1923 Bulgarian coup d'état, Coup
Aleksandar Stamboliyski was away from the capital on the day of the coup. He was arrested five days later and handed over to Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) fighters in his home town of Slavovitsa who brutally tortured him for hours, and cut off his hand, before finally murdering him.


1923 Bulgarian coup d'état, Aftermath
Despite the initial success, the new government was still in danger. In several places, the coup met with the opposition of agrarian activists and communist activists, an event known in Bulgarian historiography as the June Uprising. The uprising was largely unorganized in its essence, lacking a common leadership – after the death of Stamboliyski – and a nationwide radius of action. Despite large-scale activity by the rebels around Pleven (which they managed to capture), Pazardzhik and Shumen, it was quickly crushed by the new government. Crucial was the inactivity of the Bulgarian Communist Party.


1923 Bulgarian coup d'état, Aftermath
Unlike the agrarians, the Communists Party of Bulgaria (BCP, member of Comintern) had a strong military organization. It was well supplied with arms by BCP followers within the barracks and, unlike the party of the agrarians, was already in the grip of the notorious communist iron discipline. Its position could allegedly have decided between the success or failure of the coup. In a move that would prove fatal to both the agrarians and later themselves, the communists did not take part in the June Uprising.


1923 Bulgarian coup d'état, Aftermath
Its leadership regarded both the uprising and the coup as "struggle for power between the urban and rural bourgeoisie" and as a replacement of one military dictatorship – that of the "rural bourgeoisie" and their 'posse comitatus', with another – that of the urban upper middle class. The party's stance of neutrality allowed the new government to crush the rebels and consolidate its power.


1923 Bulgarian coup d'état, Aftermath
Under pressure from the Comintern, who condemned their inactivity, the Communist Party made preparations in August for an uprising the following month. This short time frame did not allow for nationwide organization. Furthermore, the new government was made aware of the impending rebellion and subjected the communists to mass arrests. This crippling pre-emptive blow crippled the rebels and who finalized plans for an uprising on the eve of September 23. The insurrection was put down by the army. Thousands of rebels were killed without charge or trial.


1923 Bulgarian coup d'état, Aftermath
This marked the debut of Aleksandar Tsankov's reign of "white terror", prompting the future bombing of the St Nedelya Church, prompting, in turn, martial law and an intensification of the terror.


1923 Butler Bulldogs football team
The 1923 Butler Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented Butler University as an independent during the 1923 college football season. The team played its home games at Irwin Field  in Indianapolis. In coach Harlan Page's 4th year, the Bulldogs posted a 7–2 record, went undefeated at home in 7 contests, and outscored their opponents 142 to 81. Their two losses were against national champion Illinois, and Indiana state champion Notre Dame.


1923 CCNY Lavender football team
The 1923 CCNY Lavender football team was an American football team that represented the City College of New York (CCNY) as an independent during the 1923 college football season. The Lavender team compiled an 0–7 record for the season.


1923 Cal Aggies football team
The 1923 Cal Aggies football team represented the Northern Branch of the College of Agriculture in the 1923 college football season. The team was known as the Cal Aggies or California Aggies. They competed as an independent in 1923.


1923 Cal Aggies football team
The Aggies were led by first-year head coach William L. "Billy" Driver. They played home games in Davis, California. The Aggies finished with a record of two wins and seven losses (2–7) and were outscored by their opponents 43–190 for the 1923 season.


1923 Cal Poly Mustangs football team
The 1923 Cal Poly Mustangs football team represented California Polytechnic School during the 1923 college football season.


1923 Cal Poly Mustangs football team
Cal Poly was a two-year school until 1941, and competed in the California Coast Conference (CCC). The team was led by third-year head coach Al Agosti and played home games in San Luis Obispo, California. They finished the season with a record of three wins and three losses (3–3, 2–1 CCC). Overall, the Mustangs were outscored by their opponents 48–103 for the season.


1923 Calgary municipal election
The 1923 Calgary municipal election was held on December 12, 1923 to elect a mayor and six aldermen to sit on Calgary City Council. Additionally a commissioner, four members for the public school board and three members for the separate school board.


1923 Calgary municipal election
There were twelve aldermen on city council, but six of the positions were already filled: Frederick Johnston, Thomas H. Crawford, Frederick Ernest Osborne, Fred J. White, Neil I. McDermid, and John Walker Russell, were all elected to two-year terms in 1922 and were still in office.


1923 Calgary municipal election
The 1923 election was the first where a mayor would serve for two years after the bylaw providing for a two year term was approved by the electorate.


