1918–1920 unrest in Split, Population
According to the 1910 census the population of Split numbered 20,275, of which 18,176 (85.18%) were Croats or Serbs (Croats were the majority, but the census made no distinction between the two), while 2,082 (9.73%) were Italians.


1918–1920 unrest in Split, Population
In the city of Split there was an autochthonous Italian community, which was reorganized in November 1918 through the foundation of the "National Fasces" (not related to fascism) led by Leonardo Pezzoli, Antonio Tacconi, Edoardo Pervan and Stefano Selem, former members of the Autonomist Party, which had been dissolved by the Austrian authorities in 1915.


1918–1920 unrest in Split, Population
This census data had understated the number of Italians in the city area and this mistake seems to be confirmed by a series of subsequent events. Indeed, following the Treaty of Rapallo, the Italians of Dalmatia could opt for the acquisition of Italian citizenship instead of the Yugoslavian one, while maintaining residence: despite a violent campaign of intimidation on the part of Yugoslavia, over 900 families of Italian speaking "Spalatini" had exercised the option to be Italians. Furthermore, a Census of Italians living outside Italy was carried out in 1927: in Spalato and surrounding area 3,337 Italian citizens were counted.


1918–1920 unrest in Split, Population
According to Antonio Tacconi, given that about 1,000 Italians left the city following its incorporation into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and estimating that a certain percentage of Italians accepted the Yugoslavian citizenship, it is possible to estimate the Italian population of Split in 1918/1919 in 7.000 people. This number is obtained by analyzing the membership in Italian associations of Spalato in 1918/1919. This amount is more than 3 times the data from the 1910 Austrian Census.


1918–1920 unrest in Split, History
After the Austrian defeat, in the first half of November 1918 Italian troops unilaterally occupied territories of Austria-Hungary promised to Italy by the secret 1915 Pact of London. Split was not one of those areas and was placed under Allied military occupation; the Italians sent two warships - the torpedo boat Riboty and the protected cruiser Puglia - while the Italian minority publicly demanded the annexation of the city into Italy, supported by some Italian political circles. At the same time, Croats formed the National Guard, a local militia to guarantee public order.


1918–1920 unrest in Split, History
On 9 November 1918, two French destroyers entered the port of Split. The Italians displayed the flag of Italy in the windows of their homes to give the impression citizens supported Italy's bid for annexation. This however incited a riot and the flags were torn down. The commander of a former Austrian ship already docked at the port ordered the removal of the flags. Other incidents and demonstrations against Italy happened in other cities, like Trogir and the Kaštela. Italian Admiral Enrico Millo, appointed temporary military commander for the parts of Dalmatia occupied by Italy, unilaterally dispatched Italian naval vessels to the city. On 12 January, Puglia arrived among large protests.


1918–1920 unrest in Split, History
On 12 September 1919, Gabriele D'Annunzio led around 2,600 rebel troops from the Italian Army - some units of the Sardinia Grenadiers - Italian nationalists and irredentists to seize the Adriatic port city of Fiume, forcing the withdrawal of the inter-Allied (American, British, Italian and French) occupying forces, and later proceeding south to occupy the Dalmatian city of Zara. As a consequence armed nationalist irregulars commanded by Dalmatian Italian Count Fanfogna proceeded further south to Split's neighbouring city of Trogir and organized a similar occupation, quickly nipped by the Allies. In Split, located just south across the Kaštela Bay from Trogir, the citizens feared their (significantly larger) city would be next in line, and that the joint Allied military administration would once again stand aside while another Dalmatian city came under the control of armed Italian nationalist irregulars.


1918–1920 unrest in Split, History, 27 January Split incident
The fear of an annexation by Italy led to a violent attitude by some members of the Croat majority towards the Italian minority; both in Split and Trogir, Italians were assaulted in several instances and their property damaged, especially after Fanfogna's attempt to seize Trogir. The most serious incident happened on 27 January 1920, after the Allies had sent to Belgrade an unwelcome note about the settlement of the new Italian-Yugoslav border. A public rally against Italian imperialism was organized, but it ended in an assault on the offices of some Italian associations and about twenty Italian shops, whose signs, shutters and windows were shattered.


1918–1920 unrest in Split, History, 11 July Split incident
On 11 July 1920, street conflict erupted between Italians and Croats. Accounts diverge about the cause of these clashes: according to Croat sources, they were triggered by the removal of a Yugoslav flag by two officers from Puglia; according to Italian sources, they were started by people who had just attended to a conference held by a Croat nationalist.


1918–1920 unrest in Split, History, 11 July Split incident
During the riots, a group of officers of Puglia found refuge in a place near the docks: captain Gulli ordered a boat under the command of lieutenant Gallo to rescue them, but it was blocked by the crowd. Gallo then fired "warning shots" into the air. Soon captain Gulli went ashore himself on a motorboat, but on approaching the docks found a large crowd and shots were exchanged. A hand grenade thrown at the vessel fatally wounded sailor Aldo Rossi and hurt several others.


1918–1920 unrest in Split, History, 11 July Split incident
A civilian in the crowd, Matej Miš, was shot and killed, and Captain Gulli was also hit by a shot, dying the next day. In Italy the reaction to what happened in Split was indignation, while in the city of Trieste (another former Austro-Hungarian annexed by Italy) Italian proto-fascists and nationalists destroyed the Trieste National Hall (Narodni dom), the center of the Slovene theatre in Trieste and other activities.


1919
1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1919th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 919th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 19th  year of the 20th century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1910s decade. As of the start of 1919, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1919 (band)
1919 are a post-punk band formed in Bradford, England in early 1980.


1919 (band), History, (1980–84)
The band was formed in late 1980 by Guitarist Mark Tighe and Vocalist Ian Tilleard. After starting life as Heaven Seventeen, and with early line-ups including a pre-Zodiac Mindwarp Mark Manning, the band eventually settled as 1919 (after a book belonging to Tighe) with Nick Hiles on Bass and Mick Reed on Drums. Their intention was, according to Reed, "to create a heavy melodic intense dance band with no frills and no intentions".


1919 (band), History, (1980–84)
In 1982, 1919 released a 7" white label promo of Repulsion//Tear Down These Walls, and were subsequently invited to record their first session with John Peel in May that year. 1982 would see the single re-released on Red Rhino Records, as well as the single Caged//After The Fall and the LP Machine.


1919 (band), History, (1980–84)
In 1983, Bassist Hiles was replaced by Steve Madden, and the band recorded their second and final Peel session on 4 May. Madden featured on the final recordings of this era, a 7" and 12" version of Cry Wolf//Storm and Cry Wolf//Dream//Storm respectively, which were released on Abstract Records along with the 12" Earth Song EP, released in 1984 after the band's dissolution.


1919 (band), History, (1980–84)
During this period, 1919 had also included Kev Aston (Saxophone) and Sputnik (Paul Drake) (Synthesizer) at various times as part of their ensemble.


1919 (band), History, The Hive / Another Cinema (1984–85)
By the release of Earth Song in 1984, the band had split into two splinter projects, with Reed continuing as 1919 AD before reuniting with Drake to form The Hive. The others became Another Cinema, with the line-up of Tighe, Tilleard, Madden, and Stefan Khacheturian on drums. Another Cinema were once again taken under the wing of Red Rhino founder Tony Kostrzewa, this time releasing their singles I Had a Bad Dream Last Night (1984), Hallucination Spires (1984), and Midnight Blue Oceans under the Altered States banner. The Hive released a cassette album, Stream of Consciousness, on Sicky Spread Tapes, and the 12" EP, Kingdom Rise Kingdom Fall, on Hum Music. Both bands had disbanded by 1986.


1919 (band), History, Comeback / The Madness Continues (2014–2016)
Thanks largely to the emergence of streaming sites, the early work of the band continued to generate interest among fans. In 2014, Tighe started working on new material with bass player and vocalist Rio Goldhammer. Their self-released download of Revenge, and accompanying video, by  (also see  &  videos), came as a surprise to most fans but was received well. Mick Mercer again rated the track highly, and the band signed almost immediately with Deadfall Management.


1919 (band), History, Comeback / The Madness Continues (2014–2016)
The band performed their first show, headlining Leipzig's Gothic Pogo Festival on Friday 22 May, and began to announce further dates across Europe. On 30 August 2015 it was announced that Reed had returned to the band as their permanent drummer and that, with the addition of Karl Donner on bass, 1919 would once again be a 4-piece, with Goldhammer remaining on vocals. Shortly afterwards, the band released a live session on CD, titled 2015: "The Madness Continues" Sessions, containing songs from their early years alongside four new tracks, which would become the self-released Death Note EP.


1919 (band), History, Bloodline LP and death of Tighe (2016–2017)
In July 2016, 1919 released a promo video for Bloodline, which was to be the title track for their second studio album. The band had signed a deal with Westworld Recordings to release the album but, with a release date not yet set, ventured once again into Europe to promote the single. After the first leg of the tour, the band were forced to cancel most of the remaining shows as Tighe had been diagnosed with cancer on his return home. The band played a final show at Brighton Racecourse's Undercover Festival, with Mark's dramatic weight loss making it impossible to travel for extended periods. This would prove to be his final performance.


1919 (band), History, Bloodline LP and death of Tighe (2016–2017)
On 28 January 2017, 1919 announced the tragic news of the passing of their iconic guitarist, aged 56, after his short battle with the cancer. The coming days saw tributes pour in from around the world as the news broke throughout the music press, led by John Robb at Louder Than War, and the band published an obituary in four languages on their homepage. With Tighe insistent the band continue indefinitely in his absence, an album-release show was still scheduled for the following week in Leeds. At the last minute, and after careful deliberation despite the insistence from Tighe in his final days, the remaining band decided to press ahead with a memorial performance, with money collected for Marie Curie in Tighe's honour.


1919 (band), History, Bloodline LP and death of Tighe (2016–2017)
Bloodline was released on 3 March and was received well by critics, with Vive le Rock's Pete Woods writing "Good goths come to those that wait" in an 8/10 review. In April the band confirmed that Sam Evans would be their new full-time guitarist, and began touring the new album once again to good reviews. As of October, the band played the last of 19 dates across Europe in Leeds.


