1920 Cornell Big Red football team
The 1920 Cornell Big Red football team was an American football team that represented Cornell University during the 1920 college football season. In their first season under head coach Gil Dobie, the Big Red compiled a 6–2 record and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 231 to 68.


1920 County Championship
The 1920 County Championship was the 27th officially organised running of the County Championship. Middlesex County Cricket Club won their second championship title.


1920 County Championship
The method used in the table reverted to that of 1914 except that in drawn matches, two points were awarded for the first innings winners and no points to the first innings losers. The match between Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire was abandoned without a ball being bowled and is included in the NR column.


1920 Coupe de France Final
The 1920 Coupe de France Final was a football match held at Stade Bergeyre, Paris on 9 May 1920, that saw CA Paris defeat Le Havre AC 2–1 thanks to goals by Henri Bard.


1920 Cuban general election
General elections were held in Cuba on 1 November 1920. Alfredo Zayas y Alfonso won the presidential election, whilst the National League (an alliance of the National Conservative Party and the Cuban Popular Party) emerged as the largest faction in the House of Representatives, winning 31 of the 59 seats.


1920 Cuban general election, Results, President
The figures do not include the results for Havana Province due to fraud and subsequent re-runs.


1920 Currie Cup
The 1920 Currie Cup was the 12th edition of the Currie Cup, the premier domestic rugby union competition in South Africa.


1920 Currie Cup
The tournament was won by  Western Province for the tenth time.


1920 Czechoslovak parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Czechoslovakia on 18 and 25 April 1920. Members of the Chamber of Deputies were elected on 18 April and members of the Senate on 25 April. The election had initially been planned for mid- or late 1919, but had been postponed.


1920 Czechoslovak parliamentary election
Out of the 300 Chamber of Deputies seats 281 were filled, as no elections were held in Hlučín Region (part of the Moravská Ostrava electoral district, resulting in 1 less deputy elected from that district), the Těšín electoral district (9 deputies) and the Užhorod electoral district (9 deputies). 16 parties won parliamentary representation. Voter turnout was 89.6% for the Chamber election and 75.6% for the Senate.


1920 Czechoslovak parliamentary election
The Czechoslovak Social Democratic Workers' Party (ČSDSD) emerged as the largest party in the 1920 election, with 25.7% of the vote for the Chamber of Deputies, 74 deputies elected, 28.1% of the vote for the Senate and 41 senators elected. Amongst the Czech voters, the 1920 election outcome was marked by remarkable stability compared to the 1911 election. The gap between Czech socialist and bourgeois parties had only moved by 0.4% compared to the 1911 result.


1920 Czechoslovak presidential election
The 1920 Czechoslovak presidential election took place on 27 May 1920. It was the first contested presidential election. Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk has won his second term against German theologian August Naegle.


1920 Czechoslovak presidential election, Procedure
President was elected by bicameral parliament that consisted of 281  Deputies and 142 Senators. Candidate needed at least 247 votes to be elected.


1920 Czechoslovak presidential election, Election
Masaryk received 284 votes and was elected for his second term.


1920 Danish constitutional referendum
A constitutional referendum was held in Denmark on 6 September 1920. It was held in order to make changes to the constitution of Denmark from 1915 that had been made necessary to facilitate the reunification of Southern Jutland into the kingdom of Denmark. The changes were approved by 96.9% of voters, with a 49.6% turnout. A total of 614,227 of the 1,291,745 registered voters voted in favour, meaning that 47.6% of eligible voters had voted for the proposals, above the 45% required by the constitution.


1920 Dartford by-election
The Dartford by-election of 1920 was held on 27 March 1920. The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Coalition Liberal MP, James Rowlands. It was won by the Labour candidate John Edmund Mills.


1920 Dartmouth Indians football team
The 1920 Dartmouth football team was an American football team that represented Dartmouth College as an independent during the 1920 college football season. In its fourth and final season under head coach Clarence Spears, the team compiled a 7–2 record and outscored opponents by a total of 199 to 68. James Robertson was the team captain.


1920 Dartmouth Indians football team
On November 27, 1920, Dartmouth played Washington, 28–7, in  the inaugural game at Husky Stadium.


1920 Dayton Marcos season
The 1920 Dayton Marcos season was the first season for the franchise in the Negro National League, also in its first season.


1920 Dayton Marcos season, Founding and offseason
The Marcos predated the formation of the Negro National League in 1920, playing independent ball since 1909. When Rube Foster founded the league, the team was invited as a charter member. The Chicago Defender reported that owner John Matthews had scouts "covering near all the territory between Norfolk, Virginia, and Texas. "36 year old Candy Jim Taylor, infielder on the 1918 and 1919 squads, was named manager, his first job in a career that would span more than 45 seasons and end with him as the winningest manager in Negro Leagues history.


1920 Dayton Marcos season, Home fields
Though they played mostly at Westwood Field in Dayton, the Marcos called 3 different parks home in 1920: Westwood Field, Ducks Park in Dayton, and Stein Park in Piqua, Ohio.


1920 Dayton Marcos season, Regular season summary
Note: As negro league teams often moved between both league play and exhibition games throughout the season, headlines from both are included in this regular season summary.


1920 Dayton Marcos season, Regular season summary, Opening Day starters
The Marcos set the following lineup in their regular season opener against the Chicago American Giants on May 14.


1920 Dayton Marcos season, Regular season summary, Roster
*Mack Eggleston and Bobby Williams joined the team after league play concluded and only participated in postseason exhibitions with the Marcos.


1920 Dayton Triangles season
The 1920 Dayton Triangles season was the franchise's inaugural season in the American Professional Football Association (AFPA)—later named the National Football League. The Triangles entered the season coming off a 5–2–1 record in 1919 in the Ohio League. After the 1919 season, several representatives from the Ohio League wanted to form a new professional league; thus, the APFA was created. A majority of the team stayed from the 1919 team, including the coaching staff, while two players left the team.


1920 Dayton Triangles season
The Triangles opened the season with a win against the Columbus Panhandles. This game is considered the first league game where two APFA teams played against each other. After a six-game winning streak, the Triangles faced their first loss of the season to the future champions, the Akron Pros. This team would give the Triangles their only two losses of the year. The Triangles finished the season with a 5–2–2 record, which earned them sixth place in the APFA standings. No players were awarded with the first team All-Pro award, Norb Sacksteder made the second team, and Frank Bacon made the third team.


1920 Dayton Triangles season, Offseason
The Dayton Triangles finished 5–2–1 in their 1919 season in the Ohio League. The Triangles had several players added to their team for the 1920 season: Max Broadhurst, Doc Davis, Guy Early, Russ Hathaway, Chuck Helvie, Pesty Lentz, Norb Sacksteder, Ed Sauer, Fritz Slackford, and Tiny Turner. Two players—one with a last name Albers, and one with a last name Yerges—did not play for the Triangles in 1920, and the coaching staff stayed the same.


1920 Dayton Triangles season, Offseason
After the 1919 season, representatives of four Ohio League teams—the Canton Bulldogs, the Cleveland Tigers, the Dayton Triangles, and the Akron Pros—called a meeting on August 20, 1920, to discuss the formation of a new league. At the meeting, they tentatively agreed on a salary cap and pledged not to sign college players or players already under contract with other teams. They also agreed on a name for the circuit: the American Professional Football Conference. They then invited other professional teams to a second meeting on September 17.


1920 Dayton Triangles season, Offseason
At that meeting, held at Bulldogs owner Ralph Hay's Hupmobile showroom in Canton, representatives of the Rock Island Independents, the Muncie Flyers, the Decatur Staleys, the Racine Cardinals, the Massillon Tigers, the Chicago Cardinals, and the Hammond Pros agreed to join the league. Representatives of the Buffalo All-Americans and Rochester Jeffersons could not attend the meeting, but sent letters to Hay asking to be included in the league. Team representatives changed the league's name slightly to the American Professional Football Association and elected officers, installing Jim Thorpe as president. Under the new league structure, teams created their schedules dynamically as the season progressed, so there were no minimum or maximum number of games needed to be played. Also, representatives of each team voted to determine the winner of the APFA trophy.


1920 Dayton Triangles season, Game summaries, Week 2: vs. Columbus Panhandles
The Triangles' opening game against the Columbus Panhandles is considered by football historians to be the first football game between two APFA teams. Since kickoff times were not standardized in 1920, it is unknown if this game or the Muncie–Rock Island game is the first game played. The Triangles won 14–0. The Triangles' defense made a goal-line stand in the second quarter while the Panhandles had the ball on the 3-yard line. Before halftime, the Triangles' back Al Mahrt completed a 30-yard pass to end Dutch Thiele to give the Triangles possession on the 5-yard line.


1920 Dayton Triangles season, Game summaries, Week 2: vs. Columbus Panhandles
The Triangles failed to convert, however, as time ran out. Early in the third quarter, the Triangles started a possession on their own 35-yard line. Four consecutive run plays carried them to midfield. Soon after, back Lou Partlow had a succession of runs which resulted in a touchdown. The other Triangle score came in the middle of the fourth quarter when end Frank Bacon returned a punt for a 60-yard touchdown. After both touchdowns, George Kinderdine was responsible for the extra points.


1920 Dayton Triangles season, Game summaries, Week 3: vs. Cleveland Tigers
After the historic game, the Triangles played against the Cleveland Tigers. The owner of the Tigers, Jimmy O'Donnell, helped with the foundation of the APFA. No team scored, and the game ended in a 0–0 tie.


1920 Dayton Triangles season, Game summaries, Week 4: vs. Hammond Pros
The Hammond Pros were the Triangles' next opponent. In the first quarter, Mahrt had a one-yard rushing touchdown. The Triangles scored three touchdowns in the second quarter: a 50-yard receiving touchdown from Mahrt, a 35-yard receiving touchdown from Reese, and a rushing touchdown from Partlow. The extra point was missed after the first touchdown. In the next quarter, Roudebush kicked a 35-yard field goal. The last score of the game was a receiving touchdown from Sacksteder. The final score of the game was 44–0 before a crowd of 2,000.


