1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, West Virginia
In Coach Warner's weekly Pittsburgh Press column he wrote: "West Virginia has the best prospects she has ever had and the best material in the section. Everything points to a West Virginia victory, and only good fortune and a super-human effort on the part of Pitt players can stave off a defeat." He also bemoaned the fumbling of the Panthers in the Lafayette game and was disappointed in the ineffectiveness of the Pitt running game.


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, West Virginia
Max E. Hannum of The Pittsburgh Press reported: "West Virginia University's football team ...was good enough to make it two in a row over Pitt, setting the Panther back upon its haunches at Forbes Field yesterday by a score of 13 to 7."


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, West Virginia
The first quarter ended scoreless with West Virginia in possession of the ball on the Pitt 8-yard line. They had third down with six to go. On fourth down Nick "Nardacci circled right end for a touchdown." Lloyd Jordan broke through the line and blocked Gus Eckberg's attempt at goal. WVU led 6 to 0. Later in the quarter, the Mountaineers gained possession on their 45-yard line and advanced the ball steadily downfield. Four first downs and they were on the Pitt 12-yard line. Eckberg and Nardacci ran the ball to the 2-yard line from where Eckberg threw a pass to Nardacci "skimming across the Panther goal line for a second touchdown." Eckberg was good on the point after and WVU led 14 to 0 at halftime.


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, West Virginia
In the third quarter, Nardacci fumbled a punt and Pitt recovered on the Mountaineers' 27-yard line. Three straight carries by Andy Gustafson accounted for the lone Pitt touchdown. The Pitt Weekly noted: "When Andy Gustafson plunged for twenty yards through that West Virginia team, carrying half of the West Virginia eleven with him, he could have been made the mayor of Pittsburgh." Milo Gwosden added the point after and the score read WVU 13 to Pitt 7. The Pitt offense was unable to generate another drive and their defense worked diligently to keep the Mountaineers out of the end zone in the fourth quarter. West Virginia finished the season with a 7-1-1 record.


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, West Virginia
The score indicates a close game, but the statistics prove otherwise. West Virginia accumulated 19 first downs to Pitt's 3. The Mountaineers gained 197 yards from scrimmage on the ground and 97 yards through the air. Pitt managed 39 yards from scrimmage on the ground and 22 yards through the air. "Probably the largest disparity in yardage a Warner-coached Pitt team has ever experienced."


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, West Virginia
The Pitt lineup for the game against West Virginia was Lloyd Jordan (left end), Thomas Murdoch (left tackle), Paul Templeton (left guard), William Ashbaugh (center), Hary Seidelson (right guard), Zoner Wissinger (right tackle), Milo Gwosden (right end), Nick Shuler (quarterback), William Flanagan (Left halfback), Karl Bohren (right halfback) and Nick Colonna (fullback). Substitutes appearing in the game for Pitt were Ralph Chase, Marsh Johnson, Andy Gustafson, James Brown, Frank Byers and Noble Frank. The game was played in 15-minute quarters.


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, at Syracuse
The next game on the schedule was a road trip to New York City to meet the Syracuse Orange led by fourth year coach Chick Meehan. The Orange were undefeated at 3-0 with a 23-0 win over Alabama the previous week. This historic seventh meeting in the series was the first college football game played in the new Yankee Stadium.


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, at Syracuse
The Syracuse line was anchored by consensus All-America end Pete MacRae and future College Hall of Fame tackle Pappy Waldorf, who also received All-America mentions.


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, at Syracuse
Coach Warner wrote that he was hopeful the Panthers would continue to improve but Syracuse was a veteran team. "The Panthers will likely suffer another defeat tomorrow. I will be greatly surprised if Pitt wins. The boys cannot get into proper condition for tomorrow's game after such hard games as they have passed through. Syracuse had an easy time of it thus far, and has pointed for this game." Their line averages 190 pounds per man and the entire backfield of last year returned. "I feel that it would be a miracle if Pitt should defeat such a team at this time."


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, at Syracuse
"Chick Meehan's Syracuse team gained a measure of revenge on Pop Warner's Pittsburgh Panthers..winning by 3 to 0 in a bitterly waged ..game." "The game was won in the third period when John F. McBride, great plunging fullback, carefully took aim with his eye and then shot his trusty right foot against the oval and sent it spinning as straight as a bullet from a gun directly over the center of the Pittsburgh crossbars. The ball was held by quarterback Simmons and kicked from the 25-yard line."


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, at Syracuse
In the opening minutes of the game Syracuse advanced the ball to the Pitt one yard line and surrendered the ball on downs. Pitt had two opportunities in the second period to score but the Syracuse pass defense held them out of the end zone. In the third period, McBride had his first field goal attempt blocked minutes earlier than his game winner. "Every Pittsburgh attempt was foiled in the final period, although Warner's charges tried desperately to get within scoring distance." Syracuse finished the season with an 8-1 record.


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, at Syracuse
The Pitt lineup for the game against Syracuse was Lloyd Jordan (left end), Harold Akins (left tackle), Paul Templeton (left guard), Marsh Johnson (center), Harry Seidelson (right guard), Zoner Wissinger (right tackle), Milo Gwosden (right end), Nick Shuler (quarterback), William Flanagan (left halfback), Karl Boren (right halfback) and Andy Gustafson (fullback). Substitutes appearing in the game for Pittsburgh were Ralph Evans, Robert Irwin, Noble Frank, Thomas Murdoch, William Ashbaugh, Frank Byers, Nick Colonna and Ralph Chase. The game was played in 15-minute quarters.


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Carnegie Tech
After a four year hiatus, the fifth game on the Pitt schedule was the resumption of "The City Championship" against Carnegie Tech. The Tartans were 3-1 on the season, narrowly losing to Washington &  Jefferson 9-7 the previous week. Coach Walter Steffen was in his ninth year at the helm (1914-1923) and he owned a 40-24-2 record. Coach Steffen spoke with the Post-Gazette: "Warner's resourcefulness and his ability to use his reserve material to advantage, in which department he has Carnegie at a great disadvantage, should win for Pitt.


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Carnegie Tech
Our best bet, Jimmy Robertson, and our best end, Meffort, are handicapped by injuries. Tech was badly used up against W. and J., while Pitt sustained very little injury against Syracuse. Everything considered, the best we expect is to hold Pitt to a low score, and the boys certainly will do their best toward that end."


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Carnegie Tech
Similarly, Coach Warner bemoaned injuries to his lineup in his weekly column and was not confident of victory. "Before Tech's fine showing against Wash – Jeff, I had thought Pitt would come through with a victory. It now looks to me as though Pitt will have to show better football than she has yet this season if another defeat is to be staved off. The teams appear to me to be very evenly matched, and I regard the outcome as a toss-up."


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Carnegie Tech
Max E. Hannum of The Pittsburgh Press reported: "Carnegie Tech's fondest dream came true yesterday at Forbes Field, when her gridiron warriors downed the blue and gold of Pitt for the first time in history. The score was 7 to 2, the Tartans coming from behind for their victory after a safety in the second quarter had given the Panthers two points."


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Carnegie Tech
After a scoreless first quarter, which saw Pitt stall on two drives deep into Tartan territory, the Panther linemen, Harold Akins and Lloyd Jordan, blocked a Tech punt by Anderson in the end zone. "Anderson caught the ball as it came down, but was dropped in his tracks and a safety was scored." The Tech offense then moved the ball to the Pitt 5-yard line and lost it on downs. Pitt led 2-0 at halftime.


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Carnegie Tech
Tartan back Jimmy Robertson returned the second half kick-off to his 33-yard line. On first down Tech completed a 52-yard pass play, Newman to Kristoff, ending on the Panther 15-yard line. Next play, Robertson "started around the Pitt left end; his path was blocked; several enemy tacklers brushed him, when suddenly he reversed his direction far behind the line of scrimmage and sprinted around the opposite terminal for the score, not a hostile player laid a hand on him."


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Carnegie Tech
Comfort was good on the placement kick and Tech led 7 to 2. Pitt managed two more drives deep into Tech territory but came up short each time. The Panthers offense dominated the statistics: Pitt gained 352 total yards – Tech gained 167; Pitt earned 16 first downs – Tech managed 5. However, the Carnegie Tech defense recovered two Pitt fumbles and intercepted two Pitt passes. This was the first time the Warner - coached Panthers lost three games in a row. Carnegie Tech finished the season with a 4-3-1 record.


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Carnegie Tech
The Pitt lineup for the game against Carnegie Tech was Lloyd Jordan (left end), Harold Akins (left tackle), Paul Templeton (left guard), Marsh Johnson (center), Noble Frank (right guard), Zoner Wissinger (right tackle), Milo Gwosden (right end), Nick Shuler (quarterback), William Flanagan (left halfback), Karl Boren (right halfback) and Andy Gustafson (fullback). Substitutes appearing in the game for Pitt were Frank Byers, James Brown, Carl Sauer and Harry Seidelson. The game was played in 15-minute quarters.


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, at Penn
The Panthers annual sojourn to Philadelphia to meet the Penn Quakers took place the weekend of November 3rd. The Quakers were led by first year coach Lou Young. Coach Young played for Penn from 1912-1914 and captained the 1913 team that went 6-3-1. His present eleven were 4-1, having defeated a strong Centre College team the previous week. Penn had never beaten the Panthers and Gordon Mackay of The Inquirer wrote: "Pitt, on the strength of the Blue and Gold's performances on the past three Saturdays, does not loom as formidable as of yore.


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, at Penn
However, the Panther always manages to eke around Penn, somehow or other. But if the Quakers lose today then the undergraduates and alumni have a right never to expect another victory over Pitt – as the gods of war and fortune have built everything that should conduce to a triumph for the gladiators across the Schuykill."


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, at Penn
Coach Warner agreed that "if Penn didn't win today, her chances of scalping the Panther would be lessened in the coming years." He also was concerned that his starting guard Paul Templeton would miss the game and Nick Colonna would be making his first start at quarterback.


