1924 Southern Rhodesian general election, Political parties
Since the previous election, and the grant of responsible government, the Responsible Government Association had organised itself under the leadership of Sir Charles Coghlan into the Rhodesia Party and been appointed as the new government. In addition the Rhodesia Labour Party, which had been formed some years before, entered into the election. However a substantial number of candidates fought as Independents on their own record. In general these candidates represented small farmers, small businesses and mining interests.


1924 Southern Rhodesian general election, Campaign
The Labour Party had supported the Responsible Government Association in its campaign for a separate government for the colony, and in opposition to union with South Africa, and members of both parties hoped to reach agreement on an allocation of seats between them so that they did not oppose each other. Negotiations were unsuccessful and where candidates of the parties were fighting for seats, the fight between them became bitter. The independent candidates were also in opposition to the 'establishment' party and many stressed the need for a strong opposition in the new Assembly.


1924 Southern Rhodesian general election, Results, By constituency
Note: As the Midlands result was a tie between Boggie and Austen, the election was determined by a drawing of lots, which was supervised by a Judge of the High Court, on 15 May 1924.


1924 Southern Rhodesian general election, Changes during the Assembly, Mazoe
Sir Francis Newton resigned on 26 August 1924 on appointment as High Commissioner of the United Kingdom to Southern Rhodesia, precipitating a byelection in his electoral district which was held on 26 September 1924.


1924 Southern Rhodesian general election, Changes during the Assembly, Salisbury South
George Elcombe resigned his seat on 10 January 1927 and a byelection was held on 8 March 1927.


1924 Southern Rhodesian general election, Changes during the Assembly, Bulawayo North
Sir Charles Coghlan died on 28 August 1927 and a byelection was held on 18 November 1927.


1924 Southern Rhodesian general election, Changes during the Assembly, Midlands
William James Boggie died on 8 February 1928 and a byelection was held on 18 April 1928.


1924 Southern Rhodesian general election, Changes during the Assembly, Defections
There were a number of changes within the assembly. Robert Dunipace Gilchrist 'crossed the floor' to sit as an opposition Independent in 1925. He was followed in May 1927 by Francis Leslie Hadfield and Max Danziger. In June 1927, the Progressive Party was formed by Harry Bertin, Robert Alexander Fletcher, Robert Dunipace Gilchrist, George Edward Gilfillan, Francis Leslie Hadfield, Frank William Frederick Johnson, John Louis Martin, Frederic Philip Mennell and Sir Ernest William Sanders Montagu. This party campaigned for a pro-white immigration policy, the development of Matabeleland, and establishing African reserves. It was opposed to monopolies, and sought reform and depoliticisation of the Civil Service.


1924 Southwestern Louisiana Bulldogs football team
The 1924 Southwestern Louisiana Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented the Southwestern Louisiana Institute of Liberal and Technical Learning (now known as the University of Louisiana at Lafayette) in the Louisiana Intercollegiate Athletic Association during the 1924 college football season. In their sixth year under head coach T. R. Mobley, the team compiled a 6–2–1 record.


1924 Southwestern Lynx football team
The 1924 Southwestern Presbyterian football team represented Southwestern Presbyterian in the 1924 college football season. It was Jess Neely's first year coaching.


1924 Soviet Union legislative election
Legislative elections were held in the Soviet Union in 1924 to elect members of the Congress of Soviets. Some of the citizenry were not enthusiastic about elections in rural areas held the same year, for a number of varied reasons, possibly including reduced faith in the Soviets, which would increase in later years. However, voter turnout amongst women was very high.


1924 Soviet Union legislative election
The elections were noteworthy for a number of reasons: Joseph Stalin rose to more prominence this year after Vladimir Lenin died, revealing his idea of "socialism in one country" and increasing criticism of Trotskyists within the Soviet Union as its relations with Western countries, like the United Kingdom varied.


1924 St. Louis Browns season
The 1924 St. Louis Browns season involved the Browns finishing 4th in the American League with a record of 74 wins and 78 losses. This was George Sisler's first season as manager.


1924 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1924 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1924 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1924 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1924 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1924 St. Louis Cardinals season
The 1924 St. Louis Cardinals season was the team's 43rd season in St. Louis, Missouri and its 33rd season in the National League. The Cardinals went 65–89 during the season and finished 6th in the National League.


1924 St. Louis Cardinals season, Regular season
Rogers Hornsby hit an astonishing .424 in 1924, which remains the modern National League record for batting average in a single season. He also led the league with 89 walks, producing a .507 on-base percentage that was the highest in the National League during the 20th century. His slugging percentage of .696 again led the league, as did his 121 runs scored, 227 hits, and 43 doubles.


1924 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1924 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1924 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1924 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1924 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1924 Stanford football team
The 1924 Stanford football team represented Stanford University in the 1924 college football season. Stanford's first year head coach was Pop Warner, hired from Pittsburgh, where he had led the Panthers to three national championships.


1924 Stanford football team
Under Warner, Stanford won its first Pacific Coast Conference championship led by Ernie Nevers, who would later be inducted into both the future College Football Hall of Fame and the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Stanford was undefeated in the regular season and advanced its second ever postseason appearance, but lost to Notre Dame in the 1925 Rose Bowl.


1924 Stanford football team, Season summary
The team played its home games at Stanford Stadium in Stanford, California, but had the unusual circumstance of playing an additional "home" game at California Memorial Stadium in Berkeley, California, home of rival California. The situation occurred after Stanford and California, convinced that fellow PCC member USC was guilty of recruiting violations, announced they would sever athletic ties with USC. In response, USC canceled its upcoming away game at Stanford, leaving Stanford with a hole in its schedule. Concerned that one fewer game would jeopardize the team's chance to win the conference, Stanford hurriedly scheduled a last-minute game with Utah. However, since Stanford Stadium was already reserved by the freshman team, California agreed to let Stanford play the game in Berkeley, which Stanford dominated, 30–0.


1924 Stanford football team, Season summary
Stanford returned to Berkeley as the visiting team two weeks later for the Big Game to determine the PCC championship, facing off against defending PCC champion California, who was also undefeated and had won the past five Big Games. In fact, Stanford had not won a Big Game since 1914, when both teams were still playing rugby instead of football. Stanford rallied from a 14-point fourth quarter deficit to force a 20–20 tie and win the conference championship.


1924 Stanford football team, Season summary
After winning the PCC, Stanford faced Notre Dame in the 1925 Rose Bowl. Eight turnovers doomed Stanford to a 27–10 loss to the Irish, which was led by coach Knute Rockne and the backfield known as The Four Horsemen of Notre Dame. This was the first meeting of the teams, which began a rivalry series that continues to this day.


1924 Stanley Cup Finals
The 1924 Stanley Cup Finals saw the National Hockey League (NHL) champion Montreal Canadiens defeat the Western Canada Hockey League (WCHL) champion Calgary Tigers two games to none in the best-of-three game series. It was Montreal's fourth appearance in the Finals and second championship.


1924 Stanley Cup Finals
This was the last Finals until the 1983 Stanley Cup Finals to be contested by a team from Alberta and the last Finals until 1986 to be contested by a team from Calgary.


1924 Stanley Cup Finals, Paths to the Finals
As in 1922, the PCHA champion met the WCHL champion in a playoff, with the winner to meet the NHL champion in the Final. That series was held in Vancouver, Calgary and Winnipeg. The NHL champion would have to play the loser to advance to the Finals. Montreal first played the Vancouver Maroons, defeating them 2–0 in a best-of-three to advance to the Finals.


1924 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries
The first game was played in Montreal's Mount Royal Arena on slushy natural ice caused by warmer than usual weather. The second game was moved to Ottawa, to take advantage of the artificial ice.


1924 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries
Rookie forward Howie Morenz scored a hat trick in game one and a further goal in game two to lead the Canadiens. Morenz also was leveled by Calgary defenceman Herb Gardiner in game two and suffered torn shoulder ligaments and a chipped collarbone.


1924 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving
The 1924 Stanley Cup was presented by the trophy's trustee William Foran to the Canadiens at a banquet at the Windsor Hotel in Montreal on April 1, 1924.


1924 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving
The following Canadiens players and staff had their names engraved on the Stanley Cup


1924 Stanley Cup playoffs
The 1924 Stanley Cup playoffs was the third and final year in which the National Hockey League (NHL) champions, the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA) champions, and the Western Canada Hockey League (WCHL) champions all competed for the Stanley Cup (the PCHA and the WCHL would later merge after the season). The playoffs began on March 18, 1924, and concluded on March 25 when the NHL champion Montreal Canadiens defeated the WCHL champion Calgary Tigers in the final series, two games to zero.


1924 Stanley Cup playoffs, Background
Montreal finished second overall in the 1923–24 NHL regular season standings with a 13–11 record, behind the 16–8 Ottawa Senators. However, the Canadiens upset the Senators in the two-game total goal league champion series, 5 goals to 2, to win the NHL title.


1924 Stanley Cup playoffs, Background
Calgary finished the 1923–24 WCHL regular season with an 18–11–1 record. The Tigers then defeated the 17–11–2 second place Regina Capitals in the WCHL championship series, tying Game 1 in Regina, 2–2, and then winning 2–0 in Calgary.


1924 Stanley Cup playoffs, Background
The 1923–24 PCHA season was capped with the 13–6–1 Vancouver Maroons defeating the 14–16–1 Seattle Metropolitans in a two-game league championship series.


1924 Stanley Cup playoffs, Pre-Cup Playoffs news
Both rounds of the Stanley Cup playoffs were scheduled to be played on the NHL winner's home ice, with Montreal having to face both the PCHA and the WCHL champions. However, Canadiens owner Leo Dandurand claimed that Calgary and Vancouver were inferior to his. He therefore wanted the two western teams to face off against each other, and then have the Canadiens play the winner in the final round. PCHA President Frank Patrick refused to go along with that idea and instead proposed a compromise in which the host team's (Montreal's) customary contribution towards the two other clubs' travel expenses would be cut in half.


