1918 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season
Late in the season, with only 10 games remaining, manager Christy Mathewson left the Reds to enlist in the United States Army for World War I. He served overseas in the newly formed Chemical Service with Ty Cobb. Third baseman Heinie Groh took over as manager for the remainder of the season.


1918 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season, Season summary
After a good 1917 season in which the team finished over .500 for the first time since 1909, the Reds hoped to build off of that success in 1918. Over the first 35 games of the season, Cincinnati had a very respectable 20-15 record, and was in third place in the National League, five games behind the first place New York Giants. The Reds then struggled badly over the next 29 games, winning only five of them to drop completely out of the pennant race. Only July 4, the Reds had a 25-39 record, and sat in seventh place, 21 games out of first.


1918 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season, Season summary
The team would play very good baseball over the final months and turned their season around. Over their final 64 games, the Reds had a 43-21 record, and finished the season, which was cut short due to World War I, with a 68-60 record, which put them in third place, 15.5 games behind the pennant winning Chicago Cubs. The Reds .531 winning percentage was their highest since 1904.


1918 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season, Season summary
Outfielder Edd Roush had another superb season, as he led the club with a .333 batting average, five home runs, 62 RBI and 24 stolen bases in 113 games. Third baseman Heinie Groh batted .320 with one home run and 37 RBI. First baseman Hal Chase batted .301 with two home runs and 38 RBI in 74 games before being suspended for the season by manager Christy Mathewson. Outfielder Sherry Magee took over at first base for Chase, and he led the club with 76 RBI, while batting .298 with two home runs in 115 games.


1918 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season, Season summary
Pitcher Hod Eller led the Reds pitching staff with a 16-12 record, 2.36 ERA and led the team in innings pitched with 217.2  Pete Schneider struggled with a 10-15 record and a 3.53 ERA, however, he led the Reds with 17 complete games. Jimmy Ring had a solid season, going 9-5 with a 2.85 ERA in 21 games, while Rube Bressler went 8-5 with a 2.46 ERA in 17 games.


1918 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1918 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1918 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1918 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1918 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1918 Clapham by-election
The Clapham by-election, 1918 was a by-election held on 21 June 1918 for the British House of Commons constituency of Clapham in South London.


1918 Clapham by-election
The by-election was triggered by the elevation to the peerage of the serving Conservative Party Member of Parliament (MP), Denison Faber.


1918 Clapham by-election
The Unionist (Conservative) candidate was Harry Greer. With the wartime (set to become postwar) coalition in office, there was no other candidate from the major parties. Henry Hamilton Beamish, a writer for the pro-War, conspiracy theory penning Vigilance or Vigilante Society, ran as an independent with the support of populist MP Noel Pemberton Billing, whose very prominent libel case of the century, whereby he defended various accusations of German blackmail and depravity, was a staged exercise in propaganda.


1918 Clapham by-election
The main issue was, ostensibly, Beamish's earnest demand for the denaturalization and internment of all citizens of enemy countries in the United Kingdom, the closure of all foreign banks, and the wearing of a badge by all foreign aliens. Greer expressed the view that 'stronger measures were necessary' and published a letter from the Prime Minister, who said he was 'determined to take whatever action is shown to be necessary'. The Times reported unexpected support for Beamish in areas which were normally predominantly Conservative. The result was a modest majority for the party from an established party.


1918 Clemenceau–Lloyd George Agreement (Middle East)
The Clemenceau–Lloyd George Agreement of 1 December 1918 was a verbal agreement which modified the 1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement in respect to Palestine and the Mosul Vilayet. The latter component is also known as the Mosul cession. The agreement was between British and French Prime Ministers David Lloyd George and Georges Clemenceau, and took place at the French Embassy in London.


1918 Clemenceau–Lloyd George Agreement (Middle East)
The agreement was controversial because France did not appear to have gained any substantial changes from Britain in return for the concessions of Mosul and Palestine.


1918 Clemenceau–Lloyd George Agreement (Middle East)
John J McTague Jr wrote, "Despite the informality of this agreement, Lloyd George and Clemenceau held to it and it became the basis for legitimizing the British claim to Palestine".


1918 Clemenceau–Lloyd George Agreement (Middle East)
The agreement was finalised in a meeting at Deauville in 1919.


1918 Clemson Tigers football team
The 1918 Clemson Tigers football team represented the Clemson Tigers of Clemson Agricultural College during the 1918 college football season. Under second year head coach Edward Donahue, the team posted a 5–2 record. Stumpy Banks was the captain.


1918 Cleveland Indians season
The 1918 Cleveland Indians season was a season in American baseball. The team finished second in the American League with a record of 73–54, 2½ games behind the Boston Red Sox.


1918 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1918 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1918 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1918 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1918 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1918 Cleveland Naval Reserve football team
The 1918 Cleveland Naval Reserve football team represented the Cleveland Auxiliary Naval Reserve School during the 1918 college football season. The team compiled a 5–1 record and closed its season by upsetting national champion Pittsburgh, 10–9. The team was coached by Xen C. Scott, assisted by Bob Dawson and former Yale star Ralph Kinney.


1918 Cleveland Naval Reserve football team
The team was led by a backfield consisting of former Ohio State quarterback Gaylord Stinchcomb, former Minnesota halfback Walter L. Holmgren, former Georgia Tech fullback Judy Harlan, and former Auburn fullback Moon Ducote. The highlight of Auburn's previous season was its tie with Ohio State. Georgia Tech then dominated Auburn to claim the South's first national title. A game between national champion Georgia Tech and undefeated Pitt could not be scheduled, and was moved to the following season. Georgia Tech having lost several players to the War, Pitt won 32–0.


1918 Cleveland Naval Reserve football team
The Cleveland Naval Reserves managed to upset Pitt with a 10–9 victory. "I intercepted a pass and returned it to midfield in the fourth quarter. I felt I at least had evened up some of the losses we had at Tech" said Harlan. Pittsburgh coach Pop Warner refused to acknowledge the loss, but declared Ducote "the greatest football player I ever saw".


1918 Cleveland Naval Reserve football team
Warner, along with some reporters covering the game, insisted Pitt was robbed by the officials who, claiming the official timekeeper's watch was broken, arbitrarily ended the first half before Pitt was able to score and then allowed the Reserves extra time in the fourth quarter to pull ahead. It was Pitt's first loss in four years, since Warner had started coaching there. Ducote had a 41-yard field goal, and Stinchcomb scored a touchdown on a pass from Ducote, and kicked the extra point.


1918 Cleveland Naval Reserve football team
Future basketball star Lenny Sachs was also on the team.


1918 Cleveland Naval Reserve football team
In an 83–0 win over Cornell's service team, Stinchcomb ran 100 yards for a touchdown. In a 14–6 win over Camp Grant, Stinchcomb was the Navy's star, kicking two extra points and returning a punt 65 yards for a touchdown. In a profile of Stinchcomb published in November 1918, one writer observed:


1918 Cleveland Naval Reserve football team
The reason for such optimistic predictions is the showing Stlnchcomb has made this season in the 'unofficial' football season all grid fans have enjoyed. As  backfleld man for the Cleveland Naval Reserve team -- in which branch of the service Stinchcomb has been serving -- 'Pete' has romped around opposing ends -- plunged through their lines and carried his team to the fore ranks of military and naval football ratings."


1918 Cobar state by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Cobar on 11 May 1918 because of the death of Charles Fern (Labor).


1918 College Football All-America Team
The 1918 College Football All-America team consists of American football players selected to the College Football All-America Teams selected by various organizations for the 1918 college football season.


1918 Colombian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Colombia on 10 February 1918. The result was a victory for Marco Fidel Suárez of the Conservative Party, who received 53% of the vote. Fidel took office on 7 August.


1918 Colombian presidential election
Although opponent Guillermo Valencia was also a member of the Conservative Party, he received support from the Liberal Party.


1918 Colorado Agricultural Aggies football team
The 1918 Colorado Agricultural Aggies football team represented Colorado Agricultural College (now known as Colorado State University) in the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) during the 1918 college football season. In their eighth season under head coach Harry W. Hughes, the Aggies compiled a 0–2 record, finished last in the RMC, and were outscored by a total of 30 to 13.


1918 Colorado Mines Orediggers football team
The 1918 Colorado Mines Orediggers football team was an American football team that represented the Colorado School of Mines in the Rocky Mountain Conference during the 1918 college football season. Under head coach Irving Barron, the team compiled a 4–0 record and won the conference championship.


1918 Colorado Silver and Gold football team
The 1918 Colorado Silver and Gold football team was an American football team that represented the University of Colorado during the 1918 college football season. Head coach Enoch J. Mills led the team in his first year to a 1–2 mark in the RMFAC and 2–3 overall.


1918 Colorado gubernatorial election
The 1918 Colorado gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1918. Republican nominee Oliver Henry Shoup defeated Democratic nominee Thomas J. Tynan with 51.15% of the vote.


1918 Columbia Lions football team
The 1918 Columbia Lions football team was an American football team that represented Columbia University as an independent during the 1918 college football season. In his first season, head coach Fred Dawson led the team to a 5–1 record, outscoring opponents 87 to 27.


1918 Columbia Lions football team
The team played its home games on South Field, part of the university's campus in Morningside Heights in Upper Manhattan.


1918 Columbus Panhandles season
The 1918 Columbus Panhandles season was their 13th season in existence. The team played in the Ohio League. According to the only records available, the team played in just one game, which they lost.


1918 Connecticut gubernatorial election
The 1918 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1918. Incumbent Republican Marcus H. Holcomb defeated Democratic nominee Thomas J. Spellacy with 50.72% of the vote.


1918 Copa Aldao
The 1918 Copa Aldao was the final match to decide the winner of the Copa Aldao, the 4th. edition of the international competition organised by the Argentine and Uruguayan Associations together. The final was contested by Argentine Racing Club de Avellaneda and Uruguayan club Peñarol.


1918 Copa Aldao
The match was played at Gimnasia y Esgrima Stadium in Buenos Aires, and Racing beat Peñarol 2–1, winning its second Copa Aldao trophy in three consecutive finals contested.


1918 Copa Ibarguren
The 1918 Copa Ibarguren was the sixth edition of the national cup of Argentina. It was played by the champions of the two leagues, Primera División and Liga Rosarina de Football in 1918.