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, at Penn
Gordon Mackay of The Philadelphia Inquirer penned: "From the barren past of eight sterile, fruitless years of battle against the Panther, Penn swept to victory yesterday at Franklin Field, 6 to 0, in one of the most thrilling struggles waged by football warriors of the Red and Blue in recent years."


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, at Penn
At the end of the scoreless first quarter, William Flanagan fumbled and Penn back Enid Thomas recovered on Pitt's 35-yard line. The Penn backfield of McGraw, Hamer and Thomas steadily advanced the ball to the Pitt 4-yard line. Rae McGraw then went over for the game's only score. Milo Gwosden blocked Hamer's extra point attempt. Penn led 6 to 0. The ball see-sawed back and forth between the two elevens in the second half and the Penn defense was able to hold off the desperate Pitt aerial attack to secure the victory.


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, at Penn
Pitt garnered 11 first downs to 9 for Penn and out gained the Quakers 326 yards to 265. But the Panthers fumbled 5 times and Penn recovered 3 of them. Pitt was also guilty of 7 penalties for a total of 65 yards.


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, at Penn
Regis M. Welsh of the Pittsburgh Daily Post summed it up best: "The Panthers owe their defeat to no one but themselves. Their atrocious fumbling of punts, their misplays in the line and their repeated faults, taking away from them the fruits of hard earned marches at several stages of the game."


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, at Penn
The Pitt lineup for the game against Penn was Lloyd Jordan (left end), Harold Akins (left tackle), Noble Frank (left guard), Marsh Johnson (center), Harry Seidelson (right guard), Zoner Wissinger (right tackle), Milo Gwosden (right end) Nick Colonna (quarterback), William Flanagan (left halfback), Karl Bohren (right halfback) and Andy Gustafson (fullback). Substitutes appearing in the game for Pitt were Ralph Chase, Carl Sauer, Nick Shuler, James Brown and Frank Byers. The game was played in 15-minute quarters.


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Grove City
Graduate Manager Karl E. Davis scheduled Grove City College between the Penn and Washington & Jefferson games to give the Panthers a so-called breather game. Additionally, Grove City was coached by Guy Williamson and assisted by Charles Bowser, both former Pitt stars. Pitt had not played Grove City since 1906 and held a 5-2-1 edge in the series. Coach Williamson's Crimson won the class B Collegiate Championship of Western Pennsylvania the previous season and presently had a 3-2 record. According to The Pittsburgh Press: "It looks now that Pitt has bitten off more than she expected to, and that the game will be between two teams that are more evenly matched than it was thought they would be, when the game was arranged."


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Grove City
Coach Warner admitted: "While it is rather late in the season to make changes in the lineup, it has been deemed wise to give some of the promising reserves a tryout before the big games with W. & J. and State to make sure no good men are being overlooked, and at the same time give some of the regulars a much-needed rest." The Panther backfield was composed of substitutes since Jake Bohren and William Flanagan were nursing injuries and Nick Colonna was attending his mother's funeral.


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Grove City
Regis M. Welsh of The Pittsburgh Sunday Post reported: "The thrill which comes once in a lifetime to towns off the main line was felt throughout Mercer county for a short minute yesterday afternoon when Grove City, Class B, but fighting like an A Class or better aggregation, tied the score with the Pitt Panther and made it look as though the day of reckoning for 'Pop' Warner had not yet passed.


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Grove City
But then, unaccustomed to concrete stands, bands dolled up in full regalia and other things which go with big league stuff, Keck, the Crimson back, forgetting the rudiments of the game during the excitement, tried to catch a punt on his own three-yard line, instead of letting it roll over the line.


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Grove City
And like all fellows who forget, Keck made his play complete by forgetting to hold the ball, and as (Pitt guard) 'Hap' Frank dashed down the field and slid onto the bounding oval, Pitt, beaten four times in succession, finally achieved a victory, 13-7, and heard the crowd give them a cheer."


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Grove City
The first quarter was scoreless. Late in the second period Pitt gained possession on their 27-yard line. James Brown completed a short pass to John Harding and he "took the ball on the dead run and started off down the field on an ankle excursion that only ended when he stepped over the goal line." Brown converted the goal after and Pitt led at halftime 7 to 0.


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Grove City
Early in the third quarter Grove City end, Clees, "jumped into the hero role by spearing a toss from Harding and carrying it to the (Pitt) 15 before a mass of blue jerseys cut him to earth." Five plays later "Hartman squirmed and wiggled his way over the goal." Hill converted the placement and the score was tied. Grove City kicked off and forced a punt. Their jubilation was short-lived as Keck fumbled the punt into the end zone and Frank recovered for Pitt's go-ahead touchdown. The Crimson line burst through and smothered Milo Gwosden's placement kick. Final score: Pitt 13 – Grove City 7.


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Grove City
The Pitt lineup for the game against Grove City was Lloyd Jordan (left end), Harold Akins (left tackle), Ralph Chase (left guard), Marsh Johnson (center), Thomas Murdoch (right guard), Zoner Wissinger (right tackle), Milo Gwosdaen (right end), Frank Williams (quarterback), John Harding (left halfback), James Brown (right halfback) and Nick Shuler (fullback). Substitutes appearing in the game for Pitt were Carl Sauer, Nick Colonna, William Haines, Paul Templeton, Frank Byers, Noble Frank and Robert Irwin. The game was played in 15-minute quarters.


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
In 1923 in Pittsburgh, "there is no game that commands more attention than that between the Panthers and the Presidents...the old rivalry is always there, and the meetings between them stir up enthusiasm that is not matched by any other contest on the western Pennsylvania program." Adding to the drama, was the fact that, John Heisman was the new coach of the Presidents.


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
Since the 1895 confrontation between Georgia, coached by Warner, and Auburn, led by Heisman, which was won by Auburn, Heisman has been unable to duplicate the feat with his Georgia Tech or University of Pennsylvania elevens against the Panthers. Coach Warner hoped to keep the streak intact. Washington & Jefferson was 5-0-1 on the season with a tie against the "Jock" Sutherland Lafayette eleven their only blemish. The President's line was anchored by All-America tackle Chet Widerquist. "Heisman admitted that his team was in splendid condition."


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
To bolster the line play for the game with W. & J., coach Warner enlisted the aid of Grove City assistant coach Charles Bowser. The Haskell Indian team had a stopover in Pittsburgh on Tuesday on their way to New York City and engaged in a beneficial forty minute scrimmage with the Panthers. "The men will enter the game on Saturday in better physical condition than they have known for some time, and, regardless of the outcome, it is certain that W. & J. will know she has been through a hard game when it is all over."


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
Chester L. Smith of The Gazette Times reported: "The long, bitter trail, leading down into the valley of defeat, which the Panther has followed through the autumn, took a turn upward in an hour of tense football at Forbes Field yesterday, when a Pitt team – the reincarnation of Pitt teams of yore – swept Washington & Jefferson down into the depths of a heart-breaking 13-to-6 whipping."


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
The scoreless first period ended with Pitt in possession on their own 33-yard line. On the second play after the break, "(Andy) Gustafson hit the left side of the W. & J. line, got loose and with superb interference, ran 55 yards to the W. & J. 5-yard line." The Presidents held on downs and took over possession on their 4-yard line. W. & J. punted and the Pitt offense ended up on the Presidents 12-yard line. The W. & J. defense held and Pitt end Milo Gwosden kicked an 18-yard field goal and Pitt led 3 to 0. After an exchange of possessions Pitt was forced to punt and W. & J. back Niehaus blocked the kick and scooped it up and raced 40 yards for the touchdown. The point after attempt was blocked by Lloyd Jordan. Halftime score: W. & J. 6 – Pitt 3.


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
The second half was all Pitt. On Pitt's second possession from their 21-yard line the offense started a sustained drive and advanced the ball to the W. & J. 7-yard line. The Presidents defense stiffened but on fourth down "Bohren climaxed the wonderful drive by dashing off the W. & J. right tackle for a touchdown. Gwosden kicked a placement goal for the extra point." Pitt 10 – W. & J. 6. The fourth quarter was played in W. & J. territory with Pitt finally recovering a fumble on the W. & J. 19-yard line and converting a Frank Byers placement field goal from the 24-yard line for the final points of the game. Pitt 13 to W. & J. 6.


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
The game statistics magnify the superiority of the Panther eleven in this game. The underdog Panthers out gained the favored Presidents 294 yards to 75 and Pitt earned 14 first downs to 4 for Wash.-Jeff.


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
"Never before in the history of Forbes Field was there such a moment of sheer ecstasy of delight as that of Pitt students, alumni and followers when that final whistle sounded assuring the Panther of a victory almost too good to be true... The second the field judge shrilled his blast, the mob surged forward, heeding not the adhering mud, and fairly engulfed the triumphant eleven.. Then along came the band, blaring forth joyously that ancient paean of achievement, 'Hail, Hail, the Gang's All Here'."


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
The Pitt lineup for the game against Washington & Jefferson was Lloyd Jordan (left end),Ralph Chase (left tackle), Paul Templeton (left guard), Marsh Johnson (center), Harry Seidelson (right guard), Zoner Wissinger (right tackle), Milo Gwosden (right end), Nick Shuler (quarterback), William Flanagan (left halfback), Karl Boren (right halfback) and Andy Gustafson (fullback). Substitutes appearing in the game for Pitt were Thomas Murdoch, Frank Byers, James Brown, Nick Colonna, Carl Sauer and Noble Frank. The game was played in 15-minute quarters.


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Penn State
With Pitt owning a 4-4 record and the Lions of Mt. Nittany coming to the Thanksgiving Day tussle with a 6-1-1 slate, the likelihood of sending Coach Warner off to Stanford with a final game victory looked slim. The Nittanies had tied West Virginia, lost to Syracuse, and beat Penn handily (20-0) in their last game. Sixth year coach Hugo Bezdek's team had consensus All-America halfback and future College Football Hall of Fame member "Lighthorse" Harry Wilson starring in the backfield, and All-America guard Joe Bedenk anchoring the line. Warner warned: "Against Pitt the indications are that Bezdek will have his strongest combination all in good condition for the first time this year."