1924 Stanley Cup playoffs, Pre-Cup Playoffs news
But in order to generate the additional money, Calgary and Vancouver decided to play a three-game series before going to Montreal, with the loser having to face the Canadiens in the first round of the Stanley Cup playoffs. Games were played in Vancouver, Calgary, and Winnipeg, with the Tigers coming back from a Game 1 loss to win the next two contests.


1924 Stanley Cup playoffs, Pre-Cup Playoffs news
Despite this extra series between the Tigers and the Maroons, Montreal still had to defeat both western teams in order to win the Cup.


1924 Stanley Cup playoffs, Cup Playoffs summary, Semi-final: Vancouver Maroons at Montreal Canadiens
The Canadiens swept the Maroons in two, one-goal victories in the best-of-three series. Billy Boucher scored the game-winning goal in Montreal's 3–2 victory in the Game 1. In Game 2, Vancouver scored first on a goal by Billy's brother, Frank Boucher. But Billy scored two goals of his own to give the Canadiens a 2–1 win and clinch the series.


1924 Stanley Cup playoffs, Cup Playoffs summary, Final: Calgary Tigers at Montreal Canadiens
Montreal also swept Calgary in the best-of-three series to clinch the Cup. In the first game, rookie Howie Morenz recorded a hat-trick as he led the Canadiens to a 6–1 victory. The second game was then moved to the artificial ice at Ottawa Auditorium in Ottawa because of poor ice conditions at Mount Royal Arena. There, goaltender Georges Vézina lead Montreal to a 3–0 shutout to clinch the Cup. Morenz also added another goal in the second contest, but was also leveled by Calgary right wing Cully Wilson and suffered a chipped collarbone. The Canadiens won their first Stanley Cup as a member of the NHL, their second counting the 1916 Cup win.


1924 Stanley Cup playoffs, Cup engravings
After the playoffs, a new ring was added to the Cup with the player's names engraved along with the following: "Canadiens of Montreal / World's Champions / Defeated / Ottawa Vancouver Calgary / Two Straight Games Each"


1924 Summer Deaflympics
The First International Silent Games (French: Premiers Jeux Silencieux Internationaux), or First International Games for the Deaf (French: Premiers Jeux Internationaux pour les Sourds), now referred to retroactively as the 1924 Summer Deaflympics (French: Sourdlympiques d'été de 1924), were the inaugural edition of the Deaflympics. The Games were held in Paris, France, from 10 to 17 August 1924, as an equivalent to the Olympic Games for deaf athletes. They were organised on the initiative of deaf Frenchman Eugène Rubens-Alcais, who, just after the Games, co-founded the Comité International des Sports des Sourds with other "deaf sporting leaders".


1924 Summer Deaflympics
(Rubens-Alcais had previously founded France's first sports federation for the deaf and mute, in 1918.) The 1924 Games were "the first games ever" for athletes with a disability, preceding the World Wheelchair and Amputee Games in 1948, which became the Paralympic Games in 1960 but which did not include events for deaf athletes.


1924 Summer Deaflympics
These First Silent Games were held just two weeks after the end of the 1924 Summer Olympics, also in Paris. The Games for the deaf were "modelled on the Olympic Games".


1924 Summer Deaflympics
Nine countries, "including six official national federations already in existence", sent 148 athletes to compete, in seven sports: athletics, road cycling, diving, football, shooting, swimming, and tennis. Demonstration events were also held in gymnastics. Not counting gymnastics, a total of 31 events were held. Specifically, France, Belgium, Great Britain, Latvia, the Netherlands, and Poland "already had a sports federation" for the deaf, while Italy, Romania and Hungary each sent one athlete despite having no such federation yet.


1924 Summer Deaflympics
There were 147 male athletes, and only one female athlete: Hendrika Nicoline Van der Heyden, of the Netherlands. She "competed" alone in the 100m backstroke event for women in swimming, completing it in 2:03.6, which set a world record. It was the only walkover, as there were at least two competitors in each of the men's thirty events (three competitors in all but one).


1924 Summer Deaflympics
The host country, France, dominated, winning sixteen of the seventeen events in athletics; the sole exception was the javelin throw, where Belgian Nicolas François came first ahead of Frenchman Raymond Code. Frenchman Émile Van den Torren won the most events overall, coming first in the 1,500 metres, 5,000 metres and 10,000 metres in athletics. France also swept up all three gold medals in cycling, the only gold medal in shooting, one of the two gold in tennis, and won the football competition. By contrast, the six swimming events were much more open; France won none, and the six gold medals were shared between the Netherlands, Italy and the United Kingdom (competing as "Great Britain"). The British also won one of the tennis events: the men's doubles.


1924 Summer Deaflympics
The Games were deemed a success, and a second edition was held four years later in Amsterdam, with 212 athletes from ten nations – including, this time, fourteen women. (Amsterdam also held the Olympic Games that year.) With the 1924 Games being the first in a regular series, the International Games for the Deaf were established as "the second oldest international multi-sport event in the world", after the Olympic Games.


1924 Summer Deaflympics, Sports, Athletics
Seventeen track and field events were held, exclusively for men in the absence of any female competitors. Sixteen gold medals were won by France, and one by Belgium. World records were set in every event. Athletes from seven countries (France, Belgium, Great Britain, Netherlands, Poland, Latvia, Romania) took part.


1924 Summer Deaflympics, Sports, Cycling
Three events were held, all in road cycling: the men's 1,000 metre sprint (won by Frenchman Paul Lambert in 15.2; the men's individual time trial (won by Frenchman Théodore Saliou in 34:07.0); and the men's individual road race (won by Frenchman Paul Boussin in 5:07:44). No records were set. A total of six athletes took part: four from France and two from Belgium.


1924 Summer Deaflympics, Sports, Diving
A single event was held in diving: the men's 3m springboard. Two British and one Dutch divers competed. British diver G.E. Rimmer is recorded as the winner, with no specifics as to his performance.


1924 Summer Deaflympics, Sports, Football
The competition was won by the host country, with Great Britain finishing second and Belgium third. (No other details are recorded, other than the names of the players.)


1924 Summer Deaflympics, Sports, Shooting
The single event was the men's army rifle, 200 metres. There were seven participants: four from France and three from Great Britain. Frenchman René Bapt won with 23 points, a comfortable lead.


1924 Summer Deaflympics, Sports, Swimming
There were five events for men, and one for women. Italian Roberto de Marchi won the men's 100m freestyle with a world record time of 1:31.4, and the 1,500m freestyle in 33:36.4, also a world record. Dutchwoman Hendrika Nicoline Van der Heyden, the lone competitor in the women's 100m backstroke, set a world record time of 2:03.6. The men's equivalent event was won by her compatriot W.J. Brinkman, whose time is not recorded. Brinkman also won the 200m breaststroke, in 4:29.6, which was not a world record. The British team won the men's  4 × 100 m freestyle relay with a world record time of 7:45.8. Swimmers competed from four countries: Italy, the Netherlands, Great Britain, and France.


1924 Summer Deaflympics, Sports, Tennis
Pierre Rincheval of France won the men's singles, while the doubles went to Owen Bevan Maxwell and H. Hyslop of Great Britain. Great Britain, France and Belgium were the three nations competing.


1924 Summer Deaflympics, Participating countries
The number in parentheses indicates the number of athletes. Hungary is listed as having sent a single athlete, Alexander de Szalay, but he does not appear listed in any of the events.


1924 Summer Deaflympics, Participating countries
Only European countries took part. This remained the case until the fourth Games, in 1935 in London, when the United States became the first non-European country to compete.


1924 Summer Deaflympics, Medal tally
France dominated the Games on home ground. Italy's lone representative, swimmer Roberto de Marchi, won gold in both the events he took part in, placing his country fourth on the medal table. Belgium's gold medallist was Nicolas François in the javelin, who just prevented the host country from making a clean sweep of all seventeen gold medals in track and field. Poland's sole medal, a silver, was won in the  4 × 400 m relay in athletics.


1924 Summer Deaflympics, Medal tally
There are more bronze medals than silver overall because, although no bronze medal was awarded in the pole vault, two bronze were awarded in each of the two tennis events.


1924 Summer Olympics
The 1924 Summer Olympics (French: Jeux olympiques d'été de 1924), officially the Games of the VIII Olympiad (French: Jeux de la VIIIe olympiade) and also known as Paris 1924, were an international multi-sport event held in Paris, France. The opening ceremony was held on 5 July, but some competitions had already started on 4 May. These Games were the second to be hosted by Paris (after 1900), making it the first city to host the Olympics twice.


1924 Summer Olympics
The selection process for the 1924 Summer Olympics consisted of six bids, and Paris was selected ahead of Amsterdam, Barcelona, Los Angeles, Prague, and Rome. The selection was made at the 20th IOC Session in Lausanne in 1921. The cost of these Games was estimated to be 10,000,000F. With total receipts at 5,496,610F, the Olympics resulted in a hefty loss despite crowds that reached up to 60,000 in number daily. The United States won the most gold and overall medals, having 229 athletes competing compared to France's 401.


1924 Summer Olympics, Sports
126 events in 23 disciplines, comprising 17 sports, were part of the Olympic program in 1924. The number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses.


1924 Summer Olympics, Venues
Seventeen sports venues were used in the 1924 Summer Olympics. Stade de Colombes served as the final venue for the 1938 FIFA World Cup between Italy and Hungary.


1924 Summer Olympics, Participating nations
A total of 44 nations were represented at the 1924 Games. Germany was still absent, having not been invited by the Organizing Committee. China (although it did not compete), Ecuador, Haiti, Ireland, Lithuania, and Uruguay attended the Olympic Games for the first time, while the Philippines competed for first time in an Olympic Games as a nation (though it first participated in the 1900 Summer Olympic Games, also in this city). Latvia and Poland also attended the Summer Olympic Games for the first time (having both appeared earlier at the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix).


