1924 Kansas City Monarchs season
The 1924 Kansas City Monarchs baseball team competed in the Negro National League during the 1924 baseball season. The Monarchs compiled a 57–22 (.722) record and won the Negro National League championship. The team played its home games at Muehlebach Field in Kansas City, Missouri.


1924 Kansas City Monarchs season
The team's leading pitchers were Bullet Rogan (16–5, 3.14 ERA, 101 strikeouts in 175 innings pithed) and William Bell (9–2, 3.75 ERA).


1924 Kansas Jayhawks football team
The 1924 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the Missouri Valley Conference during the 1924 college football season. In their fourth season under head coach Potsy Clark, the Jayhawks compiled a 2–5–1 record (2–4–1 against conference opponents), finished in seventh place in the conference, and were outscored by opponents by a combined total of 68 to 30. They played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Lawrence, Kansas. Harold Burt was the team captain.


1924 Kansas State Wildcats football team
The 1924 Kansas State Wildcats football team represented Kansas State Agricultural College in the 1924 college football season.


1924 Kansas gubernatorial election
The 1924 Kansas gubernatorial election was held on November 4, 1924. Republican nominee Benjamin S. Paulen defeated Democratic incumbent Jonathan M. Davis with 49.02% of the vote.


1924 Kenosha Maroons season
The 1924 Kenosha Maroons season was their sole season in the National Football League. The team finished 0–4–1, and tied for sixteenth place in the league.


1924 Kenosha Maroons season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1924 Kent State Silver Foxes football team
The 1924 Kent State Silver Foxes football team was an American football team that represented Kent State Normal College (later Kent State University) during the 1924 college football season. In its second season under head coach Frank Harsh, Kent State compiled a 0–4 record and was outscored 89 to 0. In two seasons under coach Harsh, the team lost all nine games and scored a total of six points.


1924 Kentucky Derby
The 1924 Kentucky Derby was the 50th running of the Kentucky Derby. The race was run on May 17, 1924. The victory for Rosa Hoot's Black Gold marked the second time a woman owned the Derby winner and the second time a woman had been the winning breeder. However, it was the first time in history that a woman both owned and bred the winner.


1924 Kentucky Wildcats football team
The 1924 Kentucky Wildcats football team was an American football team that represented the University of Kentucky as a member of the Southern Conference during the 1924 college football season. In their first year under head coach Fred J. Murphy, the team compiled a 4–5 record.


1924 Kenyan general election
General elections were held in Kenya Colony on 2 April 1924. The elections were the first under a new Constitution which saw suffrage extended to Indians and Arabs, who were allotted five and one elected seat in the Legislative Council respectively, alongside the eleven elected seats for the white population, although appointed members were still the majority.


1924 Kenyan general election
Whilst all adult Indian residents were given the right to vote, in the Arab community only men literate in Arabic or Swahili and resident in the country for two years were enfranchised, as the community had requested that women not be given the right to vote. One member was appointed to represent the majority black population.


1924 Kenyan general election
The Reform Party was one of the parties to contest the election in the white community.


1924 Kenyan general election, Results
Despite their enfranchisement, the Indian community boycotted the election after their leaders forbade registration in protest at being placed on a separate roll to the White voters and the small number of seats given to Indians relative to Whites. As a result no Indians took their seats in the Council.


1924 Kenyan general election, Aftermath
The newly elected Legislative Council met for the first time on 14 May 1924.


1924 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
The 1924 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship was the 30th staging of the Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Kilkenny County Board.


1924 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
On 22 March 1925, Tullaroan won the championship after a 4-04 to 2-02 defeat of Clonmanto in the final. It was their 13th championship title overall and their first title since 1915.


1924 Klass I season
The 1924 Klass I season was the second season of the Klass I, the top level of ice hockey in Sweden. The league championship was won by Djurgårdens IF.


1924 Kohat riots
The 1924 Kohat riots were major communal riots in Kohat in North-West Frontier Province, British India in 1924. In three days (9–11 September) of rioting, official statistics state that the total casualty-count was 155, of which the casualties of Hindus & Sikhs were more than three times that of the Muslims. Almost the entire population of Hindus living there, numbering 3,200, were evacuated and fled. It was described as a successful attempt to completely exterminate and erase the Hindu and Sikh communities in the region. In the surrounding villages, Hindus and Sikhs were also killed and had to flee the region although majority of them had already been exterminated by the Muslims. Gandhi undertook a 21-day fast for Hindu-Muslim unity in October 1924.


1924 LFF Lyga
The 1924 LFF Lyga was the 3rd season of the LFF Lyga football competition in Lithuania. It was contested by 10 teams, and Kovas Kaunas won the championship.


1924 LSU Tigers football team
The 1924 LSU Tigers football team represented Louisiana State University (LSU) in the 1924 college football season. LSU moved to its new home in Tiger Stadium for the last game of the 1924 season.


1924 Lafayette Leopards football team
The 1924 Lafayette Leopards football team was an American football team that represented Lafayette College as an independent during the 1924 college football season. In its first season under head coach Herb McCracken, the team compiled a 7–2 record. Charlie Berry was the team captain. The team played its home games at March Field in Easton, Pennsylvania.


1924 Latvian Football Championship, League standings
Kaiserwald withdrew after 2 rounds because of the decision of Latvia Football Union (LFS - Latvijas Futbola Savieniba) which prohibited foreign players to participate in the championship.


1924 Lehigh Brown and White football team
The 1924 Lehigh Brown and White football team was an American football team that represented Lehigh University as an independent during the 1924 college football season. In its third and final season under head coach James A. Baldwin, the team compiled a 4–1–3 record and outscored opponents by a total of 62 to 36. The team played its home games at Taylor Stadium in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.


1924 Lewes by-election
The Lewes by-election of 1924 was held on 9 July 1924. The by-election was held due to the appointment as Governor of Western Australia of the incumbent Conservative MP, William Campion. It was won by the Conservative candidate Tufton Beamish.


1924 Liechtenstein tax law referendum
A referendum on a tax law was held in Liechtenstein on 27 April 1924. It was approved by 64.5% of voters.


1924 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
The 1924 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship was the 30th staging of the Limerick Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Limerick County Board in 1887.


1924 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
Croom won the championship after a 6-03 to 2-01 defeat of Fedamore in the final. It was their third championship title overall and their first title since 1919.


1924 Lincoln Lions football team
The 1924 Lincoln Lions football team was an American football team that represented Lincoln University in the Colored Intercollegiate Athletic Association (CIAA) during the 1924 college football season. In their second year under head coach Ulysses S. Young, the Lions compiled a 7–0–1 record (5–0–1 against CIAA opponents), won the CIAA championship, shut out eight of nine opponents, and outscored all opponents by a total of 239 to 3.


1924 Lincoln Lions football team
Key players included halfback Jazz Byrd, fullback Tommy Lee, and Bryd D. "Beno" Crudup, the team captain and right end.


1924 Liverpool City Council election
Elections to Liverpool City Council were held on Saturday 1 November 1924.


1924 Liverpool City Council election
One third of the council seats were up for election. The term of office for each councillor being three years.


1924 Liverpool City Council election
Eleven of the thirty-eight seats up for election were uncontested.


1924 Liverpool City Council election
As the election was held on a Saturday, the Ballot Act allowed the presiding officer to mark the ballot paper for those people who declared themselves to be of the Jewish Faith.


1924 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Election 10 November 1924
Caused by the death of Alderman William Boote(Conservative, last elected as an alderman on 9 November 1920) on 8 December 1923


1924 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Election 10 November 1924
In his place Councillor Henry Alexander Cole JP (Conservative, St. Peter's, elected 1 November 1922) of "The Homestead", Vyner Road, Bidston, Cheshire, was elected as an alderman by the councillors on 10 November 1924


1924 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Election for No. 35 Allerton 10 November 1924
Pursuant of Sub-Section (4) of Section 18 of the Liverpool Corporation Act, 1921, Councillor Henry Morley Miller (Conservative, Aigurth, elected 1 November 1922) of 2 Riverside Road, Aigburth, Liverpool, was elected as an alderman by the councillors on 10 November 1924


1924 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Elections 3 June 1925
Caused by the resignation of Alderman Frederick James Rawlinson (Conservative, last elected as an alderman on 9 November 1920) which was reported to the Council on 6 May 1925.


1924 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Elections 3 June 1925
In whose place Councillor Albert Edward Jacob MP (Unionist, Aigburth, elected 1 November 1923) was elected as an alderman by the Council on 3 June 1925.


1924 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Elections 3 June 1925
Caused by the death of Alderman Joseph Harrison Jones(Liberal, elected as an alderman on 9 November 1920) on 21 November 1924.


1924 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Elections 3 June 1925
In whose place Councillor Herber Reynolds Rathbone (Liberal, Sefton Park West, last elected 1 November 1922) on 3 June 1925


1924 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Election 1 July 1925
Caused by the death of alderman John Gregory Taggart (Irish Nationalist, last elected as an alderman on 9 November 1923), in whose place Councillor John Clancy (Irish Nationalist, North Scotland, elected 1 November 1922) was elected by the councillors as an alderman on 1 July 1925.


1924 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 8 St. Peter's 20 November 1924
Caused by the election as an alderman of Councillor Henry Alexander Cole JP (Conservative, St. Peter's, elected 1 November 1922) on 10 November 1924, following the death of Alderman William Boote (Conservative, last elected as an alderman on 9 November 1920) on 8 December 1923.


1924 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 8 St. Peter's 20 November 1924
The term of office to expire on 1 November 1925.


1924 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 35 Aigburth, 28 November 1924
Caused by the election as an alderman of Councillor Henry Morley Miller (Conservative, Aigurth, elected 1 November 1922) on 10 November 1924


1924 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 35 Aigburth, 28 November 1924
The term of office to expire on 1 November 1925.


