1920 Garfagnana earthquake, Earthquake, Damage
Isoseismic curves of the event displayed some anomalies in damage distribution. The town of Fosdinovo and its surroundings sustained only minor damage, despite being in the middle of an area of widespread destruction. Vigneta and Castiglioncello, both frazioni of Casola in Lunigiana, had very different fates: the first was completely devastated, while the latter experienced only a few cracks in the walls and some collapsed chimneys. Study on those anomalies led to a better understanding of the effect of ground composition on the transmission of seismic waves. Vigneta was built on alluvial ground, made of sand and cobbles.


1920 Garfagnana earthquake, Earthquake, Damage
It turned out that the cobbles acted as an amplifier for the shock waves, multiplying their intensity and deflecting them in random directions. Sometimes, cobbles shattered, and the ground above was further destabilized. Castiglioncello was built on an extraordinarily compact limestone slab, which acted as a barrier that reflected shock waves. Resonance and shock-wave amplification phenomena, well understood today, were unknown at the time of the Garfagnana earthquake.


1920 Garfagnana earthquake, Earthquake, Casualties
One hundred and seventy one people died in the disaster, mostly from building collapses or being hit by falling debris. A further 650 were injured. Families left homeless numbered in the thousands. Thirty of the casualties and half the injured were concentrated in Fivizzano.


1920 Garfagnana earthquake, Earthquake, Casualties
Casualties could have been much higher without the precursor shocks scaring much of the populace into sleeping outdoors. Garfagnana and Lunigiana were mostly farming areas, so at the time of the disaster, most men were out in mountain pastures or going to their fields, leaving their wives and children at home.


1920 Garfagnana earthquake, Aftermath
The rebuilding took over ten years. Property speculation was reported in Fivizzano, where well-off local people bought up plots from those without the means of rebuilding their homes. Reconstruction, lacking a town plan, was messy and disorganized. In Fivizzano, the ancient San Giovanni church – built by ancestors of Pope Nicholas V – sustained only partial damage to the roof, but was nevertheless demolished, along with a Medici palace and the Teatro degli Imperfetti theater, in the rush to take advantage of the disaster; new housing and commercial buildings were erected on the valuable lots formerly occupied by the monuments.


1920 Garfagnana earthquake, Previous events
As is common in central Italy, many towns are built on steep hillside or along deep valleys. The region is rated as second and third class on a four-class scale of seismicity, according to the Italian building code (four being the highest).


1920 Garfagnana earthquake, Previous events
Despite being inhabited since ancient times, the region experienced rapid colonization in the Middle Ages, thanks to agricultural techniques allowing the exploitation of the steep hills and to the new wealth acquired by the nearby Republic of Florence.


1920 Garfagnana earthquake, Previous events
According to records made by Bartolomeo Pucci, captain of Florence's army, the town of Fivizzano was struck by a major earthquake in 1481, with an intensity estimated at VIII (Severe) on the Mercalli scale. The town experienced extensive damage, but few or no other records were preserved in the small town. Until the nineteenth century, it was a common occurrence for city leaders to downplay the disasters striking their lands to avoid giving nearby rival cities any incentive to declare war.


1920 Garfagnana earthquake, Previous events
On June 9, 1545, Borgo Val di Taro was destroyed by another earthquake. From June 8 to 10, 1641, two medium-sized shocks hit nearby Pontremoli, causing damage to many buildings, as recorded in the Memorie Pontremolesi chronicles. On July 23, 1746, an earthquake hit the town of Barga. On January 21, 1767, Fivizzano was struck again, as was Pontremoli on February 14, 1834.


1920 Garfagnana earthquake, Previous events
Fivizzano was struck again on October 15, 1939, but while the energy release of the quake was larger, the hypocenter was much deeper (between 20 and 26 kilometres, or 12 to 16 mi, down) and damage was significant, but limited. On October 25, 1957, Pontremoli and Borgotaro were struck again by a very powerful quake. As its hypocenter was over 45 kilometres (28 mi) deep, the shock was felt across the whole of northern Italy, but caused little damage.


1920 Garfagnana earthquake, Previous events
Between 1740 and 2000, the Garfagnana region experienced 16 earthquakes rated as "strong" or above (VI or greater on the Mercalli scale).


1920 Geneva Covenanters football team
The 1920 Geneva Covenanters football team was an American football team that represented Geneva College as an independent during the 1920 college football season. Led by fourth-year head coach Philip Henry Bridenbaugh, the team compiled a record of 5–2–1.


1920 George Washington Hatchetites football team
The 1920 George Washington Hatchetites Colonials football team was an American football team that represented George Washington University as a member of the South Atlantic Intercollegiate Athletic Association during the 1920 college football season. In their first season under head coach Bryan Morse, the team compiled a 1–6–1 record.


1920 Georgetown Blue and Gray football team
The 1920 Georgetown Blue and Gray football team represented Georgetown University during the 1920 college football season. Led by Albert Exendine in his seventh year as head coach, the team went 6–4.


1920 Georgia Bulldogs football team
The 1920 Georgia Bulldogs football team represented the Georgia Bulldogs of the University of Georgia during the 1920 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The Bulldogs had an 8–0–1 record, outscored opponents 250–17, and were also co-champion of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association, with in-state rival Georgia Tech as well as Tulane, which were also undefeated in conference play.


1920 Georgia Bulldogs football team
Georgia gave Furman their only loss, and did the same to Alabama in the year's biggest win. This was the Georgia Bulldogs' first season under the guidance of head coach Herman Stegeman and the team's second undefeated season in its history (first since 1896 under Pop Warner). The Bulldogs were retroactively awarded a national championship by Clyde Berryman.


1920 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Before the season
The Bulldogs were led by first-year head coach Herman Stegeman, who attended the University of Chicago and learned football from the legendary Amos Alonzo Stagg. During the end of World War I, the United States Army stationed Stegeman in Athens to create physical training courses for the UGA Reserve Officers' Training Corps program. Last season, Stegeman was hired by head coach Alex Cunningham as an assistant. Cunningham then went into the Army, and Stegeman was promoted to head coach. Stegeman was assisted by backfield coach and Warner disciple Jimmy DeHart.


1920 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Before the season
Georgia became known for its line during the early 1920s, this season returning All-Southerns in end Owen Reynolds, tackle Artie Pew,  and center and captain Bum Day; as well as guard Hugh Whelchel and a young Joe Bennett. In 1920, the Bulldogs line was complemented with a strong backfield, led by Buck Cheves and known as the "Ten Second Backfield."


1920 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Season summary, Week 1: The Citadel
The Bulldogs opened the season with a 40–0 defeat of The Citadel. Citadel made one first down. The first score was a 60-yard run by Hartley.


1920 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Season summary, Week 2: at South Carolina
In the second week of play, Georgia easily defeated the South Carolina Gamecocks 37–0, "principally through the ability of Hartley and Cheves to advance the ball by long runs". Hartley returned the second-half kickoff back 95 yards for a touchdown, and had another 75-yard touchdown run two minutes later.


1920 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Season summary, Week 2: at South Carolina
The starting lineup was: Reynolds (left end), J. Bennett (left tackle), Anthony (left guard), Day (center), Murray (right guard), Pew (right tackle), Owens (right end), Cheves (quarterback), Echols (left halfback), Hartley (right halfback), Collings (fullback).


1920 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Season summary, Week 3: at Furman
A close-fought game with coach Billy Laval's  Speedy Speer-led Furman Purple Hurricane brought the Bulldogs a 7–0 win and Furman's only loss on the year. Georgia scored thanks to a pass from Buck Cheves to Sheldon Fitts. A punting duel with Milton McManaway and Dave Collings featured throughout.


1920 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Season summary, Week 4: at Oglethorpe
Georgia beat the Oglethorpe Stormy Petrels 27–3. Oglethorpe's captain Knox scored the season's first points on the Bulldogs.


1920 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Season summary, Week 5: Auburn
The Bulldogs upset the Auburn Tigers 7–0, getting revenge for last year's loss. The only  touchdown of the game was a 20-yard pass from Buck Cheves to Dick Hartley. Frank Stubbs starred for Auburn. Artie Pew was ejected for slugging, and thus missed his chance to go out with an Auburn victory.


1920 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Season summary, Week 5: Auburn
The starting lineup was: Reynolds (left end), Pew (left tackle), Whelchel (left guard), Day (center), Vandiver (right guard), J. Bennett (right tackle), P. Bennett (right end), Cheves (quarterback), Hartley (left halfback), Collings (right halfback), Echols (fullback).


1920 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Season summary, Week 6: at Virginia
The aerial attack of the Virginia Cavaliers met a staunch Georgia defense as the two teams fought to a scoreless tie in Charlottesville. Owen Reynolds and Paige Bennett starred for Georgia.


1920 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Season summary, Week 6: at Virginia
The starting lineup was: Reynolds (left end), Pew (left tackle), Whelchel (left guard), Day (center), Vandiver (right guard), Anthony (right tackle), P. Bennett (right end), Cheves (quarterback), Collins (left halfback), Hartley (right halfback), Tanner (fullback).


1920 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Season summary, Week 7: Florida
Georgia rolled up a large 56–0 score on the Florida Gators. Florida put up a hard fight until Georgia got its first touchdown across, pouring it on from there. Quarterback Sheldon Fitts was the star of the contest. Fitts and Bohren scored two touchdowns. Paige Bennett, Hartley, Echols, and Collings had one each. Owen Reynolds starred again.


1920 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Season summary, Week 7: Florida
The starting lineup was: Reynolds (left end), J. Bennett (left tackle), Whelchel (left guard), Day (center), Vandiver (right guard), Pew (right tackle), P. Bennett (right end), Pitts (quarterback), Collins (left halfback), Hartley (right halfback), Echols (fullback).


1920 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Season summary, Week 8: Alabama
The key win for the conference title was the 21–14 victory over the Alabama Crimson Tide. None of Georgia's touchdowns were scored by the offense.


1920 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Season summary, Week 8: Alabama
Paige Bennett recovered a Mullie Lenoir fumble and ran 40 yards for a touchdown. Artie Pew kicked goal. On the next possession, Hugh Whelchel blocked a Riggs Stephenson punt , and Pew picked up the ball running 24 yards to score, kicking his own goal. On the next drive, Lenoir scored. In the third quarter, Al Clemens caught a tipped ball, and ran down the sidelines with a wall of blockers for the tying score. Late in the final period, Georgia's O'Connor tried a drop kick which was blocked by Whelchel. Buck Cheves recovered the ball and ran 87 yards for the touchdown  Again Pew converted goal. The recovery by Cheves ranked fourth in The 50 Greatest Plays In Georgia Bulldogs Football History.