1919 (band), History, Futurecide LP (2018-2019)
In 2018, 1919 signed to Los Angeles label Cleopatra Records to release their third studio album, Futurecide. The album featured Tighe’s last performance on “”, as well as that of late former bass player Steve Madden (who performed on “Isolation”). The first single, “”, was released on December 7 when it debuted on Post-Punk.com. The album was released on April 12, 2019, shortly after Madden himself passed away.


1919 (band), History, Futurecide LP (2018-2019)
1919 were booked to embark on their first tour of the USA that summer, but were unable to secure visas following the 2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown. However, the band went ahead with shows in Mexico and Costa Rica before heading back to Europe. Addressing the political climate of the UK and USA directly, a new video for “” was released alongside the album.


1919 (band), History, Futurecide LP (2018-2019)
In July 2019, the band hosted Swedish post-punks Then Comes Silence for their first UK tour before making their debut at Blackpool’s Rebellion festival.


1919 (band), History, Citizens of Nowhere LP (2020-Present)
Following the death of crew member Kev Holroyd in December 2019, the band performed a memorial concert in his home town of Dewsbury on February 20, 2020. This would prove to be the band's final performance before the COVID-19 pandemic put an end to live performances worldwide. Planned tours in Europe and the UK with Then Comes Silence, as well as a one-off show with Killing Joke in Bristol, were subsequently cancelled or indefinitely postponed. This would also be the final show for departing bass player Karl Donner, who had been with the group since their reformation. On August 31, the band announced he would be replaced by ex-The Fall, PJ Harvey, and Red Lorry Yellow Lorry bassist and producer Simon "Ding" Archer.


1919 (band), History, Citizens of Nowhere LP (2020-Present)
Other activity in 2020 included the band's inclusion in Vive Le Rock's "Goth Annual One", and vocalist Goldhammer's unsuccessful bid to become Mayor of West Yorkshire. His platform included rent control, migrant rights, and Yorkshire Devolution.


1919 (band), History, Citizens of Nowhere LP (2020-Present)
On January 29, 2021, an interview with Goth Haus LA revealed the title of their latest album, due for release this year, to be Citizens of Nowhere.


1919 (film)
1919 is a 1985 British drama film directed by Hugh Brody and written by Michael Ignatieff together with Brody. It stars Paul Scofield. It was entered into the 35th Berlin International Film Festival. The film's title is often stylized numerically as 1919 while the film itself bears the title Nineteen Nineteen.


1919 AAA Championship Car season
The 1919 AAA Championship Car season consisted of 21 races, beginning in Santa Monica, California on March 15 and concluding in Cincinnati, Ohio on October 12. The de facto National Champion as poled by the American automobile journal Motor Age was Howdy Wilcox, who also won the Indianapolis 500. Points were not awarded by the AAA Contest Board during the 1919 season. Champions of the day were decided by Chris G. Sinsabaugh, an editor at Motor Age, based on merit and on track performance. The points table was created retroactively in 1927 – all championship results should be considered unofficial.


1919 AAA Championship Car season, Leading National Championship standings
The points paying system for the 1909–1915 and 1917–1919 season were retroactively applied in 1927 and revised in 1951 using the points system from 1920.


1919 Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire Central by-election
The Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire Central by-election was a parliamentary by-election held for the British House of Commons constituency of Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire Central on 16 April 1919.


1919 Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire Central by-election, Vacancy
The seat had become vacant when the Coalition Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) Alexander Theodore Gordon died on 6 March 1919 aged just 37, from heart failure after suffering from influenza. He had held the seat only since the 1918 general election.


1919 Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire Central by-election, Political background
According to reports in The Times, popular opinion was swinging against the coalition government of David Lloyd George and Bonar Law and the Independent, Asquithian Liberals were making the most of the government's popularity to revive.


1919 Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire Central by-election, Candidates, Coalition
The Liberal candidate at the 1918 general election, John Henderson, who had been Liberal MP for West Aberdeenshire since 1906  had only lost to Gordon by the narrow margin of 638 votes. Henderson had been expected to be the Liberals' by-election candidate. In fact, because of Henderson's strong showing at the general election and the traditional strength of the Liberal Party in the area, the Coalition whips were apparently prepared to endorse him for the by-election, giving him the equivalent of coalition coupon which had been offered to authorised candidates at the 1918 general election.


1919 Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire Central by-election, Candidates, Coalition
Henderson, no doubt eager to return to Parliament, and fully supported by the local Liberal Association, had reportedly made his peace with Freddie Guest, Lloyd George's Chief Whip. However the local Conservatives were not happy with this arrangement and decided to stand their own candidate, Mr L F W Davidson. This situation proved depressing for the Coalition leaders and no 'coupon' was forthcoming for either Henderson or Davidson by the time the by-election writ was moved on 24 March.


1919 Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire Central by-election, Candidates, Liberal
Henderson further muddied the waters by standing down as Liberal candidate and the local Association turned instead to Major Murdoch McKenzie Wood, a barrister and former Gordon Highlander, who had unsuccessfully fought Ayr Burghs at the 1918 general election. By the time the by-election campaigning was properly under way, the 'coupon', such as it was, had presumably been bestowed on Davidson as he was described in the election literature and the press as the Coalition Unionist or Coalition Conservative candidate.


1919 Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire Central by-election, Candidates, Labour
The contest was a three-cornered affair, with Joseph F. Duncan, the general secretary of the Scottish Farm Servants' Union, fighting the seat for Labour.


1919 Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire Central by-election, The popularity of the Coalition
Duncan's candidacy was expected to complicate the possible outcome of the election by splitting the anti-Coalition vote. In the event, this turned out to be the case but not by quite enough to deliver the seat to the Coalition candidate and Wood was returned to Parliament with a majority of 186 over Davidson.


1919 Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire Central by-election, The popularity of the Coalition
However the combined Liberal and Labour vote amounted to 63.9% of the poll and was clearly a severe blow to the Coalition, coming so soon after their overwhelming success in the 1918 general election and hard on the heels of other by-election defeats in Hull and Leyton West. As was pointed out in The Times, no Coalition seat could be considered safe given the temper of the electorate at the time and the Coalition coupon which had been a talisman for candidates a few short weeks before was turning into a curse.


1919 Abkhazian People's Council election
Elections to the People's Council were held in Abkhazia on 13 February 1919, alongside parliamentary elections in Georgia.


1919 Abkhazian People's Council election, Results
The Social Democrats won 27 of the 40 seats; 11 members of the party were Abkhazians and 11 Georgians, with the remaining five having other ethnicities. Seats were also held by social federalists, an Abkhaz independent socialist group, social revolutionaries, people's democrats and colonists.


1919 Abkhazian People's Council election, Results
Of the 40 members, 18 were Abkhazian, 16 Georgian and six from other ethnic groups.


1919 Abkhazian People's Council election, Aftermath
Following its election, the Council split along ethnic lines, with Abkhaz members of the Social Democratic Party joining the independent socialists to form an Abkhaz opposition. Despite the split, the Council voted in favour of Abkhazia being an autonomous region of Georgia.


1919 Actors' Equity Association strike
The 1919 Actors' Equity Association strike officially spanned from August 7, 1919, to September 6, 1919. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the theatre industry was revolutionized by powerful management groups that monopolized and centralized the industry. These groups created harsh working conditions for the actors. On May 26, 1913, actors decided to unionize, and they formed the Actors' Equity Association (AEA or "Equity"). After many failed attempts to negotiate with the producers and managers for fair treatment and a standard contract, Equity declared a strike against the Producing Managers' Association on August 7, 1919.


1919 Actors' Equity Association strike
During the strike, the actors walked out of theaters, held parades in the streets, and performed benefit shows. Equity received support from the theatrical community, the public, and the American Federation of Labor, and on September 6, 1919, the actors won the strike. The producers signed a contract with the AEA that contained nearly all of Equity's demands. The strike was important because it expanded the definition of labor and altered perceptions about what types of careers could organize. The strike also encouraged other groups within the theatre industry to organize.


1919 Actors' Equity Association strike, Background, Working conditions and AEA formation
In 1896, successful theatre owners and booking managers Marc Klaw and A.L. Erlanger combined with four other theatre bookers/owners to form the Theatrical Syndicate. The Syndicate applied big business practices to the theatre industry, creating a booking monopoly. The group owned three quarters of the theatres in America, including 37 first-class theatres, and had full control over the locations of each play, script changes, and their box office shares. Shortly after the formation of the Theatrical Syndicate, the Shubert brothers started their own monopolistic venture, creating competition for the Syndicate.


1919 Actors' Equity Association strike, Background, Working conditions and AEA formation
In centralizing the theatre industry, these groups also imposed new, strict working conditions for actors. By 1913, actors and actresses had an extensive list of grievances against their managers and producers. Producers had full power over determining their actors' working conditions and pay scale. Actors' rehearsal time was both unlimited and uncompensated; they could spend weeks to months without rehearsal compensation. When evening performances were cancelled, managers would make up for the lost show by adding an additional matinee performance at the next day's location. Performers were often not compensated for either the cancelled show or the added matinee.


1919 Actors' Equity Association strike, Background, Working conditions and AEA formation
Actors were also responsible for paying for their own stage costumes and travel. Another industry-wide grievance regarded the "satisfaction clause," commonly referred to as the "joker clause," found in most actors' contracts with their managers. This clause stated that the manager could fire an actor if the actor did not play his or her part to the manager's satisfaction. This gave managers the power to fire actors or cut actors' salaries without warning and for any reason.


1919 Actors' Equity Association strike, Background, Working conditions and AEA formation
To combat these grievances, actors met on January 13, 1913, to discuss the possibility of organization. While organizations such as the Actors' Society of America had been formed previously to fight control of the Syndicate, their membership and influence had largely diminished by 1912, and the actors wanted to create a new organization focused on only their economic grievances. Their goal was to resolve the exploitation of the actor in the theatre industry and to establish a uniform contract that pleased both the manager and the actor. 112 actors officially formed the Actors Equity Association in New York City on May 26, 1913. They elected Francis Wilson as the association's president. By the end of its first year, Equity's membership reached over 1,500 and included many well-known actors.