1924 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 31 Fairfield, 15 December 1924
Caused by the death of Councillor James Hughes(National Liberal, Fairfield, elected 1 November 1923) on 21 November 1924


1924 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 31 Fairfield, 15 December 1924
The term of office to expire on 1 November 1926.


1924 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 20 Low Hill, 19 February 1925
Caused by the death of Councillor Ellis Keyser Yates(Conservative, Low Hill, elected 1 November 1922) on 29 January 1925.


1924 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 20 Low Hill, 19 February 1925
The term of office to end on 1 November 1925.


1924 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 17 Aigburth, 23 June 1825
Caused by the election as an alderman of Councillor Albert Edward Jacob MP (Unionist, Aigburth, elected 1 November 1923) who was elected as an alderman by the Council on 3 June 1925, following the resignation of Alderman Frederick James Rawlinson (Conservative, last elected as an alderman on 9 November 1920) which was reported to the Council on 6 May 1925.


1924 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 17 Aigburth, 23 June 1825
The term of office to end on 1 November 1926.


1924 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 2 North Scotland, 8 August 1925
Caused by the election by the councillors as an alderman of Councillor John Clancy (Irish Nationalist, North Scotland, elected 1 November 1922) on 1 July 1925, following the death of alderman John Gergory Taggart (Irish Nationalist, last elected as an alderman on 9 November 1923).


1924 Liverpool City Council election, Mersey Tunnel Referendum 7 May 1925
The following resolution was put to a poll of the Electors on 7 May 1925 :


1924 Liverpool City Council election, Mersey Tunnel Referendum 7 May 1925
"That the Electors of the City of Liverpool hereby consent to the promotion of the Bill intituled 'An Act to authorise the construction of a Tunnel under the River Mersey between Liverpool and Birkenhead; and for other purposes.'"


1924 Liverpool West Toxteth by-election
"The Liverpool West Toxteth by-election of 1924 was held on 22 May 1924. The by-election was held due to the resignation of the incumbent Conservative MP, Robert Houston. It was won by the Labour candidate Joseph Gibbins. This was the first time a Labour candidate had won the seat.


1924 Liverpool West Toxteth by-election, Background
Although the West Toxteth constituency had been held by the Conservatives with a majority of 4,821 votes at the 1922 general election, the party's majority had been reduced to just 139 votes in the 1923 election. On both those occasions Gibbins had been Labour's unsuccessful candidate.


1924 Liverpool West Toxteth by-election, Aftermath
Although nationally the Conservatives won a landslide victory at the general election a few months later, in West Toxteth Gibbins managed to again defeat White, albeit with a much reduced majority of 379 votes. The Conservatives would not regain the seat until the National Government's landslide victory in 1931, when Gibbins was heavily defeated. However he would recapture the seat at another by-election in 1935.


1924 Liège–Bastogne–Liège
The 1924 Liège–Bastogne–Liège was the 14th edition of the Liège–Bastogne–Liège cycle race and was held on 10 August 1924. The race started and finished in Liège. The race was won by René Vermandel.


1924 Lombard Olive football team
The 1924 Lombard Olive football team represented Lombard College in the 1924 college football season.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado
The 1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado was a deadly F4 tornado which struck the towns of Sandusky and Lorain, Ohio on Saturday, June 28, 1924. At least 85 people were killed by the tornado, with others killed by tornadoes that struck the northern and eastern half of the state. It is the deadliest single tornado and tornado outbreak ever recorded in Ohio history, killing more people than the more famous 1974 Xenia Tornado during the 1974 Super Outbreak and the 1985 United States-Canadian tornado outbreak respectively.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary
On that day, a low pressure system moved from Iowa towards Michigan and Ontario. Temperatures were in the lower 80s across most of northern Ohio, which is typical for late-June across that area.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary
The tornado formed over the Sandusky Bay during the late afternoon hours and hit the city of Sandusky where it killed eight and destroyed 100 homes and 25 businesses. After moving east over Lake Erie for several miles, the tornado then struck the town of Lorain just west of Cleveland, killing 72. Among the dead were 15 people inside a collapsed theater, which makes it the worst tornado-related death toll from a single building in Ohio. Eight people were also killed inside the Bath House near the location where the tornado came onshore.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary
Over 500 homes were destroyed and 1000 others were damaged in the Lorain area as well as every business in the downtown area. Damage amounts were estimated at the time to be approximately $12 million. When adjusted for wealth the figure jumps to $1 billion (1997 dollars), which ranks it 10th costliest tornado, ahead of the Oklahoma City area tornado in 1999. A total of 85 were killed with additional deaths outside the two cities and 300 others were injured. While the Fujita scale was not existent at the time, the damage was estimated to be at around F4.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary
There are still some uncertainties on whether the Sandusky-Lorain tornado was a single tornado event due to the 25-mile path of the storm across Lake Erie between Sandusky and Lorain, however many eyewitnesses showed a single severe storm crossing the Lake before coming on-shore again just after 5:00 PM.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary
At the time, it was the second deadliest tornado ever in the northern United States behind the New Richmond Tornado in northern Wisconsin in 1899 and 13th overall. Today, it is still ranked as the fourth deadliest tornado in the northern States and 24th overall.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary
Other tornadoes hit the Castalia (Sandusky County), Huron Township (Erie County) and Geauga Lake (Portage County); additional tornadoes struck northwestern Pennsylvania, producing damage near Erie and Meadville. At least five other people were killed by tornadoes other than the Sandusky-Lorain storm including three others in Ohio.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
The New York Times published the following article on June 29, 1924:


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
"CLEVELAND, June 28 (Associated Press) - Three hundred are dead and at least 1,500 are injured in Lorain alone as a result of a tornado today, according to reports reaching Colonel D. H. Pond, Director of Red Cross civilian relief, here early tonight. Colonel Pond announced that he had arranged for tents for 1,000 persons to be shipped directly to Lorain from Camp Perry.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
Eighty dead have been taken from the State Theatre (sic) in Lorain, the chief of police of Elyria reported at 9:30 to-night. Estimates of 300 dead and 1,500 injured are not exaggerated.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
The storm carried telegraph and telephone wires down with it, isolating Sandusky, Lorain and other points in the norther part of the State, making confirmation of reports impossible.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
A motorist who drove from Loraine (sic) notified the Cleveland Plain Dealer that not only was East Lorain demolished, but the city of Lorain itself was swept away.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
Reports received over crippled railroad wires from Sandusky late tonight state that between fifty and seventy-five persons were killed or drowned there today when the tornado struck that city. The Sandusky water works and several large buildings along the lake front were blown down.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
Considerable damage along the shore line east of Cedar Point is reported. Some Summer homes are said to have been blown down and several persons killed.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
An automobile ferry plying between Sandusky and Marblehead broke loose from its moorings at Sandusky and struck a pier. Fifteen passengers on the ferry are reported to have been drowned.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
Martial law has been declared in Lorain by Mayor George Hoffman. Police deputized American Legion members to cooperate with them and the National Guard. Looting is said to be going on freely.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
Lorain is without water, light, telephones, and food, and has little gas.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
First reports received here from a staff correspondent of The Plain Dealer, who motored back to the first available telephone east of Lorain, were to the effect that 200 were killed in the collapse of the State Theatre at Lorain, and that forty other were dead in other parts of the city.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
Reports from various other sources place the number of the dead as high as 500.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
Confirmation of the collapse of the theatre and washout of the Black River bridge at Lorain was brought to Cleveland by A. Downer, conductor on the Lake Shore Electric Railway, the first eyewitness of the disaster to reach this city. Many women and children were killed, motorists told him.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
Practically every house on Broadway, the main street of the city east and west, was blown down, Downer reported, and automobiles were picked up and overturned on the sidewalks.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
The American Shipyards at Lorain are reported to have been razed. Two boats belonging to Henry Ford were reported to have broken loose.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
Reports here that small passenger steamers plying between Sandusky and Lake Erie Island resorts have been lost, but could not be confirmed late tonight.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
One of the first eyewitness stories of the cyclone to reach Cleveland was brought back by L.F. Forster of Bay Village. He was in Lorain within a few minutes after the cyclone struk and he walked over several blocks of the devastated area, saw unroofed buildings, fallen trees, and telephone poles, heard screams of some of the injured and afterward saw refugees fleeing the city.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
"My wife and I and a party of friends were driving toward Lorain," he said. "It must have been 5:30 when the storm struck. We were about three or four miles east of the city and a heavy rain was falling."


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
"At a gasoline station we met another automobile that had stopped there. It had just come from Lorain and from the man and woman in it we learned there had been a cyclone. They said they had seen houses toppling over, roofs flying through the air, and trees and telephone poles mowed down as a by a huge scythe.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
"Their car was a sedan. They said the wind blew so hard that they had to sit on the floor to keep it from shattering their ear drums.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
"We drove on toward Lorain until a tangle of fallen trees made further progress impossible. Then we got out and walked into the town.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
"The town was a wreck. I had an uncanny feeling as I looked at houses without roofs or without walls, as I picked my way through the wreckage in the streets.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
"I recall looking into one house from which the front wall had been blown out. I could see into the bedrooms and noticed the beds stood there neatly made. In the distance we could see some houses in flames, although there appeared to be no general conflagration.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
"The river bridge was demolished except for the footpath, which was still standing. People were running about excitedly in the streets, some of them with injured hands and legs. Many had been pinned under falling buildings and trees.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
"One wall of a grocery had been demolished, and the merchandise was scattered over the street. We saw a moving picture theatre which had collapsed. The balcony had fallen across the doorway. Whether anybody was in the theatre or not I do not know. Some men were trying to reach any injured who might be inside.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
"We left this scene of desolation and retracted our steps to the car. Driving back to Bay Village, we overtook a number of refugees who came pouring out of the city a few minutes after the storm struck.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
"One of these was a man who said he owned a four-family apartment house which had been wrecked. Two people were found buried in the debris, he said.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
"We met a man hurrying toward Lorain, who besought us for news. He said his wife and family were in the wrecked area. Ambulances and automobiles were rushing storm victims to the Elyria Hospital."