1918 Copa Ibarguren
Racing (Primera División champion) faced Newell's Old Boys (Liga Rosarina champion) in a match in Gimnasia y Esgrima Stadium in Palermo, on November 24, 1918. Racing won 4–0 achieving its fifth Ibarguren trophy in six years.


1918 Copa de Honor Cousenier
The 1918 Copa de Honor Cousenier was the final match to decide the winner of the Copa de Honor Cousenier, the 13th. edition of the international competition organised by the Argentine and Uruguayan Associations together. The final was contested by Uruguayan club Peñarol and Argentine Club Atlético Independiente.


1918 Copa de Honor Cousenier
The match was held in Parque Pereira stadium in Montevideo, on December 1, 1918. Peñarol defeated Independiente 4–0, winning its first Copa Cousenier trophy.


1918 Copa del Rey
The Copa del Rey 1918 was the 18th staging of the Copa del Rey, the Spanish football cup competition.


1918 Copa del Rey
The competition started on April 8, 1918, and concluded on May 2, 1918, with the Final, held at the O'Donnell in Madrid, in which Real Union lifted the trophy for the second time ever with a 2–0 victory over Madrid FC.


1918 Copa del Rey, Quarterfinals
Recreativo de Huelva and RC Fortuna received a bye to semifinals.


1918 Copa del Rey, Quarterfinals, First leg
This was a one-legged match, played in neutral ground. Real Unión advanced to semifinals.


1918 Copa del Rey, Quarterfinals, Second leg
RCD Español  and Madrid CF won one match each. At that year, the goal difference was not taken into account. A replay match was played.


1918 Copa del Rey, Semifinals, First leg
This was a one-legged match, played in neutral ground. Real Unión advanced to the final.


1918 Copa del Rey Final
The 1918 Copa del Rey Final was the 18th. final of the Spanish cup competition, the Copa del Rey. The final was played at O'Donnell Stadium in Madrid on May 12, 1918. Real Unión beat Madrid FC 2–0 and won their second title. Real Unión's captain Juan Legarreta was the keyplayer of the match, having scored both goals. He would later continue his career in Chile.


1918 Corangamite by-election
A by-election was held for the Australian House of Representatives seat of Corangamite on 14 December 1918. This was triggered by the death of Nationalist MP Chester Manifold.


1918 Corangamite by-election
In October, the Labor Party had won a by-election for the safe conservative seat of Swan when the entry of the Farmers' and Settlers' Association had split the conservative vote. The Nationalists quickly introduced preferential voting, which was first practiced at the Corangamite by-election. Although the Labor candidate, future Prime Minister James Scullin, came first on the primary vote, Nationalist preferences elected William Gibson of the Victorian Farmers' Union, who thus became the first "Country" member of the Australian Parliament.


1918 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship
The 1918 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship was the 10th staging of the Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board.


1918 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship
Nemo won the championship following a 7-5 to 0-1 defeat of Mallow in the final.


1918 Cork Senior Football Championship
The 1918 Cork Senior Football Championship was the 32nd staging of the Cork Senior Football Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887.


1918 Cork Senior Football Championship
On 20 October 1918, Cobh won the championship following a 0-03 to 0-01 defeat of Fermoy in the final at Midleton Sportsfield. This was their first ever championship title.


1918 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
The 1918 Cork Senior Hurling Championship was the 31st staging of the Cork Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887.


1918 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
Redmonds were the defending champions, however, the club refused to field a team in the championship after a dispute with the county board after the suspension of some players from their Gaelic football team.


1918 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
On 28 September 1918, Carrigtwohill won the championship following a 4-1 to 1-7 defeat of Blackrock in the final. This was their first championship title ever.


1918 Coupe de France Final
The Coupe de France Final 1918 was a football match held at Légion Saint-Michel field, Paris on May 5, 1918, that saw Olympique de Pantin defeat FC Lyon 3–0 thanks to goals by A. Fievet (2) and Louis Darques.


1918 Cuban parliamentary election
Mid -term parliamentary elections were held in Cuba on 1 November 1918 in order to fill half the seats in the House of Representatives. The National Conservative Party was the biggest winner, taking 33 of the 61 seats.


1918 Curtiss Jenny airmail stamps
The 1918 Curtiss Jenny Air Mail Stamps were a set of three Airmail postage stamps issued by the United States in 1918. The 24¢ variety was the first of the stamps to be issued, and was in fact, America's first Airmail stamp. (The world's first airmail stamp was issued by Italy in 1917). The 16¢ and 6¢ varieties were issued later in the year to reflect reductions in the postage rate. It features the image of the Curtiss JN-4 airplane.


1918 Curtiss Jenny airmail stamps
The order of the Scott Catalog numbers for these stamps (C1 through C3) is the inverse of the order of release dates for the stamps.


1918 Curtiss Jenny airmail stamps, Inverted Jenny error
A single sheet of 100 of the two-color 24¢ was printed with the center design inverted, thus creating the Inverted Jenny.


1918 Czechoslovak presidential election
The 1918 Czechoslovak presidential election took place on 14 November 1918. Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk was elected the first Czechoslovak president. The election was uncontested and Masaryk was elected by Acclamation.


1918 Czechoslovak presidential election, Election
Czechoslovakia was established as a result of fall of Austria-Hungary. Masaryk was leader of Czechoslovak resistance against the Austro-Hungarian Empire and was the only candidate. The parliament decided to elected him by Acclamation for a two-year term.


1918 Danish Folketing election
Folketing elections were held in Denmark on 22 April 1918, the first in which women could vote. The result was a victory for Venstre, which won 45 of the 180 seats in the Folketing, which had been expanded from 114 to 140 seats. Voter turnout was 75.5%.


1918 Danish Folketing election, Electoral system
The Folketing was elected by a mixture of proportional representation in Copenhagen and first-past-the-post voting in single-member constituencies in the rest of the country. Outside of Copenhagen there were 20 regional levelling seats in addition to three national levelling seats, which were intended make the results more proportional.


1918 Danish Folketing election, Electoral system
The 1918 elections were the only ones in Danish history to feature this mixed system. Future elections would be entirely using proportional representation with the single-member districts not affecting the party-level results.


1918 Danish Landsting election
Landsting elections were held in Denmark on 11 May 1918, with the exceptions that the seats elected by the resigning parliament were elected on 20 March 1918, the Faroese member was elected on 13 May, and the electors that elected the candidates standing in the constituencies were elected on 30 April.


1918 Danish Landsting election
It was the first Landsting election under the new Constitution of 1915 that gave women the right to vote, abolished the monarch's right to appoint members of the Landsting, introduced the system of Landsting members elected by the resigning parliament, and increased the number of seats in the Landsting from 66 to 72. The seats of all seven constituencies as well as the seats elected by the parliament were up for election.


1918 Dartmouth football team
The 1918 Dartmouth football team represented Dartmouth College in the 1918 college football season.


1918 Dayton Triangles season
The 1918 Dayton Triangles season was their sixth season in the Ohio League. The team finished with a known record of 8–0 and won their first Ohio League title. However, many of the top teams in the league did not field teams this season due to the outbreak of World War I and the Spanish flu pandemic, both of which led to the opening of the season being postponed until the middle of October.


1918 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football team
The 1918 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football team was an American football team that represented Delaware College (later renamed the University of Delaware) as an independent during the 1918 college football season. In its first and only season under head coach Milton Aronowitz, the team compiled a 1–2–2 record and was outscored by a total of 44 to 19. Harry W. Loose was the team captain. The season was shortened due to travel restrictions resulting from World War I and the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic.


1918 Denver Pioneers football team
The 1918 Denver Pioneers football team represented the University of Denver in the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) during the 1918 college football season. In its fourth and final season under head coach John Fike, the team compiled a 3–2 record (3–1 against RMC opponents), finished in second place in the conference, and was outscored by opponents by a total of 74 to 49.


1918 Detroit Heralds season
The 1918 Detroit Heralds season was the 14th season for the Detroit Heralds, an independent American football team. Led by coach Bill Marshall, the team compiled a 6–2 record. Fullback Pat Dunne was the team captain.


1918 Detroit Junior College football team
The 1918 Detroit Junior College football team represented Detroit Junior College (later renamed Wayne State University) as an independent during the 1918 college football season. The team was coached by David L. Holmes and compiled a 4–0 record and outscored opponents by a total of 99 to 0. The team was made up of members of the school's Student Army Training Corps.


1918 Detroit Junior College football team
Two of the victories, including the first in program history, were against Assumption College. The first game was played in Canada at Sandwich. Fullback Wayne Brenkert scored three touchdowns in the first game against Assumption. The team also defeated the University of Detroit (on Thanksgiving Day) and Michigan State Normal in the first meetings with each of those two schools. A game with Western State was initially scheduled but cancelled.


1918 Detroit Junior College football team
The team played its three home games at Goldberg Field, which was located at Ferry Avenue and Hastings Street in Detroit. Wayne considers the 1918 team to be its first intercollegiate football team, though contemporary press accounts also reference a 1917 football team.


1918 Detroit Junior College football team
Detroit Junior College, the first junior college in the state of Michigan, was established by David D Mackenzie who was the principal of Detroit Central High School. The junior college was located on the campus of the high school, Old Main. Wayne Brenkert played for both Detroit Central High School (winning a High School National Championship in 1915) and Detroit Junior College and is a member of .


1918 Detroit Tigers football team
The 1918 Detroit Tigers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Detroit in the 1918 college football season. The team compiled a 0–2 record and was outscored by its opponents by a combined total of 19 to 2.


1918 Detroit Tigers football team
The 1918 team played in a season shortened by World War I travel restrictions and the 1918 flu pandemic. Games scheduled for the month of October were cancelled due to travel and other restrictions imposed by the United States Department of War. Teams were permitted to play two games in November, though restrictions remained on games that required travel of long distances.


1918 Detroit Tigers football team
James F. Duffy, head coach of the 1917 team, missed the 1918 season due to wartime military service. In the spring of 1918, Duffy enlisted in the United States Navy. As a result, the University of Detroit football team played the 1918 season without a coach. Duffy returned for the 1919 season.


