1919 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Republican primary
Olson originally polled well. He had a strong reputation as a judge. He seemed a logical opponent, having the potential to appeal to those Republicans dissatisfied with the corruption of Thompson's administration and Thompsons anti-war appeals. Olson proved to be poor at campaigning. Olson campaigned with two messages being advanced in his favor, neither of which were persuasive enough to voters. One was that he was deemed acceptable by the city's political machine.


1919 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Republican primary
The second was that someone needed to defeat Thompson, who had "disgraced Chicago" with (amongst other things) his anti-war rhetoric and actions, and that Olson would be that somebody to defeat Thompson. Olson also promised, "an administration of good, clean and honest housekeeping" and voiced interest in eugenics, the latter of which was off-putting to ethnic and black voters.


1919 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Republican primary
Fresh off of serving the army in Italy, former Hyde Park alderman Merriam angled to be a true alternative to Thompson. Despite lacking a strong organization, Merriam had confidence he could defeat Thompson. His campaign literature read, "I may be standing with my back to the wall, but I do not intend to forsake the men and women who asked me to lead this fight, not desert the claims of Chicago at this critical moment."


1919 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Republican primary
Presenting himself as "Captain Merriam", Merriam presented himself as a concerned army veteran that would bring democracy back into local government. His platform combined business and social reforms. As a means of improving civic engagement and providing for responsible government directorship, Merriam had championed a program of centralized planning and bureaucratic control. He promised efficient governance, running on a platform of "good government" which aimed to have public agencies run by trained experts. He promised to carefully increase home rule powers of the city, and to establish a postwar reconstruction commission. He also made a campaign issue of the fact that the Thompson administration was perceived to have driven Theodore B. Sachs to commit suicide.


1919 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Republican primary
Merriam warned of an "underworld" of "grafters and gunmen, gangsters and thugs" which was strongly connected with the "upper world" of urban politics. He argued that only civil service reform and "enlightened" government could properly serve the needs of the public. Merriam derided the system of political spoils and patronage overseen by Thompson as the "Big Fix". Merriam proclaimed, "What is the Big Fix? It is the combination of influences and agencies designed to control the political situation, and to be able to give immunity from the law.


1919 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Republican primary
Never quite complete, it strives for completion, reaching out constantly for new connections and protections. Prosecuting officials, police, sheriffs, judges, mayors, governors were among the many meshes in the great net, recently designed to entwine and entangle the law. It was presumed that the Big Fix could fix anything thought by the hordes of fixers, little and otherwise."


1919 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Republican primary
Merriam was supported by E. O. Hanson, a momentarily popular Chicagoan who was the brother of Seattle mayor Ole Hanson.


1919 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Republican primary
Dirty tricks occurred in the primary. Thompson planted city workers in the audience at to heckle Merriam at a January 6 debate between the two at the Masonic Temple, which ultimately resulted in fistfight breaking out. Merriam did not stop vigilante soldiers' and sailors' organizations from intimidating Thompson campaign workers in the city's downtown.


1919 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Republican primary
The news press overall sided against Thompson's renomination effort. However, in 1919, amid the continuation of traction disputes and other utility disputes, many of the newspapers were now seen as supporting candidates friendly to the utility corporations, meaning that their antagonism of Thompson was consequentially ineffective at persuading many voters. Thompson managed to conceal his own loyalties to utility owners from the eyes of many voters. Existing popular disapproval of the press had also played a role in the ineffectiveness of their endorsements and coverage against Thompson.


1919 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Republican primary
Thompson played up the fact that both the city's largest morning and afternoon papers had investments in land leased by Chicago schools, thus controversially profited from school land. Thompson persuaded voters that the prime reason newspapers opposed him was his opposition to this land arrangement. He made the school land issue one of his prime issues during his primary campaign.


1919 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Republican primary, Results
It was considered surprising that Thompson managed to secure a large enough share of the vote to garner an absolute majority.


1919 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Cook County Labor nomination
Inspired by the Bolshevik revolution in Russia (the ramifications of which had not yet been fully understood in America), union figures organized to create the Independent Labor Party of Cook County. The party nominated John Fitzpatrick, the esteemed chairman of the Chicago Federation of Labor.


1919 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Cook County Labor nomination
Fitzpatrick claimed to be motivated to run after, in November 1918, city council (in Fitzpatrick's belief, acting under the direction of Rodger Sullivan) nixed a deal he had brokered with Mayor Thompson to appoint two union figures to the city's school board.


1919 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Cook County Labor nomination
To formally nominate Fitzpatrick and a party ticket to run alongside him, an executive committee was formed and a convention of approximately 400 delegates was held. Among those participating in the convention was Margaret Haley of the Chicago Federation of Teachers.


1919 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Cook County Labor nomination
The party's stated goal was to create (modeled after the Bolsheviks) a soldiers and sailors council to promote the advancement of "political and industrial democracy at home".


1919 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Independent candidates
Cook County State's Attorney Maclay Hoyne ran as an independent candidate. His campaign committee featured Clarence Darrow, Donald Richberg, and E. O. Hanson.


1919 Chicago mayoral election, General election, Campaigning
Thompson focused his campaign on national issues, rather than on municipal matters. At one point Thompson told voters,


1919 Chicago mayoral election, General election, Campaigning
As Chicago goes in April, so will go the nation in 1920. Do you want Democratic rule and bread lines or Republicanism and prosperity?


1919 Chicago mayoral election, General election, Campaigning
Thompson also focused on international affairs, such as advocating Irish independence. He also championed the free trade policies of former president Grover Cleveland.


1919 Chicago mayoral election, General election, Campaigning
Thompson accused Sweitzer, as county clerk, of having ignored the tearful pleas of a white mother when he issued boxer Jack Johnson a license to marry the woman's daughter. This accusation, while a racist dogwhistle, did not damage Thompson's own popularity in the city's black wards.


1919 Chicago mayoral election, General election, Campaigning
After Chicago's business elite threw their support behind Sweitzer, Thompson derided them as being, "tax dodgers, possessors of swollen fortunes and robbers of the working classes."


1919 Chicago mayoral election, General election, Campaigning
Thompson continued to villainize the city's newspapers, as he had in his primary campaign. All major newspapers were opposed to Thompson, with the exception of those owned by news magnate William Randolph Hearst. However, Hearst himself had personally backed Hoyne. As he had in his previous campaign, Thompson demonized the news industry. He distributed bills with the slogan, "By voting for Mayor William Thompson you fight the commercialized newspapers who cheat the school children and you"


1919 Chicago mayoral election, General election, Campaigning
Thompson managed to avoid addressing criticisms brought by Sweitzer and Hoyne, and instead touted his own virtues, portraying himself as a patriotic American dedicated to protecting the citizens' constitutional rights.


1919 Chicago mayoral election, General election, Campaigning
Thompson had strong appeal to African-American voters. He made attempts to appeal to Germans and other groups.


1919 Chicago mayoral election, General election, Campaigning
Sweitzer criticized Thompson's governance, and promised as mayor that he would bring about an efficient and honest government that would not be of embarrassment to the city.


1919 Chicago mayoral election, General election, Campaigning
Sweitzer attempted to appeal to working-class voters. He primarily attacked Thompson for corruption. Sweitzer was a "wet", meaning that he was against prohibition, which many around the country had been advocating for at the time.


1919 Chicago mayoral election, General election, Campaigning
Independent candidate Hoyne attempted to appeal to the "better element" vote. He labeled the two major party nominees as the "gasocracy", deriding their alleged connections to utility companies. Hoyne printed leaflets reprinting old German-language campaign buttons of the previous campaigns by Sweitzer and Thompson, attempting to take advantage of World War I sentiments about Germany writing, "This is the sort of Appeal to Racial Prejudice that us a Slur on American Citizenship". Hoyne criticized African American support for Thompson, saying, "Since his election as mayor, Thompson has never ceased playing to the Negro vote.


1919 Chicago mayoral election, General election, Campaigning
He has appealed to their prejudices and to their resentment against their actual and fancied grievances." Hoyne received the backing of parts of the remaining members of the Democratic Party's Harrison faction, as well as many of the Republicans that had supported Merriam. Late in the race, former mayor Carter Harrison Jr. came out in support of Hoyne, calling him Chicago's "only hope".


1919 Chicago mayoral election, General election, Campaigning
All three of the leading candidates (Thompson, Sweitzer, and Hoyne) were perceived to be amicable towards the city's African-American population.


1919 Chicago mayoral election, General election, Campaigning
Democrats failed to attain party unity. Hoyne ultimately diverted potential support away from Robert Sweitzer.


1919 Chicago mayoral election, General election, Campaigning
A debate was held during the campaign between Thompson and Sweitzer.


1919 Chicago mayoral election, General election, Campaigning
Overall, the general election campaign was considered to be relatively tame compared to other Chicago mayoral elections of the era. The Sweitzer and Thompson campaigns kept rather amicable relations between each other until the closing days of the campaign. However, near the end of the election, as tensions increased, violence became more regular.


1919 Chicago mayoral election, General election, Results
Polls showed that Thompson received as much as 78% of the African American vote. By some accounts, Sweitzer received a mere 23% of the African American vote. Nearly half of Thompson's margin of victory alone was amassed in the black Second Ward. His margin of victory in the combined vote of the black Second and Third Wards was 15,000. The contribution of Chicago's growing African-American population to the reelection of a mayor many in the city found to be abhorrent fed racial animosity.


1919 Chicago mayoral election, General election, Results
Polls showed that Thompson received 13.48% of the Polish-American vote, while Sweitzer received 53.80%, Hoyne received 14.58%, Collins received 1.41%, other candidates received a combined 16.15%.


1919 Chicago mayoral election, General election, Results
Thompson's victory was widely attributed to the four-way split of the vote, with Hoyne and Fitzpatrick siphoning off enough likely Democratic voters to act as spoilers. Another important factor in his victory, however, was the African-American support he received.


1919 Chicago mayoral election, Aftermath
National and local newspapers' reactions to Thompson's reelection were heavily critical. Newspapers across the country printed headlines such as, "Poor Old Chicago", "Un-American Wins", "Chicago's Shame", and "Copperhead Victorious".