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
First Relief Train is Blocked. Nickel Plate trainmen reported that all the Government houses north of the railroad tracks in South Lorain had been blown down. Two men were killed there and thousands of dollars worth of property damaged.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
Property damage at Akron, Ohio, was estimated at more than $1,000,000. FCleveland companies of the Ohio National Guard were being assembled in anticipation of orders to proceed to Lorain after messengers brought word that troops were wanted to aid in the relief work and preserve order.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
About fifty members of the 112th Engineers Corps were rushed to Lorain in taxicabs upon receipt of Governor Donahey's orders. They were in charge of Colonel Ralph R. White. A Nickel Plate train is ready to take the rest of the troops as soon as they can be mobilized.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
The first relief train sent from here by the Nickel Plate Railroad reached East Lorain late tonight, but could not proceed to Lorain because of the bad condition of the tracks, the Nickel Plate dispatched announced. A second Nickel Plate train is due at Lorain at 11 P.M. The first relief train made no report of the conditions found at Lorain.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
A relief train was sent to the scene by the Nickel Plate Railroad, while all police emergency cars and other available automobiles left here with nurses and physicians.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
The Elyria fire department, which succeeded in reaching Lorain, sent out a frantic appeal for help, reporting that several hundreds were injured when the theatre collapsed.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
A street in South Lorain also is reported to have been undermined. From Sandusky came reports that a car ferry blew over. Interurban service between here and Lorain, Sandusky, and intermediate points is at a standstill.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
The entire Elyria Fire and Police Departments and ambulance equipment have been sent to Lorain.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
The only way to reach Lorain from Cleveland is through Elyria, and roads are jammed with refugees headed away from Lorain and relief parties on the way there."


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
Marysville Journal-Tribune published the following article on May 14, 1925:


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
Columbus, May 14. -- Financial report of the Ohio relief commission of the American Red cross.


1924 Lorain–Sandusky tornado, Event summary, Reporting on the 1924 Tornado
[ F]ormed after the disastrous tornado which devastated Northern Ohio last summer, has just been completed, and certified to national headquarters of the Red Cross by Ernest & Ernest. Cleveland accountants.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak
The 1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak was an outbreak of the pneumonic plague in Los Angeles, California that began on September 28, 1924 and was declared fully contained on November 13, 1924. It represented the first time that the plague had emerged in Southern California; plague outbreaks previously surfaced in San Francisco and Oakland. The outbreak killed 30 people and infected several more.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak
Public health officials credited the lessons learned from the San Francisco outbreak with saving lives, and swiftly implemented preventative measures, including hospitalization of the sick and all their contacts, a neighborhood quarantine, and a large-scale rat eradication program. The epicenter of the plague was in the Macy Street District, primarily home to Mexican immigrants. Racism against Mexican Americans tainted the reaction to the plague, an issue not made public until the outbreak concluded. This outbreak was the last instance of aerosol transmission of the plague and the last major plague outbreak in the United States.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Background
During the 1920s, thousands of Mexicans crossed the border to work on large plantations that thrived on "cheap, compliant labor." The large plantation owners supported open immigration, because Mexicans were thought of as "docile and backward." However, immigrants faced a backlash from labor unions which supported increased border security and often expressed racists tendencies towards Hispanic immigrants due to the belief that cheap labor on plantations would favor immigrants instead of American workers. In addition, Hispanics also had to face the stereotype of spreading crime and disease, and some worried that they refused to assimilate into white America. As a consequence, Hispanics were often "physically isolated from the white" communities of Los Angeles. At the time, roughly 19% of Los Angeles residents were foreign born, 22,000 of which were Mexican.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Background
At the time, Los Angeles, being the largest city on the West Coast and the fifth-largest in the country, was growing on an economy primarily reliant on its flourishing tourism industry, a "land boom," and a new harbor. An ideal climate allowed its population to explode in the early 20th century: it grew by 80.66% between 1910 and 1920 and by 114.69% between 1920 and 1930.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Background
Mexicans in Los Angeles mostly settled in Eastern Los Angeles and unincorporated territory of Los Angeles County, primarily in two neighborhoods – known by white residents as ghettos – Belvedere and the Macy Street District. In the Macy Street District, named for its southern boundary of Macy Street (now Cesar Chavez Avenue), roughly 3,000 residents were surrounded by the Los Angeles River, polluted by dead carcasses and brick, coal, gas and meatpacking plants. The rat population also thrived on the prevalence of horse and mule yards.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Background
Residents were crammed into one-fifth of a square mile, living in cramped residences with high rent despite low-quality living conditions. Residents often had to travel through someone's else's apartment to get to their own room. Despite often illegal living conditions, no investigations into the Macy District's living conditions was ever held, and the only four paved roads into the District were never inspected by the Department of Streets and Sanitation.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Timeline, September 1924
On September 28, 1924, in the Macy Street District (present day Los Angeles Chinatown) of Los Angeles, California, a 51-year-old man named Jesús Lajun fell ill with a fever and a painful lump in his groin. Prior to the onset of symptoms, Lajun had discovered a decaying rat under his house and picked it up, throwing it in the trash. The physician also misdiagnosed Lajun's pneumonic plague as a venereal disease (sexually transmitted infection), due to his enlarged lymph node.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Timeline, September 1924
Even after the Los Angeles City Health Officers' confirmation of the disease as the pneumonic plague, the disease was referred as strange malady, pneumonia, virulent pneumonia, or malignant pneumonia until November 6. Investigators initially believed that Lajun contracted the bubonic plague. Left untreated, the bubonic plague can move to the lungs and cause a secondary pneumonic infection, with a mortality rate of 40–60%. As Lajun's condition worsened, he developed extreme symptoms such as bloody sputum, causing doctors to believe it converted into pneumonic form. Because he was the first with identifiable symptoms of the plague, Lajun was designated the index patient.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Timeline, October 1924
In the same week, on October 3, 1924, Jesús Lajun's fifteen-year-old daughter Francisca also fell ill, complaining of fever and shortness of breath. Both also suffered from sore throats and back pain. Doctor Porter, a physician of the Los Angeles City Health Office, was called to the house and misdiagnosed Francisca with lobar pneumonia, a form of pneumonia weakening the lobe of a lung due to inflammatory exudate between alveoli. Porter also misdiagnosed Lajun's plague as a venereal disease, or sexually transmitted infection, due to his enlarged lymph node. Following the Lajuns' diagnosis, they were treated by Lucina Samarano, a pregnant nurse. Samarano lived at 742 Clara Street, which would become the eventual epicenter of the outbreak.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Timeline, October 1924
However, neither of the Lajuns recovered; 15-year old Francisca died in an ambulance on its way to Los Angeles County General Hospital after her symptoms worsened. An autopsy of Lajun performed by physician Doctor Webb misdiagnosed her cause of death as double pneumonia. Jesús Lajun died on October 11, with his cause of death misdiagnosed as bronchopneumonia.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Timeline, October 1924
Lucina Samarano developed similar respiratory symptoms and died days later on October 15. No autopsy was conducted on Samarano and she was yet again misdiagnosed with acute myocarditis, or inflammation of the heart muscle. Samarano's fetus was stillborn and her body was returned to Guadalupe Samarano, her husband, infecting him.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Timeline, October 1924
Between October 15 and 19, Father M. Brualla, a Catholic priest who had administered last rites to the victims and held the requiem mass for Samarano, developed the same respiratory symptoms and died days later, as did several attendants of Samarano's funeral. Many of the Samaranos' friends and family were unknowingly infected by Guadalupe Samarano, and within a week, the plague killed his entire family of eight.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Timeline, October 1924
On October 22, Guadalupe and Jessie Flores, neighbors of the Samaranos, also fell ill with symptoms of the pneumonic plague and are subsequently hospitalized at the General Hospital. On October 24, doctors misdiagnosed the Flores with severe pneumonia as there was no known connection at the time between the Flores and Samaranos.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Timeline, October 1924
On October 26, Guadalupe Flores died and received an autopsy by Doctor Lawrence Parsons, who also misdiagnoses his cause of death as double pneumonia. Therefore, no bacterial test was conducted to correctly identify the pathogen as Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of the pneumonic plague. Flores' body was returned to his family on October 27, exposing their family to the pneumonic plague. Afterwards, the hospital's morgue staff quarantined for five days.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Timeline, October 1924
On October 28, physician George Stevens reported an unknown, highly contagious disease to the hospital and recommended the construction of a quarantine ward after he and Doctor Elmer Anderson both treated patients in unusually critical condition. That same day, brothers Mike and Jose Jiminez also fell ill and vacated 742 Clara Street, the residence of the Samaranos, exposing the rest of the district to the plague.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Timeline, October 1924
On October 29, several people who were in close contact with the Samaranos contracted the plague, including Mary Costello, Guadalupe Samarano's nurse; Fred Ortega, who lived at 742 Clara Street; Samarano's mother, Maria; and his brother, Victor. Maria and Victor Samarano were hospitalized under Doctor Bogen's supervision after exhibiting suspected symptoms of avian influenza. Jesus and Maria Valenzuela, cousins of the Samaranos, also fell ill with symptoms of the plague, though they were not traced back to the Samaranos. The Samaranos' children, Alfredo, Gilberto, Raul, and Roberto, along with six others, were hospitalized and diagnosed with meningitis, despite their skin turning black, a pathognomonic symptom of the plague. A physician also requested an ambulance from the hospital for two patients in critical condition and were highly contagious.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Timeline, October 1924
On October 30, the Los Angeles County Hospital pathologist Doctor George Maner finally identified the pneumonic plague as the disease causing the outbreak and notified the Los Angeles City Health Department and state officials. Maner identified it from a blood serum sample from a patient who died after attending Lucena Samarano's funeral. City health official quarantined an eight-block area encompassing Clara Street, where the funeral had taken place, as well as a six-block area in Belvedere after Jesús Lajun was identified as the index case, but did not announce the causative disease of the outbreak.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Timeline, October 1924
Thirteen more cases of an unknown disease were admitted, all of whom developed cyanosis and hemoptysis, or bloody sputum, the former of which is indicative of low oxygen saturation of tissues near the skin surface. Three of the patients died the same day, and in response the pneumonic plague was first suggested as the cause of the outbreak. The following morning, the diagnosis of pneumonic plague was confirmed by pathologists after an autopsy reported gram-negative bipolar staining bacilli resembling the plague.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Timeline, October 1924
Alexandre Yersin, the co-discoverer of Yersinia pestis, and the hospital's assistant superintendent sent a telegram ordering antiserum and vaccine on October 31, notifying the California Board of Health United States Public Health Service of the outbreak. However, the antiserum requested was produced solely by the H.K. Mulford Company laboratories in Philadelphia, a 3,141-mile journey which would require automobile transport to Mineola, New York then a flight by mail plane to Los Angeles with a stopover in San Francisco.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Timeline, October 1924
With cooperation from the United States Post Office Department and its respective air mail officials, it was prepared within an hour, according to the company. In spite of the rapid deployment of the antiserum, it was successfully used on only two patients, Raul Samarano and Mary Costello, and remained largely unused for the rest of the outbreak. Cumming subsequently commenced an investigation into the outbreak.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Timeline, October 1924
The same day, County Health Commissioner J. L. Pomeroy imposed a quarantine, with 75 police officers and 200 armed World War I veterans deployed to assist quarantine guards in enforcing the quarantine, who often looted from local residents and businesses.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Timeline, November 1924
On November 1, Benjamin Brown, a United States Public Health Service surgeon in Los Angeles, warned the United States Surgeon General Hugh S. Cumming of the outbreak and Yersin's request for an antiserum. Brown's transmission was encoded, referring to "pneumonic plague" as "ekkil," "suspected cases" as "suspects," "deaths" as "begos," and "situation bad" as "ethos":