1919 Actors' Equity Association strike, Background, Early AEA and UMPA negotiations
In 1914, Equity began working to develop a standard contract to present to the United Managers Protective Association (UMPA), the managers' combination that controlled the majority of the industry. The UMPA was formed by the Theatrical Syndicate, the Shuberts, and other independent producers in response to Equity's formation. This contract included provisions for the number of free rehearsals managers could require of players. It also demanded extra pay when performances numbered more than eight per week, at least a two-week notice of dismissal, and that the managers cover travel and costuming expenses.


1919 Actors' Equity Association strike, Background, Early AEA and UMPA negotiations
The managers largely ignored the actors' demands for three years. On October 2, 1917, following Equity's first efforts to join the AFL, the UMPA voted to sign a standard contract that would be valid for one year and was to be used by all companies under their control. The contract included the majority of Equity's demands. However, by December of that year, managers were consistently violating the contract and refusing to acknowledge Equity as a legitimate organization.


1919 Actors' Equity Association strike, Background, Early AEA and UMPA negotiations
Early in 1919, the UMPA dissolved and formed the Producing Managers’ Association (PMA), which continued violating the UMPA-AEA standard contract. In March, Equity membership had grown to comprise nearly 50 percent of theatre actors and there was discussion of creating a closed shop. The closed shop discussion startled the PMA and they called a meeting with Equity leaders on May 2. The two organizations were unable to reach an agreement, and on May 23, the PMA decided to break their ties with Equity.


1919 Actors' Equity Association strike, Background, Securing a charter with the AFL
There was much debate in Equity over applying for an AFL charter. Most actors considered themselves superior to general "laborers," viewing themselves rather as "artists" and believed their trade was above the technique of organizing. However, when the UMPA continued neglecting the UMPA-AEA standard contract, Equity decided they needed a charter and national support to achieve their goals. On May 29, 1916, 518 out of 519 Equity representatives voted for applying to join the AFL at their annual meeting.


1919 Actors' Equity Association strike, Background, Securing a charter with the AFL
The AFL refused to offer Equity an independent charter. The AFL only gave out one charter to each profession, and all performers were already represented in the AFL by the White Rats, an organization formed by vaudeville performers. The AFL offered Equity a charter as a branch of the international White Rats union, but Equity declined, requesting that the White Rats amend their charter so that they could represent vaudeville performers while Equity could represent “legitimate” actors. The White Rats refused.


1919 Actors' Equity Association strike, Background, Securing a charter with the AFL
After much discussion between the White Rats and the AEA, both organizations came to an agreement on July 18, 1919. They decided to form a new umbrella organization for performing arts, the Associated Actors and Artistes of America (the 4A's). The White Rats gave up its international charter, and the 4A's took its place in the AFL. When the AEA and the White Rats received charters as branches of the 4As, both unions were officially AFL-affiliated.


1919 Actors' Equity Association strike, Background, Securing a charter with the AFL
Affiliation with such an influential labor organization gave Equity power and support it did not previously have. The AEA was the first organization of its kind and they received a lot of attention. The day following their AFL charter, the New York Times featured an article on the new union, reporting that the “unionization of the actor became an established fact."


1919 Actors' Equity Association strike, Background, Escalating tensions
On July 30, 1919, the New York Times ran a story on Equity's interactions with Chu Chin Chow, a show that had been in rehearsals for weeks and was still without actors' knowledge of an opening date or their wages. Equity encouraged the cast members to stage a walkout in response to the managers' refusal to acknowledge the AEA contract. Hearing about Equity's appeals, the producers of Chu Chin Chow rushed into wage agreements with the cast, and only one cast member followed through with the walkout.


1919 Actors' Equity Association strike, Background, Escalating tensions
In response, Equity President Wilson announced that the rest of the cast would not be returning to rehearsals the next day, but this also did not occur. All the actors attended the rehearsal, refusing to give up their jobs. The New York Times emphasized the tension between the Actors' Equity Association and theatrical managers, describing this event as the beginning of "active warfare" between the two groups. The article discussed how both sides had believed themselves to be victorious, but that the event's conclusion demonstrated that victory was solely on the side of the managers.


1919 Actors' Equity Association strike, Events of the strike, Start of the strike
On August 7, 1919, the Actors’ Equity Association officially declared a strike against the PMA. The strike resolution read:


1919 Actors' Equity Association strike, Events of the strike, Start of the strike
Until a satisfactory arrangement is made with it governing the working conditions of the actor, we will not perform any service for any manager who is a member of the Producing Managers' Association, who refused to recognized our Association, or to issue its contracts.


1919 Actors' Equity Association strike, Events of the strike, Start of the strike
The resolution passed on the first vote unanimously and the strike was in effect by 7 p.m.


1919 Actors' Equity Association strike, Events of the strike, Start of the strike
That night, twelve famous New York theaters closed, including Shubert Playhouse, Gaiety, Astor, and 44th Street. The managers, completely unprepared for the strike, were forced to give an estimate of $25,000 in ticket refunds that night and had to quickly find actors to replace the stars that had walked out. By the end of the strike's first two weeks, only five theaters in New York City were still operating.


1919 Actors' Equity Association strike, Events of the strike, Start of the strike
After the initial outbreak, the PMA met to discuss their plan of action. It released a statement on August 11 which claimed that Equity was the enemy of both the manager and the actor because the organization prohibited both from freely engaging in contract labor, and as a result, both lost their personal liberty. The managers filed suits for damages against Equity and printed a warning in the New York Times which declared that actors were personally responsible for the revenue lost during the strike because the strike violated the UMPA-AEA contract. However, the actors pointed out that clause 18 of the contract, governing arbitration, recognized the AEA as a party to the contract. By refusing to acknowledge Equity as a legitimate representative of the actor, the PMA had violated the contract first, giving Equity actors reason and justification for striking.


1919 Actors' Equity Association strike, Events of the strike, Theatre community involvement
The strike was not contained to New York City. After the strike in New York began, Wilson called on the local Equity organization in Chicago, asking specific actors to walk out on the productions A Prince There Was and Cappy Ricks in order to demonstrate the power Equity had over theaters around the country. On August 12, these actors gave notice to their managers and walked out on the productions. By August 20, all of the theaters in Chicago were closed. The strike spread quickly to other large cities, including Boston, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., Providence, St. Louis, and Atlantic City; there was particular success in Pittsburgh, where the majority of theaters were closed by the end of the strike.


1919 Actors' Equity Association strike, Events of the strike, Theatre community involvement
Support for the strike came from many different facets of the theatre community. The Barrymores, a prominent theatrical family, offered their solidarity and support despite not having any grievances against their producers. Ethel was the first to join the strikers; her brothers, Lionel and John, followed soon after. Five million trade unionists around the country officially supported the strike. Marie Dressler led the newly-formed Chorus Equity Association in picket lines. The Teamsters Union refused to deliver to managers that opposed the AEA.


1919 Actors' Equity Association strike, Events of the strike, Theatre community involvement
The International Alliance of Billposters and Billers of the United States and Canada refused to post bills for theaters with anti-Equity managers. The Theatrical Mechanics Union also pledged their support. In September, stagehands and musicians in Boston and New York walked out to support the strike, forcing six Boston theatres to shut their doors. On September 2, 1919, the New York Times ran a story on this event, and the article's headline read "Stagehands Now Run the Strike." Equity membership also soared during the strike; their numbers went from 4,200 members at the beginning of the strike to 6,000 by August 16.


1919 Actors' Equity Association strike, Events of the strike, Theatre community involvement
During the strike, the actors used a number of techniques to reach the people and pressure the managers. Not only did thousands of players walk out, but they also picketed the closed theaters. In New York, hundreds of Equity members could be found outside closed theaters every night waving banners and delivering speeches about the injustices committed by the managers. The strikers consistently spoke to the press and held parades in order to cultivate public support. One of the most famous parades occurred on Wall Street; it consisted of fifteen cars full of well-dressed, leading actresses driven by prominent actors. Strikers' banners read "No More Pay, Just Fair Play." Bystanders cheered the actors and actresses on.


1919 Actors' Equity Association strike, Events of the strike, Benefit performances
In order to raise money for the strike, Equity put on benefit shows at the Lexington Avenue Opera House. On August 16, there was a parade down Broadway to support the first benefit show on August 18. Many well-known stars participated in the performances: W.C. Fields acted as master of ceremonies, Lionel and Ethel Barrymore performed the second act of The Lady of the Camellias, and Marie Dressler led a dance routine. Many other prominent actors, including Eddie Foy, Pearl White, and Ed Wynn, also performed. By the end of the first show, Equity had raised a profit of $31,000. These performances continued for a week and the house was full nearly every night.


1919 Actors' Equity Association strike, Events of the strike, AFL involvement
During the benefit performance on August 26, Samuel Gompers, AFL founder and president, unexpectedly appeared on stage and gave a speech assuring Equity members that they had the AFL's full support.


1919 Actors' Equity Association strike, Events of the strike, AFL involvement
Whatever influence or power there may be in the great American Federation of Labor to help you, rest assured that power and influence is behind you until the end.


1919 Actors' Equity Association strike, Events of the strike, AFL involvement
The AFL soon demonstrated their power. After his appearance at the Equity benefit performance, Gompers met with the AFL's executive counsel in Washington, D.C. Shortly after, the AFL shut down the Hippodrome Theatre, which had been left alone by Equity because the theatre was a vaudeville house. $37,000 had to be refunded to 6,000 theatregoers as a result of this shutdown.


1919 Actors' Equity Association strike, Events of the strike, Conclusion of the strike
After receiving overwhelming support from the AFL, public, press, and unions all over the country, Equity declared victory on September 6, 1919. On this day, the PMA and Equity signed a five-year contract that included most of Equity's demands. All PMA members were required to use AEA contracts. Managers would pay the actors for overtime and rehearsals as well as travel and costumes. The contract also decided that eight shows would constitute a full week's work and established Saturday as the official payday. Finally, the PMA agreed to lift all of the blacklists and lawsuits they had initiated during the strike.