1918 Detroit Tigers football team, Game notes, at Albion
On November 16, 1918, the University of Detroit football team lost by a 13–2 score to Albion at Alumni field in Albion, Michigan. The game was played in the rain and on a muddy field. Two Detroit players sustained broken bones in the game and were taken to the hospital. The University of Detroit played only two games against Albion. Albion won the 1918 game, and Detroit won the other game, played in 1930, by a 51–0 score.


1918 Detroit Tigers football team, Game notes, at Detroit Junior College
On Thanksgiving Day (November 28), the University of Detroit team lost by a 6–0 score to Detroit Junior College (DJC) at Goldberg field in Detroit. DJC's captain and fullback, Wayne Brenkert, scored the game's only points on a 30-yard touchdown run in the first quarter. DJC became Wayne University. The schools did not meet again until 1940. Thereafter, they met another 10 times, but the 1918 game remained the only victory by a DJC/Wayne squad.


1918 Detroit Tigers season
The 1918 Detroit Tigers season was a season in American baseball. The team finished seventh in the American League with a record of 55–71, 20 games behind the Boston Red Sox.


1918 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1918 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1918 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1918 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1918 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1918 Drexel Dragons football team
The 1918 Drexel Dragons football team represented the Drexel Institute of Technology (renamed Drexel University in 1970) during the 1918 college football season.


1918 Dutch general election
General elections were held in the Netherlands on 3 July 1918. They were the first elections held after a series of reforms that introduced universal male suffrage and pure proportional representation, replacing the previous system using first-past-the-post voting in single member constituencies. This change was known as the Great Pacification, which also included the introduction of state financing of religious schools, and led to the start of consociational democracy.


1918 Dutch general election
The change in the electoral system led to major changes in the political make-up of the House of Representatives. The confessional right-wing parties, the General League of Roman Catholic Caucuses, the Anti-Revolutionary Party and the Christian Historical Union, together won 50 seats. Along with two Christian splinter-parties (the Christian Democratic Party and the Christian Social Party) they were able to gain a majority of 52 seats.


1918 Dutch general election
The liberal parties lost the most seats. While in 1917, two of the liberal parties, the Liberal Union and the League of Free Liberals, had won 31 seats, they were now reduced to 10 seats. Together with three smaller liberal parties, liberals now held only 15 seats in the House of representatives.


1918 Dutch general election
The fragmentation of the House was caused by the low electoral threshold of just 0.5%, with the smallest party, the Alliance for the Democratisation of the Army, managing to win a seat with only 6,828 votes.


1918 East Cavan by-election
The 1918 East Cavan by-election was a parliamentary by-election held for the United Kingdom House of Commons constituency of East Cavan on 20 June 1918. The election was caused by the death of the sitting member, Samuel Young of the Irish Parliamentary Party.


1918 East Cavan by-election, Background
It had been clear for a long time that a by-election was likely, for Young was 96 years old and had been in poor health; Sinn Féin's preparations had begun as long as a year in advance. Within days of his death, the party's founder and former leader Arthur Griffith was nominated as its candidate.


1918 East Cavan by-election, Background
The political climate was tense. Having won four by-elections in 1917 - in North Roscommon, South Longford, East Clare and Kilkenny City - Sinn Féin had appeared to be winning a majority of support of the nationalist population. However, since the beginning of the year the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP) had won three seats - South Armagh, Waterford City and East Tyrone - in by-elections. With the Irish Convention – boycotted by Sinn Féin – about to present its report on proposals for implementing self-government for Ireland, there was a possibility that Sinn Féin support might be receding.


1918 East Cavan by-election, Background
At this point the British government made what is now generally regarded as a catastrophic misjudgement. With losses mounting on the Western Front, Prime Minister David Lloyd George decided to tie proposals for self-government to the extension of conscription to Ireland. The backlash among the Nationalist population was strong. On the day of Young's death, an Anti- Conscription Committee was formed in Dublin, which included Griffith and John Dillon, newly elected leader of the IPP. The next day Sinn Féin took the seat of Tullamore in an uncontested by-election, the IPP candidate having withdrawn in the interest of national unity. On 23 April, a one-day general strike brought the country to a halt.


1918 East Cavan by-election, The campaign
Dillon now called for Griffith to stand aside in favour of a neutral candidate, Mayor of Dublin Laurence O'Neill, and described his refusal to do so as 'wanton provocation'. Griffith, unpopular with the IPP because of his many years of criticisms of what he saw as their excessive moderation, was attacked in the pages of the Freeman's Journal, which supported the Party. "No other choice could have been calculated to add bitterness to the contest", Dillon later commented. Catholic Church leaders supported Dillon's proposal, but without success. J. F. O'Hanlon, a member of Cavan Urban District Council, was nominated as candidate of the IPP.


1918 East Cavan by-election, The campaign
Griffith began the campaign energetically, visiting the constituency five times in just over three weeks. The situation took a new turn on 17 May, when the Viceroy, Lord French, ordered the arrest of a number of Sinn Féin leaders, including Griffiths, citing an alleged 'German Plot'. This brought about a wave of sympathy from the public, and it was now Dillon's turn to face demands for his candidate to withdraw. He refused, saying it "would be taken as a sign of weakness of the Irish Parliamentary Party were they to withdraw their candidate". Griffith won the support of others including the Irish Parliamentary Party's MPs for North Meath, Patrick White and Cork City, William O'Brien.


1918 East Cavan by-election, The campaign
The campaign also focused on economic issues, with the IPP supporters arguing that they had achieved increases in the price of flour, and Sinn Féin claiming responsibility for a rise in old age pensions. At one meeting, there were reports of mud and eggs being thrown at speakers supporting O'Hanlon.


1918 East Cavan by-election, The campaign
Griffith's fellow Vice-President in Sinn Féin, Fr. Michael O'Flanagan, defying his Bishop's censure, came to Cavan and gave a speech at Ballyjamesduff on Sunday 26 May. This oration became known as 'Father O'Flanagan's Suppressed Speech' and was quickly proscribed by the censor. Sinn Féin printed and published the speech.


1918 East Cavan by-election, The campaign
Reports shortly before the voting suggested it would be close-run: "Both sides express confidence in the result", The Times reported, "but it is generally admitted that the Nationalist candidate has improved his chances very considerably in the past fortnight".


1918 East Cavan by-election, The result
When the votes were counted, Griffith was elected with 3,785 votes as against 2,581 for O'Hanlon. In keeping with his party's abstentionist policy, Griffith refused to take his seat at Westminster. He was re-elected for the seat in the general election of 1918. It seems clear that the threat of conscription (which was never, in fact, imposed) was a major factor in Sinn Féin's victory, along with the 'German Plot' arrests. Without them, Dillon argued, his party would have won a decisive majority. Michael Laffan writes that the victory "enabled Sinn Féin to regain its momentum of 1917 and to recover from its setbacks in the three recent campaigns".


1918 East Grinstead by-election
The East Grinstead by-election of 1918 was held on 29 July 1918. The by-election was held due to the incumbent Conservative MP, Henry Cautley, becoming Recorder of Sunderland. It was retained by Cautley who was unopposed.


1918 East Tyrone by-election
The East Tyrone by-election of 1918 was held on 3 April 1918. The by-election was held due to the resignation of the incumbent Irish Parliamentary Party MP, William Redmond. It was won by the Irish Parliamentary candidate Thomas Harbison.


1918 East Tyrone by-election
Redmond had resigned in order to contest the Waterford City by-election which had become vacant when his father, John Redmond, had died. The Sinn Féin candidate was Seán Milroy. The by-election was the last in a short string of by-elections where it seemed that the more moderate nationalists were regaining ground from Sinn Féin before being virtually wiped out in the 1918 Irish general election.


1918 Eastern Suburbs season
Eastern Suburbs (now known as the Sydney Roosters) competed in the 11th New South Wales Rugby League(NSWRL) premiership in 1918.


1918 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburbs 17 defeated Newtown 3 at the Agricultural Ground.


1918 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburbs 8 defeated Western Suburbs 2 at Sydney Cricket Ground.


1918 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburbs 17 defeated Glebe 9 at the Agricultural Ground.


1918 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
South Sydney 16( H. Horder 2, Arthur, C. Horder Tries; H. Hallett Goal) defeated Eastern Suburbs 5 at the Agricultural Ground.


1918 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
North Sydney 16 defeated Eastern Suburbs 8 at the Agricultural Ground.


1918 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Balmain Tigers|Balmain 11 defeated Eastern 	Suburbs 10 at Sydney Cricket Ground. Premiership Round 8, Monday 24 June 1918;Eastern Suburbs 20 defeated Newtown 15 at Agricultural Ground.


1918 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Western Suburbs 16 defeated Eastern Suburbs 9 at Sydney Cricket Ground.


1918 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
South Sydney 13( H. Horder, Groves, Kerwick Tries; A. Oxford, H. Horder Goals) defeated Eastern Suburbs 5 at Sydney Cricket Ground.


1918 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburbs 15 defeated Annandale 8 at Sydney Cricket Ground.


1918 Edmonton municipal election
The 1918 municipal election was held December 9, 1918 to elect a mayor and six aldermen to sit on Edmonton City Council, three trustees to sit on the public school board, and four trustees to sit on the separate school board.


1918 Edmonton municipal election
There were ten aldermen on city council, but four of the positions were already filled: Matthew Esdale, James Kinney, Warren Prevey, and Orlando Bush were all elected to two-year terms in 1917 and were still in office. Charles Wilson was also elected to a two-year term in 1917, but resigned to run for mayor; accordingly, Charles Grant was elected to a one-year term.


1918 Edmonton municipal election
There were seven trustees on the public school board, but four of the positions were already filled: Henry Douglas, J A McPherson, Arthur Cushing, and E T Bishop had all been elected to two-year terms in 1917. On the eight member separate board, four of the positions were filled: M Kelly, F A French, Joseph Henri Picard, and H J Roche had been elected to two-year terms in 1917. To keep the terms properly staggered, one trustee - Paul Jenvrin - was elected to a one-year term.


1918 Edmonton municipal election, Voter turnout
There were 9046 ballots cast out of 10825 eligible voters, for a voter turnout of 83.5%.


1918 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Separate (Catholic) school trustees
Under the minimum South Side representation rule, Murray was elected over Curtis.