1924 Summer Olympics, Medal count
These are the top ten nations that won medals the 1924 Games.


1924 Summer Olympics, Legacy
The 1924 Summer Olympics were the second edition of the Summer Olympics to be held in Paris. 100 years later, the city will host the 2024 Summer Olympics, marking the third time the city hosts the games. One venue from the 1924 Games is slated to be used in 2024. The extensively renovated and downsized main stadium, known since 1928 as Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir, will host field hockey.


1924 Summer Olympics, Legacy, Last surviving competitor
The last surviving competitor of the 1924 Summer Olympics was Croatian swimmer Ivo Pavelić, who died on 22 February 2011 at the age of 103; he competed for Yugoslavia, which Croatia was part of at the time.


1924 Summer Olympics medal table
This is the full medal table of the 1924 Summer Olympics which were held in Paris, France.


1924 Summer Olympics medal table
These rankings sort by the number of gold medals earned by a country. The number of silvers is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze. If, after the above, countries are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically. This follows the system used by the IOC, IAAF and BBC.


1924 Summer Student World Championships
The 1924 Summer Student World Championships was the second edition of the global sports competition for student-athletes, organised by the Confederation Internationale des Etudiants (CIE). Held from 17–20 September in Warsaw, Poland, seven nations competed in the men's only programme. The seven nations were England, Estonia, France, Italy, New Zealand, Poland and the United States. A total of five sports were contested: athletics, fencing, association football, rowing and tennis.


1924 Swedish Ice Hockey Championship
The 1924 Swedish Ice Hockey Championship was the third season of the Swedish Ice Hockey Championship, the national championship of Sweden. IK Gota won the championship.


1924 Swedish general election
General elections were held in Sweden between 19 and 21 September 1924. The Swedish Social Democratic Party remained the largest party, winning 104 of the 230 seats in the Second Chamber of the Riksdag.


1924 Swedish general election, Formation of a new Cabinet
After the election the Cabinet of Ernst Trygger resigned and Gustav V asked Hjalmar Branting to form a new Cabinet which the Social Democratic leader accepted.


1924 Swiss employment protection referendum
A referendum on employment protection was held in Switzerland on 17 February 1924. Voters were asked whether they approved of an amendment to the federal employment protection law. The proposal was rejected by 57.6% of voters.


1924 Swiss employment protection referendum, Background
The referendum was an optional referendum, which only a majority of the vote, as opposed to the mandatory referendums, which required a double majority; a majority of the popular vote and majority of the cantons.


1924 Syracuse Orangemen football team
The 1924 Syracuse Orangemen football team represented Syracuse University during the 1924 NCAA football season. The head coach was Chick Meehan, coaching his fifth season with the Orangemen. The team played their home games at Archbold Stadium in Syracuse, New York.


1924 TCU Horned Frogs football team
The 1924 TCU Horned Frogs football team represented Texas Christian University (TCU) as a member of the Southwest Conference (SWC) during the 1924  college football season. Led by second -year head coach Matty Bell, the Horned Frogs compiled an overall record record 4–5 overall with a conference mark of 1–5, placing last of eight team in the SWC. TCU played their at Clark Field, located on campus in Fort Worth, Texas.


1924 Tempe Normal Owls football team
The 1924 Tempe Normal Owls football team was an American football team that represented Tempe Normal School (later renamed Arizona State University) as an independent during the 1924 college football season. In their second season under head coach Aaron McCreary, the Owls compiled a 6–1–1 record and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 160 to 85. Delbert Goddard was the team captain.


1924 Temple Owls football team
The 1924 Temple Owls football team was an American football team that represented Temple University as an independent during the 1924 college football season. In its first and only season under head coach Albert Barron, the team compiled a 1–4 record.


1924 Tennessee Docs football team
The 1924 Tennessee Docs football team (variously "Docs", "UT Doctors" or the "Tennessee Medicos") represented the University of Tennessee College of Medicine in Memphis in the 1924 college football season. The team gave Centenary its season's only loss.


1924 Tennessee Volunteers football team
The 1924 Tennessee Volunteers football team (variously "Tennessee", "UT" or the "Vols") represented the University of Tennessee in the 1924 college football season. Playing as a member of the Southern Conference (SoCon), the team was led by head coach M. B. Banks, in his fourth year, and played their home games at Shields–Watkins Field in Knoxville, Tennessee. The 1924 Vols won three and lost five games (3–5 overall, 0–4 in the SoCon). Tennessee was outscored by their opponents 135 to 83 and shutout twice.


1924 Tennessee gubernatorial election
The 1924 Tennessee gubernatorial election was held on November 4, 1924. Incumbent Democrat Austin Peay defeated Republican nominee T. F. Peck with 57.20% of the vote.


1924 Texas A&M Aggies football team
The 1924 Texas A&M Aggies football team represented Texas A&M during the 1924 college football season.


1924 Texas Longhorns football team
The 1924 Texas Longhorns football team represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 1924 college football season. In their second year under head coach E. J. Stewart.


1924 Texas Mines Miners football team
The 1924 Texas Mines Miners football team was an American football team that represented Texas School of Mines (now known as the University of Texas at El Paso) as an independent during the 1924 college football season. In its first season under head coach George B. Powell, the team compiled a 3–2–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 70 to 51. The team lost its rivalry game with New Mexico A&M by a 19–0 score.


1924 The Citadel Bulldogs football team
The 1924 The Citadel Bulldogs football team represented The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina in the 1924 college football season. Carl Prause served as head coach for the third season. The Bulldogs played as members of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association and played home games at College Park Stadium in Hampton Park. The first Homecoming day was held at The Citadel on October 25, 1924.


1924 Thuringian state election
The 1924 Thuringia state election was held on 10 February 1924 to elect the 72 members of the Landtag of Thuringia.


1924 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
The 1924 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship was the 33rd staging of the Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Tipperary County Board in 1887.


1924 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
Boherlahan won the championship after an 8–03 to 1–00 defeat of a Mid Selection in the final. It was their sixth championship title overall and their first title since 1922.


1924 Toledo Rockets football team
The 1924 Toledo Rockets football team was an American football team that represented Toledo University (renamed the University of Toledo in 1967) during the 1924 college football season. In their second season under head coach Pat Dwyer, the team compiled a 5–3 record. Gilbert Stick was the team captain.


1924 Toronto Argonauts season
The 1924 Toronto Argonauts season was the 38th season for the team since the franchise's inception in 1873. The team finished in second place in the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union with a 4–2 record and failed to qualify for the playoffs.


1924 Toronto municipal election
Municipal elections were held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, on January 1, 1924. Wesley Hiltz was elected mayor defeating two prominent challengers.


1924 Toronto municipal election, Toronto mayor
Incumbent mayor Charles A. Maguire had chosen to retire prior to the election. Three high-profile candidates attempted to succeed him. Tommy Church had served as mayor from 1915 to 1921, longer than any other person prior to him. Wesley Hiltz was chair of the Toronto Board of Education. Controller Joseph Singer had been nominated as a candidate for mayor but decided to withdraw in order not to split the anti-Tommy Church vote. Col. John Allister Currie was a leader of Canadian forces during the Boer War and a sitting Conservative Party MPP. Hiltz was victorious by a significant margin.


1924 Toronto municipal election, Board of Control
There were two new members of the Board of Control returned in this election: A.E. Hacker and R.H. Cameron.


1924 Toronto municipal election, City council
Results taken from the January 1, 1924 Toronto Daily Star and might not exactly match final tallies.


1924 Tour de France
The 1924 Tour de France was the 18th edition of the Tour de France and was won by Ottavio Bottecchia. He was the first Italian cyclist to win the Tour and the first rider to hold the yellow jersey the entire event. The race was held over 5,425 km with an average speed of 23.972 km/h (14.896 mph). 60 riders finished the race from the original 157 cyclists.


1924 Tour de France
Entrants of the 1924 Tour included several past and future winners including defending champion Henri Pélissier (1923), Philippe Thys (1913, 1914, 1920), Lucien Buysse (1926) and Nicolas Frantz (1927, 1928).


1924 Tour de France
The event saw the increase of the time bonus for stage wins move from 2 minutes to 3 minutes. In addition, it was the final year of the 15-stage format that had started in 1910. One of the most important events of the race occurred on the third stage, when defending champion Pélissier quit the race because of a new fight with tour organiser Henri Desgrange.


1924 Tour de France, Innovations and changes
In 1923, a time bonus of two minutes for each stage winner had been introduced. This was considered successful, and the time bonus was increased to three minutes for the 1924 Tour de France.


1924 Tour de France, Innovations and changes
After the 1923 Tour de France, the winner Henri Pélissier had said that the runner-up Bottecchia would go on to win the race.


1924 Tour de France, Race overview
In 1924, there was a rule that the cyclists had to finish with everything they started with, and the officials suspected that Pélissier would start in the cold morning with many jerseys, and remove them once the day warmed up. The rule had been introduced in 1920, when all the cyclists were sponsored by the combined sponsor La Sportive, to prevent waste of material. Pélissier objected to the rule, on the ground that the jerseys that he wore were his own, and had not been provided by the sponsor.


1924 Tour de France, Race overview
At the start of the third stage, a tour official checked how many jerseys Henri Pélissier was wearing. Pélissier was angry, and declared that he would not start the race. He did so anyway, but retired at Coutances, together with his brother Francis Pélissier and teammate Maurice Ville. The three cyclists met journalist Albert Londres of Petit Parisien, to whom they complained about the circumstances in which the cyclists had to race. In that third stage, that ended on a circuit, Theophile Beeckman crossed the finish line first. However, the bell indicating the last lap was not rung, and Philippe Thys was placed ex aequo on the first place by the officials.