1919 Chicago mayoral election, Aftermath
The State-Journal of Lincoln, Nebraska commented, "A plurality of Chicago voters wanted more of Mayor Thompson, and they have got them. That is their business, and their funeral."


1919 Chicago mayoral election, Aftermath
In contrast with most newspapers, some heralded Thompson's reelection. The Northwest Tribune (founded by Lundin) and the German-American Illinois Staats-Zeitung both celebrated Thompson's reelection.


1919 Cincinnati Bearcats football team
The 1919 Cincinnati Bearcats football team was an American football team that represented the University of Cincinnati as a member of the Ohio Athletic Conference during the 1919 college football season. In their second season under head coach Boyd Chambers, the Bearcats compiled a 3–4–1 record (1–3–1 against conference opponents). Bob Stack was the team captain. The team played its home games at Carson Field in Cincinnati.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season
The 1919 Cincinnati Reds season was a season in American baseball. The Reds won the National League pennant, then went on to win the 1919 World Series. The team's accomplishments were overshadowed by the subsequent Black Sox Scandal, when it was discovered that their American League opponents, the Chicago White Sox had conspired to throw the series.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, Off-season
Reds manager Christy Mathewson, who left the club late in the 1918 season to enlist in the United States Army for World War I, was accidentally gassed during a chemical training exercise and subsequently developed tuberculosis. Mathewson served with the American Expeditionary Force until February 1919 and was discharged later that month, however, it became apparent that he was too sick to manage the Reds. Cincinnati replaced Mathewson with Pat Moran. Moran had previously managed the Philadelphia Phillies from 1915 until 1918, leading the team to a 323–257 record, and won the National League pennant in 1915. In the 1915 World Series, the Phillies lost to the Boston Red Sox.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, Off-season
On February 1, the Reds traded away outfielder Tommy Griffith to the Brooklyn Robins in exchange for first baseman Jake Daubert. Daubert, who had spent his entire nine-year career with Brooklyn, hit .308 with two home runs, 47 RBI and a league high 15 triples in 108 games during the 1918 season. Daubert was named the National League Most Valuable Player during the 1913 season, when he led the league with a .350 batting average, two home runs, 52 RBI in 139 games.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, Off-season
With Daubert now playing first base, the Reds traded away first baseman Hal Chase to the New York Giants for first baseman Walter Holke and catcher Bill Rariden. Holke was then shipped to the Boston Braves for infielder/outfielder Jimmy Smith. Rariden batted .224 with 17 RBI in 69 games with the Giants during the 1918 season, while Smith hit .225 with a home run and 14 RBI in 34 games with the Braves.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, Off-season
In March, the Reds selected pitchers Ray Fisher from the New York Yankees and Slim Sallee from the New York Giants on waivers. Fisher, who spent the 1918 enlisted in the United States Army, had pitched with New York from 1910–1917, earning a 76–78 record with a 2.91 ERA in 219 games pitched. His best season was in 1915, as Fisher had a record of 18–11 with a 2.11 ERA in 30 games. Sallee, who broke into the league with the St. Louis Cardinals in 1908, had an 8–8 record and a 2.25 ERA in 18 games with the Giants in 1918.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season
The Reds, who were looking to build off of a solid 68–60 record during the 1918 season, their highest winning percentage since 1904, started off the 1919 season with seven consecutive wins, and nine wins in their first 10 games, to take an early lead in the National League standings. The Reds did slump over their next 26 games, going 11–15 to drop their overall record to 20–16, and slipped into second place, four games behind the New York Giants.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season
Cincinnati put together a record of 24–7 in their next 31 games, moving to a 44–23 record and into first place in the National League, just ahead of the Giants. By the end of July, despite a very strong 59–28 record, the Reds and Giants were tied for first place. In August, the Reds begin to pull away from the Giants, as on August 26, Cincinnati had a record of 81-34 and had built a nine-game lead over New York.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season
Also in August, there were accusations that the teams playing the Reds were throwing their games to allow the Reds to win. The Reds continued to win in the last month of the season, and on September 18, Cincinnati defeated the Brooklyn Robins 2–0 to win their 93rd game of the season, which set a team record, besting the 92 wins the club had in 1898. Overall, Cincinnati finished the season with a 96–44 record, cruising to the National League pennant, as the team finished in first place for the first time since 1882. The Reds qualified for the 1919 World Series, as they would face the American League champions, the Chicago White Sox.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season
Outfielder Edd Roush led the National League with a .321 batting average, and he added four home runs, a team high 71 RBI and 20 stolen bases in 133 games. Third baseman Heinie Groh batted .310 with a team high five home runs, 63 RBI and 21 stolen bases in 122 games. Newly acquired first baseman Jake Daubert hit .276 with two home runs and 44 RBI. Outfielder Greasy Neale led the Reds with 28 stolen bases, while batting .242 with a home run and 54 RBI in 139 games.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season
Pitcher Hod Eller anchored the pitching staff, as he recorded a 19–9 record with a 2.39 ERA, leading the club with 248.1 innings pitched and 137 strikeouts in 38 games. Dutch Ruether led the National League in winning percentage, as he finished the season with a 19–6 record and a team best 1.82 ERA in 33 games.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season
Slim Sallee, who the Reds picked up off of waivers from the New York Giants before the season began, led the club in victories, as he finished the season with a 21–7 record and a 2.06 ERA and had a team high 22 complete games in 29 games. Ray Fisher, another Reds waiver pickup prior to the season, had a solid 14–5 record with a 2.17 ERA in 26 games.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season
With the successful season on the field, the Reds set a club record for attendance, as they drew 532,501 fans to their home games, breaking the team record of 424,643 set in the 1909 season.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, 1919 World Series, Game 1
The Reds opened the 1919 World Series at home in front of 30,511 fans at Redland Field, the first World Series game in club history. Dutch Ruether got the start for the Reds, against Eddie Cicotte of the Chicago White Sox.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, 1919 World Series, Game 1
After a scoreless top half of the first inning, the Reds Morrie Rath led off the bottom of the inning and was hit by a pitch. Jake Daubert then hit a single, moving Rath to third base, and Heinie Groh then hit a sacrifice fly, bring Rath home and giving Cincinnati a 1–0 lead. The White Sox tied the game in the top of the second inning as a Chick Gandil single scored Shoeless Joe Jackson.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, 1919 World Series, Game 1
The Reds retook the lead in the bottom of the fourth inning, when Ivey Wingo singled to right field, scoring Larry Kopf. With two men on base, pitcher Dutch Ruether helped his own cause, hitting a triple, scoring Greasy Neale and Wingo, opening up the Reds lead to 4–1. Morrie Rath then doubled to center field, scoring Ruether, increasing the Cincinnati lead to 5–1, followed by a Jake Daubert single, scoring Rath, giving Cincinnati a 6-1 and knocking Eddie Cicotte out of the game.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, 1919 World Series, Game 1
With Roy Wilkinson in the ballgame, the Reds added two more runs in the seventh inning, as Heinie Groh singled home Jake Daubert, and Pat Duncan drove in Groh on a groundout, giving Cincinnati an 8–1 lead. In the eighth inning, the Reds took a 9–1 lead as Dutch Ruether hit his second triple of the game off of Grover Lowdermilk, driving home Greasy Neale.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, 1919 World Series, Game 1
Dutch Ruether finished the complete game with a perfect ninth inning, as the Reds took an early 1–0 series lead.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, 1919 World Series, Game 2
The second game of the series was played in front of 29,698 fans at Redland Field, with Slim Sallee getting the start for the Reds, against Lefty Williams of the Chicago White Sox.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, 1919 World Series, Game 2
After three scoreless innings to start the game, the Reds opened the scoring in the bottom of the fourth inning, as Morrie Rath led off the inning with a walk. Jake Daubert moved Rath to second base with a sacrifice bunt. Heinie Groh then walked, followed by a single by Edd Roush, which drove home Rath, giving the Reds a 1–0 lead. Roush was caught stealing second, making it two outs, however, Pat Duncan walked, the third Reds player to walk in the inning. Larry Kopf then tripled to center field, scoring Groh and Duncan, giving the Reds a 3–0 lead.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, 1919 World Series, Game 2
In the sixth inning, the Reds extended their lead to 4-0 after Edd Roush led off the inning with a walk, and came around to score after a single by Greasy Neale.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, 1919 World Series, Game 2
The White Sox cut into the Reds lead in the seventh inning, as Ray Schalk singled home Swede Risberg. Schalk scored on the play after two throwing errors by the Reds, as the White Sox cut the Reds lead in half to 4–2.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, 1919 World Series, Game 2
Slim Sallee finished the game with a scoreless ninth inning, getting the complete game, as Cincinnati held on for a 4–2 win, and took a 2–0 series lead.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, 1919 World Series, Game 3
The series shifted over to Comiskey Park in Chicago for the third game. Ray Fisher got the start for Cincinnati, against Dickey Kerr for the White Sox in front of 29,126 fans.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, 1919 World Series, Game 3
The White Sox opened the scoring in the second inning, as Chick Gandil singled to left field, scoring Shoeless Joe Jackson and Happy Felsch, giving Chicago a 2–0 lead. The Sox added to their lead in the fourth, when Ray Schalk bunted a single, scoring Swede Risberg, as the White Sox took a 3–0 lead.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, 1919 World Series, Game 3
Dickey Kerr pitched a masterpiece for the White Sox, as he finished with a three hit shutout, as Chicago won the game 3–0, cutting the series lead to 2–1.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, 1919 World Series, Game 4
The fourth game of the series was played at Comiskey Park in Chicago, with Jimmy Ring starting for the Reds, against Eddie Cicotte of the White Sox in front of 34,363 fans.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, 1919 World Series, Game 4
After fourth scoreless innings, the Reds caught a break when Pat Duncan reached second base on a throwing error by Eddie Cicotte. Larry Kopf singled home Duncan, giving Cincinnati a 1–0 lead. Greasy Neale followed that up with a double to left field, scoring Kopf, and giving the Reds a 2–0 lead.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, 1919 World Series, Game 4
Jimmy Ring pitched a complete game shutout for the Reds, holding the White Sox to only three hits, as the Reds took the fourth game by a 2–0 score, and took a 3–1 series lead.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, 1919 World Series, Game 5
The fifth game of the series was played at Comiskey Park in Chicago in front of 34,379 fans, as Hod Eller started for the Reds, against Lefty Williams of the White Sox. The game was originally scheduled for October 5, however, it was postponed due to rain.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, 1919 World Series, Game 5
Both Eller and Williams pitched excellent to start the game, as it wasn't until the sixth inning before the Reds opened the scoring. Hod Eller led off the inning with a double, and came around to scoring after a Morrie Rath single, making it 1-0 for the Reds. Jake Daubert sacrificed bunted, moving Rath to third base, followed by a walk by Heinie Groh. Edd Roush then hit a triple to deep center field, scoring Rath and Groh, making it 3-0 for the Reds. Pat Duncan then hit a sacrifice fly, scoring Roush, extending the Reds lead to 4–0.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, 1919 World Series, Game 5
In the ninth, the Reds added another run, as Greasy Neale drove home Pat Duncan when he grounded out. Hod Eller completed the shutout in the bottom of the inning, as he allowed only three hits in the game, and struck out nine, which included a World Series record six batters in a row, to earn the victory for the Reds, as they took a 4–1 series lead.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, 1919 World Series, Game 6
The series moved back to Redland Field in Cincinnati for game six, with Dutch Ruether starting for the Reds, against Dickey Kerr of the White Sox, in front of 32,006 fans.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, 1919 World Series, Game 6
The Reds took the lead in the second inning, as Jake Daubert singled to right field, and then stole second base. Edd Roush was then hit by a pitch, and both Daubert and Roush were brought home after a Pat Duncan double, giving the Reds a 2–0 lead. Cincinnati struck again in the third inning, as Greasy Neale led the inning off with a triple, then came in to score after Dutch Ruether doubled, giving Cincinnati a 3–0 lead. Morrie Rath drove in Ruether after an error by White Sox shortstop Swede Risberg, as the Reds took a 4–0 lead.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, 1919 World Series, Game 6
The White Sox struck back with a run of their own in the fifth inning, as Eddie Collins hit a sacrifice fly, scoring Swede Risberg, cutting the Reds lead to 4–1. In the sixth inning, the White Sox cut the lead to 4-2 when Shoeless Joe Jackson singled home Buck Weaver. Happy Felsch then doubled, scoring Jackson, and cut the Reds lead to 4–3, as Ruether was pulled out of the game, replaced with Jimmy Ring. Ring allowed a single by Ray Schalk, as Felsch scored, tying the game up at 4-4.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, 1919 World Series, Game 6
The game remained tied after nine innings, and in the tenth inning, the White Sox took a 5–4 lead after singled, scoring Buck Weaver. In the bottom half of the inning, Kerr finished the complete game victory, as Chicago completed the comeback, winning the game 5-4 and cutting the Reds series lead to 4–2.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, 1919 World Series, Game 7
The seventh game of the series was played at Redland Field in front of 13,323 fans, as the Reds started Slim Sallee, against Eddie Cicotte of the White Sox.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, 1919 World Series, Game 7
Chicago opened the scoring in the top of the first inning, when Shoeless Joe Jackson singled home Eddie Collins, giving Chicago a 1–0 lead. In the third inning, Chicago struck again, on another single by Jackson, which scored Collins, as Chicago took a 2–0 lead.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, 1919 World Series, Game 7
In the fifth inning, the White Sox continued to pile on the offense, as Happy Felsch singled off of Sallee, scoring Collins and Buck Weaver. Sallee was then pulled out of the game, and Chicago had a 4–0 lead.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, 1919 World Series, Game 7
The Reds broke the shutout in the sixth inning, when Heinie Groh hit a ground rule double, then came around to score on a single by Pat Duncan, cutting the White Sox lead to 4–1.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, 1919 World Series, Game 7
That would be the only offense the Reds could muster, as Cicotte pitched a complete game victory, leading the White Sox to a 4–1 win and cutting the Reds series lead to 4–3.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, 1919 World Series, Game 8
The eighth game of the series moved back to Comiskey Park in Chicago, as Hod Eller got the start for Cincinnati, against Lefty Williams of the White Sox, in front of 32,930 fans.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, 1919 World Series, Game 8
After Morrie Rath led off the game with a pop out, the Reds Jake Daubert singled to center field. Heinie Groh then singled to right field, moving Daubert to second base. Edd Roush then doubled to right field, scoring Daubert and giving the Reds a 1–0 lead. Pat Duncan followed up with a double of his own, scoring both Groh and Roush as Cincinnati took a 3–0 lead. The White Sox then took Williams out of the game, replacing him with Bill James. The Reds added another run when Bill Rariden singled home Duncan.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, 1919 World Series, Game 8
In the second inning, Heinie Groh singled off of James, then was brought home after a double by Edd Roush, as Cincinnati took a 5–0 lead.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, 1919 World Series, Game 8
The White Sox got on the board in the third inning, as Shoeless Joe Jackson hit a home run to right field, cutting the Reds lead to 5–1.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, 1919 World Series, Game 8
In the fifth inning, the Reds Larry Kopf tripled off of Bill James, and was brought home after a Greasy Neale single, making it 6-1 Cincinnati. The Reds continued to pour on the offense in the sixth inning, when Hod Eller singled off of James, followed by a walk by Morrie Rath, knocking James out of the game. The White Sox brought in Roy Wilkinson to pitch, however, Jake Daubert reached first base after an error, loading the bases. Edd Roush then singled, scoring Eller and Rath, followed by a single by Pat Duncan, scoring Roush, and giving the Reds a 9–1 lead.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, 1919 World Series, Game 8
In the eighth inning, Edd Roush led off the inning after being hit by a pitch, then moved to second after a Pat Duncan sacrifice bunt. Roush came around to score after a single by Bill Rariden, extending the Reds lead to 10–1.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, 1919 World Series, Game 8
In the bottom of the eighth inning, the White Sox made a last attempt to comeback, as a double by Shoeless Joe Jackson scored Eddie Collins and Buck Weaver, cutting the Reds lead to 10–3. Chick Gandil tripled to right field, scoring Jackson, making it 10–4. Swede Risberg then hit it to Reds center fielder Edd Roush, who made an error, allowing Gandil to score, and cut the lead to 10-5 for the Reds. Cincinnati got out of the inning after a Ray Schalk groundout to stop the comeback.