1918 Eighth Avenue
1918 Eighth Avenue is a 500-foot-tall (150 m) skyscraper in the Denny Regrade neighborhood of Seattle, in the U.S. state of Washington. It was completed in 2009 and has 36 floors, consisting mostly of office space. On August 25, 2008, the tower gained its first tenant, law firm Hagens Berman Sobol Shapiro. The firm leased 21,000 square feet (2,000 m2) of the building.


1918 Eighth Avenue
The 658,744-square-foot (61,199.3 m2) building was developed by Schnitzer West, LLC and is now owned by an affiliate of JPMorgan Chase, which purchased it for $350 million after Schnitzer put it up for sale in May 2011, shortly after Amazon.com signed a long-term lease for more than two thirds of the office space.


1918 Elgin Burghs by-election
The Elgin Burghs by-election, 1918 was a parliamentary by-election held for the House of Commons constituency of the Elgin Burghs in the north-east of Scotland on 25 October 1918.


1918 Elgin Burghs by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the death of the sitting Liberal MP, John Sutherland on 17 August 1918.


1918 Elgin Burghs by-election, Candidates
The Liberals selected Charles Barrie to succeed Sutherland. The Elgin Burghs constituency was due to disappear in boundary changes at the next general election with parts of the seat being redistributed into the seat of Banffshire. Sutherland had been chosen to fight Banffshire come the next election and Barrie inherited the right to contest that seat in due course at the 1918 general election.


1918 Elgin Burghs by-election, Candidates
Sutherland had represented Elgin Burghs since 1905 and by the time of the December 1910 general election, he was so entrenched in his seat that he was returned unopposed. Sutherland bequeathed Barrie this political dominance. No other candidate came forward to contest the by-election and Barrie was therefore returned unopposed. When the general election came in December 1918, Barrie was also returned unopposed for Banffshire.


1918 Estonian Constituent Assembly election
Elections to the Estonian Constituent Assembly were held on 3–4 February 1918. In some electoral districts, the elections were postponed until 9–10 February. During the October revolution, the Bolsheviks also took power in parts of Estonia, mostly in urban areas in Northern Estonia. Parts of Estonia were already occupied by Germany and the elections were not held in these areas.


1918 Estonian Constituent Assembly election
The Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) allowed the elections to be held, in hope of getting a majority of the votes. However, they achieved only 37% of the votes, leaving a majority for parties that supported Estonian independence. The Estonian Constituent Assembly was never convened after these elections, because the Communists annulled the elections and Germany occupied the rest of Estonia in the same February. New elections to the Constituent Assembly were held in 1919.


1918 Exeter by-election
The Exeter by-election of 1918 was held on 7 May 1918. The by-election was held due to the appointment of the incumbent Conservative MP, Henry Duke, as Lord Justice of Appeal. It was won by the Conservative candidate Sir Robert Newman, who was unopposed due to a War-time electoral pact.


1918 Fareham by-election
The Fareham by-election of 1918 was held on 18 July 1918. The by-election was held due to the elevation of the incumbent Conservative MP, Sir Arthur Lee. It was won by the Conservative candidate John Humphrey Davidson  who was unopposed due to a War-time electoral pact.


1918 Faroese general election
General elections were held in the Faroe Islands on 24 April 1918, the first in which women had the right to vote. Although the Union Party narrowly received the most votes, the result was a victory for the Self-Government Party, which won 11 of the 20 seats in the Løgting.


1918 Finsbury East by-election
The Finsbury East by-election, 1918 was a parliamentary by-election held for the House of Commons constituency of East Finsbury in north London on 16 July 1918.


1918 Finsbury East by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the death on 3 July 1918 of the sitting Liberal Party MP Joseph Allen Baker, who had held the seat since himself  winning it in a by-election on 29 June 1905.


1918 Finsbury East by-election, Candidates, Liberals
Finsbury Liberal Association adopted Evan Cotton as their candidate to replace Baker. Cotton was born in India, the son of Henry John Stedman Cotton, a colonial administrator and himself a Liberal MP who sat for Nottingham East from 1906 to 1910. H. E. A. Cotton was then aged 50 years and had been Progressive Party member of the London County Council for East Finsbury since 1910. He was a barrister, having been called to the bar at Lincoln’s Inn in 1893 and a journalist.


1918 Finsbury East by-election, Candidates, Conservatives
As participants in the wartime coalition with Prime Minister David Lloyd George, the Conservatives chose not to contest the by-election and endorsed Cotton as the government candidate.


1918 Finsbury East by-election, Candidates, Labour
Even though the Labour party had withdrawn from the wartime electoral truce, they too chose not to contest the election.


1918 Finsbury East by-election, Candidates, Independents
Mr Charles Lamble, the Chairman of the Government Temporary Clerks’ Association, announced he would be standing in the election. He said he would stand as a supporter of the government but that he would be pressing for the redress of existing grievances in the Civil Service and the immediate implementation of the Whitley Report – an inquiry into the feasibility of setting up Industrial Councils in industry and administration to improve industrial relations and increase efficiency. However, in the end, Lamble decided not to fight the election.


1918 Finsbury East by-election, Candidates, Independents
There were however two Independents who did contest the by-election. Mr A S Belsher was a solicitor's managing clerk and Chairman of the London Licensed Victuallers Central Protection Board. Belsher had obtained the support of the Merchant Seamen's League. The League had resolved to boycott German goods after the war in retaliation for the U-Boat attacks on merchant shipping. They could not get Cotton to support their cause so switched allegiance to Belsher.


1918 Finsbury East by-election, Candidates, Independents
The second Independent was H S Spencer, an honorary Captain in the Royal Irish Fusiliers and an examiner in the Aeronautical Inspection Directorate of the Royal Air Force. Spencer was said to have the support of the Vigilante Society, an extreme right-wing group which campaigned against enemy aliens and what they described as ‘naturalised enemies’ in Britain. They wanted the British Empire to be reserved for what they called British people.


1918 Finsbury East by-election, Issues
The only real issue seems to have been the prosecution of the war and the nationalistic atmosphere the war was stirring up against the Germans. The candidates were all competing to see who would come across toughest on measures such as the Defence of the Realm Act, internment of enemy aliens or boycotting of goods and services from those who were German or believed to have German ancestry. This mood continued right up until polling day with the two Independent candidates’ supporters engaged in rowdyism and violence against each other.


1918 Finsbury East by-election, Result
In a wartime contest on a clearly out of date electoral register Cotton easily retained the seat for the government with a majority of 580 votes over Spencer. Turnout was only 38.7%.


1918 Finsbury East by-election, Result
The result was an endorsement by the electorate for the government’s handling of the war effort, both in military terms and on the home front. Cotton’s vote was also seen as a rejection of the kind of political violence which had marred the by-election and which was chiefly associated with the campaigns of Spencer and Belsher. The Times newspaper reported that Cotton had not been a good candidate, a weak campaigner and inconsistent on the German boycott.


1918 Finsbury East by-election, Result
They reported that although he was selected to represent the government under the party truce it was likely on his record that he would gravitate to the opposition, i.e. to the rival wing of the Liberal Party led by H H Asquith. The message The Times believed the government should take from the election was to have ‘stout-hearted and patriotic candidates’ in the field come the general election.


1918 Finsbury East by-election, Aftermath
As far as East Finsbury and Cotton were concerned, however, the election was an academic exercise. The constituency disappeared in boundary changes at the 1918 general election just a few months later. Cotton, contested the successor seat of Finsbury but he was not awarded the Coupon which went to Lt-Col. Martin Archer-Shee DSO. Archer-Shee had been MP for Finsbury Central since 1910. Clearly the government whips felt Archer-Shee fitted that description better than Cotton, who was defeated;


1918 Finsbury East by-election, Aftermath
Cotton continued his career in London government, becoming an Alderman of the LCC. He then went back to India where he served as President of the Bengal Legislature from 1922 to 1925.


1918 Flinders by-election
A by-election was held for the Australian House of Representatives seat of Flinders on 11 May 1918. This was triggered by the resignation of Nationalist MP Sir William Irvine to become Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Victoria.


1918 Flinders by-election
The Victorian Farmers' Union withdrew their candidate after extracting a promise from the Nationalist government to introduce preferential voting, although his name remained on the ballot paper. The by-election was won by Nationalist candidate and future Prime Minister Stanley Bruce.


1918 Florida Gators football team
The 1918 Florida Gators football team represented the University of Florida during the 1918 college football season. The season was the second for Alfred L. Buser as Florida's head coach. The Gators' ranks were depleted by the Spanish flu and the loss of World War I military volunteers and draftees, and Florida played only one game—a 2–14 loss to a football team from Camp Johnston,  a U.S. Army training installation in nearby Jacksonville, Florida. Buser's Gators did not play a Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) conference schedule in 1918.


1918 Fordham Maroon football team
The 1918 Fordham Maroon football team was an American football team that represented Fordham University as an independent during the 1918 college football season. Fordham claims a 16–2–1 record. College Football Data Warehouse (CFDW) lists the team's record at 4–2–1. Opponents recognized by CFDW are displayed in bold in the schedule chart below.


1918 Fordham Maroon football team
Edward Siskind, a former Fordham player, was appointed as the head coach.


1918 Fordham Maroon football team
Left halfback Frankie Frisch, known as "The Fordham Flash", led the team on offense. He later played for 19 years in Major League Baseball from 1919 to 1937 and was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.


1918 Furman Purple Hurricane football team
The 1918 Furman Purple Hurricane football team represented the Furman Purple Hurricane of Furman University during the 1918 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season.


1918 Geneva Covenanters football team
The 1918 Geneva Covenanters football team was an American football team that represented Geneva College as an independent during the 1918 college football season. Led by second-year head coach Philip Henry Bridenbaugh, the team compiled a record of 4–2, outscoring its opponents 63 to 36. Samuel A. Steele, who played at guard, was the team's captain at the outset of the season, but he died of pneumonia induced by the Spanish flu in October, after the team's opening game against the The Kiski School. Stewart, who played at center, served as captain when the team resumed play in November.


1918 Georgetown Blue and Gray football team
The 1918 Georgetown Blue and Gray football team represented Georgetown University during the 1918 college football season. Led by Albert Exendine in his fifth year as head coach, the team went 3–2.