1920 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Season summary, Week 8: Alabama
The starting lineup was: Reynolds (left end), J. Bennett (left tackle), Vandiver (left guard), Day (center), Whelchel (right guard), Pew (right tackle), P. Bennett (Right end), Pitts (quarterback), Collins (left halfback), Hartley (right halfback), Echols (fullback).


1920 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Season summary, Week 9: Clemson
Cheves and Hartley starred again in a 55–0 romp over Clemson to end the season. Dave Collings was the star of the contest scoring two touchdowns. The starting lineup was Reynolds (left end), J. Bennett (left tackle), Whelchel (left guard), Day (center), Anthony (right guard), Pew (right tackle), P. Bennett (Right end), Cheves (quarterback), Hartley (left halfback), Collings (right halfback), Echols (fullback).


1920 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Post season
Owen Reynolds was elected captain for next year. Reynolds, Pew, and Day were all composite All-Southern selections. Whelchel also made several selections, and Joe Bennett made one.


1920 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Post season
Rooters on either side of Georgia were happy as both the Bulldogs and Georgia Tech claimed SIAA titles. The Bulldogs were retroactively named the national champion for 1920 under the Berryman QPRS methodology.


1920 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Personnel, Scoring leaders
The following is an incomplete list of statistics and scores, largely dependent on newspaper summaries.


1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado baseball team
The 1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado baseball team represented the Georgia Tech Golden Tornado of the Georgia Institute of Technology in the 1920 NCAA baseball season.


1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team
The 1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team represented the Georgia Tech Golden Tornado of the Georgia Institute of Technology during the 1920 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The Tornado was coached by William Alexander in his first year as head coach. The team compiled a record of 8–1 (4–0 SIAA), outscored opponents 312 to 16, and tied for first place with Georgia and Tulane in the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA).


1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team
Georgia Tech played its home games at Grant Field. Its only loss was a controversial one to Pop Warner's Pittsburgh Panthers at Forbes Field. Florent Gibson of the Pittsburgh Post rated Tech as the best team in the country. Tech also handed Centre College its first loss to a southern team since 1916.


1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team
Several players received postseason honors. Tackle Bill Fincher made Walter Camp's first-team All-American, then just the fourth Southern player to do so. Captain and senior halfback Buck Flowers made some third-team All-America selections, and led the country with an average of 49.4 yards per punt.


1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Before the season
After last season, former coach John Heisman resigned and left Atlanta. New head coach William Alexander retained Heisman's scheme, using the pre-snap movement of his "jump shift" offense. One report reads: "Since Coach Alex has taken charge there is a change in the team. The youngest coach in major football, he is probably the most popular, and bids fair to prove himself the peer of them all. Not only is Coach the idol of members of the team, but of the student body as well." Former Tech running back and Chippewa Indian Joe Guyon assisted Alexander.


1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Before the season
In 1920, football used a one-platoon system in which players played both offense, defense, and special teams. The team's most prominent players were in the backfield, including senior captain and halfback Buck Flowers, a small back who also handled drop kicks and punting. As a safety on defense, no player ever got past him for a touchdown. Halfback Red Barron running behind  fullback Judy Harlan was also renowned for its power. Most prominent in the line was tackle Bill Fincher, who also was the team's placekicker. Fincher had a glass eye which he would covertly pull out after feigning an injury, turn to his opponents and say: "So that's how you want to play!"


1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Week 1: Wake Forest
The first game of the year saw Georgia Tech pitted against the Wake Forest Demon Deacons. Tech won 44 to 0. Judy Harlan scored the year's first touchdown. Wake Forest failed to net a single first down. Harlan and Red Barron scored two touchdowns each and quarterbacks Jack McDonough and Pinkey Hunt one each. Captain Flowers gained consistently, and also drop-kicked a 26-yard field goal.


1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Week 2: Oglethorpe
In the second week of play, Georgia Tech defeated Jogger Elcock's Oglethorpe Stormy Petrels 55 to 0. Buck Flowers had a 68-yard touchdown run. He got his start on a "criss-cross" play near his own 32-yard line, and ran for the touchdown crossing the field laterally many times showing an assortment of moves.


1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Week 2: Oglethorpe
The starting lineup was: J. Staton (left end), Fincher (left tackle), Lebey (left guard), Amis (center), O. Davis (right guard), A. Staton (right tackle), Ratterman (right end), McDonough (quarterback), Flowers (left halfback), Barron (right halfback), Harlan (fullback)


1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Week 3: Davidson
On October 9, Georgia Tech defeated the Davidson Wildcats 66 to 0. Red Barron scored four touchdowns, including an interception return of 76 yards. He also ran in a touchdown from 25 yards out after catching a forward pass from fullback Judy Harlan. Tech attempted six passes the whole game, completing 3 for 114 yards. One of Flowers' punts went 85 yards, the longest in school history.


1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Week 3: Davidson
The starting lineup was: J. Staton (left end), Fincher (left tackle), Lebey (left guard), Amis (center), O. Davis (right guard), A. Staton (right tackle), Ratterman (right end), McDonough (quarterback), Flowers (left halfback), Barron (right halfback), Harlan (fullback)


1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Week 4: at Vanderbilt
Georgia Tech dominated in a week 4 win over the Vanderbilt Commodores. The 44 to 0 victory was one of the largest at Old Dudley Field.


1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Week 4: at Vanderbilt
Georgia Tech had entered into the main part of its schedule after three dominating wins. Upcoming engagements with Vanderbilt, Pittsburgh, and Centre were said to determine the season's outcome. Pittsburgh and Centre–but Pittsburgh especially, were the biggest opponents. Vanderbilt was seen as the warm up act to these two, for it was far superior to any of Tech's prior games. The first game of the year to have direct implications for the Southern championship, it was cited by some as the most interesting southern contest of the week.


1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Week 4: at Vanderbilt
The Golden Tornado was the clear favorite. Georgia Tech outplayed Vanderbilt and had the ball for three-fourths of the game. Several of Vanderbilt's players left with injuries. Its ends were easily skirted by the Tech backs Buck Flowers, Red Barron, and Frank Ferst. Tech's first touchdown came when Barron ripped off a 55-yard run. Captain Flowers once made a drop kick from 44 yards out. Ferst came in for Flowers in the middle of the second quarter when Georgia Tech started to use substitutes.


1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Week 4: at Vanderbilt
The third quarter saw Vanderbilt's one exciting offensive drive. "With Godchaux, Kuhn, and Raeburn subbing in the backfield, the Commodores opened a series of forward passes and runs that netted about 50 yards before Flowers intercepted a long pass on his own 10-yard line and raced 50 yards before being pushed out of bounds by a Vandy tackler". Fumbles cost Vanderbilt; one by Grailey Berryhill lead to Tech's third touchdown. In the fourth quarter, a fight broke out involving Gink Hendrick, some Tech players, and spectators. Tech lost some 133 yards from penalties during the contest.


1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Week 4: at Vanderbilt
The starting lineup was: J. Staton (left end), A. Staton (left tackle), O. Davis (left guard), Amis (center), Lebey (right guard), Fincher (right tackle), Ratterman (right end), McDonough (quarterback), Flowers (left halfback), Barron (right halfback), Harlan (fullback).


1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Week 5: at Pitt
The Golden Tornado suffered its only loss at the hands of Pop Warner's Pittsburgh Panthers at Forbes Field by a score of 10 to 3. The game was controversial and Pitt was considered lucky to have won, such that after the game Pitt's own players and coaches led the praise for Tech. Tech halfback Red Barron played with a broken jaw suffered during the Vanderbilt game. Coach Warner called Barron the greatest halfback ever to perform on Forbes Field. Pitt fullback Orville "Tiny" Hewitt injured Tech quarterback Jack McDonough's ankle, and Frank Ferst had to take his place for the rest of the season.


1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Week 5: at Pitt
In the first quarter, Pitt back Tom Davies was injured. Buck Flowers made the only points of the half with a 20-yard drop-kick. Flowers' performance against Pitt caused Grantland Rice to call him one of the best broken field runners in the country. His tackling on defense also drew praise.


1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Week 5: at Pitt
At the beginning of the fourth quarter, Hewitt plunged over for a touchdown. By then Davies had returned and added the extra point. He later also added a 30-yard field goal. Due to concern's over Tech players' eligibility, Pitt refused to schedule another game with Georgia Tech.


1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Week 5: at Pitt
The starting lineup was: J. Staton (left end), Fincher (left tackle), Lebey (left guard), Amis (center), O. Davis (right guard), A. Staton (right tackle), Ratterman (right end), McDonough (quarterback), Flowers (left halfback), Barron (right halfback), Harlan (fullback).


1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Week 6: Centre
Arguably the highlight of the year was the defeat of the Centre Praying Colonels by a score of 24 to 0. It was Centre's first loss to a southern team since 1916. A story goes that tackle Bill Fincher sought to knock Centre quarterback "Bo" McMillin out of the game, taking with him brass-knuckles or "something equally diabolical." Before the game, Fincher said "You're a great player Bo...I feel awful sorry about it because you are not going to be in there very long—about three minutes."


1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Week 6: Centre
Red Barron starred in the game, including a 57-yard touchdown run: "twisting and dodging through the desperate Centre secondary." In the third quarter, Ferst ran 55 yards for a score.


1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Week 6: Centre
One writer claimed: "even the great "Bo" McMillin was powerless against the Tech players." The Atlanta Constitution reported: "McMillin's forward passes outdid anything of the kind seen here in many years, but Tech seemed to know where they were going."


1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Week 6: Centre
The starting lineup was: J. Staton (left end), Fincher (left tackle), Lebey (left guard), Amis (center), O. Davis (right guard), A. Staton (right tackle), Ratterman (right end), Ferst (quarterback), Flowers (left halfback), Barron (right halfback), Harlan (fullback).


1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Week 7: Clemson
Coach Alexander rested his starters for the game against the Clemson Tigers and played substitutes throughout: "to teach the gamblers and point-makers a lesson." Sub quarterback Pinkey Hunt scored the lone touchdown in the final quarter.


1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Week 7: Clemson
End Georgie Ratterman was under treatment by a stomach specialist as the result of trouble supposedly caused by over-exertion during his confinement in a German prison during World War I. It was not known if he could still play.