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Timeline, November 1924
Eighteen cases ekkil. Three suspects. Ten begos. Ethos. Recommend federal aid


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Timeline, November 1924
Cumming then alerted Senior Surgeon James Perry, who was then stationed in San Francisco, to confidentially investigate the outbreak, attempting to avoid gratuitous involvement in state and municipal affairs.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Timeline, November 1924
10 more fatalities were recorded, and Pomeroy extended the quarantine to encompass the entire Macy Street District, purportedly to ensure that "Mexicans who we feared would scatter" couldn't evade the original quarantine. The border's boundaries were closed to regular vehicle traffic and guards were positioned at every home with suspected cases. Agricultural and railroad workers were exempted from the quarantine. A temporary laboratory was constructed by the Los Angeles City Health Department in the quarantined area to quickly identify new cases. By this time, the cause of the outbreak had been definitively established as the pneumonic plague.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Timeline, November 1924
Fatalities spiked yet again on November 2. Among them was Father Bruella, who oversaw the last rites of many of the plague victims in his ward and died from the plague at 9 a.m. By this time, over 400 armed guards were deployed to implement the quarantine. Despite its rapid spread, the outbreak remained largely unknown to the public – information that was released was often falsified or distorted, such as the Los Angeles Times, which attributed the quarantine to pneumonia, as opposed to newspapers on the East Coast which generally covered the outbreak without hesitation.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Timeline, November 1924
By November 3, 24 people died over the course of two weeks, all but one of whom were Mexicans. All Mexicans who died were required to undergo an autopsy even if it is not suspected that they died of the plague. Los Angeles authorities racially quarantined Mexican homes outside of the Macy Street District as well as majority African American, Chinese, and Japanese neighborhoods. The Macy Street District port mandated the inspection and fumigation of incoming ships while outgoing ships hung a yellow flag, indicating the ship originated in a quarantined zone.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Timeline, November 1924
On November 4, 5 more died, bringing the total death toll to 29 (reported as 25 in local newspapers).


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Timeline, November 1924
On November 5, the plague antiserum requested by the Los Angeles County Hospital finally arrived, though it was only used on three patients. By this time, everyone else who lived at 742 Clara Street died. Despite a piling death toll, the hospital continued falsifying or contorting information regarding the outbreak. A six-block quarantine was also imposed in Belvedere Gardens in response to two suspected plague deaths.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Timeline, November 1924
By November 6, the death toll rose to 33 deaths (reported as 30 in local newspapers). That same day, El Heraldo de México became the first local newspaper to transparently report on the outbreak, revealing that the plague spread by rat fleas, not pneumonia, was its cause. The newspaper also refuted city officials' claims that the plague outbreak began on October 30. Consequently, the Port of Los Angeles began the eradication of all rats to avoid a quarantine and economic downturn. The Los Angeles government advised those in the Macy Street District not to congregate by or heed to the newspaper.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Timeline, November 1924
On November 8, Los Angeles government and hospitals began the rollout of a vaccine. However, it would require the quarantined to leave the restricted area, meaning the vaccine was largely isolated to the sick. The plague vaccine at the time was also largely ineffective against the pneumonic plague, and in those who were vaccinated, the plague often progressed too far for the vaccine to be effective.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Timeline, November 1924
On November 10, the Los Angeles County General Hospital superintendent, Doctor N. N. Wood, officially reported 9 clinically diagnosed plague cases after weeks of silence on the plague, which was adjusted to 37 on November 11.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Timeline, November 1924
On November 13, the quarantine was lifted after 6 days of no new cases.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Timeline, November 1924
On November 14, a man named Martin Hernandez, who did not live anywhere near the Macy Street District, died of the plague; his case was not reported to any authorities.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Timeline, November 1924
On November 15, the plague was officially declared over by local health officials in spite of lingering active cases of the plague, allowing the introduction of a citywide rat extermination program.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Epidemiology and pathology, Transmission
The pneumonic plague is the only form of the plague capable of person-to-person transmission, which occurs during droplet-respiration, or breathing, as opposed to other forms of the plague. The 1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak was the last instance of aerosol transmission of the plague in the United States. A person is infected when they breathe in particles of Yersinia pestis, a bacterium transmitted by rat fleas, in the air.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Epidemiology and pathology, Transmission
Alternatively, if the bubonic plague (another form of the plague) goes untreated, the bacteria can spread to the lungs through the bloodstream and cause a secondary case of the pneumonic plague. Between 1900 and 2009, there were 1,001 reported cases of pneumonic plague, of which 81% occurred before 1943, when effective antibiotics, such as doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin became widely available. In that time period, 92% of cases were fatal.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Epidemiology and pathology, Transmission
The pneumonic plague's potency of person-to-person transmission is disputed – it is agreed that Yersinia pestis can spread the pneumonic plague through aerosol transmission of infected droplets, and the bacterium can survive in the air for up to one hour in optimum conditions. Somebody exposed to someone infected with the pneumonic plague can fall ill within 1 to 6 days.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Epidemiology and pathology, Transmission
However, Jacob L. Kool objects to the supposed high risk of person-to-person transmission in an article titled ""Risk of Person‐to‐Person Transmission of Pneumonic Plague" in Clinical Infectious Diseases, stating that people are only at risk of exposure to the plague when the disease has progressed to its end stage and the infected begin coughing bloody sputum. Even then, direct and close contact within six feet is required for the plague to spread, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases. Transmission can be prevented by tight-fitting surgical masks and social distancing. Only 11% of patients that contracted the disease actually spread it to another person.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Epidemiology and pathology, Transmission
After the 1924 outbreak in Los Angeles, there have been no secondary transmissions (transmission of the disease from a secondary case). Bodily fluids and tissue of an infected animal can still transmit the plague to humans through direct contact if handled improperly, but this is exceedingly rare: today, the World Health Organization reports only 1,000 to 3,000 cases of the plague annually. Zoonosis is often the direct result of an epizootic, a flare-up of a disease in animals analogous to a human epidemic. Though the plague is most common in rural and semi-arid regions of the western United States, epizootics are frequent among rodents in big cities and urban areas with large, diverse specimen populations, as exemplified in this outbreak, the last urban plague epizootic.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Epidemiology and pathology, Signs and symptoms
The pneumonic plague primarily affects the lungs, and common symptoms include fatigue, fever, and pneumonia, the latter of which in turn can cause chest pain, coughing, hemoptysis (bloody sputum), and shortness of breath. The plague may also cause abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. If antibiotic treatments, which were not available until 1943, are not administered within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms, the plague will often progress into respiratory failure, shock, and death.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Epidemiology and pathology, Diagnosis
The pneumonic plague is diagnosed after evaluation by a healthcare worker and a laboratory test of the patient's blood, lymph node aspirate, or sputum confirms infection.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Epidemiology and pathology, Treatment
The plague can be treated with a therapeutic antiserum, a treatment first initiated in 1896 by Alexandre Yersin, a bacteriologist, physician, and co-discoverer of Yersinia pestis as the causative bacterium of the plague. The efficacy of antiserum is disputed but it is generally accepted to be successful in mitigating negative effects of the plague: the mortality rates for antiserum-treated patients was 35%, as opposed to 82% for untreated patients.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Epidemiology and pathology, Treatment
In the 1924 Los Angeles outbreak, the serum was only successfully used on two patients, Mary Costello and Raul Samarano, remaining largely unused. At the time, it was only produced by H.K. Mulford Company laboratories in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, but was quickly flown the 3,141-mile route via car to Mineola, New York then flown on air mail to Los Angeles via San Francisco.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Response, Initial medical response and concealment
The government of Los Angeles consistently ensured that the pneumonic plague outbreak never became public. On October 29, Yersinia pestis, the bacterium causing the plague, was found in the lungs of a plague victim, a finding not released to the public until after the outbreak. As cases piled up, a telegram sent on October 31 recommended federal aid for the city of Los Angeles, replacing the terms "pneumonic plague," "death," and "situation" with code "ekkil," "begos," and "ethos," respectively.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Response, Initial medical response and concealment
Government officials knew the outbreak was attributed to the pneumonic plague well before October 30, when it was first labeled in official government documents. Secretary of the State Board of Health Doctor Walter Dickie conducted a test on a guinea pig with a lymph node sample taken from Jesus Lajun before he died. The guinea pig died from the pneumonic plague, yet it took 17 days for an announcement confirming the outbreak was the fault of the plague.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Response, Initial medical response and concealment
In spite of significant delays in medical announcements, significant preventative measures were still enacted: a quarantine of the eight blocks surrounding Jesús Lajun's residence was quickly imposed, affecting roughly 2,500 residents, most of whom were Mexican immigrants. Medical personnel traveled to each house inspecting residents for signs and symptoms of the plague.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Response, Initial medical response and concealment
Two years following the outbreak's conclusion, Dickie reported to Governor of California Friend W. Richardson commending the response to the outbreak as "the most outstanding accomplishment" of the year, which was questioned as "historical drift" by Arthur J. Viseltear in a 1974 article published in Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Response, Media coverage
Los Angeles media coverage of the plague was considered vague compared to that of media outside of the city, often attributing the outbreak to pneumonia, as seen in a subheading in the Los Angeles Examiner reading "Officials Believe Virulent Pneumonia Outbreak Controlled" and a headline in the Los Angeles Times reading "Seven are Dead from Pneumonia," both of which published on November 3. The plague was not referred to by name until November 6, by which time the plague was practically over. Many Los Angeles newspapers also incorrectly depicted Belvedere Gardens and the Macy Street District, both heavily populated by Mexican immigrants, as separate from the City of Los Angeles. Any news reports that did refer to the outbreak by name often portrayed Mexican Americans and their respective neighborhoods as 'menaces.'