1918 Georgia Eleventh Cavalry football team
The 1918 Georgia Eleventh Cavalry football team  represented the 11th Cavalry of Fort Oglethorpe in Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia during the 1918 college football season. In their only known contest, the Cavalry team lost 123–0 to defending national champion Georgia Tech, which was riding a 30-game unbeaten streak.


1918 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team
The 1918 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team represented the Georgia Institute of Technology during the 1918 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The Tornado was coached by John Heisman in his 15th year as head coach, compiling a record of 6–1 (3–0 SIAA) and outscoring opponents 466 to 32. Georgia Tech played its home games at Grant Field.


1918 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team
Tech eclipsed 100 points three different times. Its only road game was its only loss to national champion Pittsburgh at Forbes Field. Pittsburgh was the only team to score on Tech during the 1918 season. The defeat ended Georgia Tech's 33-game winning streak.


1918 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team
Center Bum Day was recognized as a consensus first-team All-American. He was a first-team selection by Walter Camp; the first Southerner to be chosen for Camp's  All-America first team. Bill Fincher and Joe Guyon also made consensus All-America. Fincher and Buck Flowers made Camp's second-team.


1918 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Before the season
Because of America's entry into World War I in April 1917 and the ongoing war effort, several SIAA schools did not field football teams in 1918. Coming off the South's first national championship in 1917, Tech lost several players to the war effort and was heavily reliant on freshmen.


1918 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Before the season
With captain-elect Everett Strupper lost to the war effort, tackle and placekicker Bill Fincher was left as captain. Fincher had a glass eye which he would covertly pull out after feigning an injury, turn to his opponents and say: "So that's how you want to play!"


1918 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Before the season
Coach John Heisman used the pre-snap movement of his "jump shift" offense. Former end and Notre Dame alumnus Fay Wood assisted Heisman as line coach.


1918 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Before the season
Buck Flowers was in his first year on the team. He was a small back who had transferred from Davidson, where last year he starred in the game against Tech. Flowers had grown to weigh 150 pounds and was a backup until Heisman discovered his ability as an open-field runner on punt returns. "Heisman's eyes bulged. And bulged again. On the first punt, Buck ran through the entire first team. Same thing again ... and again. Heisman had uncovered one of the greatest broken-field runners."


1918 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Clemson
The season opened with a 28–0 defeat of Clemson. During the game, Red Barron hurdled tacklers for a 40-yard gain. The last score came on a 55-yard run by Joe Guyon. Other scores came from Pug Allen and Wally Smith. Former captain Everett Strupper cheered from the sidelines.


1918 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Clemson
The starting lineup was: Fincher (left end), Doyal (left tackle), Nesbit (left guard), Davis (center), Dowling (right guard), Vandegrift (right tackle), Staton (right end), Barron (quarterback), Ferst (left halfback), Guyon (right halfback), and Allen (fullback).


1918 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Furman
Buck Flowers starred in the 118–0 victory over Furman. Joe Guyon played in the line and did well. Tech made 34 first downs. For one score, in the fourth quarter, Flowers hit Red Barron on a 72-yard touchdown pass that went 42 yards in the air.


1918 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Furman
The scoring breakdown: Barron got 4 touchdowns, Allen 3, Adams 2, Ferst 2, Guyon, Fincher, Flowers, Smith, Cobb, and Doyal one each. Fincher made 14 straight extra points. Flowers made the other two.


1918 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Furman
The starting lineup was: Fincher (left end), Doyal (left tackle), Rogers (left guard), Davis (center), Huffines (right guard), Guyon (right tackle), Staton (right end), Barron (quarterback), Flowers (left halfback), Ferst (right halfback), and Allen (fullback).


1918 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Georgia Eleventh Cavalry
Tech beat the Georgia Eleventh Cavalry, 123–0. The game was called after the start of the third quarter. The scoring breakdown: Flowers  got 5 touchdowns, Barron 4, Ferst, Allen, and Staton 2 each, Smith, Fincher, and Cobb one each.


1918 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Camp Gordon
Georgia Tech beat Camp Gordon 28–0. Frank Ferst and Red Barron each scored two touchdowns. "Barron had the game of his life" said the yearbook.


1918 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Camp Gordon
The game was nip and tuck until Everett Strupper, former Tech star playing for Gordon, fumbled, and Ferst recovered, racing 30 yards for a touchdown. In the third quarter, Red Barron had a 28-yard touchdown.


1918 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, NC State
Two days before the Armistice, Tech beat 1918 NC State Aggies football team 128–0. State's only highlight came in the third quarter, when John Ripple recovered a teammate's fumble and returned the ball 75 yards for a touchdown. However, it was called back due to an offsides penalty. Walter Camp attended the game. Ripple became the first football player from North Carolina ever to make an All-America team when he was selected second-team All-American by Camp. Five minutes into the fourth quarter, the game was called. The scoring breakdown: Barron and Ferst got 4 touchdowns each, Smith 3, Allen 3, Staton 2, Cobb 2, and Adams 1.


1918 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, NC State
The starting lineup was: Fincher (left end), Doyal (left tackle), Nesbit (left guard), Day (center), Rogers (right guard), Webb (right tackle), Staton (right end), Barron (quarterback), Ferst (left halfback), Adams (right halfback), and Allen (fullback).


1918 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Pittsburgh
After declining the challenge the previous year, Pop Warner's Pittsburgh team was set to play Georgia Tech. In a high-profile game played as a War Charities benefit Pitt dismantled Georgia Tech 32–0, ending Tech's 33-game streak without a loss. Pittsburgh was the 1918 national champion.


1918 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Pittsburgh
At Forbes Field, the dressing rooms of the two teams were separated only by a thin wall. As the Panthers were sitting around, awaiting Warner's pre-game talk, Heisman began to orate in the adjoining room. In his charge to the Tech squad, Heisman became flowery and fiery. He brought the heroes of ancient Greece and the soldier dead in his armor among the ruins of Pompeii. It was terrific and the Panthers sat, spellbound. When Heisman had finished, Warner chortled and quietly said to his players: 'Okay, boys. There's the speech. Now go out and knock them off.'


1918 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Pittsburgh
Tech's play was early hindered by fumbles. One source relates "Guyon and Flowers were very clever at intercepting forward passes, which in a measure made up for the fumbling in an early part of the game." Guyon also starred on defense.


1918 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Pittsburgh
Pitt's first score came on a pass from Tom Davies to Katy Easterday. The next score came soon after the start of the second quarter, when Davies returned a punt back 50 yards for a touchdown. A double pass got the next score. The fourth touchdown was a 6-yard touchdown by George McLaren. A 55-yard touchdown run by Davies was the final score.


1918 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Pittsburgh
Pitt lost its only game to the Cleveland Naval Reserves. On the Naval team was former Tech star Judy Harlan. Harlan stated: "I intercepted a pass and returned it to midfield in the fourth quarter. I felt I at least had evened up some of the losses we had at Tech."


1918 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Pittsburgh
The starting lineup was: Fincher (left end), Doyal (left tackle), Mathes (left guard), Day (center), Huffines (right guard), Webb (right tackle), Staton (right end), Barron (quarterback), Flowers (left halfback), Guyon (right halfback), and Allen (fullback).


1918 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Auburn
Tech beat Auburn 41–0 on a muddy field. Substitute quarterback B. Adams returned a kickoff 80 yards for a touchdown. The other five touchdowns were achieved by plodding through the mud. The first was on a pass from Buck Flowers to Joe Guyon. Flowers ran in the second, and Guyon ran in the third. Wally Smith made one, and Red Barron the last.


1918 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Auburn
The starting lineup: was Fincher (left end), Doyal (left tackle), Webb (left guard), Day (center), Mathes (right guard), Huffines (right tackle), Staton (right end), Barron (quarterback), Flowers (left halfback), Ferst (right halfback), and Guyon (fullback).


1918 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, University of Pennsylvania
Georgia Tech had a scheduled game with the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia canceled when the Spanish flu swept through Philadelphia.


1918 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Postseason, Awards and honors
Center Bum Day was recognized as a consensus first-team All-American. He was a first-team selection by Walter Camp. Day's selection by Camp as a first-team All-American was a historic first; he was the first Southerner to be chosen for Camp's annual All-America first team, which had been historically loaded with college players from Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and other Northeastern colleges. Captain Bill Fincher was also a consensus All-American, as well as Joe Guyon. Fincher and halfback Buck Flowers made Camp's second-team All-American.


1918 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Personnel, Depth chart
The following chart provides a visual depiction of Tech's lineup during the 1918 season with games started at the position reflected in parenthesis. The chart mimics the offense after the jump shift has taken place.


1918 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Personnel, Scoring leaders
The following is an incomplete list of statistics and scores, largely dependent on newspaper summaries.


1918 Giro di Lombardia
The 1918 Giro di Lombardia was the 14th edition of the Giro di Lombardia cycle race and was held on 10 November 1918. The race started in Milan and finished in Sesto San Giovanni. The race was won by Gaetano Belloni of the Bianchi team.


1918 Gravesend by-election
The Gravesend by-election was a Parliamentary by-election. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP)  to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.


1918 Gravesend by-election, Vacancy
Sir Gilbert Parker had been Conservative MP for the seat of Gravesend since the 1900 general elections. In 1918, Parker resigned his seat.


1918 Gravesend by-election, Electoral history
Parker had encountered few problems in holding the seat for the Conservatives, even in the Liberal landslide year of 1906. At the previous general election in 1910, Parker had a comfortable majority.


1918 Gravesend by-election, Candidates
Alexander Richardson was chosen to defend the seat for both the Unionist Party and the Coalition Government. He was a 54 year old engineering journalist and editor. He was standing for parliament for the first time. Due to the war-time electoral truce, he faced no opposition from either the Liberal Party or the Labour Patty. He faced two opponents, Alderman Henry Edward Davis running as an Independent Unionist and Harry Hinkley running as an Independent Labour candidate. Alderman Davis also supported the Coalition Government.


1918 Gravesend by-election, Result
The Unionists held the seat with a reduced share of the vote.


1918 Gravesend by-election, Aftermath
At the general election later that year, Richardson was again endorsed by the Coalition Government. He again faced Davis and Hinkley. Hinkley this time being endorsed by the right-wing National Party. The Labour and Liberal parties also ran candidates, splitting the ant-coalition government vote and Richardson thus won easily.


