1919 Australian federal election, Campaign, Issues, Sectarianism
Sectarianism between Catholics and Protestants became an issue in the campaign. In early November, Ryan chaired an Irish Race Convention in Melbourne, which had been organised by Catholic archbishop Daniel Mannix in order to support Irish home rule. Mannix tacitly endorsed Ryan as prime minister, stating that "Ireland and Irish Australia have no reason to be ashamed of him, either as Premier of Queensland or as the prospective Prime Minister of the Commonwealth". Additionally, the Catholic press in Melbourne and Sydney "unashamedly support[ed] Ryan and his party". In response, Protestant organisations ran advertisements claiming a Labor government would see Australia controlled by the Catholic Church.


1919 Australian federal election, Campaign, McDougall incident
One issue in the campaign was the anti-war poem "The White Man's Burden", written by John Keith McDougall in 1900 during the Boer War. It contained lines critical of soldiers, describing them as "sordid killers who murder for a fee", "hog-souled and dirty-handed", and "fools and flunkeys". The poem was republished on a number of occasions during World War I – in January 1915 by the Labor Call, the official ALP newspaper in Victoria, and later by McDougall's opponents at the 1915 Grampians by-election and 1917 federal election.


1919 Australian federal election, Campaign, McDougall incident
On 13 November 1919, Melbourne Punch re-published excerpts from the poem, contrasting them with the ALP's election manifesto which praised soldiers. Pro -government newspapers did likewise, particularly The Argus, and a leaflet containing the poem was widely circulated. Hughes frequently quoted the poem in his campaign speeches, stating that returned soldiers faced a choice between "those who stood by you, or those who spoke contemptuously of you as 'sordid killers'". Pro -opposition newspapers noted that Hughes had in fact campaigned for McDougall four years later, when he was still a member of the ALP.


1919 Australian federal election, Campaign, McDougall incident
The outcry over the poem was directed at the ALP rather than its author, who was often not identified. However, a week before the election, a group of about 20 ex-soldiers kidnapped McDougall from his property in Ararat, before tarring and feathering him and dumping him in the street, bound and blindfolded. In February 1920, six of the men were convicted of assault and fined £5 each, while receiving sympathy from the magistrate and much of the press.


1919 Australian federal election, Results, House of Representatives
Out of the 75 seats in the House of Representatives, 37 were won by the Nationalists and 26 by the Labor Party. In Melbourne Ports and Newcastle, the ALP candidate was elected unopposed. Eleven of the remaining twelve seats were won by candidates endorsed by or aligned with the farmers' organisations in each state; they subsequently formed the Country Party. The remaining seat was won by Frederick Francis, who stood as an "independent Nationalist" in the Melbourne seat of Henty and defeated the sitting Nationalist member.


1919 Australian federal election, Results, House of Representatives
Government ministers Paddy Glynn and William Webster were among those who lost their seats. The closest margin of victory was in Ballaarat, where Nationalist Edwin Kerby defeated the sitting Labor member Charles McGrath by a single vote. The result was successfully challenged in the Court of Disputed Returns, with Justice Isaac Isaacs criticising the "almost incredible carelessness" of the electoral officers. McGrath won the seat back at the resulting by-election. Mary Grant was the only woman to stand for the House of Representatives, polling 18.1 percent of the vote in Kooyong.


1919 Australian federal election, Results, Senate
In the Senate, the Nationalists won 18 out of the 19 seats up for election. The party had previously won all 18 seats at the 1917 election, leaving them with "an absurdly large majority" – after 1 July 1920, when the new senators began their term, Albert Gardiner was the only non-government senator and the sole representative of the Labor Party in the chamber. The country parties failed to win any seats, but some Nationalist senators were sympathetic to their views. Mary McMahon was the only woman to stand for the Senate, polling 0.3 percent of the statewide vote in New South Wales.


1919 Australian federal election, Aftermath and analysis
According to Hughes' biographer L. F. Fitzhardinge, "the result of the election gave no satisfaction to anyone". The Nationalists were the only party capable of forming a government, but their failure to win an absolute majority weakened the position of Hughes within the party. Neither of the referendum questions carried. Ryan attributed the ALP's defeat to the new voting system, while James Catts, the party's campaign director in New South Wales, stated in January 1920 that "the defeat of Labor is due to Labor".


1919 Australian federal election, Aftermath and analysis
Senior Labor MP William Higgs publicly blamed the election result on interference from the organisational wing, and was expelled from the party in February 1920. He sat as an independent for a period before joining the Nationalists later in the year. It has been suggested that anti-Irish sentiment may have played a part in the ALP's failure to win more seats. The result led some within the party to question the wisdom of Archbishop Mannix involving himself in politics.


1919 Australian federal election, Aftermath and analysis
The new House of Representatives proved much less stable than its immediate predecessors. According to Gavin Souter, the author of an official history of parliament, the most notable result of the 1919 election was the emergence of the Country Party as a force in federal politics. On 22 January 1920, nine of the crossbench MPs agreed to form a parliamentary party, which they named the Australian Country Party. Two others joined the Country Party in the month before parliament opened on 26 February, leaving it with eleven MPs out of 75. William McWilliams was elected as the party's inaugural leader. Tudor moved a motion of no confidence in the government on 3 March, which was defeated by 45 votes to 22. The Country Party generally supported the government's agenda over the course of the parliament.


1919 Australian federal election, Aftermath and analysis
The election greatly increased the number of returned soldiers in parliament, which rose from four to sixteen; all but two were Nationalists. According to Crotty (2019), the concessions Hughes made in an attempt to gain the returned-soldier vote "ensured two of Australia's major wartime legacies: a powerful, united and well-connected veterans' organisation, and a repatriation system that was perhaps the world's most generous".


1919 Australian referendum
The 1919 Australian Referendum was held on 13 December 1919. It contained two referendum questions. The referendums were held in conjunction with the 1919 federal election.


1919 Australian referendum (Legislative Powers)
The Constitution Alteration (Legislative Powers) Bill 1919, was an unsuccessful Australian referendum held in the 1919 referendums which sought to alter the Australian Constitution to temporarily extend Commonwealth legislative powers with respect to trade and commerce, corporations, industrial matters and trusts. The 1919 referendums was held in conjunction with the 1919 federal election.


1919 Australian referendum (Legislative Powers), Question
Do you approve of the proposed law for the alteration of the Constitution entitled 'Constitution Alteration (Legislative Powers) 1919'?


1919 Australian referendum (Monopolies)
The Constitution Alteration (Nationalization of Monopolies) Bill 1919, was an unsuccessful Australian referendum seeking to alter the Australian Constitution to extend the government's power to legislate in respect of monopolies. The question was put to a referendum in the 1919 Australian referendum held in conjunction with the 1919 federal election.


1919 Australian referendum (Monopolies), Question
The proposal was to alter the text of section 51 of the Constitution as reads as follows:


1919 Australian referendum (Monopolies), Question
51a.—(1.)


1919 Australian referendum (Monopolies), Question
The Parliament shall have power to make laws for carrying on by or under the control of the Commonwealth, the industry or business of producing, manufacturing, or supplying any specified goods, or of supplying any specified services, and for acquiring for that purpose on just terms the assets and goodwill of the industry or business, where each House of the Parliament has in the same Session, by resolution passed by an absolute majority of its members, referred to the High Court, for inquiry and report by a Justice thereof, the question whether the industry or business is the subject of a monopoly, and where, after the report of the Justice has been received, each House of the Parliament has, in one Session, by resolution passed by an absolute majority of its members, declared that the industry or business is the subject of a monopoly.


1919 Australian referendum (Monopolies), Results
Do you approve of the proposed law for the alteration of the Constitution entitled 'Constitution Alteration (Nationalization of Monopolies) 1919'?


1919 Australian referendum (Monopolies), Discussion
The 1911 referendum asked a single question that dealt with the acquisition of monopolies, trade, commerce and industrial . The second resolution separated the laws in relation to monopolies and the acquisition of monopolies into different questions. On each of the many occasions a similar question was asked at a referendum the public decided not to vest power in the Commonwealth over these matters.


1919 Austrian Constituent Assembly election
Constituent Assembly elections were held in Austria on 16 February 1919, and were the first election in which all women were allowed to vote. German citizens living in Austria and Sudeten Germans living in the newly-formed Czechoslovakia were also allowed to vote in the elections, despite Czechoslovak objections. Austrian citizens living in Germany were also allowed to vote in the elections for the Weimar National Assembly in the same year.


1919 Austrian Constituent Assembly election
The Social Democratic Workers' Party emerged as the largest party, winning 72 of the 170 seats. The party was largely supported by the working class, whilst farmers and the middle class voted mainly for the anti-Anschluss Christian Social Party. Voter turnout was 84.4%.