1919 Cincinnati Reds season, 1919 World Series, Game 8
In the ninth, the White Sox threatened to score, however, Hod Eller shut them down, as Cincinnati won the game 10–5, and won the World Series for the first time in club history.


1919 Clemence
1919 Clemence, provisional designation 1971 SA, is a bright Hungaria asteroid and suspected tumbler from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 4 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 16 September 1971, by American astronomer James Gibson together with Argentine astronomer Carlos Cesco at the Yale-Columbia Southern Station at Leoncito Astronomical Complex in Argentina. It is named after astronomer Gerald Clemence.


1919 Clemence, Orbit and classification
Clemence is a member of the Hungaria family, which form the innermost dense concentration of asteroids in the Solar System. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.8–2.1 AU once every 2 years and 8 months (984 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 19° with respect to the ecliptic.


1919 Clemence, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen taxonomic scheme, Clemence is classified as an X-type asteroid. It has also been characterized as an E-type asteroid by the NEOWISE mission.


1919 Clemence, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In March 2005, a rotational lightcurve was obtained by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory (716) in Colorado. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 67.4±0.1 hours and a brightness variation of 0.15 magnitude (U=2, revised analysis). While not being a slow rotator, Clemence has a significantly longer period than most other asteroids, which typically have a spin rate between 2 and 20 hours.


1919 Clemence, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Czech astronomer Petr Pravec from the Ondřejov Observatory believes this may be a tumbling asteroid, yet observations are not sufficient to determine a non-principal axis rotation.


1919 Clemence, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, the asteroid measures 3.2 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an outstandingly high albedo of 0.71, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.30 and calculates a somewhat larger diameter of 4.95 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.45.


1919 Clemence, Naming
This minor planet was named after American astronomer Gerald Maurice Clemence (1908–1974), first scientific director of the United States Naval Observatory and professor of astronomy at the Yale Observatory, known for his work on the theory of the motion of Mars and Mercury, on the system of astronomical constants, and other research in celestial mechanics. He served as president of the American Astronomical Society and of IAU. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3937).


1919 Clemson Tigers football team
The 1919 Clemson Tigers football team represented the Clemson Tigers of Clemson Agricultural College during the 1919 college football season. Under third year head coach Edward Donahue, the team posted a 6–2–2 record. Stumpy Banks was the captain.


1919 Clemson Tigers football team, Bibliography
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1919 Clemson Tigers football team, Bibliography
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1919 Cleveland Indians (NFL) season
The 1919 Cleveland Indians season was their last season in Ohio League before its evolution into the American Professional Football Association. The team posted a known record of 0–2–1. Of the games that are known, the 1919 Indians are one of only a handful of teams to have never scored a point in an entire season.


1919 Cleveland Indians season
The 1919 Cleveland Indians season was a season in American baseball. The team finished second in the American League with a record of 84–55, 3.5 games behind the Chicago White Sox.


1919 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1919 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1919 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1919 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1919 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1919 Coatesville call to arms
The 1919 Coatesville call to arms was when the black community of Coatesville, Pennsylvania formed a large armed group to prevent a rumoured lynching. Only later when the armed group had surrounded the jail to prevent the lynching did they learn that there was no suspect and no white lynch mob.


1919 Coatesville call to arms, 1911 lynching of Zachariah Walker
In 1911, steelworker Zachariah Walker was lynched in Coatesville; he had left his wife and children in Virginia while seeking better work. This African-American man was accused of killing white mill policeman Edgar Rice, a popular figure in town. Walker claimed self-defense and was hospitalized after his arrest. He was dragged from the hospital and burned to death in front of a mob of hundreds in a field south of the city. Fifteen men and teenage boys were indicted, but all were acquitted at trials. The lynching was the last in Pennsylvania and is said to have left a permanent stain on the city's image.


1919 Coatesville call to arms, Call to arms
On July 6, 1919, a fourteen-year-old white girl, Esther Hughes, was allegedly attacked by a black man. Esther's boy companion was tied to a tree and another girl that was with Esther was able to run away. On July 8, a rumour surfaced that a suspect had been arrested and that a white mob was assembling to lynch him. Scared by the 1911 lynching of Zachariah Walker a large group of Coatesville's African Americans armed themselves and marched downtown to protect the jail from the white mob.


1919 Coatesville call to arms, Call to arms
When they arrived Mayor Swing and local Rev. T. W. McKinney assured the crowd that the rumor was false. A number of leaders of the march were arrested and charged with inciting a riot even though they had assembled to stop a rumored white riot. All of the nine people arrested were later released.


1919 Coatesville call to arms, Aftermath
This uprising was one of several incidents of civil unrest that began in the so-called American Red Summer, of 1919. The Summer consisted of terrorist attacks on black communities, and white oppression in over three dozen cities and counties. In most cases, white mobs attacked African American neighborhoods. In some cases, black community groups resisted the attacks, especially in Chicago and Washington, D.C.. Most deaths occurred in rural areas during events like the Elaine Race Riot in Arkansas, where an estimated 100 to 240 black people and 5 white people were killed. Also occurring in 1919 were the Chicago Race Riot and Washington D.C. race riot which killed 38 and 39 people respectively, and with both having many more non-fatal injuries and extensive property damage reaching up into the millions of dollars.


1919 Coburg state election
The 1919 Coburg state election was held on 9 February 1919 to elect the 11 members of the Landtag of the Free State of Coburg.


1919 Colgate football team
The 1919 Colgate football team was an American football team that represented Colgate University as an independent during the 1919 college football season. In its first season under head coach Ellery Huntington Jr., the team compiled a 5–1–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 111 to 27. D. Belford West was the team captain. The team played its home games on Whitnall Field in Hamilton, New York.


1919 College Baseball All-Southern Team
The 1919 College Baseball All-Southern Team consists of baseball players selected at their respective positions after the 1919 NCAA baseball season.


1919 College Football All-America Team
The 1919 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1919. The two selectors recognized by the NCAA as "official" for the 1919 season are (1) Walter Camp (WC), whose selections were published in Collier's Weekly; and (2) the Frank Menke syndicate (MS).


1919 College Football All-America Team, Consensus All-Americans
For the year 1919, the NCAA recognizes only two selectors as "official" for purposes of its consensus determinations. The following chart identifies the NCAA-recognized consensus All-Americans and displays which first-team designations they received.


1919 College Football All-Southern Team
The 1919 College Football All-Southern Team consists of American football players selected to the College Football All-Southern Teams selected by various organizations for the 1919 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season.


1919 College Football All-Southern Team
Auburn won the SIAA championship. Even though Centre went undefeated, there were questions over professionalism.


1919 College Football All-Southern Team, Composite eleven
The composite eleven posted by H. J. Stegeman, coach at the University of Georgia, for Spalding's Football Guide included:


1919 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
S = composite eleven posted by H. J. Stegeman, coach at University of Georgia, for Spalding's Football Guide.


1919 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
NYS = All-SIAA consensus of various Southern newspapers, published in the New York Sun.


1919 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
CR = selected by Charles A. Reinhart, sporting editor for the Louisville Courier-Journal.


1919 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
H = selected by John Heisman, coach at the Georgia Institute of Technology.


1919 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
MB = selected by Morgan Blake, sporting editor Atlanta Journal.


1919 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
NT = selected by the writers of the Nashville Tennessean.


1919 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
JLR = selected by J. L. Ray, sporting editor for the Tennessean.


1919 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
ST = selected by Stuart Towe, of the Knoxville Journal and Tribune.


1919 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
D = selected by Mike Donahue, coach at Auburn University.


1919 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
WGF = selected by W. G. Foster, sporting editor for the Chattanooga Times.


1919 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
ZN = selected by Zipp Newman of the Birmingham News.


1919 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
LR = selected by Les Raislinas of the Atlanta Constitution.


1919 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
FA = selected by Frank Anderson, coach at Oglethorpe University.


1919 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
BR = selected by Bill Raftery, coach at Washington and Lee University.


1919 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
X = selected by Xen C. Scott, coach at University of Alabama.


1919 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
BD = selected by Bruce Dudley, sporting editor of the Louisville Herald.


1919 Colorado Agricultural Aggies football team
The 1919 Colorado Agricultural Aggies football team represented Colorado Agricultural College (now known as Colorado State University) in the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) during the 1919 college football season. In their ninth season under head coach Harry W. Hughes, the Aggies compiled a 7–1 record and outscored all opponents by a total of 218 to 57.


1919 Colorado Agricultural Aggies football team
Three Colorado Agricultural players received all-conference honors in 1919: fullback Harry Scott, halfback Duane Hartshorn, and tackle H.L. (Hap) Dotson.


1919 Colorado College Tigers football team
The 1919 Colorado College Tigers football team represented Colorado College during the 1919 college football season. The team was led by head coach Poss Parsons.


1919 Colorado Silver and Gold football team
The 1919 Colorado Silver and Gold football team was an American football team that represented the University of Colorado in the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) during the 1919 college football season. Head coach Enoch J. Mills led the team in his second and final year to a 2–3–1 mark in the RMC and 2–3–1 overall. The team finished in fifth place in the RMC and was outscored by a combined total of 96 to 87.


1919 Columbia Lions football team
The 1918 Columbia Lions football team was an American football team that represented Columbia University as an independent during the 1918 college football season. In his second and final season, head coach Fred Dawson led the team to a 2–4–3 record, outscored 107 to 48 by opponents.


1919 Columbia Lions football team
The team played its home games on South Field, part of the university's campus in Morningside Heights in Upper Manhattan.


1919 Columbus Panhandles season
The 1919 Columbus Panhandles season was their 14th season in existence. It was also the last time that the team played in the Ohio League, before joining the early National Football League the following year. The team posted a 3-6-1 record.


1919 Columbus Panhandles season, Game summaries, Game 3: at Akron Indians
Following the tie to the Mark Greys, the Panhandles played against the Indians at Liberty Park. The Panhandles played a strong defensive game, but the offense was weak. According to the Youngstown Vindicator, Brown for Akron was the "star of the game", "shaking defenders" for "fifty-yard gains." The quarters for 12.5 minutes long; and the Panhandles lost 13–0.


1919 Columbus, Ohio mayoral election
The Columbus mayoral election of 1919 was the 61st mayoral election in Columbus, Ohio. It was held on Tuesday, November 4, 1919. Incumbent Democratic mayor George J. Karb was defeated by Republican party nominee James J. Thomas.


1919 Connecticut Aggies football team
The 1919 Connecticut Aggies football team represented Connecticut Agricultural College, now the University of Connecticut, in the 1919 college football season. The Aggies were led by first year head coach Roy J. Guyer, and completed the season with a record of 2–6. There was no team in 1917 or 1918 due to World War I. After the first game against New Hampshire, Aggie junior Gardner Dow died of injuries from a tackle he delivered in the fourth quarter. The school would name the Athletic Fields on which many sports competed for him.


1919 Copa Aldao
The 1919 Copa Aldao was the final match to decide the winner of the Copa Aldao, the 5th. edition of the international competition organised by the Argentine and Uruguayan Associations together. The final was contested by Uruguayan Nacional and Argentine Boca Juniors.


1919 Copa Aldao
In the match, played at Estadio Gran Parque Central in Montevideo on May 16, 1920, Nacional beat Boca Juniors 3–0, winning its second Copa Aldao trophy.


1919 Copa Aldao, Overview
It was the first Copa Aldao final contested by Boca Juniors as champion of Primera División, while Nacional played its third final having been winner of the 2nd. edition played in 1916. 1919 was one of the most successful seasons in the history of Boca Juniors so the club won the Copa de Competencia Jockey Club, Copa Ibarguren, and international Tie Cup (won to Nacional). Nevertheless, this edition of Copa Aldao would be the only final lost by Boca Juniors in the season.


1919 Copa Aldao, Overview
On 15 minutes, Héctor Scarone headed to score the first goal. Only five minutes later, Ángel Romano scored another goal for Nacional, and Pascual Somma scored the third goal on 61 minutes. As a curious fact, Nacional played almost the entire game with 10 players due to Rogelio Naguil left the field on 22 after being injured (substitutions were not allowed on those times).


1919 Copa Aldao, Overview
With this win over Boca Juniors, Uruguayan side Nacional achieved its second Copa Aldao trophy.


1919 Copa Ibarguren
The 1919 Copa Ibarguren was the 7° edition of this National cup of Argentina. It was played by the champions of both leagues, Primera División and Liga Rosarina de Football crowned during 1919.


1919 Copa Ibarguren
Boca Juniors (Primera División champion) faced Rosario Central (Liga Rosarina champion) at Gimnasia y Esgrima de Buenos Aires stadium. Boca Juniors won 1–0 with goal by Miranda.


1919 Copa Jockey Club Final
The 1919 Copa de Competencia Jockey Club was the final that decided the champion of the 13° edition of this National cup of Argentina. In the match, held in Gimnasia y Esgrima de Buenos Aires on January 18, 1920, Boca Juniors defeated Rosario Central 1–0 after extra time.


1919 Copa Jockey Club Final, Overview
The 1919 edition was contested by 48 clubs, 46 within Buenos Aires Province and 2 from Liga Rosarina de Football (Rosario Central and Belgrano) that entered directly to the semifinals. Boca Juniors reached the final after playing Gimnasia y Esgrima LP, Eureka, Racing, eliminating Estudiantes LP (3–0), Porteño (3–2 in quarterfinal), Belgrano de Rosario (2–0 in semifinal)


1919 Copa Jockey Club Final, Overview
On the other side, Rosario Central earned its right to play the final after thrashing Eureka 7–0. The only goal of the match was scored by winger Pedro Calomino by penalty kick on 103'. One minute earlier, Américo Tesoriere had stopped a penalty from Blanco.


1919 Copa del Rey
The Copa del Rey  1919 was the 19th staging of the Copa del Rey, the Spanish football cup competition.


1919 Copa del Rey
The competition started on April 12, 1919, and concluded on May 18, 1919, with the Final, held at the Martínez Campos in Madrid, in which Arenas Club de Getxo lifted the trophy for the first time ever with a 5–2 victory over FC Barcelona.


1919 Copa del Rey, Quarterfinals
Sevilla FC qualified for the semifinals, as CD Águilas withdrew before the start of the tournament.


1919 Copa del Rey, Quarterfinals, Second leg
Arenas Club de Getxo and Racing de Madrid won one match each. At that year, the goal difference was not taken into account. A replay match was played.


1919 Copa del Rey, Quarterfinals, Second leg
Sporting de Gijón and Real Vigo Sporting tied 0–0. A replay match was played.


1919 Copa del Rey, Quarterfinals, Second leg
FC Barcelona won 2–0 on aggregate matches and qualified for the semifinals.


1919 Copa del Rey Final
The 1919 Copa del Rey Final was the 19th. final of the Spanish cup competition, the Copa del Rey. The final was played at Martínez Campos in Madrid on May 18, 1919. Arenas de Getxo defeated Barcelona 5–2 and won their first title.


1919 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship
The 1919 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship was the 11th staging of the Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board.


1919 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship
Fairhill won the championship following a walkover by Dromina in the final.


1919 Cork Senior Football Championship
The 1919 Cork Senior Football Championship was the 33rd staging of the Cork Senior Football Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887.


1919 Cork Senior Football Championship
On 12 October 1919, Cobh won the championship following a 4-03 to 1-00 defeat of Youghal in the final at the Cork Athletic Grounds. This was their second championship title overall and their second title in succession. It remains their last championship title.


1919 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
The 1919 Cork Senior Hurling Championship was the 32nd staging of the Cork Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887. The draw for the opening round fixtures took place on 11 March 1919. The championship began on 6 April 1919 and ended on 14 September 1919.


1919 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
Carrigtwohill were the defending champions, however, they were defeated by St. Finbarr's in the second round.


1919 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
On 14 September 1919, St. Finbarr's won the championship following a 5-3 to 4-1 defeat of Blackrock in the final. This was their fifth championship title overall and their first title in 13 championship seasons.


1919 Cornell Big Red football team
The 1919 Cornell Big Red football team was an American football team that represented Cornell University during the 1919 college football season. In their first season under head coach John H. Rush, the Big Red compiled a 3–5 record and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 95 to 34.


1919 Costa Rican general election
General elections were held in Costa Rica on 7 December 1919. Julio Acosta García of the Constitutional Party won the presidential election, whilst the party also won the parliamentary election, in which they received 74.9% of the vote. Voter turnout was 57.8% in the presidential election and 42.1% in the parliamentary election.


1919 Costa Rican general election
These elections were held on December 7, 1919 after dictator Federico Tinoco was deposed and exiled. The winning candidate Acosta, former chancellor of the government overthrown by Tinoco, had been precisely one of his fierce opponents and leader of armed antitinoquist groups which earned him great popularity, this despite the fact that his affiliation as a Freemason and Theosophist were controversial, at least among some sectors of the Church.


1919 Costa Rican general election
The tinoquismo grouped around the recently founded Democratic Party and nominates Dr. José Maria Soto Alfaro, denoted tinoquista, twice deputy and brother of former president Bernardo Soto Alfaro. Soto was also the founder of the so-called «Club 27 de Enero» whose name commemorated the Tinoquista coup on January 27, 1917 that overthrew González Flores and was one of the supporters of the Tinoquista regime.


1919 Coupe de France Final
The 1919 Coupe de France Final was a football match held at Parc des Princes, Paris on 6 April 1919, that saw CASG Paris defeat Olympique de Paris 3–2 thanks to goals by Emilien Devic and Louis Hatzfeld (2).


1919 Croydon South by-election
The Croydon South by-election, 1919 was a parliamentary by-election for the British House of Commons constituency of Croydon South on 14 November 1919.


1919 Croydon South by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the sitting Unionist MP, Sir Ian Malcolm on 28 October 1919. He had been the MP for Croydon since December 1910.


1919 Croydon South by-election, Electoral history
Croydon was a traditionally strong area for the Unionists. The Croydon constituency was created in 1885 and won by the Unionists at every election. In 1918, it was divided into two seats, and its MP, Ian Malcolm, was elected for the new Croydon South seat. He was helped by the absence of a Liberal opponent and the official support of the Coalition government;


1919 Croydon South by-election, Campaign
Polling Day was set for 14 November, just 17 days after the resignation of Malcolm. Close of Nominations occurred on 4 November to reveal a two cornered contest. Smith received official backing from the Coalition Government, while Houlder's candidacy was backed by the Liberal opposition.


1919 Croydon South by-election, Result
Sir Allan Smith thought the result "was a victory for the forces of unity".


1919 Croydon South by-election, Aftermath
Smith retained the seat at the following election because the anti-Unionist vote was split when Muggeridge intervened. Houlder did not stand for parliament again. The result at the following General election;


1919 Dartmouth football team
The 1919 Dartmouth football team was an American football team that represented Dartmouth College as an independent during the 1919 college football season. In its third season under head coach Clarence Spears, the team compiled a 6–1–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 141 to 53. Jackson Cannell was the team captain.


1919 Dayton Triangles season
The 1919 Dayton Triangles season was their seventh season, and last season, in the Ohio League. The team posted a 5–2–1 record and would become a charter member of the National Football League, the following season.


1919 Decatur Staleys season
The 1919 Decatur Staleys season was the first in the team's long existence, later becoming known as the Chicago Bears. It was also the only season in which the Staleys/Bears team was amateur, not a member of the National Football League or managed by George Halas. The 1919 Staleys were a works team, made up purely of regular A. E. Staley Manufacturing Company employees, and finished with a 6–1 record to win the Central Illinois Championship.


1919 Decatur Staleys season, Founding
"Football is the latest phase of athletics which our versatile organization has undertaken. This newly organized team can boast as its coach one of the greatest quarterbacks Illinois ever produced, none other than our construction superintendent, James Cook. [ ...] "Apparently Mr. Cook is going to weld that bunch of recruits into a splendid fighting machine of which Staley's can be proud. They'll just have to be good because M. P. O'Brien said we would have a good team or none at all, and of course, that settles it."


1919 Decatur Staleys season, Founding
A. E. Staley founder Augustus Eugene Staley never intended to create a national powerhouse. He founded the Staley athletic program because he thought that employees participating in sports, either actively or as spectators, would grow to value the lessons learned of being a team player, good sportsmanship, character building as well as building a sense of team/factory loyalty. On September 20, 1919, he organized a meeting with members of the Staley baseball team – which was founded in 1917 – who were interested in forming a football branch. He provided $1,000 to the group for equipment, while Staleys outfielder Fred P. "Fritz" Wasem was named team manager. To assist him, he appointed company Superintendent of Construction James "Jim" Cook and former Millikin University head coach Robert E. Brannan as coaches.


1919 Decatur Staleys season, Founding
The team's roster was made up of the existing pool of Staley employees, many of whom had experience playing college football, though Wasem also held tryouts for those interested; he proclaimed his group was "going to have the best independent team Decatur has ever had." Chuck Dressen competed with Pete Devore for the starting quarterback job and won the position, while other players included brothers Walt "Red" and Charlie "Baldy" May, both of whom were teammates with the Taylorville Independents, Millikin fullback Jake Lanum, and lieutenant Robert Crisp.


1919 Decatur Staleys season, Founding
For salaries, the players received shares from gate receipts; although they were estimated to be paid $10–20 per game, the number was lower due to travel expenses and opposing teams also getting their split of the ticket sales. The Decatur Daily Review speculated those who were signed to play occasional games may have received more.


1919 Decatur Staleys season, Founding
The first practice took place on September 24, with the Staleys wearing maroon jerseys. The team played their home games at Staley Field, the Staley Manufacturing athletic field, which had a seating capacity of 1,500 with another 1,000 standing. Fans were charged $1 to attend games and company employees received a 50% discount. When the field was used for football, the goal posts were placed in the outfield of the baseball configuration. Staley Field was later used by the minor league baseball team Decatur Commodores.


1919 Decatur Staleys season, Game summaries
The team played their games mostly on Sundays, the company day off, apart from their road game against the Taylorville Independents.


1919 Decatur Staleys season, Game summaries, Game 1: at Peoria Tractors
The Staleys played their first game against another industrial team by the name of Peoria Tractors, which represent a nearby branch of the company later called Caterpillar Inc.. The previous week, the Tractors won their season opener against a Clinton, Iowa team 27–0. Despite poor weather, the game saw "over 1,000 fans".


1919 Decatur Staleys season, Game summaries, Game 1: at Peoria Tractors
Since the team had only four practices leading up to the game, the Staleys focused on a defensive game plan. As a result, the Tractors struggled offensively, making substitutions 16 times against the Staleys' four and losing multiple fumbles. At one point, Peoria reached Decatur's goal line but failed to score. On the other side, Decatur's offense of "line plunges and end runs" also saw little progress.


1919 Decatur Staleys season, Game summaries, Game 1: at Peoria Tractors
In the third quarter, the Staleys fumbled on a punt and the Tractors recovered. On fourth down, Peoria's "Red" Lawler attempted a 30-yard drop kick; although referee Martin, a Tractors coach, ruled he missed the kick, Peoria head coach and umpire Conway argued otherwise. Upon further debate, Martin agreed in Conway's favor, making the score 3–0. The Staleys failed to answer.


1919 Decatur Staleys season, Game summaries, Game 2: vs. Stonington
For the home opener, the Staleys hosted a team from Stonington, who lost 42–0 to Taylorville in their latest game. Stonington and the Staleys also played against each other in baseball in September, which the Staleys won 5–1; in their pre-game report, The Decatur Herald wrote Stonington wanted to "get revenge" for the loss.


1919 Decatur Staleys season, Game summaries, Game 2: vs. Stonington
On the first play of the game, Jack Mintun intercepted Stonington quarterback Hise's pass and returned it for a 20-yard touchdown. Lanum recorded two touchdowns, while Bob Koehler scored when he recovered Wasem's fumble at the goal line. By halftime, the Staleys led 44–0. In the third quarter, Stonington scored the only points on a 25-yard drop kick, while Decatur added six more points for the 50–3 win.


1919 Decatur Staleys season, Game summaries, Game 2: vs. Stonington
Approximately 1,000 fans attended the game. Two days later, The Herald wrote the crowd "showed [Decatur's] interest in the Staley team and the locals are assured of even greater crowds if they get teams of more equal caliber to meet."


1919 Decatur Staleys season, Game summaries, Game 3: vs. Staunton
Wasem attempted to schedule a game against a Danvers team, but it was canceled the Tuesday before it was to take place. Instead, the Staleys played Staunton, a team consisting of coal miners.


1919 Decatur Staleys season, Game summaries, Game 3: vs. Staunton
Before the game, Wasem conducted tryouts, during which the Staleys acquired former Decatur High School fullback and United States Army major Lutz Krigbaum. Krigbaum moved to left tackle with the Staleys, while C. Lawrence Thrift switched from end to fullback and Lanum was moved to right halfback.


1919 Decatur Staleys season, Game summaries, Game 3: vs. Staunton
Staunton fumbled on the opening drive, which the Staleys capitalized on with Thrift's touchdown run. On the ensuing drive, Lanum intercepted their quarterback Ackerman and scored on the return; Lanum intercepted him again to set up Thrift's second touchdown. In the second quarter, Lanum scored again. At halftime, the Staleys led 40–0. Krigbaum made his Decatur debut in the second half, while Lanum added two more touchdowns and Dressen had two of his own. Two more touchdowns via Mintun recovering Ackerman's muffed punt and running for the 30-yard score and Lanum's sixth score made the final score 89–0.


1919 Decatur Staleys season, Game summaries, Game 4: vs. Rantoul Aviators
After being unable to organize games against teams from Moline, Spring Valley, and Pine Ridge, Indiana, the Staleys secured a matchup against the Rantoul Aviators of Chanute Field. The Aviators' most recent game was a 31–0 loss to the Arcola Independents, which coach and lieutenant colonel Longanecker explained was a result of missing all but two starters. For pre-game entertainment, the Aviators prepared two planes for lieutenants Charles M. Leonard and Greer to fly over Staley Field, while Corporal Graham and team captain Shinn, a Decatur native, were to serve as copilots.


1919 Decatur Staleys season, Game summaries, Game 4: vs. Rantoul Aviators
The game was scheduled to take place on Sunday at 2:45 PM, so the Aviators left Rantoul at 8 AM in two army trucks. However, the trucks broke down in Cerro Gordo and Argenta, rendering them unable to arrive in Decatur on time. As a result, the game was canceled; although an ambulance carrying Graham reached Decatur at 4 PM, he and his entourage later left by railroad. The two trucks reached Decatur on Monday morning, long after the game was called off.


1919 Decatur Staleys season, Game summaries, Game 5: vs. Champaign Eleven
With the November 11 Taylorville Independents game on the horizon, the Staleys played a preparatory game against the Champaign Eleven, a club featuring players from the University of Illinois who were ruled ineligible to play for the Illinois Fighting Illini football team. The Eleven had defeated Arcola 9–0 in their last game and the Rantoul Aviators "by a decisive margin" before that. Prior to the game, Decatur recruited ex-Millikin player George Moffett and former baseball player Ray "Buster" Woodworth.


1919 Decatur Staleys season, Game summaries, Game 5: vs. Champaign Eleven
The game was marred by a muddy field as both teams struggled, resulting in a 0–0 tie at halftime. Late in the third quarter, Dressen scored the first points on a touchdown, followed by Mintun returning a fumble for a score. In the fourth quarter, Dressen had two more touchdowns and Lanum recorded one. Shortly before the game's conclusion, Champaign recovered an onside kick but turned the ball over on downs as they lost 32–0. Despite the shutout win, The Herald criticized the Staleys for their poor first half and wrote "the locals must play an entirely different class of football" to beat Taylorville. Brannan was also unsatisfied with the victory and promised he would push the team harder in practices.


1919 Decatur Staleys season, Game summaries, Game 6: vs. Taylorville Independents
In their biggest game to date, Decatur traveled to Taylorville to face the Independents at Hoover Field on November 11. The Independents were considered the top team in Illinois, having shut out all but three teams (losing just once) since their formation in 1914; entering the Staleys game, they were 4–0 with every win being a shutout, including a 78–0 win against Carlinville.


1919 Decatur Staleys season, Game summaries, Game 6: vs. Taylorville Independents
For the game, the Staleys arranged a special train that left via the Illinois Central Station. The Staleys brought their full roster including those who weren't expected to play, while A. E. Staley's mechanical and construction plants were closed to allow their employees to attend, though the manufacturing department had to stay behind. In addition to fans, A. E. Staley and company superintendent George Chamberlain also traveled with the team. To accommodate the visitors, Hoover Field added 800 seats along the south side, though part of the bleachers collapsed with no injuries.


1919 Decatur Staleys season, Game summaries, Game 6: vs. Taylorville Independents
After Taylorville punted, the Staleys struck first on Lanum's touchdown run. Walt Veach intercepted Taylorville's quarterback Jones on the following drive and returned it for a 60-yard touchdown. The rest of the first half and third quarter saw no scoring; although the Independents reached the Staleys' one-yard line, they failed to score. Early in the fourth quarter, Taylorville finally scored with a one-yard touchdown run by halfback Miller, but lost a fumble when they regained possession.


1919 Decatur Staleys season, Game summaries, Game 6: vs. Taylorville Independents
In response, Dressen performed a fake throw and end-around, an act that The Herald considered "one of the cleanest plays of the day", for the game-clinching touchdown. Switching to a passing-based offense, Taylorville attempted to move downfield but failed to score as the Staleys pulled off the 21–7 upset. A day after the game, team executive Morgan O'Brien announced the Staleys would recognize themselves as the Central Illinois champions, explaining "Taylorville has held the title for several years. The Rock Island team I suppose is also claiming it but we can't get a game with them. Outside of that, I don't suppose any other team will contest our claim. Spring Valley is out of it because Kewanee beat them recently and next Sunday Taylorville plays Kewanee and it is almost a cinch that Taylorville with win."


1919 Decatur Staleys season, Game summaries, Game 6: vs. Taylorville Independents
For the game, the Staleys signed Millikin Big Blue back Sid Gepford and guard Roy Adkins, a violation of their college eligibility rules. When Millikin head coach Norman Wann received word of their participation, he arrived in Taylorville to watch the second half. Later in the week, he banned the two from Millikin sports, while the university considered expulsion before letting them stay in school. Wann and university president J. C. Hessler accused Brannan of influencing them into joining, but Wann later recanted his words. The two joined the Staleys permanently for the rest of the year and 1920; Adkins was already working for the company as a part timer to pay for college, while Gepford later also played for the Staley basketball team.


1919 Decatur Staleys season, Game summaries, Game 6: vs. Taylorville Independents
The Staley game drew the largest profit for the Independents in 1919 at $500, one of just two games to result in positive finances for them. Taylorville attempted to schedule a rematch on Thanksgiving Day; while they had a game scheduled against Spring Valley that day, they sought to form a new rivalry with the Staleys. Although O'Brien attempted to organize games on November 30 (ruled out due to the Taylorville–Spring Valley game) and December 7 (plagued by concerns of inclement weather), Staley and Wasem ended discussions as they argued the Independents would have to hire ringers to defeat them.


1919 Decatur Staleys season, Game summaries, Game 7: vs. Rantoul Aviators
The Staleys returned to Decatur to play the Aviators, who were able to arrive at the game this time as they traveled by Illinois Traction System. The Aviators also arranged for two planes to fly from Chanute Field, a trip that forced them to refuel after strong winds lengthened their flights, and performed over Decatur before kickoff to promote the game and at halftime.


1919 Decatur Staleys season, Game summaries, Game 7: vs. Rantoul Aviators
Wasem and Veach missed the game after suffering shoulder injuries against Taylorville, as did Thrift. Despite the absences and failing to score on the first drive, backup halfback Pyrzynski scored the opening points with an eight-yard touchdown. Mintun's field goal, Dressen's end-around "famous trick play" 15-yard touchdown, and a 40-yard touchdown run by Lanum gave the Staleys a 17–0 lead by the end of the first quarter. Early in the second quarter, the Staleys fumbled at the goal line and an Aviator recovered in the end zone, resulting in a safety. After Krigbaum scored, Decatur led 33–0 at halftime. Lanum scored three more touchdowns in the second half and Pyrzynski added another in the 61–0 shutout.


1919 Decatur Staleys season, Game summaries, Game 8: vs. Arcola Independents
Shortly after the Taylorville game, O'Brien scheduled a meeting with the Arcola Independents. Arcola, who entered the game 5–1, was viewed by The Herald as a more formidable opponent than Taylorville, reasoning that Arcola's 37–0 win over an Illiopolis team was more impressive than Taylorville's 33–0 victory over the same team. The Independents' roster featured center "Bun" Moran, who played for the Staleys against Taylorville and therefore had knowledge of Decatur's strategies, and various players from the Champaign Eleven. These additions raised suspicion from Decatur newspapers who accused Arcola of "loading up" their roster for the game; the Decatur Daily Review's Arcola correspondent refuted the claims and said the players were "none other than honest sons of honest farmers" who viewed football as "only a sideline".


1919 Decatur Staleys season, Game summaries, Game 8: vs. Arcola Independents
Gepford and Dressen quickly made gains on offense through passing and rushing, respectively, to set up the latter's 30-yard touchdown run. In the second quarter, Arcola lost a fumble that led to Dressen's trick play and a two-yard score. Lanum scored on a ten-yard run shortly before halftime to put the Staleys up 20–0. Another Staley touchdown opened the second half, forcing Arcola to resort to a pass-heavy offense that resulted in two interceptions. One of the turnovers resulted in a touchdown by Lanum, with Gepford throwing a touchdown pass to Bailey for the final score in the 41–0 shutout.