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Penn State
The Pittsburgh Press noted: "It goes without saying that Pitt's veteran coach would literally give several years of his life to wind up his career at Pitt with a victory over Penn State... He and Bezdek may never coach teams again that will meet each other. And 'Pop' would like to take away with him a memory of a final triumph over Hugo's lads."


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Penn State
"Prior to kickoff, the Panther mascot presented Warner with a diamond scarf pin, a token of affection from the student body. In the stands, fans held up large gold-and-blue placards that spelled out 'Pop'."


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Penn State
Ralph S. Davis reported: "The Nittany Lion was driven out of the jungle yesterday by a lean and hungry Panther. One of the biggest gridiron surprises of the season was sprung at Forbes Field, when Pop Warner's Pittites wiped up a muddy field with the highly touted Bezdekians from Penn State College. The score of the game – 20 to 3 – hardly tells the story of Pitt's superiority over a foe that was expected to make mincemeat of the Panther."


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Penn State
Penn State scored first. The Panthers botched a punt and Penn State gained possession on the Pitt 22-yard line. The Pitt defense held and State tackle Dick Schuster kicked a 29-yard field goal. Early in the second stanza Pitt's offense sustained a 60-yard drive with Karl Bohren and William Flanagan alternating receiving and throwing passes. Bohren capped the drive with a 23-yard pass to Flanagan for the first Pitt touchdown. Milo Gwosden converted the point after and Pitt led 7 to 3.


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Penn State
After the kick-off State was forced to punt and Gustafson fumbled giving State the ball on the Pitt 26-yard line. On second down Bohren intercepted and out-raced Harry Wilson 70 yards for the second Pitt touchdown of the quarter. Gwosden was successful on the point after and Pitt led at halftime, 14 to 3. The final tally came in the third period. Gwosden's attempted field goal rolled to the 2-yard line. State tried to advance the ball but the Panther defense forced a punt. "(Ralph) Chase crashed his way through, launched his body in the path of the pigskin and sent it rolling. Milo Gwosden was the first to reach it and as Milo hugged the ball to him what remained of the Lion's hope for reprisal flickered out."


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Penn State
The Pitt lineup for the game against Penn State was Lloyd Jordan (left end), Ralph Chase (left tackle), Paul Templeton (left guard), Marsh Johnson (center), Harry Seidelson (right guard), Zoner Wissinger (right tackle), Milo Gwosden (right end), Nick Shuler (quarterback), William Flanagan (left halfback), Karl Bohren (right halfback) and Andy Gustafson (fullback). Substitutes appearing in the game for Pitt were Harold Akins, James Brown, Nick Colonna, Noble Frank, Frank Byers, Carl Sauer and William Ashbaugh.


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Penn State
Coach Warner wrote in The Gazette Times: "It was a great victory, that of Pitt over Penn State yesterday, and I was delighted more than words can tell at the way the boys played. They knew I wanted to win this windup game of my coaching career at Pitt more than any other they ever played and while primarily they were playing for the Blue and Gold of Pitt, I think they showed me that they were fighting for the 'old man' as well as for their alma mater, and I appreciate their final effort. The Pitt squad is composed of a grand bunch of boys and I was very proud of their loyalty and friendship."


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Postseason
Ralph Davis of the Pittsburgh Press penned an apt farewell to Coach Warner: "As Glenn S. Warner steps out of the University of Pittsburgh football picture, it is only fitting that his passing should be noted. It is with genuine regret that thousands of football lovers in this city mark his going. He placed Pitt in the front football rank. In the nine years that he was head coach here, he has never turned out a poor team.


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Postseason
He has had his off-seasons, of course, but he has always finished a season with a better team than he had at the beginning. He is a real gridiron wizard - one of the few men who give their entire thought to football. Pitt will miss hin beyond question, for his equal is hard to find. And as he goes to Stanford next fall, he will take with him the best wishes of all who have thoroughly enjoyed football as played by the teams he has coached."


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Postseason
The following 19 players and Manager received their "P" from the Athletic Council – Captain Lloyd Jordan, Ralph Chase, Paul Templeton, Marsh Johnson, William Ashbaugh, William Flanagan, Harold Akins, Franklin Byers, Tom Murdoch, Nick Shuler, Milo Gwosdan, Zoner Wissinger, Harry Seidelson, Noble Lee Frank, Andrew Gustafson, Karl Boren, James Brown, Nick Colonna, Carl Sauer and Manager R. French Boulton.


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Postseason
Noble Lee Frank was voted Captain for the 1924 season by the 19 lettermen.


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Postseason
Harry M. Reed was appointed student manager of the football team for the 1924 season.


1923 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Postseason
John Bain Sutherland was feted on December 20th in Easton, PA and presented with a gold watch for his service as Lafayette coach. His 5-year coaching record with the Leopards was 33-8-2. After dinner "Jock" headed back to Pittsburgh as both a dental faculty member and the new head football coach of the University of Pittsburgh.


1923 Pittsburgh Pirates season
The 1923 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the 42nd season of the Pittsburgh Pirates franchise; the 37th in the National League. The Pirates finished third in the league standings with a record of 87–67.


1923 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1923 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1923 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1923 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1923 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1923 Polish Football Championship
1923 Polish Football Championship was the 4th edition of the Polish Football Championship (Non-League) and 3rd completed season ended with the selection of a winner. The championship was decided in final tournament played among eight teams (winners of the regional A-Class championship) participated in the league which was divided into 2 groups: an Eastern and a Western one. The winners of both groups, Pogoń Lwów and Wisła Kraków, played a 2 leg final match for the title (and one additional match on neutral ground in Warsaw). The champions were Pogoń Lwów, who won their 2nd Polish title.


1923 Polish Football Championship
By the PZPN decision, the next Polish championships were not to take place until 1925, because the Polish championships in 1924 were abandoned as a result of preparations of the Polish national team to participate in the 1924 Olympic Football Tournament.


1923 Polish Football Championship, Competition modus
The final tournaments started on 12 August 1923 and concluded on 4 November 1923 (spring-autumn system). In each of groups the season was played as a round-robin tournament. A total of 8 teams participated. Each team played a total of 6 matches, half at home and half away, two games against each other team. Teams received two points for a win and one point for a draw. The winners of both groups played a 2 leg final match for the title.


1923 Portsmouth South by-election
The Portsmouth South by-election, 1923 was a parliamentary by-election held in England on 13 August 1923 to elect a new Member of Parliament (MP) for the House of Commons constituency of Portsmouth South in Hampshire.


1923 Portsmouth South by-election, Vacancy
The seat had become vacant when the constituency's Conservative MP Leslie Orme Wilson had been appointed as Governor of Bombay, and had therefore resigned from the Commons on 26 July by the procedural device of accepting appointment as Steward of the Manor of Northstead. Wilson had held the seat for less than a year, having won it at a by-election in December 1922. He had previously been the MP for Reading from 1913 to 1922.


1923 Portsmouth South by-election, Aftermath
Cayzer was re-elected for Portsmouth South at the next five general elections, and held the seat until he was ennobled in 1939. Lawson never stood for Parliament again. The result at the following general election;


1923 Portuguese presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Portugal on 6 August 1923. The Congress of the Republic elected the president in Lisbon instead of the Portuguese people. However the new president Manuel Teixeira Gomes was elected In absentia, meaning that he wasn't present during the election.


1923 Portuguese presidential election
There were a total of 5 candidates, 2 from the Democratic Party (Portugal) and 3 from the Republican Party (Portugal). Of these candidates, only the 2 Democratic Party (Portugal) members were left in which Manuel Teixeira Gomes won in a landslide victory against old president and party colleague Bernardino Machado.


1923 Pottsville Maroons season
The 1923 Pottsville Maroons season was their 4th season in existence. The team played independently would go on to post a 7-3-2 record.


1923 Prime Minister Honours
The 1923 Prime Minister Honours were announced on 8 February 1923, the list of political appointments was recommended by the Prime Minister Bonar Law. The list was not issued as part of the 1923 New Year Honours as it was delayed to allow scrutiny by a Privy Council committee following a recommendation of a Royal Commission on Honours. It was sometimes known as the "Short Honours List".


1923 Prince Edward Island general election
The 1923 Prince Edward Island general election was held in the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island on July 24, 1923.


1923 Prince Edward Island general election
The opposition Conservatives led by James D. Stewart gained many seats to defeat the incumbent government of Liberal Premier John Howatt Bell.


1923 Prince Edward Island general election
This election had a number of firsts for PEI. It was the first election in which women on the Island could vote, following legislation passed in 1921.


1923 Prince Edward Island general election
It also featured the first organized third party in a PEI election, when local members of the Progressive Party ran four candidates in three Prince County districts and collected just over 2% of the vote.


1923 Prince Edward Island general election, Members Elected
The Legislature of Prince Edward Island had two levels of membership from 1893 to 1996 - Assemblymen and Councillors. This was a holdover from when the Island had a bicameral legislature, the General Assembly and the Legislative Council.


1923 Prince Edward Island general election, Members Elected
In 1893, the Legislative Council was abolished and had its membership merged with the Assembly, though the two titles remained separate and were elected by different electoral franchises. Assembleymen were elected by all eligible voters of within a district, while Councillors were only elected by landowners within a district.


1923 Princeton Tigers football team
The 1923 Princeton Tigers football team represented Princeton University in the 1923 college football season. The team finished with a 3–3–1 record under 10th-year head coach Bill Roper. No Princeton players were first-team honorees on the 1923 College Football All-America Team.


1923 Punjab Legislative Council election
Legislative Council elections were held in Punjab Province in British India in late 1923. They were the second legislative council elections held in the province under the Government of India Act 1919. The newly elected Council was constituted on 2 January 1924 when its first meeting was held.


