1918 Uruguayan Primera División, Overview
The tournament consisted of a two-wheel championship of all against all. It involved ten teams, and the champion was Peñarol, winning the first championship under that name and sixth if considered as a successor of Central Uruguay Railway Cricket Club.


1918 VFA season
The 1918 Victorian Football Association season was the 40th season of the Australian rules football competition. Played during the final year of hostilities in World War I, the 1918 season was the first to be played since 1915; but it was a short season, played with only six clubs, and with only ten rounds of matches before the finals.


1918 VFA season
The premiership was won by the North Melbourne Football Club, after it defeated Prahran by 93 points in the final on August 10. It was the club's sixth VFA premiership, and its third in a sequence of three premierships won consecutively between 1914 and 1918. North Melbourne won all twelve premiership matches it played during 1918, repeating its feat from 1915 of going through the season unbeaten (albeit over shortened seasons on both occasions); it was the last time a club would achieve the feat until Geelong West in 1972. The season was part of a 58-match winning streak for North Melbourne which lasted from 1914–1919.


1918 VFA season, Re-commencement of play
To support the war effort in World War I, the Association had curtailed its 1915 season by five weeks, and then cancelled its 1916 and 1917 seasons entirely. Despite the fact that the circumstances of the war had not changed since 1916, several clubs were keen to resume playing in 1918, and at the Association meeting on 15 April, a resolution to play the season was passed by a majority of 10–5.


1918 VFA season, Re-commencement of play
Six clubs – Brunswick, Footscray, North Melbourne, Northcote, Port Melbourne and Prahran – opted to play in 1918. The remaining four clubs – Brighton, Essendon, Hawthorn and Williamstown – did not play, and ultimately returned to competition the following year after hostilities ceased.


1918 VFA season, Re-commencement of play
The Argus suggested that the Association clubs were motivated to return to playing in spite of the war due to the impending expiration of a wartime agreement between the League and Association regarding player clearances.


1918 VFA season, Re-commencement of play
Before the war, the two bodies generally did not recognise each other's transfer permits, so if an Association player transferred to a League club without a permit from the Association, he would be disqualified from playing in the Association for a period of time, but the League would allow him to play without penalty; but under the wartime agreement, the rival competitions did recognise each other's permits, so in the above example the player would be barred from playing in the League, or his League club penalised for fielding him. The Argus contended that there was a fear that when this agreement ended on 1 July 1918, the lack of an Association premiership to contest would result in an exodus of senior players to the League from which the Association might not recover.


1918 VFA season, Premiership
The short home-and-home season was played over only ten rounds, with each club playing the others twice; then, the top four clubs contested a finals series under the amended Argus system to determine the premiers for the season.


1918 VFL Grand Final
The 1918 VFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the South Melbourne Football Club and Collingwood Football Club, held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne on 7 September 1918. It was the 22nd annual Grand Final of the Victorian Football League, staged to determine the premiers for the 1918 VFL season. The match, attended by 39,262 spectators, was won by South Melbourne by a margin of 5 points, marking that club's second premiership victory.


1918 VFL Grand Final, Right to challenge
This season was played under the amended Argus system. South Melbourne was the minor premier, and Collingwood had finished second. The teams both qualified for this match by winning their semi-finals matches.


1918 VFL Grand Final, Right to challenge
If Collingwood had won this match, South Melbourne would have had the right to challenge Collingwood to a rematch for the premiership on the following weekend, because South was the minor premier. The winner of that match would then have won the premiership.


1918 VFL season
The 1918 Victorian Football League season was the 22nd season of the elite Australian rules football competition.


1918 VFL season, Premiership season
In 1918, the VFL competition consisted of eight teams of 18 on-the-field players each, with no "reserves", although any of the 18 players who had left the playing field for any reason could later resume their place on the field at any time during the match.


1918 VFL season, Premiership season
Each team played each other twice in a home-and-away season of 14 rounds.


1918 VFL season, Premiership season
Once the 14 round home-and-away season had finished, the 1918 VFL Premiers were determined by the specific format and conventions of the amended "Argus system".


1918 VFL season, Finals
All of the 1918 finals were played at the MCG so the home team in the Semi Finals and Preliminary Final is purely the higher ranked team from the ladder but in the Grand Final the home team was the team that won the Preliminary Final.


1918 VFL season, Grand final
South Melbourne defeated Collingwood 9.8 (62) to 7.15 (57), in front of a crowd of 39,168 people. (For an explanation of scoring see Australian rules football).


1918 VPI Gobblers football team
The 1918 VPI Gobblers football team represented Virginia Polytechnic Institute, now known as Virginia Tech, in the 1918 college football season. The 1918 team went 7–0 and claims a South Atlantic Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SAIAA) championship. It is the only team in Virginia Tech history that finished the season with a perfect record.


1918 VPI Gobblers football team
Led by second-year head coach Charles Bernier, the team allowed only two touchdowns during its seven games. Tech's star player  was Henry Crisp, a man without a right hand, who was ineligible for military service in World War I. He was voted MVP of the South Atlantic conference.


1918 VPI Gobblers football team, Before the season, World War I and the Spanish Flu
In the summer of 1918, the United States was not only in the midst of World War I, a worldwide flu pandemic (referred to as Spanish flu) began to impact the colleges of the United States. These two factors had a significant impact on the 1918 college football season.


1918 VPI Gobblers football team, Before the season, World War I and the Spanish Flu
A huge military offensive was planned by the Allied countries in the spring of 1919, so all able-bodied men of ages 18 to 20 were scheduled to be enlisted in the fall of 1918. As an alternative, the men were offered the option of enlisting in the Student Army Training Corps, known as SATC, which would give them a chance to pursue (or continue pursuing) their educations at the same time as they participated in a 12-week war-training session. This was essentially an alternative to boot camp. The colleges were paid by the government to train the future soldiers, which enabled many of them to avoid closure. The program began on October 1, 1918. Most of the students who were potential football players were under the auspices of the War Department's SATC program.


1918 VPI Gobblers football team, Before the season, World War I and the Spanish Flu
In an early September meeting between college and War Department officials in Plattsburg, Missouri it became clear that the training regimen envisioned for the soldiers could be incompatible with participation in intercollegiate athletics. Coach Charles Bernier was one of those who successfully argued that athletics training was an important part of military training. Virginia Tech made plans to continue its football program in conjunction with the SATC program.


1918 VPI Gobblers football team, Before the season, World War I and the Spanish Flu
Notably, since Tech was an all-male military school in 1918, it did not have to make as many adjustments as other colleges which had to cooperate with the military to have football programs, or even remain open.


1918 VPI Gobblers football team, Before the season, World War I and the Spanish Flu, Original schedule
Tech originally had a nine-game schedule which was supposed to start the first weekend of October. Due to the upheaval involving the war preparations and the deaths happening in the United States due to the pandemic (being censored from the public due to national security concerns), only three of the originally scheduled games were played.


1918 VPI Gobblers football team, Before the season, World War I and the Spanish Flu, Building a new schedule
Tech leaders attempted to schedule games with two groups on the dates that opened: 1) military bases, which were fielding teams of young men who were football players that were away from their home campuses or had recently graduated after playing football; and 2) college teams that had SATC programs, whose students were encouraged to participate in athletic programs along with the more traditional athletes. This not only enabled colleges to justify the inclusion of football in the SATC regimen, it also helped fill the gaps left by some of their star athletes.


1918 VPI Gobblers football team, Before the season, World War I and the Spanish Flu, Building a new schedule
For instance, at Virginia Tech, one of the team captains, Monk Younger, was actually in the military in France during the season. He was captain of Hospital No. 41, but the "Techs," (the common nickname for  VPI sports teams in newspapers at the time) were still referred to as "Younger's team."


1918 VPI Gobblers football team, Before the season, World War I and the Spanish Flu, Building a new schedule
Washington and Lee and the University of North Carolina were in the first category. Camp Humphreys and Aero Squadron of Richmond were in the second (although the Aero Squadron of Richmond game was scheduled but never played).


1918 VPI Gobblers football team, Game summaries, Belmont Athletic Club
Tech opened the season at Miles Field with a 30–0 win over Belmont Athletic Club, an organization in Roanoke, Virginia. Tech completed 9 of 16 forward passes for 157 yards.


1918 VPI Gobblers football team, Game summaries, Belmont Athletic Club
Tech's starting lineup against Belmont: Roden (left end), Hardwick (left tackle), Camper (left guard), Copenhaver (center), Quarles (right guard), Hitchens (right tackle), Huddle (right end), Siegel (quarterback), McCann (left halfback), Bock (right halfback), Conners (fullback).


1918 VPI Gobblers football team, Game summaries, Camp Humphreys
Camp Humphreys was one of the teams fielded by military bases that played against college opponents in 1918. Originally the Gobblers were scheduled to face another military team, the Aero Squadron of Richmond, but there was a change during the week before the game. Camp Humphreys was a semi-temporary cantonment built on the Belvoir peninsula in Fairfax County, VA in 1918. When the men on the Camp Humphreys team came to Blacksburg, they were coming from a place where over 50 men per day had been dying of the Spanish flu and related pneumonia. The flu was said to have been "conquered" by the week of the game;  the number of deaths per day had fallen to 10.


1918 VPI Gobblers football team, Game summaries, Camp Humphreys
Tech won the game 33–6, allowing one of the two touchdowns it allowed all year.


1918 VPI Gobblers football team, Game summaries, Camp Humphreys
Tech's starting lineup against Camp Humphreys: Hardwick (left end), Rangely (left tackle), Tilson (left guard), Resh (center), Quarles (right guard), Pierce (right tackle), Camper (right end), Hurst (quarterback), Bock (left halfback), McCann (right halfback), Crisp (fullback).


1918 VPI Gobblers football team, Game summaries, Washington and Lee
Tech played Washington & Lee in Roanoke for the first time since 1915. After fighting to a 0–0 draw after three quarters, Bock and Crisp each scored a touchdown as the Gobblers beat the Generals 13–0.