1919 Actors' Equity Association strike, Events of the strike, Conclusion of the strike
The news made headlines across the country. The strike had lasted 30 days and resulted in 37 closed productions, 16 prevented openings, and an estimated loss of $2 million to the theatre industry. By the end of the strike, Equity's membership had grown from a couple thousand members to 14,000 members, and its treasury had grown from $13,500 to $120,000.


1919 Actors' Equity Association strike, Impact
The strike changed the definition of labor. Before the strike, neither actors nor the public viewed stage actors as workers, and few thought it even possible for them to organize. However, when actors realized that a union was necessary, the way that actors and acting were viewed began to shift. Instead of believing that they as "artists" were above "laborers," both actors themselves and the public began to consider their work as labor. The creation of Equity and their successful 1919 strike broke the perceived class barrier between the actor and the industrial worker.


1919 Actors' Equity Association strike, Impact
This shift was noted in a New Republic article, "Acting as a Trade," prior to the strike. The article stated that the managers "gave [the actors] the short end of every contract," as the actors "hugged their romantic pride," unwilling to identify themselves as laborers. The article also said that because the actors faced the same hardships as the working man, they would need to adopt the means of the working man in order to be successful.


1919 Actors' Equity Association strike, Impact
Equity's victory in the 1919 strike cleared doubts about the ability of actors and actresses to successfully organize. Actors had some differences that separated them from other unions: actors were constantly on the road rehearsing and performing shows, and there were large disparities between members of Equity in regard to status and salary. Historian Sean P. Holmes noted that the wealth of resources available to the theatre manager in comparison to the actor and the divisions within the acting community itself stacked the odds against the AEA in their battle with the managers.


1919 Actors' Equity Association strike, Impact
Though it had been thought impossible for actors to organize and strike successfully due to both the logistical difficulties they faced and their initial, negative attitudes towards organized labor, they were able to achieve their goals by means of organizing. Equity's success also encouraged other unions within the industry to form, such as the Chorus Equity Association, which was created five days after the start of the strike by Follies chorus members after they learned that their manager had joined the PMA.


1919 Akron Indians season
The 1919 Akron Indians season was their twelfth season in existence. The team played in the Ohio League and posted a 5–5 record. The team later became a charter member of the National Football League the very next season.


1919 Alabama Crimson Tide baseball team
The 1919 Alabama Crimson Tide baseball team represented the Alabama Crimson Tide of the University of Alabama in the 1919 NCAA baseball season, winning the SIAA championship.


1919 Alabama Crimson Tide football team
The 1919 Alabama Crimson Tide football team (variously "Alabama", "UA" or "Bama") represented the University of Alabama in the 1919 college football season. It was the Crimson Tide's 26th overall and 23rd season as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA). The team was led by head coach Xen C. Scott, in his first year, and played their home games at University Field in Tuscaloosa and at Rickwood Field in Birmingham, Alabama. They finished the season with a record of eight wins and one loss (8–1 overall, 6–1 in the SIAA).


1919 Alabama Crimson Tide football team
After not fielding a team for the 1918 season due to the effects of World War I, in May 1919 Xen C. Scott was hired to serve as head coach of the Crimson Tide. Alabama then opened the season with four consecutive shutout victories at University Field in Tuscaloosa. After Scott defeated Birmingham–Southern in his debut as Crimson Tide head coach, the next week he defeated Ole Miss for his first SIAA victory. After a pair of blowout victories over both Howard and the Marion Military Institute, Alabama defeated Sewanee 40–0 in what was the most anticipated game of the season at Rickwood Field.


1919 Alabama Crimson Tide football team
After the Sewanee win, Alabama traveled to Nashville where they lost their only game of the season against Vanderbilt 16–12. After the loss, the Crimson Tide rebounded with wins at LSU and Georgia and at Birmingham over Mississippi A&M on Thanksgiving to close the season.


1919 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Before the season
After the departure of Thomas Kelley as head coach of the Crimson Tide following their 1917 season, then athletic director B. L. Noojin was chosen as his successor. However Noojin never led the team as head coach since the 1918 season was canceled due to the effects of World War I. When football was reinstated for the next season, Xen C. Scott was hired to serve as head coach in May 1919. Scott had previously served as head coach of the Cleveland Naval Reserve team that upset the national champion Pittsburgh Panthers to close their 1918 season. Scott had also previously served as head coach for both Western Reserve University (1910) and the Case Institute of Technology (1911–1913) in Cleveland.


1919 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Before the season
Scott opened his first fall practice on September 1. At that time, ten players from previous Alabama squads returned and included T. L. Brown, Jack Hovater, Walter E. Hovater, Ralph Lee Jones, Mullie Lenoir, Emmet Noland, J. T. O'Connor, Ike Rogers, Tram Sessions and Riggs Stephenson. After two weeks of practice, Scott divided the players into four teams in order to determine starting line-ups. At his time Scott also did not utilize a quarterback, but instead would simply snap the ball directly to the runner. Before game preparation began for their game against Birmingham–Southern, Ike Rogers was selected as team captain for the season by the returning lettermen on September 25. Rogers was previously elected to serve as team captain for the 1918 season that was canceled.


1919 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Birmingham–Southern
Nearly after two years since their previous home game during the 1917 season, Alabama opened the 1919 season against Birmingham–Southern and shutout the Panthers 27–0 in the first all-time game between the schools. The opening kickoff was at 1:30 and was played in a newly expanded University Field with seating for 800 spectators. Mullie Lenoir starred in the game for Alabama as he scored a touchdown in each of the first three quarters that gave the Crimson White a 20–0 lead. Charles Bartlett scored the final points of the game with his fourth quarter touchdown that made the final score 27–0.


1919 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Ole Miss
In their second game, Alabama shutout their SIAA rival, the Ole Miss Rebels 49–0 at Tuscaloosa. After being held scoreless for the first ten minutes, Alabama scored their first touchdown on Mullie Lenoir run late in the quarter. A pair of second quarter touchdown runs from first Riggs Stephenson and then by Charles Bartlett that made the halftime score 18–0. In the third quarter, the Crimson Tide scored 25 points and included a pair of long touchdown scores. The long scores came first on a 76-yard Lenoir run and the second on a 65-yard interception return by Stephenson. Lenoir and Stephenson each scored another touchdown as did J. T. O'Connor and make the final score 49–0. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Ole Miss to 9–2–1.


1919 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Howard
Behind a strong passing game, Alabama defeated the Howard (now known as Samford University) Bulldogs 48–0 at Tuscaloosa. Touchdowns in the game were scored twice each by Mullie Lenoir] and Riggs Stephenson and one apiece by Isaac M. Boone, Tram Sessions and Joe Sewell. In the game, the Crimson offense was dominant both running and passing the ball in the victory. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Howard to 8–0.


1919 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Marion Military Institute
As they entered their game against the Marion Military Institute, many of the Alabama supporters viewed the game against the Cadets as just a practice game before their anticipated match-up against Sewanee. On a Friday afternoon, Alabama defeated the Cadets 61–0 at Tuscaloosa for their fourth consecutive shutout to open the season. Touchdowns in the game were scored three times by J. H. Emmett, twice each by Charles Bartlett and Mullie Lenoir, and one apiece by Walter E. Hovater and Morgan. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Marion to 6–0.


1919 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Sewanee
In what was the most anticipated game of the season, the entire University population and educators traveled to Birmingham for their game against Sewanee. In the game Alabama defeated the Tigers 40–0 at Rickwood Field, in the largest margin of victory ever for Alabama over Sewanee to date. Alabama took an early 7–0 lead in the first quarter on a 15-yard Riggs Stephenson touchdown run and then extended it to 14–0 at halftime on a 45-yard Walter E. Hovater touchdown run in the second. Alabama then closed the game with four Mullie Lenoir touchdown runs, two in the third and two in the fourth quarter. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Sewanee to 3–9–2.


1919 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Vanderbilt
A week after their victory over Sewanee, Alabama traveled to Nashville where they were defeated by the Vanderbilt Commodores 16–12 on a muddy field for their only loss of the season. On their first drive of the game, Alabama took the ball to the Vanderbilt two-yard line, but then fumbled the ball that was recovered by Josh Cody of the Commodores to end the scoring threat. The second Alabama fumble resulted in the first touchdown of the game. Early in the second quarter, Riggs Stephenson fumbled the ball that was recovered by Tommy Zerfoss and returned 35-yards for a 7–0 Vanderbilt lead. They further extended their lead to 13–0 at halftime on a 20-yard Grailey Berryhill touchdown run.


1919 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Vanderbilt
Alabama rallied in the second half with a pair of two-yards Stephenson touchdown runs in the third and fourth quarter that made the score 13–12. Cody then provided for the final margin in the 16–12 Commodores' victory with his 30-yard field goal in the fourth quarter. The loss brought Alabama's all-time record against Vanderbilt to 0–5.


1919 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Vanderbilt
The starting lineup was J. Hovater (left end), Brown (left tackle), Johnson (left guard), Sessions (center), Jones (right guard), Rogers (right tackle), Boone (right end), W. Hovater (quarterback), Lenoir (left halfback), O'Connor (right halfback), Stephenson (fullback).


1919 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, LSU
After they suffered their only loss of the season at Vanderbilt, Alabama traveled to Baton Rouge where they shutout the LSU Tigers 23–0. After a scoreless first half that saw two drives end inside the Tigers ten-yard line due to fumbles, Alabama took a 3–0 lead in the third quarter on a 20-yard Joe Sewell field goal. The Crimson Tide sealed the win with three touchdowns in the fourth quarter scored on short runs by Sewell, Mullie Lenoir and Riggs Stephenson. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against LSU to 4–3.