1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Week 7: Clemson
The starting lineup was: Mayer (left end), McCree (left tackle), Webb (left guard), Johnson (center), Berry (right guard), Lyman (right tackle), Gringer (right end), Glaver (quarterback), Brewster (left halfback), Scarboro (right halfback), Rushing (fullback)


1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Week 8: Georgetown
In the eighth week of play, the Golden Tornado faced the Georgetown Blue and Gray coached by former Carlisle great Albert Exendine, and won 35 to 6. Exendine countered claims of Tech running up the score, saying his safety men were not playing their best. "The sportsmanship displayed by the Golden Tornado was all that could be desired", said Exendine. The outstanding feature of the game was Flowers' 80-yard, off-tackle touchdown run, still one of the longest in school history. One of Flowers' punts went 82 yards. Ed Hamilton was umpire.


1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Week 8: Georgetown
The starting lineup was: J. Staton (left end), Fincher (left tackle), Lebey (left guard), Amis (center), O. Davis (right guard), Johnson (right tackle), A. Staton (right end), Ferst (quarterback), Flowers (left halfback), Barron (right halfback), Harlan (fullback)


1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Week 9: Auburn
On November 25, Georgia Tech defeated the Auburn Tigers at Grant Field by a score of 34 to 0 for a share of the SIAA title. The Tigers had a powerful eleven, which beat Vanderbilt 56 to 6 to counter Tech's 44 to 0 win, and set a school record with 332 points in nine games. Some Auburn fans before the game predicted a victory over Tech and the conference title.


1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Week 9: Auburn
Flowers scored three touchdowns in the game, including punt returns of 82 and 65 yards and a 33-yard run from scrimmage, and also passed for a fourth touchdown. Flowers also kicked a punt that went 65 yards in the air against Auburn. Sportswriter Morgan Blake said about Flowers' play against Auburn: "The Auburn Tiger came up with claws sharpened. As he writhed in death agony when the battle was over, he made one request, 'Please omit Flowers'."


1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Week 9: Auburn
The Atlanta Journal wrote that Flowers was: "flitting like a phantom, an undulating, rippling, chromatic phantom, over the whitewashed lines." The yearbook remarked Bill Fincher: "began his great work on the sand lots of Tech Hi here in Atlanta years ago and ended it up by smearing "Fatty" Warren of the Auburn Tigers all over the flats of Grant Field on Turkey Day last."


1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Week 9: Auburn
The starting lineup was: J. Staton (left end), Fincher (left tackle), Lebey (left guard), Amis (center), Davis (right guard), A. Staton (right tackle), Ratterman (right end), Ferst (quarterback), Flowers (left halfback), Barron (right halfback), Harlan (fullback).


1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Postseason, Awards and honors
Nine of the eleven starters made some writer's All-Southern team. Bill Fincher was selected first-team All-American by Walter Camp. He was just the fourth southern player to receive this honor. Fincher made 31 PAT attempts on the year, and closed his career with a record 122 of 136.


1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Postseason, Awards and honors
Captain Flowers was selected as a third-team All-American by the United Press and the International News Service. Records conflict as to his rushing totals during the 1920 season. According to one account, which acknowledged it was based on incomplete records, Flowers rushed 80 times for 819 yards (10.2 yards per carry), and had 290 punt return yards (16.5 yards per return), in six games. According to another account, published by the United Press in 1958, Flowers rushed for 1,425 yards in 1920.


1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Postseason, Awards and honors
He also led the country with an average of 49.4 yards per punt; and had a school record for number of drop kicked field goals. Coach Alexander said Flowers was the best punter Tech ever had and the best back he ever coached, calling him "pound for pound, my greatest player".


1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Postseason, Championships
Rooters on either side of Georgia were happy as both Georgia and Tech claimed SIAA titles. Florent Gibson of the Pittsburgh Post rated Tech as the best team in the country.


1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Personnel, Depth chart
The following chart provides a visual depiction of Tech's lineup during the 1920 season with games started at the position reflected in parenthesis. The chart mimics the offense after the jump shift has taken place.


1920 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Personnel, Scoring leaders
The following is an incomplete list of statistics and scores, largely dependent on newspaper summaries.


1920 Georgian coup attempt
The Georgian coup in May 1920 was an unsuccessful attempt to take power by the Bolsheviks in the Democratic Republic of Georgia. Relying on the 11th Red Army of Soviet Russia operating in neighboring Azerbaijan, the Bolsheviks attempted to take control of a military school and government offices in the Georgian capital of Tiflis on May 3. The Georgian government suppressed the disorders in Tiflis and concentrated its forces to successfully block the advance of the Russian troops on the Azerbaijani-Georgian border. The Georgian resistance, combined with an uneasy war with Poland, persuaded the Red leadership to defer their plans for Georgia's Sovietization and recognize Georgia as an independent nation in the May 7 treaty of Moscow.


1920 Georgian coup attempt, Background
After their failure to secure the control of government in Georgia following the Russian Revolution of 1917, most of the Bolshevik Georgian leaders relocated to Soviet Russia, from where they guided underground activities aimed at undermining the Menshevik-dominated government in Tiflis. A series of attempts to lead a peasant revolution against the Mensheviks were rendered abortive from 1918 to 1919, but preparations for a larger-scale revolt had been set in motion.


1920 Georgian coup attempt, Background
The overthrow of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan by the Red Army in April 1920 created a precedent for the Bolsheviks in Georgia. Georgia had been in a defense alliance with Azerbaijan since 1919, but the Menshevik government hesitated to get involved in the conflict. In his April 30 speech, Georgian Premier Noe Zhordania stated that his country had been prepared to come to aid to Azerbaijan provided that the latter's own people fought for their independence. But as the Reds met minimal resistance in Baku, the Georgian government chose not to, a decision that was heavily criticized by the opposition. In conclusion, Zhordania declared that Georgia, if attacked, would defend its independence.


1920 Georgian coup attempt, Attempted coup
Sergo Ordzhonikidze, a Bolshevik commissar with the Red Army in the Caucasus and close ally of Joseph Stalin, tried to persuade the Russian leader Lenin to allow an advance into Georgia. On May 1, the Georgian government ordered mobilization and appointed General Giorgi Kvinitadze, Director of the Tiflis Military College, as commander-in-chief. The Bolsheviks in Georgia, fully confident that the Red Army would continue its march into Georgia, no longer hesitated. Following the restive May 1 International Workers' Day manifestations and unrest in Tiflis, the Bolsheviks formed and supported armed groups to take control of government buildings.


1920 Georgian coup attempt, Attempted coup
On the night of May 2–3, some 25 Bolshevik fighters attacked the Tiflis Military College as a preliminary step to taking power. General Kvinitadze was still in residence there, and he and his cadets resisted, killing and wounding several attackers. Afterwards, the ringleaders, three Armenian Bolsheviks, were court-martialed and executed. The attempt to take power had failed and Bolsheviks were rounded up throughout Tiflis and other Georgian towns.


1920 Georgian coup attempt, Border clashes
In the meantime, the Red Army, upon reaching the Georgian-Azerbaijani frontier, continued to advance into Georgian territory apparently on Ordzhonikidze's own initiative. Having successfully dealt with the unrest in Tiflis, the Georgian government concentrated all its forces on the border with Azerbaijan and repulsed the Red Army detachments, staging a counter-offensive. The Russian government tried to maintain that this fighting was a local conflict between Georgia and Soviet Azerbaijan. Facing renewed hostilities with Poland, the Soviets concluded that under the circumstances it would cost too much to open a second front and occupy Georgia. Lenin decided for the moment to give up the attempt and agreed on negotiations for which the Georgian delegation had been in Moscow since late April, days before the attempted invasion. On May 7, 1920, Russia and Georgia signed a treaty of mutual recognition.


1920 German Ice Hockey Championship
The 1920 German Ice Hockey Championship was the fourth season of the German Ice Hockey Championship, the national championship of Germany. Three teams participated in the championship, and Berliner Schlittschuhclub won the title.


1920 German federal election
Federal elections were held in Germany on 6 June 1920. Territorial disputes meant that voting was delayed in East Prussia and Schleswig-Holstein until 20 February 1921, and until 19 November 1922 in Oppeln. The Social Democratic Party remained the largest party in the Reichstag although it lost over a third of its seats. Voter turnout was about 79.2%.


1920 German football championship
The 1920 German football championship, the 13th edition of the competition, was won by 1. FC Nürnberg, defeating SpVgg Fürth 2–0 in the final. It was the first edition of the championship after the First World War and was staged six years after the previous championship in 1914.


1920 German football championship
For 1. FC Nürnberg it was the first national championship and was the start of Nuremberg's most successful era where the club won five titles in eight seasons from 1920 to 1927, missing out on a sixth one in the inconclusive 1922 championship. Fürth, the defending champions, would go on to win the 1926 and 1929 championship. It was the only encounter of the two Middle Franconian rivals in the final.


1920 German football championship
Nuremberg's Heinrich Träg and Fürth's Lony Seiderer and Viktor Hierländer were the top scorer of the 1920 championship with four goals each.


1920 German football championship
Eight clubs qualified for the knock-out competition, the champions of each of the seven regional football championships and the defending German champions.


1920 Giro d'Italia
The 1920 Giro d'Italia was the 8th edition of the Giro d'Italia, a cycling race organized and sponsored by the newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport. The race began on 23 May in Milan with a stage that stretched 348 km (216 mi) to Turin, finishing back in Milan on 6 June after a 421 km (262 mi) stage and a total distance covered of 2,632 km (1,635 mi). The race was won by the Italian rider Gaetano Belloni of the Bianchi team. Second and third respectively were Italian Angelo Gremo and Frenchman Jean Alavoine.


1920 Giro d'Italia
Of the 49 riders who started the race only 10 crossed the finish line in Milan.


1920 Giro d'Italia, Participants
Of the 49 riders that began the Giro d'Italia on 23 May, ten of them made it to the finish in Milan on 6 June. Riders were allowed to ride on their own or as a member of a team. There were three teams that competed in the race: Bianchi-Pirelli, Legnano-Pirelli, and Stucchi-Pirelli .


1920 Giro d'Italia, Participants
The peloton was almost completely composed of Italians. The field featured two former Giro d'Italia champions in the three-time winner Carlo Galetti and returning champion Costante Girardengo. Other notable Italian riders that started the race included Angelo Gremo, Giovanni Gerbi, and Giovanni Rossignoli. Frenchman Jean Alavoine who had some high placings in the Tour de France, along with the successful Belgian cyclist Marcel Buysse started the race.


1920 Giro d'Italia, Final standings, General classification
There were ten cyclists who had completed all ten stages. For these cyclists, the times they had needed in each stage was added up for the general classification. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the winner. Emilio Petiva won the prize for best ranked independent rider in the general classification.