1918 Great Lakes Navy Bluejackets football team
The 1918 Great Lakes Navy Bluejackets football team represented the Naval Station Great Lakes, the United States Navy's boot camp located near North Chicago, Illinois, in college football during the 1918 college football season.


1918 Great Lakes Navy Bluejackets football team
The team compiled a 7–0–2 record, won the 1919 Rose Bowl, and featured three players (George Halas, Jimmy Conzelman, and Paddy Driscoll) who were later inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.


1918 Great Lakes Navy Bluejackets football team
Charlie Bachman, who was later inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach, also played for the 1918 Great Lakes team. Bachman at center, and the two guards, captain Emmett Keefe and Jerry Jones, were all former players for Notre Dame. Both ends came from Illinois, Halas and Dick Reichle. Hugh Blacklock and Conrad L. Eklund were at tackle.


1918 Great Lakes Navy Bluejackets football team
The team's backfield was Driscoll, Hal Erickson, Lawrence Eileson, and Blondy Reeves.


1918 Great Lakes Navy Bluejackets football team, Season summary, Iowa
On September 28, 1918, Iowa was beaten 10–0, before a crowd of 4,000 in Iowa City. Walter Eckersall in the Chicago Tribune called it "one of the best early games seen in the west in the last decade."


1918 Great Lakes Navy Bluejackets football team, Season summary, Illinois
Great Lakes beat Illinois 7–0. Great Lakes scored a touchdown in the first quarter, and both teams were held scoreless thereafter. Paddy Driscoll returned the kickoff at the start of the second half for 65 yards.


1918 Great Lakes Navy Bluejackets football team, Season summary, Northwestern
On October 26, 1918, Northwestern was fought to a scoreless tie before a crowd of 15,000. The game was played in mud that was ankle deep.


1918 Great Lakes Navy Bluejackets football team, Season summary, Notre Dame
First-year head coach Knute Rockne and Notre Dame also fought to a tie, in front of the largest crowd ever assembled at Cartier Field.


1918 Great Lakes Navy Bluejackets football team, Season summary, Rutgers
On November 16, 1918, Driscoll scored six touchdowns, including an 80-yard run, and kicked five extra points in the Naval Station's 54–14 victory over a Rutgers team starring Paul Robeson. Rutgers had a strong season up to that point. Walter Camp called it "the most startling reversal of form that has been seen on any foot ball field."


1918 Great Lakes Navy Bluejackets football team, Season summary, Navy
Navy was leading 6–0 late in the game. Bill Ingram fumbled at the 10-yard line, and Great Lakes Harry Eielson picked up the ball and ran for the goal. He crossed midfield, and Gil Dobie muttered "Tackle him" to nobody in particular. A substitute lineman came off the sidelines and tackled Eielson, who was awarded with a touchdown.


1918 Great Lakes Navy Bluejackets football team, Season summary, Purdue
Against Purdue, Great Lakes led, 6–0, at halftime, but scored 21 points in the third quarter to extend its lead. Purdue made just two first downs.


1918 Great Lakes Navy Bluejackets football team, Postseason, Rose Bowl
Great Lakes Navy won the Rose Bowl over Mare Island. George Halas was the game's MVP.


1918 Grey by-election
The Grey by-election of 1918 was a by-election during the 18th New Zealand Parliament. It was held on the 29 May 1918. The seat had become vacant due to the imprisonment of sitting member Paddy Webb who was jailed on the issue of his vocal opposition to conscription which had been enforced by Prime Minister William Massey. The by-election was won by the Labour candidate Harry Holland.


1918 Grey by-election, Candidates
Two candidates contested the seat. The Labour Party candidate was Harry Holland, who was chosen based on his strong performance in the 1918 Wellington North by-election four months earlier. Holland's candidacy was a surprise to most as he was not from the West Coast, with many expecting Mark Fagan to be selected. Holland accepted with the knowledge that he was to resign the seat when Webb was released.


1918 Grey by-election, Candidates
Former Mayor of Greymouth Thomas Eldon Coates, a local farmer and lawyer, stood as the candidate for the national coalition government formed between the Reform and Liberal party's for the duration of the First World War.


1918 Grey by-election, Candidates
Initially the Liberal Party intended to stand their own candidate, James Kerr (the son of the former member of the Legislative Council of the same name), but he withdrew in order to prevent the anti-Labour vote being split.


1918 Grey by-election, Outcome
Despite a lower voter turnout, Holland's majority was far lower than Webb's had been in 1914. Many in the Labour Party were displeased with the result and were suspicious of Holland's perceived radicalism. Holland defended this, writing to Josiah Cocking:


1918 Grey by-election, Outcome
...the whole Labor movement is agreed that the victory is the greatest ever won by Labor in New Zealand — because it was the first time that Labor had ever succeeded in defeating the Tories & Liberals in a straight out fight.


1918 Grey by-election, Outcome
A notable feature of the by-election was the poor voter turnout with well over a third abstaining. It was claimed that the majority of those who chose not to vote were Liberal Party supporters who had previously voted for Webb, thought Holland too extremist and withdrew their support.


1918 Haitian constitutional referendum
A constitutional referendum was held in Haiti on 12 June 1918. Voters were asked to approve or reject a new constitution. It was approved by 99.2% of voters.


1918 Harvard Crimson football team
The 1918 Harvard Crimson football team represented Harvard University in the 1918 college football season. The Crimson finished with a 2–1 record under first-year head coach William F. Donovan. Walter Camp did not select any Harvard players as first-team members of his 1918 College Football All-America Team.


1918 Haskell Indians football team
The 1918 Haskell Indians football team was an American football team that represented the Haskell Indian Institute  (now known as Haskell Indian Nations University) as an independent during the 1918 college football season. In its first season under head coach Bud Saunders, Haskell compiled a 1–4 record.


1918 Holy Cross football team
The 1918 Holy Cross football team was an American football team that represented the College of the Holy Cross in the 1918 college football season.


1918 Holy Cross football team
In its first and only year under head coach Bart F. Sullivan, the team compiled a 2–0 record. No team captain was named.


1918 Holy Cross football team
Amid the second-wave Spanish flu outbreak in late summer 1918, Holy Cross started the fall season with no scheduled intercollegiate football games for the first time in more than two decades. Like many New England colleges, Holy Cross did not even organize a football team until mid-October.


1918 Holy Cross football team
Holy Cross played only two games in 1918, with a schedule set by the United Way War Work Fund, and proceeds benefitting the World War I effort.


1918 Holy Cross football team
Holy Cross played both of its games at home, at Fitton Field on the college campus in Worcester, Massachusetts.


1918 Icelandic sovereignty referendum
A referendum on the Act of Union with the Kingdom of Denmark was held in Iceland on 19 October 1918. Voters were asked whether they approved of the Act, which would lead to Iceland becoming a separate kingdom under the Danish Crown, making the country a sovereign state in a personal union with Denmark. It was approved by 92.6% of voters.


1918 Idaho gubernatorial election
The 1918 Idaho gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1918. Republican nominee D. W. Davis defeated Democratic nominee H. F. Samuels with 59.95% of the vote.


1918 Illinois Fighting Illini football team
The 1918 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois during the 1918 Big Ten Conference football season. In their sixth season under head coach Robert Zuppke, the Illini compiled a 5–2 record and tied for the Big Ten Conference championship.


1918 Illinois Fighting Illini football team
Center Jack Depler was a consensus first-team All-American. Depler was selected as a first-team center by the Frank Menke Syndicate. He was the only Big Ten player to be named a consensus All-American in 1918.


1918 Illinois Fighting Illini football team
Tackle Burt Ingwersen, guard Albert Mohr, and halfback Jesse Kirkpatrick received first-team All-Big Ten honors. Ingwersen was also the acting team captain.


1918 Illinois Fighting Illini football team, Game summaries
On October 5, 1918, Illinois opened its season with a victory over the team from Chanute Aviation Field from Rantoul, Illinois. The Illini won, 3–0, before a crowd of 2,500 in Urbana, Illinois. The game's only points were scored by Illinois guard Leitsch on a field goal from the 38-yard line. The Chanute team was led by Archie Weston, who had played for Michigan in 1917. Eleven planes from the Chanute Field flew over the game. Illinois had originally been scheduled to play Iowa State on the date, but that game was canceled due to travel restrictions.


1918 Illinois Fighting Illini football team, Game summaries
On October 12, 1918, Illinois lost to the Great Lakes Naval Training Station team, 7–0, in Urbana, Illinois. Great Lakes scored a touchdown in the first quarter, and both teams were held scoreless thereafter. Paddy Driscoll returned the kickoff at the start of the second half for 65 yards. The 1918 Great Lakes Navy Bluejackets football team compiled a 3–0–1 record against Big Ten opponents, went on to win the 1919 Rose Bowl, and featured three players (George Halas, Jimmy Conzelman, and Paddy Driscoll) who were later inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Charlie Bachman, who was hired as Northwestern's coach after the season and was later inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame, also played for the 1918 Great Lakes team.


1918 Illinois Fighting Illini football team, Game summaries
On October 26, 1918,  Illinois lost, 7–0, against Chicago Naval Reserve a team from the United States Naval Reserve School at Chicago's Municipal Pier. The game was played in Urbana, Illinois. Due to health concerns, "the gates were barred and the spectators limited to coaches, water carriers, officials, and the few others necessary to pull off a contest."


1918 Illinois Fighting Illini football team, Game summaries
On November 2, 1918, Illinois defeated Iowa, 19–0, at Iowa City. Illinois scored touchdowns in the second, third, and fourth quarters. The Des Moines Register credited Illinois' victory to "perfectly executed forward passes and machinelike teamwork."


1918 Illinois Fighting Illini football team, Game summaries
On November 9, 1918, Illinois defeated Wisconsin, 22–0, before a crowd of 7,000 at Camp Randall Field in Madison, Wisconsin. According to the Chicago Daily Tribune, the Badgers were "outclassed and outweighed" while the Illini "fought like wildcats" and had the Badgers on the defensive through most of the game.


1918 Illinois Fighting Illini football team, Game summaries
On November 16, 1918, Illinois defeated Ohio State, 13–0, on a muddy field in Champaign, Illinois. Kirkpatrick and Sabo scored touchdowns for Illinois.