1919 Austrian Constituent Assembly election
The first meeting of the assembly was on 4 March 1919. The Sudeten German Social Democrats organised a series of demonstrations in support of their right of self-determination. Across seven cities 54 persons were killed and another 84 wounded by the Czech military and police.


1919 Austrian Constituent Assembly election
The two main parties, the SDAPÖ and the CS, formed a coalition government after the elections. Although it had broken up by mid-1920, a new constitution was agreed on 1 October 1920. Fresh elections were held on 17 October.


1919 Baden state election
The 1919 Baden state election was held on 5 January 1919 to elect the 107 members of the Baden state constituent assembly.


1919 Baltimore mayoral election
The 1919 Baltimore mayoral election saw the election of William Frederick Broening.


1919 Bavarian state election
The 1919 Bavarian state election was held on 12 January and 2 February 1919 to elect the 180 members of the Landtag of Bavaria.


1919 Baylor Bears football team
The 1919 Baylor Bears football team was an American football team that represented Baylor University as a member of the Southwest Conference (SWC) during the 1919 college football season. In its sixth season under head coach Charles Mosley, the team compiled a 5–3–1 record and was outscored by a total of 92 to 19.


1919 Belgian general election
General elections were held in Belgium on 16 November 1919. Although the Belgian Labour Party received the most votes in the Chamber of Representatives elections, the Catholic Party remained the largest party in both the Chamber and the Senate. Voter turnout was 88.5% in the Chamber elections.


1919 Belgian general election
They were the first elections after the First World War, and the first with universal single-vote suffrage (for men), a change that was sought by and benefited the Belgian Labour Party. The voting age was also lowered from 25 to 21, and the system of proportional representation was modified to use apparentment (combining votes of different arrondissements within a province).


1919 Belgian general election, Constituencies
The distribution of seats among the electoral districts was as follows:


1919 Belmont Stakes
The 1919 Belmont Stakes was the 51st running of the Belmont Stakes. It was the 13th Belmont Stakes held at Belmont Park in Elmont, New York and was held on June 11, 1919. With a field of only three horses, heavily favored Sir Barton won the 1 3⁄8–mile race (11 f; 2.2 km) by 5 lengths over Sweep On.


1919 Belmont Stakes
By winning the Belmont, Sir Barton became the first horse to win the Kentucky Derby, the Preakness Stakes, and the Belmont Stakes -- a feat which would later become known as the "Triple Crown."


1919 Belmont Stakes
Sir Barton's time of 2:17.4 set an American record for 1 3⁄8–mile.


1919 Bible Conference (Adventist)
The 1919 Bible Conference was a Seventh-day Adventist Church conference or council held from July 1 to August 9, 1919, for denominational leaders, educators, and editors to discuss theological and pedagogical issues. The council was convened by the General Conference Executive Committee led by A. G. Daniells, the president of the General Conference. The meetings included the first major discussion of the inspiration of Ellen G. White's writings after her death in 1915, and the far-reaching theological scope of the discussions would generate considerable controversy.


1919 Bible Conference (Adventist), Historical setting
The first decades of the 20th century were traumatic for American Protestantism because for half a century the churches had gradually divided into conservative (fundamentalist) and liberal (modernist) wings. The liberal churches accepted Darwinian evolution and integrated it into their belief system as "God's way of doing things." They envisioned religion as evolving from the primitive to the complex, with Christianity being the most evolved religion. The Bible was viewed not as a supernatural production, but as a collection of myths and primitive understandings.


1919 Bible Conference (Adventist), Historical setting
At the very center of presuppositions behind modernism was the authority of reason and the findings of science. What was not reasonable or scientific was discarded, such as the virgin birth, resurrection and Second Advent of Jesus, miracles, and substitutionary atonement. Jesus was an example of what human being could become. They promoted the essential goodness of human nature, that sin is not rebellion but ignorance correctable by education and social reform, and that the kingdom of God was brought through the ceaseless process of evolution.


1919 Bible Conference (Adventist), Historical setting
This "new theology" did not enthrall all Protestants. The conservative reaction to liberalism became known as fundamentalism. The fundamentalists emphasized the doctrines and issues denied by the modernists, centering on inerrancy and verbal inspiration of the Bible, The virgin birth, substitutionary atonement, the bodily resurrection and authenticity of miracles, the Second Advent and the importance of creation over evolution. The one point that determined all others was religious authority, the concept of the Bible as being completely trustworthy.


1919 Bible Conference (Adventist), Historical setting
At this point in time, Adventism had no temptation toward liberalism. From their inception Adventists had held to all of the beliefs of the fundamentalists except the views on inspiration and the seventh-day Sabbath.


1919 Bible Conference (Adventist), Historical setting
The Seventh-day Adventist 1919 Bible Conference occurred during the height of the Bible Conference Movement among Fundamentalist evangelicals in the United States. Despite their different beliefs, at the outset of the 1919 Bible Conference Adventist leaders would cite the example of these other conferences as an inspiration for their own meeting.


1919 Bible Conference (Adventist), Historical setting
According to W. C. White, W. W. Prescott brought the idea of inerrancy and "verbal inspiration" of the Bible into Adventism during the late 1880s  "The acceptance of that view," White wrote, "by the students in the Battle Creek College and many others, including Elder S. N. Haskell, has resulted in bringing into our work questions and perplexities without end, and always increasing." Knight says that verbalism was held by some Adventists from the beginning of the movement, but it became problematic by the late 1920s. By that time, many Adventists applied their beliefs in inerrancy and verbalism of the Bible also to the writings of Ellen White.


1919 Bible Conference (Adventist), Historical setting
But Ellen White did not believe in verbal inspiration. She wrote in 1886, "The Bible is written by inspired men, but it is not God's mode of thought and expression. It is that of humanity. God, as a writer, is not represented. ... The writers of the Bible were God's penmen, not his pen. ... It is not the words of the Bible that are inspired, but the men that were inspired. Inspiration acts not on the man's words or his expressions but on the man himself, who, under the influence of the Holy Ghost, is imbued with thoughts.


1919 Bible Conference (Adventist), Historical setting
But the words receive the impress of the individual mind. The divine mind is diffused. The divine mind and will is combined with the human mind and will; thus the utterances of the man are the word of God." Not only did Ellen White reject verbal inspiration but she also denied inerrancy of the Bible. This position on thought versus verbal inspiration was the one officially adopted by the denomination three years earlier at the 1883 General Conference session.


1919 Bible Conference (Adventist), Historical setting
Ellen not only rejected verbal inspiration but also denied inerrancy. Thus she was glad to have factual errors corrected in her book The Great Controversy during the 1911 revision. But this played havoc with verbalists in the Adventist camp. After all, how can one "correct" or "revise' a verbally inspired writing? W. C. White wrote "there is a danger of our injuring Mother's work by claiming for it more than she claimed for it." By 1919, General Conference president Daniells and Prescott viewed inspiration in the same light as the Whites and the 1883 GC resolution.


1919 Bible Conference (Adventist), Historical setting
Daniells said his view on verbal inspiration changed when he saw that Ellen White had rewritten some chapters in The Desire of Ages "over and over and over again." He said "it is no ... use for anybody" to talk about verbal inspiration of the Testimonies, "because everybody who has ever seen the work done knows better." It is no accident that those closest to Ellen White denied inerrancy and verbalism for the Bible and her writings.


1919 Bible Conference (Adventist), Introduction
All together there were 65 individuals in attendance accompanied by between seven and nine stenographers. The 1919 Bible Conference was academic, the first of its kind having a significant number of participants with advanced training in theology, history, and biblical languages. The meeting was by invitation only so that those present could "exercise care and good judgment" while discussing varying viewpoints.


1919 Bible Conference (Adventist), Debate concerning Ellen White
While not on the original agenda, other historical and theological issues would be incorporated into the conference—-most significantly, the inspiration and role of Ellen White and how Adventist viewed her. George B. Thompson, field secretary of the General Conference, noted: "If we had always taught the truth [regarding Ellen White] we would not have any trouble or shock in the denomination now". Thompson's statement represents a growing rift between participants over the nature and role of inspiration. Much of the debate revolved around problems in prophetic interpretation.


1919 Bible Conference (Adventist), Debate concerning Ellen White
Many of those present at this conference were personally acquainted with Ellen White and tried to correct the view that her writings were inerrant (that inspired writings contain no mistakes) as advocated by Fundamentalists (see Biblical inerrancy). A. G. Daniells, W. W. Prescott, and H. C. Lacey would publicly denounce the concept of inerrancy in relationship to Ellen White's writings, differentiating her writings from those of the Bible which they argued were inerrant.


