1925 in Australian literature, Deaths
A list, ordered by date of death (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of deaths in 1925 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of birth.


1925 in Brazilian football
The following article presents a summary of the 1925 football (soccer) season in Brazil, which was the 24th season of competitive football in the country.


1925 in Brazilian football, Campeonato Paulista
AA das Palmeiras matches were canceled, as the club abandoned the competition.


1925 in Brazilian football, Brazil national team
The following table lists all the games played by the Brazil national football team in official competitions and friendly matches during 1925.


1925 in British music
This is a summary of 1925 in music in the United Kingdom.


1925 in British radio
This is a list of events from British radio in 1925.


1925 in Canada, Historical Documents
Rabbi claims only way to international peace is through righteousness


1925 in Canada, Historical Documents
Charles Saunders' search for Prairies-hardy variety of wheat leads to Marquis, "which has meant millions of dollars to this country"


1925 in Canada, Historical Documents
Stephen Leacock resents requirement that works of authors seeking Canadian copyright must be printed in Canada


1925 in Canada, Historical Documents
Radio station CKAC of La Presse claims to encourage expat Québécois/e to return and to keep farmers on their farms


1925 in Canada, Historical Documents
United Church of Canada Basis of Union accommodates doctrines of three Protestant denominations


1925 in Canada, Historical Documents
PM King blames loss of election and his seat on big interests' money and Liberal Party's lack of organization


1925 in Canada, Historical Documents
Minnie Bell Sharp, first New Brunswick female candidate for MP, runs on soldiers, mothers and other issues


1925 in Canada, Historical Documents
With transition from Czar to Soviets in Russia, Doukhobors split on returning there from Canada


1925 in Canada, Historical Documents
Newlywed Mountie writes of his new home life in Dawson City, Yukon


1925 in Canada, Historical Documents
Beautiful brochure for Empress of France round-the-world cruise to see "costumes, crafts and civilizations of fifty different races"


1925 in Canadian football, Canadian Football News in 1925
McGill coach Frank Shaughnessy introduced the huddle system to Canadian football. It was at first called the Conference System.


1925 in Canadian football, Canadian Football News in 1925
The Ottawa Rough Riders club changed its name to the Senators.


1925 in Canadian football, Regular season, Final regular season standings
Note: GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, PF = Points For, PA = Points Against, Pts = Points


1925 in Canadian football, Grey Cup Championship
13th Annual Grey Cup Game: Lansdowne Park - Ottawa, Ontario


1925 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1925 in Chile.


1925 in El Salvador
The following lists events that happened in 1925 in El Salvador.


1925 in Estonia
This article lists events that occurred during 1925 in Estonia.


1925 in Germany, Deaths, Date unknown
This German history article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1925 in Iceland
The following lists events that happened in 1925 in Iceland.


1925 in Iran
The following lists events that have happened in 1925 in the Qajar dynasty.


1925 in Italy
The following lists events that will happen or have happened in 1925 in the Kingdom of Italy.


1925 in Japan
Events from the year 1925 in Japan. It corresponds to Taishō 14 (大正14年) in the Japanese calendar.


1925 in Malaya
This article lists important figures and events in the public affairs of British Malaya during the year 1925, together with births and deaths of prominent Malayans.


1925 in Mandatory Palestine
Events in the year 1925 in the British Mandate of Palestine.


1925 in Michigan, Population
In the 1920 United States Census, Michigan was recorded as having a population of 3,668,412, ranking as the seventh most populous state in the country. By 1930, Michigan's population had increased by 32.0% to 4,842,325.


1925 in Michigan, Population, Cities
The following is a list of cities in Michigan with a population of at least 15,000 based on 1920 U.S. Census data. Historic census data from 1910 and 1930 is included to reflect trends in population increases or decreases.


1925 in Michigan, Population, Boom cities of the 1920s
The 1920s saw an explosion of growth in the population of small cities near Detroit, with some communities growing more than three fold. Dearborn was the most extreme case, growing 20-fold from 2,470 to 50,358 persons.


1925 in Michigan, Population, Counties
The following is a list of counties in Michigan with populations of at least 40,000 based on 1920 U.S. Census data. Historic census data from 1910 and 1930 are included to reflect trends in population increases or decreases.