1920 Dayton Triangles season, Game summaries, Week 5: vs. Canton Bulldogs
In week five, the Triangles battled the Canton Bulldogs, who had the Hall-of-Fame back Jim Thorpe. The Bulldogs opened the scoring in the first quarter on a two-yard rushing touchdown by Pete Calac. But the Triangles came back in the second quarter, scoring twice: Bacon had a four-yard rushing touchdown, and end Dave Reese had a 50-yard receiving touchdown. Guyon scored a 22-yard rushing touchdown during the second quarter, but the extra point was missed. In the third quarter, the Triangles responded with a 3-yard rushing touchdown by Partlow, but Dayton missed the extra point to make the score 20–14.


1920 Dayton Triangles season, Game summaries, Week 5: vs. Canton Bulldogs
Thorpe then came into the game, and kicked a 45-yard field goal to bring his team within three points. In the final minutes, Thorpe kicked another 35-yard field goal to tie it. The Triangles were the first team to score on the Bulldogs since the opening game of the previous year.


1920 Dayton Triangles season, Game summaries, Week 6: vs. Cincinnati Celts
The Cincinnati Celts were the next opponent for the Triangles. The Celts were not directly affiliated with the APFA and did not join the league until the following season. The lone score in the first quarter came from a fumble recovery by George Roudebush, who returned it for a touchdown. In the next quarter, Wehringer for the Celts ran an interception back for a touchdown. The Triangles score twice in the second quarter: a rushing touchdown from Abrell and a 35-yard field goal from Roudebush. Frank Bacon had a 30-yard interception return for a touchdown in the third quarter, en route to the 23–7 victory for the Triangles.


1920 Dayton Triangles season, Game summaries, Week 8: at Rock Island Independents
In week eight, the Triangles played against the Rock Island Independents. The Independents had six players returning from injuries this game. In the first quarter, Rube Ursella for the Independents fumbled a punt on the 40-yard line, and the Triangles gained possession. On that possession, Bacon scored a rushing touchdown. The Independents controlled the football for a majority of the second quarter. On their final possession of the half, they traveled to the Triangles' four-inch line, but the referee signaled to end the first half. In the fourth quarter, Ed Novack and Arnold Wyman for the Independents left the game due to injury. The Triangles scored two passing touchdowns in the final 10 minutes of the game; the first was caught by Dave Reese, and the second was caught by Roudebush.


1920 Dayton Triangles season, Game summaries, Week 9: at Akron Pros
In week nine, the Triangles played against the Akron Pros. The Pros came into this game as one of the few teams left in the APFA who were undefeated. The game started out with three scoreless quarters until Rip King threw a 15-yard passing touchdown in the fourth quarter to Frank McCormick. Fritz Pollard, a future Hall-of-Famer, rushed for a 17-yard touchdown, and Charlie Copley made one extra point and missed another one to beat the Triangles 13–0 and give the Triangles their first loss of the season.


1920 Dayton Triangles season, Game summaries, Week 10: vs. Detroit Heralds
Coming off their first loss of the season, the Triangles played against the Detroit Heralds. Bacon contributed to every point in the first quarter; he first a 3-yard rushing touchdown, and followed up by a catching a receiving touchdown. Dick Abrell contributed in the second quarter, as he scored a rushing touchdown. Sacksteder caught a receiving touchdown from Roudebush to put the Triangles up 28–0 at halftime. The second half was scoreless, and the Triangles moved on to a 5–1–2 record with one game left in their season.


1920 Dayton Triangles season, Game summaries, Week 10: vs. Akron Pros
The Pros were now recognized as the top team in Ohio, and the Triangles had a rematch against the Pros. The game could have been classified as a World Championship, but the APFA had widened its battlefield with the Buffalo All-Americans and the Decatur Staleys still in contention for the APFA trophy. 5,000 fans showed up for the game. Pollard returned a punt for a touchdown in the first quarter and had one receiving touchdown in the third quarter from King, and the Triangles received their second loss of the year.


1920 Dayton Triangles season, Post-season
Hurt by losses to the Akron Pros, the Triangles did not contend for the APFA trophy in 1920. The Triangles' performance of 5–2–2 would be the team's best before being sold and relocating to Brooklyn after the 1929 season. Sportswriter Bruce Copeland compiled the 1920 All Pro team; no players made the first team, Sacksteder made the second team, and Bacon made the third team. As of 2012, no players from the 1920 Dayton Triangles were enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame.


1920 Dayton Triangles season, Standings
Awarded the Brunswick-Balke Collender Cup and named APFA Champions. Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1920 Decatur Staleys season
The 1920 season was the Decatur Staleys 2nd season of existence, the first professional season of the franchise that would go on to be known as the Chicago Bears and their first under head coach George Halas, competing in the newly formed American Professional Football Association.


1920 Decatur Staleys season
The team improved on their 6–1 record from 1919 to a 10–1–2 record and earning them a second-place finish in the league standings. In the last league game of the season, the Staleys needed a win versus Akron to have a chance at the title. Akron, predictably, played for a tie, achieved that, and won the first APFA title.


1920 Decatur Staleys season
The stars of the Staleys were Ed "Dutch" Sternaman, Jimmy Conzelman, and George Halas. Sternaman had a remarkable season with 11 rushing TDs, 1 receiving TDs, 4 field goals, and 3 PATs, totaling 87 points scored out of the Staleys' total of 164. Jimmy Conzelman ran for two scores and threw two more. Halas led the team in receiving scores with 2.


1920 Decatur Staleys season, Offseason
The Decatur Staleys finished 6–1 in their 1919 season as an independent team. Their 1919 owner, George Chamberlain, asked George Halas to help manage the team, and Halas accepted. After the 1919 season, representatives of four Ohio League teams—the Canton Bulldogs, the Cleveland Tigers, the Dayton Triangles, and the Akron Pros—called a meeting on August 20, 1920, to discuss the formation of a new league. At the meeting, they tentatively agreed on a salary cap and pledged not to sign college players or players already under contract with other teams. They also agreed on a name for the circuit: the American Professional Football Association. They then invited other professional teams to a second meeting on September 17.


1920 Decatur Staleys season, Offseason
At that meeting, held at Bulldogs owner Ralph Hay's Hupmobile showroom in Canton, representatives of the Rock Island Independents, the Muncie Flyers, the Decatur Staleys, the Racine Cardinals, the Massillon Tigers, the Chicago Cardinals, and the Hammond Pros agreed to join the league. Representatives of the Buffalo All-Americans and Rochester Jeffersons could not attend the meeting, but sent letters to Hay asking to be included in the league. Team representatives changed the league's name slightly to the American Professional Football Association and elected officers, installing Jim Thorpe as president. Under the new league structure, teams created their schedules dynamically as the season progressed, so there were no minimum or maximum number of games needed to be played. Also, representatives of each team voted to determine the winner of the APFA trophy.


1920 Decatur Staleys season, Schedule
If a team has a dagger (), then that team in a non-APFA team. For the results column, the winning team's score is posted first followed by the result for the Staleys. For the attendance, if a cell is greyed out and has "N/A", then that means there is an unknown figure for that game. The green-colored cells indicates a win; the yellow-colored cells indicates a tie; and the red-colored cells indicate a loss.


1920 Decatur Staleys season, Game summaries, Week 4: at Rock Island Independents
After two games against non-APFA teams, the Staleys played against the APFA Rock Island Independents.


1920 Decatur Staleys season, Game summaries, Week 7: at Rock Island Independents
On a five-game winning streak, the Staleys played against the Independents again. The game ended in a 0–0 tie. Several injuries occurred throughout the game for the Independents. Sid Nichols, Fred Chicken, and Oke Smith injured their knees on different plays. Harry Gunderson was hit late by George Trafton and the former had to get thirteen stitches on his face, and his hand was broken.


1920 Decatur Staleys season, Game summaries, Week 8: at Minneapolis Marines
To conclude their six-game road game streak, the Staleys played against the Minneapolis Marines. The Marines were a non-APFA team but joined the league in 1921. The only score of the game was a 25-yard field goal from Sternaman.


1920 Decatur Staleys season, Game summaries, Week 12: vs. Akron Pros
The Staleys ended their season in week 12 against he Akron Pros. Prior to the game, Halas moved their home field to the much larger Cubs Park in Chicago and hired Paddy Driscoll from the Cardinals to play on his team in order to help defeat the Pros, which was against league rules at the time. Twelve thousand fans, which was the largest recorded crowd of the season, showed up to watch the game. Of the crowd, about 2,000 were from Pollard's hometown. The Pros almost scored twice, but failed once because of ineligible receiver penalties.


1920 Decatur Staleys season, Game summaries, Week 12: vs. Akron Pros
On the other side, Fritz Pollard stopped a Staleys' touchdown against Sternment in the third quarter. On the same drive, the Staleys missed a 30-yard field goal. Chamberlin attempted to injure Pollard twice in an attempt to remove him from the game. The final score ended in a 0–0 tie; however, the Chicago Defender reported that the refereeing was biased towards Decatur.


1920 Decatur Staleys season, Game summaries, Post-season exhibition game: at Chicago Logan Square A.C.
At the start of 1921 Halas organized an indoor football game on January 15 in Chicago’s Dexter Park Pavilion, a practice that was a semi-regular event among the local Chicago teams. The Bears played against a local team called Chicago Logan Square A.C. to a 0-0 tie.


1920 Decatur Staleys season, Game summaries, Post-season exhibition game: at Chicago Logan Square A.C.
The Staley monthly journal would state in the February 1921 issue that "the 'Western Champions' Played One Game of Indoor Football and Decided That Once Was Enough for Them."


1920 Decatur Staleys season, Standings
Awarded the Brunswick-Balke Collender Cup and named APFA Champions. Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1920 Decatur Staleys season, Post season
Since there were no playoff system in the APFA until 1932, a meeting was held to determine the champions. Each team that showed up had a vote to determine the champions. The Staleys and the All-Americans each stated they should be the champions because they had more wins and were not beaten by the Akron Pros. However, since the Akron Pros had a 1.000 winning percentage, the Pros were awarded the Brunswick-Balke Collender Cup on April 30, 1921. Seven players from the Staleys were on the 1920 All-Pro team. Guy Chamberlain, Hugh Blacklock, and George Trafton were on the first team; George Halas was on the second team; and Burt Ingwerson, Ross Petty, and Ed Sternaman were on the third team.


1920 Decatur Staleys season, Legacy
Five players from the 1920 Decatur Staleys roster went on to be enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Guy Chamberlin was in the class of 1965, Jimmy Conzelman was in the class of 1964, Paddy Driscoll was in the class of 1965, George Halas was in the class of 1963, and George Trafton was in the class of 1964. The Pro Football Hall of Fame's selection committee compiled a list of the National Football League 1920s All-Decade Team. Each of the aforementioned Hall-of-Famers are on this team.