1924 Tour de France, Race overview
In the first five stages, the cyclists finished in groups, and the time bonus of three minutes for the winner was the only thing that separated the cyclists. After the third and fourth stage, Bottecchia had the same time as Beeckman, although Bottecchia was still given the yellow jersey as classification leader. In the sixth and seventh stage, Bottecchia extended his lead in the Pyrenees. After these stages, he had a margin of 50 minutes over second-placed Nicolas Frantz.


1924 Tour de France, Race overview
In the Alps, Bottecchia was not so dominant anymore. In stages 10 to 13, Frantz won back a few minutes per stage, but it was not enough. In the thirteenth stage, Bottecchia ran into a dog and fell. Nicolas Frantz tried to win back time, but failed.


1924 Tour de France, Race overview
In the penultimate stage, Italian Giovanni Brunero was in third place in the overall classification, when he had to give up. Prior to the last stage, the margin between Bottecchia and Frantz was still 32 minutes. Bottecchia won the final stage to Paris, and the time bonus of 3 minutes made the margin 35 minutes.


1924 Tour de France, Results
In each stage, all cyclists started together. The cyclist who reached the finish first, was the winner of the stage. The time that each cyclist required to finish the stage was recorded. For the general classification, these times were added up; the cyclist with the least accumulated time (after compensating for time bonuses and/or time penalties) was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey.


1924 Tour de France, Results, General classification
Bottecchia became the first Italian cyclist who won the Tour de France, and the first cyclist to wear the yellow jersey from the start to the end of the Tour de France.


1924 Tour de France, Aftermath
A few days after Henri Pélissier quit the race, he sent a letter to the communist magazine l'Humanité, writing that he accepted "‘excessive fatigue, suffering, pain" as part of the cycling profession, but that he wanted to be treated as a human being. Tour organiser Desgrange still kept to his formula of trying to get the cyclists to ride individually until 1930, when he accepted that cyclists would run in teams and introduced nationalized teams.


1924 Tour de France, Aftermath
The number of stages increased in the next years. For example, in 1925 the cyclists went from Brest to Bayonne in two stages, racing 900 km (560 mi) in total; in 1926 this was done in four stages, racing 894 km (556 mi). With these shorter stages, the cyclists did not have to start in the middle of the night.


1924 Tour de France, Aftermath
Bottecchia would win the Tour de France again in 1925. The runner-up, Nicolas Frantz, would win in 1927 and 1928; in 1928 he would repeat the feat of Bottecchia of wearing the yellow jersey the entire race.


1924 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 8
The 1924 Tour de France was the 18th edition of Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Tour began in Paris with a flat stage on 22 June, and Stage 8 occurred on 6 July with a flat stage to Toulon. The race finished in Paris on 20 July.


1924 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 8, Stage 1
22 June 1924 — Paris to Le Havre, 381 km (237 mi)


1924 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 8, Stage 2
24 June 1924 — Le Havre to Cherbourg, 371 km (231 mi)


1924 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 8, Stage 3
26 June 1924 — Cherbourg to Brest, 405 km (252 mi)


1924 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 8, Stage 4
28 June 1924 — Brest to Les Sables-d'Olonne, 412 km (256 mi)


1924 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 8, Stage 5
30 June 1924 — Les Sables-d'Olonne to Bayonne, 482 km (300 mi)


1924 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 8, Stage 6
2 July 1924 — Bayonne to Luchon, 326 km (203 mi)


1924 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 8, Stage 7
4 July 1924 — Luchon to Perpignan, 323 km (201 mi)


1924 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 8, Stage 8
6 July 1924 — Perpignan to Toulon, 427 km (265 mi)


1924 Tour de France, Stage 9 to Stage 15
The 1924 Tour de France was the 18th edition of Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Tour began in Paris with a flat stage on 22 June, and Stage 9 occurred on 8 July with a mountainous stage from Toulon. The race finished in Paris on 20 July.


1924 Tour de France, Stage 9 to Stage 15, Stage 9
8 July 1924 — Toulon to Nice, 280 km (170 mi)


1924 Tour de France, Stage 9 to Stage 15, Stage 10
10 July 1924 — Nice to Briançon, 275 km (171 mi)


1924 Tour de France, Stage 9 to Stage 15, Stage 11
12 July 1924 — Briançon to Gex, 307 km (191 mi)


1924 Tour de France, Stage 9 to Stage 15, Stage 12
14 July 1924 — Gex to Strasbourg, 360 km (220 mi)


1924 Tour de France, Stage 9 to Stage 15, Stage 13
16 July 1924 — Strasbourg to Metz, 300 km (190 mi)


1924 Tour de France, Stage 9 to Stage 15, Stage 14
18 July 1924 — Metz to Dunkerque, 433 km (269 mi)


1924 Tour de France, Stage 9 to Stage 15, Stage 15
20 July 1924 — Dunkerque to Paris, 343 km (213 mi)


1924 Tour of Flanders
The eighth running of the Tour of Flanders cycling classic was held on Tuesday, 23 March 1924. Belgian track specialist Gerard Debaets won the race after a solo breakaway. René Vermandel and Felix Sellier completed the podium. 17 of 63 riders finished.


1924 Tour of Flanders, Route
The race started and finished in Ghent – totaling 284 km. The course featured two categorized climbs:


1924 Tour of the Basque Country
The 1924 Tour of the Basque Country was the inaugural edition of the Tour of the Basque Country cycle race and was held from 7 August to 10 August 1924. The race started and finished in Bilbao. The race was won by Francis Pélissier.


1924 Tulane Green Wave football team
The 1924 Tulane Green Wave football team represented Tulane University during the 1924 Southern Conference football season.


1924 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team
The 1924 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team was an American football team that represented the University of Tulsa during the 1924 college football season. In their third year under head coach Howard Acher, the Golden Hurricane compiled a 1–6–1 record. The team played its home games at McNulty Park in Tulsa.


1924 Turkish Football Championship
The 1924 Turkish Football Championship was the first edition of the competition and the first national championship ever in Turkish football. It was held in September. All matches were played at İstiklal Sahası in the capital Ankara.


1924 Turkish Football Championship
Harbiye won their first championship title unbeaten and without conceding a single goal by defeating Bahriye 3–0 in the final and became the first national champions in Turkish football history, with two more titles to follow in 1942 and 1945 under the name Harp Okulu. For Bahriye it was the sole appearance in the championship final and their sole participation in the competition altogether.


1924 Turkish Football Championship
Harbiye and Bahriye (both from Istanbul) formed an exception in the inaugural edition of the tournament, since they were included by the Turkish Football Federation in the championship as military clubs and not as champions of a civilian regional league. All other participants qualified as regional champions for the competition played in knock-out format.


1924 Tuskegee Golden Tigers football team
The 1924 Tuskegee Golden Tigers football team was an American football team that represented Tuskegee University as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SIAC) during the 1924 college football season. In its second season under head coach Cleveland Abbott, Tuskegee compiled a 9–0–1 record, won the SIAC championship, shut out six of ten opponents, and outscored all opponents by a total of 301 to 25. The team was recognized as the black college national champion.


1924 U.S. National Championships (tennis)
The 1924 U.S. National Championships (now known as the US Open) was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor grass courts at the West Side Tennis Club, Forest Hills in New York City, United States. The women's tournament was held from 11 August until 16 August while the men's tournament ran from 25 August until 2 September. It was the 44th staging of the U.S. National Championships and the third Grand Slam tennis event of the year.


1924 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Men's Doubles
Howard Kinsey /  Robert Kinsey defeated  Gerald Patterson /  Pat O'Hara Wood 7–5, 5–7, 7–9, 6–3, 6–4


1924 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Women's Doubles
Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman /  Helen Wills defeated  Eleanor Goss /  Marion Zinderstein Jessup 6–4, 6–3


1924 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Mixed Doubles
Helen Wills /  Vincent Richards defeated  Molla Mallory /  Bill Tilden 6–8, 7–5, 6–0


1924 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles
Bill Tilden defeated Bill Johnston 6–1, 9–7, 6–2 in the final to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1924 U.S. National Championships. It was Tilden's fifth U.S. Championships title and his seventh Grand Slam title overall.


1924 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles
First-seeded Helen Wills defeated Molla Mallory  6–1, 6–3 in the final to win the Women's Singles tennis title at the 1924 U.S. National Championships. The event was held at the West Side Tennis Club, Forest Hills, New York City. It was Will's second consecutive U.S. National singles title.


1924 U.S. Open (golf)
The 1924 U.S. Open was the 28th U.S. Open, held June 5–6 at Oakland Hills Country Club in Birmingham, Michigan, a suburb northwest of Detroit. Cyril Walker, a relatively unknown Englishman, won his only major title at the South Course, three strokes ahead of runner-up Bobby Jones, the defending champion.


1924 U.S. Open (golf)
After the first two rounds of play on Thursday, Jones shared the lead with Bill Mehlhorn, with Walker a shot back. Walker shot a third consecutive 74 in the third round to tie Jones after 54 holes, with Mehlhorn one back. Jones and Mehlhorn, playing ahead of Walker in the final round, both played poorly, each carding 78. Leading by three on the 15th, Walker made bogey but then responded with a birdie on 16. He parred the final two holes to secure the championship.


1924 U.S. Open (golf)
This was the high point of Walker's golf career. He never won another significant title, and it was his only top ten finish in the U.S. Open; his next best finish in a major was the semifinals of the PGA Championship in 1921. A heavy drinker, Walker wound up working as a caddy and a dishwasher; unable to afford a room, he died in a New Jersey jail cell of pneumonia in 1948 at age 56.


1924 U.S. Open (golf)
This was the first of nine major championships held at the South Course through 2017; six U.S. Opens and three PGA Championships.