1923 Calgary municipal election
A number of plebiscites were held, all requiring a two-thirds majority to pass.


1923 Calgary municipal election
The election was held under the Single Transferable Voting/Proportional Representation (STV/PR) with the term for candidates being two years.


1923 Calgary municipal election
The first woman elected to Calgary City Council, Annie Gale was defeated in the election. The Calgary Daily Herald reported approximately 4,240 women voted in the election, compared to 6,582 men.


1923 California Golden Bears football team
The 1923 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California, Berkeley in the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) during the 1923 college football season. In their eighth year under head coach Andy Smith, the team compiled a 9–0–1 record (5–0 against PCC opponents), shut out nine of ten opponents, won the PCC championship, and outscored its opponents by a combined total of 182 to 7. The team was selected retroactively as the 1923 national champion by the Houlgate System, which was used to determine annual championships from 1929 to 1958.


1923 Campeonato Carioca
The 1923 Campeonato Carioca, the eighteenth edition of that championship, kicked off on April 15, 1923 and ended on October 14, 1923. It was organized by LMDT (Liga Metropolitana de Desportos Terrestres, or Metropolitan Land Sports League). Sixteen teams participated. Vasco da Gama won the title for the 1st time. No teams were relegated.


1923 Campeonato Carioca, Championship, Relegation Playoffs
The regulation stipulated that a playoff would be held between Americano, the last-placed team in Série B and Hellênico, the champions of the Second Level. Hellênico won the playoff. Americano would have been relegated, but after the subsequent split between LMDT and AMEA, Americano participated in the 1924 LMDT championship anyway.


1923 Campeonato Paulista
The 1923 Campeonato Paulista, organized by the APEA (Associação Paulista de Esportes Atléticos), was the 22nd season of São Paulo's top association football league. Corinthians won the title for the 4th time. the top scorer was São Bento's Feitiço with 18 goals.


1923 Campeonato de Portugal Final
The 1923 Campeonato de Portugal Final was the final match of the 1922–23 Campeonato de Portugal, the 2nd season of the Portuguese football cup, organised by the Portuguese Football Union.


1923 Campeonato de Portugal Final
The match took place on Sunday, 24 June 1923, at the Santo Stadium in Faro, between Lisbon side Sporting CP and Coimbra side Académica. Sporting won the match 3–0, with goals from Francisco Stromp and from two penalties by Joaquim Ferreira. In doing so, Sporting CP conquered their 1st title in the competition.


1923 Campeonato de Portugal Final, Road to the final
Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (all games were played at a neutral venue).


1923 Campeonato de Portugal Final, Match, Summary
Despite some opposition from Académica, because of the proximity of the academic exams, and even though Sporting CP expressed the desire to play the final at Coimbra (where they won their semi-final match against FC Porto), the match was played at Santo Stadium, the new ground of Farense. It was also a sportsman from Farense, Eduardo Vieira, who was assigned as referee.


1923 Campeonato de Portugal Final, Match, Summary
Only 12 minutes had passed since the beginning of the game when Francisco Stromp put the ball into the net from Carlos Fernandes's cross. In the 18th minute, a penalty was awarded to Sporting CP for an handball on the sequence of a corner kick, which Joaquim Ferreira converted successfully. Still in the first half, Francisco Stromp was injured and left the ground.


1923 Campeonato de Portugal Final, Match, Summary
Sporting CP lined up with 10 men for the second half but scored the final goal from another penalty in the 53rd minute, again converted by Joaquim Ferreira. Some time later, Francisco Stromp was able to return to the game, which finished 3–0 for Sporting CP.


1923 Canisius football team
The 1923 Canisius football team was an American football team that represented Canisius College as an independent during the 1923 college football season. Canisius compiled an 8–1 record, shut out eight of nine opponents, and outscored all opponents by a total of 227 to 21. Luke Urban was the head coach for the third year, and Russell Burt was the team captain. Trainer Jimmy Hutch was credited for having "kept the Jesuit mole skin artists in trim throughout the season."


1923 Canisius football team
Key players included Russell Burt, Louie Feist, "Chick" Guarnieri, and Ned Weldon.


1923 Canton Bulldogs season
The 1923 Canton Bulldogs season was their fourth in the league. The team improved on their previous output of 10–0–2, winning eleven games. With the best record in the league, they were crowned the NFL Champions.