1918 Illinois Fighting Illini football team, Game summaries
On November 23, 1918, Illinois defeated Chicago, 29–0, at Stagg Field in Chicago.


1918 Indiana Hoosiers football team
The 1918 Indiana Hoosiers football team was an American football team that represented Indiana University during the 1918 Big Ten Conference football season. In their third season under head coach Ewald O. Stiehm, the Hoosiers compiled a 2–2 record and played no games against Big Ten Conference teams. No Indiana players received either All-American or All-Big Ten honors.


1918 Indiana Hoosiers football team, Game summaries
On October 5, 1918, Indiana's S.A.T.C. team lost to Kentucky, 24–7, in Bloomington, Indiana. Kentucky's coach, Andrew Gill, was an Indiana alumnus.


1918 Indiana Hoosiers football team, Game summaries
Indiana's game against Wabash, scheduled for October 12, was canceled due to the 1918 flu pandemic.


1918 Indiana Hoosiers football team, Game summaries
On November 2, 1918, Indiana lost to Camp Taylor, 7–3, at Washington Park in Indianapolis. The Camp Taylor team was made up of former college stars who were then serving in the Army.


1918 Indiana Hoosiers football team, Game summaries
On November 9, 1918, Indiana defeated the team from Fort Benjamin Harrison, 41–0,in Bloomington, Indiana. Indiana allowed only two first downs in the game.


1918 Indiana Hoosiers football team, Game summaries
On November 16, 1918, Indiana defeated DePauw, 13–0, before a crowd of 3,000 at Jordan Field in Bloomington, Indiana.


1918 Indiana Hoosiers football team, Game summaries
On November 25, 1918, Coach Stiehm sent a telegram instructing players to hand in their equipment. The season was ended early because of the pandemic.


1918 Iowa Hawkeyes football team
The 1918 Iowa Hawkeyes football team was an American football team that represented the University of Iowa in the 1918 Big Ten Conference football season. In their third season under head coach Howard Jones, the Hawkeyes compiled a 6–2 (2–1 against Big Ten opponents) and finished in a tie for fourth place in the conference.


1918 Iowa Hawkeyes football team
Iowa end Robert Reed and guard Harry Hunzelman received first-team All-Big Ten honors. African-American tackle Duke Slater also made his debut as a freshman for the 1918 Iowa team.


1918 Iowa Hawkeyes football team, Game summaries
On September 28, 1918, Iowa lost to Great Lakes Navy team, 10–0, before a crowd of 4,000 in Iowa City. Walter Eckersall in the Chicago Tribune called it "one of the best early games seen in the west in the last decade." The 1918 Great Lakes Navy Bluejackets football team compiled a 3–0–1 record against Big Ten opponents, went on to win the 1919 Rose Bowl, and featured three players (George Halas, Jimmy Conzelman, and Paddy Driscoll) who were later inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Charlie Bachman, who was hired as Northwestern's coach after the season and was later inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame, also played for the 1918 Great Lakes team.


1918 Iowa Hawkeyes football team, Game summaries
On October 5, 1918, Iowa defeated Nebraska, 12–0, in Lincoln, Nebraska. After a scoreless first half, Iowa scored two touchdowns in the third quarter. The victory was the first for an Iowa team over a Nebraska team since 1899.


1918 Iowa Hawkeyes football team, Game summaries
On October 12, 1918, Iowa defeated Coe College, 27–0, in Iowa City. The game was played before members of Iowa's Student Army Training Corps only. The game was canceled but then put back on schedule early on the day of the game.


1918 Iowa Hawkeyes football team, Game summaries
On November 2, 1918, Illinois defeated Iowa, 19–0, at Iowa City. Illinois scored touchdowns in the second, third, and fourth quarters. The Des Moines Register credited Illinois' victory to "perfectly executed forward passes and machinelike teamwork."


1918 Iowa Hawkeyes football team, Game summaries
On November 9, 1918, Iowa defeated the Minnesota S.A.T.C. team, 6–0, in Iowa City. The victory was Iowa's first in the Iowa–Minnesota football rivalry, having lost 12 consecutive games dating back to 1891. Iowa's touchdown was scored in the third quarter after fullback Fred Lohman threw a pass from his own 23-yard line that was caught by William Donnelly and taken to Minnesota's four-yard line. Lohman scored the winning touchdown three plays later.


1918 Iowa Hawkeyes football team, Game summaries
On November 16, 1918, Iowa defeated Iowa State, 21–0, in Iowa City. Neither team scored in the first half, but Iowa scored one touchdown in the third quarter and two in the fourth quarter. Fullback Fred Lohman returned a punt 80 yards to set the stage for one of Iowa's touchdowns. The crowd was reported to be the smallest ever to watch an Iowa–Iowa State football rivalry to that point in time.


1918 Iowa Hawkeyes football team, Game summaries
On November 23, 1918, Iowa defeated Northwestern, 23-7, in Iowa City.


1918 Iowa Hawkeyes football team, Game summaries
On November 30, 1918, Iowa and Camp Dodge played to a scoreless tie before a small crowd at Drake Stadium in Des Moines.


1918 Iowa Senate election
The 1918 Iowa State Senate elections took place as part of the biennial 1918 United States elections. Iowa voters elected state senators in 23 of the state senate's 50 districts. State senators serve four-year terms in the Iowa State Senate.


1918 Iowa Senate election
A statewide map of the 50 state Senate districts in the 1918 elections is provided by the Iowa General Assembly


1918 Iowa Senate election
The primary election on June 3, 1918 determined which candidates appeared on the November 5, 1918 general election ballot.


1918 Iowa Senate election
Following the previous election, Republicans had control of the Iowa Senate with 40 seats to Democrats' 10 seats.


1918 Iowa Senate election
To claim control of the chamber from Republicans, the Democrats needed to net 16 Senate seats.


1918 Iowa Senate election
Republicans maintained control of the Iowa State Senate following the 1918 general election with the balance of power shifting to Republicans holding 45 seats and Democrats having 5 seats (a net gain of 5 seats for Republicans).


1918 Iowa State Cyclones football team
The 1918 Iowa State Cyclones football team represented Iowa State College of Agricultural and Mechanic Arts (later renamed Iowa State University) in the Missouri Valley Conference during the 1918 college football season. In their fourth season under head coach Charles Mayser, the Cyclones compiled a 0–3 record and were outscored by opponents by a combined total of 38 to 0. Due to events related to World War I and the 1918 flu pandemic, the Missouri Valley Conference did not schedule any official conference games, recorded no standings, and awarded no title for 1918. The 1918 Iowa State team played their home games at State Field in Ames, Iowa. V.A. “Chick” Heater was the team captain.


1918 Iowa gubernatorial election
The 1918 Iowa gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1918. Republican nominee William L. Harding defeated Democratic nominee Claude R. Porter with 50.55% of the vote.


1918 Irish general election
The Irish general election of 1918 was the part of the 1918 United Kingdom general election which took place in Ireland. It is now seen as a key moment in modern Irish history because it saw the overwhelming defeat of the moderate nationalist Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP), which had dominated the Irish political landscape since the 1880s, and a landslide victory for the radical Sinn Féin party. Sinn Féin had never stood in a general election, but had won six seats in by-elections in 1917–18. The party had vowed in its manifesto to establish an independent Irish Republic. In Ulster, however, the Unionist Party was the most successful party.


1918 Irish general election
The election was held in the aftermath of the First World War, the Easter Rising and the Conscription Crisis. It was the first general election to be held after the Representation of the People Act 1918. It was thus the first election in which women over the age of 30, and all men over the age of 21, could vote. Previously, all women and most working-class men had been excluded from voting.


1918 Irish general election
In the aftermath of the elections, Sinn Féin's elected members refused to attend the British Parliament in Westminster (London), and instead formed a parliament in Dublin, the First Dáil Éireann ("Assembly of Ireland"), which declared Irish independence as a republic. The Irish War of Independence was conducted under this revolutionary government which sought international recognition, and set about the process of state-building.


1918 Irish general election, Background
In 1918 the whole of Ireland was a part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and was represented in the British Parliament by 105 Members of Parliament (MPs). Whereas in Great Britain most elected politicians were members of either the Liberal Party or the Conservative Party, from the early 1880s most Irish MPs were Irish nationalists, who sat together in the British House of Commons as the Irish Parliamentary Party.


1918 Irish general election, Background
The IPP strove for Home Rule, that is, limited self-government for Ireland within the United Kingdom, and had been supported by most Irish people, especially the Catholic majority. Home Rule was opposed by most Protestants in Ireland, who formed a majority of the population in parts of the northern province of Ulster but a minority in the rest of Ireland, and favoured maintenance of the Union with Great Britain (and were therefore called Unionists).


1918 Irish general election, Background
The Unionists were supported by the Conservative Party, whereas from 1885 the Liberal Party was committed to enacting some form of Home Rule. Unionists eventually formed their own representation, first the Irish Unionist Party then the Ulster Unionist Party. Home Rule appeared to have been finally achieved with the passing of the Home Rule Act 1914. However, the implementation of the Act was temporarily postponed with the outbreak of World War I due to determined Ulster Unionists' resistance to the Act. As the war prolonged and with the failure to make any progress on the issue, the more radical Sinn Féin began to grow in strength.


1918 Irish general election, Background, Rise of Sinn Féin
Sinn Féin was founded by Arthur Griffith in 1905. He believed that Irish nationalists should emulate the Ausgleich of Hungarian nationalists who, in the 19th century under Ferenc Deák, had chosen to boycott the imperial parliament in Vienna and unilaterally established their own legislature in Budapest.


1918 Irish general election, Background, Rise of Sinn Féin
Griffith had favoured a peaceful solution based on 'dual monarchy' with Britain, that is two separate states with a single head of state and a limited central government to control matters of common concern only. However, by 1918, under its new leader Éamon de Valera, Sinn Féin had come to favour achieving separation from Britain by means of an armed uprising if necessary and the establishment of an independent republic.


1918 Irish general election, Background, Rise of Sinn Féin
In the aftermath of the 1916 Easter Rising the party's ranks were swelled by participants and supporters of the rebellion as they were freed from British gaols and internment camps, and at its 1917 Ard Fheis (annual conference) de Valera was elected leader and the new, more radical policy adopted.