1923 Punjab Legislative Council election
Sheikh Abdul Qadir was elected as its president. He resigned from the office when he was appointed as Minister of Education and was succeeded by Shahab-ud-din. The Council held its last meeting on 25 October 1926 and was dissolved on 27 October. It held 102 meetings.


1923 Purdue Boilermakers football team
The 1923 Purdue Boilermakers football team was an American football team that represented Purdue University during the 1923 Big Ten Conference football season. In their second season under head coach James Phelan, the Boilermakers compiled a 2–5–1 record, finished in a tie for seventh place in the Big Ten Conference with a 1–4 record against conference opponents, and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 106 to 65. Ralph Claypool was the team captain.


1923 Quantico Marines Devil Dogs football team
The 1923 Quantico Marines Devil Dogs football team represented the Quantico Marine Base in the 1923 college football season. The team was led by third-year head coach John Beckett. In a 10-game schedule, the team went 7–2–1, with losses to VMI and Michigan. Between those two losses, the team had a six-game winning streak where they outscored opponents by an aggregate of 248–3. The season ended with a tie against Haskell and a 7–0 win over military rival Third Army Corps.


1923 Quantico Marines Devil Dogs football team, Game summaries, at Michigan
On November 10, 1923, the Quantico Marines faced the 1923 Michigan Wolverines football team at Ferry Field in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The game was attended by 2,000 Marines and by several dignitaries, including Secretary of the Navy Edwin Denby, who had played football at Michigan in the 1890s, and Marine Corps Commandant John A. Lejeune. The Wolverines, who went on to an undefeated season and a national championship, defeated the Marines, 26–6. The Marines took the opening kickoff and drove 89 yards for a touchdown, using "a bewildering aerial and line attack."


1923 Quantico Marines Devil Dogs football team, Game summaries, at Michigan
The Marines' touchdown was the only one scored on Michigan during the entire 1923 season. The Marines led 6–0 at the end of the first quarter, but Michigan then scored 26 unanswered points. Quarterback Irwin Uteritz led Michigan's comeback, scoring a touchdown in the second quarter on a dive between center Jack Blott's legs. Uteritz later left the game with a broken leg and was replaced by Tod Rockwell at quarterback. When Rockwell came into the game, Michigan lined up for a field goal with Rockwell holding the ball. As the Marines came through to block the kick, Rockwell jumped to his feet and ran the ball 26 yards for a touchdown.


1923 Quebec general election
The 1923 Quebec general election was held on February 5, 1923, to elect members of the 16th Legislative Assembly of Quebec, Canada. The incumbent Quebec Liberal Party, led by Louis-Alexandre Taschereau, was re-elected, defeating the Quebec Conservative Party, led by Arthur Sauvé.


1923 Quebec general election
It was the first of four election victories in a row for Taschereau. However, he had held office since 1920, following the resignation of the previous premier, Lomer Gouin.


1923 Quebec general election, Further reading
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1923 Queensland state election
Elections were held in the Australian state of Queensland on 12 May 1923 to elect the 72 members of the state's Legislative Assembly. The Labor government was seeking its fourth continuous term in office since the 1915 election; it would be Premier Ted Theodore's second election.


1923 Queensland state election, Results
Queensland state election, 12 May 1923Legislative Assembly << 1920–1926 >>


1923 Queensland state election, Seats changing party representation
This table lists changes in party representation at the 1923 election.


1923 Racine Legion season
The 1923 Racine Legion season was their second in the league. The team failed to improve on their previous output of 6–4–1, winning only four games. They finished tenth in the league.


1923 Racine Legion season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1923 Rhode Island State Rams football team
The 1923 Rhode Island Rams football team was an American football team that represented Rhode Island State College (later renamed the University of Rhode Island) as a member of the New England Conference during the 1923 college football season. In its fourth season under head coach Frank Keaney, the team compiled a 4–4 record (0–3 against conference opponents) and finished in last place in the conference. The team failed to score in seven of its eight games.


1923 Rice Owls football team
The 1923 Rice Owls football team was an American football team that represented Rice University as a member of the Southwest Conference (SWC) during the 1923 college football season. In its eleventh season under head coach Philip Arbuckle, the team compiled a 3–5 record (1–4 against SWC opponents) and was outscored by a total of 94 to 35.


1923 Richmond Spiders football team
The 1923 Richmond Spiders football team was an American football team that represented the University of Richmond as an independent during the 1923 college football season. Led by tenth-year head coach, Frank Dobson, Richmond compiled a record of 3–5.


1923 Rochester Jeffersons season
The 1923 Rochester Jeffersons season was their fourth in the league. The team equaled their previous output of 0–4–1, going 0–4. They tied for nineteenth place in the league.


1923 Rochester Jeffersons season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1923 Rock Island Independents season
The 1923 Rock Island Independents season was their fourth in the league. The team failed to improve on their previous output of 4–2–1, winning only two games. They finished twelfth in the league.


1923 Rock Island Independents season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1923 Rockhampton state by-election
A by-election was held in the Legislative Assembly of Queensland seat of Rockhampton on 17 February 1923. It was triggered by the resignation of Frank Forde after he had been successful with his bid to enter federal politics, winning the seat of Capricornia at the 1922 Federal Election.


1923 Rockhampton state by-election, Background
Due to the slim majority Ted Theodore's government had at the time, the result of the 1923 Rockhampton by-election was critical to the Labor Party as to whether they could remain in power.


1923 Rockhampton state by-election, Background
As such, it became a bitter campaign and is infamous in political circles for its aggressive, scandalous and sometimes violent nature which included allegations of a smear campaign, and bribery.


1923 Rockhampton state by-election, Background
Most notably during the campaign, it was discovered a woman had been allegedly paid to come to Rockhampton to claim Labor candidate George Farrell was the father of her two-year-old child in a deliberate attempt to cost him votes.


1923 Rockhampton state by-election, Background
The allegations were met with widespread condemnation in the press. Brisbane's Labor newspaper The Daily Standard was perhaps unsurprisingly amongst the most vocal in their criticism of the apparent smear campaign against Farrell.


1923 Rockhampton state by-election, Background
The by-election campaign became so eventful that it was widely reported in the national press including in some Sydney newspapers.


1923 Rockhampton state by-election, Candidates, United Party
William Charlton, already serving as Rockhampton mayor, contested the by-election representing the United Party. Born in Rockhampton in 1870, Charlton was a local Rockhampton businessman who had originally entered local politics by serving for three years on Mount Morgan Town Council. He began serving on Rockhampton City Council as an alderman in 1914 and became mayor of Rockhampton in 1921. He declared during the campaign that he didn't plan on resigning from being Rockhampton mayor if he was successful in becoming Member for Rockhampton, claiming that the dual role would bring benefits to the local area.


1923 Rockhampton state by-election, Candidates, Labor Party
George Farrell was born in Eidsvold and was educated in Howard. After becoming a pupil teacher in 1909 for the Department of Public Instruction, he was transferred to Rockhampton in 1914 to become a teacher at the Central Boys School. During his time in Rockhampton, he served as president of various branches of the Labor Party and acted as the campaign secretary for Frank Forde in Forde's campaign to win the Federal seat of Capricornia in 1921. After Forde's success, Farrell was nominated by the Labor Party to contest the resulting by-election.


1923 Rockhampton state by-election, Candidates, Independent Nationalist
Charles Iredale immigrated to Australia from England at a young age and settled at Pink Lily. Throughout his life he became known for being outspoken on various local issues and for his repeated attempts to enter local politics. Iredale had previously contested 13 local elections before finally being successful in becoming an alderman on Rockhampton City Council where he served just one term. Following this, he contested several more local elections, becoming successful in serving several terms with the neighbouring Fitzroy Shire Council.


1923 Rockhampton state by-election, Candidates, Independent Nationalist
He launched an eleventh-hour bid to contest the by-election as an Independent Nationalist with an announcement at the Rockhampton School of Arts just days before the event. Iredale's impromptu campaign for the by-election was generally met with derision with his address frequently interrupted by heckles and interjections from the crowd that had gathered to watch.


1923 Rockhampton state by-election, Results
Following the by-election, it was announced that Farrell had been declared the winner. At 27 years of age, it was believed Farrell became the youngest person to sit in any Australian parliament. Farrell had little time to settle in to the role and was soon back campaigning when the Queensland parliament was dissolved two months later for the 1923 Queensland election which was held on 12 May 1923.


1923 Rose Bowl
The 1923 Rose Bowl, played on January 1, 1923, was an American Football bowl game. It was the 9th Rose Bowl Game. The USC Trojans defeated the Penn State Nittany Lions 14-3. Leo Calland, a USC guard, was named the Rose Bowl Player of the Game when the award was created in 1953 and selections were made retroactively. It was the first bowl game appearance for both the University of Southern California and Pennsylvania State University football teams. It was also the first Tournament of Roses football game held in the newly constructed Rose Bowl Stadium, although games had been played in it prior to this game.


1923 Rose Bowl, Stadium
The game now known as the Rose Bowl Game was played at Tournament Park until 1922 when it was known as the "Tournament East-West football game". Organizers of the Tournament of Roses realized that the temporary stands were inadequate for a crowd of 40,000+, and sought to build a better, permanent stadium.


1923 Rose Bowl, Stadium
The Rose Bowl was designed by architect Myron Hunt in 1921. His design, as well as the name for the stadium, was influenced by the Yale Bowl. The Arroyo Seco (translation "dry stream") was selected as the location for the stadium. The Rose Bowl was under construction from 1921 to 1922.


1923 Rose Bowl, Stadium
A number of regular season games were played there before the actual Tournament of Roses football game to try out the new stadium. USC had actually already played three games in the new stadium: USC lost to California in the very first game in the stadium on October 28, 1922, and defeated Idaho and Washington State in the new stadium to close out their season. The Olympic Club also played a football game there. The stadium was dedicated officially on January 1, 1923.