1925 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during 1925 in New Zealand.


1925 in New Zealand, Incumbents, Government
The 21st New Zealand Parliament concludes, with its final year marked by the death of premier William Massey. The Reform Party governs as a minority with the support of independents. Following the general election in November, the Reform Party holds a much stronger position with 55 of the 80 seats.


1925 in New Zealand, Sport, Lawn bowls
The national outdoor lawn bowls championships are held in Wellington.


1925 in Norwegian football, Class A of local association leagues
Class A of local association leagues (kretsserier) is the predecessor of a national league competition.


1925 in Norwegian football, Norwegian Cup, First round
Aalesund, Brann, Drafn, Frigg, Hamar, Kvik (Fredrikshald), Lillestrøm, Lyn, Odd, Ready, Sarpsborg, Trygg, Urædd and Ørn received a bye to the second round.


1925 in Norwegian football, Norwegian Cup, Second round
Brann, Djerv, Lyn (Gjøvik), Mjøndalen, Moss, Odd, Trygg and Ørn received a bye to the third round.


1925 in Norwegian music
The following is a list of notable events and releases of the year 1925 in Norwegian music.


1925 in Norwegian music, Events
The Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) started its transmission in 1925.


1925 in Siam
The year 1925 was the 143rd year of the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Siam (now known as Thailand). It was the sixteenth and last year in the reign of King Vajiravudh (Rama VI) and first year in the reign of King Prajadhipok (Rama VII), and is reckoned as years 2467 (1 January – 31 March) and 2468 (1 April – 31 December) in the Buddhist Era.


1925 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1925 in South Africa.


1925 in South Africa, Railways, Locomotives
Seven new Cape gauge locomotive types, six steam and one electric, enter service on the SAR. The electric locomotive is the first non-steam mainline locomotive type to enter service in South Africa in quantity.


1925 in Taiwan
Events from the year 1925 in Taiwan, Empire of Japan.


1925 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1925 to Wales and its people.


1925 in Yugoslavia
This article lists events that occurred during 1925 in Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.


1925 in association football
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1925 throughout the world.


1925 in baseball
The following are the baseball events of the year 1925  throughout the world.


1925 in country music
This is a list of notable events in country music that took place in the year 1925.


1925 in film
The following is an overview of 1925 in film, including significant events, a list of films released and notable births and deaths.


1925 in film, Top-grossing films (U.S.)
The top ten 1925 released films by box office gross in North America are as follows:


1925 in film, Notable films released in 1925
For the complete list of US film releases for the year, see United States films of 1925


1925 in fine arts of the Soviet Union
The year 1925 was marked by many events that left an imprint on the history of Soviet and Russian Fine Arts.


1925 in jazz
This is a timeline documenting events of Jazz in the year 1925.


1925 in jazz
Musicians born that year included Art Pepper and Zoot Sims.


1925 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1925.


1925 in motorsport
The following is an overview of the events of 1925 in motorsport including the major racing events, motorsport venues that were opened and closed during a year, championships and non-championship events that were established and disestablished in a year, and births and deaths of racing drivers and other motorsport people.


1925 in motorsport, Annual events
The calendar includes only annual major non-championship events or annual events that had own significance separate from the championship. For the dates of the championship events see related season articles.


1925 in music
This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1925.


1925 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1925.


1925 in paleontology, Plants, Newly named plants
Described as a Cornus species, a homonym of C. acuminata Weber, 1852  The replacement name Cornus republicensis given in 1944 Moved to Schoepfia republicensis in 1987


1925 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1925 in poetry, Works published in other languages, Indian subcontinent
Including all of the British colonies that later became India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Nepal. Listed alphabetically by first name, regardless of surname:


1925 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1925 in poetry, Deaths
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1925 in radio
The year 1925 saw a number of significant events in radio broadcasting history.


1925 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1925.


1925 in science
The year 1925 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.


1925 in science fiction
The year 1925 was marked, in science fiction, by the following events.


1925 in science fiction, Awards
The main science-fiction Awards known at the present time did not exist at this time.