1924 UCI Road World Championships
The 1924 UCI Road World Championships took place in Paris, France on 2 August 1924.


1924 UCI Road World Championships, Events summary
France won the nations classification (total time of the first four riders per nation) ahead of Italy and Switzerland.


1924 UCI Track Cycling World Championships
The 1924 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were the World Championship for track cycling. They took place in Paris, France from 3 to 10 August 1924. Three events for men were contested, two for professionals and one for amateurs.


1924 USC Trojans football team
The 1924 USC Trojans football team represented the University of Southern California (USC) in the 1924 college football season. In their sixth and final year under head coach Gus Henderson, the Trojans compiled a 9–2 record (2–1 against conference opponents), finished in fifth place in the Pacific Coast Conference, and out-scored their opponents by a combined total of 269 to 44.


1924 USSR Chess Championship
The 1924 USSR Chess Championship was the third edition of USSR Chess Championship. Held from 23 August to 15 September in Moscow. The tournament was won by Efim Bogoljubow.


1924 Union (Tennessee) Bulldogs football team
The 1924 Union Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented Union University of Jackson, Tennessee as an independent during the 1924 college football season. Led by Joe Guyon in his third season as head coach, the Bulldogs compiled an overall record of 4–6.


1924 United Kingdom general election
The 1924 United Kingdom general election was held on Wednesday 29 October 1924, as a result of the defeat of the Labour minority government, led by Ramsay MacDonald, in the House of Commons on a motion of no confidence. It was the third general election to be held in less than two years.


1924 United Kingdom general election
The Conservatives, led by Stanley Baldwin, performed better, in electoral terms, than in the 1923 general election and obtained a large parliamentary majority of 209. Labour, led by Ramsay MacDonald, lost 40 seats. The election also saw the Liberal Party, led by H. H. Asquith, lose 118 of their 158 seats which helped to polarise British politics between the Labour Party and Conservative Party.


1924 United Kingdom general election
The Conservative landslide victory and the Labour defeat in this general election has been, in part, attributed to the Zinoviev letter, a forgery, which was published as if it were a genuine document and sensationalized in the Daily Mail four days before the election. The Labour vote increased by around one million in comparison to the 1923 general election, but this was largely due to the party putting up 87 more candidates than did previously.


1924 United Kingdom general election
The Conservatives had called the previous 1923 election early to get a mandate for moving to a protectionist trade policy of imperial preference, but had lost their majority. In 1924 they reverted to free trade and regained power. They would subsequently propose protectionism in the next elections in 1929, again losing.


1924 United Kingdom general election, Overview
After the previous general election, the Labour Party had finished as the second-largest party, but formed their first-ever government with the support of the Liberal Party, after the ruling Conservative Party's shock loss of their majority made it untenable for Baldwin to continue as Prime Minister. However, relations between Labour and the Liberals proved stormy, eventually resulting in Liberal M.P. Sir John Simon calling a motion of no confidence in MacDonald's government, which was carried by a large majority.


1924 United Kingdom general election, Overview
Asquith had gambled that neither Baldwin nor MacDonald would want to put the country through a third general election in two years, and that one of them would be forced to enter into a formal coalition with the Liberals. However, the gambit backfired when MacDonald instead called an election, knowing full well that a Conservative landslide was the only likely outcome, but himself gambling that it would be primarily at the expense of the Liberals.


1924 United Kingdom general election, Overview
MacDonald's judgement proved correct, as the Liberals, who were still mostly dependent on former Prime Minister David Lloyd George for funds, ended up financially crippled from the very start of the campaign, while Labour were actually able to expand the scope of their own campaign thanks to increasing support from the workers' unions.


1924 United Kingdom general election, Overview
It is speculated that the combination of Labour forming its first government in January 1924 and the Zinoviev letter helped to stir up anti-socialist fears in Britain among many traditional anti-socialist Liberal voters, who then switched their support to the Conservative Party. This partly helps to explain the poor performance of the Liberal Party in the general election.


1924 United Kingdom general election, Overview
The party also had financial difficulties which allowed it to contest only 339 seats, a lack of distinctive policies after the Conservative Party dropped their support for protected trade, and poor leadership under Asquith, who lost his own seat for the second time in six years. It would be the final election for Asquith, who was subsequently forced to lead the party from the House of Lords after being elevated to the Earldom of Oxford and Asquith the following year, with Lloyd George as Liberal chairman in the House of Commons. Declining health saw Asquith replaced as party leader by Lloyd George in 1926.


1924 United Kingdom general election, Overview
The fourth party in terms of number of candidates, number of seats and number of votes were not a party but a group of former National Liberals standing under the Constitutionalist label, led by Winston Churchill. They favoured Conservative/Liberal co-operation and had intended to formally organize as a party, but the election was called before they had the opportunity to actually do so. Three of the seven Constitutionalists elected, including Churchill, had been opposed by official Liberal candidates, and sat as Conservatives after the election. The other four sat as Liberals.


1924 United Kingdom general election, Overview
The refounded Sinn Féin ran Westminster candidates for the first time since March 1919; none came close to winning, with six of the eight losing their deposits. Its next Westminster election was in 1950.


1924 United Kingdom general election in Northern Ireland
The 1924 United Kingdom general election in Northern Ireland was held on 29 October as part of the wider general election in the United Kingdom. There were ten constituencies, seven single-seat constituencies with elected by FPTP and three two-seat constituencies with MPs elected by bloc voting.


1924 United Kingdom general election in Northern Ireland, Results
The Nationalist Party did not contest this election. The nationalist interest was represented in the election by Sinn Féin, but they failed to win any seats, and the two seats which had been held by the Nationalist Party were won by the Ulster Unionists, so that all MPs in the region were from the same party.


1924 United Kingdom general election in Northern Ireland, Results
In the election as a whole, the Conservative Party, which included the Ulster Unionists, returned to government with 412 of the 615 seats, and Stanley Baldwin was re-appointed as Prime Minister.


1924 United States Army Air Service aircraft designation system
In 1924, problems with the previous designation system led to a general revamping of the designation system used by the United States Army Air Service. This system was to remain in effect with the U.S. Army Air Corps, the U.S. Army Air Forces and the independent U.S. Air Force, as well as those aircraft remaining in the U.S. Army after 1947. With some minor changes it became the basis of the 1962 United States Tri-Service aircraft designation system.


1924 United States Army Air Service aircraft designation system, 1924–1962 Designation System
The designation given to a particular aircraft can be broken down to provide information about that specific aircraft. A hypothetical example shows a typical designation, and what each section is. Tables below indicate possible codes used for each section, what their meanings were, and the time period in which they were used – not all codes were in use at the same time, and some codes, such as P for pursuit were changed to F for fighter for a given aircraft while they were in service, so that the Lockheed P-80 was redesignated as the Lockheed F-80.


1924 United States Army Air Service aircraft designation system, 1924–1962 Designation System
The portion of the designation after the subtype may be omitted in normal use. The hyphen before the block number may be replaced with the word "block", and in some cases the block number may be omitted. This information, along with the name of the service (USAAC, USAAF, USAF), the base (if permanently assigned) and the serial number was painted on the forward fuselage side under the cockpit.


1924 United States Army Air Service aircraft designation system, 1924–1962 Designation System, Mission Modifier prefix
Used when an aircraft has been modified for a different role from originally designed.


1924 United States Army Air Service aircraft designation system, 1924–1962 Designation System, Model Number
In theory each new design in a specific Mission category is numbered in sequence starting at 1, so that succeeding designs are numbered 2,3,4 etc. however numbers were occasionally skipped.


1924 United States Army Air Service aircraft designation system, 1924–1962 Designation System, Sub-type
Minor modifications to a basic design are usually given a sequentially assigned letter denoting the particular subtype, starting with A and continuing with B, C, D, etc. In general, no additional meaning can be deduced from the sub-type letter.


1924 United States Army Air Service aircraft designation system, 1924–1962 Designation System, Block Number
Analogous to the order number, these help not just to identify when an airframe was built, but in some types distinguish changes that occurred during production not identified by the sub-type letter, as between the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt razorback variant and the bubble canopy variant. Block numbers are unique to each type of aircraft.


1924 United States Army Air Service aircraft designation system, 1924–1962 Designation System, Production facility code
Each factory producing aircraft for the USAAF was assigned a two letter code to distinguish between the product of one facility from another. This was important because parts were not always interchangeable between different plants, and the aircraft may have required different modifications during service.


1924 United States Army Air Service aircraft designation system, 1924–1962 Designation System, Exceptions
Aircraft ordered by foreign governments but taken over by the US Government often used the manufacturer's internal designations rather than the designation used for similar aircraft ordered by the US Government, so that the Consolidated LB-30 was a B-24 ordered by the British but not delivered, and the Vultee V.77 was similarly an AT-19.


1924 United States House of Representatives election in Puerto Rico
The election for Resident Commissioner to the United States House of Representatives took place on November 4, 1924, the same day as the larger Puerto Rican general election and the United States elections, 1924.


1924 United States House of Representatives elections
The 1924 United States House of Representatives elections was an election for the United States House of Representatives in 1924 which coincided with the election to a full term of President Calvin Coolidge, who had replaced Warren Harding following his death.


1924 United States House of Representatives elections
Coolidge's popularity helped his Republican Party to gain a net 22 seats from the opposition Democratic Party, cementing their majority. The burgeoning economy and Republican pro-business policies caused the party to gain popularity. An internal split somewhat reduced House gains, as a progressive faction of the party continued to antagonize party leadership. In the early stages of the election, there were fears that the Republicans would be swamped at the polls due to several scandals in the administration of President Warren Harding. However, after the chief executive's death, his incidents were painted as personal problems that did not reflect the state of the party. The populist Farmer–Labor Party also gained a seat in Minnesota.


1924 United States House of Representatives elections in California
The United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1924 was an election for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 4, 1924. California's delegation remained unchanged at 9 Republicans and 2 Democrats.