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Response, Media coverage
By comparison, The New York Times and The Washington Post both referred to the plague by name, even comparing it to the Black Death of the 14th century. Several newspapers outside of Los Angeles covered the deployment of the plague antiserum in early November in detail, including the Chicago Tribune; The Evening World; Herald & Review; The Indianapolis Times; Moon-Journal of Battle Creek, Michigan; New York World; The Philadelphia Bulletin; The Philadelphia Inquirer; The Philadelphia North American; Public Ledger; San Francisco Daily News; and the San Francisco Evening Bulletin.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Response, Racism
The city's handling of the outbreak reinforced the widespread stereotype that Mexicans were poor and of a degraded class. Due to cramped and often illegal living conditions, rats were prevalent in majority Hispanic neighborhoods, cultivating the belief that the plague was an ethnic trait, as exemplified in a University of California, Los Angeles professor who claimed that Mexicans have a tendency to "huddle together" and therefore spread disease.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Response, Racism
Institutional racism and poverty also advanced the spread of the plague, as overcrowding, poor ventilation, poor sanitization, and high rodent populations often exacerbate the spread and harshness of the plague. In 1924, Mexican immigrants made up the largest ethnic group living in often dense and unsafe work camps, which flourished under widespread sentiment against Mexican immigrants and workers. Employment discrimination was also frequent as Mexicans were viewed as cheap and expendable, and many perceived Mexican Americans being relegated to working in factories and agricultural fields enclosing Los Angeles.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Response, Racism
On November 9, 200 Mexican workers at the Biltmore Hotel, most of whom did not live in the Macy Street District, were rehired after previously and controversially being fired. Several Mexican residents believed that quarantine guards and the over 200 armed veterans enforcing the quarantine were holding them against their will. Mexican men often had to convert from Catholicism to Protestantism to be respected, while Mexican women were societally obligated to be trained in proper housekeeping. These racist sentiments were possibly the fault of the misdiagnosis of Jesus Lajun's cause of death as a sexually transmitted infection and bronchopneumonia.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Response, Racism
After the plague, health officials recognized the need for programs encouraging safe hygiene practices among the Mexican population. Health officials blamed the plague outbreak on Mexicans' supposed ignorance of proper hygiene, despite actually being the fault of notoriously inferior living conditions and poverty in the Macy Street District. Some health officials even blamed the outbreak itself entirely on Mexican Americans, which Feldinger argues reinforced the pro-segregation views widely held at the time. The response also failed to provide vital access to clean water and sanitary disposal.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Response, Rat extermination
After the 1900–1904 San Francisco bubonic plague outbreak, squirrels carrying fleas with the Yersinia pestis bacteria were found all throughout California. At the time, it was widely believed that rodents or small animals were directly responsible for spreading the plague, rather than fleas . In response, the City of Los Angeles hired people to systematically eradicate or tag rodents, primarily targeting squirrels.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Response, Rat extermination
Following the Los Angeles outbreak, the City of Los Angeles began a citywide rat and ground squirrel extermination program. On November 15, Doctor Walter Dickie announced an ordinance requiring Los Angeles residents to maintain a clean household. Violations could result in the destruction of said private property, a consequence that devastated Mexicans. A committee dedicated to the eradication of rats received $250,000 in funding between November 1924 and July 1925 and $500,000 between July 1925 and July 1926. The city established a rat bounty and infected rats were found Downtown, in Beverly Hills, and at the harbor. The city lifted houses 18 inches above the ground and ripped off their siding to allow stray cats and dogs to eat infected rats. Buildings were also sprayed with hydrogen cyanide, rodenticide, and sulfur. Health officials also burned lumber, clothing, and garbage.


1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak, Response, Rat extermination
Today, only 5 to 15 cases of the plague are reported annually in the western United States, and naturally occurring pneumonic plague is practically nonexistent.


1924 Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football team
The 1924 Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented the Louisiana Polytechnic Institute—now known as Louisiana Tech University—as a member of the Louisiana Intercollegiate Athletic Association (LIAA) during the 1924 college football season. Led by Philip Arbuckle in his first and only year as head coach, Louisiana Tech compiled an overall record of 1–6–1. The team's captain was Otis Reed.


1924 Louisiana gubernatorial election
The 1924 Louisiana gubernatorial election was held in two rounds on January 15 and February 19, 1924. Like most Southern states between the Reconstruction Era and the Civil Rights Movement, Louisiana's Republican Party was virtually nonexistent in terms of electoral support. This meant that the two Democratic Party primaries held on these dates were the real contest over who would be governor. The 1924 election saw Henry L. Fuqua defeat Hewitt Bouanchaud to become Governor of Louisiana, and saw the beginning of the political rise of Huey P. Long, who came in a surprisingly strong third.


1924 Louisiana gubernatorial election, Candidates
Henry L. Fuqua of Baton Rouge, the manager of Louisiana State Penitentiary, had the support of former governors Jared Y. Sanders and Ruffin G. Pleasant, and of the Regular Democratic Organization, a powerful New Orleans-based political machine. He also received funding from the oil industry.


1924 Louisiana gubernatorial election, Candidates
Hewitt Bouanchaud, a French-speaking lawyer from Pointe Coupee Parish, was the handpicked candidate of outgoing governor John M. Parker.


1924 Louisiana gubernatorial election, Candidates
Huey Long, an ambitious young Railroad Commissioner from Winnfield, had announced his intention to run for governor as early as 1922.


1924 Louisiana gubernatorial election, Campaign
The major emerging issue of the campaign was the Ku Klux Klan, which had surged in popularity across the state in the early 1920s. Long was reluctant to address the issue; his political support was strongest in Protestant north Louisiana, the heartland of the Klan. A strong condemnation of the Klan would alienate many of these supporters. Long ducked this issue, instead arguing that Standard Oil and corporate domination was the true threat to Louisiana. Long was not affiliated with the Klan, but his defensiveness cast doubts among some voters. Fuqua favored an antimasking law to combat the Klan, but did not take a strong stance on the issue. Bouanchaud, a Catholic, made a strong denunciation of the Klan his main campaign issue.


1924 Louisiana gubernatorial election, Campaign
Without the organized support enjoyed by his two opponents, Long built his campaign around printed circulars and frequent campaign stops in rural areas of the state. He campaigned for increased educational funding, road improvement, and the right of unions to organize. He condemned the concentration of wealth and the domination of large corporations over the state, arguing they needed to pay their fair share of taxes. Long's opponents called him a radical demagogue with "Bolshevistic tendencies."


1924 Louisiana gubernatorial election, Results
Bouanchaud ran strongest in rural southern Louisiana, where Catholic voters were attracted to his French background and his strong anti-Klan position. Fuqua's strongest vote came from the cities. The real surprise of the election was Long's unexpectedly strong showing; he won all but three parishes in northern and central Louisiana.


1924 Louisiana gubernatorial election, Results
Even though Long refused to endorse either candidate, most of his supporters went to Fuqua in the runoff.


1924 Louisiana gubernatorial election, Sources
Compilation of Primary Election Returns of the Democratic Party, State of Louisiana. 1924.