1918 VPI Gobblers football team, Game summaries, Washington and Lee
Tech's starting lineup against W&L: Hardwick (left end), Rangsley (left tackle), Tilson (left guard), Resh (center), Quarles (right guard), Pierce (right tackle), Camper (right end), Bonney (quarterback), Crocker (left halfback), McCann (right halfback), Crisp (fullback).


1918 VPI Gobblers football team, Game summaries, Wake Forest
It was Wake Forest's first game of the year. Tech beat the Baptists (the nickname of the team at the time, owing to the school's affiliation with the church) by a score of either 27–0 (the school yearbook, the Bugle) or 25–0 (the Associated Press). The Gobblers ran up a three-touchdown halftime lead, and then scored once in the second half.


1918 VPI Gobblers football team, Game summaries, Wake Forest
Tech's starting lineup against UNC: Roden (left end), Rangley (left tackle), Tilson (left guard), Resh (center), Quarles (right guard), Pierce (right tackle), Comper (right end), Bonney (quarterback), Crocker (left halfback), McCann (right halfback), Crisp (fullback).


1918 VPI Gobblers football team, Game summaries, NC State
VPI beat NC State 25–0 in Norfolk. Tech's Crocker scored the game's first touchdown just five minutes into the game and the Gobblers never looked back.


1918 VPI Gobblers football team, Game summaries, North Carolina
VPI beat the North Carolina Tar Heels, though the game is not counted as official by UNC. 18–7. (University of North Carolina officials did not recognize the 1918 football team as a varsity program because it was under the auspices of the SATC). Tech, who outweighed UNC by 15 pounds per man, drove to the 10-yard line in the first three minutes, but was unable to score. In the second quarter, Crisp scored a touchdown on a fake end run from the 6-yard line. UNC's Bristol had a 70-yard run soon after, to the 20-year line. A forward pass from Pharr to Fearrington resulted in a touchdown for UNC.


1918 VPI Gobblers football team, Game summaries, North Carolina
In the third quarter a series of passes from UNC took the Tar Heels to the 15-yard line, then Crocker intercepted a pass a ran 90 yards for the touchdown. Rangley of VPI plunged for the final score in the fourth quarter.


1918 VPI Gobblers football team, Game summaries, North Carolina
Tech's starting lineup against UNC: Roden (left end), Rangley (left tackle), Tilson (left guard), Resh (center), Quarles (right guard), Pierce (right tackle), Hardwick (right end), Crisp (quarterback), Robinson (left halfback), Maddox (right halfback), Bonney (fullback).


1918 VPI Gobblers football team, Game summaries, VMI
The season closed against VMI on Thanksgiving Day. The Norfolk and Western Railroad ran two special trains for VPI and VMI students to attend the game in Roanoke. Tech defeated VMI 6–0. In the third quarter, Harry Roden blocked a VMI punt at the 10-yard line. Three runs off tackle by Crisp resulted in the game's lone touchdown.


1918 VPI Gobblers football team, Game summaries, VMI
Tech's starting lineup against VMI: Roden (left end), Hardwick (left tackle), Tilson (left guard), Resh (center), Quarles (right guard), Pierce (right tackle), Camper (right end), Crisp (quarterback), Crocker (left halfback), Mattox (right halfback), Bonney (fullback).


1918 VPI Gobblers football team, After the season
Coach Bernier wrote a story in the 1919 Walter Camp-edited Spalding Foot Ball Guide praising Crisp, one of the team's captains:


1918 VPI Gobblers football team, After the season
"Uncle Sam could not use a one-hand man, so Henry Crisp, much to Tech's good fortune, played the next biggest game [referring to football compared to war fighting], and to him, more than anyone else, goes the glory for a driving, consistent attack. This big fellow, playing in the back-field for the first time, literally mowed them all down..."


1918 VPI Gobblers football team, After the season
Crisp was the captain of the All-South Atlantic Eleven team (league MVP), and was joined on that team by the Gobblers' James Hardwick (end), Walter Wrangley (tackle), and Charles Quarles (center).


1918 VPI Gobblers football team, Players
The following players were members of the 1918 football team according to the roster published in the 1919 edition of The Bugle, the Virginia Tech yearbook.


1918 Vancouver Island earthquake
The 1918 Vancouver Island earthquake occurred in British Columbia, Canada at 12:41 a.m. Pacific Standard Time on December 6. The earthquake was most likely of the strike-slip type, and was estimated to have a maximum perceived intensity of VII (Very strong) on the Mercalli intensity scale. The epicenter was located east of the Stewardson inlet on the west coast of Vancouver Island, with damage occurring at the Estevan Point lighthouse on the Hesquiat Peninsula. The event registered 7.2 on the moment magnitude scale and was felt as far as northern Washington state and the interior of British Columbia.


1918 Vancouver Island earthquake
The earthquake took place in the vicinity of the Cascadia subduction zone where the Juan de Fuca Plate and the Explorer Plate are being subducted under the North American Plate at a rate of 4 centimeters (1.6 in) and less than 2 centimeters (0.79 in) per year respectively, but the event was a crustal intraplate earthquake and was produced from the complicated interaction between the plates in the area. The source of the earthquake was the Nootka transform fault, which separates the Juan de Fuca and Explorer plates and has been the origin of at least five additional moderate to large events since 1918.


1918 Vancouver general strike
The 1918 Vancouver General Strike was the first general strike in Canadian history and took place on 2 August 1918. There had been talks of organizing a general strike for quite some time due to federal conscription, censorship of socialist publications, and workers' demands for higher wages. War-time inflation reduced real income profoundly and throughout the First World War Vancouver shipbuilders experienced a labor shortage. Numerous government policies had suppressed the work of labour activists such as strikes, lockouts and certain presses being banned.


1918 Vancouver general strike
Workers were also inspired by factors such as the Bolshevik Revolution the previous year and the rising cost of living. The strike was eventually organized as a one-day political protest after the killing of draft evader and labour activist Albert "Ginger" Goodwin on July 27th. He had previously called for a general strike in case any worker was drafted against their will.


1918 Vancouver general strike
The strike was met with violence from returned soldiers who had been mobilized and supplied with vehicles to storm the Labour Temple at 411 Dunsmuir Street (the present-day 411 Seniors Centre). Some opposition claimed the strike was a product of a Bolshevik conspiracy. Three hundred men ransacked the offices of the Vancouver Trades and Labour Council (VTLC). After attempting to throw VTLC secretary Victor Midgely out of a window, the soldiers forced him and a longshoreman to kiss the Union Jack. A woman working in the office was also badly bruised when she prevented Midgely from being thrown out the window. Prominent suffragette and member of the Vancouver Trades and Labour Council Helena Gutteridge was also at the scene.


1918 Vancouver general strike
Strike leaders could point to the vote by VTLC delegates that supported the strike 117 to 1. After the strike, in response to opposition from the business and middle class, all the strike leaders resigned. Nearly all were re-elected in the ensuing election, demonstrating widespread support for the general strike among organized workers.


1918 Vancouver general strike
Although the strike call was province-wide, it was only in the city of Vancouver that it took general strike proportions. Numerous other strikes took place in the city that year, and the general strike was as much a show of labour strength as it was a political protest over Goodwin's death. At the time the strike was controversial, some saw Goodwin as a martyr for the labour movement while others saw the strike as a betrayal to Canadian ideals. Although only one day in duration, the 1918 strike was an important marker in the Canadian labour revolt that peaked with the Winnipeg General Strike the following year. A 1919 Vancouver strike in sympathy with Winnipeg would be the longest general strike in Canadian history.


1918 Vanderbilt Commodores football team
The 1918 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University in the 1918 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season, which was interim head coach Ray Morrison's first year as a head coach. Coach Morrison was asked to fill in for Dan McGugin who was in the US Army at the time.


1918 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Background
The Commodores usual coach, Dan McGugin, was on leave from Vanderbilt for Army duty, leaving future Vanderbilt head coach Ray Morrison as the interim head coach. Coach Morrison played at Vanderbilt from 1908 to 1911 playing halfback and quarterback for McGugin. After leaving Vanderbilt as a player he moved to coaching; his first head coaching job was at SMU from 1915 to 1916 and from 1922 to 1934.


1918 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Camp Hancock
Vanderbilt lost to Camp Hancock 25–6. Howard Berry's end runs featured on a muddy field. The ball was in Vanderbilt's territory most of the game, and the score would have been worse but for Vanderbilt's defense. Vanderbilt's touchdown came on a blocked punt.


1918 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Tennessee
Vanderbilt program considers the game between the two schools as an official game, however, University of Tennessee does not since most of their team was enlisted in the military fighting in World War I.


1918 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Tennessee
During the two-year period of 1917 and 1918 without varsity football, two unofficial teams were formed from Army recruits and students. One of these unofficial teams that represented the University of Tennessee was the Student Army Training Corps, which came to play in Nashville in 1918. There was a game played that afternoon on Vanderbilt's original Dudley Field. According to the Nashville Tennessean and the Nashville American, the game was to benefit the United War Work Fund. Reserved seats were $1.00.


1918 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Tennessee
"When the Tennessee clan comes down from the eastern mountains and comes to Dudley Field around 2:30 o'clock today, the Commodores will have quite a little argument to settle with them. It dates back to the fall of 1916, when the Vol eleven surprised Vandy with a 10−6 defeat and then crawled into their hole for two years gloating over their accomplishment. Yes, the Black and Gold must be vindicated today."


1918 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Tennessee
The Journal and Tribune in Knoxville reported before the game, "It is expected that the Orange and White players will give a good account of themselves in the game today, when the S.A.T.C. eleven goes against Vanderbilt, at Nashville." This is a clear reference to the football team representing UT as the Student Army Training Corps.


1918 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Tennessee
Vanderbilt won the game by a score of 74–0 (both media guides report 76–0) and the Vols were always referred to as the University of Tennessee and not Student Army Training Corps.


1918 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Tennessee
The Journal and Tribune reported on the game's results: "Against the University of Tennessee weak resistance, the Vanderbilt football eleven today ran rampant and piled up a score of 74−0. (Grailey) Berryhill, the sensational Vanderbilt back, had one of the greatest days of his football career accounting for six of the eleven's dozen touchdowns against the Knoxville clan."