1923 Canton Bulldogs season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1923 Carnegie Tech Tartans football team
The 1923 Carnegie Tech Tartans football team was an American football team that represented the Carnegie Institute of Technology (now known as Carnegie Mellon University) during the 1923 college football season. Led by ninth-year head coach Walter Steffen, Carnegie Tech compiled a record of 4–3–1.


1923 Centenary Gentlemen football team
The 1923 Centenary Gentlemen football team represented the Centenary College of Louisiana as a member of the Louisiana Intercollegiate Athletic Association (LIAA)  during the 1923 college football season. Led by second-year head coach Bo McMillin, the Gentlemen compiled an overall record of 10–2.


1923 Central American Treaty of Peace and Amity
The 1923 Central American Treaty of Peace and Amity, officially known as the General Treaty of Peace and Amity, 1923, was a treaty signed by the five nations of Central America in 1923 which established that all nations would denounce and not recognize any government which arose in any of the five signatory nations through illegal means (ie: coup d'état, revolution). The treaty remained effective from its signing on 7 February 1923 until it was denounced by the Central American Court of Justice in 1934.


1923 Central American Treaty of Peace and Amity, History
A similar treaty was signed and ratified in the 1907 Central American Treaty of Peace and Amity but the treaty fell apart in 1917 when Nicaragua denounced the treaty.


1923 Central American Treaty of Peace and Amity, History
The five nations of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua agreed to draft a new treaty with a similar function and were invited by United States President Warren G. Harding on 4 December 1922 to draft and sign the treaty in Washington D.C. The treaty outlined that no signatory nation would recognize any government which arose in any other signatory nation which rose to power via a revolution or a coup d'état. The treaty also outlawed the signing of any secret treaties between nations, outlawed radical changing of Constitutions, banned nations from intervening in civil wars, and reaffirming the legitimacy of the Central American Court of Justice. The treaty also placed limitations of military and naval armaments.


1923 Central American Treaty of Peace and Amity, History
The United States did not sign the treaty but did follow its terms as displayed when the United States refused to recognize the government of General Maximiliano Hernández Martínez who overthrew democratically elected President Arturo Araujo on 2 December 1931. The United States' initial refusal to recognize Hernández Martínez's government, however, lead to the eventual collapse of the treaty since in 1932, both Costa Rica and El Salvador denounced the treaty on 23 December and 26 December, respectively. Although El Salvador never ratified the treaty, Costa Rica did, leaving the treaty with only Guatemala and Nicaragua as its only legal adherents, since Honduras never ratified it either.


1923 Central American Treaty of Peace and Amity, History
In 1934, the Central American Court of Justice denounced the treaty, effectively ending its legality in all five nations.


1923 Central American Treaty of Peace and Amity, Contents of the Treaty, Article I
The governments of the high contracting parties shall not recognize any other governments which may come into power in any of the five Republics as a consequence of a coup d'état, or of a revolution against the recognized government, so long as the freely elected representatives of the people thereof, have not constitutionally reorganized the country.


1923 Central American Treaty of Peace and Amity, Contents of the Treaty, Article II
Desiring to make secure in the Republics of Central America the benefits which are derived from the maintenance of free institutions and to contribute at the same time toward strengthening their stability and the prestige with which they should be surrounded, they declare that every act, disposition or measure which alters the constitutional organization in any of them is to be deemed a menace to the peace of said Republics, whether it proceeded from any public power of from the private citizens.


1923 Central American Treaty of Peace and Amity, Contents of the Treaty, Article II
Consequently, the governments of the contracting parties will not recognize any other governments which may come into power in any of the five Republics through a coup d'état or a revolution against a recognized government, so long as the freely elected representatives of the people thereof, have not constitutionally reorganized the country. And even in such a case they obligate themselves not to acknowledge the recognition of any of the persons elected as President, Vice President or Chief of State designate should fall under any of the following heads:


1923 Central American Treaty of Peace and Amity, Contents of the Treaty, Article II
(1) If he should be the leader or one of the leaders of a coup d'état or revolution, or through blood relationship or marriage, be an ascendent or descendant or brother of such leader or leaders.


1923 Central American Treaty of Peace and Amity, Contents of the Treaty, Article II
(2) If he should have been a Secretary of State or should have held some high military command during the accomplishment of the coup d'état, the revolution, or while the election was being carried on, or if he should have held this office or command within the six months proceeding the coup d'état, revolution, or the election.


1923 Central American Treaty of Peace and Amity, Contents of the Treaty, Article II
Furthermore, in no case shall recognition be accorded to a government which arises from election to power of a citizen expressly and unquestionably disqualified by the Constitution of his country as eligible to election as President, Vice President or State designate.