1920 Giro di Lombardia
The 1920 Giro di Lombardia was the 16th edition of the Giro di Lombardia cycle race and was held on 9 November 1920. The race started and finished in Milan. The race was won by Henri Pélissier.


1920 Golders Green Handley Page O/400 crash
The 1920 Handley Page O/400 crash occurred on 14 December 1920 when a Handley Page Transport Handley Page O/400 on a scheduled passenger flight from London to Paris with two crew and six passengers crashed at Golders Green in North London after take-off from Cricklewood Aerodrome. The crew of two and two passengers were killed in the first fatal accident for the airline since the service had started in December 1919. It was reported as the first recorded airliner crash in history, but a larger airliner had crashed the previous year.


1920 Golders Green Handley Page O/400 crash, Aircraft
The aircraft involved was a Handley Page O/400 registered G-EAMA, a large seven-passenger twin-engined biplane airliner. It had been built by the Birmingham Carriage Company and delivered to the Royal Air Force as a bomber during the First World War. As war surplus, it was converted into a passenger configuration in 1919 by Handley Page and used by Handley Page Transport for passenger services.


1920 Golders Green Handley Page O/400 crash, Accident
The aircraft departed from Cricklewood Aerodrome around mid-day with six passengers, mail and freight for Paris. The weather was misty and the aircraft was seen flying low and crashing into a tree, falling into a back garden of a house in Golders Green (No. 6 Basing Hill) close to the airfield. Four passengers jumped or were thrown clear before the aircraft burst into flames. Two were unhurt and the other two only slightly injured. The two crew and two remaining passengers were killed in the fire. Locals rushed to help but due to the intense heat, the rescue efforts were futile. The Hendon Fire Brigade extinguished the fire and removed the bodies; the aircraft was destroyed and the newly built house was badly damaged.


1920 Golders Green Handley Page O/400 crash, Inquest
An inquest to the four deaths was held at Hendon on 16 December 1920. One of the survivors explained the events to the inquest, although he saw the engines being tested before the flight he did not hear any problems with them but the aircraft was not able to climb above 100 feet and suddenly struck a tree. After the aircraft had crashed he immediately climbed over the debris and escaped through a window.


1920 Golders Green Handley Page O/400 crash, Inquest
Other evidence came from another passenger, the dispatcher and one of the first to arrive on the scene, a ground engineer and the pilot who had flown the aircraft the previous day; all were questioned but the cause of the aircraft hitting a tree under 50 feet (15 m) high was not determined. The coroner recorded a verdict that "the deceased died from consequence of burns due to the crashing of the aeroplane to the ground after striking a tree"; the coroner also said he did not have enough evidence to determine a cause.


1920 Gonzaga Bulldogs football team
The 1920 Gonzaga Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented Gonzaga University during the 1920 college football season. In their first year under head coach Gus Dorais, the Bulldogs compiled a 4–3 record and outscored their opponents by a total of 164 to 55.


1920 Gonzaga Bulldogs football team
Gus Dorais was hired as Gonzaga's athletic director in May 1920. He had previously served as the head baseball coach at Notre Dame and as an assistant football coach under Knute Rockne. Rockne and Dorais led the 1919 Notre Dame football team to a perfect 9–0 record. As teammates on the undefeated 1913 Notre Dame football team, Dorais and Rockne were credited with popularizing the forward pass.


1920 Gori earthquake
The 1920 Gori earthquake hit the Democratic Republic of Georgia on 20 February at 15:45 local time. The shock had a surface wave magnitude of 6.2  and a maximum Mercalli Intensity of IX (Violent). Heavy damage (and between 114 and 130 deaths) affected the town of Gori and its medieval fortress.


1920 Gotha state election
The 1920 Gotha state election was held on 30 May 1920 to elect the 19 members of the Landtag of Gotha.


1920 Grand National
The 1920 Grand National was the 79th renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 26 March 1920.


1920 Grand National
The race, which was run in heavy rain and attended by King George V, was won by the Irish horse Troytown by twelve lengths. Poethlyn, the winner of the race the two previous years, started as the favourite but fell at the first fence.


1920 Grand Prix season
The 1920 Grand Prix season saw further activity in motor-racing gradually increase. Europe was still recovering from the end of the war and the terrible pandemic that swept the continent. Automotive companies were gradually re-establishing themselves after re-tooling from a wartime footing and getting production lines rolling again.


1920 Grand Prix season
A new 3-litre formula was adopted on both sides of the Atlantic and the Indianapolis 500 would be a close contest between the best of the new designs from France and the USA. Ralph DePalma led for over half the race in his Ballot, only for it to catch fire with four laps to go. Gaston Chevrolet inherited the lead and held on to win by six minutes. His Monroe-Frontenac was the first American car to win the great race since 1912. DePalma got his revenge later in the year, winning the last Elgin Trophy, on the only road-course in the AAA Championship. Chevrolet was later recognised as the season champion, but he was killed at the end of the year in a collision at the Beverley Hills race.


1920 Grand Prix season
Racing was gradually returning to Europe, although there was no Grand Prix. Club racing started again at Brooklands. A new race at Mugello in Italy was won by veteran Giuseppe Campari in an Alfa Romeo. Voiturette racing resumed with the Coupe des Voiturettes held on a shortened circuit at Le Mans. It was won by Ernest Friderich in a Bugatti. Near the end of the year, the Targa Florio was run again on the island of Sicily. It was won by Guido Meregalli in a Nazzaro GP.


1920 Grand Prix season, Regulations and Technical
At the end of 1919 the AIACR (forerunner of the FIA) had set down new regulations for motor-racing. An engine limit of 3.0-litres was imposed along with a minimum weight of 800kg. The AAA also adopted those regulations for their racing season. So, in line with this, the Indianapolis regulations also changed – with the maximum engine size reduced to 183 cu in (3.0 litres) from 300 cu in (4.92 litres). The Targa Florio regulations were for production cars available to the public, divided into seven engine-capacity categories. Voiturette regulations were set at a maximum of 1400cc capacity engine, and weighing between 350 and 500kg.


1920 Grand Prix season, Regulations and Technical
The general unification of regulations encouraged manufacturers to build new designs that could run on both sides of the Atlantic. The new Peugeot had an intricate triple-overhead cam 3-litre engine with five valves per cylinder. As it would turn out, after a decade of leading racing development, this would be the last grand prix car designed and built by Peugeot. Ernest Henry followed up his Indianapolis design for Ballot with a new car with a 3-litre straight-eight engine.


1920 Grand Prix season, Regulations and Technical
Louis Chevrolet, as well as building a new Frontenac, was engaged by Indianapolis industrialist William Small, of the Monroe Motor Car Company, to build four 3-litre specials.


1920 Grand Prix season, Regulations and Technical
In June, Sunbeam, bought out the French Talbot and British-owned Darracq companies, setting up the headquarters of the new company, STD Motors, in Paris.


1920 Grand Prix season, Season review
With a $20000 first prize, and lucrative bonuses, a strong field was entered for the International Sweepstakes. It essentially turned out to be a showdown between two French and two American teams. Works teams arrived from Ballot and Peugeot, both with their new 3-litre cars and strong driver line-ups. Ballot had former winners  René Thomas and Ralph DePalma with Jean Chassagne. Peugeot had current holder Howdy Wilcox with Jules Goux and André Boillot. There were five Monroe-Frontenacs present.


1920 Grand Prix season, Season review
The four ‘works’ team cars were driven by Louis and Gaston Chevrolet, Roscoe Sarles and Joe Thomas, as well as three cars from the Frontenac factory (Joe Boyer, Art Klein, Bennett Hill). There were also four new 3-litre Duesenberg cars entered for their team – to be driven by Tommy Milton, Eddie Hearn, Eddie O'Donnell and a rookie Jimmy Murphy.


1920 Grand Prix season, Season review
This year, a new qualifying system was used with a four lap, 10-mile, time taken. A record crowd of 120000 arrived on race day. Ralph DePalma had been fastest, sharing the front row with the two Chevrolet brothers. But he lost all advantage when Barney Oldfield, in the pace-car left the line early before he was ready. Then a tyre problem lost the veteran driver a lap straight away. This left Boyer to set the early pace from his team-mate Klein, Gaston Chevrolet and the Ballots of Thomas and Chassagne, though Thomas briefly took the lead during the pit-stops.


1920 Grand Prix season, Season review
The Monroes and Frontenacs were then affected by the same issue: Klein slid into the wall on lap 58, then Sarles and Louis Chevrolet did the same. They were traced to badly cast steering arms. Then Sarles then took over Hill's Frontenac but the same fault spun him out – this time right in front of the Ballots of Thomas and Chassagne who narrowly avoided him.


1920 Grand Prix season, Season review
By the halfway point DePalma had not only made back the lap but overtaken Boyer to lead. The race built up to a dramatic finish. DePalma was leading from Chevrolet, with Chassagne and Thomas close behind. Then with thirteen laps to go, DePalma's engine caught fire. In the pits he found a faulty magneto was leaving unspent fuel in the cylinders. He rejoined the race in fifth, running on four cylinders. A few laps later, the steering arm on Boyer's Frontenac broke, then in his pursuit of Chevrolet, Chassagne hit the wall.


1920 Grand Prix season, Season review
With the pressure off, Gaston Chevrolet held on to win by six minutes from the Ballot of Thomas, with Milton and his Duesenberg barely ten seconds back in third. DePalma was fifth, thirty minutes behind and Chassagne seventh. All the Peugeots had retired. Chevrolet had got through the race without taking a single tyre-change, and his Monroe-Frontenac was the first win by an American car at Indianapolis since 1912.


1920 Grand Prix season, Season review
On 25 November, Gaston Chevrolet and Eddie O'Donnell collided when racing at the last race of the championship, at the new Beverley Hills track. Both drivers were killed. Chevrolet's win at Indianapolis gave him sufficient points to be posthumously awarded the AAA championship from Tommy Milton in the abbreviated season of five races. For a long while Milton had been named as champion when a revision had been made for an eleven-race season. But further research showed that, at the time, the AAA had indeed only proscribed the five races in their championship.


1920 Grand Prix season, Season review
Motorsport was gradually returning to Europe. Racing restarted at Brooklands in April with its Easter Handicap, won by Malcolm Campbell. At the end of August, a meeting was held at Le Mans for smaller cars - le Meeting de la Reprise - with a race for cyclecars on the Saturday and another for voiturettes up to 1400cc on Sunday. With limited finance, the ACO could not afford to repair their former long course used from 1911 to 1913. So a far shorter 17km course based on a portion of it was set up. This would subsequently be used for the classic 24 Hours of Le Mans.