1918 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Tennessee
Sports writer Cicero Slack of the Tennessean wrote: "Crumbling the University of Tennessee eleven like to a page of tissue in the mailed fist of a giant, the Commodores yesterday out on Dudley Field walked over their prostrate foe to a 74−0 victory and gained sweet revenge for the 1916 defeat." Berryhill's six touchdowns are not in the Vanderbilt record book probably because this would not be considered the modern era. Frank Mordica's five touchdowns in 1978 are listed as the Vanderbilt record for most touchdowns in a single game.


1918 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Tennessee
An authority on Vanderbilt football history was the late Nashville Banner sportswriter Fred Russell. In Russell's book Fifty Years of Vanderbilt Football published in 1938, he writes about the 1918 Vanderbilt–Tennessee football game:


1918 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Tennessee
"Salient after salient was wiped out by Gen. Morrison's forces and Tennessee's reinforcements could not check the tide. The retreat turned into a bloody, hopeless rout. Berryhill was cited for bravery for his wonderful outflanking the enemy, by which he took six positions (touchdowns) single-handedly. The result was 76−0." Russell records the game in his book as a victory for the Commodores.


1918 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Tennessee
The starting lineup was Baker (left end), Daves (left tackle), Smith (left guard), Hill (center), Reeves (right guard), Owens (right tackle), Gore (right end), Sherman (quarterback), Hickman (left half), Berryhill (right half), Beasley (fullback).


1918 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Sewanee
Vanderbilt beat the rival Sewanee Tigers 40–0, a larger score than had been expected. Bunt Beasley was the star of the game, scoring three touchdowns.


1918 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Sewanee
The starting lineup was Baker (left end), Davis (left tackle), Reed (left guard), Early (center), Reeves (right guard), Owen (right tackle), Goar (right end), Sherman (quarterback), Berryhill (left halfback), Lockman (right halfback), Beasley (fullback).


1918 Vermont Green and Gold football team
The 1918 Vermont Green and Gold football team was an American football team that represented  the University of Vermont as an independent during the 1918 college football season and, the team compiled a 0–1–1 record.


1918 Vermont gubernatorial election
The 1918 Vermont gubernatorial election took place on November 5, 1918. Incumbent Republican Horace F. Graham, per the "Mountain Rule", did not run for re-election to a second term as Governor of Vermont. Republican candidate Percival W. Clement defeated Democratic candidate William B. Mayo to succeed him.


1918 Villanova Wildcats football team
The 1918 Villanova Wildcats football team represented the Villanova University during the 1918 college football season. The Wildcats team captains were William Cronin and Horace Cunningham.


1918 WAFL season
The 1918 WAFL season was the 34th season of the West Australian Football League.


1918 Wabash Little Giants football team
The 1918 Wabash Little Giants football team represented Wabash College during the 1918 college football season.


1918 Wake Forest Baptists football team
The 1918 Wake Forest Baptists football team represented Wake Forest College during the 1918 college football season.


1918 Wansbeck by-election
The Wansbeck by-election, 1918 was a parliamentary by-election held for the House of Commons constituency of Wansbeck in Northumberland on 28 May 1918.


1918 Wansbeck by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the death on 20 April 1918 of the sitting Liberal MP Rt Hon. Charles Fenwick, at the age of 68. He had held the seat since the general election of 1885. Fenwick was prominent figure in the Northumberland Miners' Association having first worked as a coal miner at the age of 10. He was one of a large group of miners representatives who refused to join the Labour party.


1918 Wansbeck by-election, Electoral history
Fenwick, as a sponsored candidate of the Northumberland miners, had won the seat for the Liberals at every election since the seat was created in 1885. When the Miners Federation of Great Britain voted to affiliate to the Labour party in 1909, Fenwick, retaining the support of the Northumberland miners, contested both 1910 general elections as a Liberal candidate. The Labour party did not field a candidate against him and at the December 1910 general election he was returned unopposed. The last contested election in Wansbeck was the January 1910 contest;


1918 Wansbeck by-election, Candidates, Liberals
Wansbeck Liberal Association adopted Alderman Robert Mason as their candidate to replace Fenwick. Mason was a 60-year-old shipping agent and shipowner  with local government and community connections. He was an Alderman of Northumberland County Council and a Justice of the Peace.


1918 Wansbeck by-election, Candidates, Conservatives
As participants in the wartime coalition with Prime Minister, David Lloyd George, the Conservatives chose not to contest the by-election. Given that they normally polled poorly, this was not much of a sacrifice.


1918 Wansbeck by-election, Candidates, Labour
Despite the Liberal tradition in Wansbeck, and the fact that Fenwick had been unopposed at the last general election, and despite the wartime electoral party truce, the local Labour Party decided to contest the by-election and selected a local 34-year-old coal miner from Ashington, Ebenezer Edwards. Edwards was the nominee of the Northumberland Miners' Association and received the support of the Miners' Federation of Great Britain. He was not actually endorsed by the National Executive of the Labour party, because of the wartime electoral truce. Edwards was an opponent of the war and had chosen to remain working in the mines rather than enlist.


1918 Wansbeck by-election, Campaign
Polling day was set for 28 May 1918, 38 days after the death of Fenwick, allowing for an unusually long campaign.


1918 Wansbeck by-election, Result
Mason retained the seat for the Liberal party with a majority of 547 votes over Edwards.


1918 Wansbeck by-election, Result
The result was a narrow endorsement by the electorate for the government’s handling of the war effort, both in military terms and industrially on the home front. However Labour could claim to be wresting the traditional mining vote away from the Liberals.


1918 Wansbeck by-election, Aftermath
Soon after the Wansbeck result Labour’s National Executive Committee formally refused to renew the wartime truce between the political parties. Edwards took on Mason again for Labour at the 1918 general election but with a larger electorate and the national swing behind him, Mason increased his majority to 3,399.


1918 War Honours (New Zealand)
The 1918 War Honours in New Zealand were appointments by King George V to the Order of the British Empire to recognise services in or for New Zealand in connection with World War I. They were announced on 4 October 1918.


1918 War Honours (New Zealand)
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour.


1918 War Steeplechase
The 1918 Grand National was cancelled because Aintree Racecourse was taken over by the War Office. However, a substitute race known as the War Steeplechase was held at Gatwick Racecourse. The Gatwick races held from 1916 to 1918 are typically omitted from the true Grand National records.


1918 War Steeplechase
The race was won by Poethlyn, ridden by jockey Ernest Piggott and trained by Harry Escott.


1918 Washington & Jefferson Red and Black football team
The 1918 Washington & Jefferson Red and Black football team represented Washington & Jefferson College as an independent during the 1918 college football season. Led by Ralph Hutchinson in his first and only year as head coach, Washington & Jefferson compiled a record of 2–2.


1918 Washington Senators season
The 1918 Washington Senators won 72 games, lost 56, and finished in third place in the American League. They were managed by Clark Griffith and played home games at National Park.


1918 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1918 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1918 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1918 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1918 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1918 Washington State football team
The 1918 Washington State football team was an American football team that represented Washington State College as an independent during the 1918 college football season, after being a member of the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) in 1917. The team competed under head coach Emory Alvord, compiling a record of 1–1. The team rejoined the PCC in 1919. The 1919 team also notably adopted the "Cougars" nickname.


1918 Washington University Pikers football team
The 1918 Washington University Pikers football team was an American football team that represented Washington University of St. Louis as a member of the Missouri Valley Conference during the 1918 college football season. In its second season under head coach R. B. Rutherford, the team compiled a perfect 6–0 record and won the Missouri Valley Conference S.A.T.C. championship.


1918 Washington and Lee Generals football team
The 1918 Washington and Lee Generals football team represented Washington and Lee University during the 1918 college football season.


1918 Washington football team
The 1918 Washington football team was an American football team that represented the University of Washington during the 1918 college football season. In its first season under coach Anthony Savage, the team compiled a 1–1 record and was outscored by its opponents by a combined total of 7 to 6. George Smith was the team captain.


1918 Washington football team
The two games were played after the Armistice was signed on November 11 to end World War I.


1918 Waterford City by-election
The Waterford City by-election of 1918 was held on 29 March 1918. The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Irish Parliamentary MP, John Redmond. The Irish Parliamentary candidate William Redmond, his son, defeated Vincent White, the Sinn Féin candidate, by 1,242 votes to 764. Redmond had resigned his seat in East Tyrone to contest the seat.


1918 Waterford City by-election
Famously Redmond campaigned in his army uniform and wearing a black armband. His victory was the second defeat of Sinn Féin at by-elections and gave a big, albeit temporary, boost to the morale of supporters of the Irish Parliamentary Party. Although he retained his seat in the general election of December that year, he did not take part in the First Dáil.


1918 Wellington Central by-election
The Wellington Central by-election of 1918 was a by-election held in the Wellington Central electorate during the 19th New Zealand Parliament, on 3 October 1918. It was caused by the death of incumbent MP Robert Fletcher of the Liberal Party and was won by Peter Fraser with a majority of 1,624.


1918 Wellington Central by-election, Candidates, Coalition government
The Wartime Coalition government between the Reform Party and Liberal Party sought to retain the seat, though were anxious of their chances of retaining an urban electorate following their narrow win in the Wellington North by-election several months earlier. Under the terms of the coalition agreement between Reform and the Liberal's a condition was made not to oppose each other in by-elections for deceased or retiring MP's from their own parties. Several candidates were approached for the Liberal nomination and eventually William Hildreth, a Wellington City Councillor was selected and endorsed by acting-Prime Minister James Allen.


1918 Wellington Central by-election, Candidates, Labour Party
The Labour Party had supported Robert Fletcher (a left winger amongst the Liberals) in the 1911 and 1914 elections, but decided to contest the election for his vacated seat themselves. Labour were confident following a near victory in the Wellington North by-election earlier in the year. There were three contestants for the Labour Party nomination Peter Fraser, John Read and Michael Reardon. Fraser was selected as the official Labour candidate and had a large local following. Fraser had gained much notability after spending one year in jail for sedition after speaking out against the war and conscription. Even on his release he was still a prominent critic of the government.