1920 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football team
The 1920 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football team was an American football team that represented Delaware College (later renamed the University of Delaware) in the 1920 college football season. In its second and final season under head coach Burton Shipley, the team compiled a 3–5–1 record and was outscored by a total of 201 to 55.


1920 Delaware gubernatorial election
The 1920 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1920. Incumbent Republican Governor John G. Townsend Jr. declined to seek re-election. At the Republican convention, former State Representative William D. Denney, the frontrunner for the nomination, received the Party's endorsement for Governor without difficulty—though some opposition to his candidacy arose before the convention.


1920 Delaware gubernatorial election
The Democratic contest was more lively, with several prospective candidates in the mix. Attorney Andrew J. Lynch received the endorsement of the Sussex County delegation over Willard F. Deputy, a lumber merchant. At the convention, Lynch was nominated unanimously.


1920 Delaware gubernatorial election
In the general election, Denney ended up defeating Lynch by a wide margin, largely mirroring the margin in the presidential election, winning 56% of the vote to Lynch's 43%.


1920 Democratic National Convention
The 1920 Democratic National Convention was held at the Civic Auditorium in San Francisco, California from June 28 to July 6, 1920. It resulted in the nomination of Governor James M. Cox of Ohio for president and Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt from New York for vice president. The 1920 Democratic National Convention marked the first time any party had held its nominating convention in a West Coast city.


1920 Democratic National Convention
Neither President Woodrow Wilson, in spite of his failing health, nor former Secretary of State and three-time presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan had entirely given up hope that their party would turn to them, but neither was, in the event, formally nominated. In addition to the eventual nominee, Cox, the other high-scoring candidates as the voting proceeded were: Secretary of the Treasury William McAdoo and Attorney General Mitchell Palmer. On the forty-fourth ballot, Governor James M. Cox of Ohio was nominated for the Presidency. Cora Wilson Stewart of Kentucky, head of the National Education Association's new illiteracy commission, was chosen to second the nomination for Governor Cox. Mrs. Stewart was selected to replace Kentucky Representative J. Campbell Cantrill, highlighting the candidate's support for what would become the 19th Amendment.


1920 Democratic National Convention
The platform adopted by the convention supported the League of Nations, albeit with qualifications, and women's suffrage.


1920 Democratic National Convention, Democratic candidates
Although William Gibbs McAdoo (Wilson's son-in-law and former Treasury Secretary) was the strongest candidate, Wilson blocked his nomination in hopes a deadlocked convention would demand that he run for a third term, even though he was seriously ill, physically immobile, and in seclusion at the time. The Democrats instead nominated Ohio Governor James M. Cox as their presidential candidate and 38-year-old Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt, a fifth cousin of the late president Theodore Roosevelt, for vice-president.


1920 Democratic National Convention, Democratic candidates
Fourteen names were placed in nomination. Early favorites for the nomination had included McAdoo and Attorney General Alexander Mitchell Palmer. Others placed in nomination included New York Governor Al Smith, United Kingdom Ambassador John W. Davis, New Jersey Governor Edward I. Edwards, and Oklahoma Senator Robert Latham Owen.


1920 Democratic National Convention, Democratic candidates
History was made at the convention when Laura Clay, a delegate from Kentucky and co-founder of the Kentucky Equal Rights Association and the Democratic Women's Club of Kentucky, became the first woman to have her name placed into nomination for President at the convention of a major political party. She was also the first woman to receive a convention delegation's vote for the presidency.


1920 Democratic National Convention, Vice Presidential nomination
Cox asked the delegates to support former Assistant Navy Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt, because, as some thought, he had a "magic name." FDR was nominated by voice vote and received the nomination by acclamation. After it became clear that Roosevelt was the choice of party leaders, former Ambassador David R. Francis of Missouri, Major General Lawrence Tyson of Tennessee, Governor Sam V. Stewart of Montana, former Governor James H. Hawley of Idaho, former FTC Chairman Joseph E. Davies of Wisconsin, T.T. Vaughan of Oregon, and oil tycoon Edward L. Doheny of California all withdrew their candidacies.


1920 Democratic Party presidential primaries
From March 9 to June 5, 1920, voters of the Democratic Party chose its nominee for president in the 1920 United States presidential election. Ohio Governor James M. Cox was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1920 Democratic National Convention held from June 28 to July 6, 1920, in San Francisco, California.


1920 Denver Pioneers football team
The 1920 Denver Pioneers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Denver in the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) during the 1920 college football season. In its first season under head coach Fred J. Murphy, the team compiled a 3–4 record (2–4 against RMC opponents), finished in fifth place in the conference, and was outscored by a total of 82 to 46.


1920 Detroit Heralds season
The 1920 Detroit Heralds season was the 16th season for the Detroit Heralds, an independent American football team. Led by coach Bill Marshall, the team compiled a 2–3–3 record. The 1920 season was the team's first competing in the new American Professional Football Association (predecessor to the National Football League). The team finished in ninth place in the league.


1920 Detroit Heralds season, Schedule
The table below was compiled using the information from The Pro Football Archives, which used various contemporary newspapers. A dagger () by a team means that team was not affiliated with the non-APFA. For the results column, the winning team's score is posted first followed by the result for the Heralds. For the attendance, if a cell is greyed out and has "N/A", then that means there is an unknown figure for that game. Green-colored rows indicate a win; yellow-colored rows indicate a tie; and red-colored rows indicate a loss.


1920 Detroit Heralds season, Schedule, Week 3: vs. Cleveland Panthers
The Heralds opened their season with a game against the Cleveland Panthers, played at Navin Field on October 10, 1920. The Heralds won by a 40-14 score. Eddie Moegle, the Heralds' right halfback, scored the team's first touchdown of the 1920 NFL season. Additional touchdowns were scored by left end Heinie Schultz, left tackle Hugh Lowery, substitute left end Joe Fitzgerald, substitute fullback Wood, and quarterback Perce Wilson. Right tackle Steamer Horning converted four goals after touchdown for Detroit.


1920 Detroit Heralds season, Schedule, Week 3: vs. Cleveland Panthers
After "a mix-up" with Detroit's Charlie Guy and Gil Runkel, Cleveland's star halfback Arnold Vogel was carried off the field in the fourth quarter with a broken left shoulder and three broken ribs; he was taken to Detroit Receiving Hospital for medical treatment. The Detroit Free Press called it "a rough and tumble match," but also wrote that it was "a slow and rather uninteresting football battle."


1920 Detroit Heralds season, Schedule, Week 3: vs. Cleveland Panthers
The Heralds' starting lineup against Columbus was Heinie Schultz (left end), Hugh Lowery (left tackle), Clarence Appelgran (left guard), Gil Runkel (center), Charlie Guy (right guard), Steamer Horning (right tackle), Ray Whipple (right end), Perce Wilson (quarterback), King (left halfback), Eddie Moegle (right halfback), and Pat Dunne (fullback). Jimmy Kelly (left halfback), Fitzgerald (left end), Wood (fullback), and McCoy (right tackle) appeared in the game as substitutes.


1920 Detroit Heralds season, Schedule, Week 4: at Chicago Tigers
The Heralds lost by a 12-0 score to the Chicago Tigers on October 17, 1920, in a game played at Cub Park in Chicago.


1920 Detroit Heralds season, Schedule, Week 5: vs. Columbus Panhandles
Following the loss, the Heralds were visited by the Columbus Panhandles, an APFA team. The Panhandles' passing attack helped them outgain the Heralds, but, according to the Ohio State Journal, it was a close game and "one play decided the outcome." The Heralds' left end, Joe Fitzgerald, intercepted a pass from Frank Nesser and ran it back for an 85-yard touchdown.


1920 Detroit Heralds season, Schedule, Week 5: vs. Columbus Panhandles
The Heralds' starting lineup against Columbus was Fitzgerald (left end), Hugh Lowery (left tackle), Moose Gardner (left guard), Gil Runkel (center), Charlie Guy (right guard), Steamer Horning (right tackle), Ray Whipple (right end), Bill Joyce (quarterback), Bo Hanley (left halfback), Jimmy Kelly (right halfback), and Pat Dunne (fullback). Perce Wilson (quarterback), Birtie Maher (left end) and Ty Krentler (fullback) appeared in the game as substitutes.


1920 Detroit Heralds season, Schedule, Week 6: at Chicago Cardinals
The Heralds lost to the Chicago Cardinals on October 31, 1920, in a game played at Cub Park in Chicago. The game was a scoreless tie until the middle of the third period. Over a five-minute period, the Cardinals blocked three punts by Steamer Horning. Chicago scored touchdowns each time and won the game 21-0.


1920 Detroit Heralds season, Schedule, Week 8: at Fort Wayne Friars
On November 14, 1920, the Heralds played the Fort Wayne Friars to a scoreless tie at League Park in Fort Wayne, Indiana. The game was called "one of the best games of football seen here this season."


1920 Detroit Heralds season, Schedule, Week 10: vs Lansing Oldsmobile
On November 28, 1920, the Heralds played to a scoreless tie against the Lansing Oldsmobile team on a muddy field at Mack Park. The Heralds came closest to scoring on a long forward pass from Ernest Watson to Joe Fitzgerald who was downed at Lansing's six-yard line. The Heralds were held on downs from the six-yard line.


1920 Detroit Heralds season, Schedule, Week 10: vs Lansing Oldsmobile
The Heralds' starting lineup against Lansing was Blake Miller (left end), Hugh Lowery (left tackle), Gates (left guard), Gil Runkel (center), Tom Dickinson (right guard), Steamer Horning (right tackle), Joe Fitzgerald (right end), Ernest Watson (quarterback), Stan Jacobs (left halfback), Lynn Allen (right halfback), and Jimmy Kelly (fullback). Pat Dunne (fullback) and Perce Wilson (left halfback) appeared in the game as substitutes.


1920 Detroit Heralds season, Schedule, Week 11: vs. Detroit Maroons
The Heralds finished the 1920 season with a game against the Detroit Maroons for the city championship. Substitute fullback Ty Krentler scored the Heralds' touchdown in the final minute of the third quarter. The Maroons tied the game with a touchdown in the fourth quarter by fullback Schultz.