1919 Bible Conference (Adventist), Debate concerning Ellen White
The suggestion that Ellen White's writings might not be inerrant appears to have met with hostility, especially by Benjamin G. Wilkinson. Some of these younger leaders bucked against older church leaders. Much of the debate on inspiration revolved around historical revisions in the 1911 edition of Great Controversy. Whereas Daniells and Prescott had been intimately involved in these revisions, some of the younger delegates were not, and there was the far more important question of how the denomination should go about making revisions now that she was dead. D. E. Robinson, who had been Ellen White's secretary for 13 years, and who had also assisted on the 1911 revision, referred to some "slight inaccuracies in the historical work [Great Controversy]" and stated that Ellen White desired "to make everything accurate." He said:


1919 Bible Conference (Adventist), Debate concerning Ellen White
It is not clear what the consensus of the delegates was toward the inspiration of Ellen White. Some were concerned that church members would become "terribly upset if they should discover that Ellen White was fallible". No decision was officially made as to what to do, and eventually it was decided not to publish the conference transcripts. One delegate, John Isaac, remarked: "The study was a wonderful help to me. I always believed the testimonies, but quite often when I was asked questions I had to say I don't know, I don't understand, but . . . [


1919 Bible Conference (Adventist), Debate concerning Ellen White
now] I have received wonderful help from these meetings". Even Daniells remarked afterward, "I think I can truly say that at the close of this important meeting, we stand together more unitedly and firmly for all the Fundamentals than when we began the meeting". Yet the suspicions of J. S. Washburn and Claude Holmes, among others, were aroused, and they saw "this Bible Institute" as one of "the most terrible thing[s] that has ever happened in the history of this denomination". Together Holmes and Washburn would work to secure Daniells' dismissal at the 1922 General Conference Session, as well as remove other key participants of the 1919 Bible Conference.


1919 Bible Conference (Adventist), Debate concerning Ellen White
The conference was then nearly forgotten until 1975 when the Conference transcripts were discovered in the General Conference Archives. Transcripts excerpts were first published in 1979 by Spectrum, and are now available in their entirety from an official church website (see below).


1919 Big Ten Conference football season
The 1919 Big Ten Conference football season was the 24th season of college football played by the member schools of the Big Ten Conference (also known as the Western Conference) and was a part of the 1919 college football season.


1919 Big Ten Conference football season
The 1919 Illinois Fighting Illini football team, under head coach Robert Zuppke, compiled a 6–1 record, won the Big Ten championship, and was selected retroactively as the national champion by the Billingsley Report and Boand System, and as a co-national champion by the College Football Researchers Association, Parke H. Davis, and Jeff Sagarin (using his alternate ELO-Chess methodology). Fullback Jack Crangle and guard Jack Depler received first-team All-Big Ten honors.


1919 Big Ten Conference football season
The 1919 Ohio State Buckeyes football team, under head coach John Wilce, also compiled a 6–1 record and led the conference in scoring defense (1.7 points allowed per game). Ohio State defeated Michigan for the first time in the history of the Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry. However, the Buckeyes lost to Illinois by two points in the final game of the season and finished in second place in the conference standings. Halfback Chic Harley was selected, for the third time, as a consensus first-team All-American.


1919 Big Ten Conference football season
Wisconsin center Charles Carpenter was a consensus first-team All-American. Chicago led the Big Ten in scoring offense with 29.3 points per game.


1919 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Results and team statistics
KeyPPG = Average of points scored per game; team with highest average in boldPAG = Average of points allowed per game; team with lowest average in bold


1919 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, September 27
On September 27, 1919, the Big Ten season opened with one non-conference game.


1919 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, October 4
On October 4, 1919, the Big Ten football teams played seven non-conference games, resulting in five wins, one loss, and a tie. Chicago, Illinois, and Northwestern had bye weeks.


1919 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, October 11
On October 11, 1919, the Big Ten teams played one conference game and six non-conference games. The non-conference games resulted in six victories, giving the Big ten a 12–1–1 record up to that point in the season. Michigan and Iowa had a bye week.


1919 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, October 18
On October 18, 1919, the Big Ten teams participated in four conference games and two non-conference games. The non-conference games resulted in two victories, giving the Big ten a 14–1–1 record up to that point in the season.


1919 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, October 25
On October 25, 1919, the Big Ten teams played four conference games. Illinois and Indiana had bye weeks.


1919 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, November 1
On November 1, 1919, the Big Ten teams played three conference games and three non-conference games. The non-conference games resulted in two victories and one defeat, giving the Big ten a 16–2–1 record up to that point in the season. Ohio State had a bye week.


1919 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, November 8
On November 8, 1919, the Big Ten teams played four conference games. Indiana and Wisconsin had bye weeks.


1919 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, November 15
On November 8, 1919, the Big Ten teams played four conference games and one non-conference game. The non-conference game resulted in a victory, giving the Big ten a 17–2–1 record up to that point in the season. Minnesota had a bye week.


1919 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, November 22
On November 22, 1919, the Big Ten teams played three conference games and three non-conference games. The non-conference games resulted in two wins and a loss, giving the Big Ten a 19–3–1 record up to that point in the season. Northwestern had a bye week.


1919 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, November 27
On Thanksgiving Day, one Big Ten team played a game and lost, giving the Big Ten a 19–4–1 record.


1919 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Bowl games
No Big Ten teams participated in any bowl games during the 1919 season.


1919 Big Ten Conference football season, Awards and honors, All-Big Ten players
The following players were selected as first-team players on the 1919 All-Big Ten Conference football team by at least two of the following five selectors: E. C. Patterson in Collier's Weekly (ECP), Frank G. Menke (FM), the International News Service (INS), or Walter Eckersall (WE). It also includes players listed as members of the 1919 "All-Conference Team" as published in the "ESPN Big Ten Football Encyclopedia" (BTFE).


1919 Big Ten Conference football season, Awards and honors, All-Americans
Three Big Ten players were selected as consensus first-team players on the 1919 College Football All-America Team. They were:


1919 Birmingham–Southern Panthers football team
The 1919 Birmingham–Southern Panthers football team was an American football team that represented Birmingham–Southern College as an independent during the 1919 college football season. In their first season under head coach Charles H. Brown, the team compiled a 4–3 record.


1919 Birthday Honours
The 1919 Birthday Honours were appointments by King George V to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of the British Empire. The appointments were made to celebrate the official birthday of The King, and were published in The London Gazette from 3 June to 12 August. The vast majority of the awards were related to the recently ended War, and were divided by military campaigns. A supplementary list of honours, retroactive to the King's birthday, was released in December 1919.


1919 Birthday Honours
The massive list contained nearly 10,000 names, more than half of which were appointments to the Order of the British Empire. "The lists of awards to the Army are so long that only a part of the first section can be published to-day," reported The Times on 3 June. "This section fills 131 pages of the London Gazette." Admiral of the Fleet Sir David Beatty and Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig were both appointed to the Order of Merit. As The Times noted, "The successful leadership of the victorious British Forces by land and sea is happily recognized by the award of the Order of Merit — which is limited in numbers to 24 — to Sir David Beatty and Sir Douglas Haig."


1919 Birthday Honours
The new peers and baronets were not announced until August.


1919 Birthday Honours
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Honourable Order of the Bath, Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB)
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in the Balkans —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Honourable Order of the Bath, Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB)
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in Egypt —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Honourable Order of the Bath, Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB)
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in France and Flanders —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Honourable Order of the Bath, Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB)
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in Italy —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Honourable Order of the Bath, Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB)
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in the Balkans —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Honourable Order of the Bath, Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB)
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in France and Flanders —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Honourable Order of the Bath, Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB)
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in Italy —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Honourable Order of the Bath, Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB)
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in Mesopotamia


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India, Knight Commander (KCSI)
For services in, and in connection, with, the military operations in Mesopotamia —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India, Companion (CSI)
For services in, and in connection, with, the military operations in Mesopotamia —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG)
For services rendered in connection with military operations in the Balkans —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG)
For services rendered in connection with military operations in Egypt —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG)
For services rendered in connection with military operations in France and Flanders —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG)
For services rendered in connection with military operations in Italy —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG)
For services rendered in connection with military operations in Mesopotamia —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG)
For services rendered in connection with military operations in the Aden Peninsula —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG)
For services rendered in connection with military operations in the Balkans —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG)
For services rendered in connection with military operations in Egypt —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG)
For services rendered in connection with military operations in France and Flanders —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG)
For services rendered in connection with military operations in Italy —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG)
For services rendered in connection with military operations in Mesopotamia —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG)
For services rendered in connection with military operations in the Balkans —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG)
For services rendered in connection with military operations in France and Flanders —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG)
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in Italy —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG)
For services rendered in connection with military operations in Mesopotamia —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG)
For services rendered in connection with military operations in North Russia (Archangel Command) —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG)
For services rendered in connection with military operations in North Russia (Murmansk Command) —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire, Knight Commander (KCIE)
For valuable services rendered in connection with the military operations in France —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire, Companion (CIE)
For services in connection with military operations in East Africa—