1918 Wellington Central by-election, Candidates, Others
Joe Mack stood as an independent Labour candidate. He was a moderate amongst the union movement and unlike most others he supported both the war effort and conscription. To many observers, Mack represented "sane Labour" due to his distance from the radical views held by many socialists at the time. His candidature was put forward by the Protestant Political Association of New Zealand  claiming him to be a patriotic individual and not a "Bolshevik" like many of his union colleagues.


1918 Wellington North by-election
The Wellington North by-election of 1918 was a by-election held in the Wellington North electorate during the 19th New Zealand Parliament, on 12 February 1918. It was caused by the resignation of incumbent MP Alexander Herdman of the Reform Party, who was appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court, and was won by John Luke with a majority of 420.


1918 Wellington North by-election, Candidates
Then current Mayor of Wellington John Luke was selected as the Reform Party's candidate.


1918 Wellington North by-election, Candidates
Under the terms of the coalition agreement between Reform and the Liberal's a condition was made not to oppose each other in by-elections for deceased or retiring MP's from their own parties. However, the Liberal Party were not completely satisfied with Luke being the Government's candidate and two Liberal candidates emerged to contest. Former Mayor of Wellington Alfred Brandon chose to contest the seat and another, Angus Polson chose to likewise contest as an Independent Liberal.


1918 Wellington North by-election, Candidates
The Labour Party chose Harry Holland, editor of the Maoriland Worker, as their candidate who had contested the seat in 1914 for the Social Democratic Party coming third. Holland was contemplating leaving New Zealand at the time and returning to Sydney though his candidacy persuaded him to stay. Holland reveled in the personal attacks made on him which was exactly the type of recognition he craved.


1918 Wellington North by-election, Campaign
Peter Fraser became Holland's campaign organiser where he demonstrated great strategic skill. Holland stood on the grounds of opposing conscription, inflation and wartime 'special privilege'. Fraser encouraged Holland to directly challenge Prime Minister William Massey and Minister of Defence James Allen over the treatment of conscientious objectors in Europe which resulted in replies from both. As a result, Holland became a household name in Wellington.


1918 Wellington North by-election, Results
The results of the Wellington North electorate at the 1914 general election were:


1918 Wellington North by-election, Results
Results of the by-election held on 12 February 1918 were:


1918 Wellington North by-election, Outcome
Though the National Government retained the seat many within were alarmed by the near success of Labour. Their majority of 1,807 in 1914 shrunk to just 420 was a shock to conservative minds. At the declaration of Luke's victory, Prime Minister William Massey spoke to the crowd. He was greeted by much jeering and was pelted with eggs and rotten fruit. He lost his temper and thumbed his nose at them before storming off the stage, later re-created in an effective newspaper cartoon. A Reform sympathising newspaper, Herald, suggested improper means being used to increase the Labour vote so dramatically, saying of the results:


1918 Wellington North by-election, Outcome
Mr Holland's large vote need cause no apprehension. It was made up of the steady 1500 socialists in the electorate, reinforced by several hundreds of 'trade' voters, hundreds of men who crowded into the boarding houses to comply with the one month's residence qualifications, and a few cravens — men and women who hoped that Mr Holland might retard or stop the sending of reinforcements to the army.


1918 Wellington North by-election, Outcome
However, the result was more a reflection of the growing disenchantment at the National Government bound with Labour (who refused the coalition) being seen as the only alternative. Based on his strong performance in Wellington North, Holland was chosen by the Labour Party as their candidate in the Grey by-election four months later where Holland was eventually successful in winning a seat in Parliament.


1918 Wellington South by-election
The Wellington South by-election of 1918 was a by-election held in the Wellington South electorate during the 19th New Zealand Parliament, on 19 December 1918. It was caused by the death of incumbent MP Alfred Hindmarsh, the leader of the Labour Party and was won by fellow party member Bob Semple with a majority of 1,231.


1918 Wellington South by-election, Background
Bob Semple, a miners agent who was previously the organiser of the New Zealand Federation of Labour, was selected as the Labour Party candidate. The nomination was subject of much interest. The unsuccessful aspirants were Tom Brindle, Alec Monteith, John Read, Michael Reardon and Tom Young.


1918 Wellington South by-election, Background
Two Wellington City Councillors also stood as candidates. George Frost and John Castle offered themselves to the electorate, with Frost being endorsed by the Reform Party.


1918 West Tennessee State Normal football team
The 1918 West Tennessee State Normal football team was an American football team that represented West Tennessee State Normal School (now known as the University of Memphis) as an independent during the 1918 college football season. In their first season under head coach John Childerson, West Tennessee State Normal compiled a 2–4 record.


1918 Western Reserve football team
The 1918 Western Reserve football team represented Western Reserve University—now known as Case Western Reserve University, during the 1918 college football season. The team's coach was Frank A. Yocum. Originally Wooster was on the schedule, but due to the Spanish flu, Oberlin College was played a second time to fill the cancellation. The Michigan Agricultural game was cancelled due to the team having to go into quarantine.


1918 Western State Hilltoppers football team
The 1918 Western State Hilltoppers football team represented Western State Normal School (later renamed Western Michigan University) as an independent during the 1918 college football season. In their 12th season under head coach William H. Spaulding, the Hilltoppers compiled a 3–2 record and outscored their opponents, 223 to 30. The team defeated Hillsdale College, 103 to 0, the largest margin of victory in school history. Quarterback Frank Thomas was the team captain; he later became head coach of the Alabama Crimson Tide football team from 1931 to 1946.


1918 William & Mary Indians football team
The 1918 William & Mary Orange and Black football team represented the College of William & Mary as a member of the South Atlantic Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SAIAA) during the 1918 college football season. Led by Vernon Geddy in his first and only year as head coach, William & Mary finished the season with an overall record of 0–2 and a mark of 0–1 in SAIAA play.


1918 Wilton by-election
The Wilton by-election, 1918 was a parliamentary by-election held for the British House of Commons constituency of Wilton in Wiltshire on 6 November 1918. The seat had become vacant when  the Conservative Member of Parliament Sir Charles Bathurst had been elevated to the peerage as Viscount Bledisloe. He had held the seat since the January 1910 general election.


1918 Wilton by-election
This was the last by-election before the general election held in December 1918, when the Wilton constituency was abolished.


1918 Wisconsin Badgers football team
The 1918 Wisconsin Badgers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Wisconsin in the 1918 Big Ten Conference football season. In its first and only season under head coach Guy Lowman, the team compiled a 3–3 record (1–2 against conference opponents), finished in seventh place in the Big Ten Conference, and was outscored by its opponents by a combined total of 44 to 42.


1918 Wisconsin Badgers football team
Quarterback Eber Simpson was recognized as a first-team player on the 1918 All-Big Ten Conference football team.


1918 Wisconsin Badgers football team, Pre-season
John R. Richards was taken away from his duties as Wisconsin's head football coach in mid-October 1918, after being appointed to a commission in charge of the welfare of war workers. Guy Lowman took over as head coach for the 1918 season; Lowman had come to Wisconsin in September 1917 to take charge of Wisconsin's physical education department and to serve as head coach of the basketball team and coach of the freshman football and baseball teams. Richards returned as head football coach in 1919.


1918 Wisconsin Badgers football team, Game summaries
On October 26, 1918, Wisconsin lost to Camp Grant, 7–0, in Madison, Wisconsin. Camp Grant's touchdown was scored by former Wisconsin star, Stark, who intercepted a pass and returned it for a touchdown. The game followed the lifting of a quarantine at Camp Grant where the influenza epidemic took a death toll of 1,040 men.


1918 Wisconsin Badgers football team, Game summaries
On November 2, 1918, in a game played behind closed gates in Madison, Wisconsin defeated Beloit College, 21–0. Guy Sundt scored two touchdowns for Wisconsin.


1918 Wisconsin Badgers football team, Game summaries
On November 9, 1918, Illinois defeated Wisconsin, 22–0, before a crowd of 7,000 at Camp Randall Field in Madison, Wisconsin. According to the Chicago Daily Tribune, the Badgers were "outclassed and outweighed" while the Illini "fought like wildcats" and had the Badgers on the defensive through most of the game.


1918 Wisconsin Badgers football team, Game summaries
On November 16, 1918, Minnesota defeated Wisconsin, 6–0, before a crowd of 8,000 at Northrop Field in Minneapolis. At the end of the first quarter, 30 soldiers from the Fort Snelling hospital, all of whom had been injured in the war in France, some with missing limbs, came "limping and stumping" into the stands as the crowd stood, cheered, and applauded. Gus Ekberg scored the game's only touchdown.


1918 Wisconsin Badgers football team, Game summaries
On November 23, 1918, Wisconsin defeated Ohio State, 14-3, in Columbus, Ohio.


1918 Wisconsin Badgers football team, Game summaries
On Thanksgiving Day, November 28, Wisconsin defeated Michigan Agricultural, 7–6, at Camp Randall Field. Michigan Agricultural took a 6–0 lead in the second quarter when Archer blocked a punt and returned it to the one-yard line; Ferris ran the final yard for touchdown. Wisconsin scored a touchdown with a minute remaining in the game, and Barr converted the extra point to give the game to the Badgers.


1918 Wisconsin gubernatorial election
The 1918 Wisconsin gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1918.


1918 Wisconsin gubernatorial election
Incumbent Republican Governor Emanuel L. Philipp won the election with 46.99% of the vote, winning his third and last term as Governor. Philipp defeated Democratic Party candidate Henry A. Moehlenpah and Socialist candidate Emil Seidel.


1918 World Series
The 1918 World Series featured the Boston Red Sox, who defeated the Chicago Cubs four games to two. The Series victory for the Red Sox was their fifth in five tries, going back to 1903. The Red Sox scored only nine runs in the entire Series, the fewest runs by the winning team in World Series history. Along with the 1906 and 1907 World Series (both of which the Cubs also played in), the 1918 World Series is one of only three Fall Classics where neither team hit a home run.


1918 World Series
The 1918 Series was played under several metaphorical dark clouds. The Series was held early in September because of the World War I "Work or Fight" order that forced the premature end of the regular season on September 2, and remains the only World Series to be played entirely in September. The Series was marred by players threatening to strike due to low gate receipts.