1920 Detroit Heralds season, Standings
Awarded the Brunswick-Balke Collender Cup and named APFA Champions. Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1920 Detroit Tigers season
The 1920 Detroit Tigers season was a season in American baseball. The team finished seventh in the American League with a record of 61–93, 37 games behind the Cleveland Indians.


1920 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1920 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1920 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1920 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1920 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1920 Detroit Titans football team
The 1920 Detroit Titans football team represented the University of Detroit as an independent during the 1920 college football season. Detroit shut out six of ten opponents, outscored all opponents by a combined total of 279 to 32, and finished with an 8–2 record in their third year under head coach James F. Duffy.


1920 Detroit Titans football team
Two Detroit players, Tillie Voss and Dutch Lauer, went on to play in the National Football League. End Frank Kane was the team captain.


1920 Donegal County Council election
An election to Donegal County Council took place on Wednesday 26 May 1920 as part of that year's Irish local elections. 45 councillors were elected from 10 electoral divisions by PR-STV voting for a five-year term of office.


1920 Donegal County Council election
Sinn Féin won a majority of the seats, and won majorities in 6 of the 10 voting areas.


1920 Donegal County Council election
The vote was largely characterised by poor turnout, with less than 50% of the electorate voting. Buncrana, Letterkenny, and Milford saw particularly poor turnout. At one station in Rathmullan only 3 of the areas 140 voters turned out. Donegal Town saw better turnout.


1920 Donegal County Council election
The total number of invalid votes for the county stood at 9,193.


1920 Donegal County Council election
At the first sitting of the new council, on Friday 18 June, the council voted to recognise the First Dáil.


1920 Donegal County Council election
Following the election Peter J. Ward (Sinn Fein) was elected Chairman. Thomas McFadden (Unionist) was elected Vice-Chairman.


1920 Down County Council election
The 1920 Down County Council election was held on Tuesday 25 May 1920.


1920 Drake Bulldogs football team
The 1920 Drake Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented Drake University as a member of the Missouri Valley Conference (MVC) during the 1920 college football season. In its third and final season under head coach M. B. Banks, the team compiled a 4–5–1 record (1–3–1 against MVC opponents), finished fifth in the conference, and outscored opponents by a total of 149 to 40.


1920 Drexel Dragons football team
The 1920 Drexel Dragons football team represented Drexel Institute—now known as Drexel University—in the 1920 college football season. Led by William McAvoy in his first season as head coach, the team compiled a record of 0–6.


1920 Dublin Corporation election
An election to Dublin Corporation took place on Thursday 15 January 1920 as part of that year's Irish local elections. 80 councillors were elected from 5 electoral divisions by PR-STV voting for a five-year term of office.


1920 Dublin Corporation election
Sinn Féin won a slight majority in the council, with 42 seats. Whilst the Sinn Féin majority was small, they emerged from the election as by far the largest party on the Dublin Corporation council.


1920 Dublin Corporation election
Following the election Thomas Kelly, the Sinn Féin MP for Dublin St Stephen's Green, was unanimously elected by the council as the new Lord Mayor of Dublin. Kelly was elected despite being held at the time as a political prisoner in Wormwood Scrubs prison in England. Kelly was nominated for the position by the outgoing Lord Mayor Laurence O'Neill. Due to Kelly's imprisonment O'Neill continued as effective Lord Mayor.


1920 Dublin Corporation election, Results by electoral area, No. 2 Electoral Area
While still appearing on the ballot, Independent Labour candidate J. Manning withdrew himself from the election after nominations had ended. The count was particularly long, with no candidates meeting the quota from counts 2 to 14.


1920 Dublin County Council election
The 1920 Dublin County Council election was held on Monday, 7 June 1920.


1920 Dublin County Council election
The county was divided into four electoral divisions: Clondalkin (3 councillors), Kingstown (5 councillors), Rathmines (7 councillors), and Swords (4 councillors).


1920 Dublin County Council election
One of the most notable events of the election was the defeat of P.J. O'Neill J.P. in Swords. O'Neill had been Chairman of the council since its creation in 1899. Mr J. J. Lawlor, the outgoing Chairman of South Dublin RDC, was also defeated.


1920 Dublin County Council election, Division results, Rathmines Electoral Division
Some of the Sinn Féin team formed an electoral group (The Cuala Group) as follows Alf McGloughlin, Thomas O'Connor, Christopher O'Kelly, Michael Stafford and George Walsh.


1920 Duquesne Dukes football team
The 1920 Duquesne Dukes football team represented Duquesne University during the 1920 college football season. The head coach was Jake Stahl, coaching his first season with the Dukes.


1920 Earlham Quakers football team
The 1920 Earlham Quakers football team represented Earlham College during the 1920 college football season. "Earlham looks good with a flock of material that was green a year ago."


1920 East Africa Protectorate general election
General elections were held in East Africa Protectorate (modern Kenya) in March and April 1920, the first elections in the country. The Legislative Council had previously consisted entirely of appointed members. The new Council consisted of 11 elected white members, two appointed members representing the Indian population and one appointed member representing the Arab population, as well as a number of appointees by the Governor. This allowed the Council representative, although not responsible government. The territory became Kenya Colony on 23 July.


1920 East Africa Protectorate general election
The eleven White members were elected in single-member constituencies of Nairobi North, Nairobi South, Mombasa, Coast, Lake, Rift Valley, Plateau North, Plateau South, Kenya, Ukamba and Kikuyu.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite
The East Prussian plebiscite (German: Abstimmung in Ostpreußen), also known as the Allenstein and Marienwerder plebiscite or Warmia, Masuria and Powiśle plebiscite (Polish: Plebiscyt na Warmii, Mazurach i Powiślu), was a plebiscite for the self-determination of the regions of southern Warmia (Ermland), Masuria (Mazury, Masuren) and Powiśle, which had been in parts of the East Prussian Government Region of Allenstein and of the West Prussian Government Region of Marienwerder in accordance with Articles 94 to 97 of the Treaty of Versailles.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite
Prepared in early 1920, the plebiscite took place on 11 July 1920 and was conducted by German authorities, which were formally under Inter-Allied control.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite
According to Richard K. Debo, both the German and the Polish governments believed that the outcome of the plebiscite had been decided by the ongoing Polish-Bolshevik War, which threatened the very existence of the newly-formed Polish state itself and so many Poles in the region voted for Germany for fear that if the area joined Poland, it would soon fall under Soviet rule. During the plebiscite, the Red Army came closer to Warsaw every day and committed crimes against the civilian population.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite
According to several Polish sources, the Germans engaged in a massive persecution of Polish activists and their Masurian supporters and went as far as engaging in regular hunts and murder to influence the vote. The organisation of the plebiscite was also influenced by Britain, which then supported Germany out of fear of an increased power for France in postwar Europe.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite
According to Jerzy Minakowski, terror and their unequal status made Poles boycott the preparations for the plebiscite, which allowed the Germans to add ineligible voters.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite
The German-conducted plebiscite reported that most voters had selected East Prussia over Poland (over 97% in the Allenstein Plebiscite Area and 92% in the Marienwerder Plebiscite Area). Most of the territories in question remained in the Free State of Prussia, and therefore, in Germany.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Background
The area concerned had changed hands at various times over the centuries between the Old Prussians, the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights, the Duchy of Prussia, Germany and Poland. The area of Warmia had been part of the Kingdom of Prussia since the first Partition of Poland in 1772, and the region of Masuria was ruled by the German Hohenzollern family since the Prussian Tribute of 1525, as a Polish fief until 1660. Many inhabitants of that region had Polish roots and were influenced by Polish culture. The last official German census in 1910 classified them as ethnic Poles or Masurians.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Background
During the German Empire, harsh Germanisation measures were enacted in the region. The Polish delegation at the Paris Peace Conference, led by Roman Dmowski, made a number of demands in relation to areas that had been part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1772. Despite their protests (supported by the French), US President Woodrow Wilson and the other Allies agreed that plebiscites according to self-determination should be held.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Background
In the former German Province of Posen and parts of West Prussia, an armed revolt had already removed the German authorities in 1919.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Areas
The plebiscite areas (German: Abstimmungsgebiete; French: zones du plébiscite) were placed under the authority of two Inter-Allied Commissions of five members, who were appointed by the Principal Allied and Associated Powers representing the League of Nations. British and Italian troops, under the command of the Commissions, arrived on and soon after February 12, 1920 after the regular German Reichswehr had previously left the plebiscite areas. The civil and municipal administration was continued by the existing German authorities, which were responsible to the Commissions for their duration.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Areas
In accordance with Articles 94 to 97 of the Treaty of Versailles (section entitled "East Prussia"), the Marienwerder Plebiscite Area was formed of northeastern Marienwerder Government Region, based in Marienwerder in West Prussia, now Kwidzyn, which encompassed the districts of Marienwerder (east of the Vistula), Stuhm (based in Stuhm, now Sztum), Rosenberg (based in Rosenberg in West Prussia, now Susz) as well as parts of Marienburg in West Prussia (based in Marienburg in West Prussia, Malbork, part of the Danzig Government Region) east of the Nogat.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Areas
The treaty defined the Allenstein Plebiscite Area as "The western and northern boundary of Allenstein Government Region to its junction with the boundary between the districts of Oletzko (based in Marggrabowa, now Olecko) and of Angerburg (based in Angerburg, now Węgorzewo). The northern boundary of the Oletzko District to its junction with the old frontier of East Prussia." Thus, the Allenstein precinct comprised all the Allenstein Region plus the Oletzko District (Gumbinnen Government Region).


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Areas
According to Jerzy Minakowski, the area of the plebiscite had 720,000 people, who were German citizens, and 440,000 of them were considered Polish by him by their Mazurian dialect of Polish. The official Prussian census of 1910 showed 245,000 Polish- and Mazurian-speakers and 289,000 German-speakers in the Allenstein Government Region and 23,000 and 136,000 in the Marienwerder Government Region.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Areas, Allenstein / Olsztyn Plebiscite Area
The Allied forces had to intervene here in 1919 to release imprisoned Masurians, who had tried to reach the Paris Conference. The president and British commissioner of the Inter-Allied Administrative and Plebiscite Commission for Allenstein was Ernest Rennie; the French commissioner was Couget; the Italian commissioner was Marquis Fracassi, a senator; and the Japanese commissioner was Marumo. The German government, under the Protocol's terms, was allowed to attach a delegate and sent Reichskommissar Wilhelm von Gayl, who had been in the service of the Interior Ministry before he was on the Inner Colonisation Committee. The local police forces were placed under the control of two British officers: Lieutenant-Colonel Bennet and Major David Deevis. Bennet reported that he regarded them as "well-disciplined and reliable". There was also a battalion from the Royal Irish Regiment and an Italian regiment stationed at Lyck (Ełk).