1924 Louisville Cardinals football team
The 1924 Louisville Cardinals football team was an American football team that represented the University of Louisville as an independent during the 1924 college football season. In their second and final season under head coach Fred Enke, the Cardinals compiled a 3–5–1 record.


1924 Loyola Wolf Pack football team
The 1924 Loyola Wolf Pack football team was an American football team that represented Loyola College of New Orleans (now known as Loyola University New Orleans) as an independent during the 1924 college football season. In its first season under head coach Moon Ducote, the team compiled a 3–4–2 record and was outscored by a total of 145 to 98.


1924 Maine Black Bears football team
The 1924 Maine Black Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of Maine as a member of the New England Conference during the 1924 college football season. In its fourth season under head coach Fred Brice, the team compiled a 4–3–1 record (1–2 against conference opponents) and played its home games at Alumni Field in Orono, Maine. George Gruhn was the team captain.


1924 Maine gubernatorial election
The 1924 Maine gubernatorial election took place on September 8, 1924.


1924 Maine gubernatorial election
Incumbent Governor Percival P. Baxter did not seek re-election. Republican candidate Ralph Owen Brewster defeated Democratic candidate William Robinson Pattangall.


1924 Major League Baseball season
The 1924 Major League Baseball season was contested from April 15 to October 10, 1924. The New York Giants and Washington Senators were the regular season champions of the National League and American League, respectively. The Senators then defeated the Giants in the World Series, four games to three.


1924 Major League Baseball season
This was the third of eight seasons that "League Awards", a precursor to the Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award (introduced in 1931), were issued.


1924 Malaya Cup
Malaya Cup was a tournament held annually by a Malaya Cup committee.


1924 Malaya Cup
This is the fourth season of Malaya Cup (later known as Malaysia Cup). It were contested by states in Malaya. The final were contested by the southern and northern champions in their respective conference round. Six states sent their teams. The final were held at Selangor Club Field on 23 August 1924 where Singapore avenged their defeat against Selangor in a rematch of 1922 final's with a sole goal by Rogers.


1924 Malaya Cup, Conference Round
Six teams participated the third edition of the Malaya Cup, Malacca, Negeri Sembilan, Singapore, Penang, Selangor and Perak. Johor were unable to raise a team. The teams were divided into two conference, the Northern Section and Southern Section. The Northern Section consists of Penang, Selangor and Perak while Southern Section represented by Johor, Negeri Sembilan, Malacca and Singapore. Each team will play with each other (two games per team) and the winners of each conference will play in the final. Each win will give the team 2 points while losing will give 0 points. A draw means a point were shared between two teams.


1924 Malaya Cup, Final
The final were held at Selangor Club Field on 23 August 1924 where Singapore avenged their defeat against Selangor in a rematch of 1922 final's with a sole goal by Rogers. It was Singapore second successive title in four consecutive final appearances.


1924 Maltese general election
General elections were held in Malta on 9 and 10 June 1924. The Maltese Political Union and the Constitutional Party both won 10 of the 32 seats.


1924 Maltese general election, Electoral system
The elections were held using the single transferable vote system, whilst suffrage was limited to men meeting certain property qualifications.


1924 Manx general election
General elections were held in the Isle of Man between 28 October and 6 November 1924. Independent candidates won a majority of seats in the House of Keys.


1924 Manx general election, Electoral system
The 24 members of the House of Keys were elected from 11 constituencies, which had between one and three seats.


1924 Manx general election, Campaign
A total of 43 candidates contested the elections; 31 independents, 11 from the Manx Labour Party and one from Independent Labour. Despite winning seats in the 1919 elections, neither the National Party nor the Liberal Party nominated candidates.


1924 Marquette Golden Avalanche football team
The 1924 Marquette Golden Avalanche football team was an American football team that represented Marquette University as an independent during the 1924 college football season. In its third season under head coach Frank Murray, the team compiled a 5–2 record.


1924 Marshall Thundering Herd football team
The 1924 Marshall Thundering Herd football team represented Marshall College (now Marshall University) in the 1924 college football season. Marshall posted a 4–4 record, being outscored by its opposition 48–113. Home games were played on a campus field called "Central Field" which is presently Campus Commons.


1924 Maryland Aggies football team
The 1924 Maryland Aggies football team represented the University of Maryland in the 1924 college football season. In their 14th season under head coach Curley Byrd, the Aggies compiled a 3–3–3 record (1–2–1 in conference), finished in 16th place in the Southern Conference, and were outscored by their opponents 78 to 74.


1924 Maryland Aggies football team, Schedule
1 at Washington D.C. (Central H.S. Stadium)2 at Baltimore, Md. (Memorial Stadium)


1924 Massachusetts Aggies football team
The 1924 Massachusetts Aggies football team represented Massachusetts Agricultural College in the 1924 college football season. The team was coached by Harold Gore and played its home games at Alumni Field in Amherst, Massachusetts. Massachusetts finished the season with an overall record of 6–1–1, and a New England Conference record of 0–1, losing to rival Connecticut.


1924 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1924 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 4, 1924.


1924 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
Incumbent Republican Lieutenant Governor Alvan T. Fuller was elected over Boston mayor James Michael Curley.


1924 Mecklenburg-Schwerin state election
The 1924 Mecklenburg-Schwerin state election was held on 17 February 1924 to elect the 64 members of the Landtag of the Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.


1924 Memorial Cup
The 1924 Memorial Cup final was the sixth junior ice hockey championship of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association. The George Richardson Memorial Trophy champions Owen Sound Greys of the Ontario Hockey Association in Eastern Canada competed against the Abbott Cup champions Calgary Canadians of the Calgary City Junior Hockey League in Western Canada. In a two-game, total goal series, held at Shea's Amphitheatre in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Owen Sound won their 1st Memorial Cup, defeating Calgary 7 goals to 5.


1924 Memorial Cup, Winning roster
Dutch Cain, George Elliott, Bev Flairity, Ted Graham, Butch Keeling, H. Silverthorne, Headley Smith, Cooney Weiland, Shorty Wright. Coach: E.T. Hicks


1924 Mercer Bears football team
The 1924 Mercer Bears football team was an American football team that represented Mercer University as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association during the 1924 college football season. In their second year under head coach Stanley L. Robinson, the team compiled a 5–3–2 record.


1924 Mexican general election
General elections were held in Mexico on July 6, 1924. Plutarco Elías Calles won the presidential elections with 84.1% of the vote.


1924 Miami Redskins football team
The 1924 Miami Redskins football team was an American football team that represented Miami University as a member of the Ohio Athletic Conference (OAC) during the 1924 college football season. In its first season under head coach Chester Pittser, Miami compiled a 2–6 record (1–5 against conference opponents) and finished in 19th place out of 20 teams in the OAC.


1924 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team
The 1924 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team represented Michigan Agricultural College (MAC) in the 1924 college football season. In their second year under head coach Ralph H. Young, the Aggies compiled a 5–3 record and outscored their opponents 210 to 48.


1924 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team, Game summaries, Michigan
On October 11, 1924, the Aggies hosted Michigan in East Lansing. The game remained scoreless through the first three quarters. Michigan scored on a pass from halfback Frederick Parker to end Herb Steger to win the game by a 7 to 0 score. The 1925 Michiganensian described the play as follows: "In the last few minutes of play, Parker threw one of the long sensational passes that characterized the Wolverine's attack throughout the entire season, to Captain Steger who caught it and ran for a touchdown." According to The New York Times, Michigan center Robert J. Brown "was credited with an outstanding performance in the line."


1924 Michigan Mines football team
The 1924 Michigan Mines football team represented the Michigan College of Mines—now known as Michigan Technological University—as an independent during the 1924 college football season. Michigan Mines compiled a 0–2–1 record.


1924 Michigan State Normal Normalites football team
The 1924 Michigan State Normal Normalites football team represented Michigan State Normal College (later renamed Eastern Michigan University) during the 1924 college football season. In their second and final season under head coach James M. Brown, the Normalites compiled a record of 2–5–1 and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 69 to 46. Elwood A. Watson was the team captain.


1924 Michigan Wolverines football team
The 1924 Michigan Wolverines football team represented the University of Michigan in the 1924 Big Ten Conference football season. Coached by George Little in his first and only year as Michigan's head football coach, the team compiled a record of 6-2, outscored opponents 155–54, and finished in fourth place in the Big Ten Conference standings.


1924 Michigan Wolverines football team
After starting the season with shutouts against Miami (55–0) and Michigan Agricultural (7–0), Michigan lost to Illinois (39–14), as Red Grange scored five touchdowns and gained 402 yards. After the loss to Illinois, Michigan rebounded with four consecutive victories over Big Ten opponents, before losing to Iowa in the final game of the season. In all eight games during the 1924 season, the Wolverines played before 340,000 spectators, reported to be "possibly a 1924 attendance record equaled by only Yale."


1924 Michigan Wolverines football team
Halfback Herb Steger was the team captain, and left tackle Edliff Slaughter was selected as a first-team All-American. With 77 points, quarterback Tod Rockwell scored almost half of Michigan's 155 points and was the second-leading scorer in the Big Ten Conference, trailing Red Grange by one point. College Football Hall of Fame inductee Benny Friedman also made his debut as a starter for Michigan, playing at the halfback position in 1924.


1924 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Miami (OH)
The season opened with a 55–0 defeat of the Miami Redskins.


1924 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Michigan Agricultural
In the second game of the 1924 season, Michigan travelled to East Lansing to face the "Farmers" of Michigan Agricultural College. The game remained scoreless through the first three quarters. Michigan scored on a pass from halfback Frederick Parker to end Herb Steger to win the game by a 7-0 score. The 1925 Michiganensian described the play as follows: "In the last few minutes of play, Parker threw one of the long sensational passes that characterized the Wolverine's attack throughout the entire season, to Captain Steger who caught it and ran for a touchdown." According to The New York Times, Michigan center Robert J. Brown "was credited with an outstanding performance in the line."