1918 World Series
The Chicago home games in the series were played at Comiskey Park, which had a greater seating capacity than Weeghman Park, the prior home of the Federal League Chicago Whales that the Cubs were then using and which would be rechristened Wrigley Field in 1925. The Red Sox had played their home games in the 1915 and 1916 World Series in the more expansive Braves Field, but they returned to Fenway Park for the 1918 series.


1918 World Series
During the seventh-inning stretch of Game 1, the band began playing "The Star-Spangled Banner" because the country was involved in World War I. The song would be named the national anthem of the United States in 1931, and during World War II its playing would become a regular pre-game feature of baseball games and other sporting events. The winning pitcher of Game 1 was Babe Ruth, who pitched a shutout.


1918 World Series
The 1918 championship would be the last Red Sox win until 2004. The drought of 86 years was often attributed to the Curse of the Bambino. The alleged curse came to be when Red Sox owner Harry Frazee traded the superbly talented but troublesome Babe Ruth (who was instrumental in their 1918 victory) to the New York Yankees for cash after the 1919 season.


1918 World Series
The Cubs would not win their next World Series until 2016. The Cubs, who last won in 1908, won the National League but lost the Series in 1918, 1929, 1932, 1935, 1938, and 1945, allegedly stymied by the infamous Curse of the Billy Goat imposed during that latter Series. The Red Sox, who had won the American League but lost the Series in 1946, 1967, 1975, and 1986, finally won the World Series in 2004 and then won again in 2007, 2013 and 2018. When the Red Sox won in 2018 (against the Los Angeles Dodgers), they became the first team to win the Fall Classic exactly one century apart.


1918 World Series
After Game 6, it would be some 87 years until the Cubs and Red Sox would play again. A three-game interleague match-up at Wrigley Field began June 10, 2005, and was Boston's first visit to the park. The Cubs would not return to Fenway Park for nearly 94 years until a three-game interleague match-up beginning May 20, 2011.


1918 World Series
To date, Red Sox manager Ed Barrow is the only manager to win a World Series without previously playing in organized baseball, whether in the minors or majors.


1918 World Series, Summary
AL Boston Red Sox (4) vs. NL Chicago Cubs (2)


1918 World Series, Matchups, Game 1
Game 1 went to the Red Sox, 1–0, with Babe Ruth pitching the shutout before 19,274 fans. Stuffy McInnis knocked in the game's only run, driving in Dave Shean with a fourth-inning single off Hippo Vaughn. During the seventh-inning stretch, the U.S. Navy band began to play "The Star-Spangled Banner", Red Sox infielder Fred Thomas—who was in the Navy and had been granted furlough to play in the World Series—immediately turned toward the American flag and gave it a military salute, according to the Chicago Tribune.


1918 World Series, Matchups, Game 1
Other players turned to the flag with hands over hearts, and the already-standing crowd began to sing. At the song's conclusion, the previously quiet fans erupted in thunderous applause. At the time, the New York Times reported that it "marked the highest point of the day's enthusiasm." The song would be played at each of the Series' remaining games, to increasingly rapturous response. Other baseball parks began to play the song on holidays and special occasions, and Red Sox owner Harry Frazee made it a regular part of Boston home games. "The Star-Spangled Banner" officially became the U.S. national anthem in 1931, and by the end of World War II, NFL Commissioner Elmer Layden ordered that it be played at every football game. The tradition quickly spread to other sports, aided by the introduction of large sound systems and post-war patriotism.


1918 World Series, Matchups, Game 2
The Cubs rebounded to tie the Series with a 3–1 victory in Game 2 the next day, behind Lefty Tyler's six-hit pitching. Tyler himself hit a two-run single in the second inning to make it 3–0 and carried a shutout into the ninth inning, when the Red Sox scored their only run.


1918 World Series, Matchups, Game 3
The series remained in Chicago for Game 3 due to wartime restrictions on travel. The Red Sox won 2–1 to take a 2–1 series lead as Carl Mays scattered seven hits. Wally Schang and Everett Scott's back-to-back RBI singles in the fourth inning were all Boston needed for the win. Vaughn lost his second game of the Series, which ended when Cub baserunner Charlie Pick was caught in a rundown between third and home while trying to score on a passed ball.


1918 World Series, Matchups, Game 4
Sunday the 8th was a travel day. The teams didn't arrive in Boston until the next day, shortly before the start of Game 4 that same day. The Cubs tied it in the eighth, ending Ruth's World Series scoreless inning streak on hits by Charlie Hollocher and Les Mann; but the Red Sox won it in the home half of the inning on a passed ball by Killefer and a wild throw by relief pitcher Phil Douglas, scoring Schang for a 3–2 victory and a 3–1 series lead.


1918 World Series, Matchups, Game 4
Starting pitcher Babe Ruth batted sixth for the Red Sox in Game 4. He remains the only starting pitcher in World Series history to bat other than ninth in the batting order.


1918 World Series, Matchups, Game 5
Vaughn finally earned a Series victory in Game 5 with a five-hit shutout, as the Cubs rallied back for a 3–0 victory. Dode Paskert's two-run double in the top of the eighth sealed the deal for the Chicagoans after Mann had knocked in the first run in the top of the third.


1918 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
Attendance for Game 6 at Fenway on Wednesday, September 11, was down from over 24,000 on Tuesday to a mere 15,238, but the Red Sox went home happy. Max Flack's third-inning error allowed two Sox runs to score, which were all they needed for a 2–1 victory and the World's Championship of 1918 behind Carl Mays' second win of the Series, a complete game three-hitter.


1918 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
This was the last Red Sox World Series win for 86 years, and the last time they won the deciding game at home until 2013.


1918 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
The Red Sox won the series despite a team batting average of .186, lowest for a winning club in World Series history.


1918 World Series, Composite box
1918 World Series (4–2): Boston Red Sox (A.L.) over Chicago Cubs (N.L.)


1918 World Series, Allegations of a Series fix and game tampering
As with the 1917 World Series, there were concerns about whether the 1918 World Series was being played honestly, a rumor revived in 2005 and explored further in the 2009 book The Original Curse by Sean Deveney (McGraw-Hill). Some of the Cubs were later suspected of being "crooked". Pitcher Phil Douglas, accused of conspiring to fix a regular-season game in 1922, was suspended for life. Pitcher Claude Hendrix, who didn't play much in the 1918 Series, was suspected of fixing a game in 1920 but retired after that season and was never officially suspended.


1918 World Series, Allegations of a Series fix and game tampering
There was no solid evidence that the 1918 World Series itself was "fixed", and with the war dominating the news nothing came of the rumors. It was another season before baseball's relationship with gambling erupted in a major scandal. Star pitcher "Ol' Pete" Alexander of the Cubs saw almost no action in the 1918 regular season due to military service and none in the Series. This left the Cubs pitching corps thin compared to the strong Red Sox staff, which included Babe Ruth and Carl Mays. Hippo Vaughn was the strongest Cubs pitcher, having won the pitching triple crown in 1918, but had the misfortune of starting against the best arms the Red Sox had and taking two of the four Cub losses.


1918 World Series, Allegations of a Series fix and game tampering
In 2011, a document discovered by the Chicago History Museum cited the court testimony of Chisox pitcher Eddie Cicotte during the investigation of the 1919 Black Sox Scandal a year after the 1918 World Series. According to the trial transcript, Cicotte made vague references and allegations that the Cubs had purposely lost the 1918 World Series to the Red Sox, and justified their "fixing" the games they had lost (all four by one run) by alleging that the owners of both teams had short-changed their players with insufficient shares of the gate receipts.


1918 Wyoming gubernatorial election
The 1922 Wyoming gubernatorial election took place on November 5, 1918. Following the election of Governor John B. Kendrick to the U.S. Senate in 1916, Secretary of State Frank L. Houx served as acting Governor. He ran for re-election and faced a stiff challenge in the Democratic primary from attorney William B. Ross. After defeating Ross by a decisive margin, he faced Robert D. Carey, the Republican nominee and the son of former Democratic Governor Joseph M. Carey. However, despite Houx's past electoral success, he faced difficult headwinds as Democratic candidates did poorly across the country in 1918. He ended up losing re-election to Carey by a wide margin.


1918 Wyoming state elections
A general election was held in the U.S. state of Wyoming on Tuesday, November 5, 1918. All of the state's executive officers—the Governor, Secretary of State, Auditor, Treasurer, and Superintendent of Public Instruction—were up for election. Republicans won all statewide offices by wide margins, and with Robert D. Carey's defeat of Frank L. Houx, picked up the governorship following two consecutive losses to Democrats.


1918 Wyoming state elections, Governor
Incumbent Democratic Governor Frank L. Houx, who ascended to the governorship following John B. Kendrick's election to the U.S. Senate in  1916, ran for re-election to a full term. He was opposed by Republican nominee Robert D. Carey, the Chairman of the State Highway Commission and the son of former Governor Joseph M. Carey, in the general election. Carey defeated Houx by a decisive margin.


1918 Wyoming state elections, Secretary of State
Incumbent Democratic Secretary of State Frank L. Houx, who served as acting Governor, opted to run for re-election as Governor rather than as Secretary of State. Maurice Groshon, the acting Chairman of the State Council for National Defense, won the Democratic primary unopposed, and faced Republican nominee William E. Chaplin, the former Register of the Cheyenne Land Office. Chaplin defeated Groshon by a wide margin to pick up the seat for the Republican Party.


1918 Wyoming state elections, Auditor
Incumbent Republican State Auditor Robert B. Forsyth declined to run for re-election to a third term. State Senator Ishmael Jefferis won the Republican primary unopposed, and faced Casper insurance salesman Albert H. Stewart, who defeated Deputy Secretary of State Frank H. Westcott in the Democratic primary. Jefferis defeated Stewart by a wide margin.


1918 Wyoming state elections, Treasurer
Incumbent Republican State Treasurer Henry B. Gates was unable to seek a second consecutive term, thereby creating an open seat. Former State Senator A. D. Hoskins narrowly defeated George W. Perry, a banker and the former Chief Clerk of the State Senate, in the Republican primary. In the general election, he faced former State Representative John L. Jordan, whom he handily defeated to win election as Treasurer.