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Areas, Allenstein / Olsztyn Plebiscite Area
According to Jerzy Minakowski, the small forces had proven themselves inadequate to protect pro-Polish voters in the precincts from pro-German repressions.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Areas, Allenstein / Olsztyn Plebiscite Area
The Commission had general powers of administration and was particularly "charged with the duty of arranging for the vote and of taking such measures as it may deem necessary to ensure its freedom, fairness, and secrecy. The Commission will have all necessary authority to decide any questions to which the execution of these provisions may give rise. The Commission will make such arrangements as may be necessary for assistance in the exercise of its functions by officials chosen by itself from the local population. Its decisions will be taken by a majority".


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Areas, Allenstein / Olsztyn Plebiscite Area
The commission was welcomed by the Poles in the region, who hoped that its presence would improve their situation, but petitions were made to remove German officials and the Sicherheitswehr and demanded for the official welcoming committee of German officials to show the representatives of the Allies the plight of ethnic Poles.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Areas, Allenstein / Olsztyn Plebiscite Area
On 18 February 1919, the Allenstein-based commission decreed that the Polish language would gain equal rights to the German language in the region.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Areas, Allenstein / Olsztyn Plebiscite Area
The commission eventually had to remove both the mayor of Allenstein, Georg Zülch, and an officer of Sicherheitswehr, Major Oldenburg, after a Polish banner at the local consulate of Poland was defaced. The Poles expressed gratitude for Allied protection of Polish rights and underlined their desire for peaceful co-existence with the Germans.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Areas, Allenstein / Olsztyn Plebiscite Area
In April 1920, during a Polish theatrical performance in Deuthen (Dajtki), near Allenstein, Poles were attacked by pro-German activists. As demanded by the Allied Commission, the German police escorted Polish actors, but they then ignored the attackers. In Bischofsburg (Biskupiec), a pogrom against Poles was organised, which prompted the creation of a special commission to find the perpetrators. The Allensteiner Zeitung newspaper called on its readers to remain calm and to cease pogroms against Poles and pointing out that they could lead to postponing the plebiscite, which would go against German interests.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Areas, Allenstein / Olsztyn Plebiscite Area
Italian forces were sent to Lötzen (Giżycko), according to Jerzy Minakowski, to protect the Poles after a pogrom had occurred on 17 April. In May, several attacks on Poles were reported in Osterode (Ostróda) and included attacks on coworkers of the Masurian Committee.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Areas, Marienwerder / Kwidzyn Plebiscite Area
Parts of the Marienwerder Government Region were confined as the Marienwerder Plebiscite Area. The commission for the plebiscite area reached Marienwerder (Kwidzyn) on February 17, 1920. Upon its arrival, it found an Italian battalion of Bersaglieri on guard that afterwards marched past at the double. The commission had about 1,400 uniformed German police under its authority. Beaumont was accused by Poles of having a cold and ironic attitude toward them.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Areas, Marienwerder / Kwidzyn Plebiscite Area
Beaumont said that with the exception of the Kreis Stuhm, where Poles admittedly numbered 15,500 out of a population of 36,500 (42%), they had Polish sympathies since they were Catholics. In the other districts, with the exception of Allenstein, Poles depicting themselves as Mazurians were Lutherans and German in a national conviction.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Areas, Marienwerder / Kwidzyn Plebiscite Area
On the eve of the plebiscite, Beaumont reported Poles strictly guarding the new frontier between East Prussia and Poland to prevent people from passing to East Prussia without vexatious formalities. They held up trains for hours and constantly interrupted or even completely suppressed postal, telegraphic and telephonic communication service. The great bridge over the Vistula at Dirschau was barred by sentries, in French uniforms,  "who refuse to understand any language but Polish". As a result, Beaumont wrote that area to have been "cut off from its shopping centre and chief port almost completely".


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Areas, Marienwerder / Kwidzyn Plebiscite Area
After the plebiscite, the bridge was removed. To Beaumont it would be "desirable to convey a hint to the Warsaw Government that their present policy is scarcely calculated to gain them votes".


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Areas, Marienwerder / Kwidzyn Plebiscite Area
Sir Horace Rumbold, the British minister in Warsaw, also wrote to Curzon on March 5, 1920  that the Plebiscite Commissions at Allenstein and Marienwerder "felt that they were isolated both from Poland and from Germany" and that the Polish authorities were holding up supplies of coal and petrol to those districts. Rumbold had a meeting with the Polish Minister for Foreign Affairs, Stanisław Patek, who declared that he was disappointed with his people's behaviour and "spoke strongly about the tactlessness and rigidity of the Polish Military authorities".


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Areas, Marienwerder / Kwidzyn Plebiscite Area
On March 10, 1920, Beaumont wrote of numerous continuing difficulties being made by Polish officials and stressed the "ill-will between Polish and German nationalities and the irritation due to Polish intolerance towards the German inhabitants in the Corridor (now under their rule), far worse than any former German intolerance of the Poles, are growing to such an extent that it is impossible to believe the present settlement (borders) can have any chance of being permanent...".


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Areas, Marienwerder / Kwidzyn Plebiscite Area
The Poles began to harden their position, and Rumbold reported to Curzon on March 22, 1920 that Count Stefan Przeździecki, an official of the Polish Foreign Office, had told Sir Percy Loraine (first secretary at the legation at Warsaw) that the Poles questioned the impartiality of the Inter-Allied Commissions and indicated that the Polish government might refuse to recognise the results of the plebiscites.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Areas, Marienwerder / Kwidzyn Plebiscite Area
Infiltration attempts of Polish irregulars into the Marienwerder area were checked by Italian troops.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Propaganda, German "Heimatdienst"
Both sides started a propaganda campaign. In March 1919 Paul Hensel, the Lutheran Superintendent of Johannisburg, had travelled to Versailles to hand over a collection of 144,447 signatures to the Allies to protest the planned cession. Pro -German campaigners collected several regional associations under the Ostdeutscher Heimatdienst (East German Homeland Service), which collected over 220,000 members. The Heimatdienst in the region was led by Max Worgitzki, an author and publisher of the Ostdeutsche Nachrichten.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Propaganda, German "Heimatdienst"
The Heimatdienst exerted strong psychological pressure on Masurians to vote for Germany and threatened Polish forces with physical violence. They appealed to Prussian history and loyalty to the Prussian state, disqualified Polish culture and warned of the Catholic religion and Poland's alleged economical backwardness. The pro-Germans presented the probability that all men would be drafted into the Polish military to fight Soviet Russia if they would vote for the annexation by Poland. A Soviet invasion was then being attempted in the alleged eastern parts of Poland.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Propaganda, German "Heimatdienst"
Those were no new standpoints but had been the prevailing common sense in Mazurian public mind for decades. The German nationalist feelings were recently strengthened even more by the massive rebuilding programme of the devastated towns, which had been destroyed during the Russian invasion in the autumn of 1914 and were then financially adopted by large German cities.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Propaganda, German "Heimatdienst"
Rennie, the British commissioner in Allenstein, reported on 11 March 1920, that "in those parts which touch the Polish frontier a vigorous German propaganda is in progress" and that "the Commission is doing all it can to prevent German officials in the district from taking part in national propaganda in connection with the Plebiscite. Ordinances and instructions in this sense have been issued".


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Propaganda, Polish campaign
A delegation of Masurians petitioned the Allies in March 1919 to join their region with Poland.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Propaganda, Polish campaign
The Poles established an unofficial Masurian Plebiscite Committee (Mazurski Komitet Plebiscytowy) on June 6, 1919 that was chaired by a Polish citizen Juliusz Bursche, later Bishop of the Evangelical-Augsburg Church in Poland. There was also an unofficial Warmian Plebiscite Committee. They tried to convince the Masurians of Warmia (Ermland) and Masuria that they were victims of a long period of Germanisation but that Poles now had the opportunity to liberate themselves from Prussian rule.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Propaganda, Polish campaign
Rennie reported to Curzon at the British Foreign Office, on February 18, 1920 that the Poles, who had taken control of the Polish Corridor to the Baltic Sea, had "entirely disrupted the railway, telegraphic and telephone system, and the greatest difficulty is being experienced".


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Propaganda, Polish campaign
Rennie reported on March 11, 1920 the arrival of the Polish Consul-General, Dr. Zenon Lewandowski, a 60-year-old former chemist who kept a shop in Poznań (Posen). Rennie described Lewandowski as having "little experience of official life" and that Lewandowski had begun to send complaints to the Commission immediately after his arrival in which he declared that the district's entire Polish population had been terrorised for years and so was unable to express their sentiments. Rennie reported an incident as Lewandowski repeatedly hoisted the Polish flag at the consular office, which caused popular protests. Rennie "pointed out to Dr. Lewandowski that he ought to realise that his position here was a delicate one... and I added it was highly desirable that his office should not be situated in a building with the Bureau of Polish propaganda."


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Propaganda, Polish campaign
Undercover and illicit activities also started as early as March 11, 1920, when the Earl of Derby reported a decision of the Allied Council of Ambassadors in Paris to make representations to the Polish government regarding the violations of the frontiers of the Marienwerder Plebiscite Area towards Germans by Polish soldiers.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Propaganda, Polish campaign
Beaumont reported from Marienwerder at the end of March that "no change has been made in the methods of Polish propaganda. Occasional meetings are held, but they are attended only by Poles in small numbers". He continued to note that "acts and articles violently abusive of everything German in the newly founded Polish newspaper appear to be the only (peaceful) methods adopted to persuade the inhabitants of the Plebiscite areas to vote for Poland".