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire, Companion (CIE)
For services in connection with the military operations in Mesopotamia —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE)
In recognition of distinguished services rendered during the War —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE)
For services rendered in connection with military operations in the Balkans —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE)
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in Egypt —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE)
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in France and Flanders —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE)
For services rendered in connection with military operations in Italy —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE)
In recognition of services of in connection with the War —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)
For services rendered in connection with military operations in the Balkans —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in East Africa—


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)
For valuable service rendered in connection with military operations in France —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in German South West Africa —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in Italy —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in North Russia (Murmansk Command) —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in Mesopotamia —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)
In recognition of services of in connection with the War —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)
For valuable services rendered in connection with the War —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, Royal Red Cross (RRC), First Class
In recognition of valuable services-with the British Forces in the Balkans —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, Royal Red Cross (RRC), First Class
In recognition of valuable services with the British Forces in Egypt —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, Royal Red Cross (RRC), First Class
In recognition of valuable services with the Armies in France and Flanders —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, Royal Red Cross (RRC), First Class
In recognition of valuable services with the British Forces in Italy —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, Royal Red Cross (RRC), First Class
In recognition of valuable services with the British Forces in Mesopotamia —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, Royal Red Cross (RRC), First Class
In recognition of valuable services with the British Forces in East Africa —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, Royal Red Cross (RRC), Second Class
In recognition of valuable nursing services in connection with the War —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, Royal Red Cross (RRC), Second Class
In recognition of valuable services-with the British Forces in the Balkans —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, Royal Red Cross (RRC), Second Class
In recognition of valuable services with the British Forces in Egypt —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, Royal Red Cross (RRC), Second Class
In recognition of valuable services with the Armies in France and Flanders —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, Royal Red Cross (RRC), Second Class
In recognition of valuable services with the British Forces in Italy —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, Royal Red Cross (RRC), Second Class
In recognition of valuable services with the British Forces in Mesopotamia


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, Royal Red Cross (RRC), Second Class
In recognition of valuable services with the British Forces in East Africa —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, Royal Red Cross (RRC), Second Class
In recognition of valuable services within the Union of South Africa in connection with the War —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, Royal Red Cross (RRC), Awarded a Bar to the Royal Red Cross
In recognition of valuable services with the Armies in Egypt —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, Royal Red Cross (RRC), Awarded a Bar to the Royal Red Cross
In recognition of valuable services with the Armies in France and Flanders —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, Royal Red Cross (RRC), Awarded a Bar to the Royal Red Cross
In recognition of valuable services with the British Forces in Italy —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, Royal Red Cross (RRC), Awarded a Bar to the Royal Red Cross
In recognition of valuable services with the British Forces in Mesopotamia


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, Distinguished Service Order (DSO)
In recognition of distinguished services rendered during the war —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, Distinguished Service Order (DSO)
For distinguished service in connection with military operations in the Balkans —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, Distinguished Service Order (DSO)
For distinguished service in connection with military operations in East Africa —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, Distinguished Service Order (DSO)
For distinguished services rendered in connection with military operations in Eastern Russia —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, Distinguished Service Order (DSO)
For distinguished service in connection with military operations in France and Flanders—


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, Distinguished Service Order (DSO)
For distinguished service in connection with military operations in Italy —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, Distinguished Service Order (DSO)
For distinguished services rendered in connection with military operations in Mesopotamia —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, Distinguished Service Order (DSO), Awarded a Bar to the Distinguished Service Order (DSO*)
In recognition of distinguished services rendered during the war —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, Distinguished Service Order (DSO), Awarded a Bar to the Distinguished Service Order (DSO*)
For distinguished service in connection with military operations in France and Flanders—


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, Distinguished Service Order (DSO), Awarded a Bar to the Distinguished Service Order (DSO*)
For distinguished service in connection with military operations in Italy —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, Meritorious Service Medal (MSM)
For valuable services rendered within the Union of South Africa in connection with the War —


1919 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, Meritorious Service Medal (MSM)
For valuable services rendered in the Field in connection with the Campaign in German South-West Africa —


1919 Birthday Honours (MBE)
This is a list of Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) awards in the 1919 Birthday Honours.


1919 Birthday Honours (MBE)
The 1919 Birthday Honours were appointments by King George V to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of the British Empire. The appointments were made to celebrate the official birthday of The King, and were published in The London Gazette from 3 June to 12 August. The vast majority of the awards were related to the recently ended War, and were divided by military campaigns. A supplementary list of honours, retroactive to the King's birthday, was released in December 1919.


1919 Birthday Honours (MBE), Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) awards, Military Division
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in the Aden Peninsula —


1919 Birthday Honours (MBE), Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) awards, Military Division
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in the Balkans —


1919 Birthday Honours (MBE), Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) awards, Military Division
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in East Africa—


1919 Birthday Honours (MBE), Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) awards, Military Division
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in German South West Africa —


1919 Birthday Honours (MBE), Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) awards, Military Division
For valuable service rendered in connection with military operations in France —


1919 Birthday Honours (MBE), Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) awards, Military Division
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in Italy —


1919 Birthday Honours (MBE), Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) awards, Military Division
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in Mesopotamia —Lt. Robert Smith Aitchison, Royal Army Service Corps


1919 Birthday Honours (MBE), Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) awards, Military Division
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in North Russia (Archangel Command) —


1919 Birthday Honours (MBE), Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) awards, Military Division
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in North Russia (Murmansk Command) —


1919 Birthday Honours (MBE), Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) awards, Military Division
For valuable services rendered in connection with the War —


1919 Birthday Honours (MC)
This is a list of Military Crosses (MC) awards in the 1919 Birthday Honours.


1919 Birthday Honours (MC)
The 1919 Birthday Honours were appointments by King George V to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of the British Empire. The appointments were made to celebrate the official birthday of The King, and were published in The London Gazette from 3 June to 12 August. The vast majority of the awards were related to the recently ended War, and were divided by military campaigns. A supplementary list of honours, retroactive to the King's birthday, was released in December 1919.


1919 Birthday Honours (MC), Military Cross (MC)
For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in the Aden Peninsula —


1919 Birthday Honours (MC), Military Cross (MC)
For distinguished service in connection with military operations in the Balkans —


1919 Birthday Honours (MC), Military Cross (MC)
For distinguished services rendered in connection with military operations in Eastern Russia —


1919 Birthday Honours (MC), Military Cross (MC)
For distinguished service in connection with military operations in France and Flanders—


1919 Birthday Honours (MC), Military Cross (MC)
For distinguished service in connection with military operations in Italy —


1919 Birthday Honours (MC), Military Cross (MC)
For distinguished services rendered in connection with military operations in North Russia (Archangel Command) —


1919 Birthday Honours (MC), Military Cross (MC), Awarded a Bar to the Military Cross (MC*)
For distinguished service in connection with military operations in East Africa —


1919 Birthday Honours (MC), Military Cross (MC), Awarded a Bar to the Military Cross (MC*)
For distinguished service in connection with military operations in France and Flanders—


1919 Birthday Honours (MC), Military Cross (MC), Awarded a Second Bar to the Military Cross (MC**)
For distinguished service in connection with military operations in France and Flanders—


1919 Birthday Honours (New Zealand)
The 1919 King's Birthday Honours in New Zealand, celebrating the official birthday of King George V, were appointments made by the King on the recommendation of the New Zealand government to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by New Zealanders. They were announced on or dated 3 June 1919.


1919 Birthday Honours (New Zealand)
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour.


1919 Birthday Honours (OBE)
This is a list of Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) awards in the 1919 Birthday Honours.


1919 Birthday Honours (OBE)
The 1919 Birthday Honours were appointments by King George V to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of the British Empire. The appointments were made to celebrate the official birthday of The King, and were published in The London Gazette from 3 June to 12 August. The vast majority of the awards were related to the recently ended War, and were divided by military campaigns. A supplementary list of honours, retroactive to the King's birthday, was released in December 1919.


1919 Birthday Honours (OBE), Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) awards, Military Division, For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in Mesopotamia
Capt. Robert Edward Alderman CIE Indian Army Reserve of Officers


1919 Blankenberge police station bombing
In the aftermath of the First World War, Belgium and its people started to repair its war damage and mourn their losses. However, before they could move on, a number of revenge actions shocked the country. Most of these crimes went unpunished as the perpetrators could easily get away in the chaos that gripped Belgium because the country was still trying to restore order. The attack on the Blankenberge police station however was one of the worst of these attacks and is still commemorated to this day in the city, mainly because the 1919 Blankenberge police force only consisted of police commissioner A. Naessens and five other officers.