1919 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Georgia
After their road win at LSU, Alabama traveled to Atlanta where they shutout the Georgia Bulldogs 6–0. The only points in the game came on a pair of J. T. O'Connor field goals. The first was from 45-yards in the first and the second from 25-yards in the second quarter. Both teams played strong defense throughout the game, and Georgia nearly pulled out a win when Buck Cheves intercepted an Alabama pass in the final seconds of the game and made a sizable return before he was tackled by the Crimson Tide. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Georgia to 4–7–3.


1919 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Georgia
The starting lineup was J. Hovater (left end), Brown (left tackle), Johnson (left guard), Sessions (center), Jones (right guard), Rogers (right tackle), Boone (right end), W. Hovater (quarterback), O'Connor (left halfback), Lenoir (right halfback), Stevenson (fullback).


1919 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Mississippi A&M
In their final game of the season, Alabama defeated the Mississippi A&M (now known as Mississippi State University) Aggies 14–6 on Thanksgiving at Rickwood Field. After a scoreless first half, H. S. Little scored the Aggies' only points of the game with his 80-yard kickoff return that opened the third quarter. Alabama then took the lead later in the third on a short Riggs Stephenson touchdown run. They then made the final score 14–6 in the fourth after T. L. Brown blocked an A&M punt that was recovered by Ike Rogers in the endzone for a touchdown. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Mississippi A&M to 7–4–1.


1919 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Postseason
Alabama won eight games in a season for the first time, and was awarded by some organizations a share of the SIAA title. Fuzzy Woodruff recalls "Auburn claimed it. "We defeated Tech" said Auburn. "Yes, but we defeated you" said Vanderbilt. "Yes", said Alabama, "but Tech, Tulane ,and Tennessee took your measure. We defeated Georgia Tech, who tied Tulane, so we are champions... The newspapers, however, more or less generally supported the claim of Auburn..."


1919 All-Big Ten Conference football team
The 1919 All-Big Ten Conference football team consists of American football players selected to the All-Big Ten Conference teams chosen by various selectors for the 1919 Big Ten Conference football season.


1919 All-Big Ten Conference football team, Key
INS = International News Service selected by Luther A. Huston


1919 All-Big Ten Conference football team, Key
MDN = Minneapolis Daily News by its sport editor, George A. Barton


1919 All-Big Ten Conference football team, Key
VH = Victor Harris in the St. Paul Pioneer Press


1919 All-Big Ten Conference football team, Key
Bold = consensus first-team selection by a majority of the selectors listed here


1919 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship
The 1919 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship was the 33rd staging of Ireland's premier Gaelic football knock-out competition. Kildare were the winners.


1919 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final
The 1919 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final was the 32nd All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 1919 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, an inter-county Gaelic football tournament for the top teams in Ireland.


1919 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final
Wexford were the reigning champions, having completed a first senior four-in-a-row in 1918. However, Wexford did not qualify for the 1919 final as they were knocked out in the semi-final of that year's Leinster Senior Football Championship.


1919 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final
Kildare won an extremely one-sided final, with goals from Frank "Joyce" Conlan and Jim O'Connor.


1919 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final
This was Galway's first appearance in an All-Ireland football final. They would not win the All-Ireland football title until 1925, having also been beaten in the final of 1922.


1919 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
The 1919 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the 33rd staging of the All-Ireland hurling championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1887. The championship began on 18 May 1919 and ended on 21 September 1919.


1919 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
Limerick were the defending champions, however, they were defeated in the provincial championship. Cork won the title following a 6-4 to 2-4 defeat of Dublin in the final.


1919 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final
The 1919 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final was the 32nd All-Ireland Final and the culmination of the 1919 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, an inter-county hurling tournament for the top teams in Ireland. The match was held at Croke Park, Dublin, on 21 September 1919, between Cork, represented by a selection of club players, and Dublin, represented by club side Collegians. The Leinster champions lost to their Munster opponents on a score line of 6-4 to 2-4.


1919 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final
The Cork goals were scored by Connie Lucey, John Barry-Murphy and Jimmy Kennedy who all scored two goals apiece.


1919 All-Pacific Coast football team
The 1919 All-Pacific Coast football team consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Pacific Coast teams for the 1919 college football season.


1919 All-Pacific Coast football team, Key
PS = Plowden Stott, "one of the foremost Western football officials"


1919 All-Western college football team
The 1919 All-Western college football team consists of American football players selected to the All-Western teams chosen by various selectors for the 1919 college football season.


1919 All-Western college football team, Key
GB = George A. Barton, sporting editor of Minneapolis Daily News


1919 Allan Cup
The 1919 Allan Cup was the Canadian national senior ice hockey championship for the 1918-19 Senior season.


1919 American Cup
The 1919 American Cup was the annual open cup held by the American Football Association.


1919 Argentine Primera División
The 1919 Argentine Primera División was the 28th season of top-flight football in Argentina. The official "Asociación Argentina de Football" (AFA) league championship was abandoned mid season by the majority of the clubs, which joined the new "Asociación Amateurs de Football" (AAmF) while six clubs remained with the official body.


1919 Argentine Primera División
In the AFA league, Boca Juniors was crowned champion with 14 fixtures to be played, while Racing won its 7th league title at AAmF.


1919 Argentine Primera División
Club Eureka debuted in the AFA championship, while Vélez Sársfield played its first Primera División championship in the AAmF after being disaffiliated from the official body.


1919 Arizona Wildcats football team
The 1919 Arizona Wildcats football team represented the University of Arizona as an independent during the 1919 college football season. In their fifth season under head coach Pop McKale, the Wildcats compiled a 7–1 record, shut out seven of eight opponents (albeit one game by claim of forfeit), and outscored all opponents, 253 to 19. In the fifth meeting in what later became the Arizona–Arizona State football rivalry, Arizona defeated the Tempe Normal Owls by a 59–0 score.


1919 Arizona Wildcats football team
The team's roster included Louis "Slonnie" Sloaaker (quarterback), "Gyp" Manzo and Aaron McCreary (halfbacks), John Hobbs (fullback), Billie Wofford and Tommy Marlar (ends), Big Dick Smith and Howard Barkley (guards), George Hardaway and Oscar Cook (tackles), and the team captain Emzy Harvey "Swede" Lynch (center).


1919 Arkansas Razorbacks football team
The 1919 Arkansas Razorbacks football team represented the University of Arkansas in the Southwest Conference (SWC) during the 1919 college football season. In their first and only year under head coach James B. Craig, the Razorbacks compiled a 3–4 record (1–2 against SWC opponents), finished in fifth place in the SWC, and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 164 to 55. After losing to Oklahoma by a 103–0 score in 1918, the Razorbacks defeated Oklahoma by a 7–6 score in Norman.


1919 Arkansas Razorbacks football team
In August 1919, Arkansas hired James B. Craig, a former All-American halfback at Michigan, as the school's athletic director and football and baseball coach. Craig had recently returned from military service in France. Under Craig's leadership, the Razorbacks football team suffered its first losing season since 1914. Craig served only one year, announcing his resignation in March 1920, effective at the end of the college year.


1919 Armenian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Armenia between 21 and 23 June 1919. The electoral system used was party-list proportional representation using the D'Hondt method in one national district. The result was a landslide victory for the Armenian Revolutionary Federation which won 72 of the 80 seats. However the election was boycotted by the Hunchaks and Populists. Voter turnout was 71.2%. The first republic ended when the country taken over by the Soviet Union the following year and multi-party elections were not held again until 1995.


1919 Army Cadets football team
The 1919 Army Cadets football team represented the United States Military Academy in the 1919 college football season. In their fifth non-consecutive season under head coach Charles Dudley Daly (Daly was Army's coach from 1913 to 1916), the Cadets compiled a 6–3 record, shut out five of their nine opponents, and outscored all opponents 140 to 38.


1919 Army Cadets football team
In the annual Army–Navy Game at the Polo Grounds in New York City, the Cadets lost to the Midshipmen 6–0. Army defeated Villanova by a lopsided 62 to 0 score, but lost to Notre Dame 12–9.


1919 Army Cadets football team
End Earl Blaik was selected by Walter Camp as a third-team player on the All-America Team.


1919 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1919 Atlantic hurricane season was among the least active hurricane seasons in the Atlantic on record, featuring only five tropical storms. Of those five tropical cyclones, two of them intensified into a hurricane, with one strengthening into a major hurricane (category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale.) Two tropical depressions developed in the month of June, both of which caused negligible damage. A tropical storm in July brought minor damage to Pensacola, Florida, but devastated a fleet of ships. Another two tropical depressions formed in August, the first of which brought rainfall to the Lesser Antilles.


1919 Atlantic hurricane season
The most intense tropical cyclone of the season was the Florida Keys hurricane. Many deaths occurred after ships capsized in Bahamas, the Florida Keys, and Cuba. Strong winds left about $2 million in damage in Key West. After crossing the Gulf of Mexico, severe impact was reported in Texas, especially the Corpus Christi area. Overall, the hurricane caused 828 fatalities and $22 million in damage, $20 million of which was inflicted in Texas alone. Three other tropical cyclones developed in September, including two tropical storms and one tropical depression, all of which left negligible impact on land. The final tropical system of the season also did not affect land and became extratropical on November 15.


1919 Atlantic hurricane season
The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 55, slightly below the 1911–1920 average of 58.7. ACE is a metric used to express the energy used by a tropical cyclone during its lifetime. Therefore, a storm with a longer duration will have high values of ACE. It is only calculated at six-hour increments in which specific tropical and subtropical systems are either at or above sustained wind speeds of 39 mph (63 km/h), which is the threshold for tropical storm intensity. Thus, tropical depressions are not included here.


1919 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm One
Historical weather maps indicate a tropical wave in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico on July 2, which developed into a tropical depression that day. Around 18:00 UTC, the depression strengthened into a tropical storm. Moving north-northwestward, it peaked with maximum sustained winds winds of 65 mph (100 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 995 mbar (29.4 inHg). The storm remained very small in diameter "at all times." At 11:00 UTC on July 4, the storm made landfall near Navarre, Florida at the same intensity. Early the next day, it weakened to a tropical depression, before dissipating several hours later.