1924 United States House of Representatives elections in California, Results
Final results from the Clerk of the House of Representatives:


1924 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina
The 1924 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina were held on November 4, 1924, to select seven Representatives for two-year terms from the state of South Carolina. Five incumbents were re-elected and the two open seats were retained by the Democrats. The composition of the state delegation thus remained solely Democratic.


1924 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 1st congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman W. Turner Logan of the 1st congressional district, in office since 1921, was defeated in the Democratic primary by Thomas S. McMillan. He defeated Republican challenger Jesse E. Beard in the general election.


1924 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 2nd congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman James F. Byrnes of the 2nd congressional district, in office since 1911, opted to make an unsuccessful run for Senator. Butler B. Hare won the Democratic primary and was unopposed in the general election.


1924 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 3rd congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Frederick H. Dominick of the 3rd congressional district, in office since 1917, won the Democratic primary and was unopposed in the general election.


1924 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 4th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman John J. McSwain of the 4th congressional district, in office since 1921, was unopposed in his bid for re-election.


1924 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 5th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman William F. Stevenson of the 5th congressional district, in office since 1917, defeated W.R. Bradford in the Democratic primary and was unopposed in the general election.


1924 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 6th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Allard H. Gasque of the 6th congressional district, in office since 1923, was unopposed in his bid for re-election.


1924 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 7th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Hampton P. Fulmer of the 7th congressional district, in office since 1921, won the Democratic primary and was unopposed in the general election.


1924 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia
The 1924 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia were held on November 4, 1924 to determine who will represent the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States House of Representatives. Virginia had ten seats in the House, apportioned according to the 1920 United States Census. Representatives are elected for two-year terms.


1924 United States Senate election in Alabama
The 1924 United States Senate election in Alabama was held on November 4, 1924.


1924 United States Senate election in Alabama
Incumbent U.S. Senator James Thomas Heflin, who had been elected to complete the unfinished term of John H. Bankhead in 1920, was elected to a full term in office over Republican Frank J. Lathrop.


1924 United States Senate election in Arkansas
The 1924 United States Senate election in Arkansas took place on November 4, 1924. Incumbent Democratic Senator Joseph Taylor Robinson was re-elected to a third term in office over Republican Charles F. Cole.


1924 United States Senate election in Illinois
The 1924 United States Senate election in Illinois took place on November 4, 1924.


1924 United States Senate election in Illinois
Incumbent Republican Medill McCormick was unseated in the Republican primary by Charles S. Deneen, who went on to win the general election.


1924 United States Senate election in Illinois, Election information
The primaries and general election coincided with those for other federal elections (president and House) and those for state elections. The primaries were held April 8, 1924.


1924 United States Senate election in Illinois, Election information
This was the first election for this U.S. Senate seat to be held after the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution granted women suffrage.


1924 United States Senate election in Illinois, Republican primary, Results
Deneen won by a mere 0.80% margin of just 5,944 votes.


1924 United States Senate election in Illinois, Aftermath
On February 25, 1925, as he was preparing to leave office, McCormick died in what is considered to have been a suicide (though the suicidal nature of his death was not known to the public, contemporarily). His reelection loss is believed to have contributed to his suicide. McCormick's widow Ruth Hanna McCormick would go on to defeat Deneen in the 1930 Republican primary.


1924 United States Senate election in Iowa
The 1924 United States Senate election in Iowa took place on November 4, 1924. Incumbent Republican Senator Smith W. Brookhart ran for re-election to a full term in office against Democrat Daniel F. Steck.


1924 United States Senate election in Iowa
In the initial vote, Brookhart was certified as the victor over Steck. However, Steck became the first person to successfully challenge a popular election to the Senate in 1926, when the Senate voted to remove Brookhart from office and seat Steck in his place.


1924 United States Senate election in Iowa
As of 2021, this remains the only instance in which a Senator was removed and replaced by his colleagues after he had already been seated for the term.


1924 United States Senate election in Iowa, General election, Campaign
Brookhart, though nominally a Republican, had alienated most of the national and state party establishment by 1924. As early as 1920, he had rankled senior Republicans with his courting of blue-collar union voters and his primary challenge to senior Senator Albert B. Cummins. In 1924, he demanded the withdrawal of vice presidential nominee Charles Dawes and declined to support President Calvin Coolidge for re-election, though he did not outright endorse Progressive Robert M. La Follette.


1924 United States Senate election in Iowa, General election, Campaign
During the campaign, the Republican State Central Committee withdrew support from Brookhart and one Republican organization went so far as to distribute sample ballots showing a 'x' in the Republican column with another 'x' next to Steck's name.


1924 United States Senate election in Iowa, General election, Campaign
By October, all but one of the state's Republican daily newspapers had endorsed Steck.


1924 United States Senate election in Iowa, General election, Results
On the day of the election, some newspapers reported that Steck had won. However, two days later, rural districts gave Brookhart a small lead. His victory was certified and he was seated for a full term as Senator.


1924 United States Senate election in Iowa, Aftermath and reversal
After the election, the Senate Republicans retaliated by stripping Brookhart, LaFollette, and two other progressive Republicans of their committee appointments and excluding them from the party conference.


1924 United States Senate election in Iowa, Aftermath and reversal, Challenges
In January, Steck served notice of his intention to challenge Brookhart's inauguration for the new term on the grounds of election fraud. The Iowa Republican Party also challenged Brookhart's election on the grounds that he was not a Republican.


1924 United States Senate election in Iowa, Aftermath and reversal, Challenges
Brookhart was sworn into office on March 4, 1925 without incident. On March 10, the Senate referred both challenges to the Committee on Privileges and Elections.


1924 United States Senate election in Iowa, Aftermath and reversal, Challenges
Steck's challenge alleged that thousands of ballots were unlawfully counted for Brookhart while many of his own were discarded or altered.


1924 United States Senate election in Iowa, Aftermath and reversal, Challenges
The Iowa Republican challenge alleged that Brookhart had fraudulently represented himself as a party member until the filing deadline, and then toured the state supporting the principles and candidates of the Progressive Party. The state committee argued that Republicans had in good faith voted for a person they assumed to be a regular party member, and that Brookhart had therefore committed election fraud.


1924 United States Senate election in Iowa, Aftermath and reversal, Investigation and recount
A subcommittee of two Republicans and two Democrats commenced the investigation of the case on July 20, 1925. By agreement of Brookhart and Steck, all of the more than 900,000 ballots were transported from Iowa to Washington for a recount.


1924 United States Senate election in Iowa, Aftermath and reversal, Investigation and recount
A number of disputed ballots had evidently attempted to replicate local newspaper endorsements for Steck by drawing an arrow pointing to the box marked for Steck; these ballots had been excluded from the original count under an Iowa law banning extraneous markings but were counted by the subcommittee on the grounds that it was clear the voter had meant. Some ballots arrived in Washington with broken seals and there were discrepancies between the voter rolls and the number of ballots received.


1924 United States Senate election in Iowa, Aftermath and reversal, Investigation and recount
On March 29, 1926, the committee issued its report finding that that Steck had received a plurality of 1,420 votes and should be seated. In a minority report, Senator Hubert D. Stephens protested that some ballots had not been properly examined and secured, that 3,500 fewer ballots were received than cast, and that the majority did not count 1,300 properly marked straight Republican ballots for Brookhart.


1924 United States Senate election in Iowa, Aftermath and reversal, Senate debate and vote
In the debate before the whole Senate, speeches focused on the conflict between Iowa state election law and the federal recount. Brookhart's supporters maintained that there was no precedent for overruling state election laws in reviewing contested elections.


1924 United States Senate election in Iowa, Aftermath and reversal, Senate debate and vote
On April 12, the Senate voted 45 to 41 to unseat Brookhart and seat Steck.


1924 United States Senate election in Iowa, Aftermath and reversal, Aftermath
Steck became the first Democrat to represent Iowa in the Senate since 1859. He served out the remainder of the term. He was soundly defeated for re-election in 1932, the only incumbent Democrat in the country to lose in that cycle. Though they gained eight seats nationwide, Steck's loss cost Democrats control of the Senate.


1924 United States Senate election in Iowa, Aftermath and reversal, Aftermath
Brookhart ran for Senate again in 1926 and unseated Senator Cummins, who died shortly after the primary. He served until 1933, when he was defeated by Henry Field in the Republican primary. Brookhart ran in the 1932 general election as a Progressive, but finished a distant third behind Field and the Democratic victor, Richard L. Murphy.


1924 United States Senate election in Maine
The 1924 United States Senate election in Maine was held on September 8, 1924. Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Bert Fernald overcame a challenge from U.S. Representative Frank E. Guernsey in the Republican primary. In the general election, Fernald was re-elected to a second term in office over Democratic newspaperman Fulton J. Redman.


1924 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
The United States Senate election of 1924 in Massachusetts was held on November 4, 1924 with Republican Frederick H. Gillett defeating incumbent David I. Walsh.


1924 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Republican primary, Campaign
The early campaign was dominated by President Calvin Coolidge's efforts to recruit a candidate aligned with his own re-election campaign. Louis A. Coolidge (no relation) was the first candidate to formally announce his campaign. He spent much of the early campaign criticizing the President and other national Republicans' efforts to "interfere" in the race. President Coolidge's primary recruit was Governor Channing Cox, who had served as Lieutenant Governor when President Coolidge was Governor of Massachusetts.


1924 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Republican primary, Campaign
Governor Cox announced he was not a candidate in early May, and Speaker of the House Frederick H. Gillett immediately announced his campaign after consulting with President Coolidge's advisor Frank Stearns. At the same time, U.S. Representative Frederick W. Dallinger made his informal campaign formal.