1925 in sports
1925 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1925 in sports, Nordic skiing
The inaugural world championships are held at Johannisbad in Czechoslovakia for men only. Winners are:


1925 in sports, Gymnastics
The wheel was invented in 1925 by German Otto Feick in Schönau an der Brend.


1925 in television
The year 1925 in television involved some significant events. Below is a list of television-related events during 1925.


1925 in the Belgian Congo
The following lists events that happened during 1925 in the Belgian Congo.


1925 in the Soviet Union
The following lists events that happened during 1925 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.


1925 serum run to Nome
The 1925 serum run to Nome, also known as the Great Race of Mercy and The Serum Run, was a transport of diphtheria antitoxin by dog sled relay across the U.S. territory of Alaska by 20 mushers and about 150 sled dogs across 674 miles (1,085 km) in 5 ½ days, saving the small town of Nome and the surrounding communities from a developing epidemic.


1925 serum run to Nome
Both the mushers and their dogs were portrayed as heroes in the newly popular medium of radio and received headline coverage in newspapers across the United States.


1925 serum run to Nome
Balto, the lead sled dog on the final stretch into Nome, became the most famous canine celebrity of the era after Rin Tin Tin, and  his statue is a popular tourist attraction in both New York City's Central Park and downtown Anchorage, Alaska, but it was Togo's team which covered much of the most dangerous parts of the route and ran the farthest: Togo's team covered 260 miles (420 km) while Balto's team ran 55 miles (89 km). The publicity also helped spur an inoculation campaign in the U.S. that dramatically reduced the threat of the disease.


1925 serum run to Nome, Location and geography
Nome, Alaska, lies approximately two degrees south of the Arctic Circle, and while greatly diminished from its peak of 20,000 inhabitants during the gold rush at the turn of the 20th century, it was still the largest town in northern Alaska in 1925, with 455 Alaska Natives and 975 settlers of European descent.


1925 serum run to Nome, Location and geography
From November to July, the port on the southern shore of the Seward Peninsula of the Bering Sea was icebound and inaccessible by steamship. The only link to the rest of the world during the winter was the Iditarod Trail, which ran 938 miles (1,510 km) from the port of Seward in the south, across several mountain ranges and the vast Alaska Interior, to the town of Nome. In Alaska and other subarctic regions, the primary source of mail and needed supplies in 1925 was the dog sled, though within a decade, bush pilots would become the dominant method of transportation during the winter months.


1925 serum run to Nome, Outbreak and call for help
In the winter of 1924–1925, Curtis Welch was the only doctor in Nome. He and four nurses, working at the small Maynard Columbus Hospital, served the town and the surrounding area. After discovering the hospitals' entire batch of diphtheria antitoxin had expired, Welch placed an order for more. However, the replacement shipment did not arrive before the port was closed by ice for the winter, and more could not be shipped in to Nome until spring.


1925 serum run to Nome, Outbreak and call for help
In December 1924, several days after the last ship left the port, Welch treated a few children for what he first diagnosed as sore throats or tonsillitis, initially dismissing diphtheria as a possibility; given its contagious nature, Welch would have expected to see more symptoms in family members or others around town, instead of a few isolated cases. In the next few weeks, after the number of cases grew and four children died—whom Welch had not been able to autopsy—he became increasingly concerned about diphtheria.


1925 serum run to Nome, Outbreak and call for help
By mid-January 1925, Welch officially diagnosed the first case of diphtheria in a three-year-old boy who died only two weeks after first becoming ill. The following day, when a seven-year-old girl presented the same tell-tale symptoms of diphtheria, Welch attempted to administer some of the expired antitoxin to see if it might still have any effect, but the girl died a few hours later. Realizing that an epidemic was imminent, Welch called Nome's mayor George Maynard that same evening to arrange an emergency town council meeting. The council immediately implemented a quarantine. The following day, on January 22, 1925, Welch sent radio telegrams to all other major towns in Alaska alerting them of the public health risk. He also requested assistance from the U.S. Public Health Service in Washington, D.C.:


1925 serum run to Nome, Outbreak and call for help
An epidemic of diphtheria is almost inevitable here STOP I am in urgent need of one million units of diphtheria antitoxin STOP Mail is only form of transportation STOP I have made application to Commissioner of Health of the Territories for antitoxin already STOP There are about 3000 white natives in the district.