1918 Irish general election, Background, Rise of Sinn Féin
Prior to 1916, Sinn Féin had been a fringe movement having a limited cooperative alliance with William O'Brien's All-for-Ireland League and enjoyed little electoral success. However, between the Easter Rising of that year and the 1918 general election, the party's popularity increased dramatically.


1918 Irish general election, Background, Rise of Sinn Féin
This was due to the failure to have the Home Rule Bill implemented when the IPP resisted the partition of Ireland demanded by Ulster Unionists in 1914, 1916 and 1917, but also popular antagonism towards the British authorities created by the execution of most of the leaders of the 1916 rebels and by their botched attempt to introduce Home Rule on the conclusion of the Irish Convention linked with military conscription in Ireland (see Conscription Crisis of 1918).


1918 Irish general election, Background, Rise of Sinn Féin
Sinn Féin demonstrated its new electoral capability in four by-election successes in 1917 in which Count Plunkett, Joseph McGuinness, de Valera and W. T. Cosgrave were each elected, although it lost three by-elections in early 1918 before winning two more with Patrick McCartan and Arthur Griffith. In one case there were unproven allegations of electoral fraud. The party had benefitted from a number of factors in the 1918 elections, including demographic changes and political factors.


1918 Irish general election, Background, Changes in the electorate
The Irish electorate in 1918, as with the entire electorate throughout the United Kingdom, had changed in two major ways since the preceding general election. Firstly, there was a "generational" change because of the First World War, which meant that the British general election due in 1915 had not taken place. As a result, no election took place between 1910 and 1918, the longest gap in modern British and Irish constitutional history until then (it was superseded in Britain in 1935–45). Thus the 1918 election saw, in particular:


1918 Irish general election, Background, Changes in the electorate
Secondly, the franchise had been greatly extended by the Representation of the People Act 1918. This granted voting rights to women (albeit only those over 30) for the first time, and gave all men over 21 and military servicemen over 19 a vote in parliamentary elections without property qualifications. The Irish electorate increased from around 700,000 to about two million.


1918 Irish general election, Background, Changes in the electorate
Overall, a new generation of young voters, and the sudden influx of women over thirty, meant that vast numbers of new voters of unknown voter affiliation existed, changing dramatically the make-up of the Irish electorate.


1918 Irish general election, The election
Voting in most Irish constituencies occurred on 14 December 1918. While the rest of the United Kingdom fought the 'Khaki election' on other issues involving the British parties, in Ireland four major political parties had national appeal. These were the IPP, Sinn Féin, the Irish Unionist Party and the Irish Labour Party.


1918 Irish general election, The election
The Labour Party, however, decided not to participate in the election, fearing that it would be caught in the political crossfire between the IPP and Sinn Féin; it thought it better to let the people make up their minds on the issue of Home Rule versus a Republic by having a clear two-way choice between the two nationalist parties. The Unionist Party favoured continuance of the union with Britain (along with its subordinate, the Ulster Unionist Labour Association, who fought as 'Labour Unionists'). A number of other small nationalist parties also took part.


1918 Irish general election, The election
In Ireland 105 MPs could be elected from 103 constituencies (although, as stated below, four MPs were elected for two constituencies and so the total number of people elected was 101). Ninety-nine seats were elected from single seat geographical constituencies under the first-past-the-post voting system. However, there were also two two-seat constituencies: University of Dublin (Trinity College) elected two MPs under the single transferable vote and Cork City elected two MPs under the bloc voting system.


1918 Irish general election, The election
In addition to ordinary geographical constituencies there were three university constituencies: the Queen's University of Belfast (which returned a Unionist), the University of Dublin (which returned two Unionists) and the National University of Ireland (which returned a member of Sinn Féin).


1918 Irish general election, The election
Of the 105 seats, 25 were uncontested, with a Sinn Féin candidate winning unopposed. Seventeen of these seats were in Munster. In some cases it was because there was a certain winner in Sinn Féin. British government propaganda formulated in Dublin Castle and circulated through a censored press alleged that republican militants had threatened potential candidates to discourage non-Sinn Féiners from running.


1918 Irish general election, Results, Analysis
Sinn Féin candidates won 73 seats out of 105, but four party candidates (Arthur Griffith, Éamon de Valera, Eoin MacNeill and Liam Mellows) were elected for two constituencies and so the total number of individual Sinn Féin MPs elected was 69. Despite the isolated allegations of intimidation and electoral fraud on the part of both republicans and unionists, the election was seen as a landslide victory for Sinn Féin.


1918 Irish general election, Results, Analysis
Sinn Féin received 46.9% of votes island-wide, and 65% of votes in the area that became the Irish Free State. However, the 46.9% is not the total result of the overall success of Sinn Féin. That figure only accounts for 48 seats that they won because in 25 of the other constituencies the other parties did not contest them, and Sinn Féin won them unopposed. Most of these constituencies were Sinn Féin strongholds. It is estimated that, had the 25 seats been contested, Sinn Féin would have received at least 53% of the vote island-wide.


1918 Irish general election, Results, Analysis
However, this is a conservative estimate and the percentage would likely have been higher. Sinn Féin also did not contest four seats due to a deal with the IPP (see below). Labour, who had pulled out in the south under instructions to 'wait', polled better in Belfast than Sinn Féin. Within the 26 counties that became the Irish Free State, Sinn Féin achieved 400,269 votes in the contested seats out of 606,117 total votes cast which amounted to a huge landslide of 66.0% in the vote and winning 70 out of the 75 constituencies.


1918 Irish general election, Results, Analysis
The Irish Unionist Party won 22 seats and 25.3% of the vote island-wide (29.2% when Labour Unionist candidates are included), becoming the second-largest party in terms of MPs. The success of the unionists, who won 26 seats overall, was largely limited to Ulster. Otherwise, southern unionists were elected only in the constituencies of Rathmines and the University of Dublin which returned two.


1918 Irish general election, Results, Analysis
In the 26 counties that later became the Irish Free State and then the Republic of Ireland, the Irish Unionist Alliance polled 37,218 votes from 101,839 total votes cast for other parties in the constituencies that they stood a candidate. However, if all of the total votes in the contested seats where the Irish Unionist Alliance did not stand are included there was a total of 606,117 votes cast, which converts the Irish Unionist Alliance share of the vote in the 26 counties to just 6.1%. With the one Independent Unionist being elected for Dublin University adding 0.1% in total with 793 votes to give 6.2% across the 26 counties and only 3 seats won by the Unionists.


1918 Irish general election, Results, Analysis
The IPP suffered a catastrophic defeat and even its leader, John Dillon, was not re-elected. It won only six seats in Ireland, its losses exaggerated by the "first-past-the-post" system which gave it a share of seats far short of its much larger share of the vote (21.7%) and the number of seats it would have won under a "proportional representation" ballot system. All but one of its seats were in Ulster. The exception was Waterford City, the seat previously held by John Redmond, who had died earlier in the year, and retained by his son Captain William Redmond.


1918 Irish general election, Results, Analysis
Four of their Ulster seats were part of the deal to avoid unionist victories which saved some for the party but may have cost it the support of Protestant voters elsewhere. The IPP came close to winning other seats in Louth and Wexford South, and in general their support held up better in the north and east of the island. The party was represented in Westminster by seven MPs because T. P. O'Connor won the Liverpool Scotland seat due to Irish emigrant votes. The remnants of the IPP in time became the Nationalist Party under the leadership of Joseph Devlin.


1918 Irish general election, Results, Analysis
In the 26 counties that became the Irish Free State, the Irish Parliamentary Party won 181,320 votes out of 606,117 total votes cast in the contested seats which amounts to a 26.0% vote share. If the Independent Home Rule Nationalists are included there were 11,162 votes which comes to 1.8% and a vote share of 27.8% for the Nationalists. The Irish Parliamentary Party held on to just 2 seats in the 26 counties that became Southern Ireland and then the Irish Free State.


1918 Irish general election, Results, Analysis, Ulster
In Ulster (nine-counties), Unionists won 23 out of the 38 seats with Sinn Féin gaining ten and the Irish Parliamentary Party five. There was a limited electoral pact brokered by Roman Catholic Cardinal Michael Logue in December between Sinn Féin and the Nationalist IPP in eight seats. However, it only concluded after nominations closed. Sinn Féin, remarkably successfully, instructed its supporters to vote IPP in Armagh South, despite no Unionist candidate (79 SF votes), Down South (33 SF votes for Éamon de Valera), Tyrone North-East (56 SF votes) and Donegal East (46 SF votes).


1918 Irish general election, Results, Analysis, Ulster
The IPP instructed its supporters to vote Sinn Féin in Fermanagh South (132 IPP votes) which had no Unionist candidate, Londonderry City (120 IPP votes) where Eoin MacNeill narrowly beat the Unionist, and Tyrone North-West also against a Unionist but where no IPP candidate was nominated.


1918 Irish general election, Results, Analysis, Ulster
The discipline of voters, when faced with two rival nationalist candidates and with only a post-nomination pact, was impressive. The pact only broke down in Down East where a Unionist won as the IPP candidate refused to participate, thus splitting the Catholic nationalist vote.


1918 Irish general election, Results, Analysis, Ulster
There was no pact in Belfast Falls which Joe Devlin (IPP) won with 8,488 votes against 3,245 for Éamon de Valera (SF) although no Unionist stood. The only other Belfast seat contested by both nationalist parties was Duncairn against Edward Carson, otherwise Sinn Féin stood alone in seven seats reaching double figures in two. Monaghan North was won by Sinn Féin's Ernest Blythe in a three-cornered fight against both IPP and Unionist candidates.


1918 Irish general election, Results, Analysis, Ulster
In the Monaghan South, and Donegal North, South and West seats, despite no Unionist standing, Sinn Féin won all four against IPP candidates.


1918 Irish general election, Results, Analysis, Ulster
Sinn Féin took the two (uncontested) Cavan seats with Arthur Griffith taking his second in Cavan East as well as that of Tyrone North West.


1918 Irish general election, Results, Analysis, Ulster
Unionists won a clear majority of the 38 Ulster seats including eight of the nine in Belfast. In the six Ulster counties which formed the future Northern Ireland, Unionists won 23 of the 30 seats. The vote totals were: