1920 United States Senate election in Connecticut, General election, Campaign
In advance of the campaign, Brandegee, worried about losing the new woman's vote, reversed his longtime opposition to women's suffrage. He argued for expedient ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, in order to forestall bitterness by women. Nevertheless, he was opposed by the Connecticut Women's Suffrage Association, who mounted an active and well-funded campaign against him. Brandegee countered this campaign by stressing loyalty to the Republican Party and attributing his past votes as grounded in constitutionalism.


1920 United States Senate election in Connecticut, General election, Campaign
Before and during the campaign, Brandegee was an "irreconcilable" opponent of the Treaty of Versailles. In this fight, he had the strong support of the Connecticut Republican establishment, led by J. Henry Roraback and Governor Marcus Holcomb, as well as sections of the large Irish and Italian populations of the state, a usually Democratic bloc. He drew condemnation from a number of pro-treaty intellectuals, led by Irving Fisher, who formed the "Republicans and Independents Who Oppose the Re-election of Brandegee," a group composed mostly of school teachers, many of whom were associated with Yale University. The nomination of Lonergan, however, dampened this movement; he was tepid in his enthusiasm for the League of Nations.


1920 United States Senate election in Connecticut, General election, Campaign
Brandegee also praised state's rights, condemned Bolshevism and radicalism, and warned of the need for continued military preparedness.


1920 United States Senate election in Connecticut, General election, Campaign
Prohibition was not made an issue in the campaign, as both candidates opposed the Eighteenth Amendment. Union support for Lonergan did not materialize, in part due to ongoing factionalism within the state's labor movement.


1920 United States Senate election in Connecticut, General election, Endorsements
Fellow Senators William Borah, Medill McCormick, Hiram Johnson, and Henry Cabot Lodge all campaigned in Connecticut for Brandegee, along with Nicholas Murray Butler. He was also endorsed by Albert Beveridge and Philander Knox.


1920 United States Senate election in Connecticut, General election, Endorsements
Lonergan received support from Franklin D. Roosevelt, the Democratic nominee for Vice President, who visited the state on September 17.


1920 United States Senate election in Illinois
The 1920 United States Senate election in Illinois took place on November 2, 1920.


1920 United States Senate election in Illinois
Incumbent Republican senator Lawrence Yates Sherman opted to retire rather than seeking reelection. Fellow Republican William B. McKinley was elected to succeed him in office.


1920 United States Senate election in Illinois, Election information
The primaries and general election coincided with those for House and those for state elections, but not those for president. Primaries were held September 15, 1920.


1920 United States Senate election in Illinois, Election information
The 1920 United States Senate elections were the first to be held since the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution granted national women's suffrage. This was the first Illinois U.S. Senate election in which women could vote.


1920 United States Senate election in Illinois, Election information, Background
In 1916, incumbent Lawrence Yates Sherman made the decision to retire from politics and to not seek reelection in 1920, due to his failing hearing, which prevented him from hearing what was said on the Senate floor.


1920 United States Senate election in Louisiana
The 1920 United States Senate election in Louisiana was held on November 2, 1920. Incumbent Senator Edward J. Gay did not run for re-election.


1920 United States Senate election in Louisiana
On September 14, Edwin S. Broussard won the Democratic primary with 45.74% of the vote.


1920 United States Senate election in Louisiana
At this time, Louisiana was a one-party state, and the Democratic nomination was tantamount to victory. Broussard won the November general election without an opponent.


1920 United States Senate election in Maryland
The 1920 United States Senate election in Maryland was held on November 2, 1920. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator John Walter Smith ran for re-election to a third term in office, but was beaten by Republican Ovington Weller.


1920 United States Senate election in New York
The United States Senate election of 1920 in New York was held on November 2, 1920. Incumbent Republican Senator James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr. was re-elected to a second term over Democratic Lieutenant Governor Harry C. Walker.


1920 United States Senate election in North Dakota
The 1920 United States Senate election in North Dakota took place on November 2, 1920. Incumbent Senator Republican Senator Asle Gronna ran for re-election to a third term. However, he was narrowly defeated in the Republican primary by Edwin F. Ladd, the President of the North Dakota Agricultural College, who had been endorsed by the Nonpartisan League. In the general election, Ladd was opposed by H. H. Perry, the Democratic nominee and a Democratic National Committeeman. As Republican presidential nominee Warren G. Harding overwhelmingly won North Dakota over Democratic nominee James M. Cox, Ladd also staked out a wide victory—though his margin of victory was not as large as Harding's.


1920 United States Senate election in Ohio
The 1920 United States Senate special election in Ohio was held on November 2, 1920. Incumbent Republican Senator Warren G. Harding did not run for re-election, opting instead to run for President of the United States. Republican Governor Frank B. Willis defeated William Alexander Julian in the race for the open seat.


1920 United States Senate election in Oklahoma
The 1920 United States Senate election in Oklahoma took place on November 2, 1920. Incumbent Democratic Senator Thomas Gore ran for re-election to a third term. However, he was defeated in the Democratic primary by Congressman Scott Ferris. In the general election, Ferris faced fellow Congressman John W. Harreld, the Republican nominee. Likely helped by Republican presidential nominee Warren G. Harding's victory in Oklahoma over Democratic nominee James M. Cox, Harreld defeated Ferris by a similar margin to Harding's.


1920 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania
The 1920 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on November 2, 1920. Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Boies Penrose successfully sought re-election to another term, defeating Democratic nominee John A. Farrell.


1920 United States Senate election in South Carolina
The 1920 South Carolina United States Senate election was held on November 2, 1920 to select the U.S. Senator from the state of South Carolina. Incumbent Democratic Senator Ellison D. Smith won the Democratic primary and was unopposed in the general election to win another six-year term.


1920 United States Senate election in South Carolina, Democratic primary, Candidates
Smith was the leader in the first primary election on August 31 and won the runoff election two weeks later on September 14. There was no opposition to the Democratic candidate in the general election so Smith was elected to another six-year term in the Senate.


1920 United States Senate election in South Dakota
The 1920 United States Senate election in South Dakota took place on November 2, 1920. Incumbent Democratic Senator Edwin S. Johnson declined to seek re-election to a second term. In the Democratic primary, attorney Ulysses Simpson Grant Cherry defeated former State Senator Louis Napoleon Crill and former U.S. Marshal Tom Taubman, while in the Republican primary, Governor Peter Norbeck defeated former State Supreme Court Justice Dick Haney. In the general election, Cherry and Norbeck faced a litany of independent candidates, including Nonpartisan League candidate Tom Ayres. Benefiting from the split in left-wing candidates, Norbeck won by a wide margin, with Norbeck narrowly beating out Cherry for second place.


1920 United States Senate election in Vermont
The 1920 United States Senate election in Vermont took place on November 2, 1920. Incumbent Republican William P. Dillingham successfully ran for re-election to another term in the United States Senate, defeating Democratic candidate Howard E. Shaw. Dillingham died in July 1923, vacating the seat until a special election could be held in November 1923.


1920 United States Senate elections
The United States Senate elections of 1920 were elections for the United States Senate that coincided with the presidential election of Warren G. Harding. Democrat Woodrow Wilson's unpopularity allowed Republicans to win races across the country, winning ten seats from the Democrats and providing them with an overwhelming 59-to-37 majority. The Republican landslide was so vast that Democrats lost over half of the seats that were contested this year and failed to win a single race outside the South.


1920 United States Senate elections
Since the passage of the seventeenth amendment, these elections were the closest when the winning party in almost every Senate election mirrored the winning party for their state in the presidential election, with Kentucky being the only Senate race to not mirror their presidential result. No other Senate election cycle in a presidential year would come close to repeating this feat until 2016, in which the result of every Senate race mirrored the corresponding state's result in the presidential election. Coincidentally, that election cycle involved the same class of Senate seats, Class 3.


1920 United States Senate elections
This is one of only five occasions where 10 or more Senate seats changed hands in an election, with the other occasions being in 1932, 1946, 1958, and 1980.


1920 United States Senate elections, Seat changes
Republicans won two seats that were open from retiring Democrats, one seat from a Democrat who had lost renomination, and they defeated seven Democratic incumbents.


1920 United States Senate elections, Race summary, Special elections during the 66th Congress
In these special elections, the winner was seated during 1920 or before March 4, 1921; ordered by election date.


1920 United States Senate elections, Race summary, Elections leading to the 67th Congress
In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1921; ordered by state.


1920 United States Senate special election in Virginia
The 1920 United States Senate special election in Virginia was held on November 2, 1920. Appointed Democratic Senator Carter Glass defeated Republican J. R. Pollard and was elected to finish the term of Democrat Thomas S. Martin, who died the previous year. Glass and fellow Senator Claude A. Swanson were the first U.S. Senators to be elected by popular vote (Martin ran unopposed in 1918) following the passage of the 17th Amendment.


1920 United States census
The United States census of 1920, conducted by the Census Bureau during one month from January 5, 1920, determined the resident population of the United States to be 106,021,537, an increase of 15.0 percent over the 92,228,496 persons enumerated during the 1910 census.


1920 United States census
Despite the constitutional requirement that House seats be reapportioned to the states respective of their population every ten years according to the census, members of Congress failed to agree on a reapportionment plan following this census, and the distribution of seats from the 1910 census remained in effect until 1933. In 1929, Congress passed the Reapportionment Act of 1929 which provided for a permanent method of reapportionment and fixed the number of Representatives at 435.


1920 United States census
This was the first census in which a state – New York – recorded a population of more than ten million.


1920 United States census
This census also marked a significant population shift from rural to urban. According to the Census Bureau, "Beginning in 1910, the minimum population threshold to be categorized as an urban place was set at 2,500. "Urban" was defined as including all territory, persons, and housing units within an incorporated area that met the population threshold. The 1920 census marked the first time in which over 50 percent of the U.S. population was defined as urban."


1920 United States census, Census questions
Full documentation for the 1920 census, including census forms and enumerator instructions, is available from  the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series.


1920 United States census, Data availability
The original census enumeration sheets were microfilmed by the Census Bureau in the 1940s, after which the original sheets were destroyed. (dead link). The microfilmed census is available in rolls from the National Archives and Records Administration. Several organizations also host images of the microfilmed census online, and digital indices.


1920 United States census, Data availability
Microdata from the 1920 census are freely available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System.


1920 United States elections
The 1920 United States elections was held on November 2. In the aftermath of World War I, the Republican Party re-established the dominant position it lost in the 1910 and 1912 elections. This was the first election after the ratification of the 19th Amendment, which granted women the constitutional right to vote.


1920 United States elections
In the presidential election, Republican Senator Warren G. Harding from Ohio defeated Democratic Governor James M. Cox of Ohio. Harding won a landslide victory, taking every state outside the South and dominating the popular vote. Harding won the Republican nomination on the tenth ballot, defeating former Army Chief of Staff Leonard Wood, Illinois Governor Frank Lowden, California Senator Hiram Johnson, and several other candidates. Cox won the Democratic nomination on the 44th ballot over former Treasury Secretary William Gibbs McAdoo, Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, New York Governor Al Smith, and several other candidates. Future president Calvin Coolidge won the Republican nomination for vice president, while fellow future president Franklin D. Roosevelt won the Democratic nomination for vice president. Harding was the first sitting Senator to be elected president.


1920 United States elections
The Republicans made large gains in the House and the Senate, strengthening their majority in both chambers. They picked up sixty-two seats in the House of Representatives, furthering their majority over the Democrats. The Republicans also strengthened their majority in the Senate, gaining ten seats.


1920 United States gubernatorial elections
United States gubernatorial elections were held in 1920, in 35 states, concurrent with the House, Senate elections and presidential election, on November 2, 1920 (September 13 in Maine).


1920 United States gubernatorial elections
In Massachusetts, the governor was elected to a two-year term for the first time, instead of a one-year term. Every governorship mirrored the presidential results in their state.


1920 United States gubernatorial elections
This is the most recent year in which all gubernatorial elections were won by the same party that won the state in the year's presidential election.


1920 United States presidential election
The 1920 United States presidential election was the 34th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 2, 1920. In the first election held after the end of World War I and the first election after the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, Republican Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio defeated Democratic Governor James M. Cox of Ohio.


1920 United States presidential election
Incumbent Democratic President Woodrow Wilson privately hoped for a third term, but party leaders were unwilling to re-nominate the ailing and unpopular incumbent. Former President Theodore Roosevelt had been the front-runner for the Republican nomination, but he died in 1919 without leaving an obvious heir to his progressive legacy. With both Wilson and Roosevelt out of the running, the major parties turned to little-known dark horse candidates from the state of Ohio, a swing state with a large number of electoral votes.


1920 United States presidential election
Cox won the 1920 Democratic National Convention on the 44th ballot, defeating William Gibbs McAdoo (Wilson's son-in-law), A. Mitchell Palmer, and several other candidates. Harding emerged as a compromise candidate between the conservative and progressive wings of the party, and he clinched his nomination on the tenth ballot of the 1920 Republican National Convention.


1920 United States presidential election
The election was dominated by the American social and political environment in the aftermath of World War I, which was marked by a hostile response to certain aspects of Wilson's foreign policy and a massive reaction against the reformist zeal of the Progressive Era. The wartime economic boom had collapsed and the country was deep in a recession. Wilson's advocacy for America's entry into the League of Nations in the face of a return to non-interventionist opinion challenged his effectiveness as president, and overseas there were wars and revolutions.


1920 United States presidential election
At home, the year 1919 was marked by major strikes in the meatpacking and steel industries and large-scale race riots in Chicago and other cities. Anarchist attacks on Wall Street produced fears of radicals and terrorists. The Irish Catholic and German communities were outraged at Wilson's perceived favoritism of their traditional enemy Great Britain, and his political position was critically weakened after he suffered a stroke in 1919 that left him severely disabled.


1920 United States presidential election
Harding all but ignored Cox in the race and essentially campaigned against Wilson by calling for a "return to normalcy". Harding won a landslide victory, sweeping every state outside of the South and becoming the first Republican since the end of Reconstruction to win a former state of the Confederacy, Tennessee. Harding's victory margin of 26.2% in the popular vote remains the largest popular-vote percentage margin in presidential elections since the unopposed re-election of James Monroe in 1820, though other candidates have since exceeded his share of the popular vote.


1920 United States presidential election
Cox won just 34.1% of the popular vote, and Socialist Eugene V. Debs won 3.4%, despite being in prison at the time. It was also the first election in which women had the right to vote in all 48 states, which caused the total popular vote to increase dramatically, from 18.5 million in 1916 to 26.8 million in 1920.


1920 United States presidential election
Both vice presidential nominees would eventually become president in their own right: Harding would pass away in 1923 and be succeeded by Vice President Calvin Coolidge, while the Democratic vice presidential nominee, Franklin D. Roosevelt, would eventually win an unprecedented four consecutive presidential elections starting in 1932, dying shortly into his fourth term.


1920 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination
Following the return of former president Theodore Roosevelt to the Republican Party after the previous election, speculation quickly grew as to whether he would make another run for the presidency. Roosevelt's health declined seriously in 1918, however, and he died on January 6, 1919. Attention then turned to the party's unsuccessful 1916 candidate, Charles Evans Hughes, who had narrowly fallen short of defeating Wilson that year, but Hughes remained aloof as to the prospect of another run, and ultimately ruled himself out following the death of his daughter early in 1920.


1920 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination
On June 8, the Republican National Convention met in Chicago. The race was wide open, and soon the convention deadlocked between Major General Leonard Wood and Governor Frank Orren Lowden of Illinois.


1920 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination
Other names placed in nomination included Senators Warren G. Harding from Ohio, Hiram Johnson from California, and Miles Poindexter from Washington, Governor Calvin Coolidge of Massachusetts, philanthropist Herbert Hoover, and Columbia University President Nicholas M. Butler. Senator Robert M. La Follette from Wisconsin was not formally placed in nomination, but received the votes of his state delegation nonetheless. Harding was nominated for president on the tenth ballot, after some delegates shifted their allegiances. The results of the ten ballots were as follows:


1920 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination
Harding's nomination, said to have been secured in negotiations among party bosses in a "smoke-filled room," was engineered by Harry M. Daugherty, Harding's political manager, who became United States Attorney General after his election. Before the convention, Daugherty was quoted as saying, "I don't expect Senator Harding to be nominated on the first, second, or third ballots, but I think we can afford to take chances that about 11 minutes after two, Friday morning of the convention, when 15 or 12 weary men are sitting around a table, someone will say: 'Who will we nominate?'


1920 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination
At that decisive time, the friends of Harding will suggest him and we can well afford to abide by the result." Daugherty's prediction described essentially what occurred, but historians Richard C. Bain and Judith H. Parris argue that Daugherty's prediction has been given too much weight in narratives of the convention.


1920 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination
Once the presidential nomination was finally settled, the party bosses and Sen. Harding recommended Wisconsin Sen. Irvine Lenroot to the delegates for the second spot, but the delegates revolted and nominated Coolidge, who was very popular over his handling of the Boston Police Strike from the year before. The Tally:


1920 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination
Source for convention coverage: Richard C. Bain and Judith H. Parris, Convention Decisions and Voting Records (Washington DC: Brookings Institution, 1973), pp. 200–208.


1920 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination
William Gibbs McAdoofrom California,  former United States Secretary of the Treasury


1920 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination
John W. Davis  from West Virginia,  Ambassador to the United Kingdom


1920 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination
James W. Gerard  from New York  former Ambassador to Germany


1920 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination
It was widely accepted prior to the election that President Woodrow Wilson would not run for a third term, and would certainly not be nominated if he did make an attempt to regain the nomination. While Vice-President Thomas R. Marshall had long held a desire to succeed Wilson, his indecisive handling of the situation around Wilson's illness and incapacity destroyed any credibility he had as a candidate, and in the end he did not formally put himself forward for the nomination.


1920 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination
Although William Gibbs McAdoo (Wilson's son-in-law and former Treasury Secretary) was the strongest candidate, Wilson blocked his nomination in hopes a deadlocked convention would demand that he run for a third term, even though he was seriously ill, physically immobile, and in seclusion at the time.


1920 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination
The Democrats, meeting in San Francisco between June 28 and July 6 (the first time a major party held its nominating convention in an urban center on the Pacific coast), nominated another newspaper editor from Ohio, Governor James M. Cox, as their presidential candidate, and 38-year-old Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt, a fifth cousin of the late president Theodore Roosevelt, for vice-president.


1920 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination
Early favorites for the nomination had included McAdoo and Attorney General Alexander Mitchell Palmer. Others placed in nomination included New York Governor Al Smith, United Kingdom Ambassador John W. Davis, New Jersey Governor Edward I. Edwards, and Oklahoma Senator Robert Latham Owen.


1920 United States presidential election, Other candidates, Socialist Party
Socialist Party candidate Eugene V. Debs received 913,664 popular votes (3.4 percent), even though he was incarcerated at the Atlanta federal penitentiary at the time for advocating non-compliance with the draft during World War I. This was the largest number of popular votes ever received by a Socialist Party candidate in the United States, although not the largest percentage of the popular vote. Debs received double this percentage in the election of  1912. The 1920 election was Debs's fifth and last attempt to become president.


1920 United States presidential election, Other candidates, Farmer-Labor Party
Parley P. Christensen of the Farmer-Labor Party took 265,411 votes (1.0%),


1920 United States presidential election, Other candidates, Prohibition Party
Prohibition Party candidate Aaron S. Watkins came in fifth with 189,339 votes (0.7%), the poorest showing for the Prohibition party since 1884. Since the Eighteenth Amendment, which initiated the period of Prohibition in the United States, had passed the previous year, this single-issue party seemed less relevant.


1920 United States presidential election, Other candidates, American Party
James E. Ferguson, a former Governor of Texas, announced his candidacy on April 21, 1920 in Temple, Texas under the badge of "American Party". Ferguson was opposed to Democrats whom he saw as too controlled by elite academic interests as seen when Woodrow Wilson endorsed rival Thomas H. Ball in the gubernatorial primary, and hoped to help the Republicans carry Texas for the first time (Texas never went Republican during Reconstruction). Initially Ferguson and running mate William J. Hough hoped to carry their campaign to other states, but Ferguson was unable to get on the ballot anywhere outside of Texas. Ferguson did manage to gain almost ten percent of the vote in Texas, and won eleven counties in the southeast of the state.


1920 United States presidential election, General election, Return to normalcy
Warren Harding's main campaign slogan was a "return to normalcy", playing upon the weariness of the American public after the social upheaval of the Progressive Era. Additionally, the international responsibilities engendered by the Allied victory in World War I and the Treaty of Versailles proved deeply unpopular, causing a reaction against Wilson, who had pushed especially hard for the latter.


1920 United States presidential election, General election, Ethnic issues
Irish Americans were powerful in the Democratic party, and groups such as Clan na Gael opposed going to war alongside their enemy Britain, especially after the violent suppression of the Easter Rising of 1916. Wilson won them over in 1917 by promising to ask Britain to give Ireland its independence. Wilson had won the presidential election of 1916 with strong support from German-Americans and Irish-Americans, largely because of his slogan "He kept us out of war" and the longstanding American policy of isolationism.


1920 United States presidential election, General election, Ethnic issues
At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, however, he reneged on his commitments to the Irish-American community, who vehemently denounced him. His dilemma was that Britain was his war ally. Events such as the anti-British Black Tom and Kingsland Explosions in 1916 on American soil (in part the result of wartime Irish and German co-ordination) and the Irish anti-conscription crisis of 1918 were all embarrassing to recall in 1920.


1920 United States presidential election, General election, Ethnic issues
Britain had already passed an Irish Home Rule Act in 1914, suspended for the war's duration. However the 1916 Easter Rising in Dublin had led to increased support for the more radical Sinn Féin who in 1919 formed the First Dáil, effectively declaring Ireland independent, sparking the Irish War of Independence. Britain was to pass the Government of Ireland Act in late 1920, by which Ireland would have 2 home-ruled states within the British empire. This satisfied Wilson. The provisions of these were inadequate to the supporters of the Irish Republic, however, which claimed full sovereignty.


1920 United States presidential election, General election, Ethnic issues
This position was also supported by many Irish Americans. The American Committee for Relief in Ireland was set up in 1920 to assist victims of the Irish War of Independence of 1919–21. Some Irish-American Senators joined the "irreconcilables" who blocked the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles and United States membership in the League of Nations.


1920 United States presidential election, General election, Ethnic issues
Wilson blamed the Irish Americans and German Americans for the lack of popular support for his unsuccessful campaign to have the United States join the League of Nations, saying, "There is an organized propaganda against the League of Nations and against the treaty proceeding from exactly the same sources that the organized propaganda proceeded from which threatened this country here and there with disloyalty, and I want to say—I cannot say too often—any man who carries a hyphen about with him [i.e., a hyphenated American] carries a dagger that he is ready to plunge into the vitals of this Republic whenever he gets ready."


1920 United States presidential election, General election, Ethnic issues
Of the $5,500,000 raised by supporters of the Irish Republic in the United States in 1919–20, the Dublin parliament (Dáil Éireann) voted in June 1920 to spend $500,000 on the American presidential election. How this money was spent remains unclear. Ironically, the lawyer who had advised the fundraisers was Franklin D. Roosevelt, the losing vice-presidential candidate. In any case, the Irish American city machines sat on their hands during the election, allowing the Republicans to roll up unprecedented landslides in every major city. Many German-American Democrats voted Republican or stayed home, giving the GOP landslides in the rural Midwest.


1920 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
Wilson had hoped for a "solemn referendum" on the League of Nations, but did not get one. Harding waffled on the League, thereby keeping Idaho Senator William Borah and other Republican "irreconcilables" in line. Cox also hedged.


1920 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
He went to the White House to seek Wilson's blessing and apparently endorsed the League, but—upon discovering its unpopularity among Democrats—revised his position to one that would accept the League only with reservations, particularly on Article Ten, which would require the United States to participate in any war declared by the League (thus taking the same standpoint as Republican Senate leader Henry Cabot Lodge). As reporter Brand Whitlock observed, the League was an issue important in government circles, but rather less so to the electorate. He also noted that the campaign was not waged on issues: "The people, indeed, do not know what ideas Harding or Cox represents; neither do Harding or Cox. Great is democracy." False rumors circulated that Senator Harding had "Negro blood," but this did not greatly hurt Harding's election campaign.


1920 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
Governor Cox made a whirlwind campaign that took him to rallies, train station speeches, and formal addresses, reaching audiences totaling perhaps two million, whereas Senator Harding relied upon a "Front Porch Campaign" similar to that of William McKinley in 1896. It brought thousands of voters to Marion, Ohio, where Harding spoke from his home. GOP campaign manager Will Hays spent some $8.1 million, nearly four times the money Cox's campaign spent. Hays used national advertising in a major way (with advice from adman Albert Lasker). The theme was Harding's own slogan "America First".


1920 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
Thus the Republican advertisement in Collier's Magazine for October 30, 1920, demanded, "Let's be done with wiggle and wobble." The image presented in the ads was nationalistic, using catch phrases like "absolute control of the United States by the United States," "Independence means independence, now as in 1776," "This country will remain American. Its next President will remain in our own country," and "We decided long ago that we objected to foreign government of our people."


1920 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
On election night, November 2, 1920, commercial radio broadcast coverage of election returns for the first time. Announcers at KDKA-AM in Pittsburgh read telegraph ticker results over the air as they came in. This single station could be heard over most of the Eastern United States by the small percentage of the population that had radio receivers.


1920 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
Harding's landslide came from all directions except the South. Irish- and German-American voters who had backed Wilson and peace in 1916 now voted against Wilson and Versailles. "A vote for Harding", said the German-language press, "is a vote against the persecutions suffered by German-Americans during the war". Not one major German-language newspaper supported Governor Cox. Many Irish Americans, bitterly angry at Wilson's refusal to help Ireland at Versailles, simply abstained from voting in the presidential election. This allowed the Republicans to mobilize the ethnic vote, and Harding swept the big cities.


1920 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
This was the first election in which women from every state were allowed to vote, following the passage of the 19th Amendment to the Constitution in August 1920 (just in time for the general election).


1920 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
Tennessee's vote for Warren G. Harding marked the first time since the end of Reconstruction that even one of the eleven states of the former Confederacy had voted for a Republican presidential candidate. Tennessee had last been carried by a Republican when Ulysses S. Grant claimed it in 1868.


1920 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
Even though Cox lost badly, his running mate Franklin D. Roosevelt became a well-known political figure because of his active and energetic campaign. In 1928, he was elected Governor of New York, and in 1932 he was elected president. He remained in power until his death in 1945 as the longest-serving American president in history.


1920 United States presidential election, General election, Results
The total vote for 1920 was roughly 26,750,000, an increase of eight million from 1916. The Democratic vote was almost exactly the vote from 1916, but the Republican vote nearly doubled, as did the "other" vote. As pointed out earlier, the great increase in the total number of votes is mainly attributable to the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which gave women the right to vote.


1920 United States presidential election, General election, Results
Nearly two-thirds of the counties (1,949) were carried by the Republicans. The Democrats carried only 1,101 counties, a smaller number than Alton Parker had carried in 1904 and consequently the smallest number during the Fourth Party System until that point (Al Smith would carry even fewer in 1928). Not a single county was carried by the Democrats in the Pacific section, where they had carried 76 in 1916. In the Mountain section Cox carried only thirteen counties, seven of them located in New Mexico bordering Texas, whereas Wilson carried all but twenty-one Mountain Section counties in 1916. At least one county was lost in every section in the Union and in every state except South Carolina and Mississippi. Eleven counties in Texas recorded a plurality for Ferguson.


1920 United States presidential election, General election, Results
The distribution of the county vote accurately represents the overwhelming character of the majority vote. Harding received 60.35 percent of the total vote, the largest percentage in the Fourth Party System, exceeding Franklin D. Roosevelt's in 1932. Although the Democratic share was 34.13 percent, in no section did its voting share sink below 24 percent, and in three sections, the Democrats topped the poll. The Democratic Party was obviously still a significant opposition on national terms, even though Cox won only eleven states and had fewer votes in the electoral college than Parker had won in 1904. More than two-thirds of the Cox vote was in states carried by Harding.


1920 United States presidential election, General election, Results
The distribution of the vote by counties, and the study of percentages in sections, states, and counties, seem to show that it was Wilson and foreign policies that received the brunt of attack, not the Democratic Party and the domestic proposals of the period 1896–1914.


1920 United States presidential election, General election, Geography of results
Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote


1920 United States presidential election, General election, Results by state, Close states
Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (10 electoral votes):


1920 United States presidential election in Alabama
The 1920 United States presidential election in Alabama took place on November 2, 1920, as part of the 1920 general election, in which all 48 states participated. Alabama voters chose twelve electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote pitting Democratic nominee James M. Cox and his running mate, Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin Roosevelt, against Republican challenger U.S. Senator Warren G. Harding and his running mate, Governor Calvin Coolidge.


1920 United States presidential election in Alabama
Cox won the election in Alabama with 67.31% of the vote. Harding received 31.37% of the vote. Nonetheless, Harding managed to carry nine counties as against only Union holdout Winston County, Populist stronghold Chilton County and urbanized Shelby County carried by Hughes in 1916, with his most notable triumph being in DeKalb County, where he was the first-ever Republican victor.


1920 United States presidential election in Arizona
The 1920 United States presidential election in Arizona took place on November 2, 1920, as part of the 1920 United States presidential election in which all 48 states participated. Arizona voters chose three electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote pitting Democratic nominee James M. Cox and his running mate, Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin Roosevelt, against Republican challenger U.S. Senator Warren G. Harding and his running mate, Massachusetts Governor Calvin Coolidge.


1920 United States presidential election in Arizona
By the beginning of 1920 skyrocketing inflation and Wilson's focus upon his proposed League of Nations at the expense of domestic policy had helped make the incumbent President Woodrow Wilson very unpopular – besides which Wilson also had major health problems that had left First Lady Edith effectively running the nation. Political unrest seen in the Palmer Raids and the "Red Scare" further added to the unpopularity of the Democratic Party, since this global political turmoil produced considerable fear of alien revolutionaries invading the country. Demand in the West for exclusion of Asian immigrants became even stronger than it had been before, and the factionalism that would almost destroy the Democratic Party later in the decade had already simmered.


1920 United States presidential election in Arizona
Resultant opposition to the Democrats allowed Warren Harding to win the election in Arizona with 55.91% of the vote to James Cox' 43.72%. Harding won all but two counties; Graham and Greenlee in the state.


1920 United States presidential election in Arkansas
The 1920 United States presidential election in Arkansas took place on November 2, 1920, as part of the 1920 United States presidential election in which all 48 states participated. State voters chose nine electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote pitting Democratic nominee James M. Cox and his running mate, Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin Roosevelt, against Republican challenger U.S. Senator Warren G. Harding and his running mate, Governor Calvin Coolidge.


1920 United States presidential election in Arkansas, Background
Except for the Unionist Ozark counties of Newton and Searcy where Republicans controlled local government, Arkansas since the end of Reconstruction had been a classic one-party Democratic “Solid South” state. Disfranchisement during the 1890s of effectively all blacks and most poor whites had meant that outside those two aberrant counties, the Republican Party was completely moribund and Democratic primaries the only competitive elections. Although the northwest of the state was to develop a strong Socialist Party movement that served as a swing vote in county elections, political repression and internal party divisions diminished that party's strength substantially.


1920 United States presidential election in Arkansas, Background
The Democratic Party, under the influence of future federal Senate Minority and Majority Leader Joseph Taylor Robinson and demagogic Governor and Senator Jeff Davis, was to make many familiar progressive changes in railroad regulation and child labor, but under the administration of George W. Donaghey – who saw his administration and Democratic primary candidacy as a fight against the “Davis Machine” – more rapid development occurred, especially in abolishing convict leasing and improving bank regulation.


1920 United States presidential election in Arkansas, Background
The aftermath of World War I, however, made for a temporary turn in Arkansas voter allegiances. The League of Nations was deeply unpopular in the isolationist and fundamentalist Ozark region, and outgoing President Woodrow Wilson was thus stigmatised for his advocacy of that organisation. New Democratic nominee James M. Cox also supported American participation in the League, whereas his rival Warren Harding was largely opposed to the League and was helped in the South by racial and labor unrest elsewhere in the country.


1920 United States presidential election in Arkansas, Background
Despite this, the solid Democratic majority of Arkansas was always conceded by polls across the nation at the end of October, even as the possibility of Harding breaking the “Solid South” was seen in Tennessee and even North Carolina.


1920 United States presidential election in Arkansas, Vote
Ultimately Cox won the election in Arkansas with 58.05 percent of the vote; Harding received 39.15 percent of the vote and the only other candidate on the ballot, imprisoned Socialist Eugene Debs received the remaining 2.80 percent. Harding’s result was nonetheless a major improvement upon the mere 28 percent won by Charles Evans Hughes in 1916, and rivalled any Republican performance in the state since advent of the poll tax, although Theodore Roosevelt in 1904 had done marginally better. Harding was the first Republican to ever carry Van Buren County, the first to carry Logan County since Ulysses S. Grant in 1872, and the first Republican since Benjamin Harrison to carry Arkansas County and Lincoln County.


1920 United States presidential election in California
The 1920 United States presidential election in California took place on November 2, 1920, as part of the 1920 United States presidential election in which all 48 states participated. California voters chose 13 electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote pitting Democratic nominee, Governor James M. Cox of Ohio and his running mate, Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York, against Republican challenger U.S. Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio and his running mate, Governor Calvin Coolidge of Massachusetts.


1920 United States presidential election in California
By the beginning of 1920 skyrocketing inflation and President Woodrow Wilson's focus upon his proposed League of Nations at the expense of domestic policy had helped make the incumbent President very unpopular – besides which Wilson also had major health problems that had left First Lady Edith Wilson effectively running the nation.


1920 United States presidential election in California
Political unrest observed in the Palmer Raids and the "Red Scare" further added to the unpopularity of the Democratic Party, since this global political turmoil produced considerable fear of alien revolutionaries invading the country. Demand in the West for exclusion of Asian immigrants became even stronger than it had been before. Another issue was the anti-Cox position taken by the Ku Klux Klan, and Cox's inconsistent stance on newly passed Prohibition – he had been a "wet" but announced he would support Prohibition enforcement in August


1920 United States presidential election in California
The West had been the chief presidential battleground ever since the "System of 1896" emerged following that election. For this reason, Cox chose to tour the entire nation and after touring the Pacific Northwest Cox went to California to defend his proposed League of Nations. Cox argued that the League could have stopped the Asian conflicts – like the Japanese seizure of Shandong – but his apparent defence of Chinese immigrants in the Bay Area was very unpopular and large numbers of hecklers attacked the Democratic candidate. Moreover, the only attention Cox received in the Western press was severe criticism.


1920 United States presidential election in California
In September, several opinion polls were conducted, all predicting that Harding would carry California, which had been extremely close in the two preceding elections, by over one hundred thousand votes. By the end of October, although no more opinion polls had been published, most observers were even more convinced that the Republicans would take complete control of all branches of government. On election day, Warren Harding carried California by a margin much larger than early polls predicted, winning with 66.20 percent of the vote to James Cox's 24.28 percent.


1920 United States presidential election in California
Harding became the first of only two presidential nominees to sweep all of California's counties; the only other one was Franklin D. Roosevelt, the losing 1920 vice-presidential candidate, sixteen years later. Harding's 66.20 percent of the vote was the largest fraction for any presidential candidate in California until Roosevelt won with 66.95 percent in 1936, though his 41.92-percentage-point margin of victory is the largest for any candidate in the state.


1920 United States presidential election in California
This was the first time Mariposa County and Colusa County, the only counties in the Pacific States to support Democratic nominee Alton B. Parker in 1904, had ever voted Republican. Plumas County would never vote Republican again until Ronald Reagan in 1980, and Amador, El Dorado and Placer Counties would not vote Republican again until Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952.


1920 United States presidential election in Colorado
The 1920 United States presidential election in Colorado was held on November 2, 1920 as part of the 1920 United States presidential election. State voters chose six electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1920 United States presidential election in Colorado
In 1916, Colorado was the most Democratic state outside of the “Solid South” as a result of historic Bryanite Populist support in silver-mining regions, and a powerful "peace vote" for incumbent President Woodrow Wilson; however, by the beginning of 1920 skyrocketing inflation and Wilson's focus upon his proposed League of Nations at the expense of domestic policy had helped make the incumbent President very unpopular – besides which Wilson also had major health problems that had left First Lady Edith effectively running the nation.


1920 United States presidential election in Colorado
Political unrest seen in the Palmer Raids and the "Red Scare" further added to the unpopularity of the Democratic Party, since this global political turmoil produced considerable fear of alien revolutionaries invading the country. Demand in the West for exclusion of Asian immigrants became even stronger than it had been before.


1920 United States presidential election in Colorado
All these factors combined to produce a national landslide, with a swing of almost twenty-nine percentage points to the Republicans vis-à-vis of four years earlier. Colorado mirrored this trend, with a total swing of 49.38 points from Wilson’s 26-point 1916 victory where he carried every county except Sedgwick. This time, Harding would not merely become only the second Republican victor in the state since James B. Weaver’s Populist victory transitioned the state into a Democratic-leaning one, but become the only presidential candidate in history to carry all Colorado’s counties. The state was still 2.84 points more Democratic than the nation at-large despite Harding’s historic county sweep.


1920 United States presidential election in Connecticut
The 1920 United States presidential election in Connecticut took place on November 2, 1920, as part of the 1920 United States presidential election which was held throughout all contemporary 48 states. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1920 United States presidential election in Connecticut
Connecticut voted for Republican nominee, Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio, over the Democratic nominee, Governor James M. Cox of Ohio. Harding ran with Governor Calvin Coolidge of Massachusetts, while Cox ran with Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York.


1920 United States presidential election in Connecticut
Harding won Connecticut by a margin of 29.69%. His victory in the New England states was helped by the local popularity of his running mate, Calvin Coolidge, a traditional New England Yankee born in the small-town of Plymouth Notch, Vermont, who had started his political career nearby as Governor of Massachusetts.


1920 United States presidential election in Delaware
The 1920 United States presidential election in Delaware took place on November 2, 1920. All contemporary 48 states were part of the 1920 United States presidential election. State voters chose three electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1920 United States presidential election in Delaware
Delaware was won by the Republican nominee, Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio, over the Democratic nominee, Governor James M. Cox of Ohio. Harding ran with Governor Calvin Coolidge of Massachusetts, while Cox ran with future President Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York.


1920 United States presidential election in Florida
The 1920 United States presidential election in Florida, was held on November 2, 1920. Voters chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice-President.


1920 United States presidential election in Florida, Background
Ever since the disfranchisement of blacks at the beginning of the 1890s, Florida had been a one-party state ruled by the Democratic Party. The disfranchisement of blacks and poor whites by poll taxes in 1889 had left the Republican Party – between 1872 and 1888 dependent upon black votes – virtually extinct.


1920 United States presidential election in Florida, Background
With the single exception of William Howard Taft's win in Calhoun County in 1908 the Democratic Party won every county in Florida in every Presidential election from 1892 until 1916. Only twice – and never for more than one term – did any Republican serve in either house of the state legislature between 1896 and 1928.


1920 United States presidential election in Florida, Background
Despite this Democratic dominance and the restrictions on the franchise of the poorer classes due to the poll tax, significant socialist movements were to develop and persist in Tampa and to a lesser extent over other parts of the state, especially against the powerful Ku Klux Klan. In 1919, 4,800 miners led by the Mineral Workers Union would go on strike for 7 1/2 months in Polk County. The reason for the strike were that they wanted an 8 hour work day and a minimum wage of 37 cents. Governor Sidney J. Catts called on the Florida National Guard and the Polk County Home Guard to end the strike. At the end of the strike, 5 strikers would die.


1920 United States presidential election in Florida, Background
There was also a powerful Prohibitionist movements in older North Florida, which saw the Prohibition Party even win the governorship for one term under the notorious anti-Catholic minister Sidney J. Catts.


1920 United States presidential election in Florida, Background
The 1920 election saw Harding make mild inroads into the absolute Democratic dominance of the state's politics, largely owing to considerable isolationist sentiment, and major economic concerns following the decline of industries related to World War I. He carried three counties in the south of the state, being only the second Republican to carry a Florida county since black disfranchisement, and begun tentative steps towards establishing a white GOP base in what was to become the "Sun Belt" after the development of air conditioning decades later. Eugene Debs, who had taken advantage of substantial radicalism in parts of South Florida to run second to Woodrow Wilson in the state in 1912, did not do nearly so well and was only marginally ahead of Prohibition candidate Watkins.


1920 United States presidential election in Georgia
The 1920 United States presidential election in Georgia took place on November 2, 1920, as part of the wider United States Presidential election. Voters chose 14 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1920 United States presidential election in Georgia, Background and vote
With the exception of a handful of historically Unionist North Georgia counties – chiefly Fannin but also to a lesser extent Pickens, Gilmer and Towns – Georgia since the 1880s had been a one-party state dominated by the Democratic Party. Disfranchisement of almost all African-Americans and most poor whites had made the Republican Party virtually nonexistent outside of local governments in those few hill counties, and the national Democratic Party served as the guardian of white supremacy against a Republican Party historically associated with memories of Reconstruction. The only competitive elections were Democratic primaries, which state laws restricted to whites on the grounds of the Democratic Party being legally a private club.


1920 United States presidential election in Georgia, Background and vote
Nonetheless, the largely white but secessionist “upcountry” regions of the state – lying immediately south of the few substantially unionist counties – had seen strong opposition to the policies of Democratic President Woodrow Wilson since World War I broke out. Wilson had attempted to purge anti-war Southern Democrats in the 1918 midterm elections, and with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment and his League of Nations proposal further hostility to him emerged in the Peach State.


1920 United States presidential election in Georgia, Background and vote
All these factors meant Cox lost significantly in the upcountry areas of the state where Harding carried many areas that had supported Populist Thomas E. Watson or Progressives in recent elections. Elsewhere, however, partisan loyalties remained extremely strong, so that Harding’s gain was less than most other Southern states and Georgia surpassed Louisiana – where a major anti-Wilson revolt was occurring at the polls in Acadiana – as the third-most Democratic state behind Mississippi and South Carolina.


1920 United States presidential election in Idaho
The 1920 United States presidential election in Idaho took place on November 2, 1920, as part of the 1920 United States presidential election. State voters chose four representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1920 United States presidential election in Idaho, Background
At state level, Idaho had begun in 1902 to be very much a one-party Republican state, which it has largely remained since apart from the New Deal era of the 1930s and 1940s. For a time there was also a perception that the William Jennings Bryan-led Democratic Party had failed as a “party of reform”.


1920 United States presidential election in Idaho, Background
However, with the aid of a powerful “peace vote” due to opposition to participation in World War I, and a considerable part of the substantial vote for Eugene Debs, Woodrow Wilson almost completely swept the Western and Plains States in 1916, losing only South Dakota and Oregon.


1920 United States presidential election in Idaho, Background
However, the Democratic Party’s gains in the West were not to last. By the beginning of 1920 skyrocketing inflation and Wilson's focus upon his proposed League of Nations at the expense of domestic policy had helped make the incumbent President very unpopular – besides which Wilson also had major health problems that had left First Lady Edith effectively running the nation. Political unrest seen in the Palmer Raids and the "Red Scare" further added to the unpopularity of the Democratic Party, since this global political turmoil produced considerable fear of alien revolutionaries invading the country. Demand in the West for exclusion of Asian immigrants became even stronger than before.


1920 United States presidential election in Idaho, Background
With the very strong interior isolationist and anti-League of Nations sentiment of Northern and Central Idaho, and local senator William Borah saying that all wars should be subject to a referendum in September, it was apparent that the Gem State would swing very strongly against the pro-League Cox, especially as the extremely independent Borah endorsed Harding on October 3. Cox did make a brief visit to the state in mid-September,  The state’s opposition to Cox’s platform became further apparent when on October 24 the Democratic nominee said he did not accept that Congress should be able to veto presidential calls for war against foreign countries.


1920 United States presidential election in Idaho, Vote
As early as the end of August, Harding campaign strategists led by Washington State Senator Miles Poindexter were saying Cox’s pro-League policies would lose him the West. a straw poll at the beginning of October vindicated Poindexter: Harding led Cox in Idaho by slightly less than a two-to-one margin. At the end of October, Idaho was described as “absolutely certain” for Harding, and such polls reflected the end result. Whereas internationalist GOP nominee Charles Evans Hughes won just five counties in 1916, Harding carried every Idaho county by double digits.


1920 United States presidential election in Illinois
The 1920 United States presidential election in Illinois took place on November 2, 1920, as part of the 1920 United States presidential election. State voters chose 29 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1920 United States presidential election in Illinois, Election information
The general election coincided with the general election for other federal offices (Senate and House), as well as those for state offices.


1920 United States presidential election in Illinois, Election information, Background
A strongly Democratic state during the Second Party System, Illinois became Republican-leaning after the American Civil War due to a combination of strong Free Soil Party heritage amongst its Yankee northern counties with the wartime conversion of some Virginian-settled rock-ribbed Democratic Southern Illinois counties to Unionist Republicanism à la Appalachia.


1920 United States presidential election in Illinois, Election information, Background
Between the Civil War and World War I, partisanship in Illinois – like in the Border States – largely re-fought the war, with the result that although the Democratic Party gained at least 43 percent of the statewide vote via Southern and German Catholic support in every election up to 1900, they never gained an absolute majority and carried the state's electoral votes only in 1892.


1920 United States presidential election in Illinois, Election information, Background
Due to the Democratic Party's growing Populist and prohibitionist leanings, a decline in Democratic support after 1900 in its German Central Illinois strongholds transformed Illinois into a powerfully Republican state at all levels. Even Woodrow Wilson in 1912 when the GOP was mortally divided carried the state by only a very narrow margin.


1920 United States presidential election in Illinois, Election information, Turnout
The total vote in the state-run primary elections (Democratic, Republican, Socialist) was 408,586.


1920 United States presidential election in Illinois, Primaries
Both major parties, as well as the Socialist Party, held non-binding state-run preferential primaries on April 13.


1920 United States presidential election in Illinois, Primaries, Democratic
The 1920 Illinois Democratic presidential primary was held on April 13, 1920 in the U.S. state of Illinois as one of the Democratic Party's state primaries ahead of the 1920 presidential election.


1920 United States presidential election in Illinois, Primaries, Democratic
The popular vote was a non-binding "beauty contest". Delegates were instead elected by direct votes by congressional district on delegate candidates. Delegate candidates either were listed on the ballot with their preference on for a particular presidential candidate, or were listed as expressing no preference.


1920 United States presidential election in Illinois, Primaries, Republican
The 1920 Illinois Republican presidential primary was held on April 13, 1920 in the U.S. state of Illinois as one of the Republican Party's state primaries ahead of the 1920 presidential election.


1920 United States presidential election in Illinois, Primaries, Republican
The preference vote was a "beauty contest". Delegates were instead selected by direct-vote in each congressional districts on delegate candidates. Delegate candidates either were listed on the ballot with their preference on for a particular presidential candidate, or were listed as expressing no preference.


1920 United States presidential election in Illinois, Primaries, Socialist
The 1920 Illinois Socialist presidential primary was held on April 13, 1920 in the U.S. state of Illinois as one of the Socialist Party's state primaries ahead of the 1920 presidential election.


1920 United States presidential election in Illinois, General election
Harding's managers were always confident he would carry the Prairie State as all but three GOP nominees had since that party was formed. However, actual polls in Illinois vacillated, with a straw ballot in The Farm Journal even placing Cox at 45 percent in this strong Republican state. As election day neared, estimates of a Republican plurality of “at least 264,000” were made via a national survey of newspaper editors.


1920 United States presidential election in Illinois, General election
As it turned out, the editorial estimate was shown extremely conservative by the very earliest reports on polling day, which showed Harding winning by three-to-one. Ultimately, Harding did not finish with so large a margin as this, but nonetheless he carried Illinois by 42.30 percentage points. This constitutes the biggest margin by which Illinois has been carried in the state's presidential election history, the best performance by any Republican candidate, and the third-best vote percentage overall behind Andrew Jackson’s two efforts in 1828 and 1832. Harding carried all but three counties, and was the first-ever Republican victor in the following counties: Calhoun, Cass, Clinton, Effingham, Gallatin, Hamilton, Jasper, Jersey, Mason, Pike, Schuyler, Wabash and White.


1920 United States presidential election in Illinois, General election
Despite Illinois’ position within the core of reliable Republican states in the “System of 1896”, at the beginning of the 1920 presidential campaign former Progressive Illinois Republican Harold L. Ickes came out against Republican nominee Warren Harding and supported the Democratic nominee, Ohio Governor James Cox. Cox would visit the state on two occasions during his national fall campaign tour, once in September and once in October.


1920 United States presidential election in Illinois, General election
In the first campaign, Cox claimed that Harding wanted to fund his campaign by imposing an onerous levy upon the coal dealers of Chicago, and said the Democrats were making every effort to win the state, despite it having been Charles Evans Hughes’ fifth-strongest nationwide in 1916. In the second, Cox criticised Harding’s stand on the League of Nations, and argued that it would benefit American business and spiritual morals to enter therein.


1920 United States presidential election in Illinois, General election
At the end of the third week of October, another Illinois Republican leader in Morton D. Hull followed Ickes in deserting Harding and endorsing Cox, this time exclusively over the issue of the League of Nations.


1920 United States presidential election in Indiana
The 1920 United States presidential election in Indiana took place on November 2, 1920, as part of the 1920 United States Presidential Election which was held throughout all contemporary 48 states. Voters chose 15 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1920 United States presidential election in Indiana
Indiana voted for the Republican nominee, Ohio Senator Warren G. Harding, over the Democratic nominee, Ohio Governor James M. Cox. Harding ran with Massachusetts Governor Calvin Coolidge, while Cox ran with Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York.


1920 United States presidential election in Iowa
The 1920 United States presidential election in Iowa took place on November 2, 1920, as part of the 1920 United States presidential election which was held throughout all contemporary 48 states. Voters chose 13 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1920 United States presidential election in Iowa
Iowa voted for the Republican nominee, Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio, over the Democratic nominee, Governor James M. Cox of Ohio. Harding ran with Governor Calvin Coolidge of Massachusetts, while Cox ran with Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York. Harding won the state by a margin of 45.45%.


1920 United States presidential election in Iowa
With 70.91 percent of the popular, Iowa would prove to be Harding fifth strongest state in the 1920 election terms of popular vote percentage after North Dakota, Vermont, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Harding’s performance is, by a margin of 6.79 percent, the best by any candidate in Iowa presidential election history, and he and Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 are the only presidential candidates to sweep all Iowa’s counties.


1920 United States presidential election in Kansas
The 1920 United States presidential election in Kansas was held on November 2, 1920 as part of the 1920 United States presidential election. Kansas voters chose ten electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1920 United States presidential election in Kansas
Kansas voted for the Republican nominee, Ohio Senator Warren G. Harding, over the Democratic nominee, Ohio Governor James M. Cox. Harding ran with Massachusetts Governor Calvin Coolidge, while Cox ran with Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York.


1920 United States presidential election in Kansas
Harding won the state by a margin of 32.23 percentage points.


1920 United States presidential election in Kansas
By the beginning of 1920 skyrocketing inflation and President Woodrow Wilson's focus upon his proposed League of Nations at the expense of domestic policy had helped make the incumbent President very unpopular – besides which Wilson also had major health problems that had left First Lady Edith Wilson effectively running the nation.


1920 United States presidential election in Kansas
Political unrest observed in the Palmer Raids and the "Red Scare" further added to the unpopularity of the Democratic Party, since this global political turmoil produced considerable fear of alien revolutionaries invading the country. Another issue was the anti-Cox position taken by the Ku Klux Klan, and Cox's inconsistent stance on newly passed Prohibition – he had been a "wet" but announced he would support Prohibition enforcement in August


1920 United States presidential election in Kansas
The West had been the chief presidential battleground ever since the "System of 1896" emerged following that election. For this reason, Cox chose to tour the entire nation but the only attention Cox received in the Western press was severe criticism. Moreover, at the beginning of the presidential campaign farmers – a critical constituency in Kansas – were highly critical of the likely affect of the Cox platform upon their cost of living.


1920 United States presidential election in Kansas
Because Wilson had carried Kansas in his two election triumphs in 1912 and 1916. Cox did visit the state in early October, but was aggressively heckled during his only speeches in the state. Surveys earlier by Progressive journalist William Allen White had shown that two-thirds of the Kansas population were opposed to Wilson's League of Nations.


1920 United States presidential election in Kansas
At the end of October, two days before the poll, editors estimated a majority of one hundred and twenty thousand votes for Harding in Kansas, although Cox's campaign managers, especially Frank E. Doremus, believed they had a chance of holding the state.


1920 United States presidential election in Kansas, Vote
As it turned out, Harding easily won the Sunflower State by a two-to-one majority, fifty percent larger than predicted by the combined polls of editors at the end of October, and a swing of 37 percentage points from Wilson's victory in the state in 1916. Harding carried all 105 Kansas counties, whereas in 1916 Charles Evans Hughes had carried only 26, although the trend – dramatic as it was – was substantially smaller than Harding's landslides in heavily German-American North and South Dakota.


1920 United States presidential election in Kentucky
The 1920 United States presidential election in Kentucky took place on November 2, 1920 as part of the 1920 United States presidential election. Voters chose thirteen representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1920 United States presidential election in Kentucky, Background and vote
Ever since the Civil War, Kentucky had been shaped politically by divisions created by that war between secessionist, Democratic counties and Unionist, Republican ones, although the state as a whole leaned Democratic throughout this era and the GOP had carried the state only once – by a very marrow margin in 1896 when northern parts of the state were affected by hostility towards William Jennings Bryan, and state native John M. Palmer drew votes from the Democrats.


1920 United States presidential election in Kentucky, Background and vote
In 1919, however, Kentucky saw a significant change as the Republicans won not merely the governorship via Edwin P. Morrow but also control of the state legislature. However, there was a thought at the time that the triumph was partly a reflection of Morrow’s own personal popularity.


1920 United States presidential election in Kentucky, Background and vote
The state legislature would ratify the Nineteenth Amendment on January 6, 1920 by more than three-to-one in both houses, and Kentucky would – alongside North Carolina which was abolishing its poll tax – observe the largest mobilization of new voters in the entire Union, and possibly the largest mobilization of female voters anywhere.


1920 United States presidential election in Kentucky, Background and vote
Despite the extreme hostility to outgoing President Wilson, Democratic nominee and former Ohio Governor James M. Cox – who originated in Butler County, Ohio just across the state line – was supported powerfully by Fayette County political boss Billy Kair, and alongside the mobilisation of female voters noted above, this caused Kentucky to lead the nation in turnout.