1923 Central American Treaty of Peace and Amity, Signatories
Despite signing the treaty, neither El Salvador nor Honduras actually ratified the treaty.


1923 Central Michigan Normalites football team
The 1923 Central Michigan Normalites football team represented Central Michigan Normal School, later renamed Central Michigan University, as an independent during the 1923 college football season. In their third season under head coach Wallace Parker, the Central Michigan football team compiled a 5–1–2 record, shut out five of eight opponents, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 160 to 24. The team's sole loss was to Albion by a 14–7 score.


1923 Centre Praying Colonels football team
The 1923 Centre Praying Colonels football team represented Centre College in the 1923 college football season. The Praying Colonels scored 140 points while allowing 40 points and finished 7–1–1.


1923 Chatham Cup
The 1923 Chatham Cup was the first annual nationwide football competition in New Zealand.


1923 Chatham Cup
The competition was run on a regional basis, with separate northern and southern tournaments, with the winners of the two meeting in the final. Very few teams entered the competition, including only two from the southern South Island; Seacliff easily won the only match played there, thumping Oamaru 7-0, and repeated this in the final, accounting for Wellington's YMCA 4-0.


1923 Chatham Cup
Of the teams taking part, it is known that four were from Wellington; contemporary reports indicate that Diamonds, Hospital, YMCA, and Waterside took part. There is some suggestion that the Auckland regional winners, Northcote required a play-off against North Shore United to progress. There is some confusion as to the spelling of the name of the champion Manawatu side, it being listed in various publications as either Daubers or Dawbers, and either with or without an apostrophe.


1923 Chatham Cup
There is some confusion about the earlier rounds of the competition, with various Charity Cups being held to decide entrants to the Chatham Cup, and with regional qualification finals, island finals, and the national final all simply being referred to in contemporary reports as "finals". Compounding this, different regional football associations were allowed to choose their champion team by whatever method they liked, meaning that some regions (such as Auckland) used league position to determine their entrant for the inter-regional matches, rather than a knockout competition. Compounding matters further are the incomplete records held by the NZFA, which omit several matches (including the semi-final between Seacliff and Oamaru Rangers).


1923 Chatham Cup, The 1923 final
Played at Athletic Park, Wellington on 1 October 1923, Seacliff met YMCA Wellington in the first Chatham Cup final. In the final, YMCA had the better of early possession, but Seacliff gained the upper hand as the match progressed. Centre-forward Bill Hooper scored the first goal just before the half-time interval. Shortly after the break Reg Baxter doubled the lead. Late on right wing Malcolm McDougall scored again, followed only a minute later by a second from Hooper. The line-up of the first Chatham Cup winning side was as follows: Charlie Rivers, Jock Anderson, George Anderson, Bill Rogers, Hugh McKechnie, Bill Murray, Malcolm McDougall, Reg Baxter, Bill Hooper, R. "Tommy" Burns, Wattie Hanlin.


1923 Chattanooga Moccasins football team
The 1923 Chattanooga Moccasins football team was an American football team that represented the University of Chattanooga (now known as the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga) as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) during the 1923 college football season. In their second year under head coach Bill McAllester, the team compiled a 3–4–2 record.


1923 Chicago Bears season
The 1923 Chicago Bears season was their fourth regular season completed in the National Football League. The team was able to improve on their 9–3  record from 1922 and finished with a 9–2–1 record under head coach/player George Halas earning them a second-place finish in the team standings earning, the third time in the last four years. As was normal for those days, the Bears played a few games on the road at the beginning of the season and then finished the season with a 9-game homestand.


1923 Chicago Bears season
The Bears started very slow, losing 2 of their first 4 games and scoring only 6 points during those games (their two wins were both won 3–0). After losing 6–0 to eventual champion Canton Bulldogs in week 4, the Bears went undefeated after that. Just like in 1922, the Sternaman brothers starred, scoring 5 touchdowns, 6 field goals, and 8 PATs between the two of them. Johnny Bryan emerged as a scoring threat as well, running for 4 scores and passing for another.


1923 Chicago Bears season
Most notably, in week 6's game against the Oorang Indians, George Halas set an NFL record with a 98-yard fumble return. Jack Tatum broke it with a 104-yard Fumble Return against the Green Bay Packers in 1972 and Aeneas Williams tied that feat with a 104-yard fumble return against the Redskins in 2000.