1918 Wyoming state elections, Superintendent of Public Instruction
Incumbent Republican Superintendent of Public Instruction Edith K. O. Clark declined to seek re-election, creating an open seat. Katharine A. Morton, the former State Librarian, won a plurality of the vote in the Republican primary and advanced to the general election. No Democratic candidate initially filed to run for Superintendent, but Laramie County Superintendent of Schools Mamie Hefferon won the Democratic nomination as a write-in candidate. In the general election, Morton only defeated Hefferon by a narrow margin, holding the office for the Republican Party.


1918 Wyoming state elections, Superintendent of Public Instruction, Democratic primary
No Democratic candidates filed for Superintendent, but Laramie County Superintendent of Schools Mamie Hefferon announced that she would run as a write-in candidate for the nomination one week before the primary. After Hefferon received 600 write-in votes in the Democratic primary, she received the nomination and proceeded to the general election.


1918 college football season
The 1918 college football season was a season of college football in the United States. There was no consensus champion, with the Official NCAA Division I Football Records Book listing Michigan and Pittsburgh as national champions.


1918 college football season
World War I's impact on colleges in the country, and the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918 eliminated most of that year's scheduled college football games. However, to boost morale of the troops, many military organizations fielded teams to play against collegiate programs. This is exemplified no more strongly than in a letter published in the Spalding Guide from US president Woodrow Wilson:


1918 college football season
"It would be difficult to over-estimate the value of football experience as a part of a soldier's training. The army athletic directors and the officers in charge of special training schools in the cantoments have derived excellent results from the use of elementary football and other personal contact games as an aid in developing the aggressiveness, initiative and determination of recruits, and the ability to carry on in spite of bodily hurts or physical discomforts. These qualities, as you well know, were the outstanding characteristics of the American soldier." -Woodrow Wilson (1919 letter)


1918 college football season
A huge military offensive was planned by the Allied countries in the spring of 1919, so all able-bodied men of ages 18 to 20 were scheduled to be drafted in the fall of 1918. As an alternative, the men were offered the option of enlisting in the Student Army Training Corps, known as SATC, which would give them a chance to pursue (or continue pursuing) their educations at the same time as they participated in a 12-week war-training session. This was essentially an alternative to boot camp. The colleges were paid by the government to train the future soldiers, which enabled many of them to avoid closure. The program began on October 1, 1918. Most of the students who were potential football players were under the auspices of the War Department's SATC program.


1918 college football season
In an early September meeting between college and War Department officials in Plattsburg, Missouri it became clear that the training regimen envisioned for the soldiers could be incompatible with participation in intercollegiate athletics. On September 13, 1918 newspapers around the country reported that the War Department had asked colleges to reexamine their football schedules. In August and September, athletics backers successfully argued that athletics training was an important part of military training, and the season was back on.


1918 college football season
The influenza outbreak was colloquially called Spanish flu. Most flu outbreaks disproportionately kill juvenile, elderly, or already weakened patients, but the 1918 pandemic predominantly killed previously healthy young adults. To maintain morale, wartime censors minimized early reports of illness and mortality in Germany, the United Kingdom, France, and the United States. Papers were free to report the epidemic's effects in neutral Spain (such as the grave illness of King Alfonso XIII). This created a false impression of Spain as especially hard hit, thereby giving rise to the pandemic's nickname, "Spanish Flu". By the end of the pandemic, between three and five percent of the world population had died as a result, making it one of the deadliest natural disasters in human history.


1918 college football season, Season summary
Perhaps the highest profile game was a highly publicized War Charities benefit staged at Forbes Field in Pittsburgh in front of many of the nation's top sports writers, including Walter Camp. The game pitted John Heisman's undefeated, unscored upon, and defending national champion Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets against "Pop" Warner's Pittsburgh Panthers who were sitting on a 30-game win streak. Pitt defeated Georgia Tech 32–0.


1918 college football season, Rose Bowl
The Rose Bowl, then the only bowl game, pitted the Mare Island Marines of California and the Great Lakes Navy from Illinois. It was a celebration of victory following the end of fighting in World War I on November 11, 1918. Great Lakes Navy defeat Mare Island, 17–7.


1918 flu pandemic in India
1918 flu pandemic in India was the outbreak of an unusually deadly influenza pandemic in British India between 1918 and 1920 as a part of the worldwide Spanish flu pandemic. Also referred to as the Bombay Influenza or the Bombay Fever in India, the pandemic is believed to have killed up to 17–18  million people in the country, the most among all countries. David Arnold (2019) estimates at least 12 million dead, about 5% of the population. The decade between 1911 and 1921 was the only census period in which India's population fell, mostly due to devastation of the Spanish flu pandemic. The death toll in India's British-ruled districts was 13.88 million.


1918 flu pandemic in India
The pandemic broke out in Bombay in June 1918,  with one of the possible routes being via ships carrying troops returning from the First World War in Europe. The outbreak then spread across the country from west and south to east and north, reaching the whole of the country by August. It hit different parts of the country in three waves with the second wave being the highest in mortality rate. The death rate peaked in the last week of September 1918 in Bombay, in the middle of October in Madras, and in the middle of November in Calcutta.


1918 flu pandemic in India
The outbreak most severely affected younger people in the age group of 20–40, with women suffering disproportionately. According to the Sanitary Commissioner's report for 1918, the maximum death toll in a week exceeded 200 deaths in both Bombay and Madras. The spread of the disease was exacerbated by a failed monsoon and the resultant famine-like conditions, that had left people underfed and weak, and forced them to move into densely populated cities. As a result of the severity of the outbreak, the year 1919 saw a reduction of births by around 30 percent.


1918 flu pandemic in India
The population growth of India during the decade of 1911–1921 was 1.2%, the lowest among all decades under the British Raj. In his memoirs the Hindi poet, Suryakant Tripathi, wrote "Ganga was swollen with dead bodies." The sanitary commissioner's report for 1918 also noted that all rivers across India were clogged up with bodies, because of a shortage of firewood for cremation.


1918 flu pandemic in India
Mahatma Gandhi, the leader of India's independence struggle, was also infected by the virus. The pandemic had a significant influence in the freedom movement in the country. The healthcare system in the country was unable to meet the sudden increase in demands for medical attention. The consequent toll of death and misery, and economic fallout brought about by the pandemic led to an increase in emotion against colonial rule.


1918 flu pandemic in India, Further reading
This Indian history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1918 in Afghanistan
The following lists events that happened during 1918 in Afghanistan.


1918 in Afghanistan, Events
Little news emerges from Afghanistan during the year. It is reported from India that the amir continues to maintain his neutrality in the war in a most scrupulous and loyal manner.


1918 in Albania
The following lists events that happened during 1918 in the Principality of Albania.


1918 in Argentine football
1918 in Argentine football saw Racing Club de Avellaneda win its 6th. consecutive league title, remaining unbeaten at the end of the season.


1918 in Argentine football, Primera División
Defensores de Belgrano debuted in Primera after promoting last year, while Argentino de Quilmes and Ferro Carril Oeste (which was also expelled from the Association) were relegated.


1918 in Armenia
The following lists events that happened during 1918 in Armenia.


1918 in Australia
1918 in Australia was dominated by national participation in World War I. The Australian Corps, formed at the beginning of the year from the five divisions of the First Australian Imperial Force, played a significant role in the Allied victory.


1918 in Australian literature
This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1918.


1918 in Australian literature, Births
A list, ordered by date of birth (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of births in 1918 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of death.


1918 in Australian literature, Deaths
A list, ordered by date of death (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of deaths in 1918 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of birth.


1918 in Brazilian football
The following article presents a summary of the 1918 football (soccer) season in Brazil, which was the 17th season of competitive football in the country.


1918 in Brazilian football, Brazil national team
The following table lists all the games played by the Brazil national football team in official competitions and friendly matches during 1918.


1918 in British music
This is a summary of 1918 in music in the United Kingdom.


1918 in British-administered Palestine
Events in the year 1918 in British-administered Palestine (British-controlled part of OETA territory).


1918 in Canada, Historical Documents
British prime minister Lloyd George details British war aims, including liberation and self-determination of nations


1918 in Canada, Historical Documents
Saskatchewan Victoria Cross winner Hugh Cairns cited for "most conspicuous bravery"


1918 in Canada, Historical Documents
His brother describes presentation of Victoria Cross to George Pearkes, "looking a very fine soldier indeed"


1918 in Canada, Historical Documents
Account of Canadian cavalry action resulting in Victoria Cross award for Gordon Flowerdew


1918 in Canada, Historical Documents
Shot-down pilot describes jumping from his falling plane despite bullet wounds and burns


1918 in Canada, Historical Documents
Soldier appreciates "toothsomeness" of Christmas treats after living on hardtack and bully beef


1918 in Canada, Historical Documents
U.S. soldier newspaper salutes Canadian forces, but confuses Victoria Day and Dominion Day


1918 in Canada, Historical Documents
Saint John Housewives' League and War Gardens Association exhibit their prowess and patriotism in competitive exhibitions


1918 in Canada, Historical Documents
Death notice for Mi'kmaq grand chief John Denny Jr. and inauguration of new grand chief Gabriel Sylliboy on Cape Breton Island


1918 in Canada, Historical Documents
United Farm Women of Ontario get their male counterparts to work with them


1918 in Canada, Historical Documents
Basic English manual is aimed at foreign-born adults of "industrial class"


1918 in Canada, Historical Documents
Labour lawyer comments at length on deteriorating worker-management relations in Winnipeg


1918 in Canada, Historical Documents
Journalist says people in central Canada have no more influence on government than Westerners do (and perhaps less)


1918 in Canada, Historical Documents
Vilhjalmur Stefansson speaks on difficulties of his Arctic explorations, and overcoming them


1918 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1918 in Chile.


1918 in El Salvador
The following lists events that happened in 1918 in El Salvador.


1918 in Estonia
This article lists events that occurred during 1918 in Estonia.


1918 in Iceland
The following lists events that happened in 1918 in Iceland.