1920 United States presidential election in Kentucky, Background and vote
With this high turnout and Kair’s powerful support of Governor Cox, the Democrats were able to carry Kentucky by 0.44 percent or 4,017 votes, in spite of Cox losing Tennessee and all the other Border States to Ohio Senator and Republican nominee Warren G. Harding, who nationally won the largest popular-vote margin on record. Alongside North Carolina, Kentucky was the state which most resisted the Republican landslide, with Cox falling by only 3 percent from Woodrow Wilson’s 1916 vote share.


1920 United States presidential election in Louisiana
The 1920 United States presidential election in Louisiana took place on November 2, 1920 as part of the 1920 United States presidential election. Voters chose ten representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1920 United States presidential election in Louisiana, Background
Ever since the passage of a new constitution in 1898, Louisiana had been a one-party state dominated by the Democratic Party. The Republican Party became moribund due to the disenfranchisement of blacks and the complete absence of other support bases as the Pelican State completely lacked upland or German refugee whites opposed to secession. Despite this absolute single-party dominance, non-partisan tendencies remained strong among wealthy sugar planters in Acadiana and within the business elite of New Orleans.


1920 United States presidential election in Louisiana, Background
Following disfranchisement, the state’s politics became dominated by the Choctaw Club of Louisiana, generally called the “Old Regulars”. This political machine was based in New Orleans and united with Black Belt cotton planters. Opposition began to emerge with the Progressive movement in the 1910s, chiefly in the southern sugar-growing parishes, where conflicts with President Wilson’s Underwoood-Simmons Act even allowed a Progressive Party member in Whitmell P. Martin to be elected to the Third Congressional District in 1914.


1920 United States presidential election in Louisiana, Background
During the second term of President Wilson, the Acadian parishes became even more upset with him because of his deep disagreements with Georges Clemenceau, as well as continued problems with the issue of sugar tariffs. There was also strong opposition is this part of Louisiana to the Nineteenth Amendment, and also substantial opposition in the Black Belt of the state because it was believed that enfranchising women could interfere with lily-white politics. In the Ozark- and previously Socialist-influenced northern upcountry parishes, opposition to women’s suffrage was much weaker.


1920 United States presidential election in Louisiana, Vote
In Acadiana, the 1920 election would see a temporary break with “Solid South” voting patterns, as anger at the Wilson Administration’s foreign and domestic policies caused the region’s voters – much more moderate on racial issues than the rest of Louisiana – to break powerfully from Democratic nominee James M. Cox. Harding carried fourteen of the Acadian parishes, and in the two most sugar-dependent, Assumption and Lafourche, he received over three-quarters of the vote.


1920 United States presidential election in Louisiana, Vote
In the remainder of Louisiana, as racially hardline as anywhere in the South, Democratic voting remained as rock-solid as ever despite nominee James M. Cox suffering a record 26.17 point landslide defeat and carrying only 41 counties outside antebellum slave states and Oklahoma. The revolt in Acadiana, however, was sufficient to drop Louisiana to Cox’ fourth-best state behind Georgia as well as South Carolina and Mississippi (as was typical in the “Solid South” era).


1920 United States presidential election in Maine
The 1920 United States presidential election in Maine took place on November 2, 1920, as part of the 1920 United States presidential election which was held throughout all contemporary 48 states. Voters chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1920 United States presidential election in Maine
Maine voted for Republican nominee, Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio, over the Democratic nominee, Governor James M. Cox of Ohio. Harding ran with Governor Calvin Coolidge of Massachusetts, while Cox ran with Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York.


1920 United States presidential election in Maine
Harding won Maine by a margin of 39.12%. His victory in the New England states was helped in by the local popularity of his running mate, Calvin Coolidge, a traditional New England Yankee born in the small-town of Plymouth Notch, Vermont, who had started his political career nearby as Governor of Massachusetts.


1920 United States presidential election in Maryland
The 1920 United States presidential election in Maryland took place on November 2, 1920, as part of the 1920 United States presidential election which was held throughout all contemporary 48 states. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1920 United States presidential election in Maryland, Background and vote
With its history as a slave state and substantial historic secessionist support, Maryland had been strongly Democratic during the Third Party System despite having Federalist and Whig tendencies under previous systems. However, hostility towards William Jennings Bryan’s free silver and Populist tendencies in the cities meant that the state shifted Republican in 1896 and became very close in subsequent elections during the “System of 1896”. Unlike former Confederate states and Oklahoma, Maryland did not succeed in disenfranchising its large black population despite several attempts, which helped the Republicans remain highly competitive in early twentieth-century state elections.


1920 United States presidential election in Maryland, Background and vote
Woodrow Wilson had carried Maryland by 4.84 percentage points more than his national margin in 1916, which made it his best state outside the former Confederacy or West. Democratic nominee and former Ohio Governor James M. Cox did not campaign in the state, but Republican nominee and Ohio Senator Warren G. Harding, fearing that Cox might add the machine-controlled states of the Northeast to his “Solid South”, did campaign in Maryland during September.


1920 United States presidential election in Maryland, Background and vote
The first straw vote in mid-October showed Harding leading by around 300 votes out of 4,300, although that had reversed in a poll a week later, and at the end of October polls were divided with one giving the state to Cox but another saying that it would be safe for Harding if black women could be mustered to vote.


1920 United States presidential election in Maryland, Background and vote
As it turned out, Harding carried the state comfortably: his margin was comparable to the other border states except Kentucky (where Cox was helped by Fayette County political boss Billy Kair) but Maryland was still 13.22 points more Democratic than the nation at-large or an 8 percent bigger differential than in 1916.


1920 United States presidential election in Massachusetts
The 1920 United States presidential election in Massachusetts took place on November 2, 1920, as part of the 1920 United States presidential election, which was held throughout all contemporary 48 states. Voters chose 18 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1920 United States presidential election in Massachusetts
Massachusetts was won in a landslide by Republican Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio, who was running against Democratic Governor James M. Cox of Ohio. Harding's running mate was Governor Calvin Coolidge of Massachusetts, while Cox ran with Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York. Also running that year was Socialist candidate Eugene V. Debs of Indiana and his running mate Seymour Stedman of Illinois.


1920 United States presidential election in Massachusetts
Harding carried Massachusetts overwhelmingly with 68.55% of the vote to Cox's 27.84%, a Republican victory margin of 40.71%. Debs finished third, with 3.25%.


1920 United States presidential election in Massachusetts
Massachusetts had long been a typical Yankee Republican bastion in the wake of the Civil War, having voted Republican in every election since 1856, except in 1912, when former Republican President Theodore Roosevelt had run as a third party candidate against incumbent Republican President William Howard Taft, splitting the Republican vote and allowing Democrat Woodrow Wilson to win Massachusetts with a plurality of only 35.53% of the vote. In 1916, the state had returned to the Republican column, although only by a fairly narrow 4-point margin.


1920 United States presidential election in Massachusetts
With the deeply unpopular Democratic administration of Woodrow Wilson as the backdrop for the 1920 campaign, Warren G. Harding promised a "return to normalcy" that appealed to many voters, while Cox was tied to the policies of the Wilson administration, whose unpopularity was especially severe among Irish-Americans who saw Wilson as pro-Britain and against their independence. Harding won nationally in one of the most decisive landslides in American history, and Massachusetts, already a fiercely Republican state, went even harder for Harding than the nation, voting a solid 15% more Republican than the national average.


1920 United States presidential election in Massachusetts
Harding was also helped in the state by his running mate, Calvin Coolidge, a traditional Yankee Republican born in neighboring Vermont and being the popular sitting Governor of Massachusetts.


1920 United States presidential election in Massachusetts
Harding swept every county in the state of Massachusetts, including even Suffolk County, home to the state's capital and largest city, Boston. Boston had been a Democratic-leaning city prior to this, and while Calvin Coolidge would win the city once more for the GOP in 1924, Boston would defect to the Democrats for Catholic Al Smith in 1928 and become reliably Democratic in every election that followed. As Coolidge won Suffolk County with a plurality in 1924, 1920 thus remains the last election in which a Republican has won an absolute majority of the vote in Suffolk County.


1920 United States presidential election in Massachusetts
In 13 of the state's 14 counties (all but Suffolk), Harding broke 60% of the vote, and in nine, Harding broke seventy percent. He even reached eighty percent in the island county of Dukes and peninsular Barnstable.


1920 United States presidential election in Michigan
The 1920 United States presidential election in Michigan took place on November 2, 1920, as part of the 1920 United States presidential election. Voters chose 15 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1920 United States presidential election in Michigan
Michigan was won by the Republican candidate Warren G. Harding in a landslide, carrying over seventy percent of the vote to Democratic opponent James M. Cox's 22%. Harding received the largest share of the popular vote in a presidential election for Michigan at the time, though that record would be broken only four years later. This was the first of three consecutive elections where Michigan supported a Republican candidate with more than seventy of the vote and the only examples of any presidential candidate receiving such a high share in the state.


1920 United States presidential election in Michigan
With 72.76% of the popular, Michigan would prove to be Harding third strongest state in the 1920 election terms of popular vote percentage after North Dakota and Vermont.