1925 serum run to Nome, Outbreak and call for help
Despite the quarantine, there were over 20 confirmed cases of diphtheria and at least 50 more at risk by the end of January. Without antitoxin, it was expected that in the surrounding region's population of around 10,000 people the mortality rate could be close to 100 percent. A previous influenza pandemic had hit the area in 1918 causing fatalities in about 50% percent of the native population of Nome and 8% of the native population of Alaska. More than 1,000 people died in northwest Alaska, and approximately 2,000 across the state. The majority were Alaska Natives who did not have any resistance to either disease.


1925 serum run to Nome, Problem solving
At the January 24 meeting of the board of health, superintendent Mark Summers of the Hammon Consolidated Gold Fields proposed a dogsled relay using two fast teams. One would start at Nenana, Alaska, and the other at Nome, and they would meet roughly halfway in the town of Nulato. The trip from Nulato to Nome normally took 30 days Curtis Welch estimated that the serum would last only six days under the brutal conditions of the trail.


1925 serum run to Nome, Problem solving
Summers's employee, the Norwegian sled dog trainer and musher Leonhard Seppala, was chosen for the 630-mile (1,014km) round trip from Nome to Nulato and back. He had previously made the run in a record-breaking four days, won the All-Alaska Sweepstakes three times, and had become famous for his athletic ability and rapport with his Siberian huskies. His lead dog, the 12-year-old Togo, was equally famous for his leadership, intelligence, and ability to sense danger.


1925 serum run to Nome, Problem solving
Maynard proposed flying the antitoxin by plane. In 1925, planes were a relatively new technology, and Alaska's harsh winter weather made them unreliable. Several test flights had been conducted the previous year between Fairbanks and McGrath, Alaska, to determine how well a reliable aircraft could handle the winter conditions. The longest test flight flew a distance of only 260 miles (420 km), a little under half the necessary distance between Nenana and Nome.


1925 serum run to Nome, Problem solving
Furthermore, the only planes operating in Alaska in 1925 were three vintage biplanes, which had been dismantled for the winter; their open cockpits and water-cooled engines would make these planes unfit for the trip, as well. Though it was potentially quicker, the proposal to deliver the antitoxin by flight was rejected by the board of health. Instead, they voted unanimously for the dogsled relay. Seppala was notified that evening and immediately started preparations for the trip.


1925 serum run to Nome, Problem solving
The U.S. Public Health Service had located 1.1 million units of serum in West Coast hospitals which could be shipped to Seattle, Washington, and then transported to Alaska. The next ship north would not arrive in Seattle until January 31, and it would take another six to seven days to arrive in Seward. On January 26, however, 300,000 forgotten units of the antitoxin were located in a hospital in Anchorage. The supply was wrapped in glass vials, then padded quilts, and finally a metallic cylinder weighing a little over 20 pounds (9 kg). At Governor Scott Bone's order, it was immediately shipped to in Nenana and arrived the next day. While not sufficient to defeat the epidemic, the 300,000 units could slow the spread of the disease until the larger shipment arrived.


1925 serum run to Nome, Problem solving
The temperatures across the Alaskan Interior were at 20-year lows due to a high pressure system from the Arctic; in Fairbanks the temperature was −50 °F (−46 °C). Winds reaching speeds of 25 mph (40 km/h) caused snow to cover the Alaska Panhandle in snowdrifts up to 10-foot (3 m) tall. Travel by sea was hazardous, and across the Interior most forms of transportation shut down. In addition, there were limited hours of daylight to fly, due to the polar night.


1925 serum run to Nome, Relay
The mail route from Nenana to Nome spanned 674 miles (1,085 km) in total. It crossed the barren Alaska Interior, following the Tanana River for 137 miles (220 km) to the village Tanana at the junction with the Yukon River, and then following the Yukon for 230 miles (370 km) to Kaltag. The route then passed west 90 miles (140 km) over the Kaltag Portage to Unalakleet on the shore of Norton Sound. The route then continued for 208 miles (335 km) northwest around the southern shore of the Seward Peninsula with no protection from gales and blizzards, including a 42 miles (68 km) stretch across the shifting ice of the Bering Sea.