1919 Blankenberge police station bombing, Attack
On the night of 7 May 1919, several police officers had finished their night patrol and were returning to the police station. When they arrived at the station, two officers found a linen-wrapped sack near the doorstep. Not being suspicious of it, the officers took the package in to see what was inside. Officer Cornelis Ponjaert opened the sack and found a bike chain as well as a metal box which was wrapped with thin ropes. When Ponjaert unwound the ropes a big explosion suddenly occurred, immediately followed by another even bigger explosion. Everything in the waiting room was broken and thrown about and the remaining officers were thrown to the ground.


1919 Blankenberge police station bombing, Attack
Officer Ponjaert, aged 56 (who opened the package) was fatally injured and died a half hour later. Two other officers were seriously injured as well one of them died of his injuries in the hospital and another officer was left slightly injured. Only one officer and the commissioner were left unharmed.


1919 Blankenberge police station bombing, Aftermath
The attack was published in many news papers including Het Brugsch Handelsblad and caused an uproar in the city. An immediate search for those responsible was held and two brothers were arrested and placed under suspicion of the crime. But they were released when the police concluded there was not enough evidence to grand a conviction. No further arrests or suspects were found. It was later concluded that this tragic act of terrorism was most likely a revenge act targeted against the police.


1919 Blankenberge police station bombing, Aftermath
The two victims of the tragedy are buried alongside each other in the graveyard of Blankenberge at the Ereperk der plicht where everybody who was killed while acting out their duty are buried.


1919 Boston Braves season
The 1919 Boston Braves season was the 49th season of the franchise.


1919 Boston Braves season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1919 Boston Braves season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1919 Boston Braves season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1919 Boston Braves season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1919 Boston Braves season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1919 Boston College football team
The 1919 Boston College football team represented Boston College during the 1919 college football season.


1919 Boston Red Sox season
The 1919 Boston Red Sox season was the 19th season in the franchise's Major League Baseball history. The Red Sox finished sixth in the American League (AL) with a record of 66 wins and 71 losses, 20+1⁄2 games behind the Chicago White Sox. The team played its home games at Fenway Park.


1919 Boston Red Sox season
While World War I had ended in November 1918, players who had been drafted returned gradually during 1919. The season was shortened from 154 to 140 games and did not begin until mid-April, with the Red Sox playing their first game on April 23.


1919 Boston Red Sox season, Regular season
In his last year playing for the Red Sox, Babe Ruth had his breakout offensive season having been converted into an outfielder. He set a major league record with 29 home runs and also led the league in runs batted in and runs scored. Ruth also made 15 pitching starts, going 9–5 with a 2.97 earned run average.


1919 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1919 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1919 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1919 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1919 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1919 Bothwell by-election
The Bothwell by-election of 1919 was held on 16 July 1919. The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Coalition Conservative MP, David Henderson Macdonald. It was won by the Labour candidate John Robertson.


1919 Bowling Green Normals football team
The 1919 Bowling Green Normals football team was an American football team that represented Bowling Green State Normal School (later Bowling Green State University) during the 1919 college football season. In its first season of intercollegiate football, Bowling Green compiled a 0–3 record and was outscored by a total of 28 to 0. John Stitt was the coach, and Dale Treece was the team captain.


1919 Brazilian presidential election
Early presidential elections were held in Brazil on 13 April 1919, following the death of Rodrigues Alves, who had been elected the previous year. The result was a victory for Epitácio Pessoa of the Paraíba Republican Party (and supported by the Republican Party of São Paulo and the Mineiro Republican Party), who received 71.0% of the vote.


1919 Bremen state election
The 1919 Bremen state election was held on 9 March 1919 to elect the 200 members of the Bremen National Assembly.


1919 Bromley by-election
The Bromley by-election of 1919 was held on 17 December 1919. The by-election was held due to the elevation to the peerage of the incumbent Coalition Conservative MP, Henry Forster. It was won by the Coalition Conservative candidate Cuthbert James.


1919 Brooklyn Robins season
The 1919 Brooklyn Robins finished the season in fifth place.


1919 Brooklyn Robins season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1919 Brooklyn Robins season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1919 Brooklyn Robins season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1919 Brooklyn Robins season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1919 Brooklyn Robins season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1919 Brown Bears football team
The 1919 Brown Bears football team represented Brown University during the 1919 college football season.


1919 Bucknell football team
The 1919 Bucknell football team was an American football team that represented Bucknell University as an independent during the 1919 college football season. In its first season under head coach Pete Reynolds, the team compiled a 5–4–1 record.


1919 Buffalo Prospects season
The 1919 Buffalo Prospects season played in the New York Pro Football League and would go on to post a 9–1–1 record. The next year, the team would move into the American Professional Football Association (later renamed the National Football League).


1919 Buffalo Prospects season
The war and flu restrictions that had hampered the 1918 pro football season were no longer in place, and statewide play reopened after a one-year hiatus. Tommy Hughitt, who led the Buffalo Niagaras to a dominating championship among four semi-pro teams in Buffalo in 1918, initially left for Ohio in an attempt to revive the Youngstown Patricians; after one week, the Patricians folded, and by week 2, Hughitt was back in Buffalo, where he would spend the rest of his life. Hughitt signed with the Prospects, eventually leading them to the state championship.


1919 Bulgarian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Bulgaria on 17 August 1919. The result was a victory for the Bulgarian Agrarian National Union, which won 77 of the 236 seats. Voter turnout was 54.5%.


1919 Cal Poly Mustangs football team
The 1919 Cal Poly Mustangs football team represented California Polytechnic School, now California Polytechnic State University, in the 1919 college football season. The team was led by H. Hess, in his first season, and outscored their opponents 103–6 en route to the team's first undefeated and untied season.


1919 Calgary municipal election
The 1919 Calgary municipal election was held on December 10, 1919 to a Mayor and six Aldermen to sit on Calgary City Council. Additionally a Commissioner, four members for the Public School Board, three members for the Separate School Board, and six members of the Hospital Board were elected.


1919 Calgary municipal election
There were twelve aldermen on city council, but six of the positions were already filled: David Ernest Black, Frederick Arthur Johnston, John McCoubrey, Alexander McTaggart, Frederick Ernest Osborne and Fred J. White, were all elected to two-year terms in 1918 and were still in office.


1919 Calgary municipal election
A number of plebiscites were held, all requiring a majority to pass.


1919 Calgary municipal election
The election was held under the Single Transferable Voting/Proportional Representation (STV/PR) with the term for Alderman being two years and the Mayor being one year.


1919 Calgary municipal election
The turnout of 7,052 was the largest turnout in Calgary's history at the time, despite temperatures forecasted for -26 °C.


1919 Calgary municipal election, Background
The Calgary Daily Herald would endorse Robert Colin Marshall for mayor, noting his accomplishments throughout his previous term including a proposal for favorable view of a Dominion government housing scheme, and improvements to the City's hospitals. The Herald would also endorse Adams, Freeze, Shouldice, Stevenson, Sylvester and Webster for Alderman roles.


1919 Calgary municipal election, Background
Voting Rights for the election were significantly extended. As provided by The Calgary Daily Herald on December 6, 1919:The following persons are entitled to vote at the municipal elections on Wednesday December 10, 1919:


1919 Calgary municipal election, Results, Plebiscites, Early Closing Bylaw
Are you in favor of amending Early Closing Bylaw 1918, so as to permit the Druggists to sell after closing hours the following goods: Infants' Foods and Infant necessities, Tooth preparations, Tooth Brishes, Toilet articles, (excluding toilet and manicure sets or cases), Shaving supplies, Perfumes, Toilet Waters, Chest protectors, Whisks and Brushes, Rubber sundries, Toilet soap, Dyes, Amateur Developing and Printing.


1919 Calgary municipal election, Results, Plebiscites, Aldermen Pay
To pay Aldermen $500 per year with deductions for non-attendance at meetings.


1919 Calgary municipal election, Results, Plebiscites, Civic Improvements Bylaw
Four separate votes on bylaw to spend $940,000 on civic improvements.


1919 California Golden Bears football team
The 1919 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California, Berkeley in the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) during the 1919 college football season. In their fourth year under head coach Andy Smith, the team compiled a 6–2–1 record (2–2 against PCC opponents), finished in a tie for third place in the PCC, and outscored its opponents by a combined total of 147 to 64.


1919 Campeonato Carioca
The 1919 Campeonato Carioca, the fourteenth edition of the annual football championship of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, kicked off on June 8, 1919 and ended on January 6, 1920. It was organized by LMDT (Liga Metropolitana de Desportos Terrestres, or Metropolitan Land Sports League). Ten teams participated. Fluminense won the title for the 8th time. Carioca was relegated.


1919 Campeonato Carioca, System
The tournament would be disputed in a double round-robin format, with the team with the most points winning the title. The team with the fewest points would dispute a playoff against the champions of the second level.