1923 Rose Bowl, Teams, Penn State Nittany Lions
In the 1921 season, Penn State was 8–2–0 with wins over Navy, Georgia Tech, and Washington. In the 1922 season the Lions opened with wins over St. Bonaventure, William and Mary, Gettysburg, Lebanon Valley. By mid October they were viewed as a likely candidate to be invited to play in the Rose Bowl. On October 21, the Nittany Lions got their fifth straight season win against Middlebury for their homecoming game. Penn State was officially extended an invitation by the Tournament committee, and they accepted.


1923 Rose Bowl, Teams, Penn State Nittany Lions
The Lions tied Syracuse 0–0 at the Polo Grounds in New York city in front of their largest seasonal crowd to date, 25,000. Then the Nittany Lions lost to Navy 0–14 in Washington D.C., breaking a 30-game undefeated streak on November 3. Despite the loss, the Tournament selection committee re-affirmed its choice. They beat Carnegie Tech, but the Tournament committee still faced controversy. They re-affirmed their decision again. The Nittany Lions then lost to in-state rivals Pennsylvania and Pittsburgh.


1923 Rose Bowl, Teams, USC Trojans
The Trojans opened 5-0 to start the season. This was the first season of competition in the Pacific Coast Conference for the USC Trojans. The first PCC conference game was against California. The very first game in the Rose Bowl stadium was the regular season contest on October 28, 1922, when Cal defeated USC 12-0. This was the only loss for USC, and California finished the season undefeated. Cal declined the invitation to the 1923 Rose Bowl game by vote of the associated students.


1923 Rose Bowl, Teams, USC Trojans
This made the deciding games to be whether Cal would defeat Washington by more than 12, and whether USC would defeat Stanford on November 11. USC went on to beat Occidental and Stanford. The Trojans then played  Idaho, and Washington State in the new Rose Bowl stadium and defeated both. The Trojans actually finished fourth in the PCC behind Cal, Oregon, and Washington. The PCC committee held a mail vote. The Trojans were given the berth on the basis of the defeat of Washington State and the tie between Washington and Oregon on Thanksgiving Day. The Trojans received six of eight conference votes.


1923 Rose Bowl, Game summary
The 29-member Penn State traveling party left State College, Pennsylvania, by train on December 19. They stopped in Chicago and the Grand Canyon. They arrived in Pasadena, California, on December 24. The Nittany Lions worked out in the Rose Bowl stadium, alternating with the Trojans. Lions coach Bezdek was noted for changing their play style frequently.


1923 Rose Bowl, Game summary
The morning of the game on January 1, the team watched the Tournament of Roses Parade. The Lions left in several taxi cabs at 11 a.m. for the drive to the Rose Bowl, but as the 2:15 p.m. kickoff approached, the team was delayed by post-parade traffic. Only after the cab drivers drove over the lawns of local residents did the Penn State team finally reach the RoseBowl stadium. When the team arrived, they found kickoff already had been delayed by 10 minutes. Penn State coach Hugo Bezdek and USC coach Gus Henderson almost came to blows as Bezdek successfully lobbied game officials for additional warmup time. The game finally started an hour late and ended in moonlight, with sportswriters lighting matches in order to finish their stories.


1923 Rose Bowl, Game summary
Penn State scored first on a  20-yard drop-kick field goal by Mike Palm. Roy "Bullet" Baker rushed for 123 yards and one touchdown for the Trojans. The Lions were held to five first downs and 104 yards.


1923 Rose Bowl, Aftermath
The nearby Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum also was under construction during this time and would be completed in May 1923. It would become the home stadium for both USC and UCLA for decades until UCLA moved to the Rose Bowl for its home games in 1982.


1923 Rose Bowl, Aftermath
Penn State's share of the proceeds, $21,349.64, was directed toward the $2 million Emergency Building Fund and in particular the construction of Varsity Hall (now Irvin Hall) on campus.


1923 Rose Bowl, Aftermath
The game was the first USC game attended by Giles Pellerin, at the time a high school student; Pellerin, who became known as the "Super Fan", would go on to attend 797 consecutive USC football games over a period of 73 years until his death at age 91 just outside the same stadium in 1998.


1923 Rutgers Queensmen football team
The 1923 Rutgers Queensmen football team represented Rutgers University in the 1923 college football season. In their 11th season under head coach George "Sandy" Sanford, the Queensmen compiled a 7–1–1 record and outscored their opponents, 260 to 36. The team shut out six of nine opponents, including victories over Villanova (44–0), Richmond (56–0), Boston University (61–0), and Fordham (42–0), but lost to West Virginia (7–27). At the end of the 1923 season, coach Sanford surprised the football world by retiring from the game at age 53. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1971.


1923 Rutland and Stamford by-election
The Rutland and Stamford by-election of 1923 was held on 30 October 1923. The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Conservative MP, Charles Harvey Dixon. It was won by the Conservative candidate Neville Smith-Carington.


1923 SAFL Grand Final
The 1923 SAFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Norwood Football Club and the North Adelaide Football Club, held at the Adelaide Oval in Adelaide on the 29 September 1922.


1923 SAFL Grand Final
It was the 25th annual Grand Final of the South Australian Football League, staged to determine the premiers for the 1923 SAFL season. The match, attended by 31,000 spectators, was won by Norwood by a margin of 26 points, marking the clubs sixteenth premiership victory.


1923 SAFL season
The 1923 South Australian Football League season was the 44th season of the top-level Australian rules football competition in South Australia.


1923 SMU Mustangs football team
The 1923 SMU Mustangs football team represented Southern Methodist University (SMU) as a member of the Southwest Conference (SWC) during the 1923 college football season. Led by co-head coaches Ray Morrison and Ewing Y. Freeland, the Mustangs compiled and overall record of 9–0 with a mark of 5–0 in conference play, winning the SWC title.


1923 Saint Louis Billikens football team
The 1923 Saint Louis Billikens football team was an American football team that represented Saint Louis University of Missouri during the 1923 college football season. Under the coaching of Dan J. Savage, the Billikens compiled a 5–3–1 record and outscored their opponents, 150 to 97.   Notable games included a scoreless tie with the  Ole Miss, a 40–0 loss to West Virginia, and a 13–0 loss to Notre Dame.


1923 Saint Mary's Saints football team
The 1923 Saint Mary's Saints football team was an American football team that represented Saint Mary's College of California during the 1923 college football season. In their third season under head coach Slip Madigan, the Gaels compiled a 5–3–1 record and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 212 to 111. The Gaels' victories included a 22–20 besting of Arizona. Their losses included a 49–0 defeat against undefeated national champion California.


1923 Salvadoran presidential election
Presidential elections were held in El Salvador on 14 January 1923. The result was a victory for Alfonso Quiñónez Molina, who received around 178,000 votes. His opponent Miguel Tomás Molina called on his supporters to boycott the election.


1923 Sammarinese general election
General elections were held in San Marino on 4 March 1923 to elect the seventh term of the Grand and General Council. It was a snap election that marked the beginning of the Fascist rule of the republic. Left-wing parties were prevented from participating, while all centre-right forces ran as a single "Patriotic Bloc". Of the 60 seats, 29 were taken by the Sammarinese Fascist Party, 20 by the Sammarinese People's Party, 9 by the Sammarinese Democratic Union and two by the Fascist-puppets Volunteers of War. Later the country was taken over by the Fascist Party.


1923 Sammarinese general election, History
San Marino had been close to a civil war in 1921, with Socialist red forces by a hand, and Christian Democratic white forces on the opposite side together with the Conservatives. The situation was so explosive that the government introduced a six-month censorship, and called a carabinieri garrison to restore order, while Fascist brigades entered in the country without invitation. Meanwhile, Sammarinese authorities became closer to Italy, as underlined by the adoption of the anniversary of Italian victory in World War I as public holiday.


1923 Sammarinese general election, History
When Benito Mussolini rose to power at Rome, he immediately managed to take control over the small republic. The old Council was forcibly disbanded on January 27, 1923, and a snap election was consequently called. Fascist threats obtained their goal: the Socialist Party did not take part to the election and a sole, centre-right list called Patriotic Bloc ran undisputed. The Bloc was obviously dominated by the Sammarinese Fascist Party, which obtained the majority of seats together with their puppets Volunteers of War. The turnout was very low, leftist electors boycotting the vote.


1923 Sammarinese general election, History
Twenty-nine years old Giuliano Gozi became the first Fascist Captain Regent in April 1923. The party political program was to dismantle all democratic reforms of the Meeting of 1906, and to emulate the Italian regime. A Sammarinese carabinieri corps was created, the anniversary of the March on Rome became a public holiday, and the Captains of the Castles of San Marino became appointed by the Captains Regents.


1923 Sammarinese general election, Electoral system
Voters had to be citizens of San Marino, male, the head of the family and 24 years old.


1923 San Diego State football team
The 1923 San Diego State football team represented San Diego State Teachers College during the 1923 NCAA football season. Even though San Diego State became a four-year institution prior to the 1921 season, they competed in the Southern California Junior College Conference from 1921 to 1924. For conference games, only freshmen and sophomores were eligible to play.


1923 San Diego State football team
The school nickname "Aztecs" did not come into being until the 1925 season. From 1921 to 1924, there was no official nickname. At various times, publications used the term "Professors", "Wampus Cats", "Staters" and "Statesmen". The yearbook "Del Sudoeste" published at the end of the 1924–25 school year notes that January 6, 1925 was the date that "Berry, Schellbach and Osenburg christen college 'Aztecs' ".


1923 San Diego State football team
The 1923 San Diego State team was led by head coach Charles E. Peterson in his third season as football coach of the Aztecs. They played home games at both Balboa Stadium and at a field on campus. The Aztecs finished the season as champion of the SCJCC for the second consecutive year, with eight wins and two losses (8–2, 2–0 SCJCC). Overall, the team outscored its opponents 207–82 points for the season.


1923 San Diego mayoral election
The 1923 San Diego mayoral election was held on March 20, 1923 to elect the mayor for San Diego. Incumbent mayor John L. Bacon stood for reelection. In the primary election, Bacon received a majority of the votes and was elected outright with no need for a contested runoff.