1920 United States presidential election in Minnesota
The 1920 United States presidential election in Minnesota took place on November 2, 1920 as part of the 1920 United States presidential election in which all contemporary forty-eight states participated. Voters chose 12 electors, or representatives to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. This election marks the last time a candidate for president won every county in Minnesota.


1920 United States presidential election in Minnesota, Background
The 1918 mid-term elections had seen the Midwestern farming community largely desert the Democratic Party due to supposed preferential treatment of Southern farmers: Democratic seats in the Midwest fell from thirty-four to seventeen, whilst Scandinavian-Americans were also vigorously opposed to entering the war. Moreover, Democratic fear of Communism seen in the Palmer Raids and "Red Scare" led to Cox, then Governor of Ohio, to ban German-language instruction in public schools in 1919. Much more critical for German-Americans was the view that outgoing President Woodrow Wilson was deliberately trying to punish Germany and Austria for starting the war, especially via his disregard for the United Kingdom's continuing blockade of Germany. Stressing Harding's German ancestry, the German press drummed up the view that


1920 United States presidential election in Minnesota, Background
a vote for Harding is a vote against the persecutions suffered by German-Americans during the war.


1920 United States presidential election in Minnesota, Background
As the campaign began after the Republican Party had nominated U.S. Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio and the Democratic Party former Ohio governor James M. Cox, a further blow to the Democrats – who had never won Minnesota but came tantalizingly close in 1916 when they lost by one vote in 988 – occurred when the national economy suffered a major downturn following the wartime boom, resulting in plummeting agricultural prices that were especially problematic in the Midwest.


1920 United States presidential election in Minnesota, Background
Whereas Cox travelled throughout the nation apart from the "Solid South" during September, Harding, despite having four times the budget, campaigned from his home in Marion, Ohio. A poll by the giant Rexall drug store chain – which in 1916 had been accurate enough to predict Wilson's razor-thin wins in New Hampshire and California – suggested Harding would win 382 electoral votes, and at the end of October, although no more opinion polls had been published, most observers were even more convinced that the Republicans would take complete control of all branches of government.


1920 United States presidential election in Minnesota, Background
Harding overwhelmingly carried Minnesota by a margin of 376,427 votes, or 51.16 points, and nationally won the election, with 404 electoral votes and a 26.17 point lead over Cox in the popular vote, which constitutes the most lopsided result in any United States presidential election held since James Monroe's uncontested re-election in 1820. Cox did not win a single state north of the Mason-Dixon line nor west of the Continental Divide. The percentage of Minnesota's popular vote won by Harding in 1920 is second only to Theodore Roosevelt's 74% of the state's popular vote from 1904, as Harding was helped by mass defection of registered Democratic German-Americans to the Republican ticket.


1920 United States presidential election in Minnesota, Background
Harding became the second and last presidential nominee after Theodore Roosevelt in 1904 to sweep all Minnesota’s counties. This was the last time the Republicans won Red Lake County until George W. Bush in 2000 and the last time Mahnomen County voted Republican until Ronald Reagan in 1980.


1920 United States presidential election in Minnesota, Background
The presidential election of 1920 is also noteworthy for the third party candidacy of the perennial Socialist candidate, Eugene V. Debs. Debs won nearly a million votes nationally, and 7.62 percent in Minnesota with second place ahead of Cox in six counties, despite the fact that he was incarcerated at the time.


1920 United States presidential election in Minnesota, Background
On September 12, 1918, Debs had been convicted on ten counts of sedition in relation to a speech he had given in Canton, Ohio on June 16, 1918, in which he encouraged conscientious objection to World War I. Of the five presidential elections in which Debs had been a candidate, 1920 was his second-greatest showing in terms of percentage of the popular vote won — he only did better in 1912. 1920 was also his final appearance on the ballot.


1920 United States presidential election in Mississippi
The 1920 United States presidential election in Mississippi took place on November 2, 1920, as part of the 1920 United States Presidential Election which was held throughout all contemporary 48 states. Voters chose 10 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1920 United States presidential election in Mississippi
Mississippi voted for the Democratic nominee, Governor James M. Cox of Ohio, over Republican nominee, Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio. Cox ran with Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York, while Harding ran with Governor Calvin Coolidge of Massachusetts.


1920 United States presidential election in Missouri
The 1920 United States presidential election in Missouri took place on November 2, 1920, as a part of the 1920 United States presidential election. Voters chose 18 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1920 United States presidential election in Missouri
The Republican candidate, Warren G. Harding, won the state of Missouri and collected its 18 electoral votes.


1920 United States presidential election in Montana
The 1920 United States presidential election in Montana took place on November 2, 1920 as part of the 1920 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1920 United States presidential election in Montana, Background
Like all of the Western United States, severe anger at President Woodrow Wilson's failure to maintain his promise to keep the United States out of World War I produced extreme hostility among the strongly isolationist population of remote Montana. In addition, by the beginning of 1920 skyrocketing inflation and Wilson's focus upon his proposed League of Nations at the expense of domestic policy had helped make the incumbent president very unpopular – besides which Wilson also had major health problems that had left First Lady Edith effectively running the nation.


1920 United States presidential election in Montana, Background
Political unrest seen in the Palmer Raids and the "Red Scare" further added to the unpopularity of the Democratic Party, since this global political turmoil produced considerable fear of alien revolutionaries invading the country. Demand in the West for exclusion of Asian immigrants became even stronger than it had been before. Another factor hurting the Democratic Party was the migration of many people from the traditionally Republican Upper Midwest into the state.


1920 United States presidential election in Montana, Background
Because the West had been the chief presidential battleground ever since the "System of 1896" emerged following that election, Governor Cox traveled across the western states in August and September, but he did not visit Montana with its tiny population and poverty of electoral votes. No polls were taken in the state, but a Republican success was universally assumed.


1920 United States presidential election in Montana, Vote
Montana overwhelmingly voted for the Republican nominee, Senator Warren G. Harding, over the Democratic nominee, Ohio Governor James M. Cox. Harding won Montana by a landslide margin of 29.08%. Whereas Wilson had carried every county except Sweet Grass in 1916, Harding won every county except Mineral, which he lost by just fifteen votes. However, within the thirteen states north of Arizona and west of Missouri, Mineral was along with Clark County, Nevada one of only two counties to give a plurality to Cox.


1920 United States presidential election in Nebraska
The 1920 United States presidential election in Nebraska took place on November 2, 1920, as part of the 1920 United States presidential election which was held throughout all contemporary 48 states. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1920 United States presidential election in Nebraska
Nebraska voted strongly for Republican nominee, Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio, over the Democratic nominee, Governor James M. Cox of Ohio. Harding ran with Governor Calvin Coolidge of Massachusetts, while Cox ran with Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York. Harding won every county in the state, although the trend – dramatic as it was – was substantially smaller than Harding's landslides in heavily German-American North and South Dakota.


1920 United States presidential election in Nevada
The 1920 United States presidential election in Nevada took place on November 2, 1920, as part of the 1920 United States presidential election which was held throughout all contemporary 48 states. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1920 United States presidential election in Nevada
Nevada voted for Republican nominee, Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio, over the Democratic nominee, Governor James M. Cox of Ohio. Harding ran with Governor Calvin Coolidge of Massachusetts, while Cox ran with Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York.


1920 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
The 1920 United States presidential election in New Hampshire took place on November 2, 1920, as part of the 1920 United States presidential election which was held throughout all contemporary 48 states. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1920 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
New Hampshire voted for Republican nominee, Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio, over the Democratic nominee, Governor James M. Cox of Ohio. Harding ran with Governor Calvin Coolidge of Massachusetts, while Cox ran with Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York.


1920 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
Harding won New Hampshire by a margin of 20.45%. His victory in the New England states was helped by the local popularity of his running mate, Calvin Coolidge, a traditional New England Yankee born in the small-town of Plymouth Notch in neighboring Vermont, who had started his political career in neighboring Massachusetts as its governor. Despite this, New Hampshire would be Cox's second-strongest antebellum free state (after Indiana) by popular vote percentage and third-strongest (after Indiana and Cox's Ohio) in terms of percentage margin.


1920 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
Overall the Granite State voted by a two-party margin of 5.72% more Democratic than the nation at-large – which is the most Democratic relative thereto New Hampshire has ever voted since the Republican Party was founded. Although Cox carried no counties, Hillsborough and longtime national bellwether Coös would prove his strongest counties in New England.


1920 United States presidential election in New Jersey
The 1920 United States presidential election in New Jersey took place on November 2, 1920. All contemporary 48 states were part of the 1920 United States presidential election. Voters chose 14 electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1920 United States presidential election in New Jersey
New Jersey was won in a landslide by the Republican nominees, Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio and his running mate Governor Calvin Coolidge of Massachusetts. Harding and Coolidge defeated the Democratic nominees, Governor James M. Cox of Ohio and his running mate Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York.


1920 United States presidential election in New Jersey
Also running that year was Socialist candidate Eugene V. Debs of Indiana and his running mate Seymour Stedman of Illinois.


1920 United States presidential election in New Jersey
Harding carried New Jersey overwhelmingly with 67.65 percent of the vote to Cox's 28.42 percent, a victory margin of 39.23%. This is the highest popular vote percentage ever recorded by any candidate in New Jersey. On the county level map, reflecting the decisiveness of his victory, Harding became the first presidential nominee to sweep all 21 of New Jersey's counties, a feat later accomplished only by Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1956, Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 and Richard Nixon in 1972.