1918 in India, Deaths
This year in India article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1918 in Italy, Events
In the autumn of 1917 at the Battle of Caporetto, the Germans and Austrians had defeated the Italians who fell back to the Piave. The Royal Italian Army lost over 300,000 men. Italy reorganizes the army under the new commander General Armando Diaz and receives reinforcements of the Allied powers.


1918 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during 1918 in New Zealand.


1918 in New Zealand
The jubilation over the end of World War I was overshadowed by the Spanish flu pandemic reaching New Zealand. In four months, it is estimated that over 8600 New Zealanders died of the disease and between one third and one half of the population were infected. The death rate for Māori was estimated at 42 per thousand (approx 2,160 deaths) compared to 5.6 per 1000 (6,400 deaths) for European New Zealanders.


1918 in New Zealand, Incumbents, Government
The 19th New Zealand Parliament continues for a fourth year as a grand coalition led by the Reform Party.


1918 in New Zealand, Arts and literature, Film
See : Category:1918 film awards, 1918 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, Category:1918 films


1918 in New Zealand, Sport, Lawn bowls
The national outdoor lawn bowls championships are held in Dunedin.


1918 in Norwegian football, Class A of local association leagues
Class A of local association leagues (kretsserier) is the predecessor of a national league competition.


1918 in Norwegian music
The following is a list of notable events and releases of the year 1918 in Norwegian music.


1918 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1918 in South Africa.


1918 in Swedish football
The 1918 season in Swedish football, starting January 1918 and ending December 1918:


1918 in Swedish football, National team results
Sweden: Herbert Almqvist - Theodor Malm, Axel Larsson - Gustaf Carlson, Ragnar Wicksell, Einar Halling-Johansson - Thure Sterne, Vigor Lindberg, Karl Gustafsson, Helge Ekroth, Birger Carlsson.


1918 in Swedish football, National team results
Sweden: John Karlsson-Nottorp - Valdus Lund, Henning Svensson - Bruno Lindström, Sven Friberg, Henry Almén - Harry Magnusson, Caleb Schylander, Erik Börjesson, Erik Hjelm, Josef Appelgren.


1918 in Swedish football, National team results
Sweden: Erik Sjöstrand - Valdus Lund, Henning Svensson - Karl Johansson, Sven Friberg, Henry Almén - Harry Magnusson, Herbert Karlsson, Erik Börjesson, Erik Hjelm, Mauritz Sandberg.


1918 in Swedish football, National team results
Sweden: Robert Zander - Valdus Lund, Henning Svensson - Karl Johansson, Konrad Törnqvist, Henry Almén - Harry Magnusson, Caleb Schylander, Herbert Karlsson, Erik Hjelm, Mauritz Sandberg.


1918 in Taiwan
Events from the year 1918 in Taiwan, Empire of Japan.


1918 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1918 to Wales and its people.


1918 in architecture
The year 1918 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1918 in association football
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1918 throughout the world.


1918 in association football, Events
Due to the First World War several European leagues remain suspended.


1918 in baseball
The following are the baseball events of the year 1918  throughout the world.


1918 in film, Comedy film series
Only the films of the series released in 1918 are collected


1918 in film, Comedy film series, Buster Keaton (1917–1944)
Films starring Roscoe Arbuckle, featuring Buster Keaton released in 1918:


1918 in film, Comedy film series, Charlie Chaplin (1914–1940)
Charlie Chaplin wrote, produced, directed, and starred in 9 films for his own production company between 1918 and 1923. These films were distributed by First National. Below the movies released in 1918:


1918 in film, Comedy film series, Lupino Lane (1915–1939)
Short films acting as his character Mr. Butterbun released in 1918:


1918 in jazz
This is a timeline documenting events of Jazz in the year 1918.


1918 in jazz
Births in that year included Wild Bill Davis and Cachao López.


1918 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1918.


1918 in motorsport
The following is an overview of the events of 1918 in motorsport including the major racing events, motorsport venues that were opened and closed during a year, championships and non-championship events that were established and disestablished in a year, and births and deaths of racing drivers and other motorsport people.


1918 in music
This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1918.


1918 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1918.


1918 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1918 in poetry, Events
—Closing line of "Anthem for Doomed Youth" by Wilfred Owen


1918 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1918 in poetry, Deaths
Note two subsections, below. Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1918 in radio
1918 in radio details the internationally significant events in radio broadcasting for the year 1918.


1918 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1918.


1918 in science
The year 1918 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.


1918 in science fiction
The year 1918 was marked, in science fiction, by the following events.


1918 in science fiction, Awards
The main science-fiction Awards known at the present time did not exist at this time.


1918 in sports
1918 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1918 in the Belgian Congo
The following lists events that happened during 1918 in the Belgian Congo.


1918 in the United Kingdom
Events from the year 1918 in the United Kingdom. This year sees the end of the First World War after four years, which Britain and its allies won (beginning the Interwar period), and a major advance in women's suffrage.


1918 protest in Zagreb
The 5 December 1918 protest in Zagreb, also referred to as the December Victims (Croatian: Prosinačke žrtve) in Croatia was an armed conflict between the National Guards established as an armed force of the National Council of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs on one side and soldiers of the 25th Regiment of the Royal Croatian Home Guard and the 53rd Regiment of the former Austro-Hungarian Common Army. It took place on 5 December 1918, four days after proclamation the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes when the soldiers were stopped by the National Guardsmen at the Ban Jelačić Square in Zagreb.


1918 protest in Zagreb
Reasons for the protest and the conflict are no very well documented, but the soldiers who marched down Ilica Street from the Rudolf barracks towards the central city square shouted slogans against the King Peter I of Serbia and in support of republicanism and the Croatian People's Peasant Party leader Stjepan Radić. Once the soldiers reached the Ban Jelačić Square, an armed clash took place after brief negotiations. Eighteen people were killed in the clash – most of the casualties were the soldiers. In the aftermath of the clash, the authorities moved first to disband the two regiments and then to disband all former Austro-Hungarian units based in the new state as potentially unreliable. The National Council then relied on the Royal Serbian Army to establish units to replace the recently disbanded ones.


1918 protest in Zagreb
The event was used by the Frankist faction of the Party of Rights to build the "Culture of Defeat" meant to portray creation of a common South Slavic kingdom and other events of 1918 as humiliation – offering disenchanted people and ignored former Austro-Hungarian officers a chance to redeem themselves for their perceived failures. Thus the "Culture of Defeat" contributed to the rise of Ustaše as far-right paramilitaries and later World War II Nazi collaborators.


1918 protest in Zagreb, Background, Collapse of Austria-Hungary and civil disorder
In the final days of the World War I, on 5–6 October 1918, political parties representing Croats, Slovenes, and Serbs living in Austria-Hungary organised the Zagreb-based National Council of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs tasked with achieving independence from the empire. The National Council proclaimed the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs encompassing the Slovene Lands, Croatia-Slavonia, Dalmatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and authorised the Yugoslav Committee, an interest group advocating unification of previously Habsburg South Slavic and Serbia, to represent the council abroad. The National Council president Anton Korošec left Zagreb for a conference in Geneva with Serbian representatives to discuss the method of unification.


1918 protest in Zagreb, Background, Collapse of Austria-Hungary and civil disorder
At the time, the countryside saw increased level of banditry associated with the Green Cadres – deserting Austro-Hungarian soldiers. By September 1918, there were about 50,000 Green Cadres among the Croats, Serbs, and Bosniaks. Most of them were active in Croatia-Slavonia, where violence peaked between 24 October and 4 November. The period also saw an army rebellion in Požega, and a clash in nearby Orahovica, where parts of two regiments mutinied. The violence quickly spread and elements of the 23rd Regiment and the 28th Regiment of the Royal Croatian Home Guard joined looting of Osijek. Mutinied army units also looted Petrovaradin, Pakrac, Daruvar, and Županja were led by rebelling army units, but most of the pillaging and looting was done by peasants and the (mostly peasant) Green Cadres.


1918 protest in Zagreb, Background, Collapse of Austria-Hungary and civil disorder
The National Council hesitated in condemning the violence, and its attempts to stop the looters by deploying the ad-hoc locally raised militia were ineffective since much of its members were looting as well. Therefore the National Council relied on Serbian prisoners of war (captured by the Austro-Hungarian Army during the war) to combat looting, and sent a delegation to the Royal Serbian Army command on 5 November to request its troops to restore order in Croatia-Slavonia.


1918 protest in Zagreb, Background, Collapse of Austria-Hungary and civil disorder
The National Council, by then dominated by Svetozar Pribičević-led Croat-Serb Coalition, was quick to assign at least a part of the blame for the unrest on Bolsheviks and the Stjepan Radić-led Croatian People's Peasant Party (HPSS). The association of the HPSS with the popular discontent later helped propel the HPSS to the position of the most successful political party among the Croats in the interwar period. Even though the peasants understood republicanism as abolition of military and taxes – the October–November unrest set it as their ultimate political objective.


1918 protest in Zagreb, Background, Federation vs centralised union with Serbia
There were two main approaches to the method of unification of the South Slavs. While the Ante Trumbić-led Yugoslav Committee advocated a federal system of government, the Prime Minister of Serbia Nikola Pašić wanted a centralised state,  and threatened conquest and outright annexation of Serb-inhabited territories through fulfilment of plans to create Greater Serbia unless Trumbić accepted creation of a centralised state.


1918 protest in Zagreb, Background, Federation vs centralised union with Serbia
Under pressure from the Triple Entente, Pašić acquiesced to creation of a federal South Slavic state during the November 1918 conference in Geneva, but the agreement was repudiated by Serbia either through pressure from Prince Regent Alexander, or in a scheme devised by Pašić to deflect Entente pressure and undermine Korošec's authority to achieve his political objectives.


1918 protest in Zagreb, Background, Federation vs centralised union with Serbia
Shortly after the conclusion of the Geneva conference, the National Council announced it had thwarted an attempted coup d'état in what became known as the Lipošćak affair and arrested General of the Infantry Anton Lipošćak. The National Council was also under pressure caused by the advancing Italian Army which seized Rijeka and approached Ljubljana. Having no means to stop thir advance, the National Council feared that the Italian presence on the eastern shores of the Adriatic would become permanent. Pressed by the combined threats, the National Council dispatched a delegation to Prince Regent to arrange urgent unification in a federation.