1923 San Diego mayoral election, Campaign
Incumbent Mayor John L. Bacon stood for reelection to a second term. On March 20, 1921, Bacon received an absolute majority of 59.6 percent in the primary election, more than 23 percent higher than his nearest competitor, Charles E. Rinehart. Bacon received one hundred percent of the vote in the uncontested runoff election held April 3, 1923 and was elected to the office of the mayor.


1923 San Diego mayoral election, General Election results
Because Bacon won outright in the primary with a majority of the vote, his was the only eligible name on the runoff ballot.


1923 San Francisco Seals season
The 1923 San Francisco Seals season was the 21st season in the history of the San Francisco Seals baseball team. The 1923 team won the Pacific Coast League (PCL) pennant with a 124–77 record.


1923 San Francisco Seals season
Dots Miller began the season as the team's manager. However, he developed tuberculosis and resigned his position in July to seek treatment at a sanitarium in Saranac Lake, New York. He died there in September 1923.


1923 San Francisco Seals season
When Miller resigned as manager, first baseman Babe Ellison became a player-manager. He compiled a .358 batting average and led the team with 23 home runs, 67 doubles, and a .564 slugging percentage.


1923 San Francisco Seals season
Right fielder Paul Waner, playing his first season of professional baseball at age 20, led the 1923 Seals with a .369 batting average. Waner later played 15 years for the Pittsburgh Pirates and was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1952.


1923 San Francisco Seals season
Pitcher Harry Courtney led the PCL with a .766 winning percentage (19 wins, six losses) and ranked second in the league with a 2.80 earned run average (ERA). In addition, three other San Francisco pitchers (Red Shea, Bob Geary, and Doug McWeeny) won at least 20 games each.


1923 San Francisco Seals season, Players, Batting
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; SLG = Slugging percentage


1923 San Francisco Seals season, Players, Pitching
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; PCT = Win percentage; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1923 San Jose State Spartans football team
The 1923 San Jose State Spartans football team represented State Teachers College at San Jose during the 1923 college football season.


1923 San Jose State Spartans football team
San Jose State competed in the California Coast Conference (CCC). The team was led by first-year head coach Hovey C. McDonald and they played home games at Spartan Field in San Jose, California. The team finished the season winless, with a record of zero wins and six (0–6, 0–4 CCC). The Spartans only scored three points the entire season, while they gave up 262. That's an average score of 1–44, and included a shutout loss to the Stanford Freshman team of 0–79.


1923 San Pedro maritime strike
The 1923 San Pedro maritime strike (also known as the Liberty Hill strike) was, at the time, the biggest challenge to the dominance of the open shop culture of Los Angeles, California until the rise of the Congress of Industrial Organizations in the 1930s.


1923 San Pedro maritime strike
The strike was led by members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW, or the "Wobblies") which bottled up shipping in the harbor. One of the largest staged protests during the strike was led by author Upton Sinclair on a small plot of land called Liberty Hill where he was arrested for reciting the First Amendment. It was eventually crushed by a combination of injunctions, mass arrests and vigilantism by both the police force and the Ku Klux Klan. There would not be another waterfront strike of this magnitude until the 1934 West Coast Waterfront Strike.


1923 San Pedro maritime strike, Background
Labor relations in the Pacific coast maritime industry had been in almost constant turmoil since the turn of the century. The traditional craft unions of seaman and longshoremen, plagued by bureaucratic squabbles, the hostility of the Los Angeles Times, powerful employers’ groups such as the Merchants’ and Manufacturers Association were not able to change the culture of open shops in Los Angeles.


1923 San Pedro maritime strike, Background
One of the most effective weapons used by open shops to combat radical forces was “decausualization,” which relied heavily on the use of company-controlled hiring halls to weed out as many union sympathizers as possible from working in the docks. Even with all the preventative measures put in place, members of the IWW were able to still infiltrate a vast amount of the docks on the West Coast under the guise of other organizations used as a front.


1923 San Pedro maritime strike, Background
Although the IWW was able to gain access to the docks, they were not having too much success on the waterfronts of California until the start of World War I. The build-up leading to American involvement meant higher than normal output in all the ports, and a shortage of labor. In May 1916, the International Longshoremen’s Association began a dockworker’s strike for an increase in wages in Seattle, Washington. The dockworkers in San Pedro, totally about 1,600, came out on strike at the same time. The strike was quickly put down when the shop owners hired a special Los Angeles Police Department unit to work in the protections of strikebreakers to maintain an opened shop.


1923 San Pedro maritime strike, Background
In October 1919, the San Pedro Chamber of Commerce let it known of their intention to fully restore completely open shop conditions through the entire harbor, a decision that was supported by all the shops and companies in the area, sparking yet another small strike that was broken up quickly. The local unions were not strong enough to resist San Pedro in becoming a complete open shop city and most of the local union leaders gave up the fight, but the IWW members who were there in town did not. Concerned with dwindling numbers in California the IWW’s general executive board in Chicago requested all remaining Wobblies on the West Coast to head down to San Pedro to help contest the open shop on the docks and the constitutional limits of California’s criminal syndicalism law.


1923 San Pedro maritime strike, Background
The Industrial Workers of the World quickly sprung into action, and disrupted the Local No. 31-18. The actions did not do much in the attempt to displease the employers, but once the American Federation of Labor (AFL) was eliminated, the left-wingers became persona non grata. Efforts to keep Wobblies from dock employment were not successful. Although there were large amounts of IWW members under the new California criminal syndicalism law, there was still high levels of unrest on the San Pedro docks. There was a series of mini strikes in the early months of 1923 that kept several ships from sailing on time.


1923 San Pedro maritime strike, The Strike
The strike began on April 25, 1923, shortly after the Los Angeles County Grand Jury held hearings on violations of the criminal syndicalism act. The San Pedro Local No. 510 called a strike and effectively tied up the port for several days. The walkout was national in scope, with its pivotal points in New York and Los Angeles; it brought out 5,000 men on the east coast and probably 1,500 locally, with estimates at San Pedro ranging as high as 3,000.


1923 San Pedro maritime strike, The Strike
It had little effect at other Western ports, however, though a number of Pacific Coast lumberjacks and oil workers participated and the independent Federation of Marine Transport Workers joined with the Wobblies. Members of the Sailors Union of the Pacific refused to support the strike, not only because it was IWW-inspired, but also because they were already "working the oracle" or, in other words, conducting a slowdown with some success. The strike itself was a peculiar combination of an ordinary economic walkout and a political maneuver. In its nationwide aspects, it sought to secure the release of political prisoners, particularly those accused of sedition against the federal government or held under the California Criminal Syndicalism Act.


1923 San Pedro maritime strike, The Strike
The walkout tied up about ninety ships in the Port of Los Angeles. Police quickly started to round up known IWW agitators, thus depleting the ranks of strike leaders and permitting some ships to get under way. Twelve vessels in the offshore trade, manned by seamen sympathetic to the IWW, suffered the longest delays. The thirty-seven lumber schooners in port were largely manned by non-unionists or members of the Sailors Union. Nevertheless, the cargoes of a number of them had to be discharged in rotation at the piers by the ships' officers because of the shortage of dockhands.


1923 San Pedro maritime strike, The Strike
Then the Wobblies through their newspaper the Industrial Worker made the call for a citywide strike on May 1, 1923 (the historic May Day of international socialism). They called the announcement to “free the class prisoners” which is the IWW term for those who had been convicted and jailed under the criminal syndicalism act. On the same day, IWW leaders persuaded approximately 450 of 2,200 men to strike at refinery construction jobs two miles north of the harbor, and it seemed likely that the dispute would spread beyond the water front.


1923 San Pedro maritime strike, The Strike
Employers therefore decided to take immediate action both to prevent this and to move ships more rapidly. Negotiations with the longshoremen, however, foundered on their demand for their own hiring hall and the abandonment of the Sea Service Bureau, or "Fink Hall," controlled by the stevedoring and shipping firms. Some 1,200 longshoremen voted to remain out until the employers met this basic request.


1923 San Pedro maritime strike, The Strike
About 140 extra patrolmen and 20 detectives were dispatched to the docks by the Los Angeles Police Department to maintain order in the event of a showdown. On May 5 more than 100 strikebreakers arrived and were immediately put to work. Two hundred more were scheduled to begin employment on May 8 and an additional 750 were due a few days later. By May 10, 1,500 longshoremen were at work, of whom 350 were imported strikebreakers. The extra police force was increased to 250, largely because of a fire on May 5 which had obviously been the work of an arsonist.


1923 San Pedro maritime strike, The Strike
As the strike entered its fourth week, the police cracked down even harder on the Wobblies. The Los Angeles headquarters of the KKK handed out a pamphlet to local citizens to get more supports and help the police force break up the strike. Members of the Ku Klux Klan, with or without their hoods regularly came to the San Pedro docks to be a force of intimidation.


1923 San Pedro maritime strike, The Strike
The latter began to look on the dispute as a free-speech fight and continued to hold meetings near the water front at a point known as Liberty Hill, a privately owned parcel of land used with the permission of the owner. Local sympathizers and members of the American Civil Liberties Union joined the IWW leaders in seeking to maintain rights of free speech. They included such prominent Los Angeles and Pasadena figures as Upton Sinclair.


1923 San Pedro maritime strike, The Strike
In the early evening of May 15, 1923, Upton Sinclair stood before a crowd on Liberty Hill in San Pedro. He chose to honor the hill’s namesake by using words to test the boundary between liberty and sedition. He spoke, “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech . . .” Before Sinclair could finish reciting the First Amendment, he and three others were arrested.


1923 San Pedro maritime strike, The Strike
The arresting officer was recorded to have said, “We’ll have none of that Constitution stuff.”  Three days later, seventy-one allegedIWW members were arrested and jailed. So effective was police action against strike leaders that the Shipowners' Association declared the walkout over on May 18, when eighty-five vessels were loaded or unloaded by 2,800 longshoremen for the busiest day in port history. Fifty policemen were immediately returned to Los Angeles for regular duty, and 500 strikebreakers were given permanent employment.