1920 Grand Prix season, Season review
Twenty-two cars were entered, including works teams from Bugatti, Bignan, Majola and Eric-Campbell (who had René Thomas as a driver). From the start, the Bugatti team was dominant. Pierre de Vizcaya, Ernest Friderich and Michele Baccoli moved straight into the top-three places. De Vizcaya was comfortably leading when he came in for his last fuel stop. However, Ettore Bugatti in his enthusiasm, checked the car's water thereby getting his driver disqualified for outside assistance. This left Friderich to inherit the lead, and winning by a margin of 20 minutes from the Bignans of Nougue and Delauney.


1920 Grand Prix season, Season review
Although this year's Targa Florio only attracted sixteen Italian starters, it was significant as it drew the attention of the new Alfa Romeo works team, Alfa Corse. Three cars were sent: a 1914 Grand prix car for Giuseppe Campari, a big 40/60 6-litre for newly signed Enzo Ferrari and a smaller 20/30 for Giuseppe Baldoni. Earlier in the year, Campari had won the inaugural road-race held around Mugello in Tuscany. The Targa entry list also included the Contessa Maria-Antoinetta d’Avanzo in an American Buick, a pioneer among women in motorsport.


1920 Grand Prix season, Season review
Held again as four laps of the 108km medio Madonie, the drivers once more had to battle heavy rain and high winds. Although Ferrari put in the fastest lap, he was beaten to the victory by Guido Meregalli in a Nazzaro. Only seven cars finished, with the final driver completing the race over three hours behind Meregalli.


1920 Great Britain Lions tour
The 1920 Great Britain Lions tour was the third British national rugby league team or 'Lions' tour of Australasia, where it was winter and matches were played against the Australian and New Zealand national sides, as well as several local teams. In Australia, the three-Test match series was won by the hosts. In New Zealand another three-Test series was played and won by the visitors. The tour was a success and brought in a handsome profit.


1920 Great Britain Lions tour, Touring squad
At the 1919–20 Northern Rugby Football Union season's conclusion, the following Great Britain squad was assembled by the Northern Rugby Football Union to represent it on the tour of Australasia. Mr S Foster and Mr J Wilson were the team managers. Although it was a Great Britain tour, the team played as 'England' during the games.


1920 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia
The first leg of the tour was Australia, where the game of rugby league football was in its twelfth year since splitting away from rugby union in 1908. The tour included places such as Orange, Bundaberg, Rockhampton, Toowoomba and Tamworth as well as the standard main venues of Brisbane, Newcastle, Sydney and Ipswich.


1920 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, Test venues
The three Ashes series tests took place at the following venues.


1920 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, Test venues
The opening match of the tour on 5 June took place between rounds 5 and 6 of the fifteen-round 1920 NSWRFL season, and saw a Metropolis (Sydney) team host the tourists at the Sydney Cricket Ground.


1920 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, Test venues
In front of an overflow crowd of 65,000 the visitors ran out 27-20 winners.


1920 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, Test venues
As the preliminary match to the New South Wales versus Britain game on 12 June, Sydney University's first intervarsity match against Queensland University under rugby league rules was played before a crowd of 60,000. Sydney won 26-14.


1920 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, Test venues
Albert Johnston captained New South Wales in two matches against the visiting Lions.


1920 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, Test venues
On Saturday, 19 June, the tourists played a match against Queensland before a crowd of around 20,000 at the Brisbane Exhibition Ground. The Queensland side featured Mick Bennett, Neville Broadfoot, Jeff Daly, Harry Fewin, Thomas Johnson, Jack Maguire, Patrick Moran, Claud O'Donnell, Walter Paten, Norm Potter, Bill Richards, Stan Ryan, E. Sabine, Colin Thompson, and J. Thompson. The British team was F G Thomas, J A Bacon, J Doyle, H Wagstaff, F Stockwell, R Lloyd, J Rogers, H Hilton, W Reid, G Rees, R Gronow, E Milnes and E Johnston. Refereed by L H Kearney, the visitors, after leading 13-10 at half-time, won the game 25-15.


1920 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, First test
The first test of the 1920 Ashes series was played on the 26th of June at the Brisbane Exhibition Ground before a crowd of 32,000. It was refereed by local whistleblower Laurie Kearney. Albert Johnston was selected to captain Australia in the opening Test of the series in the absence of champion centre Herb Gilbert. Despite a last minute reshuffling of the team which saw Johnston move to halfback.


1920 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, Second test
Albert Johnston lost the Australian captaincy on Herb Gilbert's return and played at five-eighth in the second Ashes Test. The match was played on the 3rd of July at the Sydney Cricket Ground and attracted 67,739 spectators, then a record attendance for any sport at the SCG.


1920 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, Second test
Australian halfback Duncan Thompson starred in the match, which was won by the hosts 21-8. With this Australia secured the Ashes for the first time on home soil.


1920 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, Third test
The third Test was played on the 10th of July in Sydney, with Great Britain winning 23-13.


1920 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, Third test
The British also played two matches against a Newcastle rugby league team that featured Dan "Laddo" Davies. The first game was on the 25th of August and the tourists won 17-10. The second was on the 28th which they also won 24-3.


1920 Great Britain Lions tour, New Zealand
The British team played a three-Test series against New Zealand just as it did against Australia. Karl Ifwerson captained the Kiwis against the tourists.


1920 Great Britain Lions tour, New Zealand
After losing their first game to Auckland, the tourists won all three Tests.


1920 Great Britain Lions tour, New Zealand
In the Test at Wellington, the British were behind on the scoreboard 10-0, but made it 10-6 before Douglas Clark forced his way over the line for the match-winning try which Ben Gronow converted, giving the visitors an 11-10 victory.


1920 Great Britain Lions tour, New Zealand
The second Test was played in Christchurch on Saturday, 7 August, and was won by the tourists 19 points to 3.


1920 Greek legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Greece on Sunday, 14 November 1920, or 1 November 1920 old style. They were possibly the most crucial elections in the modern history of Greece, influencing not only the few years afterwards, including the Greek defeat by Kemal Atatürk's reformed Turkish Land Forces in 1922, but setting the stage for Greece's political landscape for most of the rest of the 20th century.


1920 Greek legislative election
It had been nearly five years since the last elections, a period during which all democratic procedures were suspended due to the National Schism, when Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos announced that elections would take place on 25 October. However, after the unexpected death of King Alexander, who had assumed the throne after the exile of his father, King Constantine I, the elections were postponed until 14 November.


1920 Greek legislative election
Venizelos believed a victory for his Liberal Party was all but certain because of his diplomatic and military successes against the Ottoman Empire. However, the results were a disaster for him. Although his Liberal Party received just over 50% of the vote, it won only 110 of the 370 seats in the Hellenic Parliament, with the United Opposition – an alliance of the People's Party, Conservative Party, Reform Party and others – winning 260 of the 370 seats. Venizelos also failed to win a seat. Humiliated and disappointed by the outcome of the election, Venizelos left the country for France, also leaving his Liberal Party without an obvious successor.


1920 Greek legislative election, Results
The Liberals' defeat was considered to have been caused by the electoral system, the opposition having a highly esteemed leader in Dimitrios Gounaris and managing to turn the elections into a referendum on the exiled King Constantine I, who was still popular especially in Old Greece. It was also thought that voters were tired after almost a decade of wars and division were tempted by the United Opposition promise to secure peace with the Turks and bring troops home.


1920 Greek referendum
A referendum on the return of King Constantine I was held in Greece on Sunday, 5 December 1920 (22 November o.s.) It followed the death of his son, King Alexander. The proposal was approved by 99.0% of voters. The anti-Venizelist parties had recently won the elections of 1920. However the referendum is considered rigged by modern Greek historians.


1920 Greek referendum
The result ensured and affirmed the dominance of the anti-Venizelist camp in the country. Constantine returned, albeit questioned by the supporters of the Liberal Party, while Liberal leader Eleftherios Venizelos maintained his silence, being in voluntary exile abroad. Constantine returned from Venice with the Greek cruiser Georgios Averof.


1920 Greek referendum
The return of Constantine I was opposed by the Entente powers (United Kingdom and France) because of his pro-German stance during World War I (see National Schism) and applied an economic blockade to Greece.


1920 Greek referendum
France began to support the Kemalists in the war against Greece, while Britain maintained a passive stance with only diplomatic support to the Greek kingdom. So his enthusiastic return was short-lived as a result of the disastrous military events that followed in the Asia Minor Campaign of 1922.


1920 Green Bay Packers season
The 1920 Green Bay Packers season was their second season of competition. Mostly playing other independent professional teams in Wisconsin, the team finished with a 9–1–1 record under player and coach Curly Lambeau.


1920 Green Bay Packers season, Season results
Playing games from late September to late November the Packers lost only one game, tied another and won nine times. The offense scored more than 20 points per game while the defense posted shutouts in eight out of the eleven games. Overall, the team finished second among Wisconsin teams for the second consecutive year.


1920 Green Bay Packers season, Home Field
In 1920 the Packers continued playing home games at Hagemeister park. That year the city built stands on one side of the field. This was the first time the Packers were able to charge an admission. The Packers played ten home games in the 1920 season winning nine times and tying once. In the first year of professional Thanksgiving Football, the Packers played and defeated the Stambaugh Miners, 14–0, in Green Bay. This would be the first of only two occasions when the Packers would play at home on Thanksgiving, out of 33 total Thanksgiving games.


1920 Green Bay Packers season, Roster
Over the offseason, Green Bay added eight players to the roster and lost six. In total, twenty-seven players competed for the Packers in 1920.


1920 Haiyuan earthquake
1920 Haiyuan earthquake (Chinese: 海原大地震; pinyin: Hǎiyuán dà dìzhèn) occurred on December 16 in Haiyuan County, Ningxia Province, Republic of China. It was also called the 1920 Gansu earthquake because Ningxia was a part of Gansu Province when the earthquake occurred. It caused destruction in the Lijunbu-Haiyuan-Ganyanchi area and was assigned the maximum intensity on the Mercalli intensity scale (XII Extreme).


1920 Haiyuan earthquake, Earthquake
The earthquake hit at 19:05:53 Gansu-Sichuan time (12:05:53 UTC), reportedly 7.8 on the Richter magnitude scale, and was followed by a series of aftershocks for three years.