1924 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Illinois
Michigan sustained its first loss of the season on October 18, 1924, losing to Illinois by a score of 39-14. Red Grange gained national notoriety for his performance in the game. Grange returned the opening kick-off 95 yards for a touchdown and scored four touchdowns in the first quarter to give Illinois a 27-0 lead. Grange scored five touchdowns in the game and gained 402 yards. The New York Times reported: "Unbiased experts agree that his performance was among the greatest ever seen on an American gridiron." Herb Steger ran for a Michigan touchdown in the second quarter. Tod Rockwell scored Michigan's final touchdown in the fourth quarter. Rockwell also kicked both of Michigan's extra points.


1924 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Illinois
Michigan's lineup against Illinois was Dutch Marion (left end), George Babcock (left tackle), Edliff Slaughter (left guard), Robert J. Brown (center), Harold Steele (right guard), Harry Hawkins (right tackle), Charles Grube (right end), Tod Rockwell (quarterback), Herb Steger (left halfback), Frederick Parker (right halfback), and James Miller (fullback).


1924 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Wisconsin
Following a defeat against Illinois, the Wolverines returned to Ann Arbor to play Wisconsin at Ferry Field. Michigan won the game by a score of 21-0. According to the 1925 Michiganensian, the team was "completely reorganized" after the loss to the Illini, with Herb Steger moving to quarterback, Ferdinand Rockwell to  left halfback, James Miller to end, and "Dutch" Marion to fullback. The Michiganensian made particular note of newcomer Benny Friedman, starting at right halfback: "Michigan's running and passing game was at its best with Friedman, a new man doing the hurling and Captain Steger the receiving.


1924 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Wisconsin
A long pass from Friedman to Steger put the ball on the two-yard line." The New York Times also took note of Friedman's debut, noting that Michigan had found "a new and dazzling gridiron meteor" in his first game as a regular. Friedman was responsible for all three Michigan touchdowns. In the second quarter, Friedman completed a "perfect pass spiraling" to Herb Steger for a 35-yard gain and Michigan's first points. In the third quarter, Friedman broke through Wisconsin's left tackle and ran 26 yards for at touchdown. In the fourth quarter Friedman threw a 29-yard pass to Charles Grube who was tackled at the seven-yard-line. Fullback Dutch Marion then ran for the touchdown. Tod Rockwell converted all three extra point kicks for Michigan.


1924 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Wisconsin
Michigan's starting lineup against Wisconsin was Miller (left end), Tom Edwards (left tackle), Edliff Slaughter (left guard), Robert J. Brown (center), Harry Hawkins (right guard), George Babcock (right tackle), William Flora (right end), Herb Steger (quarterback), Tod Rockwell (left halfback), Benny Friedman (right halfback), and Dutch Marion (fullback).


1924 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Minnesota
For its fifth game, Michigan travelled to Minneapolis to face the Minnesota Golden Gophers in the first Big Ten Conference game played in the new horseshoe-shaped Memorial Stadium. Michigan recovered a fumble in Minnesota territory, and William Herrnstein caught a 30-yard touchdown pass to give Michigan a 6–0 lead. In the second quarter, Michigan scored again, as Ferdinand Rockwell ran around the end for a touchdown on a faked field goal attempt. Rockwell also kicked the extra point, and Michigan won the game, 13–0.


1924 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Minnesota
Michigan's starting lineup against Minnesota was James Miller (left end), Tom Edwards (left tackle), Edliff Slaughter (left guard), Robert J. Brown (center), Harold Steele (right guard), George Babcock (right tackle), William Flora (right end), Tod Rockwell (quarterback), William Herrnstein (left halfback), Benny Friedman (right halfback), and Dutch Marion (fullback).


1924 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Northwestern
Michigan defeated Northwestern, 27–0, at Ferry Field on November 8, 1924. Benny Friedman threw three touchdown passes, and Ferdinand Rockwell scored three touchdowns and kicked three extra points. Michigan's first touchdown was scored by Rockwell on a 25-yard run off right tackle. Another touchdown was set up when Friedman intercepted a Northwestern pass and returned it 13 yards. On the next play, Friedman threw a touchdown pass to Dutch Marion. Also in the second quarter, Friedman threw a touchdown pass to Rockwell.


1924 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Northwestern
Michigan's starting lineup against Northwestern was James Miller (left end), Tom Edwards (left tackle), Edliff Slaughter (left guard), Robert J. Brown (center), Harold Steele (right guard), Walter Kunow (right tackle), William Flora (right end), Tod Rockwell (quarterback), William Herrnstein (left halfback), Benny Friedman (right halfback), and Dutch Marion (fullback).


1924 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Ohio State
Michigan overcame a late 6–0 deficit to win, 16–6, against Ohio State. Edliff Slaughter scored a touchdown in the game.


1924 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Iowa
In the final game of the season, Michigan lost to Iowa, 9–2, at Ferry Field. Michigan scored the first points of the game when an Iowa kick was blocked, and an Iowa player recovered the ball in the end zone. Iowa's fullback Scantlebury scored the only touchdown of the game on a one-yard run in the first quarter, but he missed the kick for extra point. Iowa led 6–2 at the end of the first quarter, and neither team was able to score in the second or third quarters. In the fourth quarter, Iowa drove to Michigan's 18-yard-line and settled for a field goal by right tackle Hancock for three points. According to the Associate Press account of the game, "Michigan carried the ball effectively through the Iowa line but could not gain within the twenty yard line."


1924 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Iowa
Michigan's starting lineup against Iowa was Grube (left end), Tom Edwards (left tackle), Edliff Slaughter (left guard), Robert J. Brown (center), Harold Steele (right guard), Harry Hawkins (right tackle), William Flora (right end), Tod Rockwell (quarterback), Herb Steger (left halfback), Benny Friedman (right halfback), and Dutch Marion (fullback).


1924 Michigan Wolverines football team, Postseason, Individual awards and accomplishments
After Michigan's victory over Ohio State, quarterback Tod Rockwell trailed Red Grange by only one point in the competition for the Big Ten Conference scoring championship. Through the first seven games of the season, Rockwell had ten touchdowns, one field goal and 14 extra points for a total of 77 points. Neither Rockwell nor Grange scored in the final games of the season, and Rockwell, with 77 points, finished second to Grange, with 78 points, for the conference scoring championship.


1924 Michigan Wolverines football team, Postseason, Individual awards and accomplishments
At the end of the 1924 season, Michigan's left tackle Edliff Slaughter was selected as a first-team All-American by Walter Camp for Collier's Weekly, Norman E. Brown, and Lawrence Perry. In announcing his choice of Slaughter as an All-American, Walter Camp wrote:


1924 Michigan Wolverines football team, Postseason, Individual awards and accomplishments
"Slaughter is a veteran guard who has always towered in any line of forwards. A big man, extremely active, he provides the pivotal spot upon which a line-plunging attack may rest. He carries his charge through so that he is never shoved back upon his runner. He is never guilty of 'knifing' through. Slaughter has unlimited endurance."


1924 Michigan Wolverines football team, Postseason, Individual awards and accomplishments
Sports columnist Norman E. Brown wrote, "Slaughter is one of the greatest defensive guards the Big Ten has had in recent years. . . . On offense Slaughter could be counted on not only to open up a hole but "carry through" with the play." Life magazine wrote 25 years later that Slaughter had been "famous and feared for vicious tackling at Michigan."


1924 Michigan gubernatorial election
The 1924 Michigan gubernatorial election was held on November 4, 1924. Incumbent Republican Alex J. Groesbeck defeated Democratic nominee Edward Frensdorf with 68.84% of the vote.


1924 Middle Tennessee State Normal football team
The 1924 Middle Tennessee State Normal football team represented the Middle Tennessee State Normal School (now known as Middle Tennessee State University) during the 1924 college football season. The team captain was Kenneth Miles.


1924 Milan–San Remo
The 1924 Milan–San Remo was the 17th edition of the Milan–San Remo cycle race and was held on 16 March 1924. The race started in Milan and finished in San Remo. The race was won by Pietro Linari of the Legnano–Pirelli team.


1924 Milwaukee Badgers season
The 1924 Milwaukee Badgers season was their third in the National Football League. The team failed to improve on their previous output of 7–2–3, winning only five games. They finished twelfth in the league.


1924 Milwaukee Badgers season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1924 Minneapolis Marines season
The 1924 Minneapolis Marines season was their fourth in the league and final as the Marines. The team failed to improve on their previous output of 2–5–2, losing six games. They tied for sixteenth place in the league.


1924 Minneapolis Marines season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1924 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team
The 1924 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team represented the University of Minnesota in the 1924 Big Ten Conference football season. In their third year under head coach William H. Spaulding, the Golden Gophers compiled a 3–3–2 record and outscored their opponents by a combined score of 68 to 62. It was Minnesota's first season playing in Memorial Stadium.


1924 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team
Guard George Abramson and tackle Ted Cox were named All-Big Ten first team.


1924 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team
Total attendance for the season was 139,772, which averaged to 23,297. The season high for attendance was against Illinois.


1924 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team, Game summaries, Michigan
For its fifth game, Minnesota hosted Michigan in the first Big Ten Conference game played in the new horseshoe-shaped Memorial Stadium. Michigan recovered a fumble in Minnesota territory, and William Herrnstein caught a 30-yard touchdown pass to give Michigan a 6–0 lead. In the second quarter, Michigan scored again, as Ferdinand Rockwell ran around the end for a touchdown on a faked field goal attempt. Rockwell also kicked the extra point, and Michigan won the game, 13–0.