1919 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm One
In Pensacola, Florida, the auxiliary schooner Nautilus of the E. E. Saunders Fish Company's fleet was destroyed, resulting in $1,500 in damage. The schooner W.D. Hossack was abandoned by the crew, though this vessel was later salvaged by the schooner Bluefields and the tugboat Echo. Light damage to crops was also reported.


1919 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two
A tropical wave developed into a tropical depression on September 2, while located near Guadeloupe. Early on September 3, the system became a tropical storm. It oscillated slightly in intensity during the next few days, while brushing Puerto Rico and north coast of Hispaniola. By September 5, the storm headed northward toward the southeastern Bahamas. The system crossed Mayaguana and began curving northwestward. Early on September 7, the storm strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, while curving just north of due west.


1919 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two
After intensifying into a Category 2 hurricane later that day, the hurricane struck Long Island and Exuma. Around 12:00 UTC on September 8, the storm strengthened into a Category 3 hurricane, shortly before striking Andros. After clearing the Bahamas, the hurricane strengthened into a Category 4 hurricane early the following day. It intensified further over the Straits of Florida and peaked with maximum sustained winds of 150 mph (240 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 927 mbar (27.4 inHg) at 06:00 UTC on September 10. Hours later, the system made landfall in Dry Tortugas, Florida.


1919 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two
The storm weakened while crossing the Gulf of Mexico and fell to Category 3 intensity around 12:00 UTC on September 12. However, early the following day, it re-strengthened into a Category 4 hurricane. While approaching Texas, the system began to weaken again, deteriorating to a Category 3 hurricane on September 14. Later that day, it made landfall in Kenedy County with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). The storm weakened while moving inland and dissipated near El Paso on September 16.


1919 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two
Two schooners capsized in the Windward Islands due to the hurricane. In the United States Virgin Islands, a sustained wind speed of 48 mph (77 km/h) was observed on Saint Thomas. Strong winds lashed the Bahamas, destroying buildings on Eleuthera and demolishing houses on San Salvador Island. The steamer Corydon sank in the Bahama Channel, resulting in 27 deaths. In Florida, considerable damage was reported in the Miami area, though "nothing very serious resulted". A tornado in Goulds damaged 19 buildings and destroyed six others.


1919 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two
On Key West, strong winds damaged brick-structured buildings, with "probably not a structure on the island" escaping impact. Additionally, large vessels that were firmly secured were torn loose from their mooring and beached. Overall, three people drowned and damage reached approximately $2 million. The Spanish steamship SS Valbanera sank offshore Havana, Cuba, presumably drowning all 488 passengers and crewmen. In Texas, storm surge and tidal waves resulted in severe damage. Some 23 blocks of homes were destroyed or swept away in Corpus Christi. In the city alone, 284 bodies were recovered and damage was conservatively estimated at $20 million. In Matagorda, Palacios, and Port Lavaca, wharves, fish houses, and small boats were significantly impacted. The docks and buildings in Port Aransas were swept away, with the exception of a school building. Houses and crops were also leveled in Victoria. Overall, 310 deaths were reported in Texas.


1919 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
On September 1, a southwest-northeast oriented stationary front was situated offshore the East Coast of the United States from east of The Carolinas to the south of Nova Scotia. By the following day, the front spawned a tropical depression about 225 mi (360 km) southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. The depression moved northeastward and detached from the stationary front. Around 06:00 UTC on September 2, it strengthened into a tropical storm. The system intensified into a hurricane early on the following day.


1919 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
Later on September 3, the storm strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane and peaked with maximum sustained winds of 100 mph (155 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 977 mbar (28.9 inHg). Thereafter, the storm weakened to a Category 1 and a tropical storm on September 4, before becoming extratropical near Cape Breton Island later that day. This system was first identified as a hurricane by Ivan Tannehill in 1938.


1919 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Four
A tropical disturbance developed into a tropical depression at 00:00 UTC on September 29, while located about 115 mi (185 km) northeast of the Abaco Islands in the Bahamas. Moving northwestward along the periphery of a high-pressure area, the depression strengthened into a tropical storm later that day. After peaking with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1,005 mbar (29.7 inHg), the storm curved west-northwestward while approaching the Southeastern United States. At 01:00 UTC on October 1, the system made landfall near St. Simons, Georgia. The cyclone weakened to a tropical depression by later that day. Moving westward, it dissipated over southeastern Alabama early on October 2.


1919 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Five
An extratropical low-pressure area formed east of Bermuda on November 10. The low moved southwestward and gradually acquired tropical characteristics. By 00:00 UTC on November 11, it developed into a tropical storm, while located about 415 mi (670 km) south-southeast of Bermuda. Around that time, the storm peaked with maximum sustained winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1,003 mbar (29.6 inHg). Later on November 12, it curved northwestward. The storm then turned east-southeastward the following day. On November 14, the system weakened and curved northeastward. Around 12:00 UTC the next day, it became extratropical, with the remnants dissipating hours later.


1919 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical depressions
In addition to the five other tropical storms, there were five tropical cyclones that remained a tropical depression. The first depression formed from a low pressure area just offshore Belize on June 1. Moving northward, the storm dissipated over the southeastern Gulf of Mexico by the following day. Another tropical depression from non-tropical origin near Bermuda on June 15. After tracking generally southwestward for a few days, the depression became extratropical on June 18. The next tropical depression was reported in the vicinity of the Windward Islands on August 18.


1919 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical depressions
It brought "heavy weather" to Barbados, causing two ship to run aground. On August 25, a tropical depression developed near the northern Cape Verde islands, before dissipated on the next day. The final depression that remained below tropical storm status formed southeast of Bermuda on September 9. The storm strengthened while heading northwestward, but transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on September 12.


1919 Auburn Tigers football team
The 1919 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 1919 college football season. It was the Tigers' 28th overall season and they competed as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA). The team was led by head coach Mike Donahue, in his 15th year, and played their home games at Drake Field in Auburn, Alabama. They finished with a record of eight wins and one loss (8–1 overall, 5–1 in the SIAA) and as SIAA champions.


1919 Auburn Tigers football team, Before the season
The team's captain was tackle Pete Bonner. His brother Thomas Herbert "Herb" Bonner also attended Auburn and was a guard on the team.


1919 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, Marion Military Institute
The season opened with a 37–0 victory over the Marion Military Institute.


1919 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, Howard
In the second week of play, the Tigers had a poor showing but managed to beat Howard 19–6.


1919 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, Camp Gordon
Auburn came back to beat the Fifth Division of Camp Gordon 25–13 in a "nerve-wracking" game. Beretsky of the fifth division ran a kickoff 90 yards for a touchdown. The pounding of Red Howard and Ed Sherling led the comeback.


1919 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, Camp Gordon
The starting lineup was Shirley (left end), Bonner (left tackle), Sizemore (left guard), Snider (center), Warren (right guard), Rogers (right tackle), Pruitt (right end), Trapp (quarterback), Scott (left halfback), Howard (right halfback), Shirling (fullback).


1919 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, Clemson
Auburn beat Clemson 7–0. "It was anybody's game until the last quarter", when Sherling scored Auburn's lone touchdown. Rodney Ollinger starred on defense.


1919 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, Clemson
The starting lineup was Ollinger (left end), Bonner (left tackle), Sizemore (left guard), Snider (center), H. Bonner (right guard), Rogers (right tackle), Pruitt (right end), Trapp (quarterback), Scott (left halfback), Howard (right halfback), Shirling (fullback).


1919 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, at Vanderbilt
Auburn suffered the season's only loss to Dan McGugin's Vanderbilt Commodores 7–6. Josh Cody returned a fumble 15 yards for a touchdown and made the winning extra point. A bit after, Ed Sherling ran in from the 1-yard line, but Pete Bonner missed goal.


1919 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, at Vanderbilt
Vanderbilt's Tom Lipscomb and Frank Goar were sent in on Auburn's last drive. Goar had been sick and Lipscomb was suffering from an injured ankle. The two spurned the team to victory in what the Vanderbilt yearbook called "the greatest defensive stand ever staged by any Vanderbilt team."


1919 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, at Vanderbilt
The starting lineup was Ollinger (left end), Bonner (left tackle), Sizemore (left guard), Snider (center), H. Bonner (right guard), Rogers (right tackle), Pruitt (right end), Trapp (quarterback), Scott (left halfback), Howard (right halfback), Shirling (fullback).


1919 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, Georgia
In heavy rain and mud, Auburn defeated Georgia 7–0. Red Howard ran through the entire Georgia team for 52 yards and the touchdown.


1919 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, Georgia
The starting lineup was Ollinger (left end), Bonner (left tackle), Sizemore (left guard), Caton (center), H. Bonner (right guard), Rogers (right tackle), Pruitt (right end), Trapp (quarterback), Williamson (left halfback), Howard (right halfback), Shirling (fullback).


1919 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, Spring Hill
The Spring Hill Badgers, coached by Auburn great Moon Ducote, fell to Auburn  10–0. A slippery field led to weak punting. The starting lineup was Ollinger (left end), H. Bonner (left tackle), Griffin (left guard), Snider (center), Rogers (right guard), Martin (right tackle), Pruitt (right end), Trapp (quarterback), Shirey (left halfback), Stubbs (right halfback), Shirling (fullback).


1919 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, Mississippi A&M
In a meeting of unbeatens, Auburn beat the Mississippi Aggies 7–0. Herb Bonner recovered a fumble for the game's only touchdown. Rodney Ollinger was as a standout as a punter and on defense.


1919 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, Mississippi A&M
The starting lineup was Ollinger (left end), Bonner (left tackle), Warren (left guard), Caton (center), Rogers (right guard), H. Bonner (right tackle), Pruitt (right end), Trapp (quarterback), Williamson (left halfback), Howard (right halfback), Shirling (fullback).


1919 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, at Georgia Tech
In John Heisman's last game as Georgia Tech head coach, Auburn gave Tech its first loss to an SIAA school in five years (since Auburn won in 1914) by a 14–7 score. Fatty Warren proved the star of the game.