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Propaganda, Polish campaign
The Germans tried to sway the voters in the area before the plebiscite by using violence, with Polish organisations and activists being harassed by pro-German militias. Actions included murder, the most notable example being the killing of Bogumił Linka a native Masurian member of the Polish delegation to Versailles, who supported voting for Poland. His death described as "bestial murder" after he had been beaten to death by pro-German militias armed with crowbars, metal rods, and shovels. His ribs were punctured by shovel, and he was taken to hospital, where he died after he had been barely alive and bled from the neck and the head. After his burial, the grave of Linka was defiled.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Propaganda, Polish campaign
Masurians who supported voting for Poland were singled out and subjected to terror and repressions. Names of Masurians supporting the Polish side were published in pro-German newspapers, and their photographs were presented in shops of pro-German owners. Later, regular hunts were organised after them. In the pursuit of Polish supporters, the local Poles were terrorized by pro-German militias. The "Gazeta Olsztyńska" wrote, "Unspeakable terror lasted till the last days [of the plebiscite]”.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Propaganda, Polish campaign
At least 3,000 Warmian and Masurian activists engaged for Polans had to flee the region out of fear for their lives. The German police engaged in active surveillance of the Polish minority and attacks against pro-Polish activists.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Propaganda, Polish campaign
It may be concluded that propaganda and manipulation caused the German side to be put in favour in many respects above the Polish one, but it must also be disputed if that was influential for the final result.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Plebiscite
The plebiscites asked voters whether they wanted their homeland to remain in East Prussia or to become a part of it, as to the Marienwerder Plebiscite Area, which was part of Weimar Germany, or to become part of Poland (the alternatives for the voters were not Poland or Germany but Poland or East Prussia, the latter of which was not a sovereign nation). All inhabitants of the plebiscite areas older than 20 or those who were born in the area before 1 January 1905 were entitled to return to vote.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Plebiscite, Accusations of falsification and manipulation
According to Jerzy Minakowski, pro-Polish activists decided to boycott the preparations for electoral commissions before the plebiscite to protest the unequal treatment of the Polish and German side and pro-German terror, which allowed German officials to falsify lists with eligible voters by adding names of dead people or people who were ineligible to vote.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Plebiscite, Accusations of falsification and manipulation
During the plebiscite, Germans transported pro-German voters to numerous locations, which allowed them to cast multiple votes. In Allenstein (Olsztyn), cards with pro-Polish votes were simply taken away by a German official who declared that they were "invalid" and presented voters with pro-German cards. Voters were observed by the German police in polling stations. Pro -Polish voting cards were often hidden or taken away, and Polish controllers were removed from polling stations. A large number of Poles feared reprisals and did not turn out for the plebiscite.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Results
The plebiscite took place on 11 July 1920 when Poland appeared on the verge of defeat in the Polish-Soviet War (see Miracle at the Vistula). The pro-German side was able to organise a very successful propaganda campaign by building on the long campaign of Germanisation; notably the plebiscite asking the electorate to vote for Poland or East Prussia is said to have masked the pro-German choice under the provincial name of East Prussia.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Results
However, the weight of that argument can not have been strong because East Prussia was just a German province, not a sovereign party, as an alternative for the German state, and the voters were aware of that. The activity of pro-German organisations and the Allied support for the participation of those who were born in the plebiscite area but did not live there any longer were supposed to further the vote toward Germany. In the end, the weight of the evidently substantial number of pro-German emigration voters can be ignored in the light of the 96% pro-German overall total. Anyway, the plebiscite resulted in a vast majority for East Prussia. Only a small part of the territory affected by the plebiscite was awarded to Poland, and most remained in Germany.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Results
Poland's supposed disadvantage by the Versailles Treaty stipulation was that it enabled those to return to vote if they were born in the plebiscite areas but no longer living there. Most of them were supposed to have been influenced by German national sentiments. For that reason, German nationalist societies and political parties wanted to assist them by facilitating their travel to the plebiscite area. Approximately 152,000 such individuals participated in the plebiscite.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Results
However, debate went on whether it was a Polish or German condition at Versailles as it might have been expected that also many Ruhr Area Poles would vote for Poland. Therefore, it is also reported that the Polish delegation planned to bring Polish émigrés not only from other parts of Germany but also from America to the plebiscite area to strengthen their position, but those plans were not executed  the Polish delegation claimed that it was a German condition.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Results
After the plebiscite in Masuria, attacks on Poles were commenced by pro-German mobs. In particular, Polish priests and politicians were charged, even in their homes.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Results
Results as published by Poland in 1920, however, giving also Polish place names as fixed in the late 1940s.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Results, Olsztyn/Allenstein Plebiscite Area
To honour the exceptionally high percentage of pro-German votes in the district of Oletzko, with 2 votes for Poland compared to 28,625 for Germany, the district town Marggrabowa (i.e. Margrave town) was renamed "Treuburg" (TreueGerman = "faithfulness") in 1928, with the district following this example in 1933.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Results, Olsztyn/Allenstein Plebiscite Area
In the villages of Lubstynek (Klein Lobenstein), Czerlin (Klein Nappern) and Groszki (Groschken) in the District of Osterode in East Prussia (Ostróda), situated directly at the border, a majority voted for Poland. The villages became a part of Poland after the plebiscite. Other Polish-majority villages were scarce but would have been more numerous if they had not been surrounded by Mazurian German disposed villages, making a geographical connection with Poland improbable and so a vote for Poland would not be useful.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Results, Olsztyn/Allenstein Plebiscite Area
The strategic importance of the Prussian Eastern Railway line Danzig-Warsaw passing through the area of Soldau in the Neidenburg District was the reason that it was transferred to Poland without plebiscite, and renamed Działdowo.


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Results, Marienwerder / Kwidzyn Plebiscite Area
The results for the precincts of Marienwerder / Kwidzyn were:


1920 East Prussian plebiscite, Results, Marienwerder / Kwidzyn Plebiscite Area
The West Prussian plebiscite area remained with Germany and became part of the new West Prussia Government Region, annexed to East Prussia in 1922.


1920 East Tennessee State Normal football team
The 1920 East Tennessee State Normal School football team was an American football team that represented East Tennessee State Normal School—now known as East Tennessee State University (ETSU)—as an independent in the 1920 college football season. It was very first season that the school fielded a football team. The team was coached by William R. Windes, a 1917 graduate of the University of Tennessee who taught agriculture and biology at the school. He was assisted by English professor Willis Beeler "Bull" Bible, brother of Dana X. Bible, and by fellow teacher A. V. McFee.


1920 East Tennessee State Normal football team
The first team for East Tennessee State consisted of 11 first-string players and 4 substitutes. There is dispute on the final record for this season, however ETSU officially credits the 1920 team with a 0–2 record (with three non-countable wins). The schedule was mix of regional colleges and high schools and started the rivalry against Milligan College. Initially, the school began to consider football as early as 1915, but could not find field a team until 1920 due to funding and finding enough men to play for the team. In 1920, the East Tennessee State Normal School team did not go by one nickname, but rather several nicknames including the "Normalites", "Wolves", or "Huskies".


1920 Eastern Suburbs season
Eastern Suburbs (now known as the Sydney Roosters) competed in the 13th New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL) premiership in 1920.


1920 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Balmain 9 (Potter try; Craig 3 goals defeated Eastern Suburbs 7 ( Caples try; Messenger goal; Challis field goal) at the Sydney Cricket Ground.


1920 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburbs 19 (Wright 2, Cameron tries; Wally Messenger 3; Caples 2 goals) defeated Newtown 7 (Boys try; Boys goal) at the Agricultural Society Ground.


1920 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburbs 44 (Wright,  Warkins 2, Cameron, Messenger, Norman, Williams tries ; Messenger 7 goalsdefeated University 8 (Callan,  Satterthwaite tries ) at Agricultural Society Ground.


1920 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburbs 18 defeated Western Suburbs 14 at Sydney Cricket Ground.


1920 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburbs 42 defeated Annandale 10 at Sydney Cricket Ground No. 2


1920 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Premiership Round 8, Saturday 26 June 1920 Eastern Suburbs 12 defeated North 	Sydney 8 at Sydney Cricket Ground.


1920 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Premiership Round 9, Saturday 17 July 1920 - South Sydney 14 defeated Eastern 	Suburbs 11 at Agricultural Ground.


1920 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburbs 30 Wright 5 + 1 Tries; 6 Goals) defeated Balmain 13 at the Agricultural Ground.


1920 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburbs were the only side to defeat Balmain in the 1920 season.


1920 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
North Sydney 21 defeated Eastern Suburbs 10 at Sydney Cricket Ground


1920 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburbs 15 	defeated Annandale 0 at Sydney Cricket Ground No.2.


1920 Ebbw Vale by-election
The Ebbw Vale by-election of 1920 was held on 26 July 1920. The by-election was held due to the resignation of the incumbent Labour MP, Thomas Richards. The Labour candidate Evan Davies was unopposed and declared as the victor.


1920 Ecuadorian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Ecuador on January 11, 1920. The result was a victory for José Luis Tamayo, who received 99% of the vote.


1920 Edinburgh Corporation election
An Election to the Edinburgh Corporation was held on 2 November 1920, alongside municipal elections across Scotland. The election was the first following the absorption of Leith and parts of the Edinburgh suburbs into Edinburgh Corporation. The area previously comprising Edinburgh Corporation continued to return 50 members, and Leith returned 12, and the new suburbs 9. The new Edinburgh Corporation therefore had a total of 71 members. There were contests in 12 of the 16 wards, and the election saw Labours total representation for Edinburgh & Leith reduced from 7 to 4.


1920 Edinburgh North by-election
The Edinburgh North by-election of 1920 was held on 9 April 1920. The by-election was held due to the resignation of the incumbent Coalition Conservative MP, James Avon Clyde after he was appointed to the bench as Lord Justice General and Lord President of the Court of Session. It was won by the Coalition Conservative candidate Patrick Ford


1920 Edinburgh South by-election
The Edinburgh South by-election of 1920 was held on 9 April 1920. The by-election was held due to the incumbent Coalition Conservative MP, Charles Murray, being appointed Solicitor General for Scotland. It was retained by Murray.


1920 Edmonton municipal election
The 1920 municipal election was held December 13, 1920, to elect a mayor and six aldermen to sit on Edmonton City Council and three trustees to sit on the public school board. J Cormack, Joseph Gariépy and J J Murray were acclaimed to two-year terms on the separate school board. In the election's only plebiscite, Edmontonians rejected a proposal to pay their aldermen for the second consecutive election.


1920 Edmonton municipal election
There were ten aldermen on city council, but four of the positions were already filled: Percy Abbott, John Bowen, James East and Rice Sheppard were all elected to two-year terms in 1919 and were still in office. J. A. Kinney had also been elected to a two-year term in 1919, but had resigned. Accordingly, Samuel McCoppen was elected to a one-year term.