1919 Decatur Staleys season, Game summaries, Game 8: vs. Arcola Independents
Although The Daily Review remarked "Arcola got what the other side usually gets", Decatur papers commended Arcola for their performance. The Herald noted the game "was a much better one than was indicated by the score as the Arcola team did not give up though they were unable to penetrate the Staley defense."


1919 Decatur Staleys season, Game summaries, Game 9: vs. Arcola Independents
After the resounding defeat, Arcola executives requested a rematch in Arcola; although the Staleys expressed discontent due to dirty play by the Independents, Arcola assured those responsible would not be allowed to play. To avoid another loss, the Independents decided to rally and field a more competitive team by contacting Edward "Dutch" Sternaman, the University of Illinois' top running back, and urging him to build a better roster. Although Sternaman agreed and created a stronger team, Staley received word of the news and ordered his players to not play, aware it would result in a revenge blowout.


1919 Decatur Staleys season, Game summaries, Game 9: vs. Arcola Independents
The Herald described the game as being canceled for poor weather. The Staley Museum director Laura Jahr explained, "Staley felt (Sternaman building up Arcola's roster) was unfair — his players were just guys from the company. He wasn't willing to send his players in to be humiliated."


1919 Decatur Staleys season, Legacy
The Staleys ended their inaugural season with a 6–1 record.


1919 Decatur Staleys season, Legacy
At season's end, the Staley Athletic Association was formed to oversee the football and other sports teams. Such duties were originally handled by the Staley Fellowship Club, whose responsibilities shifted to managing employee sickness and death benefits. The association also formed a basketball team for the winter 1919 season, which some members of the football team like Gepford and Woodworth joined; Woodworth also served as the team's manager and captain.


1919 Decatur Staleys season, Legacy
Staley also decided to grow his football team into professional status. He first contacted Sternaman to build the team, but the future Bears executive was not ready to make a commitment as he wanted to complete his degree at the University of Illinois. Sternaman's former Illinois teammate George Halas was Staley's next target, and he was hired in March 1920 to oversee the football team in addition to playing baseball for a weekly wage of $50. After Halas assumed control of the Staley football club, Sternaman was the first player to sign with the club; the two would later become co-owners of the Bears.


1919 Decatur Staleys season, Legacy
The Staleys were founding members of the National Football League (then known as the American Professional Football Association) in 1920. After moving to Chicago the following year, they became the Chicago Bears in 1922. In 2003, the Bears introduced Staley Da Bear as their mascot, with the name being a tribute to A. E. Staley.


1919 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football team
The 1919 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football team was an American football team that represented Delaware College (later renamed the University of Delaware) as an independent during the 1919 college football season. In its first season under head coach Burton Shipley, the team compiled a 2–5–1 record and was outscored by a total of 197 to 42. Robert Stewart was the team captain.


1919 Denver Pioneers football team
The 1919 Denver Pioneers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Denver in the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) during the 1919 college football season. In its first and only season under head coach George Koonsman, the team compiled a 1–5–1 record (0–4–1 against RMC opponents), tied for sixth place in the conference, and was outscored by a total of 191 to 23.


1919 Detroit Heralds season
The 1919 Detroit Heralds season was the 15th season for the Detroit Heralds, an independent American football team. Led by coach Bill Marshall, the team compiled a 1–4–2 record.


1919 Detroit Heralds season
The team conducted its first practice of the year, and held tryouts, at Northwestern Field on September 20, 1919. Early signings included Snooks Dowd (Lehigh), Norb Sacksteder (Dayton), and Russ Finsterwald (Syracuse). The team signed several new players in the week after the first practice, including Whipple, who played end for Notre Dame; Devereaux, who played end for Christian Brothers and the Dayton Triangles; Gordon, a tackle who played for Virginia; and Carmen, who played fullback and guard at Vanderbilt. By late September, the Heralds had 42 candidates participating in their practice.


1919 Detroit Stars season
The 1919 Detroit Stars baseball team competed in Negro league baseball during the 1919 baseball season. In their first year of competition, the Stars won the championship of independent western Negro league clubs. While the Seamhead website reports that the team compiled a record of 27–13, the "Game Log" below includes 44 wins based on 1919 games for which contemporaneous newspaper accounts have been located.


1919 Detroit Stars season
The Stars played their home games at Mack Park in Detroit with a handful of games also played at Navin Field. The team was owned by Tenny Blount and led by player-manager Pete Hill who compiled a .396 batting average and .892 slugging percentage.


1919 Detroit Stars season, Key personnel, Ownership
The team was established in 1919 by owner Tenny Blount (1873–1934), sometimes also known as "Teddy" Blount, with assistance from Rube Foster who owned the Chicago American Giants. Blount was an Alabama native who moved to Detroit in 1913 and became a prominent "numbers man".


1919 Detroit Stars season, Key personnel, Hall of Fame inductees
Three players from the 1919 Stars were later inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame:


1919 Detroit Stars season, Key personnel, Other batters
In addition to the three Hall of Fame inductees, the Stars received strong performances from several other position players.


1919 Detroit Stars season, Key personnel, Other batters
First baseman Edgar Wesley, a left-handed hitter from Texas, compiled a .322 batting average and a .610 slugging percentage for the 1919 Stars. In 146 at bats, he tallied eight home runs, 21 extra-base hits, and 43 RBIs.


1919 Detroit Stars season, Key personnel, Other batters
Joe Hewitt, an infielder from Alabama, led the team with 153 at bats and ranked second with 36 runs scored and third with 36 hits.


1919 Detroit Stars season, Key personnel, Other batters
Second baseman Frank Warfield, a Kentucky native, led the team with eight triples.


1919 Detroit Stars season, Key personnel, Pitchers
Sam Crawford were the team's leading pitcher, compiling a 10–4 record and 2.89 earned run average (ERA).


1919 Detroit Stars season, Key personnel, Pitchers
John Donaldson also pitched for the stars, compiling a 2.33 ERA. Donaldson was regarded as one of the greatest pitchers of the era, appearing in approximately 700 games with over 400 wins and 5,000 strikeouts. He was voted a first-team member of the 1952 Pittsburgh Courier player-voted poll of the Negro leagues best players ever.


1919 Detroit Stars season, Season overview
During April and May, the Stars opened the season with a 13-game win streak, including victories over all-white semipro teams. In late May, an all-white team from Wyandotte, Michigan recruited Detroit Tigers pitcher Rudy Kallio to start a game against the Stars; the Stars scored eight runs off Kallio. The local semipro champion, the Maxwells, lost two games to the Stars in the first half of the season, then recruited major league pitcher Ralph Comstock to start a July 13 games against the Stars. With Comstock pitching a strong game for the Maxwells, the Stars lost their first game to a white team by a 4–3 score. The Stars played a total of six games with the Maxwells in 1919, winning three games and losing two.


1919 Detroit Stars season, Season overview
The Stars' principal rivalry for the western championship of Negro league baseball came from Rube Foster's Chicago American Giants. The Giants won two of three in a series played in Chicago in June. When the teams met for a series in Detroit in early July, the Stars won three games. The also played a seven-game seriesin late July and early August that was billed as the championship series. The Stars won five games to take the championship.


1919 Detroit Stars season, Season overview
As noted in the "Game Log" below, the Stars also played multiple series with other Negro League teams, including the Cuban Stars, Dayton Marcos from Ohio, and the Hilldale Club from Pennsylvania.


1919 Detroit Stars season, Season overview
In the last game of the season, the Murray All Stars recruited Detroit Tigers pitcher Bernie Boland; Boland held the Stars scoreless.


1919 Detroit Stars season, Statistics
The following batting and pitching statistics are drawn from the Seamheads web site which appear to be incomplete.


1919 Detroit Stars season, Statistics, Batting
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; SLG = Slugging percentage


1919 Detroit Stars season, Statistics, Pitching
Note: G = Games; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; PCT = Win percentage; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1919 Detroit Tigers season
The 1919 Detroit Tigers season was a season in American baseball. The team finished fourth in the American League with a record of 80–60, 8 games behind the Chicago White Sox.


1919 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1919 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1919 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1919 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1919 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1919 Detroit Titans football team
The 1919 Detroit Titans football team was an American football team that represented the University of Detroit as an independent during the 1919 college football season. Detroit shut out five of its nine opponents, outscored all opponents by a combined total of 257 to 30, and finished with an 8–1 record.


1919 Detroit Titans football team
James F. Duffy, who had led the team to an 8–1 record in 1917, rejoined the team as head coach after having served in the United States Navy during World War I. James M. "Bingo" Brown was the assistant football coach and also served as head coach of the basketball, track, and baseball teams. William A. Reid, formerly of Colgate, was the athletic director.


1919 Detroit Titans football team
In an effort to place the Titans "on the national college football map", the school scheduled three games for 1919 against "three important teams from the east"—Georgetown, Tufts, and Holy Cross. The Titans won two of those three games.


1919 Detroit Titans football team
Several players from the 1919 University of Detroit football team later played in National Football League, including end Walt Clago, halfbacks Eddie Moegle and Tip O'Neill, and tackle Tillie Voss.


1919 Detroit Titans football team
The team conducted its pre-season practice sessions at the athletic field on Belle Isle. An alumni committee then arranged for further practice sessions and the team's home games to be played at Navin Field, which was also the home field for the Detroit Tigers baseball team.


1919 Detroit Titans football team, Roster
The players on the Titans' 1919 football team included the following:


1919 Drexel Dragons football team
The 1919 Drexel Dragons football team represented Drexel Institute—now known as Drexel University—in the 1919 college football season. Led by W. L. Ridpath in this first and only season as head coach, the team compiled a record of 0–4.


1919 Dublin University by-election
The Dublin University by-election of 1919 was held on 28 July 1919. The by-election was held due to the appointment to the High Court of Justice in Ireland of the incumbent Irish Unionist MP, Arthur Warren Samuels. It was uncontested and the Irish Unionist candidate William Morgan Jellett was elected. It was the last election to the UK Parliament to be held in the twenty six counties that would become the Irish Free State.