1919 Campeonato Carioca, Championship, Relegation playoffs
The last-placed team, Carioca, would dispute a playoff against Palmeiras, champions of the Second Level. Carioca won the first match by 4-1, but the league annulled the match after it was found that Carioca had fielded two ineligible players. A rematch was held in March 1920, which ended with Palmeiras winning by 4-2 and being promoted to the first level.


1919 Campeonato Paulista
The 1919 Campeonato Paulista, organized by the APEA (Associação Paulista de Esportes Atléticos), was the 18th season of São Paulo's top association football league. Paulistano won the title for the 7th time. the top scorer was Ypiranga's Arthur Friedenreich with 26 goals.


1919 Campeonato Paulista, System
The championship was disputed in a double-round robin system, with the team with the most points winning the title. The second round matches between the four bottom teams weren't held.


1919 Canton Bulldogs season
The 1919 Canton Bulldogs season was their tenth season in the Ohio League, and their last before entering the National Football League in 1920. The team finished 9–0–1.


1919 Canton Bulldogs season, Schedule
The table below was compiled using the information from The Pro Football Archives, which uses various contemporary newspapers. For the results column, the winning team's score is posted first followed by the result for the Bulldogs. For the attendance, if a cell is greyed out and has "N/A", then that means there is an unknown figure for that game. The green-colored rows indicates a win.


1919 Cardiff City Council election
The 1919 Cardiff City Council election was held on Saturday 1 November 1919 to elect councillors to Cardiff City Council in Cardiff, Glamorgan, Wales.


1919 Cardiff City Council election
This was the first all-Cardiff elections for six years, due to the occurrence of 1914-18 Great War. The previous elections were in November 1913 and the next annual all-Cardiff elections were to take place as normal on 1 November 1920.


1919 Cardiff City Council election
The election saw control of the council transfer from the Conservative Party to the Liberals.


1919 Cardiff City Council election, Background
Cardiff County Borough Council had been created in 1889. Cardiff became a city in 1905. Elections to the local authority were held annually, though not all council seats were included in each contest, because the three councillors in each ward stood down for election in three-yearly rotation.


1919 Cardiff City Council election, Background
The council consisted of 30 councillors who were elected by the town's voters and ten aldermen who were elected by the councillors. Ten seats were up for election in November 1919.


1919 Cardiff City Council election, Overview of the result
Contests took place in all ten of the Cardiff electoral wards in November 1919. In addition to candidates standing under the Conservative, Liberal and Labour tickets, there were men standing from discharged soldiers' organisations, as Ex-Service men candidates. Press interest was also raised by a 'lady candidate' in the Roath ward, who was standing for the Women's Council. Mrs Janet Price Williams was unsuccessful in her bid to be Cardiff's first woman councillor.


1919 Cardiff City Council election, Overview of the result
The election news was dominated by the successes of the Labour and Ex-Servicemen candidates in South Wales. Four Labour and three Ex-Servicemen won seats in Cardiff.


1919 Cardiff City Council election, Overview of the result, Council composition
The composition of the council immediately prior to these elections as Conservatives 20, Liberals 19, Independent 1. Following the November 1919 election the balance had changed, to 17 Liberal, 15 Conservative, 4 Labour, 3 Ex-Servicemen, 1 Independent.


1919 Cardiganshire County Council election
The tenth elections for Cardiganshire County Council took place in March 1919. They were preceded by the 1913 election and followed by the 1922 election. No election took place in 1916 due to the First World War.


1919 Cardiganshire County Council election, Overview of the result
Despite the upheaval of the war years the Liberals refined their majority.


1919 Cardiganshire County Council election, Candidates
As in previous elections, there were a large number of unopposed returns. In all 31 members were returned without a contest.


1919 Cardiganshire County Council election, Contested elections
It was stated that the bitterest fights were between candidates of the same political persuasion.


1919 Cardiganshire County Council election, Retiring aldermen
Eight aldermen retired, all of whom were Liberals. Their six-year terms had ended in 1916 but they had been re-appointed in 1916 until fresh elections were held. Two of their number, Lima Jones (elected alderman in 1916 following the death of Morgan Evans) at Aberaeron and E. James Davies at New Quay, contested the election and the former was defeated in one of the surprises of the election. D.C. Roberts, R.J.R. Loxadale and the Rev John Williams were re-elected aldermen but Vaughan Davies, the Rev David Evans and D.L. Jones stood down.


1919 Cardiganshire County Council election, Election of Aldermen
Eight aldermen were elected, including only one Conservative, R.S. Rowlands.


1919 Cardiganshire County Council election, By-elections, Llanilar by-election
E.J. Evans, Cwncybarcud, who previously represented Llanrhystud from 1901 until 1904 was returned unopposed following the appointment of R.J.R. Loxdale as alderman.


1919 Cardiganshire County Council election, By-elections, Lledrod by-election
A Liberal candidate was returned unopposed for Lledrod following the appointment of Daniel L. Jones as alderman.


1919 Cardiganshire County Council election, By-elections, New Quay by-election
Following the appointment of E.J. Davies as alderman no valid nomination was initially received.


1919 Carmarthen Rural District Council election
An election to the Carmarthen Rural District Council in Wales was held in April 1919. It was preceded by the 1913 election due to the scheduled 1916 election being postponed due to the First World War, and was followed by the 1922 election. Eleven members were returned unopposed and, in addition, the retiring member was returned for Llandawke and Llansadurnen after no nominations were received. The successful candidates were also elected to the Carmarthen Board of Guardians.


1919 Carmarthen Rural District Council election, Overview of the results
These were the first elections for six years and a number of sitting members were defeated. Labour candidates stood for the first time. In Llanarthney, both were heavily defeated but in Llangendeirne, Richard Williams defeated long-serving member D.T. Gilbert by two votes. In St Ishmaels, Rosina Davies, a prominent figure in the 1904-05 Religious Revival sought election but finished bottom of the poll.


1919 Carmarthen Rural District Council election, Ward Results, Llandawke and Llansadurnen (one seat)
No nomination was received therefore the retiring member was returned unopposed.


1919 Carmarthen Rural District Council election, Carmarthen Board of Guardians
All members of the District Council also served as members of Carmarthen Board of Guardians. In addition six members were elected to represent the borough of Carmarthen. All six sitting members were returned unopposed.


1919 Carmarthenshire County Council election
An election to the Carmarthenshire County Council was held in March 1919. It was preceded by the 1913 election and followed by the 1922 election.


1919 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Overview of the result
The elections were less politicised than in the pre-war era, with more candidates being elected without any declared political affiliations. The non-political nature of the contests was emphasized by the traditionally Conservative Carmarthen Journal, which had long opposed the politicized nature of local authority elections. Other publications, however, included political affiliations in their coverage of the results.


1919 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Unopposed returns
22 of the 53 divisions were uncontested, with the majority of the unopposed returns being in the rural parts of the county.


1919 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Contested elections
A greater proportion of the sitting members were challenged than had been the case in most pre-war contests and a number of prominent members were defeated including Mervyn Peel, former Conservative candidate for East Carmarthenshire, at Llangadog. In Carmarthen, the Rev. Andrew Fuller Mills was defeated by an ex-serviceman.


1919 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Contested elections
In Llanelli, D.C. Parry, a Liberal member of the Council since its formation, was defeated by Gwendoline Trubshaw, who received the support of the Discharged and Demobilised Soldiers' and Sailors' Association.


1919 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Contested elections
Other contests in Llanelli town and in the surrounding areas saw significant support for the Labour party, which captured a number of seats, building on the strong result achieved by Dr J.H. Williams at the General Election the previous year.


1919 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Contested elections
In some cases there is an ambiguity in the sources over the party affiliations and this is explained below in relation to individual ward contests where relevant.


1919 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Summary of results
This section summarises the detailed results which are noted in the following sections. As noted, there was ambiguity in some cases over the party affiliation.


1919 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Summary of results
This table summarises the result of the elections in all wards. 51 councillors were elected.


1919 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Ward results, Llandilo Urban
Lord Dynevor captured the seat previously held by J. Towyn Jones MP.


1919 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Ward results, Llanelly Division 6
In pre-war contests, Joseph Roberts had stood as a Labour candidate.


1919 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Ward results, Llanfihangel Aberbythick
Thomas Thomas received the support of the Trades and Labour Council. However, he was regarded as a Liberal candidate in most quarters.


1919 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Election of aldermen
In addition to the 53 councillors the council consisted of 17 county aldermen. Aldermen were elected by the council, and served a six-year term.


1919 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Election of aldermen
The following aldermen stood down at the election. None of them stood at the election and were re-elected at the statutory meeting. Labour councillor Dr J.H. Williams gave notice that he would propose that, in future, all aldermen should seek re-election to the Council before retaining their seats on the aldermanic bench.