1925 serum run to Nome, Relay
Wetzler contacted Tom Parson, an agent of the Northern Commercial Company, which contracted to deliver mail between Fairbanks and Unalakleet. Telephones and telegraphs turned the drivers back to their assigned roadhouses. The mail carriers held a revered position in the territory, and were the best dog mushers in Alaska. The majority of relay drivers across the Interior were native Athabaskans, direct descendants of the original dog mushers.


1925 serum run to Nome, Relay
The first musher in the relay was "Wild Bill" Shannon, who was handed the 20 pounds (9 kg) package at the train station in Nenana on January 27 at 9:00 pm AKST by night. Despite a temperature of −50 °F (−46 °C), Shannon left immediately with his team of 11 inexperienced dogs, led by Blackie. The temperature began to drop, and the team was forced onto the colder ice of the river because the trail had been destroyed by horses.


1925 serum run to Nome, Relay
Despite jogging alongside the sled to keep warm, Shannon developed hypothermia. He reached Minto at 3 am, with parts of his face black from frostbite. The temperature was −62 °F (−52 °C). After warming the serum by the fire and resting for four hours, Shannon dropped three dogs and left with the remaining 8. The three dogs died shortly after Shannon returned for them, and a fourth may have died as well.


1925 serum run to Nome, Relay, Arrival in Minto
Half-Athabaskan Edgar Kalland arrived in Minto the night before, and was sent back to Tolovana, traveling 70 mi (110 km) the day before the relay. Shannon and his team arrived in bad shape at 11 am, and handed over the serum. After warming the serum in the roadhouse, Kalland headed into the forest. The temperature had risen to −56 °F (−49 °C), and according to at least one report the owner of the roadhouse at Manley Hot Springs had to pour water over Kallands' hands to get them off the sled's handlebar when he arrived at 4 pm.


1925 serum run to Nome, Relay, Arrival in Minto
No new cases of diphtheria were diagnosed on January 28, but two new cases were diagnosed on January 29. The quarantine had been obeyed but lack of diagnostic tools and the contagiousness of the strain rendered it ineffective. More units of serum were discovered around Juneau the same day. While no count exists, the estimate based on weight is roughly 125,000 units, enough to treat 4 to 6 patients. The crisis had become headline news in newspapers, including San Francisco, Cleveland, Washington D.C., and New York, and spread to the radio sets which were just becoming common. The storm system from Alaska hit the contiguous United States, bringing record lows to New York, and freezing the Hudson River.


1925 serum run to Nome, Relay, Arrival in Minto
A fifth death occurred on January 30. Maynard and Sutherland renewed their campaign for flying the remaining serum by plane. Different proposals included flying a large aircraft 2,000 miles (3,200 km) from Seattle to Nome, carrying a plane to the edge of the pack ice via Navy ship and launching it, and the original plan of flying the serum from Fairbanks. Despite receiving headline coverage across the country, the support of several cabinet departments, and from Arctic explorer Roald Amundsen, the plans were rejected by experienced pilots, the Navy, and Governor Bone. Thompson's editorials waxed virulent against those opposing using airplanes.


1925 serum run to Nome, Relay, Arrival in Minto
In response, Bone decided to speed up the relay and authorized additional drivers for Seppala's leg of the relay, so they could travel without rest. Seppala was still scheduled to cover the most dangerous leg, the shortcut across Norton Sound, but the telephone and telegraph systems bypassed the small villages he was passing through, and there was no way to tell him to wait at Shaktoolik. The plan relied on the driver from the north catching Seppala on the trail. Summers arranged for drivers along the last leg, including Seppala's colleague Gunnar Kaasen.