1923 San Pedro maritime strike, The Strike
Although the strike was losing ground, IWW leaders did not give up. Many of their members were in jail and others had left town to look for jobs elsewhere. The efficiency of longshore operations was improving each day. Strikers who were not proven Wobblies were returning to work through the open-shop Sea Service Bureau. But still the walkout continued. On May 21, 3,000 posters announcing a meeting at Liberty Hall in San Pedro on the evening of May 23 were distributed in the harbor area.


1923 San Pedro maritime strike, The Strike
The meeting was to be addressed by Upton Sinclair and a number of other speakers under the auspices of the American Civil Liberties Union. The meeting drew 5,000 people, but there were no fireworks, as police were present to ensure that it was peaceful. The next day a general meeting of 600 longshoremen, most of whom were not Wobblies, voted to "transfer" the dispute back to the job, and the walkout was officially ended.


1923 San Pedro maritime strike, Aftermath
The 1923 San Pedro Maritime strike was the biggest challenge to the dominance of the open shop philosophy that controlled Los Angeles until the 1930s. It was defeated without too much of a struggle because of the strength the shop owners, use of the Los Angeles Police Department, KKK, and others as enforcers to try and break the strike. Another factor which helped defeat the strike was the high amount of strikebreakers who were brought into the city from all other parts of the state, which helped keep the docks open enough to allow commercial business to take place. The open shop would remain the ideology that ran Los Angeles for another 15 years.


1923 Santa Barbara State Roadrunners football team
The 1923 Santa Barbara State Roadrunners football team represented Santa Barbara State during the 1923 college football season.


1923 Santa Barbara State Roadrunners football team
Santa Barbara State competed as an independent in 1923. Records may be incomplete, but six games have been documented. The Roadrunners were led by second-year head coach Otho J. Gilliland and played home games in Santa Barbara, California. They finished the season with a record of two wins and four losses (2–4). Overall, the team was outscored by its opponents 71–95 for the season.


1923 Santa Clara Missionites football team
The 1923 Santa Clara Missionites football team was an American football team that represented Santa Clara University during the 1923 college football season. In their first season under head coach Eddie Kienholz, the Broncos compiled a 3–4–1 record.


1923 Santos FC season
The 1923 season was the twelfth season for Santos FC.


1923 Sewanee Tigers football team
The 1923 Sewanee Tigers football team represented the Sewanee Tigers of Sewanee: The University of the South during the 1923 college football season.


1923 South American Championship
The seventh edition of the South American Championship was held in Montevideo, Uruguay from October 29 to December 2, 1923.


1923 South American Championship, Overview
The participating countries were Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. Chile withdrew for the second time since the tournament was created.


1923 South American Championship, Overview
The tournament was also used as a qualifier for the 1924 Summer Olympics.


1923 South American Championship, Squads
For a complete list of participants squads see: 1923 South American Championship squads


1923 South American Championship, Final round
Each team played one match against each of the other teams. Two (2) points were awarded for a win, one (1) point for a draw and zero (0) points for a defeat.


1923 South American Championship squads
The following are the squad lists for the countries that played in the 1923 South American Championship held in Uruguay. The participating countries were Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. The teams plays in a single round-robin tournament, earning two points for a win, one point for a draw, and zero points for a loss.


1923 South Carolina Gamecocks football team
The 1923 South Carolina Gamecocks football team represented the University of South Carolina during the 1923 Southern Conference football season. Led by head coach Sol Metzger, the Gamecocks finished with a record of 4–6.


1923 South Dakota Coyotes football team
The 1923 South Dakota Coyotes football team was an American football team that represented the University of South Dakota in the North Central Conference (NCC) during the 1923 college football season. In its second season under head coach Stub Allison, the team compiled a 4–3–1 record (1–3–1 against NCC opponents), finished in seventh place out of eight teams in the NCC, and outscored opponents by a total of 119 to 60.


1923 South Dakota State Jackrabbits football team
The 1923 South Dakota State Jackrabbits football team was an American football team that represented South Dakota State College in the North Central Conference (NCC) during the 1923 college football season. In its fifth season under head coach Charles A. West, the team compiled a 2–5 record, finished fourth in the NCC, and outscored opponents by a total of 94 to 78.


1923 Southern Branch Grizzlies football team
The 1923 Southern Branch Grizzlies football team was an American football team that represented the Southern Branch of the University of California during the 1923 college football season. In their first year under head coach James J. Cline, the Grizzlies compiled a 2–5 record and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 132 to 54.


1923 Southern Conference football season
The 1923 Southern Conference football season was the college football games played by the member schools of the Southern Conference as part of the 1923 college football season. The season began on September 29. Conference play began  with Auburn hosting Clemson. The game was fought to a scoreless tie.


1923 Southern Conference football season
Vanderbilt and Washington & Lee finished the season as conference co-champions. A poll of sportswriters elected Vanderbilt as best team in the south, awarding it the Champ Pickens Trophy.


1923 Southern Conference football season
Vanderbilt end Lynn Bomar was the last of the few southern players selected a first-team All-American by Walter Camp.


1923 Southern Conference football season
Florida's upset of Alabama under new head coach Wallace Wade in the rain opened the door for Vanderbilt's claim to the SoCon title.


1923 Southern Conference football season, Season overview, Results and team statistics
PPG = Average of points scored per gamePAG = Average of points allowed per game


1923 Southern Conference football season, Awards and honors, All-Southern team
The following were the selections for the composite All-Southern team put out by the Atlanta Journal, all of whom received gold medals.


1923 Southern Intercollegiate Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1923 Southern Intercollegiate Men's Basketball Tournament took place between teams of both the Southern Conference  and Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association from February 27–March 3, 1923, at Municipal Auditorium in Atlanta, Georgia. The Mississippi Aggies won their first Southern Conference title. After MSU won the tournament, a celebration broke out in downtown Starkville. A bonfire was built, and when firemen arrived to put it out, students chopped up their water hose and even hit one of the firemen over the head with a bugle.


1923 Southwestern Louisiana Bulldogs football team
The 1923 Southwestern Louisiana Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented the Southwestern Louisiana Institute of Liberal and Technical Learning (now known as the University of Louisiana at Lafayette) in the Louisiana Intercollegiate Athletic Association during the 1923 college football season. In their fifth year under head coach T. R. Mobley, the team compiled a 7–3 record.


1923 Spanish general election
The 1923 Spanish general election was held on Sundays, 29 April and 13 May 1923, to elect the 20th Restoration Cortes of the Kingdom of Spain. All 409 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 180 of 360 seats in the Senate.


1923 Spanish general election
This would be the last election under the turno system, as the Cortes would be dissolved and the Constitution suspended as a result of a military coup in September 1923 staged by Captain General Miguel Primo de Rivera. Primo de Rivera would establish a dictatorship which would last until 1930. In 1931, the Second Spanish Republic would be proclaimed.


1923 Spanish general election, Overview, Background
The Spanish Constitution of 1876 enshrined Spain as a constitutional monarchy, awarding the King power to name senators and to revoke laws, as well as the title of commander-in-chief of the army. The King would also play a key role in the system of El Turno Pacífico (the Peaceful Turn) by appointing and toppling governments and allowing the opposition to take power. Under this system, the Conservative and Liberal parties alternated in power by means of election rigging, which they achieved through the encasillado, using the links between the Ministry of Governance, the provincial civil governors, and the local bosses (caciques) to ensure victory and exclude minor parties from the power sharing.


1923 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
The Spanish Cortes were envisaged as "co-legislative bodies", based on a nearly perfect bicameralism. Both the Congress of Deputies and the Senate had legislative, control and budgetary functions, sharing equal powers except for laws on contributions or public credit, where the Congress had preeminence. Voting for the Cortes was on the basis of universal manhood suffrage, which comprised all national males over twenty-five, having at least a two-year residency in a municipality and in full enjoyment of their civil rights. Voting was compulsory except for those older than 70, the clergy, first instance judges and public notaries.


1923 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
For the Congress of Deputies, 173 seats were elected using a partial block voting in 44 multi-member constituencies, with the remaining 236 being elected under a one-round first-past-the-post system in single-member districts. Candidates winning a plurality in each constituency were elected.


1923 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
In constituencies electing ten seats or more, electors could vote for no more than four candidates less than the number of seats to be allocated; in those with more than eight seats and up to ten, for no more than three less; in those with more than four seats and up to eight, for no more than two less; in those with more than one seat and up to four, for no more than one less; and for one candidate in single-member districts.


1923 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
Additionally, in single-member districts where candidates ran unopposed, as well as in multi-member districts where the number of candidates was equal or less than the number of seats to be filled, candidates were to be automatically proclaimed without an election as outlined under Article 29 of the electoral law.


1923 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
The Congress was entitled to one member per each 50,000 inhabitants, with each multi-member constituency being allocated a fixed number of seats: 13 for Barcelona and Madrid, 6 for Valencia, 5 for La Coruña, Palma, Santander and Seville, 4 for Alicante, Almería, Badajoz, Córdoba, Huelva, Jaén, Lugo, Málaga, Murcia and Oviedo and 3 for Alcázar de San Juan, Alcoy, Algeciras, Bilbao, Burgos, Cádiz, Cartagena, Castellón de la Plana, Ciudad Real, El Ferrol, Gijón, Granada, Jerez de la Frontera, Las Palmas, Lérida, Llerena, Lorca, Orense, Pamplona, Pontevedra, San Sebastián, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tarragona, Valladolid, Vera, Vigo and Zaragoza. The law also provided for by-elections to fill seats vacated throughout the legislature.


1923 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
For the Senate, 180 seats were indirectly elected, with electors voting for delegates instead of senators. Elected delegates—equivalent in number to one-sixth of the councillors in each municipal corporation—would then vote for senators using a write-in, two-round majority voting system. The provinces of Barcelona, Madrid and Valencia were allocated four seats each, whereas each of the remaining provinces was allocated three seats, for a total of 150.