1920 Haiyuan earthquake, Earthquake, Damage
Over 73,000 people were killed in Haiyuan County. A landslide buried the village of Sujiahe in Xiji County. More than 30,000 people were killed in Guyuan County. Nearly all the houses collapsed in the cities of Longde and Huining. Damage (VI–X) occurred in seven provinces and regions, including the major cities of Lanzhou, Taiyuan, Xi'an, Xining and Yinchuan. It was felt from the Yellow Sea to Qinghai (Tsinghai) Province and from Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia) south to central Sichuan Province.


1920 Haiyuan earthquake, Earthquake, Casualties
Total casualties were reported as 200,000 in a summary published by the United States Geological Survey, and 235,502 according to the Catalog of Damaging Earthquakes in the World (through 2008) maintained by the International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering. Many more perished because of cold: frequent aftershocks caused the survivors to fear building anything other than temporary shelters, and a severe winter killed many who had lived through the original earthquake. Chinese seismologists published a revised estimate in 2010 of 273,400 deaths.


1920 Haiyuan earthquake, Earthquake, Casualties
The Sufi Jahriyya Muslim Hui leader Ma Yuanzhang and his son died in the earthquake when the roof of the Mosque they were in collapsed in Zhangjiachuan.


1920 Haiyuan earthquake, Earthquake, Ground effects
About 230 km (140 mi) of surface faulting was seen from Lijunbu through Ganyanchi to Jingtai. There were more than 50,000 landslides in the epicentral area and ground cracking was widespread. Some rivers were dammed; others changed course. Seiches from this earthquake were observed in two lakes and three fjords in western Norway.


1920 Haiyuan earthquake, Aftermath
The Muslim General Ma Fuxiang was involved in relief efforts in Lanzhou during the earthquake.


1920 Hammond Pros season
The 1920 Hammond Pros season was the franchise's inaugural season in the American Professional Football Association (APFA) and second as an American football team. The Pros entered 1920 coming off a 4-win, 2-loss, 3-tie (4–2–3) record in 1919 as an independent team. Several representatives from another professional football league, the Ohio League, wanted to form a new national league, and thus the APFA was created.


1920 Hammond Pros season
The Pros opened the 1920 season with a 26–0 loss to the Rock Island Independents. The team did not score a point until their third game, and ended the season with a 2–5 record, which placed it tied for 11th place in the final standings. The sportswriter Bruce Copeland compiled the 1920 All-Pro list, but no players from the Pros were on it. As of 2012, no player from the 1920 Hammond Pros roster has been enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame.


1920 Hammond Pros season, Offseason
The Hammond Pros, who were named the Hammond All-Stars, finished 4–2–3 in their 1919 season as an independent team. The All-Stars disbanded, and three teams were created from those players: the Chicago Tigers, the Decatur Staleys, and the Pros. After the 1919 season, representatives of four Ohio League, a professional football league based in Ohio, teams—the Canton Bulldogs, the Cleveland Tigers, the Dayton Triangles, and the Akron Pros—called a meeting on August 20, 1920, to discuss the formation of a new professional league.


1920 Hammond Pros season, Offseason
At the meeting, they tentatively agreed on a salary cap and pledged not to sign college players or players already under contract with other teams. They also agreed on a name for the circuit: the American Professional Football Conference. They then invited other professional teams to a second meeting on September 17.


1920 Hammond Pros season, Offseason
At that meeting, held at Bulldogs owner Ralph Hay's Hupmobile showroom in Canton, representatives of the Rock Island Independents, the Muncie Flyers, the Decatur Staleys, the Racine Cardinals, the Massillon Tigers, and the Hammond Pros agreed to join the league. Representatives of the Buffalo All-Americans and Rochester Jeffersons could not attend the meeting but sent letters to Hay asking to be included in the league. Team representatives changed the league's name slightly to the American Professional Football Association and elected officers, installing Jim Thorpe as president. Under the new league structure, teams created their schedules dynamically as the season progressed, so there were no minimum or maximum number of games needed to be played. Also, representatives of each team voted to determine the winner of the APFA trophy.


1920 Hammond Pros season, Schedule
If a team has a dagger (), then that team in a non-APFA team. For the results column, the winning team's score is posted first followed by the result for the Pros. For the attendance, if a cell is greyed out and has "N/A", then that means there is an unknown figure for that game. The green-colored cells indicates a win; and the red-colored cells indicate a loss. The Pros, who did not have a scheduled home game, were a traveling team.


1920 Hammond Pros season, Game summaries, Week 3: at Rock Island Independents
The Pros started their season in week three with a game against the Rock Island Independents. The Independents already played two games and were undefeated. There were no scores by either team in the first or third quarters, but the Independents scored 13 points in the second and fourth. Running backs Fred Chicken, Ray Kuehl, and Gerald Mansfield accounting for four touchdowns throughout the game. Quarterback Pudge Wyman throw two touchdowns—a 35-yard one to Kuehl and a 20-yard one to Mansfield.


1920 Hammond Pros season, Game summaries, Week 3: at Rock Island Independents
Hammond started to purposely injure their opponents during the game because they realized the Independents were a much greater team. As a result, Rube Ursella suffered a twisted knee. Duey Lyle was kicked in the face and required seven stitches. Lastly, Ed Healey was kicked in the face needed five stitches in the cheek.


1920 Hammond Pros season, Game summaries, Week 4: at Dayton Triangles
The Dayton Triangles were the Pros' next opponent. For a second week in a row, the Pros did not score a point. In the first quarter, Triangle back Al Mahrt had a one-yard rushing touchdown. The Triangles scored three touchdowns in the second quarter: a 50-yard receiving touchdown from Mahrt, a 35-yard receiving touchdown from end Dave Reese, and a rushing touchdown from back Lou Partlow. The extra point was missed after the first touchdown. In the next quarter, back George Roudebush kicked a 35-yard field goal. The last score of the game was a receiving touchdown from back Norb Sacksteder. The final score of the game was 44–0 before a crowd of 2,000.


1920 Hammond Pros season, Game summaries, Week 6: at Logan Squares
After two losses, the Pros decided to not schedule a game in week five and challenge a non-APFA team in week six. Their next opponent, the Logan Squares from Chicago, were on a two-game winning streak. The scoring summary is unavailable, but the Pros defeated the Squares 14–9 in front of 3,000 attendees.


1920 Hammond Pros season, Game summaries, Week 7: at Pullman Thorns
In week seven, the Pros challenged the Pullman Thorns, a non-APFA team. The Thorns were undefeated going into this game with a record of 3–0. The scoring summary is unknown. For the Pros, Hank Gillo and Mace Roberts both scored rushing touchdowns; for the Thorns, LaForest had two rushing touchdowns. The Pros converted two extra points, while the Thorns only converted one. The final score of the game was a 14–13 victory for the Pros.


1920 Hammond Pros season, Game summaries, Week 8: at Gary Elks
After a two-game winning streak, the Pros played the Gary Elks, a non-APFA team, at Gleason Field, with 2,000 people in attendance. The Elks game into the game with an undefeated 5–0–1 record. The Pros were the first team to score when Gilo had a 20-yard rushing touchdown in the first quarter; the extra point was missed, however. The score would stay 6–0 until Smeltzer of the Elks caught a pass from Leverette in the fourth quarter. The extra point was made, and the final score of the game was a 7–6 loss for the Pros.


1920 Hammond Pros season, Game summaries, Week 9: at Decatur Staleys
In week 9, the Pros battled the Decatur Staleys in front of 3,000 fans. In the first quarter, Staley back Ralph Lanum scored a 23-yard rushing touchdown. This touchdown was Lanum's only score of the entire 1920 season. Ed Sternaman of the Staleys scored a 10-yard rushing touchdown in the second quarter. Also, George Halas caught a 15-yard receiving touchdown from Jimmy Conzelman to have the game 21–0 going into halftime. In the third quarter, the Staleys did not score, but the Pros put points on the board. Wally Hess caught a 15-yard pass from Emmett Specht for a touchdown. In the final quarter, Halas scored a 26-yard receiving touchdown, and the game ended 28–7.


1920 Hammond Pros season, Game summaries, Week 10: at Chicago Boosters
In their final game of the 1920 season, the Pros played the Chicago Boosters, a non-APFA team. The Boosters came into the game with an undefeated record of 3–0–4. The scoring summary is unknown, but four players of the Boosters—Annan, Bond, Reilly, Applehans—scored a touchdown. The final score of the game was a 27–0 loss for the Pros.


1920 Hammond Pros season, Standings
Awarded the Brunswick-Balke Collender Cup and named APFA Champions. Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1920 Hammond Pros season, Post season
With a losing record, the Pros could not contend for the APFA Championship. After the season was over, the team hired Max Hicks to be the coach for the following season. The Pros' 1920 record of 2–5–2 would be their best outing until 1924; the team folded two years later. Sportswriter Bruce Copeland compiled the 1920 All Pro team, but no player made the list. As of 2012, no players from the 1920 Hammond Pros were enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame.


1920 Harvard Crimson football team
The 1920 Harvard Crimson football team represented Harvard University during the 1920 college football season. They were led by second-year head coach Bob Fisher and played their home games at Harvard Stadium. The team finished the season undefeated and was recognized as a co-national champion by the Boand System.


1920 Haskell Indians football team
The 1920 Haskell Indians football team was an American football team that represented the Haskell Institute (later renamed Haskell Indian Nations University) as an independent during the 1920 college football season. In its first season under head coach Matty Bell, the team compiled a 7–2–1 record.


1920 Hemel Hempstead by-election
The Hemel Hempstead by-election of 1920 was held on 9 November 1920. The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Coalition Conservative MP, Gustavus Talbot. It was won by the Coalition Conservative candidate J. C. C. Davidson, who was elected unopposed.


1920 Histadrut election
Elections to the first congress of the Zionist trade union centre Histadrut were held in 1920 (the congress itself convened on December 4, 1920). In total 4433 of about 7000 Jewish workers in Palestine participated. The election was marred by irregularities, and the Jewish Socialist Workers Party (MPSI) protested against the 'fraudulent behaviour' of the dominant parties after the election.


1920 Holy Cross football team
The 1920 Holy Cross football team was an American football team that represented the College of the Holy Cross as an independent during the 1920 college football season. In its second season under head coach Cleo A. O'Donnell, the team compiled a 5–3 record. The team played its home games at Fitton Field in Worcester, Massachusetts.


1920 Hong Kong sanitary board election
The Hong Kong Sanitary Board Election of 1920 was held on 12 April 1920 for an elected seat in the Sanitary Board of Hong Kong.


1920 Hong Kong sanitary board election
The election was held for the two of the elected seats in the board due to the expiry of term of C. G. Alabaster. Alabaster returned to the Board by winning majority of 27 votes over architect J. Caer Clark, who was supported by the Kowloon Residents Association. With an electorate of about 1,700, less than 400 voted and 13 spoilt votes were recorded.