1919 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, at Georgia Tech
The first touchdown of the game was made by Jack McDonough. Judy Harlan later fell on his own punt for a safety. In the third quarter, Warren blocked a Dewey Scarboro punt and Sloan recovered the ball and ran it 35 yards for a touchdown. Warren "waddled" for a 40-yard touchdown off a Jimmy Brewster fumble for the 14–7 victory. Zelda Sayre sent captain Pete Bonner a telegram after the win, it read:


1919 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, at Georgia Tech
"Shooting a seven, aren’t we awfully proud of the boys, give them my love—knew we could."


1919 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, at Georgia Tech
The starting lineup was Ollinger (left end), P. Bonner (left tackle), Sloan (left guard), Caton (center), Rogers (right guard), Warren (right tackle), Pruitt (right end), Trapp (quarterback), Stubbs (left halfback), Howard (right halfback), Shirling (fullback).


1919 Auburn Tigers football team, Postseason
For defeating Tech and due to charges of professionalism aimed at undefeated Centre, Auburn was SIAA champion. Fuzzy Woodruff recalls "Auburn claimed it. "We defeated Tech" said Auburn. "Yes, but we defeated you" said Vanderbilt. "Yes", said Alabama, "but Tech, Tulane ,and Tennessee took your measure. We defeated Georgia Tech, who tied Tulane, so we are champions... The newspapers, however, more or less generally supported the claim of Auburn..."


1919 Auckland City mayoral election
The 1919 Auckland City mayoral election was part of the New Zealand local elections held that same year. In 1919, elections were held for the Mayor of Auckland plus other local government positions including twenty-one city councillors. The polling was conducted using the standard first-past-the-post electoral method.


1919 Auckland City mayoral election
Incumbent mayor James Gunson was declared re-elected unopposed, with no other candidates emerging.


1919 Auckland Rugby League season
The 1919 season of the Auckland Rugby League was its 11th. It was the first season post World War I and unsurprisingly it saw a resurgence in playing numbers with 56 teams across the six grades. North Shore Albions who had previously dropped out of the senior competition again fielded a senior side. As did Otahuhu, who had dropped out during the 1917 season. Ponsonby United won their third consecutive first grade title, while Newton Rangers won the Roope Rooster trophy.


1919 Auckland Rugby League season
The season was also summarised by the league as well. Forty-nine teams were entered across all grades. Sunnyside won the second grade, Manukau won the third grade, City won the fourth and fifty grades, while Ponsonby won the sixth grade. It was stated that the standard of play in the senior club competition was not as good as it would have been due to the fact that 19 of the best club players from Auckland were away for a large part of the season representing New Zealand in Australia.


1919 Auckland Rugby League season, Club news, Marist Old Boys enter first grade
A new club was formed, namely Marist Old Boys. They were composed of old boys of the Marist Brothers’ schools. The senior club season commenced on 3 May.


1919 Auckland Rugby League season, Club news, Eden Ramblers club folds and Point Chevalier is founded
At the Auckland Rugby League meeting on 30 April it was announced that the Eden Ramblers club had been disbanded. They had formed in 1911 and played in the senior competition from 1911 to 1913 before becoming a lower grade club until this season. Curiously though 3 weeks earlier on April 5 however it was reported that a "new club that has just been affiliated is the Eden Ramblers, boys from Avondale and Point Chevalier". The new team however was not to become known as the Eden Ramblers but in fact were named Point Chevalier. Point Chevalier however did not field any teams in the 1919 season and it wasn't until the 1920 season that they were officially registered with the league.


1919 Auckland Rugby League season, Club news, Charitable efforts and league funds
During the war most of the revenue gained by Auckland Rugby League was donated to the war efforts meaning they could not make much progress financially towards developing the game and facilities. In 1919 they once again raised 75 pounds to distribute to local charities nominated by the mayor. They also put on a match at the end of the season to raise money for the St. John Ambulance Brigade. Due to the large crowds at some of the matches, including the match with Australia it was anticipated that the league would gain over 1,000 pounds to establish a fund for obtaining a playing ground. This would of course be Carlaw Park.


1919 Auckland Rugby League season, Club news, Scrum rules
At the end of the season J.B. Cooke stated in a meeting that next season the ball would be rolled into scrums and forwards would have to keep their feet on the ground while the halfback was putting the ball in. These changes were to “brighten the game”.


1919 Auckland Rugby League season, Club news, Representative season
The Auckland representative team was only able to play one inter provincial fixture against Hawkes Bay after matches with Canterbury and Wellington were unable to be scheduled due to the busy New Zealand representative schedule. Likewise Ponsonby were unable to schedule a defense of the Thacker Shield for the same reason. An Auckland Junior team was however able to make a trip out to Napier to play Hawkes Bay and they were victorious by 12 points to 5. Auckland played a match in front of an enormous crowd at the Auckland Domain against the touring Australian side but did not fair any better than the New Zealand national side, going down by 32 points to 8.


1919 Auckland Rugby League season, Myers Cup (1st Grade championship)
Otahuhu's first grade team were to only last one round into the season before pulling out. Grafton also struggled to field a team when they lost players to the New Zealand team which was touring Australia. In round 6 rather than default they were provided with players from the City and Newton clubs however they too did not survive to the end of the competition.


1919 Auckland Rugby League season, Myers Cup (1st Grade championship)
Ponsonby United won the championship for the third consecutive season.


1919 Auckland Rugby League season, Myers Cup (1st Grade championship), Myers Cup results, Round 4
There was confusion with the Round 4 draw with the newspapers listing the match between North Shore and Maritime when in fact it was Newton who were supposed to be the opponent. As a result, Newton players did not arrive at the ground. Eventually Newton found enough substitutes but they still began the game 2–3 players short. In spite of this they still managed to win by 14 points to 9. Also the City team took the field with 6 juniors while Grafton had 2 juniors and played a man short. The chief issue was with the New Zealand team touring Australia at the time meaning many key players were absent from their club teams.


1919 Auckland Rugby League season, Myers Cup (1st Grade championship), Myers Cup results, Round 5
In the match at Devonport the Marist team was led from the field by their captain with the score at 9–0 to North Shore in protest at a refereeing decision. During the round 5 match between Marist and North Shore the Marist team left the field early in protest against the referee. After hearing the report of referee Cleal, and a statement from McDevett, the Marist captain it was decided to suspend McDevett for 12 months after it was he who had told the referee that he would be taking his team from the field in protest and proceeded to do so.


1919 Auckland Rugby League season, Myers Cup (1st Grade championship), Myers Cup results, Round 6
Grafton were not able to field a full team and were reinforced by players from Newton who had a bye. This was done so that they would not be forced to drop out of the competition. They were missing test players Karl Ifwersen and Dougie McGregor.


1919 Auckland Rugby League season, Myers Cup (1st Grade championship), Myers Cup results, Round 9
The Auckland Star reported that the matches at Victoria Park saw the largest crowds for club games ever on that ground.


1919 Auckland Rugby League season, Myers Cup (1st Grade championship), Myers Cup results, Round 10
Round 10 featured two rarities. The Newton v North Shore match was played as a curtain-raiser to the Ponsonby v Maritime match on Auckland Domain 1. When matches were normally played at the same venue they all were played at the same time of 3pm on adjacent fields. In the 3rd match due to be played on the Domain the referee, Freeman Thompson failed to turn up and after waiting for 40 minutes the decision was made to abandon the game.


1919 Auckland Rugby League season, Myers Cup (1st Grade championship), Myers Cup results, Round 10
It was later revealed that he had been called away on an urgent business matter and had tried to contact the league but been unable to. The Auckland Rugby League accepted his explanation. The round was also significant for another reason. Craddock Dufty debuted for Newton and kicked 2 conversions. He was to go on to represent New Zealand along with touring with the New Zealand Maori side.


1919 Auckland Rugby League season, Myers Cup (1st Grade championship), Roope Rooster knockout competition
The round 1 match between Ponsonby United and Newton Rangers was abandoned towards the end with Newton leading by 12 points to 10 after Ponsonby supporters encroached on the field in protest against the referee and refused to move back. Marist Old Boys recorded their first competitive win in their history with a round 1 win over North Shore Albions. The final was won by Newton Rangers after they defeated Maritime by 8 points to 5.


1919 Auckland Rugby League season, Myers Cup (1st Grade championship), Roope Rooster knockout competition, Round 1
In the Newton match with Ponsonby there was no crossbar and so they tied a piece of string between the two posts to act as a makeshift marker for kicks at goal.


1919 Auckland Rugby League season, Top try scorers and point scorers
The following point scoring lists include Senior Championship matches and the Roope Rooster competition matches only. George Davidson the champion New Zealand sprinter, who represented New Zealand at the 1920 Olympics top scored with 64 points and he also led the league with 14 tries.


1919 Auckland Rugby League season, Top try scorers and point scorers
Several teams featured multiple players with the same surname with many sets of brothers. As a result, some of the scoring lists are inaccurate. For Ponsonby Laurie Cadman scored 1, his brother Arthur Cadman scored 2, and "Cadman" scored 3. Laurie was also a boxer and in June 11 or 12, 1925 he disappeared from the Manaia steamer which was traveling from Tauranga to Auckland. His body was never found.


1919 Auckland Rugby League season, Lower grades and other club matches, Lower grade teams and clubs
Grades were made of the following teams with the winners in bold:


1919 Auckland Rugby League season, Lower grades and other club matches, Benefit match for Albert Asher
A match was played on 27 September between Maritime and City Rovers with the proceeds going to the benefit of Mr. Opai Asher, a league veteran who was incapacitated as the result of an accident. A match was also played between the Auckland Star and The New Zealand Herald. It was won 23 points to 5 by the Star.


1919 Auckland Rugby League season, Lower grades and other club matches, St Johns benefit match
To end the season a rugby union and rugby league match was played at the Auckland Domain for the benefit of the St. John Ambulance Brigade, whose members regularly attend league and union matches to perform first aid to injured players. The rugby league match was between City and Ponsonby, and was won by City 13–10. Ben Davidson made his debut for City Rovers and scored 2 tries in what was to be a prolific try scoring career for City and later Wigan.