1919 East Antrim by-election
The East Antrim by-election of 1919 was held on 27 May 1919. The by-election was held due to the appointment of Commander of the Irish guards of the incumbent Irish Unionist MP, Robert McCalmont. It was won by the Independent Unionist candidate George Boyle Hanna.


1919 Eastern Suburbs season
Eastern Suburbs (now known as the Sydney Roosters) competed in the 12th New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL) premiership in 1919.


1919 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburbs 19 defeated Newtown 3 at the Sydney Cricket Ground.


1919 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburbs 10 defeated Glebe 13 at the Agricultural Ground.


1919 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburbs 23 defeated North Sydney 5 at North Sydney Oval.


1919 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburbs ??? defeated Western Suburbs 10 at Agricultural Ground.


1919 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburbs 16 defeated South Sydney 8 at Sydney Cricket Ground.


1919 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburbs 3( Wright Try) drew with Balmain 3( Halloway Try) at Sydney Cricket Ground;


1919 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburbs were soon attacking, but good defence by Newtown kept the game interestingly even. Then Cubitt, dodging cleverly, passed out to Wright, who opened the scoring with a try. Messenger added a Penalty goal soon afterwards, making Eastern Suburbs 5 to nil. Newtown forwards packed admirably In the scrum, and Eastern Suburbs' hooker, the veteran S. Pearce, did not seem able to compete against his opponent. Newtown's backs, however, lacked the necessary combination to take advantage of their forwards' superiority. At length the full-back kicked over Eastern Suburbs' line, and Ryan followed through and scored.


1919 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburtbs , 5 to 3. Bain then obtained a penally goal, and the scores were level. Eastern Suburbs' forwards then secured possession in the open and after Bawden had been tacked bv Rigney, Watkins, always alert, scored a try, which was converted b Norman. Newtown retaliated before half time. Gillespie obtaining a try. At the interval Eastern Suburbs led by 10 to 8. Again Newtown equalised the scores, Boys kicking a penalty goal soon after play was resumed. 10 all. Newtown defended well against strong attacks on each wing. Messenger and Wright being stopped in turn.


1919 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Watkins then made an opening for the backs. Cubitt passed to Wright, who ran over the line in fine style. Messenger converted, and Eastern Suburbs led by 15 to 10. Newtown had much the better of the latter part of  the game. They frequently attacked, and only strenuous defence by Eastern Suburbs prevented Newtown scoring. As full-time approached the game became very exciting. Within a few minutes of the final whistle Johnson passed to Gillespie, who added the third try for Newtown. Boys converted and once more made the scores equal. 15 all- Gillespie's work at five-eighth was a feature of the game.


1919 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburbs 15 defeated Glebe 11 at the Sydney Cricket Ground.


1919 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburbs 33 defeated North Sydney 0 at Sydney Cricket Ground.


1919 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburbs 5 (Cubitt try; Messenger goal) beat Western Suburbs 0 at Sydney Cricket Ground;


1919 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Western Suburbs played with the wind in the first half, but this assistance was not of much advantage. Eastern Suburbs backs were particularly smart in making openings, Cubitt moving about in good style whenever an opportunity offered. Norman was also clever In all-round play. The Western Suburbs backs could not get going, though several strong attempts were made. Wright put in a couple of fast runs for Eastern Suburbs without avail. He was well watched, and his centre kicks were blocked. Two long kicks by White drove the ball over the line for a force in each case.


1919 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Freeman did not appear at all safe at full-back. There was only one score in the first half. Caples put In a fine run, and with a clear field looked certain to score. His speed slackened, and when collared from behind be passed back to Cubitt, who easily scored a try. Messenger added a goal, and Eastern Suburbs led by 5 to nil at half-time.


1919 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
A fine dash by the Eastern Suburbs forwards soon after play was restarted ended in a knock-on near the corner post. The backs then took part in a fine attack, Wright being twisted round into touch by Vest. A free, however, was awarded Eastern Suburbs, and Messenger sent the ball just under the bar. Caples was kicking strongly, and several times got his side out of difficult positions. Neither set of backs, how-ever, handled the ball well, but, on the other hand, the tackling was particularly good.


1919 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Cubitt distinguished himself by solid defence, and Norman was continually prominent in taking man and ball. Western Suburbs seemed unable to make progress, and good passing by their opponents ended in Messenger and Wright being blocked on the respective Wings. Wright once kicked the ball against the comer post. Burns and Gilbert made strong efforts to get through as the game advanced, but they were effectually collared. Near the close Messenger missed a goal from a free, and, the second half being scoreless. Eastern Suburbs won by 5 points to nil


1919 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
South Sydney 15 defeated Eastern Suburbs 12 at the Agricultural Ground.


1919 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
A late try to lowly placed South Sydney's Harold Horder cost Easts the outright premiership lead.


1919 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
The premiership went right down to the final round of the competition. With no finals system in place for 1919, it was a case of first past the post. Balmain led 4-2 at the break after two penalty goals to L. Wall. The Tricolours two points came from a penalty goal to Wally Messenger. On the resumption of play the two fullbacks were involved in a kicking duel which eventually resulted in Wall kicking a field goal. Messenger was then reported to have kicked a goal but referee Tom McMahon overruled both touch judges and disallowed the goal.


1919 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
The Balmain fullback kicked another making the score 8-2. Following this Caples moved to five-eight. Easts struck back with a penalty goal to Wally Messenger. Easts winger Gordon Wright lost the ball on his own line, Robinson pounced on  the loose ball and scored, Wall converted making the final score 13-4, giving Balmain their fourth premiership.


1919 Echuca by-election
A by-election was held for the Australian House of Representatives seat of Echuca on 20 September 1919. This was triggered by the death of Nationalist MP Albert Palmer.


1919 Echuca by-election
The by-election was won by William Hill, endorsed by the Victorian Farmers' Union, who became the second "Country" member of the Parliament following William Gibson's victory in the 1918 Corangamite by-election.


1919 Edinburgh Corporation election
An Election to the Edinburgh Corporation was held on 3 November 1919, alongside municipal elections across Scotland.


1919 Edmonton municipal election
The 1919 municipal election was held December 8, 1919 to elect a mayor and five aldermen to sit on Edmonton City Council and four trustees to sit on the public school board. T P Malone, Paul Janvrin, T S Magee, and Joseph Henri Picard were acclaimed to two-year terms on the separate school board. In the election's only plebiscite, Edmontonians rejected a proposal to pay their aldermen.


1919 Edmonton municipal election
There were ten aldermen on city council, but five of the positions were already filled: Charles Hepburn, Samuel McCoppen, Henri Martin, John McKenzie, and Andrew McLennan were all elected to two-year terms in 1918 and were still in office.


1919 Edmonton municipal election
With the election of Labour candidates Clarke, Kinney, East and Sheppard plus the continuing alderman McCoppen, Labour held five of the 11 seats on council following this election.


1919 Edmonton municipal election
There were seven trustees on the public school board, but three of the positions were already filled: Joseph Duggan, Frank Crang, and William Rea had all been elected to two-year terms in 1918 and were still in office. The same was true on the separate board, where J J Murray, Joseph Driscoll, and Joseph Gariépy were continuing.


1919 Edmonton municipal election, Voter turnout
11213 voters cast ballots. There were 15378 eligible voters, for a voter turnout of 72.9%.


1919 Emergency National Convention
The 1919 Emergency National Convention of the Socialist Party of America was held in Chicago from August 30 to September 5, 1919. It was a seminal gathering in the history of American radicalism, marked by the bolting of the party's organized left wing to establish the Communist Labor Party of America.


1919 Emergency National Convention, History
The 1919 Emergency Convention was convened in response to pressure from the organized Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party, which originally sought the convention to solidify the SPA's position towards the socialist revolution in Russia. Instead, the gathering wound up being the nexus of the great showdown between the party Regulars, headed by National Executive Secretary Adolph Germer, National Executive Committee member James Oneal, and New York State Secretary Julius Gerber, and the Left Wing Section, headed by Alfred Wagenknecht and L.E. Katterfeld. Although initially slated to be attended by 200 delegates, a list of just 117 credentialed delegates from 22 states was published in the press.


1919 Emergency National Convention, History
The opening remarks to the convention were made by Executive Secretary Adolph Germer, who declared that disagreement over tactics was only one part of the ongoing factional controversy in the SPA: "I always believed that this factional division leads to healthy methods, provided it is not carried to the extent where the organization is torn into parts and shreds, and leaves us an easy prey to our common enemy."


1919 Emergency National Convention, History
The second part of the crisis, according to Germer, was the thick blanket of "personal slanders and conspiracies against individuals that have been engaged in for no other reason than to break down the confidence of the membership" in the party's elected leadership. The Left Wing critics of the NEC and the Germer administration offered "no specific statements, but general gossip, rumor, suggestion, innuendo," he declared.


1919 Emergency National Convention, History
The first order of business at the convention was the election of a chairman of the day, a post handily won by Regular Seymour Stedman over Left Winger Joseph Coldwell of Rhode Island, by a tally of 88-37. Upon his election, Stedman delivered the traditional keynote speech to the convention. Stedman reviewed the history of the previous 5 years of war and controversy and detailed the factional controversy in the party, judging the split of the Socialist Party to have been an accomplished fact from the moment of the opening gavel.


1919 Emergency National Convention, History
There was little, if any, drama, about the ultimate outcome of the convention based upon the composition of the delegation, which had been effectively packed by the party's "regulars" while the dissident left wingers split over the question of tactics. The Left Wing failure to challenge the seating of the massive New York delegation and the handpicked delegation from "reorganized" Massachusetts proved decisive.


1919 Emergency National Convention, History
In particular, the recommendation of Jacob Panken's Credentials Committee on Aug. 31 to seat an alternate slate from the state of Minnesota rather than the slate of delegates elected by the party members of that state in referendum was the cause of a protracted and interesting debate, which touched upon the major questions of philosophy and legality. Ultimately, the elected Minnesota delegation, which refused to accept its seats in any event, was not seated in favor of the slate appointed by the (Regular) State Executive Committee, which was granted voice but not vote at the convention.