1919 Central Michigan Normalites football team
The 1919 Central Michigan Normalites football team represented Central Michigan Normal School, later renamed Central Michigan University, as an independent during the 1919 college football season. The Central Michigan football team compiled a 2–2–3 record and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 89 to 88.


1919 Central Michigan Normalites football team
The team's victories were against Ferris State (7–0) and Bay City Western High School (34–6), the losses were against the Michigan Agricultural frosh team (6–14) and Detroit City College (14–42), and the ties were with Saginaw East High School (13–13), Grand Rapids Junior College (7–7), and the 1919 Michigan State Normal Normalites football team (7–7).


1919 Central Michigan Normalites football team
Chief Nevitt was hired as the school's head football coach in March 1919. He was an alumnus of Carlisle Indian Industrial School where he played with Jim Thorpe; he had been the football coach at the Mount Pleasant Indian School for three years before being hired by Central Normal.


1919 Centre Praying Colonels football team
The 1919 Centre Praying Colonels football team represented Centre College in the 1919 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The Praying Colonels scored 485 points, leading the nation, while allowing 23 points and finishing their season with a perfect record of 9–0. The team was retroactively selected by Jeff Sagarin as national champion for the 1919 season.


1919 Centre Praying Colonels football team
Quarterback Bo McMillin and center James "Red" Weaver were named to Walter Camp's first-team 1919 College Football All-America Team. Just the year before, Georgia's Bum Day had been the first player from the South ever selected to Camp's first team– and Centre thus became the first Southern school with two. Fullback and end James "Red" Roberts was named to Camp's third team.


1919 Centre Praying Colonels football team
The highlight of the season was the win over West Virginia. McMillin had the team pray before it, forever giving the Centre College Colonels its alternate moniker of "Praying Colonels."


1919 Centre Praying Colonels football team, Before the season
Five Centre regulars were natives of Fort Worth, Texas, namely quarterback Bo McMillin, Bill James, Sully Montgomery, Matty Bell, and Red Weaver. They were accused of being professionals, but the charges were rebuked by season's end. "Without Bo it would not be a Centre team."


1919 Centre Praying Colonels football team, Before the season
Former Centre player and North Side High School head coach Robert L. Myers was to bring McMillin, Weaver,  and the above teammates to Centre. However, McMillin and Weaver  did not have sufficient credits to enter college, and thus entered Somerset High School for the 1916-17 year, playing with Red Roberts.


1919 Centre Praying Colonels football team, Schedule
A game with Maryville was scheduled but never played due to Maryville injuries.


1919 Centre Praying Colonels football team, Season summary, Week 1: Hanover
On opening day, Centre swamped Hanover, 95–0. Eight different players scored. Roberts was shifted from fullback to tackle, and played well.


1919 Centre Praying Colonels football team, Season summary, Week 1: Hanover
The starting lineup was King (left end), Roberts (left tackle), Montgomery (left guard), Bell (center), Van Antwerp (right guard), Coleman (right tackle), Whitnell (right end), McMillin (quarterback), Murphy (left halfback), Davis (right halfback), Diddle (fullback).


1919 Centre Praying Colonels football team, Season summary, Week 2: at Indiana
Centre beat Indiana, 12–3. Indiana was up 3–0 with 2:20 left in the game, when Centre started its comeback victory. McMillin and Roberts worked it towards the goal, Roberts going over. Indiana was then desperate to even the score, and McMillin intercepted a pass, and returned it for a touchdown, dodging and straight arming the entire Indiana eleven. Indiana's three points came early in the first period, when its quarterback, Mathys, made a 35-yard drop kick.


1919 Centre Praying Colonels football team, Season summary, Week 2: at Indiana
The starting lineup was Whitnell (left end), Montgomery (left tackle), Van Antwerp (left guard), Garrett (center), Coleman (right guard), James (right tackle), McCullom (right end), McMillin (quarterback), Bittle (left halfback), Davis (right halfback), Roberts (fullback).


1919 Centre Praying Colonels football team, Season summary, Week 4: Transylvania
In the fourth week of play, the Colonels beat the Transylvania, 69–0. Transylvania's Milton broken several bones in his foot the week previous.


1919 Centre Praying Colonels football team, Season summary, Week 5: at Virginia
Centre's backfield starred and smashed the Virginia Cavaliers, 49–7 in the mud. Joe Murphy had a 75-yard touchdown run. Soon after, McMillin went 70 yards for a touchdown. Kuyk scored Virginia's points.


1919 Centre Praying Colonels football team, Season summary, Week 5: at Virginia
The starting lineup was Bell (left end), Montgomery (left tackle), Van Antwerp (left guard), Weaver (center), Cregor (right guard), James (right tackle), Snoddy (right end), McMillin (quarterback), Armstrong (left halfback), Davis (right halfback), Roberts (fullback).


1919 Centre Praying Colonels football team, Season summary, Week 6: at West Virginia
The sixth week of play brought the highlight of the season — a 14–6 comeback win over West Virginia and the nation's leading scorer Ira Rodgers. McMillin had the team pray before the game, forever giving the Centre College Colonels its alternate moniker of "Praying Colonels."


1919 Centre Praying Colonels football team, Season summary, Week 6: at West Virginia
Rodgers came out passing and West Virginia scores first early when he bucked it over. Later, a 25-yard pass from McMillin to Terry Snoddy brought the ball near the goal. Roberts eventually scored. Centre had another touchdown drive in the last quarter, ending in McMillin sidestepping for a touchdown. Murphy was in a flimsy track suit and track shoes.


1919 Centre Praying Colonels football team, Season summary, Week 6: at West Virginia
The starting lineup was Bell (left end), Montgomery (left tackle), Van Antwerp (left guard), Weaver (center), Cregor (right guard), Jones (right tackle), Snoddy (right end), McMillin (quarterback), Davis (left halfback), Armstrong (right halfback), Roberts (fullback).


1919 Centre Praying Colonels football team, Season summary, Week 7: Kentucky
With a large crowd at home on Cheek Field, the Colonels beat rival Kentucky, 56–0, giving the Wildcats their worst loss on the season. Roberts had three touchdowns.


1919 Centre Praying Colonels football team, Season summary, Week 7: Kentucky
The starting lineup was Bell (left end), Montgomery (left tackle), Van Antwerp (left guard), Weaver (center), Cregor (right guard), James (right tackle), Snoddy (right end), McMillin (quarterback), Davis (left halfback), Armstrong (right halfback), Roberts (fullback).


1919 Centre Praying Colonels football team, Season summary, Week 8: vs. DePauw
The Colonels defeated the DePauw in Louisville 56–0. McMillin's passes "aroused the wonderment of the crowd." The first touchdown came on an 18-yard pass to Army Armstrong.


1919 Centre Praying Colonels football team, Season summary, Week 8: vs. DePauw
The starting lineup was Bell (left end), Montgomery (left tackle), Van Antwerp (left guard), Weaver (center), Cregor (right guard), James (right tackle), Snoddy (right end), McMillin (quarterback), Armstrong (left halfback), Davis (right halfback), Roberts (fullback).


1919 Centre Praying Colonels football team, Season summary, Week 9: at Georgetown
Centre rolled up a 77–7 score on the Georgetown Tigers. Georgetown's one score came off a 65-yard fumble return. Weaver made 11  straight extra points.


1919 Centre Praying Colonels football team, Season summary, Week 9: at Georgetown
The starting lineup was Bell (left end), Montgomery (left tackle), Van Antwerp (left guard), Weaver (center), Cregor (right guard), James (right tackle), Snoddy (right end), McMillin (quarterback), Davis (left halfback), Armstrong (right halfback), Roberts (fullback).


1919 Centre Praying Colonels football team, Postseason, Legacy
Red Weaver made 47 out of 48 extra points with 46 in a row, and held the NCAA record with 99 consecutive points after touchdowns in the 1919 and 1920 seasons. Weaver was put at the placekicker position on an Associated Press Southeast Area All-Time football team 1869-1919 era.


1919 Centre Praying Colonels football team, Postseason, Legacy
The season brought national attention to the small town of Danville.


1919 Centre Praying Colonels football team, Postseason, Awards and honors
Due to the dispute over professionalism, most writers picked Auburn as SIAA champion. The team was retroactively selected by Jeff Sagarin as the national champion for the 1919 season.


1919 Centre Praying Colonels football team, Postseason, Awards and honors
McMillin and Weaver were named to Walter Camp's first-team 1919 College Football All-America Team. Just the year before Bum Day was the first Southern player ever selected to Camp's first team – and Centre became the first school with two. Fullback and end Red Roberts was named to Camp's third team.