1920 Edmonton municipal election
There were seven trustees on the public school board, but four of the positions were already filled: Samuel Barnes, J. W. H. Williams, J A McPherson, and Frank Scott had all been elected to two-year terms in 1919 and were still in office. The same was true on the separate board, where Joseph Henri Picard, Paul Jenvrin, Thomas Magee, and Thomas Malone were continuing.


1920 Edmonton municipal election, Voter turnout
There were 14,710 ballots cast out of 26,903 eligible voters, for a voter turnout of 54.6%.


1920 English cricket season
1920 was the 27th season of County Championship cricket in England. There was no Test cricket as the post-war recovery continued. Middlesex rose from 13th in 1919 to win the championship as the first of two back-to-back titles. Worcestershire returned to the championship after opting out in 1919.


1920 English cricket season, Leading batsmen
Patsy Hendren topped the averages with 2520 runs @ 61.46, just ahead of Jack Hobbs who scored 2827 @ 58.89.


1920 English cricket season, Leading bowlers
Jack Hobbs topped the bowling averages taking 17 wickets. The leading full-time bowler was Wilfred Rhodes with 161 wickets @ 13.18.


1920 Epsom Derby
The 1920 Epsom Derby was a horse race which took place at Epsom Downs on 2 June 1920. It was the 141st running of the Derby and was won by Giles Loder's Spion Kop. The winner was ridden by the American jockey Frank O'Neill and trained by Peter Gilpin.


1920 Epsom Derby, The race
The Derby was run on an unusually hot day in front of an estimated crowd of 250,000 including the King and Queen. Spion Kop started at odd of 100/6 (approximately 16/1) in a field of 19 runners. The favourite was the 2000 Guineas winner Tetratema a colt noted for his exceptional early speed but with dubious stamina. Tetratema went into an early lead and set an extremely fast pace as he was challenged by Abbot's Trace (ridden by Steve Donoghue), while O’Neill settled Spion Kop well back in the field.


1920 Epsom Derby, The race
Tetratema dropped back soon after half way and Abbot's Trace led into the straight as Spion Kop made rapid progress from the rear. Spion Kop took the lead three furlongs from the finish and ran on strongly up the straight to win by two lengths from Archaic and Orpheus in a new race record time of 2:34.8. The most dramatic incident of the race occurred in the closing stages when Abbot's Trace was brought down in a collision with Sarchedon, who finished fourth.


1920 Epsom Derby, Full result
* The distances between the horses are shown in lengths or shorter. shd = short-head; hd = head; PU = pulled up.


1920 Estonian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Estonia between 27 and 29 November 1920, the first held under the 1920 constitution. 100 deputies were elected into the new Riigikogu by party lists in 10 regions, by which one party or electoral bloc could put up several lists in one region. Seats were still distributed on the state level, where votes for different lists were summed up by their political affiliation and then seats distributed using d'Hondt formula. Thereafter seats for one party or bloc were distributed between different lists of that political force using the same formula.


1920 European Rowing Championships
The 1920 European Rowing Championships were rowing championships held on 15 August on the Saône in the French city Mâcon. The competition was for men only and they competed in five boat classes (M1x, M2x, M2+, M4+, M8+), the same ones as used at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp later in the same month. These were the first European Rowing Championships held after WWI; the previous championships had been held in 1913 in Ghent.


1920 FA Charity Shield
The 1920 FA Charity Shield was a football match played on 15 May 1920 between the winners of the two divisions of the Football League in 1919–20. It was the seventh FA Charity Shield match and was contested by First Division champions West Bromwich Albion and Second Division champions Tottenham Hotspur. The match was played at Tottenham's home ground, White Hart Lane. Albion won 2–0 in what is their only outright Charity Shield victory to date (they shared the shield in 1954 after drawing with Wolverhampton Wanderers).


1920 FA Charity Shield
This was the first Charity Shield match since 1913; the competition had not taken place during the intervening period because of the First World War.


1920 FA Cup Final
The 1920 FA Cup Final, the first since the end of the First World War, was contested by Aston Villa and Huddersfield at Stamford Bridge. Aston Villa won 1–0, with the goal coming in extra time from Billy Kirton, to clinch the trophy for a record sixth time. This was the first ever F.A. Cup Final to require extra time to be played.


1920 FA Cup Final
This was Aston Villa's sixth F.A. Cup Final win. Their opponents had secured promotion from the Second Division this season, having nearly gone out of business, and were appearing in their first final. Aston Villa captain, Andy Ducat, had represented England at both football and cricket. The Villa team had four surviving members of the club's last F.A. Cup final victory in 1913; Tommy Weston, Sam Hardy, Clem Stephenson and Charlie Wallace.


1920 FA Cup Final
Those four Villa players and Frank Moss had all served in the Armed Forces during World War I. Frank Barson, known for his tough style of play, was warned before the kick-off by the referee against using his normal tactics. This was Villa manager George Ramsay's sixth F.A. Cup Final win, a record for a manager, and one that was only equaled in 2016 by Arsène Wenger – against Aston Villa.


1920 FA Cup Final
The trophy was presented by Prince Henry, the fourth son of King George V.


1920 FA Cup Final, Road to Stamford Bridge
How the finalists reached the final. Huddersfield Town were in the Second Division at this time.


1920 Faroese general election
General elections were held in the Faroe Islands on 10 November 1920. The Union Party and the Self-Government Party both won 10 of the 20 seats in the Løgting.


1920 Fermanagh County Council election
The 1920 Fermanagh County Council election was held on Thursday, 3 June 1920.


1920 Fijian general election
General elections were held in Fiji in July, August and September 1920.


1920 Fijian general election, Electoral system
The Legislative Council consisted of 12 official members (eleven civil servants and a British subject not holding public office), seven elected Europeans and two appointed Fijians. The Governor served as President of the Council.


1920 Fijian general election, Electoral system
The Europeans were elected from six constituencies; Eastern, Northern, Southern, Suva, Vanua Levu & Taveuni and Western. Voting was restricted to men aged 21 or over who had been born to European parents (or a European father and was able to read, speak and write English) who were British subjects and had been continuously resident in Fiji for 12 months, either owning at least £20 of freehold or leasehold property or having an annual income of at least £120, and were not on the public payroll.


1920 Fijian general election, Results, Appointed members
The nominated members were appointed on 15 October; one of the Fijian posts was left unfilled.


1920 Fijian general election, Aftermath
A by-election was held for the Vanua Levu and Taveuni seat on 4 October 1922, which was won by William Edmund Willoughby-Tottenham.


1920 Five Nations Championship
The 1920 Five Nations Championship was the sixth series of the rugby union Five Nations Championship following the inclusion of France into the Home Nations Championship, and the first played since the 1914 Games due to World War I. Including the previous Home Nations Championships, this was the thirty-third series of the annual northern hemisphere rugby union championship. Ten matches were played between 1 January and 3 April. It was contested by England, France, Ireland, Scotland and Wales.


1920 Five Nations Championship
Scotland missed out on a first Grand Slam after losing to England at Twickenham.


1920 Florida Gators football team
The 1920 Florida Gators football team represented the University of Florida during the 1920 college football season. The season was law professor William G. Kline's first of three as the head coach of the Florida Gators football team. Kline's 1920 Florida Gators compiled a marginally better 6–3 overall record than the 1919 Gators, but a lesser 1–2 conference record against Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) competition.


1920 Florida Gators football team
While the Gators improved their series records against traditional in-state opponents like the Florida Southern Moccasins and the Stetson Hatters, they also suffered a shutout defeat by the Tulane Green Wave and lost their fourth consecutive game to the Georgia Bulldogs.


1920 Florida Gators football team, Before the season
Kline was a former halfback for the Illinois Fighting Illini, and had previously coached the Nebraska Cornhuskers.


1920 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Newberry
In the season's opening week, the Gators beat the Newberry Indians 21 to 0. The substitutes were sent in by the end.


1920 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Florida Southern
The Gators got revenge on the Florida Southern Moccasins for last year's loss with a 13–0 win. C. Anderson scored first, in the third quarter. Tully Hoyt Carlton scored the second after a series of forward passes from C. Anderson to Carlton. After the second score, Carlton failed to make the extra point for the only time all season.


1920 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Rollins
Florida defeated Rollins by forfeit, who did not show up for the game.


1920 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Mercer
Florida easily defeated Mercer. "Carlton was the outstanding hero of the game. He ran through the entire Mercer aggregation several times for long gains and scored three of Florida's touchdowns.


1920 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Mercer
Florida's starting lineup against Mercer: Swanson (left end), Baker (left tackle), Norton (left guard), Perry (center), Meisch (right guard), Vandergrift (right tackle) Driggers (right end), B. Anderson (quarterback), C. Anderson (left halfback), Carlton (right halfback), Stanley (fullback).


1920 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Tulane
The Gators were beaten 14 to 0 by  Tulane after the Gators had outplayed them for two periods. Despite the loss, Tootie Perry played one of the best games seen in Tampa.


1920 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Tulane
The starting lineup was Swanson (left end), Baker (left tackle), Meisch (left guard), Wilsky (center), Perry (right guard), Vandergrif (right tackle), Briggers (right end), B. Anderson (quarterback), C. Anderson (left halfback), C. (right halfback), Merren (fullback).


1920 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Stetson
Florida beat Stetson 26 to 0 in a game in Palatka. The first team played lightly through the first quarter, and then substitutes were used. The field was soggy and hard to play on. The only thrill of the game came when Crom Anderson ran 90 yards for a touchdown.


1920 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Georgia
Georgia's Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) champion "ten second backfield" and powerful line  rolled up a large, 56–0 score on the Gators. Florida put up a hard fight until Georgia got its first touchdown across, pouring it on from there. Georgia running back Sheldon Fitts was the star of the contest.


1920 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Georgia
Wilsky and Carlton were recovering from injuries suffered in the Tulane game, and during the game Meisch and Vandegrift were carried off. Jim Merrin played best for the Gators.


1920 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Georgia
Florida's starting lineup against Georgia: Swanson (left end), Baker (left tackle), Otto (left guard), Perry (center), Hodges (right guard), Vandergrift (right tackle) Coleman (right end), B. Anderson (quarterback), Pomeroy (left halfback), C. Anderson (right halfback), Merrin (fullback).


1920 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Stetson
Florida defeated the Stetson Hatters by three touchdowns using mostly straight football. "The only spectacular play of the game was when C. Anderson ran 80 yards for a touchdown, but unfortunately Florida was offside."