1920 Horncastle by-election
The Horncastle by-election of 1920 was a parliamentary by-election held for the British House of Commons constituency of Horncastle in Lincolnshire on 25 February 1920. The seat had become vacant when the sitting Coalition Unionist Member of Parliament, William Weigall, who had held the seat since 1911, resigned upon being appointed  Governor of South Australia.


1920 Horncastle by-election, Candidates
The Unionists, as representatives of the Liberal-Conservative Coalition government of David Lloyd George had as their candidate, Stafford Hotchkin (1876-1953), a farmer, former soldier, Sheriff of Rutland and a local Justice of the Peace. The Liberals were represented by Samuel Pattinson (1870-1942), a local businessman and sometime Alderman of Lincolnshire County Council. William Holmes stood for the Labour Party.


1920 Horncastle by-election, The "Coupon" revisited
Hotchkin quickly received the endorsement of both the prime minister and the leader of the Conservative Party, Bonar Law. In his letter to Hotchkin, Lloyd George emphasised the need to resuscitate and develop British agriculture in which task he said Hotchkin as a ‘practical farmer’ would be able to help the government. Bonar-Law stressed the continuing need for parties to work together in the national interest in difficult times. In effect Hotchkin was receiving the equivalent of the government ‘coupon’ which had been issued at the 1918 general election.


1920 Horncastle by-election, Issues, Agriculture
Agriculture dominated the election in this rural constituency. Labour had hopes of picking up the votes of the agricultural workers who were members of the National Union of Agricultural Workers, but William Holmes was reported as alienating potential supporters by making speeches about revolution and bloodshed. It was expected that the Liberals would gain land workers’ votes put off by the apparent extremism of Holmes’ electioneering. While the Coalition government was losing popularity across the country, it was reported that Hotchkin was a strong local candidate who knew about farming from a practical point of view. In the post-war environment, the availability and price of food and of animal feed were also issues. All the candidates strongly supported the encouragement and development of small holdings. Hotchkin was a sometime Chairman of the Lindsey Small Holdings Committee


1920 Horncastle by-election, Issues, Government influence
A related concern was government influence over private life and business, through over-regulation and bureaucracy, as well as examples of waste and extravagance from an administration in far away London. This theme was taken up by the Liberal, who also attacked Labour for their plans for nationalisation.


1920 Horncastle by-election, Result
The declaration of the poll did not take place until 9 March 1920 because of the government’s continuing to keep in force a wartime regulation delaying the announcement of election results. By this time news of H H Asquith's by-election win in Paisley had become known and this encouraged the Liberals to hope for a good result at Horncastle. In the event, however, the seat was held for the Coalition by Hotchkin with a majority of 1,413 over Pattinson, with Labour in third place. Turnout was 77.1% as opposed to 68.2% at the previous general election, which had been a straight fight between Unionist Coalitionist and Liberal candidates.


1920 Horncastle by-election, Candidates’ reaction
All three candidates were able to draw a positive conclusion from the result. Hotchkin was clearly gratified to have won and credited his success to a combination of popular satisfaction with the Coalition government and his status as a local man. Pattinson blamed his lack of success on the intervention of a Labour candidate, splitting the anti-coalition vote and presumably hoping Labour’s third place would discourage them from standing a candidate at future elections. Holmes said he had done well, coming late into the contest a perfect stranger to the constituency and was pleased to have established a solid Labour movement there.


1920 Horncastle by-election, Candidates’ reaction
Hotchkin took his seat in the House of Commons on Friday 12 March 1920. He served as MP for Horncastle until 1922 when Pattison won the seat at that year’s general election.


1920 Horncastle by-election, Aftermath
The intervention of the Labour party was not viewed as a success as they chose not to contest the seat at the 1922 general election. At this election, the new Unionist MP retired and Pattinson gained the seat for the Liberals. Labour avoided running a candidate again until 1929 when their candidate took enough votes off the Liberals to allow the Unionists to win again.


1920 Howard Bison football team
The 1920 Howard Bison football team was an American football team that represented Howard University during the 1920 college football season. In their first year under head coach Edward Morrison, the Bison compiled a 7–0 record, did not allow opponents to score a point, and outscored all opponents by a total of 132 to 0. For the first time following the 1920 season, the Pittsburgh Courier selected a black college national champion with Howard and Talladega sharing the honor.


1920 Howard Bulldogs football team
The 1920 Howard Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented Howard College (now known as the Samford University) as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) during the 1920 college football season. In their first year under head coach Robert C. Marshall, the team compiled a 3–5–1 record.


1920 Hungarian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Hungary on 25 and 26 January 1920. However, they were only held in 164 districts. After the Treaty of Trianon was signed, the 44 districts previously occupied by Romania voted between 13 June and 5 July, whilst the 11 districts occupied by Serbia did not vote until 30 and 31 October 1921. The election was held with compulsory voting.


1920 Hungarian parliamentary election
In protest at this and other changes to the franchise that left 60% of the voting age population unable to vote, the Hungarian Social Democratic Party boycotted the elections, and called for its supporters to cast invalid votes, resulting in an unusually high number of blank or invalid votes - 11.8% in the January elections and over 20% in Budapest and other major cities.


1920 Hungarian parliamentary election
The National Smallholders and Agricultural Labourers Party and the Christian National Union Party between them won 194 of the 219 seats, and formed a coalition government on 15 March. However, it lasted only until 4 June when the Treaty of Trianon was signed.


1920 Hungarian parliamentary election, Results
The number of votes for January 1920 elections is taken only from 83 of the 164 seats. In 37 of the remaining 81 seats there was only one candidate who was elected unopposed.


1920 Hungarian parliamentary election, Results
The number of votes is taken from only 13 of the 44 seats. In three of the remaining 31 seats there was only one candidate who was elected unopposed.


1920 Hungarian parliamentary election, Results
The number of votes is taken from only seven of the eleven seats. In one of the remaining four seats a candidate was elected unopposed.


1920 Hungarian parliamentary election, Results
The majority of candidates representing what would become the National Smallholders and Agricultural Labourers Party contested the election as Christian Smallholders or Christian National Smallholders, as the united party was not formed until January 1922.


1920 Idaho Vandals football team
The 1920 Idaho Vandals football team represented the University of Idaho in the 1920 college football season. Idaho was led by first-year head coach Thomas Kelley in their penultimate season as an independent before joining the Pacific Coast Conference in 1922. The Vandals had one home game in Moscow on campus at MacLean Field, with one in Boise at the state fairgrounds.


1920 Idaho Vandals football team
Idaho dropped a sixth consecutive game to Washington State in the Battle of the Palouse, falling 7–14 in the opener in Moscow. Three years later, the Vandals won the first of three consecutive, their only three-peat in the rivalry series.


1920 Idaho Vandals football team
After coming up six points short at Oregon to start with two losses, Idaho won its last four games.


1920 Idaho gubernatorial election
The 1920 Idaho gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1920. Incumbent Republican D. W. Davis defeated Democratic nominee Ted A. Walters with 52.97% of the vote.


1920 Ilford by-election
The Ilford by-election of 25 September 1920 was held after the death of the Coalition Unionist Member of Parliament Sir William Peter Griggs. The Coalition retained the seat in the by-election.


1920 Ilford by-election, Candidates
British Pathe has newsreel footage of the three candidates standing outside their election count.


1920 Ilford by-election, Aftermath
Wise was re-elected at the following General Election when Thompson again stood, but this time, beat the Labour candidate into third place.


1920 Illinois Fighting Illini football team
The 1920 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois during the 1920 college football season. In their eighth season under head coach Robert Zuppke, the Illini compiled a 5–2 record and finished in fourth place in the Big Ten Conference. Center J. C. Depler was the team captain.


1920 Illinois gubernatorial election
The 1920 Illinois gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1920.


1920 Illinois gubernatorial election
Incumbent Republican Governor Frank Orren Lowden declined to stand for re-election. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination for U.S. President at the 1920 Republican National Convention.


1920 Illinois gubernatorial election
Republican nominee Len Small defeated Democratic nominee James Hamilton Lewis with 58.78% of the vote.


1920 Illinois lieutenant gubernatorial election
The 1920 Illinois lieutenant gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1920. It saw Republican nominee Fred E. Sterling win a landslide victory.


1920 Indian general election
General elections were held in British India in 1920 to elect members to the Imperial Legislative Council and the Provincial Councils. They were the first elections in the country's modern history.


1920 Indian general election
The new Central Legislative Assembly which was the lower chamber of the Imperial Legislative Council was based in Delhi had 104 elected seats, of which 66 were contested and thirty eight were reserved for Europeans elected through the Chambers of Commerce. For the upper chamber, the Council of State, 24 of the 34 seats were contested, whilst five were reserved for Muslims, three for Whites, one for Sikhs and one for the United Provinces. The Parliament was opened by the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn on 9 February 1921.


1920 Indian general election
Alongside the national elections there were also elections to 637 seats in Provincial Assemblies. Of these, 440 were contested, 188 had a single candidate elected unopposed. Despite the calls by Mahatma Gandhi for a boycott of the elections, only six had no candidate. Within the Provincial Assemblies 38 were reserved for White voters.


1920 Indiana Hoosiers football team
The 1920 Indiana Hoosiers football team represented the Indiana Hoosiers in the 1920 college football season as members of the Big Ten Conference. The Hoosiers played their home games at Jordan Field in Bloomington, Indiana. The team was coached by Ewald O. Stiehm, in his fifth year as head coach.


1920 Indiana gubernatorial election
The 1920 Indiana gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1920. Republican nominee Warren T. McCray defeated Democratic nominee Carleton B. McCulloch with 54.63% of the vote.


1920 Indianapolis 500
The 8th International 500-Mile Sweepstakes Race was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway on Monday, May 31, 1920.


1920 Indianapolis 500
Ralph DePalma held a two lap lead when the car stalled on lap 187. His riding mechanic Pete DePaolo ran to the pits to get a can of gasoline, thinking they were out of fuel. DePalma was able to get the car rolling again, and the two rejoined the race. However, during the delay, the lead went to Gaston Chevrolet. Chevrolet himself ran out of fuel on lap 197, but he was able to coast to the pits and refuel. Chevrolet held on to win. Seven months later, he was fatally injured in a crash at Beverly Hills.


1920 Indianapolis 500
Chevrolet won the race without a single tire change, a remarkable feat at the time. Chevrolet was accompanied by riding mechanic John Bresnahan.