1924 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Republican primary, Campaign
One of the dividing issues in the campaign was Prohibition. Louis Coolidge announced his outright opposition to the Eighteenth Amendment. Dallinger explicitly supported Prohibition. Gillett, who had voted against the Amendment but in favor of the Volstead Act to enforce its provisions, was considered a moderate.


1924 United States Senate election in Michigan
The 1924 United States Senate election in Michigan was held on November 4, 1924. Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator James J. Couzens, who was appointed following the resignation of Truman Newberry, was re-elected to a full term in a landslide.


1924 United States Senate election in Minnesota
The 1924 United States Senate election in Minnesota took place on November 4, 1924. Republican U.S. Representative Thomas D. Schall defeated incumbent Farmer–Labor U.S. Senator Magnus Johnson and Democratic challenger John J. Farrell. Johnson, who was elected in the 1923 special election, had been in office for less than a year and a half when his attempt to win a full six-year term was defeated by Schall.


1924 United States Senate election in Montana
The 1924 United States Senate election in Montana took place on November 4, 1924. Incumbent United States Senator Thomas J. Walsh, who was first elected to the Senate in 1912 by the state legislature (as was the practice then), and re-elected in 1918 by popular vote (in accordance with the 17th Amendment), ran for re-election. He was unopposed in the Democratic primary.


1924 United States Senate election in Montana
He faced former State Representative Frank Bird Linderman and several independent opponents in the general election. Walsh ultimately won re-election to his third term by a solid margin.


1924 United States Senate election in Nebraska
The 1924 United States Senate election in Nebraska took place on November 4, 1924. The incumbent Republican, George W. Norris, was re-elected by a wide margin to a third term. He defeated John J. Thomas. Norris overperformed Calvin Coolidge, who won the state with 47.09% in the presidential election.


1924 United States Senate election in New Hampshire
The 1924 United States Senate election in New Hampshire was held on November 4, 1924.


1924 United States Senate election in New Hampshire
Incumbent Republican Senator Henry W. Keyes was re-elected to a second term in office over Democratic state Treasurer George Farrand.


1924 United States Senate election in New Jersey
The United States Senate elections of 1924 in New Jersey was held on November 4, 1924. Incumbent Republican Senator Walter Evans Edge was re-elected to a second term in office. He would not complete the term, resigning from office in 1929 to be sworn in as Governor of New Jersey.


1924 United States Senate election in Oklahoma
The 1924 United States Senate election in Oklahoma took place on November 4, 1924. Incumbent Democratic Senator Robert Latham Owen declined to run for re-election. In a crowded Democratic primary, impeached former Governor Jack C. Walton won the party's nomination with a narrow plurality. In the general election, he faced businessman William B. Pine, the Republican nominee. Though Democratic presidential nominee John W. Davis narrowly won the state over President Calvin Coolidge, Walton's unpopularity and controversy caused Democrats to lose the seat; Pine defeated Walton in a landslide.


1924 United States Senate election in South Carolina
The 1924 South Carolina United States Senate election was held on November 4, 1924 to select the U.S. Senator for a six-year term from the state of South Carolina. Coleman Livingston Blease won the Democratic primary and was unopposed in the general election to win the six-year term to the Senate.


1924 United States Senate election in South Dakota
The 1924 United States Senate election in South Dakota took place on November 4, 1924. Incumbent Senator Thomas Sterling ran for re-election to a third term, but he was defeated in the Republican primary by Governor William H. McMaster. In the general election, McMaster was opposed by attorney Ulysses Simpson Grant Cherry, the Democratic nominee, and several independent candidates. McMaster defeated his opponents by a wide margin, but fell far short of a majority, winning only 44% of the vote.


1924 United States Senate election in Texas
The 1924 United States Senate election in Texas was held on November 4, 1924. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Morris Sheppard was re-elected to a third term in office, easily dispatching his challengers.


1924 United States Senate election in Virginia
The 1924 United States Senate election in Virginia was held on November 4, 1924. Incumbent Democratic Senator Carter Glass defeated Republican W. N. Doak and was elected to his second term in office.


1924 United States Senate election in Wyoming
The 1924 United States Senate election in Wyoming took place on November 4, 1924. Incumbent Republican Senator Francis E. Warren ran for re-election to his sixth consecutive term in the Senate. He was challenged by Judge Robert Rose of the Eighth Judicial District of Wyoming, the Democratic nominee. The election took place on the same ballot as the presidential election, with Republican Calvin Coolidge winning Wyoming by a wide margin, and the special gubernatorial election, with Democratic Nellie Tayloe Ross similarly winning by a wide margin.


1924 United States Senate election in Wyoming
Both Warren and Rose outperformed their party's presidential nominees, and Warren ultimately won re-election by a wide margin, albeit reduced from 1918. This would be Warren's last term in the Senate; he died on November 24, 1929, with a little more than a year remaining in his term. Republican Patrick Joseph Sullivan was appointed to replace him.


1924 United States Senate elections
The United States Senate elections of 1924 were elections for the United States Senate which coincided with the election of Republican President Calvin Coolidge to a full term. The strong economy and Coolidge's popularity helped Republican candidates increase their majority by four, although several interim appointments had worsened their numbers since the 1922 election; as a result, the party achieved a net gain of only one seat since the previous voting cycle.


1924 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 68th Congress
In these special elections, the winners were seated during 1924 or before March 4, 1925; ordered by election date.


1924 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections leading to the 69th Congress
In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1925; ordered by state.


1924 United States Senate elections, Iowa
Democrat Daniel F. Steck successfully challenged the election and the Senate awarded Steck the seat on April 12, 1926.


1924 United States Senate elections, Montana
Incumbent Democrat Thomas J. Walsh, who was first elected to the Senate in 1912 by the state legislature (as was the practice then), and re-elected in 1918 by popular vote (in accordance with the 17th Amendment), ran for re-election. He was unopposed in the Democratic primary.


1924 United States Senate elections, Montana
He faced former State Representative Frank Bird Linderman and several other opponents in the general election. Walsh ultimately won re-election to his third term by a solid margin.


1924 United States elections
The 1924 United States elections was held on November 4. The Republican Party retained control of the presidency and both chambers of Congress.


1924 United States elections
In the presidential election, Republican President Calvin Coolidge (who took office on August 2, 1923, upon the death of his predecessor, Warren G. Harding) was elected to serve a full term, defeating Democratic nominee, former Ambassador John W. Davis and Progressive Senator Robert M. La Follette, Sr. from Wisconsin. Coolidge easily won the election, taking almost every state outside the Solid South. Davis won the Democratic nomination after a record 103 ballots, emerging as a compromise candidate between Treasury Secretary William Gibbs McAdoo and New York Governor Al Smith. La Follette, a former Republican who had sought the 1912 Republican nomination, drew sixteen percent of the popular vote and won his home state of Wisconsin.


1924 United States elections
The Republicans gained twenty-two seats in the House of Representatives, increasing their majority over the Democrats. The Republicans also furthered a majority in the Senate, gaining four seats from the Democrats.


1924 United States gubernatorial elections
United States gubernatorial elections were held in 1924, in 36 states (including 1 special election), concurrent with the House, Senate elections and presidential election, on November 4, 1924 (October 7 in Arkansas, and September 8 in Maine).


1924 United States gubernatorial elections
This was the last time South Carolina elected its governors to two year terms, switching to four years from the 1926 election.


1924 United States presidential election
The 1924 United States presidential election was the 35th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 4, 1924. In a three-way contest, incumbent Republican President Calvin Coolidge won election to a full term.


1924 United States presidential election
Coolidge had been vice president under Warren G. Harding and became president in 1923 upon Harding's death. Coolidge was given credit for a booming economy at home and no visible crises abroad, and he faced little opposition at the 1924 Republican National Convention. The Democratic Party nominated former Congressman and ambassador to the United Kingdom John W. Davis of West Virginia. Davis, a compromise candidate, triumphed on the 103rd ballot of the 1924 Democratic National Convention after a deadlock between supporters of William Gibbs McAdoo and Al Smith. Dissatisfied by the conservatism of both major party candidates, the Progressive Party nominated Senator Robert La Follette of Wisconsin.


1924 United States presidential election
In a 2010 book, Garland S. Tucker argues that the election marked the "high tide of American conservatism", as both major candidates campaigned for limited government, reduced taxes, and less regulation. By contrast, La Follette called for the gradual nationalization of the railroads and increased taxes on the wealthy.


1924 United States presidential election
Coolidge won a decisive victory, taking majorities in both the popular vote and the Electoral College and winning almost every state outside of the Solid South. La Follette won 16.6% of the popular vote, a strong showing for a third party candidate, while Davis won the lowest share of the popular vote of any Democratic nominee since Breckinridge in 1860. This is the most recent election to date in which a third-party candidate won a non-southern state. This was also the US election with the lowest per capita voter turnout since records were kept.


1924 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination
When Coolidge became president, he was fortunate to have had a stable cabinet that remained untarnished by the scandals of the Harding administration. He won public confidence by taking a hand in settling a serious Pennsylvania coal strike, even though much of the negotiation's success was largely due to the state's governor, Gifford Pinchot.


1924 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination
However, the more conservative factions within the Republican Party remained unconvinced in the new president's own conservatism, given his rather liberal record while governor of Massachusetts, and he had not even been their first choice for the vice presidency back in 1920; Senator Irvine Lenroot had been the choice of the party bosses then, but the delegates had rebelled. However, Coolidge was not popular with the liberal or progressive factions within the party either. Heartened by their victories in the 1922 midterms, the party's progressives vigorously opposed a continuation of the late Harding's policies. In the fall of 1923, Senator Hiram Johnson of California announced his intention of fighting Coolidge in the presidential primaries, and already friends of Senator Robert La Follette of Wisconsin were planning a third party.