1925 serum run to Nome, Relay, Arrival in Minto
From Manley Hot Springs, the serum passed through largely Athabascan hands before George Nollner delivered it to Charlie Evans at Bishop Mountain on January 30 at 3 am. The temperature had warmed slightly, but at −62 °F (−52 °C), was dropping again. Evans relied on his lead dogs when he passed through ice fog where the Koyukuk River, flowing into the Yukon, had broken through and surged over the ice, but forgot to protect the groins of his two short-haired mixed breed lead dogs with rabbit skins. Both dogs collapsed with frostbite, with Evans having to take their place himself pulling the sled. He arrived at 10 am; both dogs were dead. Tommy Patsy departed within half an hour.


1925 serum run to Nome, Relay, Arrival in Minto
The serum then parted ways with the Yukon River as the river turned south and the trail crossed the Kaltag Portage west to the coast. Athabascan Jack Nicolai aka "Jackscrew" took it up the first half of the portage to Old Woman Cabin and Victor Anagick of the Inupiat village Unalakleet, having driven up to meet him there, took it down the second half,  handing it to his fellow villager Myles Gonangnan on the shores of Norton Sound in Unalakleet on January 31 at 5 am.


1925 serum run to Nome, Relay, Arrival in Minto
Gonangnan saw the signs of a storm brewing, and decided not to take the shortcut across the dangerous ice of the Sound. He departed at 5:30 am, and as he crossed the hills, "the eddies of drifting, swirling snow passing between the dog's legs and under the bellies made them appear to be fording a fast running river." The whiteout conditions cleared as he reached the shore, and the gale-force winds drove the wind chill to −70 °F (−57 °C). At 3 pm he arrived at Shaktoolik. Seppala was not there, but Henry Ivanoff was waiting just in case.


1925 serum run to Nome, Relay, Arrival in Minto
On January 30, the number of cases in Nome had reached 27 and the antitoxin was depleted. According to a reporter living in Nome, "All hope is in the dogs and their heroic drivers ... Nome appears to be a deserted city." With the report of Gonangnan's progress on January 31, Welch believed the serum would arrive there in February.


1925 serum run to Nome, Relay, Connection on Norton Sound
Leonhard Seppala and his dog sled team, with his lead dog Togo, traveled 91 miles (146 km) from Nome from January 27 to January 31 into the oncoming storm. They took the shortcut across the Norton Sound, and headed toward Shaktoolik. The temperature in Nome was relatively warm −20 °F (−29 °C), but in Shaktoolik the temperature was estimated at −30 °F (−34 °C), and the gale force winds causing a wind chill of −85 °F (−65 °C).


1925 serum run to Nome, Relay, Connection on Norton Sound
Henry Ivanoff's team ran into a reindeer and got tangled up just outside Shaktoolik. Seppala still believed he had more than 100 mi (160 km) to the original relay point in Nulato to go and had raced to get off the Norton Sound before the storm hit. He was passing the team when Ivanoff shouted, "The serum! The serum! I have it here!"


1925 serum run to Nome, Relay, Connection on Norton Sound
Seppala turned around with the serum but it was dark by the time he got to Ungalik. But with the news of the worsening epidemic Ivanoff had shared, he decided not to stop and once again set out to brave the storm across the 20 miles (32 km) of exposed open ice of the Norton Sound. The temperature was estimated at −30 °F (−34 °C), but the wind chill with the gale force winds was −85 °F (−65 °C).


1925 serum run to Nome, Relay, Connection on Norton Sound
Togo led the team in a straight line through the dark, and they arrived at the roadhouse in Isaac's Point on the other side at 8 pm. In one day, they had traveled 84 mi (135 km), averaging 8 mph (13 km/h). The team rested, and departed at 2 am into the full power of the storm.


1925 serum run to Nome, Relay, Connection on Norton Sound
During the night the temperature dropped to −40 °F (−40 °C), and the wind increased to storm force (at least 65 mph [105 km/h]). It had blown out to sea all the ice Seppala had just crossed while they slept. There was still some ice close to shore for the next part of their journey along the coast, but it was rough and starting to break up, too. They stuck close to shore and Togo picked his way carefully until they were back on solid ground.


1925 serum run to Nome, Relay, Connection on Norton Sound
Next they had to cross Little McKinley Mountain (1,200 feet (370 m)), another of the toughest parts of the trail because of the many up-and-down ridges. The total elevation climbed in that section of over 8 miles (13 km) is 5,000 feet (1,500 m). After descending to the next roadhouse in Golovin, Seppala passed the serum to Charlie Olsen on February 1 at 3 pm.