1923 Chicago Bears season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1923 Chicago Cardinals season
The 1923 Chicago Cardinals season was their fourth in the league. The team failed to improve on their previous output of 8–3, losing four games. They finished sixth in the league.


1923 Chicago Cardinals season, Schedule
On November 25th against Akron, the Cardinals became the only team in NFL history to score 4 points in a game.


1923 Chicago Cardinals season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1923 Chicago Cubs season
The 1923 Chicago Cubs season was the 52nd season of the Chicago Cubs franchise, the 48th in the National League and the 8th at Wrigley Field (then known as "Cubs Park"). The Cubs finished fourth in the National League with a record of 83–71.


1923 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1923 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1923 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1923 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1923 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1923 Chicago Maroons football team
The 1923 Chicago Maroons football team was an American football team that represented the University of Chicago during the 1923 Big Ten Conference football season. In their 32nd season under head coach Amos Alonzo Stagg, the Maroons compiled a 7–1 record, finished in third place in the Big Ten Conference, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 134 to 22.


1923 Chicago Maroons football team
Notable players on the 1924 Chicago team included guard Joe Pondelik, end Elmer A. Lampe, fullback John Webster Thomas, and tackle Frank Gowdy. Fritz Crisler was an assistant coach on the team.


1923 Chicago White Sox season
The 1923 Chicago White Sox season was a season in Major League Baseball. The White Sox finished seventh in the American League with a record of 69 wins and 85 losses.


1923 Chicago White Sox season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1923 Chicago White Sox season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1923 Chicago White Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1923 Chicago White Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1923 Chicago White Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1923 Chicago aldermanic election
Elections to the Chicago City Council were held on February 27, 1923. Candidates ran as nonpartisans, and in elections where no candidate received the majority of votes a runoff election was held between the top two finishers on April 3, the same day as the election for Mayor.


1923 Chicago aldermanic election
This was the first election with the new City Council composed of fifty wards electing one alderman each. Previously there had been 35 wards each electing two aldermen, for a total of 70 seats in the Council. At the time of the election, however, only 61 of those seats were filled. Of those 61 incumbents, 47 ran and 29 were elected to form part of the new council.


1923 Chicago aldermanic election
All told, despite the nonpartisan nature of the election, candidates affiliated with the Democratic Party won 37 of the seats, while those affiliated with the Republican Party won 13 seats. 20 runoff elections were held, of which Democrats won 17 and Republicans 3. Two aldermen—Democrat Johnny Powers of the new 25th ward and Republican Joseph B. McDonough of the new 13th—were returned without opposition.


1923 Chicago mayoral election
In the Chicago mayoral election of 1923, Democrat William E. Dever defeated Republican Arthur C. Lueder and Socialist William A. Cunnea. Elections were held on April 3, the same day as aldermanic runoffs.


1923 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Democratic primary
Ahead of 1923, the Democratic Party had long been divided. Carter Harrison Jr. and Edward Fitzsimmons Dunne had once each led factions which held equal prominence to a faction led by Roger Charles Sullivan. However, by the end of the 1910s, Sullivan's wing of the Chicago Democratic Party had dwarfed theirs. By then, the blocs of Harrison and Dunne had effectively united as well. When Sullivan died in 1920, George Brennan became the party leader. He sought to unify the Democratic Party factions.


1923 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Democratic primary
While he had been long discussed as a potential mayoral candidate for almost two decades, in 1923, a combination of conditions and events catapulted William E. Dever to the nomination. In December 1922, a number of influential Chicago advocates for clean government had held a forum led by Mrs. Kellog Fairbank and Reverend Graham Taylor at the City Club of Chicago about the pending mayoral election which Clarence Darrow attended.


1923 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Democratic primary
This led to the establishment of the Non-Partisan Citizens Mayoral Committee led by Mrs. Kellog Fairbank, which sought to lobby both parties to put forth truthful alternatives to the corrupt and demagogic mayor Thompson. They decided that they would analyze prospective candidates and compile  a shortlist of candidates they would be willing to back. Brennan, who was unable to narrow out the field of prospective candidates to personally back, took an interest in these efforts, seeing them as an opportunity to help inform him in narrowing out the field.


1923 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Democratic primary
The committee ultimately put forth a shortlist of seven prospective candidates they backed, including Judge William E. Dever. Dever had also been championed as a potential candidate by a broad array of individuals, including the Municipal Voters' League's George Sikes, William L. O'Connell (a leader in the party's Harrison-Dunne bloc), and Progressive Republican Harold Ickes. It was believed that Dever could unite the Democratic Party and serve as a clean and honest leader of the city's government.