1919 Centre Praying Colonels football team, Players, Depth chart
The following chart provides a visual depiction of Centre's lineup during the 1919 season with games started at the position reflected in parenthesis. The chart mimics a single wing on offense.


1919 Centre Praying Colonels football team, Players, Scoring leaders
The following is an incomplete list of statistics and scores, largely dependent on newspaper summaries.


1919 Chattanooga Moccasins football team
The 1919 Chattanooga Moccasins football team represented the University of Chattanooga (now known as the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga) as an independent during the 1919 college football season. In their first season under head coach Silas Williams, the Moccasins completed its nine-game schedule with a record of 3–5–1.


1919 Chester-le-Street by-election
The Chester-le-Street by-election of 1919 was held on 13 November 1919. The by-election was held due to the resignation of the incumbent Labour Member of Parliament (MP), John Wilkinson Taylor. It was won by the Labour candidate Jack Lawson.


1919 Chicago Cubs season
The 1919 Chicago Cubs season was the 48th season of the Chicago Cubs franchise, the 44th in the National League and the 4th at Wrigley Field (then known as "Weeghman Park"). The Cubs finished third in the National League with a record of 75–65.


1919 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1919 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1919 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1919 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1919 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1919 Chicago Maroons football team
The 1919 Chicago Maroons football team was an American football team that represented the University of Chicago during the 1919 college football season. In their 28th season under head coach Amos Alonzo Stagg, the Maroons compiled a 5–2 record, finished in third place in the Big Ten Conference, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 205 to 26.


1919 Chicago White Sox season
The 1919 Chicago White Sox season was their 19th season in the American League. They won 88 games to advance to the World Series but lost to the Cincinnati Reds. More significantly, some of the players were found to have taken money from gamblers in return for throwing the series. The "Black Sox Scandal" had permanent ramifications for baseball, including the establishment of the office of Commissioner of Baseball.


1919 Chicago White Sox season, Regular season
In 1919, Eddie Cicotte led the majors with 29 wins and 30 complete games, going 29–7 for the season with a 1.82 ERA (2nd in AL) and 110 strikeouts (7th in AL). He also led the AL in innings pitched with 240 (shared with Washington Senators pitcher Jim Shaw).


1919 Chicago White Sox season, Regular season
Right fielder Joe Jackson hit .351 (4th in AL) with 7 home runs, 96 RBIs (3rd in AL) and had 181 hits (3rd in AL, only 10 less than league leader Ty Cobb of the Detroit Tigers). Shoeless Joe headed an offense that scored the most runs of any team.


1919 Chicago White Sox season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1919 Chicago White Sox season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1919 Chicago White Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1919 Chicago White Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1919 Chicago White Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1919 Chicago White Sox season, 1919 World Series
NL Cincinnati Reds (5) vs. AL Chicago White Sox (3)


1919 Chicago White Sox season, 1919 World Series, Black Sox Scandal
The Black Sox Scandal refers to a number of events that took place around and during the play of the 1919 World Series. The name "Black Sox" also refers to the Chicago White Sox team from that era. Eight members of the Chicago franchise were banned from baseball for throwing (intentionally losing) games.


1919 Chicago White Sox season, 1919 World Series, Black Sox Scandal, The Fix
The conspiracy was the brainchild of White Sox first baseman Arnold "Chick" Gandil and Joseph "Sport" Sullivan, who was a professional gambler of Gandil's acquaintance. New York gangster Arnold Rothstein supplied the major connections needed. The money was supplied by Abe Attell, former featherweight boxing  champion, who accepted the offer even though he didn't have the $80,000 that the White Sox wanted.


1919 Chicago White Sox season, 1919 World Series, Black Sox Scandal, The Fix
Gandil enlisted seven of his teammates, motivated by a mixture of greed and a dislike of penurious club owner Charles Comiskey, to implement the fix. Starting pitchers Eddie Cicotte and Claude "Lefty" Williams, outfielders "Shoeless" Joe Jackson and Oscar "Happy" Felsch, and infielder Charles "Swede" Risberg were all involved. Buck Weaver was also asked to participate, but refused; he was later banned with the others for knowing of the fix but not reporting it.


1919 Chicago White Sox season, 1919 World Series, Black Sox Scandal, The Fix
Utility infielder Fred McMullin was not initially approached but got word of the fix and threatened to report the others unless he was in on the payoff. Sullivan and his two associates, Sleepy Bill Burns and Billy Maharg, somewhat out of their depth, approached Rothstein to provide the money for the players, who were promised a total of $100,000.


1919 Chicago White Sox season, 1919 World Series, Black Sox Scandal, The Fix
Stories of the "Black Sox" scandal have usually included Comiskey in its gallery of subsidiary villains, focusing in particular on his intentions regarding a clause in Cicotte's contract that would have paid Cicotte an additional $10,000 bonus for winning 30 games. According to Eliot Asinof's account of the events, Eight Men Out, Cicotte was "rested" for the season's final two weeks after reaching his 29th win, presumably to deny him the bonus. In reality, however, Cicotte started the White Sox's last game of the season, September 28th against the Tigers. But, with a 1-0 Chicago lead, Chicago manager Kid Gleason took Cicotte out of the game following the second inning, which assured Cicotte could not get his 30th win.


1919 Chicago mayoral election
In the Chicago mayoral election of 1919, Republican William H. Thompson won reelection, winning a four way race against Democrat Robert Sweitzer (who had also been his opponent in the previous election), independent candidate Maclay Hoyne, and Cook County Labor Party candidate John Fitzpatrick.


1919 Chicago mayoral election
Sweitzer was the Cook County Clerk, Hoyne was Cook County State's Attorney and Fitzpatrick was a trade unionist.


1919 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Democratic primary
Roger Charles Sullivan again backed Robert Sweitzer to be the Democratic Party's mayoral nominee. Sweitzer easily won the Democratic primary.


1919 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Democratic primary
The only significant individual initially willing to put themselves forth as a candidate was Tom Carey, former chair of the county committee during the mayoral administration of Carter Harrison Jr. 1915 nominee Robert Sweitzer originally explicitly indicated that he was disinterested in running again in 1919. There had been some initial rumors that Sullivan himself might run for mayor, however Sullivan killed these rumors. There was an effort to draft former mayor Carter Harrison Jr. Harrison, serving overseas in the Red Cross in France during the ongoing world war was coy about his plans.


1919 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Democratic primary
He only went as far as to pledge that, if Carey were to win the nomination, he would not challenge him as an independent candidate. Sullivan and his deputy John Brennan sought to find a candidate that could unify the disparate factions of the Democratic Party. They appeared to have found a compromise candidate in congressman James McAndrews, who got key approval from the Harrison-Dunne faction of the party. However, Sullivan was unable to get his own faction of the party to support McAndrews as a candidate, killing his viability as a compromise candidate.


1919 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Democratic primary
Ultimately, Sweitzer agreed to run and received Sullivan's backing. Sweitzer was well-respected and, arguably, the most popular Democratic politician in Chicago. While the Harrison-Dunne factions were not enthusiastic about Sweitzer, Sullivan appeased them by having former governor Dunne author the party's 1919 platform, which voiced commitment to home rule for utility matters (protecting such matters from the authority of the state legislature), lower gas truces and greater oversight of the city's traction companies.


1919 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Democratic primary
Sweitzer campaigned vigorously during his primary, delivering many speeches at many rallies. The theme of his campaign was, "I will".


1919 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Democratic primary
Sweitzer faced the candidacy of Tom Carey. Carey, who had been an ally to Harrison during his mayoralty, sought the support of the remaining fragments of the party's Harrison wing. He ran initially as a stalking horse for Harrison, subsequently adjusting his strategy to instead run as the "preferred" candidate of Harrison (which proved ineffective as Harrison did not himself voice his preference). The death of Carey's wife in late January from appendicitis hampered his ability to campaign.


1919 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Republican primary
In the lead-up to the 1919 election, Thompson had been dealt two embarrassing defeats. First, in the 1917 municipal elections Chicagoans voted in a manner which heralded a decisively anti-Thompsonian Chicago City Council. Secondly, Thompson had lost the 1918 Republican U.S. Senate primary.


1919 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Republican primary
Disappointed by his performance in the 1918 Republican U.S. Senate primary, and eager to revive his political capital by winning reelection, incumbent mayor William H. Thompson announced his campaign relatively early, doing so in the autumn of 1918. This forced his opponents to declare soon after.


1919 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Republican primary
Thompson had pressured city workers to rouse enthusiasm for him to seek reelection so he could artificially create a push to "draft" him for the third term.


1919 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Republican primary
Thompson fended off challenges from Harry Olson and Charles E. Merriam, the latter of whom had been the party's mayoral nominee in 1911 and the prior of whom had run against Thompson before in 1915.