1925 serum run to Nome, Relay, Connection on Norton Sound
On February 1, the number of cases in Nome rose to 28. The serum en route was sufficient to treat 30 people. With the powerful blizzard raging and winds of 80 mph (130 km/h), Welch ordered a stop to the relay until the storm passed, reasoning that a delay was better than the risk of losing it all. Messages were left at Solomon and Point Safety before the lines went dead.


1925 serum run to Nome, Relay, Connection on Norton Sound
Olsen was blown off the trail, and suffered severe frostbite in his hands while putting blankets on his dogs. The wind chill was −70 °F (−57 °C). He arrived at Bluff on February 1 at 7 pm in poor shape. Gunnar Kaasen waited until 10 pm for the storm to break, but it only got worse and the drifts would soon block the trail so he departed into a headwind.


1925 serum run to Nome, Relay, Connection on Norton Sound
Kaasen traveled through the night, through drifts, and river overflow over the 600-foot (183 m) Topkok Mountain. Balto led the team through visibility so poor that Kaasen could not always see the dogs harnessed closest to the sled. He was two miles (3 km) past Solomon before he realized it, and kept going. The winds after Solomon were so severe that his sled flipped over and he almost lost the cylinder containing the serum when it fell off and became buried in the snow. He also suffered frostbite when he had to use his bare hands to feel for the cylinder.


1925 serum run to Nome, Relay, Connection on Norton Sound
Kaasen reached Point Safety ahead of schedule on February 2, at 3 am. Ed Rohn believed that Kaasen and the relay was halted at Solomon, so he was sleeping. Since the weather was improving, it would take time to prepare Rohn's team, and Balto and the other dogs were moving well, Kaasen pressed on the remaining 25 miles (40 km) to Nome, reaching Front Street at 5:30 am. Not a single ampule was broken, and the antitoxin was thawed and ready by noon.


1925 serum run to Nome, Relay, Connection on Norton Sound
Together, the teams covered the 674 miles (1,085 km) in 127 ½ hours, which was considered a world record, done in extreme subzero temperatures in near-blizzard conditions and hurricane-force winds. A number of dogs died during the trip.


1925 serum run to Nome, Second relay
Margaret Curran from the Solomon roadhouse was infected, which raised fears that the disease might spread from patrons of the roadhouse to other communities. The 1.1 million units had left Seattle on January 31, and were not due by dog sled until February 8. Welch asked for half the serum to be delivered by aircraft from Fairbanks. He contacted Thompson and Sutherland, and Darling made a test flight the next morning. With his health advisor, Governor Bone concluded the cases in Nome were actually going down, and withheld permission, but preparations went ahead. The U.S. Navy moved a minesweeper north from Seattle, and the Signal Corps were ordered to light fires to guide the planes.


1925 serum run to Nome, Second relay
By February 3, the original 300,000 units had proved to be still effective, and the epidemic was under control. A sixth death, probably unrelated to diphtheria, was widely reported as a new outbreak of the disease. The batch from Seattle arrived on board the Admiral Watson on February 7. Acceding to pressure, Governor Bone authorized half to be delivered by plane. On February 8 the first half of the second shipment began its trip by dog sled, while the plane failed to start when a broken radiator shutter caused the engine to overheat. The plane failed the next day as well, and the mission was scrapped. Thompson was gracious in his editorials.


1925 serum run to Nome, Second relay
The second relay included many of the same drivers, and also faced harsh conditions. Ed Rohn delivered the serum to Nome during another blizzard after a 90 miles (140 km) run on February 15.


1925 serum run to Nome, Aftermath
The death toll from diphtheria in Nome is officially listed as either 5, 6, or 7, but Welch later estimated there were probably at least 100 additional cases among "the Eskimo camps outside the city. The Natives have a habit of burying their children without reporting the death." Forty-three new cases were diagnosed in 1926, but they were easily managed with the fresh supply of serum.