1923 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Democratic primary
Brennan, particularly impressed that Dever had backing from both members of the Harrison-Dunne faction and from reformers outside of the party, decided to take a closer look at him as a candidate. Upon meeting with him, he found comradery and a positive working dynamic with Dever. He struck an arrangement under which, if elected mayor, he would allow Dever independence, but expected that Dever would, in turn, agree not utilize his patronage powers to build a political machine usurping Brennan's leadership of the party. After finding no opposition to Dever as a candidate from within the party leadership, he announced the next day that Dever was the party-backed candidate for mayor.


1923 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Democratic primary
Before Dever had become the consensus candidate, among the individuals speculated as prospective candidates by the press was Anton Cermak.


1923 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Democratic primary
Brennan worked to ensure that Dever was unopposed in the Democratic primary.


1923 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Democratic primary
Despite Brennan pushing forth Dever's candidacy, the public generally did not view Dever to be a "machine" candidate. The public generally perceived that reformist citizens organizations had advocated Dever to the Democratic party leaders.


1923 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Democratic primary
The Democratic primary was regarded as having had a large turnout, considering that there were uncontested races for mayor, City Treasurer and City Clerk.


1923 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Republican primary
Due to his poor health there had been uncertainty as to whether two-term incumbent Republican William H. Thompson would run for reelection. He was also seen as more vulnerable to being unseated by a strong Democratic opponent, as Thompson had severed ties with a number of key political allies (including Robert E. Crowe and Frederick Lundin). One of the final factors in Thompson's decision not to seek reelection was a scandal involving campaign manager being implicated in shaking down vendors of school supplies for bribes and political contributions.


1923 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Republican primary
Thompson had bled middle class support over rumors of corruption in his administration, and had bled working-class voter over his support of Prohibition (which Chicago voters had locally opposed by a greater than 80% margin in a 1919 referendum). Uneager  to joust with Dever, nearly a week after Dever became the presumptive Democratic candidate, Thompson announced his decision not to run with only a month before the Republican primary.


1923 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Republican primary
Businessman and federal postmaster Arthur C. Lueder, backed by the Brundage-McCormick/Tribune and Deneen blocs of the party, won the nomination in the subsequent open primary. He was also backed by Robert E. Crowe. Lueder ran on a "ticket", mutually being endorsed by and endorsing City Treasurer candidate John V. Healy and City Clerk candidate William H. Cruden, neither of whom were opposed in their primaries.


1923 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Republican primary
Candidate Edward R. Litsinger, a member of the Cook County Board of Review, had been backed by the William Randolph Hearst and Frederick Lundin blocs of the party, and was also the candidate supported by remaining members of Thompson's faction of the party.


1923 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Republican primary
Arthur M. Millard was the President of the Masonic Bureau of Service and Employment.


1923 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Republican primary
Judge of the Municipal Court of Chicago Bernard P. Barasa ran on a pro-liquor platform.


1923 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Republican primary
Lueder won a greater margin of victory than even his own campaign had expected.


1923 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Socialist nomination
William A. Cunnea was nominated by the Socialist Party. Cunnea had been a Democratic nominee for alderman in 1899, and had been the Socialist nominee for Cook County State's Attorney in 1912 and 1916. By profession, Cunnea was a labor lawyer.


1923 Chicago mayoral election, General election
Factors harming the Republican Party's prospects included a divide among the party's ranks, the scandals that had characterized Thompson's administration, and tax increases made during Thompson's mayoralty.


1923 Chicago mayoral election, General election
Dever was only the second resident of Edgewater to run for mayor, after only Nathaniel Sears, and consequentially would be the first Edgewater resident to serve as mayor. Dever had a strong reputation for honesty, and was seen to be smart and well-spoken. He was supported by many reformers and independents. Many went so far as to organize the Independent Dever League, a group created to act in support of Dever's campaign. Dever won strong backing from progressive independents.


1923 Chicago mayoral election, General election
The traction issue reemerged in this election. Lueder promised to "study" the possibility of municipal purchase of street railways. Dever, on the other hand, was far more enthusiastic on the issue, proclaiming that the most critical task for the victor of the election would be to resolve problems with the city's public transit. These problems included price increases and declining quality of service provided by the Chicago Surface Lines. A long time advocate for municipal ownership, Dever believed that it would be ideal for the city to buy-out the Chicago Surface Lines once their franchise expired in 1927. He also had hopes of possibly acquiring the Chicago Rapid Transit Company. Socialist Cunnea campaigned for a 5-cent fare.