1920 Indianapolis 500, Time trials
Four-lap (10 mile) qualifying runs were introduced in 1920. Previously one-lap runs were used. Ralph De Palma won the pole position at 99.65 mph. None of his four laps matched the track record (104.78 mph) set the previous year.


1920 International Cross Country Championships
The 1920 International Cross Country Championships was held in Belfast, Ireland, at the Belvoir Park on April 3, 1920. A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald.


1920 International Cross Country Championships
Complete results, medallists,  and the results of British athletes were published.


1920 International Cross Country Championships, Participation
An unofficial count yields the participation of 35 athletes from 4 countries.


1920 International Lawn Tennis Challenge
The 1920 International Lawn Tennis Challenge, more commonly known as the Davis Cup, was the 15th edition of the major international team event in men's tennis. Six nations competed for the right to challenge holders Australasia. The Netherlands joined the competition for the first time.


1920 International Lawn Tennis Challenge
The initial draw consisted of four countries and drew the United States against France and the Netherlands against Great Britain. The applications of Canada and South Africa were received after the deadline but their entries were accepted by the other countries and subsequently a new draw was made.


1920 International Lawn Tennis Challenge
"Big Bill" Tilden and "Little Bill" Johnston made their debut for the United States, and would not lose a rubber the entire tournament. In the Challenge Round, they reclaimed the cup from Australasia. The final, in honor of Anthony Wilding,  was played at the Domain Cricket Club in Auckland, New Zealand on 30 December - 1 January 1921.


1920 Iowa Hawkeyes football team
The 1920 Iowa Hawkeyes football team represented the University of Iowa in the 1920 college football season.


1920 Iowa Senate election
The 1920 Iowa Senate elections took place as part of the biennial 1920 United States elections. Iowa voters elected state senators in 29 of the senate's 50 districts. State senators serve four-year terms in the Iowa Senate.


1920 Iowa Senate election
A statewide map of the 50 state Senate districts in the 1920 elections is provided by the Iowa General Assembly


1920 Iowa Senate election
The primary election on June 7, 1920, determined which candidates appeared on the November 2, 1920 general election ballot.


1920 Iowa Senate election
Following the previous election, Republicans had control of the Iowa Senate with 45 seats to Democrats' 5 seats.


1920 Iowa Senate election
To claim control of the chamber from Republicans, the Democrats needed to net 21 Senate seats.


1920 Iowa Senate election
Republicans maintained control of the Iowa State Senate following the 1920 general election with the balance of power shifting to Republicans holding 48 seats and Democrats having 2 seats (a net gain of 3 seats for Republicans).


1920 Iowa State Cyclones football team
The 1920 Iowa State Cyclones football team represented Iowa State College of Agricultural and Mechanic Arts (later renamed Iowa State University) in the Missouri Valley Conference during the 1920 college football season. In their first and only season under head coach Norman C. Paine, the Cyclones compiled a 4–4 record (3–2 against conference opponents), finished in fourth place in the conference, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 98 to 48. They played their home games at State Field in Ames, Iowa. Marshall Boyd was the team captain.


1920 Iowa gubernatorial election
The 1920 Iowa gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1920. Republican nominee Nathan E. Kendall defeated Democratic nominee Clyde L. Herring with 58.66% of the vote.


1920 Irish local elections
Elections were held in January and June 1920 for the various county and district councils of Ireland. The elections were organised by the Dublin Castle administration under the law of the then United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (UK), and held while the Irish War of Independence was pitting UK forces against those of the Irish Republic proclaimed in 1919 by the First Dáil. Elections were held in two stages: borough and urban district councils in January; and county and rural district councils in June.


1920 Irish local elections
Sinn Féin, which had established the First Dáil, won control of many of the councils, which subsequently broke contact with Dublin Castle's Local Government Board for Ireland and instead recognised the republican Department of Local Government. The election results provide historians with a barometer of public opinion in what would be the last elections held on an all-island basis: the Government of Ireland Act 1920 passed at the end of the year effected the partition of Ireland from 1921. The next local elections were held in 1924 in Northern Ireland and in 1925 in the Irish Free State.


1920 Irish local elections, Background
In the 1918 general elections the newly reformed Sinn Féin party had secured a large majority of Irish seats in the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Because many seats won by Sinn Féin were uncontested, and the elections used the "first past the post" system, Sinn Féin in all contested seats gained slightly less than 50% of the vote.


1920 Irish local elections, Background
This electoral success provided a propaganda coup for Sinn Féin, and so the British Government introduced the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1919, which allowed for parliamentary elections by proportional representation in all of Ireland for the first time, by the system of the single transferable vote for multi-member electoral areas. The government hoped that the new system would reveal less-than-monolithic support for Sinn Féin, and it was first tested in the 1920 local elections.


1920 Irish local elections, Background
Some Sinn Féin members had also helped to form the Proportional Representation Society of Ireland in the different circumstances of 1911. By 1920 the party was in a far stronger electoral position, and had no reason to oppose proportional representation, and it treated these elections as internal Irish elections for local authorities that were expected to swear allegiance to the new Irish Republic.


1920 Irish local elections, Background
The electoral method introduced by the 1919 Act is still used in elections in the Republic of Ireland and most elections in Northern Ireland today.


1920 Irish local elections, January 1920
The 1919 act mandated elections for all urban councils except Sligo Corporation, which had been reconstituted and elected in 1919. The cumulative first preference votes in the 1920 urban elections were:


1920 Irish local elections, January 1920
Excluding the more unionist province of Ulster, the urban results were:


1920 Irish local elections, January 1920
The 15 January elections saw Sinn Féin, Labour, and other nationalists winning control of 172 of Ireland's 206 borough and urban district councils. The subsequent mayoral elections on 30 January saw a Unionist elected for Belfast, a Nationalist in Derry, Labour in Wexford, and Sinn Féin in eight boroughs.


1920 Irish local elections, January 1920
In Westport, only 4 candidates were nominated for the 18 seats on the urban district council, and only 2 of those accepted office. Since 5 councillors was a quorum, Mayo County Council mandated a special election for 15 March, but only one extra candidate was nominated.


1920 Irish local elections, June 1920
The rural elections showed a much greater level of support for Sinn Féin in its core support area. It took control of 338 out of 393 local government bodies, county councils, boards of guardians and rural district councils across the whole island. The county and rural district elections saw virtually no contests outside of Ulster.


1920 Irish local elections, June 1920
Sinn Féin's success allowed them to seize control of virtually every county council and rural district council outside of Ulster. Sinn Féin success in 12 June rural and county elections extended even to Ulster, with the party winning control of 36 of Ulsters 55 rural districts.


1920 Isle of Man TT
The 1920 Isle of Man TT races was the first races to take place following the end of World War I. Official practice sessions started on 31 May with the races taking place on 15 and 17 June 1920.


1920 Isle of Man TT
The 350cc Junior TT race was won by Cyril Williams riding an AJS motor-cycle and the 250cc Lightweight class by R. O. Clark with a Levis machine. The first post-war Senior TT was won by Tommy de la Hay with a 500c Sunbeam bike.


1920 Isle of Man TT, Races, Junior TT 350cc race
The Junior TT race was initially led by Eric Williams, the winner of the 1914 Junior TT race riding an AJS and set a new Junior lap record of 44 minutes and 6 seconds, an average speed of 51.36 mph. A mechanical retirement for Eric Williams allowed Cyril Williams also riding an AJS to build up an impressive lead of 20 minutes. However, Cyril Williams hit gear-box problems at the Creg-ny-Baa corner on the last lap and free-wheeled and pushed to the finish-line located at the Nobles Park playing fields in the town of Douglas. The winning margin for Williams was 9 minutes and 50 seconds from Jack Watson-Bourne, riding for Blackburne motorcycles in 4 hours, 37 minutes and 57 seconds, at an average race speed of 40.74 mph.


1920 Isle of Man TT, Races, Lightweight TT 250cc race
The Lightweight class within Junior TT race was won by R. O. Clark riding a Levis and he may have won the event overall but was thrown from his Levis motor-cycle at the Creg-ny-Baa after a puncture on the last lap. After completing the race on a bent front wheel-rim he was detained in Nobles Hospital after the race with physical exhaustion.


1920 Isle of Man TT, Races, Senior TT 500 race
The Senior TT race was won by Tommy de la Hay riding a Sunbeam at an average race speed of 51.79 mph from local Isle of Man competitor Duggie Brown riding a Norton. A new lap record was set by George Dance riding a Sunbeam of 40 minutes and 43 seconds, an average speed of 55.62 mph. AJS thought they could repeat the success of the 1914 Junior TT with a newly developed 2.75 hp (2.05 kW) ohv-engined machine. While Cyril Williams won the Junior race for AJS, H. R. Davies, also on the AJS team, retired from both races with engine trouble.


1920 Isle of Man TT, Races, Race awards and classes
The 1920 Junior TT race included for the first time a new Lightweight TT class for motorcycles of 250 cc engine capacity. R. O. Clark riding for the Levis marque finished in 4th place overall and was within the 30 minute limit for The Motor Cycle Cup Trophy for the smaller 250cc motor-cycles.


1920 Isle of Man TT, Race results, Junior TT 350cc
Held on 15 June 1920, at 9:30 am over a distance of 188.75  miles (5 laps of 37.75 miles each), limited to machines of cylinder capacity not exceeding 350cc., with a class for 250 cc. engines run concurrently for The Motor Cycle cup. Out of 32 entries, comprising 8 two-strokes, 16 four-stroke Singles, 7 Flat Twins and 1 V Twin, twenty-four started the race and only eleven finished.


1920 Isle of Man TT, Race results, Junior TT 350cc
Held on June 15th, at 9:31 am over a distance of 188.75  miles (5 laps of 37.75 miles each), limited to machines of cylinder capacity not exceeding 350cc., with a class for 250 cc. engines run concurrently for The Motor Cycle cup.Out of 32 entries, comprising 8 two-strokes, 16 four-stroke Singles, 7 Flat Twins and 1 V Twin, twenty-four started the race and only eleven finished.


1920 Isle of Man TT, Race results, Senior TT 500cc final standings
Held on June 17th, at 9:30 am over a distance of 226.50  miles (6 laps of 37.75 miles each), limited to machines of cylinder capacity not exceeding 500cc. Out of 29 entries, comprising 21 four-stroke singles, 5 V Twins, 3 Flat Twins and no two-strokes. Twenty-seven riders started the race and fourteen finished.


1920 Japanese general election
General elections were held in Japan on 10 May 1920. The result was a victory for the Rikken Seiyūkai party led by Hara Takashi, which won 278 of the 464 seats.