1920 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Stetson
Florida's starting lineup against Stetson: Coleman (left end), Baker (left tackle), Meisch (left guard), Wilsky (center), Perry (right guard), Dimberline (right tackle) Hughes (right end), B. Anderson (quarterback), C. Anderson (left halfback), Carlton (right halfback), Robinson (fullback).


1920 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Oglethorpe
The Gators made thirteen first downs to Oglethorpe's three, yet lost 21 to 0. Oglethorpe made its first two touchdowns off fumbles.


1920 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Oglethorpe
Florida's starting lineup against Oglethorpe: Swanson (left end), Baker (left tackle), Perry (left guard), Wilsky (center), Norton (right guard), Hodges (right tackle) Hughes (right end), Carlton (quarterback), Pomeroy (left halfback), C. Anderson (right halfback), Robinson (fullback).


1920 Florida gubernatorial election
The 1920 Florida gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1920. Democratic nominee Cary A. Hardee defeated Republican nominee George E. Gay with 77.94% of the vote.


1920 Fordham Maroon football team
The 1920 Fordham Maroon football team was an American football team that represented Fordham University as an independent during the 1920 college football season. In its first season under coaches Charles Brickley and Joseph DuMoe, Fordham compiled a 4–3 record. Fordham's media guide claims three additional victories, two over Fort H. G. Wright and a second victory over Villanova.


1920 Free City of Danzig Constituent Assembly election
Constituent Assembly elections were held in the Free City of Danzig on 16 May 1920. The German National People's Party emerged as the largest party, receiving 28% of the vote and winning 34 of the 120 seats in the Volkstag. Voter turnout was 70%.


1920 French railway strikes
1920 French railway strikes were a series of strikes which took place in France during 1920. Firstly there was a series of railway strikes from 23 February to 4 March. This included a strike by 26,000 railway workers in Paris. There was a subsequent strike from 4–29 May which resulted in failure as 93,000 strikers returned to work after the strike leaders were arrested and the workers were threatened with being drafted into the Army.


1920 French railway strikes
In 1920, the Vatican decided to establish its own union to combat the influence of Marxism within the working class: the CFDC, French Confederation of Christian Workers, "French Confederation of Christian Workers". It later split and gave birth to the CFDT (Confédération française démocratique du travail, "French Democratic Confederation of Labour") that became non-confessional.


1920 French railway strikes
While this CFDT union at a time (up until 1980) had a libertarian streak, its leadership organised massive purged to transform it into a yellow trade union bent on supporting the liberal agenda on the political grounds that “there is no alternative to capitalism” and workers have no choice but to try to limit the damage through social dialogue.


1920 Furman Purple Hurricane football team
The 1920 Furman Purple Hurricane football team represented the Furman Purple Hurricane of Furman University during the 1920 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season.


1920 Ganja revolt
The 1920 Ganja revolt (Azeri: Gəncə üsyanı), also referred to as the Ganja Uprising, was an anti-Bolshevik rebellion that took place in Ganja, Azerbaijan from 26  to 31 May 1920 as a reaction to Azerbaijan's sovietisation.


1920 Ganja revolt, Prelude
The disintegration of the Russian Empire resulted in the formation of a number of independent states on its territory. On 28 May 1918, the Azerbaijani National Council declared the independence of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. Twenty-three months later the political power in Azerbaijan was ceded by the democratically elected Musavat Party to the Bolsheviks to avoid the bloodshed that the advancing 11th Red Army might have brought upon the country. On 28 April 1920, Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed.


1920 Ganja revolt, Prelude
Azerbaijan's Sovietisation significantly reduced the Bolshevik pressure on the neighboring states, which caused much resentment and unrest among demoralized Azerbaijanis shocked by such rapid political change. Civil masses were angered by Bolsheviks' requisitions of provision supplies and their strong and explicit antireligious sentiment. The unrest was also triggered by various political organizations founded by Musavat members who fled to Georgia or went undercover. The anti-Bolshevik attitude went on to spread onto the Azerbaijani army dissatisfied with the Soviets' plan to reorganize it according to the Red Army model by discharging the officers and dividing the units.


1920 Ganja revolt, The revolt
The discharge of the Commander of the Ganja garrison Mahammad Mirza Qajar and his officers led to the strongest civil unrest among Azerbaijanis. On the night of May 25 to 26 1920 the garrison consisting of 1,800 servicemen revolted and seized control over the Muslim quarter of Ganja. They were led by General Qajar, General Javad bey Shikhlinski, General Teymur bey Novruzov, and Colonel Jahangir Kazimbeyov. The Soviet units which arrived by railway ringed the city. On 29 May, they attempted numerous times to launch an attack but each time were hurled back with heavy casualties.


1920 Ganja revolt, The revolt
They only became successful upon deploying heavy artillery. Around 1,000 rebels were killed; the rest fled into the mountains to join the units that had been formed there. The battle lasted until 31 May and ended in the Bolshevik victory. Afterwards the city was looted and pillaged for an entire week.


1920 Ganja revolt, Aftermath
Azerbaijan People's Commissar for Internal Affairs Hamid Sultanov who was dispatched to Ganja carried out mass repressions against those suspected of being linked to the uprising. Hundreds of people were publicly executed. Twenty-two officers (among them six generals) were immediately exiled on the island of Nargin and shot by firing squad the next day, together with fifty-seven other exiles. The 11th Red Army issued a special decree by which detachments were to strengthen control of Azerbaijani locales with potential civil unrest. They were ordered to seize guns from the population. Those unwilling to turn in their guns were to be shot immediately, and those who turned in their guns and ammunition voluntarily were financially rewarded.


1920 Ganja revolt, Aftermath
The 1920 Ganja revolt initiated a chain reaction of regional rebellions in June 1920 such as Shusha massacre led by Nuri Pasha and one in Zagatala led by Molla Hafiz Afandiyev, however neither was as large scale as the Ganja Revolt. Starting in September 1920, a new series of rebellions of various scale took place in Dagestan and Quba, in Garabulag, in Shamkhor, and in Lankaran, overall lasting until 1924.


1920 Garfagnana earthquake
The 1920 Garfagnana earthquake (also known as the Lunigiana earthquake) occurred on September 7 in Garfagnana and Lunigiana, both agricultural areas in the Italian Tuscany region. The quake hypocenter was located 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) beneath Villa Collemandina. The maximum felt intensity was rated as X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale, and 6.6 on the Richter magnitude scale. It was one of the most destructive seismic events recorded in the Apenninic region in the twentieth century. Due to good news coverage, availability of official documents on the damage and abundance of recordings from surveillance stations throughout Europe, it was regarded as a first-rate case study to improve knowledge of tectonics and macroseismic analysis.


1920 Garfagnana earthquake, Geology
The epicenter of the 1920 earthquake lay within the inner zone of the Northern Apennines, which has been affected by extensional tectonics since the Late Miocene to Pliocene epochs. This extension is a result of the same process that opened the Tyrrhenian Sea during the same period, the rollback of the subducting Adriatic Plate. The continuing extension has resulted in a series of northwest-southeast trending normal faults bounding basins filled by the Pliocene to recent sediments. Near Garfagnana, there are two such basins, the Serchio and Magra grabens.


1920 Garfagnana earthquake, Geology
The 1920 event is thought to have ruptured the east-dipping Casciana-Sillicano fault on the southwestern boundary of the Serchio graben. Lunigiana and Garfagnana are part of the Apennines, a mountain area located above a subduction zone between the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian tectonic plates. The region, crossed by different systems of active faults, is mainly mountainous and rocky, with noticeable variations in soil composition.


1920 Garfagnana earthquake, Earthquake
Foreshocks occurred on September 6, including an intensity (VI (Strong)) event on September 6 at 2:05 p.m. Frightened by these foreshocks, many people choose to sleep outside their homes in the open air, since the weather was still mild in the late summer. The main shock came at 7:55 a.m. (local time) the following morning, after a few hours of calm, its epicenter directly under the town of Villa Collemandina.


1920 Garfagnana earthquake, Earthquake
The towns of Vigneta and Villa Collemandina were completely destroyed. Fivizzano, with its tall buildings in the city center, was almost totally demolished, those buildings that remained standing were later destroyed by the aftershocks. Piazza al Serchio and another 30 towns suffered substantial damage to buildings and infrastructure. Reports of collapsed buildings came from about 100 towns and over 350 comuni from eastern Liguria to western Versilia were affected. The earthquake was noticed by people in the French Riviera, Friuli, Marche and Umbria, over 400 kilometres (250 mi) from the stricken area. Aftershocks lasted up until August 1921.


1920 Garfagnana earthquake, Earthquake, Damage
The earthquake wrought massive destruction. Near the epicenter, an area of about 160 square kilometres (62 sq mi) from Fivizzano in Lunigiana and the upper Garfagnana, received X (Extreme) damage, including the collapse of many buildings. Newspaper headlines read "Fivizzano is no more". A much bigger area, assessed at over 1,060 square kilometres (410 sq mi), received significant damage, and minor damage was sustained by other regions in Toscana, Emilia Romagna and Liguria. Many provinces reported consequences from the shocks: nearby Lucca and Massa Carrara, Modena, Parma, Pisa, Pistoia, Reggio Emilia and La Spezia.


1920 Garfagnana earthquake, Earthquake, Damage
In Pontremoli the shock destroyed the rooftop of the Chiesa della Misericordia church: debris fell on the ancient organ, damaging it.


1920 Garfagnana earthquake, Earthquake, Damage
Roads near the epicenter were compromised, along with some bridges. Since rescue operations were mostly managed on a local scale (city or town, lacking any national coordinating authority), that was a minor detriment to relief work. More of a problem was the availability of first aid resources, which were scarce. There was also much less food and tents than what was needed.


1920 Garfagnana earthquake, Earthquake, Damage
In the broader damaged area, some springs changed their path or became cloudy due to a sharp increase in the content of Hydrogen sulfide.


1920 Garfagnana earthquake, Earthquake, Damage
On September 21, refugees were affected by an exceptionally violent downpour, further worsening their condition. The refugees asked Bishop Angelo Fiorini to intercede with the Pope, hopeful to receive some economic help or relief effort, but received only a blessing to the victims. On the other hand, many organizations of emigrants in the United States and Argentina managed to collect and send significant donations of money.