1924 Minnesota gubernatorial election
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1924 Minnesota gubernatorial election
The 1924 Minnesota gubernatorial election took place on November 4, 1924. Republican Party of Minnesota candidate Theodore Christianson defeated Farmer–Labor Party challenger Floyd B. Olson.


1924 Minnesota lieutenant gubernatorial election
The 1924 Minnesota lieutenant gubernatorial election took place on November 4, 1924. Republican Party of Minnesota candidate William I. Nolan defeated Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party challenger Emil E. Holmes and Minnesota Democratic Party candidate Fred Schilplin.


1924 Mississippi A&M Aggies baseball team
The 1924 Mississippi A&M Aggies baseball team represented the Mississippi Aggies of Mississippi A&M in the 1924 NCAA baseball season.


1924 Mississippi A&M Aggies football team
The 1924 Mississippi A&M Aggies football team represented the Mississippi A&M Aggies of Agricultural and Mechanical College of the State of Mississippi during the 1924 Southern Conference football season.


1924 Mississippi College Choctaws football team
The 1924 Mississippi College Choctaws football team was an American football team that represented Mississippi College as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) during the 1924 college football season. In their first year under head coach John M. King, the team compiled a 2–5–1 record.


1924 Mississippi State Teachers Yellow Jackets football team
The 1924 Mississippi State Teachers Yellow Jackets football team was an American football team that represented the Mississippi State Teachers College (now known as the University of Southern Mississippi) as an independent during the 1924 college football season. In their first year under head coach William Herschel Bobo, the team compiled a 3–3–2 record.


1924 Missouri Tigers football team
The 1924 Missouri Tigers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Missouri in the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association (Missouri Valley) during the 1924 college football season. The team compiled a 7–2 record (5–1 against Missouri Valley opponents), won the Missouri Valley championship, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 110 to 41. Gwinn Henry was the head coach for the second of nine seasons. The team played its home games at Rollins Field in Columbia, Missouri.


1924 Missouri gubernatorial election
The 1924 Missouri gubernatorial election was held on November 4, 1924 and resulted in a victory for the Republican nominee, former Missouri Superintendent of Schools Sam Aaron Baker, over the Democratic candidate, Arthur W. Nelson, Socialist candidate William M. Brandt, and Socialist Labor nominee William Wesley Cox.


1924 Missouri lieutenant gubernatorial election
The 1924 Missouri lieutenant gubernatorial election was held on November 4, 1924. Republican nominee Philip Allen Bennett defeated Democratic nominee Carter M. Buford with 51.46% of the vote.


1924 Mongolian legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in the Mongolian People's Republic in 1924 to elect the first Great Khural.


1924 Mongolian legislative election, Background
Following the Mongolian Revolution of 1921, the Mongolian People's Party took control of the new Mongolian People's Republic. A 20-member commission drafted a new constitution, which was modelled on the 1918 constitution of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic; the commission was chaired by Prime Minister Balingiin Tserendorj and supervised by Turar Ryskulov from Comintern. A 90-member Great Khural was to be elected to approve the new constitution.


1924 Mongolian legislative election, Results
Despite representatives of the Mongolian People's Party and the Youth League instructing people to vote for commoners, several princes were elected, including Dugarjav of Ikh Dulaan uul and Tseren-ochir of Tüsheet Khan. The princes were subsequently disqualified and re-runs held, although six princes subsequently became members. Nine of the elected members were lamas and seven were illiterate. All 90 elected candidates were men.


1924 Mongolian legislative election, Aftermath
The newly elected Great Khural convened on 8 November, although only 77 of the 90 members attended. Of those in attendance, 64 were members of the Mongolian People's Party or the Youth League. Navaandorjiin Jadamba was elected Chairman. The constitution was approved in a unanimous vote on 26 November.


1924 Montana Grizzlies football team
The 1924 Montana Grizzlies football team represented the University of Montana in the 1924 college football season as a member of the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC). The Grizzlies were led by first-year head coach Earl Clark, played their home games at Dornblaser Field and finished the season with a record of four wins and four losses (4–4, 0–3 PCC).


1924 Montana State Bobcats football team
The 1924 Montana State Bobcats football team was an American football team that represented Montana State College (later renamed Montana State University) in the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) during the 1924 college football season. In its third season under head coach Ott Romney, the team compiled a 5–1–1 record (2–1–1 against RMC opponents), finished second in the conference, shut out six of seven opponents, and outscored all opponents by a total of 274 to 18.


1924 Montana gubernatorial election
The 1924 Montana gubernatorial election took place on November 4, 1924. Incumbent Governor of Montana Joseph M. Dixon, who was first elected governor in 1920, ran for re-election. Dixon won a competitive Republican primary, and moved on to the general election, where he faced John E. Erickson, a former district court judge and the Democratic nominee; and Frank J. Edwards, the 1916 Republican nominee for governor and the Farmer–Labor Party nominee. Ultimately, Erickson managed to defeat Dixon in his bid for re-election, winning what would be the first of three terms as governor.


1924 Muncie Normal Hoosieroons football team
The 1924 Ball Teachers Hoosieroons football team was an American football team that represented Muncie State Normal School (later renamed Ball State University) during the 1924 college football season. In the first season in school history, the team compiled a 1–3 record and was outscored by a total of 11 to 87. The team played its home games at Normal Field in Muncie, Indiana. Their coach was Billy Williams.


1924 NC State Wolfpack football team
The 1924 North Carolina State Wolfpack football team was an American football team that represented North Carolina State University during the 1924 college football season. In its first season under head coach Buck Shaw, the team compiled a 2–6–2 record.


1924 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans
The 1924 College Basketball All-American team, as chosen retroactively by the Helms Athletic Foundation. The player highlighted in gold was chosen as the Helms Foundation College Basketball Player of the Year retroactively in 1944.


1924 NCAA Swimming and Diving Championships
The 1924 NCAA Swimming and Diving Championships were contested as part of the first annual NCAA swim meet to determine the team and individual national champions of men's collegiate swimming and diving in the United States.


1924 NCAA Swimming and Diving Championships
The championship was hosted by the United States Naval Academy at Scott Natatorium in Annapolis, Maryland.


1924 NCAA Swimming and Diving Championships
Only individual championships were officially contested during the first thirteen-NCAA sponsored swimming and diving championships. Unofficial team standings were kept but a team title was not officially awarded until 1937.


1924 NCAA Swimming and Diving Championships
Northwestern is acknowledged as this year's unofficial team champion, the first title for the Wildcats.


1924 NCAA baseball season
The 1924 NCAA baseball season, play of college baseball in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) began in the spring of 1924. Play largely consisted of regional matchups, some organized by conferences, and ended in June. No national championship event was held until 1947.


1924 NCAA baseball season, Conference winners
This is a partial list of conference champions from the 1924 season.


1924 NFL season
The 1924 NFL season was the fifth regular season of the National Football League. The league had 18 teams play during the season, including the new clubs Frankford Yellow Jackets, Kansas City Blues, and Kenosha Maroons. The Louisville Brecks, Oorang Indians, St. Louis All Stars and Toledo Maroons folded.


1924 NFL season
Before the season, the owner of the now-defunct Cleveland Indians bought the Canton Bulldogs and "mothballed" it, taking the team's nickname and players to Cleveland for the season. The new team, the Cleveland Bulldogs, won the 1924 NFL title with a 7–1–1 record.


1924 NFL season, Teams
Eighteen teams competed in the NFL during the 1924 season.


1924 NFL season, Championship race
The Cleveland Bulldogs, Buffalo Bisons, Frankford Yellow Jackets, Green Bay Packers and Chicago Bears were the contenders for the title in November. However, Buffalo faltered down the stretch, dropping their last three games to drop from 6–2 to 6–5, squarely in the middle of the pack. Green Bay similarly fell from 6–2 to 7–4. This left Cleveland and Chicago to contend for the title, since Frankford had two losses and the other two teams only one. Teams such as the Duluth Kelleys and the Rock Island Independents would have been contenders for the title, but their more limited schedules (six games for Duluth and nine for Rock Island) effectively ruled them out of title contention.


1924 NFL season, Championship race
The official end of the season was designated as November 30, 1924, with Cleveland atop the league standings. After this date, Chicago challenged Cleveland to a post-season rematch and won, setting up a repeat of 1921, when the Bears (at that time still known as the Staleys) were able to win the championship from Buffalo (at the time known as the All-Americans) using the same trick. This time, however, league officials declared any game after November 30 to be effectively exhibition games, null and void with regard to the season standings, which allowed the Bulldogs to keep their title.


1924 NFL season, Championship race
In terms of pure win-loss differential, the Yellow Jackets would have easily won the title, as they had nine more wins than losses, compared to the +5 of both the Bulldogs and Bears.


1924 NFL season, Championship race
Had the current (post-1972) system of counting ties as half a win and half a loss been in place in 1924, the Kelleys (5–1) would have tied with the Bulldogs (7–1–1) for the league title at .833, with the tiebreaker not applicable as the Kelleys and Bulldogs did not play each other, while the Yellow Jackets (11–2–1) would have finished third at .821, well ahead of the Bears (6–1–4) in fourth at .727.


1924 NFL season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1924 NSWRFL season
The 1924 New South Wales Rugby Football League premiership was the seventeenth season of Sydney’s top-level rugby league club competition, Australia’s first. Nine teams from across the city contested during the season which culminated in Balmain’s victory over South Sydney in the premiership final. The 1924 season was the last in the NSWRFL for future Australian Rugby League Hall of Fame inductee, Harold Horder.


1924 NSWRFL season, Ladder
Because of the British Lions tour of Australia, and interstate matches, the 1924 season was shortened to a single round of eight matches. No club fixtures were played on the weekends of 31 May, 7 June, 21 June nor 28 June.