1923 Chicago mayoral election, General election
Lueder offered a strong contrast to the incumbent Republican mayor, being dignified and soft-spoken, with a strong reputation of personal integrity. Thompson did not campaign at all on behalf of Republican candidate Lueder. Lueder had strong support from the business community. Running a tidy campaign, positioning himself as a nonpolitical businessman, Lueder focused on securing the support of the Republican Party's factions. He maintained his support from the Brundage-McCormick and Deneen factions and picked up the backing of key figures from the Thompson faction of the party despite Thompson's own refusal to back him.


1923 Chicago mayoral election, General election
Lueder attempted to portray himself as an expert administrator. Lueder argued that his experience in real estate and as postmaster had sufficiently prepared him for the administrative role of the mayoralty, asserting that it provided a more valuable experience than holding various minor elected posts. He stated, "I believe what the people want is a businessman for mayor. I believe that want a man who will devote his time to his duties as mayor of Chicago, and not building up a political machine.


1923 Chicago mayoral election, General election
Lueder refused to formally debate Dever, despite Dever's request for debates. However, on numerous occasions they spoke at the same events.


1923 Chicago mayoral election, General election
Eugene V. Debs actively campaigned for Socialist nominee William A. Cunnea.


1923 Chicago mayoral election, General election
The campaign was largely uneventful, with little tenuous debate or controversy arising. However, in the final stretch of the campaign, a level of anti-Catholic sentiment was vocalized by select segments of Chicago's population, who were unhappy at the prospect of Dever, as a Catholic, being mayor. At the same time, some made an effort at the close of the election to draw a link between the Ku Klux Klan and the Republican campaign. Outside of this last minute heightening of discourse in select corners, the campaign proved to be relatively tame.


1923 Chicago mayoral election, General election
Early into the race the candidates ran close in the polls. However, Dever took a strong lead in the race. By the end of the race, gambling boss James Patrick O'Leary had assigned 1-7 betting odds in favor of a Dever victory.


1923 Chicago mayoral election, General election, Results
Dever won thirty-two of the city's fifty wards (the 1923 election was the first after the city had redistricted itself from 35 to 50 wards). His greatest share of votes was in the city's ten inner-city ethnic wards, located in traditional Democratic strongholds. Lueder won the wards in traditionally-Republican areas on the edge of the city. However, Dever made inroads with voters in these edge wards. Dever also had made inroads among Black and Jewish voters.


1923 Chicago mayoral election, General election, Results
Dever received 83.47% of the Polish-American vote, while Lueder received 12.43% and Cunnea received 4.04%.


1923 Chicago mayoral election, General election, Results
Dever received more than 80% of the Italian American vote.


1923 Chicago mayoral election, General election, Results
Dever received 53% of the African American vote by some accounts. This was a change from the typical voting pattern of Chicago African American voters, who regularly voted for the Republican Party.


1923 Chicago mayoral election, General election, Results
Dever received slightly less than half of the Swedish American and German American votes.


1923 Chico State Wildcats football team
The 1923 Chico State Wildcats football team represented Chico State Teachers College during the 1923 college football season. Chico State competed in the California Coast Conference (CCC) in 1923. They played home games at College Field in Chico, California.


1923 Chico State Wildcats football team
The 1923 Wildcats were led by first-year head coach Art Acker. Chico State finished the season with a record of five wins, two losses and two ties (5–2–2, 2–1 CCC North). The Wildcats outscored their opponents 191–48 for the season, including three shutout victories.


1923 Chinese presidential election
The 1923 Chinese presidential election was the election held on 5 October 1923 in Beijing for the third term of the President of China. Zhili warlord Cao Kun won the election through bribery.


1923 Chinese presidential election
The capital was under control of the Zhili Clique after the Zhili–Anhui War. In 1922 the Zhili warlords Wu Peifu and Cao Kun restored the "old" parliament elected in 1912. Cao bribed the congressmen to elect him President, personally paying members 5,000 yuan each starting on the 1st of October. This was done in the name of payment of arrears, as members had not been paid regularly for some time. On October 3rd, Representative Shao Ruipeng of Zhejiang Province took photos of the checks given to members and reported it to the Beijing prosecutor's office. On October 5th, Cao received a large majority of the votes cast. There were 12 spoiled ballots, such as one for bandit Sun Meiyao, who was responsible for the Lincheng Outrage. There was also a ballot cast for "5,000 yuan".