1924 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination
Coolidge decided to head off the immediate threat of Johnson's candidacy by gaining the endorsement of some of the liberals. He first approached Senator William Borah from Idaho and cultivated his circle by making a conciliatory reference to the Soviet Union in a speech in December. No sooner had the Soviet Union reacted favorably than Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes persuaded the President to reject it.


1924 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination
This left Borah on the verge of deserting Coolidge, but the subsequent disclosure of corruption among the Establishment persuaded him to stay and to try to convince Coolidge to align his policies more closely to his own. Coolidge for his part seemed unsure of what ideological posture to assume. His State of the Union address in January was neither liberal nor reactionary. He played Borah by repeatedly promising to fire Attorney General Harry Daugherty and putting it off.


1924 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination
In a speech on Lincoln Day Coolidge promised unstinting prosecution that would not mingle the innocent and the guilty—and managed to keep Borah within his ranks until he no longer feared the senator's influence. By then, Coolidge had made himself sufficiently strong to replace not only corrupt officeholders but also many Republican stalwarts on the national committee and throughout the party hierarchy, elevating in their stead business friends loyal to him; Coolidge managed to create a conservative administration that had very little to do with the party establishment. In an effort to try to get at least some of the liberals back into the party ranks, he then offered the vice presidency to the popular Senator Borah. The senator declined, also refusing to nominate Coolidge at that year's Republican convention which he later decided against attending.


1924 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination
Another task for Coolidge, only slightly easier than tightening his hold over the party's divergent factions, was to rebuild the party organization. A few years before, Will Hays had brought disciplined energy to the office of Republican national chairman. Hays's replacement, William Butler, lacked his predecessor's experience, and it fell to Coolidge himself to whip the party into shape. His prime task was to establish control over the party in order to ensure his own nomination.


1924 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination
Through the power of patronage Coolidge consolidated his hold over Republican officeholders and office-seekers in the South, where the party was made up of little more than those whose positions were awarded through such a system. This allowed him to gain control of Southern delegates to the coming Republican convention. He also let it be known that his secretary Campbell Slemp, who favored the policy, would remove African-American Republican leaders in the South in order to attract more white voters to the party.


1924 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination
Only California Senator Hiram Johnson challenged Coolidge in the South; Governor Frank Lowden of Illinois, potentially Coolidge's most dangerous rival for the nomination, was attending to his state after he had decided 1924 would probably be a Democratic year. When the early Alabama primary resulted in a slate contested between the Coolidge and Johnson forces, an administration-picked committee on delegates awarded Alabama to Coolidge.


1924 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination
Johnson formally opened his campaign for the presidential nomination in Cleveland, Ohio on January 2. He delivered a sharp attack on the Republican National Committee for increasing southern delegate representation in the national convention while also criticizing Coolidge for supplying arms to the Obregón forces in Mexico. "I shall not concede," he said "that collectors of revenue, U.S. Marshals, postmasters, and other officeholders may themselves alone nominate candidates for the Presidency." Johnson later condemned inefficient enforcement of prohibition and argued against Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon's plan to reduce taxes, which he said favored the wealthiest classes.


1924 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination
Johnson's drive began to falter almost as soon as it had begun. In appealing to the rank and file he moved even further away from the organization Republicans who would choose the nominee. Johnson, moreover, was too much a maverick for the conciliatory role demanded of a national political candidate. In the mid-1920s the major parties had little use for the nonconformists like Johnson or Governor Gifford Pinchot of Pennsylvania, but Johnson in truth could not easily be placed in the political spectrum.


1924 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination
He did oppose the administration's tax reduction program which favored higher income groups, but he spoke against the World Court as he had the League of Nations, opposed the sale of arms to liberal Obregón forces in Mexico, called for an end to all Chinese immigration, and joined the American Legion in calling for the immediate payment of the veterans' bonus.


1924 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination
To head off the Johnson threat, such as it was, Coolidge used the familiar weapons of his office. Through patronage threats he persuaded Senator James Watson of Indiana to take his own favorite-son candidacy out of the race; the decision was announced on January 11 after Watson met with William Butler, the President's campaign manager. To seal the Indiana factions in common cause, Butler made Colonel Carmi Thompson from Cleveland, Ohio associate manager for Coolidge's pre-convention campaign. On January 16 steps were taken to enter Coolidge in Johnson's own California primary.


1924 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination
Two days after that, Coolidge received the endorsement of the anti-prohibitionist Nicholas M. Butler, president of Columbia University. A little later, Governor Pinchot, who had lost control of his state party organization, earned a place in his state's delegation, further state patronage, and other concessions in exchange for his support of the President. By the end of the month the eastern states were clearly entrenched in their support of Coolidge. In Michigan, where Johnson had won the presidential preference campaign in 1920, Coolidge backers filed nominating petitions for an old man named Hiram Johnson, hoping to divide the anti-administration vote. This Johnson, who resided in Michigan's Upper Peninsula, planned no campaign.


1924 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination
But the California senator remained in the race; it is thought that he might have hoped his candidacy would force Coolidge to adopt a more progressive stance, especially in regards to corruption. Johnson for example was prominent in the movement that led Coolidge to fire Attorney General Daugherty and accept the resignation of Secretary of the Navy Edwin Denby. In an effort to offset Johnson's popularity in some of the farm states the president also increased the tariff on wheat, and made available further farm loans.


1924 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination
His efforts paid off in the first presidential primary in North Dakota; Coolidge won, La Follette ran second, and Johnson was far behind La Follette. The radical vote was split with Coolidge winning only with a plurality however, and Johnson remained in the race. Later in March, Johnson barely nosed ahead of Coolidge in the South Dakota primary, where Johnson had the personal support of the popular Senator Peter Norbeck. This would be the only primary Johnson would win. During April Coolidge defeated him in swift succession in Michigan, Illinois, Nebraska, Oklahoma, New Jersey and Ohio. Refusing to quit, Johnson allowed his campaign to limp along into early May; then Coolidge defeated Johnson even in his staunch progressive-Republican state of California, despite Coolidge's opposition to an outright ban on Chinese immigration.


1924 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination
In mid-May the official Coolidge headquarters opened in Cleveland, Ohio under the direction of William Butler, general manager of the Coolidge campaign. When Butler predicted that 1,066 of the 1,109 delegates would favor Coolidge, no one really doubted him, and the Republicans planned a king of outing, like the familiar business conventions, rather than a serious political encounter. The only remotely interesting event would be the choosing of a vice presidential candidate, Coolidge himself had not bothered to decide on a candidate; evidently he hoped Borah might still run but the other candidates were all acceptable to him.


1924 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination
Circumstances affecting the two most recent occupants of that office however gave the dramatic illusion of the importance of the Vice-Presidency. When President Wilson fell ill in 1919 only a heartbeat kept the little-known Thomas R. Marshall from becoming president. Then Harding's death sent Coolidge to the White House. A man of ability had to be chosen and one who would also bring strength to the ticket in areas where La Follette could potentially run well.


1924 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination
When Senator Borah declined the honor, California Republicans started to boost Herbert Hoover, who was credited with helping Coolidge triumph over Johnson in the state's presidential primary. Particularly since the narrow defeat of Charles E. Hughes in 1916, discovered only the day after the election when the final tallies were received from California, the state had been looked upon as important; the imminent candidacy of Robert La Follette, who would appeal to western liberals, made California all the more crucial.


1924 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination
The New York Times thought Hoover would make an excellent choice, recognition at last that the vice president must be a man fitted for the presidency. Coolidge never spoke for Hoover and may have hoped he would remain in the cabinet where he was needed. As a dynamic vice president, Hoover would be too visibly the heir apparent for 1928; certainly he would overshadow the chief executive in an embarrassing way. Other candidates mentioned prominently included Governor Frank O. Lowden of Illinois, Governor Arthur M. Hyde of Missouri, and Charles G. Dawes, author of the German war reparations payment plan. It was hoped that both the party's candidates would be chosen on Thursday, June 12, to avoid the necessity of naming the Vice President on Friday the 13th.


1924 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination
The platform also came under special consideration in the weeks before the convention. Some Republican liberals threatened to support La Follette's third party ticket if the document omitted certain planks. Other problems faced the Platform Committee: the veterans' bonus, tax reform, Chinese immigration, and the World Court — all issues that cut at least one extremity from the main body of the party. Heading up the Committee on Resolutions, which was enjoined to formulate the party platform, was Charles B. Warren. In fact, however, much of the actual drafting fell to a subcommittee of the national committee, with vice-chairman Ralph Williams of Oregon as its head.


1924 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination
Nicholas M. Butler suggested that the platform consist of twelve to fifteen crisp sentences written by President Coolidge. It did indeed turn out to be a short and noncontroversial document. No mention was made of the Ku Klux Klan, and faint praise was given to hopeful plans for joining the World Court and helping the farmer. Apparently the party thought that traditional Republican strength in the areas affected by crop failure and low prices could accommodate a mild rebellion without loss of the section's electoral votes.


1924 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination
The platform spoke of Coolidge's "practical idealism"; it also observed apologetically that "time has been too short for the correction of all the ills we received as a heritage from the last Democratic Administration." It proposed a conference on "the use of submarines and poison gas." Though the document was drafted by a new breed of Republican such as Ogden Mills from New York - who even recommended the adoption of an anti-Klan plank - rather than party stalwarts like Senator Henry Cabot Lodge from Massachusetts or Senator George Pepper from Pennsylvania, it remained conservative in its blandness. A substitute platform presented by Wisconsin progressives caught a moral tone the other failed to embody, but was defeated without a vote.


1924 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination
The convention formally opened from June 10 to 12. No questions arose over the choice of the presidential nominee. After the delegates tried unsuccessfully to prevail on Governor Frank Lowden of Illinois to run for the vice presidency — they actually nominated him but he declined — Charles G. Dawes won the nomination on the third ballot. He defeated Herbert Hoover, the choice of National Chairman Butler, by 682 votes to 234.