1919 Auckland Rugby League season, Lower grades and other club matches, Maritime team tour
In Mid October the Maritime senior team embarked on an end of season tour to Hawkes Bay. They played Petane and Ahuriri and had two comfortable victories. Ahuriri had won the Vigor Brown Shield and the Charity Cup and the match was reportedly played in front of a large crowd. After their return they travelled to Thames on 18 October to play in a series of exhibition matches along with the Richmond club though the results are unknown.


1919 Auckland Rugby League season, Representative fixtures
On 14 May the selectors conducted a trial match between Auckland A and B teams to help choose both an Auckland and New Zealand team. The B team won the match by 15 points to 14. The first representative fixture of the season was a match played against the New Zealand team which was preparing to depart for their tour of Australia. The New Zealand team won 25–19 at the Auckland Domain in front of 8,000. On Friday, 19 July Auckland played a match at the Auckland Domain with a Returned Soldiers team as part of a “Peace Day” sports celebration involving sports from several different codes. Although the Peace Day celebrations ran over 3 days.


1919 Auckland Rugby League season, Representative fixtures
On 23 August Auckland played against a team composed of available members of the New Zealand team which had toured Australia earlier in the year. The Auckland team was composed of Auckland players who remained so in essence was largely a ‘B’ team. The match was played at Victoria Park and resulted in a high scoring win to the ‘NZ’ team 45–30.


1919 Auckland Rugby League season, Representative fixtures
Then on 20 September, Auckland played against the touring Australian side and were well defeated by 32 points to 8. The match was played at the Auckland Domain in front of 18,000 spectators.


1919 Auckland Rugby League season, Representative fixtures, Rest of Auckland v New Zealand touring team
New Zealand was playing a test match against the touring Australian side so as a way to select a team for Auckland for their upcoming match against Australia the selectors decided to play a match between New Zealand players who had toured Australia recently but weren't selected for the test side, and remaining Auckland players.


1919 Australasian Championships
The 1919 Australasian Championships was a tennis tournament that took place on outdoor grass courts at the Double Bay Grounds in Sydney, Australia. Due to World War I, the tournament was not held until early 1920, from 19 January to 24 January. It was the 12th edition of the Australian Championships (now known as the Australian Open), the 2nd held in Sydney, and the last Grand Slam tournament of 1919. The men's singles title was won by Algernon Kingscote.


1919 Australasian Championships, Finals, Doubles
Pat O'Hara Wood /  Ronald Thomas defeated  James Anderson /  Arthur Lowe 7–5, 6–1, 7–9, 3–6, 6–3


1919 Australasian Championships – Singles
Algernon Kingscote defeated Eric Pockley in the final 6–4, 6–0, 6–3 to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1919 Australasian Championships.


1919 Australasian Championships – Singles
Gordon Lowe was the champion of the 1915 edition, before the World War I interruption, but chose not to defend his title.


1919 Australian federal election
The 1919 Australian federal election was held on 13 December 1919 to elect members to the Parliament of Australia. All 75 seats in the House of Representatives and 19 of the 36 seats in the Senate were up for election. The incumbent Nationalist Party government won re-election, with Prime Minister Billy Hughes continuing in office.


1919 Australian federal election
The 1919 election was the first held since the passage of the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918, which introduced preferential voting for both houses of parliament – instant-runoff voting for the House of Representatives and preferential block voting for the Senate. It was held several months earlier than constitutionally required, so that the government could capitalise on the popularity of Hughes after his return from the Paris Peace Conference. The Nationalists campaigned on the government's war record and appealed to return soldiers. The Australian Labor Party (ALP), in opposition since the 1916 party split, contested a second election under the leadership of Frank Tudor. However, T. J. Ryan was the party's national campaign director and played a key role in the campaign.


1919 Australian federal election
The Nationalists won 37 out of the 75 seats in the House of Representatives, including the seat of Ballaarat by a single vote. Labor won 26 seats, a net gain of four. The Nationalists also swept the Senate for a second consecutive election, leaving the ALP with just a single senator, Albert Gardiner. The election was notable for the emergence of the Country Party as a national political force. A referendum was held simultaneous to the election, at which the government unsuccessfully sought approval to amend the constitution for increased government powers over commerce.


1919 Australian federal election, Background
The Nationalist Party, formed after the 1916 Labor Party split, won a large majority at the 1917 federal election. In April 1918, Prime Minister Billy Hughes left Australia to attend the Imperial War Cabinet. He was overseas for sixteen months, which saw the signing of the Armistice of 11 November 1918 and the Paris Peace Conference. He was at the height of his popularity during this time, and was widely feted when he returned to Australia in August 1919. According to Robert Garran, who was both Solicitor-General of Australia and Hughes' personal secretary at the conference, there were three main problems that confronted him upon his return – profiteering, high prices, and industrial unrest.


1919 Australian federal election, Background
At the ALP Federal Conference in early October 1919, a resolution was passed calling on T. J. Ryan, premier of Queensland, to enter federal politics. He agreed to do so, and was appointed to the new position of "national campaign director". Con Wallace, MP for West Sydney, agreed to give up the ALP nomination to allow Ryan to win a safe seat. Opposition Leader Frank Tudor remained the party's formal leader, but Ryan had a higher public profile and led the ALP's campaign. According to King O'Malley, who met with him in Hobart a few weeks before the election, Ryan believed that he would become prime minister if Labor won the election.


1919 Australian federal election, Background, Electoral reform
The 1919 federal election was the first to use preferential voting. The Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 replaced the previous first-past-the-post system used in the House of Representatives, and also re-introduced postal voting. It was amended the following year to also allow preferential voting for the Senate. The new act repealed the existing Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902, but did not alter the terms of the Commonwealth Electoral (War-time) Act 1917, under which naturalised British subjects born in enemy countries were disqualified from voting. This provision mainly affected German-Australians.


1919 Australian federal election, Background, Electoral reform
There was a long history of support for preferential voting in Australia, but the immediate trigger for the new legislation was the decision of farmers' organisations to run candidates of their own in opposition to the Nationalist Party. The Swan by-election in October 1918 saw an ALP candidate elected with just over one-third of the vote, after the Nationalist candidate split the vote with a candidate from the Country Party of Western Australia. The Corangamite by-election in December was the first held under the new system, and resulted in the Victorian Farmers' Union candidate winning from Nationalist preferences.


1919 Australian federal election, Campaign
Constitutionally, a new election was not due until early 1920, but the Nationalists wished to hold an early election to capitalise on Hughes' popularity. On 30 September, the party caucus approved an election for 13 December. The writs were formally issued on 3 November, with the close of nominations on 14 November. However, the campaign had begun in earnest after the last sitting day of federal parliament on 24 October.


1919 Australian federal election, Campaign, Party platforms, Nationalists
Hughes and the Nationalists sought re-election largely on the basis of their record in government. The prime minister's 90-minute policy speech, delivered in Bendigo on 30 November, was "stronger on generalities than on concrete proposals". Hughes promised to appoint royal commissions on profiteering, the living wage, and taxation, and to call a constitutional convention for 1920. He planned to overhaul industrial relations by setting up a system of industrial councils with a Commonwealth Industrial Court at their apex. The Nationalists also promised government support of industry, primary producers, and immigration.


1919 Australian federal election, Campaign, Party platforms, Labor
The ALP was ill-prepared for the election – six weeks before the polling date, it had no party manifesto, had preselected few candidates, and the state branches in Victoria and New South Wales were "virtually bankrupt". The party eventually released its manifesto on 4 November, which was signed by Tudor, Ryan, and Jack Holloway. It "showed much of Ryan's hand in its language and political style", and ended with a quote from Abraham Lincoln. Tudor's policy speech was delivered in Melbourne the following day.


1919 Australian federal election, Campaign, Party platforms, Labor
The party promised an expansion of the welfare system, including the introduction of widows' pensions, child endowment for orphans and children of invalids, and a significant increase in old-age and disability pensions. It also promised to establish a national shipping line, national insurance office, and national medical service, which were to be funded through a wealth tax.


1919 Australian federal election, Campaign, Issues
The campaign primarily focused on Hughes and Ryan and their respective records. The Round Table observed that "the prominence given to them made genuine political discussion impossible". The Nationalists accused Ryan of disloyalty to the war effort and fostering left-wing extremism, while Labor accused Hughes of mismanaging the war and failing to deal with profiteering. Tudor was "barely considered" in the campaign due to poor health, and twice had to withdraw from campaigning due to "attacks of hemorrhage".


1919 Australian federal election, Campaign, Issues
The Nationalists claimed Hughes had safeguarded the White Australia policy at the Paris Peace Conference, while the ALP said he had endangered it by failing to stop the Japanese from acquiring the South Pacific Mandate. Issues relating to returned soldiers were also prominent, and the 1919 election has been classed as a wartime or "khaki" election, despite it taking place over a year after the Armistice.


1919 Australian federal election, Campaign, Issues, Returned soldiers
Both parties were keen to secure the votes of returned soldiers, and Hughes in particular cultivated them as a new political base. In 1919, there were about 270,000 returned soldiers out of a total enrolment of 2.85 million; they were viewed as a "vital political constituency". While Hughes was already popular with the armed forces, he sought an explicit endorsement from the main lobby group for returned soldiers, the Returned Sailors and Soldiers Imperial League of Australia (RSSILA). Its newly elected president was Gilbert Dyett, a 28-year-old junior officer who was protective of the organisation's independence and political neutrality.


1919 Australian federal election, Campaign, Issues, Returned soldiers
In the lead-up to the election Hughes had five separate meetings with Dyett and other officials. He was willing to make concessions on repatriation policy and other related issues, but repeatedly stressed that the RSSILA's agenda could only be enacted if the Nationalists won, for which a formal endorsement was necessary. Dyett was unwilling to compromise his neutrality, and consequently the RSSILA "gained almost every concession they sought, yet maintained their independence by holding out to Hughes the prospect of returned soldier support while never granting it".