1923 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
The remaining 30 were allocated to a number of institutions, electing one seat each—the Archdioceses of Burgos, Granada, Santiago de Compostela, Seville, Tarragona, Toledo, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; the Royal Spanish Academy; the Royal Academies of History, Fine Arts, Sciences, Moral and Political Sciences and Medicine; the Universities of Madrid, Barcelona, Granada, Oviedo, Salamanca, Santiago, Seville, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; and the Economic Societies of Friends of the Country from Madrid, Barcelona, León, Seville and Valencia.


1923 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
An additional 180 seats comprised senators in their own right—the Monarch's offspring and the heir apparent once coming of age; Grandees of Spain of the first class; Captain Generals of the Army and the Navy Admiral; the Patriarch of the Indies and archbishops; as well as other high-ranking state figures—and senators for life (who were appointed by the Monarch).


1923 Spanish general election, Overview, Election date
The term of each chamber of the Cortes—the Congress and one-half of the elective part of the Senate—expired five years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The Monarch had the prerogative to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election.


1923 Spring Hill Badgers football team
The 1923 Spring Hill Badgers football team was an American football team that represented Spring Hill College as an independent during the 1923 college football season. Led by Edward J. "Mickey" Connors in his first season as head coach, the Badgers compiled an overall record of 1–7.


1923 St. Louis All-Stars season
The 1923 St. Louis All-Stars season was their sole season in the league. The team finished 1–4–2 in league play, and a 2–5–2 overall record finishing fourteenth in the standings.


1923 St. Louis All-Stars season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1923 St. Louis Browns season
The 1923 St. Louis Browns season involved the Browns finishing 5th in the American League with a record of 74 wins and 78 losses.


1923 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1923 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1923 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1923 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1923 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1923 St. Louis Cardinals season
The 1923 St. Louis Cardinals season was the team's 42nd season in St. Louis, Missouri and its 32nd season in the National League. The Cardinals went 79–74 during the season and finished 5th in the National League.


1923 St. Louis Cardinals season, Regular season
Rogers Hornsby set a major league record of 13 consecutive games with two or more base hits, accomplished July 5 through July 18, 1923.


1923 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1923 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1923 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1923 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1923 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1923 Stanford football team
The 1923 Stanford football team represented Stanford University in the 1923 college football season. They were coached by Andy Kerr in his second and final season as head coach. This year's Big Game against California was the first game played in California Memorial Stadium.


1923 Stanley Cup Finals
The 1923 Stanley Cup Finals was contested by the NHL champion Ottawa Senators and the WCHL champion Edmonton Eskimos. The previous WCHL-PCHA playoff format was abandoned, and the Ottawa Senators now had to play first the PCHA champion Vancouver Maroons, followed by the WCHL champion Edmonton Eskimos in the Finals.


1923 Stanley Cup Finals
This was the last Finals series until the 1983 Stanley Cup Finals to be contested by a team from Edmonton. Both games were played in Vancouver, making this the last Finals until 2020 played entirely at a neutral site (the 1924 and 1925 Finals each featured one neutral site game).


1923 Stanley Cup Finals, Paths to the Finals
In the NHL playoff, the Senators defeated the Montreal Canadiens in a 2-game total-goal series by a close 3–2 score in the series.


1923 Stanley Cup Finals, Paths to the Finals
The playoff format of the previous year where the PCHA champion met the WCHL champion prior to playing the NHL champion was abandoned. Therefore, for this year, the PCHA champions were given the chance to play the NHL champion in a best-of-three series. The Senators then defeated Vancouver 3 games to 1 in the semi-finals.


1923 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries
In the first game, Edmonton was leading 1–0, on a goal by Crutchy Morrison, before Lionel Hitchman scored in the third period to tie the game. Duke Keats of Edmonton was awarded a penalty shot during the game, but failed to score. Cy Denneny scored after two minutes of overtime to win the game for the Senators.


1923 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries
In the second game, the Senators got a first-period goal from Harry Broadbent and made it stand to the end of the game, playing six-man defence. The shots were recorded; 21, 14 and 13 for a total of 48 by the Senators, and 25, 18, and 25 for a total of 68 by Edmonton. Several players could not play the whole game, including Eddie Gerard and Georges Boucher. Lionel Hitchman played the game with his broken nose in a plaster. Harry Helman played despite a cut to his face from Frank Nighbor's skates, incurred in practice.


1923 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries
Cy Denneny had been cut in the leg by the skate of Vancouver's Smokey Harris. ' Super-sub' King Clancy took a turn in all positions, including goal for Clint Benedict in the third period for two minutes when Benedict was serving a penalty. At the time goalies had to serve their own penalties. This is only time that a player played all six positions in a Stanley Cup Finals game.


1923 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving
The 1923 Stanley Cup was presented by the trophy's trustee William Foran. The Senators never did engrave their name on the Cup for their championship season.


1923 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving
It was not until the trophy was redesigned in 1948 that the words "1923 Ottawa Senators" was put onto its then-new collar.


1923 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving
The following Senators players and staff were eligible to have their names engraved on the Stanley Cup


1923 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving, Stanley Cup engraving
The Senators never did engrave their name on the Cup for their 1923 championship. It was not until the trophy was redesigned in 1948 that the words "1923 Ottawa Senators" was put onto its then-new collar.


1923 Stanley Cup playoffs
The 1923 Stanley Cup playoffs was the second year in which the National Hockey League (NHL) champions, the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA) champions, and the Western Canada Hockey League (WCHL) champions all competed for the Stanley Cup. The playoffs began on March 16, 1923, and concluded on March 31 when the NHL champion Ottawa Senators defeated the WCHL champion Edmonton Eskimos in the final series, two games to zero.


1923 Stanley Cup playoffs
Throughout these playoffs, injuries had thinned Ottawa's line-up. But after seeing the gritty show put on by the undermanned Senators, Frank Patrick, the head coach of the PCHA champion Vancouver Maroons, called Ottawa the greatest team he had ever seen.


1923 Stanley Cup playoffs, Background
Ottawa finished first overall in the 1922–23 NHL regular season standings with a 14–9–1 record. They then went on to defeat the 13–9–2 second place Montreal Canadiens in the two-game total goal NHL championship series, 3 goals to 2, to win the NHL title. Cy Denneny scored the series-clinching goal in Game 2 for the Canadiens.


1923 Stanley Cup playoffs, Background
The 1922–23 WCHL season ended with the 19–10–1 first place Eskimos defeating the 16–14 second place Regina Capitals in the WCHL championship series. Edmonton clinched the WCHL title after Duke Keats scored the series-winning overtime goal in Game 2.


1923 Stanley Cup playoffs, Background
Meanwhile, the Maroons finished the 1922–23 PCHA regular season in first place with a 17–12–1 record, and then went on to defeat the 16–14 second place Victoria Cougars in the PCHA championship series by a combined score of 5–3.


1923 Stanley Cup playoffs, Cup Playoffs summary
Both rounds of the 1923 Stanley Cup playoffs were played at Denman Street Arena in Vancouver. The NHL and the PCHA champions played in the semifinal round, with the winner facing the WCHL champion in the Cup Final.


1923 Stanley Cup playoffs, Cup Playoffs summary, Semi-final: Ottawa Senators defeat Vancouver Maroons, three games to one
The Ottawa-Vancouver best-of-five series marked the first time in Stanley Cup history that brothers faced each other. In fact, there were two sets of brothers: Cy and Corb Denneny, and George and Frank Boucher. Cy and George played for the Senators, while Corb and Frank skated for the Maroons. A third Boucher brother, Billy, was to have replaced Ottawa's Jack Darragh who was injured, but Frank Patrick, the PCHA president, disallowed Billy from joining the Senators.


1923 Stanley Cup playoffs, Cup Playoffs summary, Semi-final: Ottawa Senators defeat Vancouver Maroons, three games to one
Ottawa won the first game 1–0, with Punch Broadbent's winning goal in the third period. Vancouver, led by two goals by Duncan and two by Frank Boucher, took the second game 4–1, which led to more injuries for the Senators. Benedict took a puck in the mouth, Gerard was injured due to a heavy check and Cy Denneny injured his elbow. The Senators again asked if Billy Boucher could join the team, but were again refused by Patrick. In the third game, the Senators lost Gerard to a dislocated shoulder, but won the game 3–2. King Clancy took his place for the fourth game, and the Senators won it 5–1, to win the series. Broadbent ended up leading Ottawa with five goals in the series. After watching the gritty show by the undermanned Senators, Patrick called them the greatest team he had ever seen.


1923 Stanley Cup playoffs, Cup Playoffs summary, Final: Ottawa Senators defeat Edmonton Eskimos, 2 games to 0
Ottawa swept Edmonton in the best-of-three final series, winning both games by one-goal margins. In the first game, Cy Denneny scored 2:08 into overtime to give the Senators a 2–1 win. Then Punch Broadbent scored the only goal in the second game to give Ottawa a 1–0 victory and the championship.


1923 Stanley Cup playoffs, Cup engravings
The Senators never did engrave their names on the Cup for their 1923 championship. It was only until the trophy was redesigned in 1948 that the words "1923 Ottawa Senators" were put onto its then-new collar.


1923 Swiss referendums
Four referendums were held in Switzerland during 1923. The first two were held on 18 February on protective custody and a federal resolution on relations with France over the former free trade area of Haute-Savoie. The third was held on 15 April on a popular initiative "for the ensuring of people's rights in questions regarding tariffs", whilst the fourth was held on 3 June on amending articles 31 and 32bis of the constitution regarding alcohol. All four were rejected by voters.


1923 Swiss referendums, Background
The referendums on protective custody and tariffs were both popular initiatives, which required a double majority; a majority of the popular vote and majority of the cantons. The decision of each canton was based on the vote in that canton. Full cantons counted as one vote, whilst half cantons counted as half. The referendum on relations with France was a "facultative referendum", which required only a simple majority of voters in favour, whilst the referendum on amending the constitution was a mandatory referendum, which also required a double majority.