1925 serum run to Nome, Aftermath
All participants in the dogsleds received letters of commendation from President Calvin Coolidge, and the Senate stopped work to recognize the event. Each musher during the first relay received a gold medal from the H. K. Mulford Company. The mayor of Los Angeles presented a bone-shaped key to the city to Balto in front of City Hall; silent-film actress Mary Pickford put a wreath around the canine's neck. Poems and letters from children poured in, and spontaneous fundraising campaigns sprang up around the country.


1925 serum run to Nome, Aftermath
Gunnar Kaasen and his team became celebrities and toured the West Coast from February 1925 to February 1926, and even starred in a 30-minute film entitled Balto's Race to Nome. A statue of Balto by sculptor Frederick Roth was unveiled in New York City's Central Park during a visit on December 15, 1925. Balto and the other dogs later became part of a sideshow and lived in horrible conditions until they were rescued by George Kimble, who organized a fundraising campaign by the children of Cleveland, Ohio.


1925 serum run to Nome, Aftermath
On March 19, 1927, the dogs received a hero's welcome as they arrived at their permanent home at the Cleveland Zoo. Because of his age, Balto was euthanised on March 14, 1933, at the age of 14. He was mounted and placed on display in the Cleveland Museum of Natural History.


1925 serum run to Nome, Aftermath
In October 1926, Seppala took Togo and his team on a tour from Seattle to California, and then across the Midwest to New England, and consistently drew huge crowds. They were featured at Madison Square Garden in New York City for 10 days, and Togo received a gold medal from Roald Amundsen. In New England Seppala's team of Siberian huskies ran in many races, easily defeating the local Chinooks of Arthur Walden.


1925 serum run to Nome, Aftermath
Seppala entered into a partnership with Elizabeth M. Ricker in Poland Spring, Maine, where many of his dogs went to live in retirement and contribute to their breeding program of Siberian sled dogs, including Togo who sired many litters. Seppala visited Togo, and was by his side when he was euthanized on December 5, 1929 at the age of 16. After his death, Seppala had Togo preserved and mounted, and today the dog is on display in a glass case at the Iditarod museum in Wasilla, Alaska. Togo's prowess as a sled dog, also led to his strengths being preserved through breeding, with his descendants contributing to the "Seppala Siberian Sleddog", a sought after working sled dog line, as well as the mainstream show-stock Siberian Husky gene pool.


1925 serum run to Nome, Aftermath
None of the other mushers received the same degree of attention, though Wild Bill Shannon briefly toured with Blackie. The media largely ignored the Alaska Native mushers, who covered two-thirds of the distance to Nome. According to Edgar Kalland, "it was just an everyday occurrence as far as we were concerned."


1925 serum run to Nome, Aftermath, Air mail
The serum race helped spur the Kelly Act, which was signed into law on February 2. The bill allowed private aviation companies to bid on mail delivery contracts. Technology improved and within a decade, air mail routes were established in Alaska. The last mail delivery by private dog sled under contract took place in 1938, and the last U.S. Post Office dog sled route closed in 1963. Dog sledding remained popular in the rural interior but became nearly extinct when snowmobiles spread in the 1960s. Mushing was revitalized as a recreational sport in the 1970s with the immense popularity of the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race.


1925 serum run to Nome, Aftermath, Air mail
While the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race, which runs more than 1,000 miles (1,600 km) from Anchorage to Nome, is actually based on the All-Alaska Sweepstakes, it has many traditions that commemorate the race to deliver the serum to Nome, especially Seppala and Togo. The honorary musher for the first seven races was Leonhard Seppala. Other serum run participants, including "Wild Bill" Shannon, Edgar Kalland, Bill McCarty, Charlie Evans, Edgar Nollner, Harry Pitka, and Henry Ivanoff have also been honored. The 2005 Iditarod honored Jirdes Winther Baxter, the last known survivor of the epidemic.


1925 serum run to Nome, Aftermath, Air mail
The position is now known as Leonhard Seppala's Honorary Musher, the Leonhard Seppala Humanitarian Award is given to the musher who provides the best dog care while still remaining competitive, and the Leonhard Seppala Heritage Grant is an Iditarod scholarship. The two races follow the same route from Ruby to Nome.