1918 protest in Zagreb, Background, Federation vs centralised union with Serbia
The delegation ignored the instructions regarding demanding constitutional safeguards when it addressed the Prince Regent on 1 December. The Prince Regent accepted the unification offer on behalf of Peter I of Serbia, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was established without any agreement on the conditions of the union.


1918 protest in Zagreb, Background, Armed forces in Zagreb
The National Council first formally established the National Guard on 27 October 1918 as its armed force. The move was made in preparation of the Croatian Sabor meeting which declared secession from Austria-Hungary two days later. It consisted of volunteers drawn through university guard organisation and Croatian and Serb Sokol associations. It was subordinated to the Commission for Public Order and Security in Zagreb headed by Grga Budislav Angjelinović and directly commanded by Lav Mazzura. The force was augmented by a detachment of former Austro-Hungarian Navy sailors. Attempts to organise the National Guards in the countryside to combat civil disorder proved ineffective.


1918 protest in Zagreb, Background, Armed forces in Zagreb
The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs formally established its military on 1 November, three days after establishment of the state. The process meant taking over previously Austro-Hungarian units based in the territory of the new state. On 6 November the 25th Regiment of the Royal Croatian Home Guard and the 53rd Regiment of the Common Army based in Zagreb swore an oath of allegiance to the National Council. The council deemed the soldiers returning from the war after that date also bound by the same oath.


1918 protest in Zagreb, Background, Armed forces in Zagreb
The 25th Regiment had just returned from fighting the Međimurje Campaign on behalf of the National Council, and both regiments maintained security in Zagreb without incident. Nonetheless, support for a republic was present among the soldiers based in Zagreb – spreading under influence of Radić and returnees from Russia in the aftermath of the October Revolution. In November, Lieutenant Colonel Dušan Simović was assigned to Zagreb as the envoy of the Serbian Army,, and the 3rd Battalion of the 7th Regiment of the Serbian Army arrived in Zagreb by the end of the month.


1918 protest in Zagreb, Timeline and immediate aftermath
On 3 December, the National Council promulgated the Unification Act. Together with Zagreb local authorities, it sponsored several events to mark the unification. They were meant to match the mass celebrations of declaration of independence of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs from Austria-Hungary from late October. According to historian Rudolf Horvat, the festivities were organised carelessly and there were instances of provocative behaviour offending "everything held dear and sacred by the Croatian people". The same day, there were reports from the nearby town of Bjelovar that the army troops stationed there were mutinous after announcement of the unification.


1918 protest in Zagreb, Timeline and immediate aftermath
It was reported by a National Council representative in the town that the soldiers could be heard shouting slogans against the King and cheering on the idea of a republic. The Party of Rights seizing on widespread disenchantment with the process of South Slavic unification, drew up and started distributing a proclamation condemning the process of unification as undemocratic on 2 December. The proclamation was published two days later in party's daily Hrvatska (Croatia), stating the Party of Rights would continue to advocate unification of free and independent states of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs in a federal republic. In response, the authorities confiscated the issue and banned Hrvatska. The party distributed the manifest as a leaflet instead. In the morning of 5 December, a Te Deum service was held in the Zagreb Cathedral as a part of celebration of establishment of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.


1918 protest in Zagreb, Timeline and immediate aftermath
In the afternoon of 5 December some soldiers of the 25th and the 53rd regiments left the Rudolf barracks in the west of Zagreb and set out towards the Ban Jelačić Square. The soldiers, carrying rifles and machine guns, were joined by a group of civilians. They intended to declare a free Croatian republic, spurred on by perceived provocative behaviour at celebrations of unification. At the time, the 25th Regiment had 210 officers and 578 soldiers, while the 53rd Regiment had 442 troops stationed in the Rudolf barracks.


1918 protest in Zagreb, Timeline and immediate aftermath
According to subsequent reports issued by authorities in Zagreb, the march to the central city square involved about 200 soldiers of the two regiments, accompanied by twelve-strong military band of the 25th Regiment. Protesting the unification with Serbia, the soldiers were walking down Ilica Street shouting "Long live the republic! ", "Long live Radić! ", "Down with King Peter! ", "Down with the dynasty! ", "Long live the peasant party! ", "Down with militarism! ", "Long live Croatian republic! ", and "Long live Bolshevik republic!". Authorities later also reported that the demonstrators called out for release of General Lipošćak. It remains unclear if the soldiers were protesting against the unification itself or the method it was carried out. The degree in which the protest was influenced by widespread poverty and anarchy in the country and by Italian intelligence services remains unclear.


1918 protest in Zagreb, Timeline and immediate aftermath
Most sources agree that the protesting soldiers reached Ban Jelačić Square at 2 p.m. The National Guards were waiting for the soldiers and civilians who joined the protest en route at the square. The waiting troops were likewise armed with machine guns and rifles, but they took cover in buildings on the square. When the protesters arrived, there were brief negotiations before shooting started. The skirmish ended at about 3 p.m. Most of the protesters scattered and fled, but some survivors were captured. Eighteen people died in the gunfight or from suffered wounds.


1918 protest in Zagreb, Timeline and immediate aftermath
Those include two dead National Guardsmen (both were Sokol members), and an unidentified Serbian soldier who was, according to Simović, accidentaly found at the scene and not an active participant in the clash. Initial government reports specified four civilians were killed, but identified the two killed National Guardsmen as two of the four dead civilians. Military prosecutor's and forensic experts' reports of 6 December indicated 15 killed and 13 wounded. Three of the injured died of their wounds after the report was published (and are included in the total fatalities by Gabelica).


1918 protest in Zagreb, Timeline and immediate aftermath
A subsequent trial identified Lance Corporal Rudolf Sentmartoni as the ringleader of the soldiers' protest, together with Sergeant Ivan Perčić, Corporal Martin Murk, an unnamed lance corporal in the 6th Artillery Regiment and an unidentified civilian. None of them were apprehended except Perčić who was sentenced to six years in prison.


1918 protest in Zagreb, Legacy
The 25th and the 53rd regiments were disbanded on the evening of 5 December, and the National Council used the clash and the Lipošćak affair to restrict participation of Croatian officers who previously served in the Austro-Hungarian armed forces in building of the new army as undependable. On 10 December, the National Council disbanded all armed units formally under its command including all former Croat units within the Austro-Hungarian Army and Navy. On 10 Dcecember, it authorised a Serbian Army mission to establish new units to replace the disbanded ones. The mission proceeded to establish new structures integrated with the rest of the new kingdom.


1918 protest in Zagreb, Legacy
On 5 December, the National Council imposed censorship and banned the last remaining opposition newspaper – the HPSS-published Dom. The authorities also arrested Ivo Elegović and Vladimir Sachs Petrović as the leaders of the faction of the Party of Rights supporting republicanism known as the Frankists (named after Josip Frank). The Frankists sought to use the events of 5 December as evidence of Croat refusal to form a common state with Serbia and portrayed the soldiers' revolt as vindication of their political opposition to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.


1918 protest in Zagreb, Legacy
Anniversary of the event was subsequently used opposition to official celebrations of unification held every 1 December. The soldiers of the 25th and the 53rd regiments who died on the Ban Jelačić Square became referred to as the December Victims, and portrayed as martyrs for independence of Croatia.


1918 protest in Zagreb, Legacy
Attempting to capitalise on perceived widespread opposition to the new union, the Frankists went on to establish emigré Croatian Committee designed to increase anti-Serb sentiment with the aim of having free elections in Croatian lands, and emphasised that the Party of Rights, specifically Frankists, are championing the cause for which the December Victims fell. The 5 December protest and killings contributed to the Frankists' efforts to develop a "Culture of Defeat" depicting the events of 1918 as a humiliation which must be avenged. This allowed the Frankist leaders in 1920s, notably Ante Pavelić to offer disgruntled people and forgotten former Austro-Hungarian officers a chance to "redeem" themselves for the humiliation through far-right Ustaše paramilitaries (and later Nazi collaborators).


1918 protest in Zagreb, Legacy
The two killed National Guardsmen were buried with honours at the Mirogoj Cemetery in Zagreb. In 1932, the Croatian Woman Society launched an initiative to transfer bodies of the killed soldiers and civilians (not the National Guardsmen) from their individual graves at the Mirogoj to a common crypt. The society built a monument to the killed at the cemetery, but the transfer of remains was only allowed in December 1941 – after establishment of the Ustaše-ruled Independent State of Croatia (NDH) as a Nazi puppet state during the World War II.


1918 protest in Zagreb, Legacy
On 26 August 1941, on orders by Pavelić, "600 revolutionaries" involved in the 5 December 1918 protest were declared a Reserve Battalion of the Ustaše Militia – originally set up as a ceremonial unit. The unit's name was subsequently renamed the Honor Battalion. It was commanded by Ivan Perečić. The NDH regime wanted to portray the December Victims as a symbol of resistance to the union with Serbia, but Nazi Plenipotentiary-General to the NDH Edmund Glaise-Horstenau complained that the event was essentially a communist affair.


1918 protest in Zagreb, Legacy
In 1942, commemorative medals were authorised for participants of the protest and the right to wear them was awarded to 402 people (25 posthumously). In 1943, a monument was erected at the Ban Jelačić Square to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the protest. The Ban Jelačić Square was cleared of all monuments by 1947 when the equestrian monument to Josip Jelačić was removed. A plaque was placed on house number 11 at the Ban Jelačić Square in 2003 to commemorate the 1918 protest.


1918 Úrvalsdeild
The 1918 season of Úrvalsdeild was the seventh season of league football in Iceland. The league this expanded to four teams with Víkingur joining the league for the first time as Fram won the championship.


1918 års fattigvårdslag
1918 års fattigvårdslag (English: Poor Care Law of 1918) was a Swedish Poor Law which organized the public Poor relief in the Sweden. It replaced the 1871 års fattigvårdförordning and was in effect until the modern Social Help Law of 1952.


1918 års fattigvårdslag
The law was clubbed by the Swedish Parliament in 14 June 1918. It replaced the Law of 1871, which had been very strict and complemented by abusive practices such as rotegång, the pauper auctions and child auction.