1923 Chinese presidential election
The bribery scandal led to the collapse of Cao's presidency and dismissal of the parliament on 24 November 1924, after the Cao's defeat in the Second Zhili–Fengtian War in 1924.


1923 Cincinnati Bearcats football team
The 1923 Cincinnati Bearcats football team was an American football team that represented the University of Cincinnati as a member of the Ohio Athletic Conference during the 1923 college football season. In their second season under head coach George McLaren, the Bearcats compiled a 6–3 record (5–2 against conference opponents). Red Prather was the team captain. The team played its home games at Carson Field in Cincinnati.


1923 Cincinnati Reds season
The 1923 Cincinnati Reds season was a season in American baseball. The team finished second in the National League with a record of 91–63, 4½ games behind the New York Giants.


1923 Cincinnati Reds season, Off-season
Following a successful 1922 season, in which the Reds finished in second place in the National League with an 86-68 record, seven games behind the pennant winning New York Giants, the Reds had a very quiet off-season.


1923 Cincinnati Reds season, Off-season
The team did not make any major transactions, as Cincinnati would return in the 1923 season with the same lineup, hoping to contend for the National League pennant.


1923 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season
Cincinnati had a very disappointing start to the season, as by Memorial Day after a 5-4 extra innings loss to the St. Louis Cardinals, the team had a 14-20 record, sitting in sixth place in the National League, 12.5 games behind the first place New York Giants.


1923 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season
The Reds did turn their season around, posting a record of 18-3 in their next 21 games, bringing them to an overall record of 32-23, and into second place, four games behind the New York Giants. Cincinnati would continue to stay red hot, eventually cutting the Giants lead down to two games, as following an 11-4 win over the Brooklyn Robins on July 20, the Reds had a 52-31 record.


1923 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season
In early August, the Reds were swept in a five-game series against the Giants, dropping to third place, eight games behind New York, as their record dropped to 61-43. The club did rebound, and by the beginning of September, Cincinnati once again cut the Giants lead down to a slim three games.


1923 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season
The club though could not catch the Giants, and finished the 1923 season with a very solid 91-63 record, finishing in second place for the second consecutive season, four and a half games behind New York. Their 91 wins was the highest total for the Reds since winning 96 games in 1919, and the club set a team record for highest attendance in a season, drawing 575,063 fans.


1923 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season
Outfielder Edd Roush had another superb season for Cincinnati, batting .351 with six home runs and 88 RBI in 138 games. His 41 doubles led the National League in that category. Outfielder Pat Duncan hit .327 with seven home runs and 83 RBI in 147 games, while catcher Bubbles Hargrave hit .333 with 10 home runs and 78 RBI in 118 games.


1923 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season
Pitcher Dolf Luque emerged as the staff ace, as he finished the year leading the National League with 27 wins, a 1.93 ERA and six shutouts. Luque also pitched 323 innings, striking out 151 batters in 41 games. Eppa Rixey had another very solid season, going 20-15 with a 2.80 ERA in 42 games, pitching 309 innings. Pete Donohue was the Reds third 20-game winner, as he finished the season 21-15 with a 3.38 ERA in 42 games.


1923 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1923 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1923 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1923 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1923 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1923 Clemson Tigers football team
The 1923 Clemson Tigers football team represented Clemson College during the 1923 college football season.


1923 Cleveland Indians (NFL) season
The 1923 Cleveland Indians season was their first in the league. The team lost only one game finishing 3–1–3. They finished fifth in the league.


1923 Cleveland Indians (NFL) season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1923 Cleveland Indians season
The 1923 Cleveland Indians season was a season in American baseball. The team finished third in the American League with a record of 82–71, 16½ games behind the New York Yankees.


1923 Cleveland Indians season
The Indians beat the Boston Red Sox 27–3 on July 7; this is the most runs scored in a game by a major league team without hitting a home run (1901 onwards).


1923 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1923 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1923 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1923 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1923 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1923 Colgate football team
The 1923 Colgate football team was an American football team that represented Colgate University as an independent during the 1923 college football season. In its second season under head coach Dick Harlow, the team compiled a 6–2–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 233 to 73. James Leonard was the team captain. The team played its home games on Whitnall Field in Hamilton, New York.


1923 College Basketball All-Southern Team
The 1923 College Basketball All-Southern Team consisted of basketball players from the South chosen at their respective positions.


1923 College Football All-America Team
The 1923 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1923. The only two selectors recognized by the NCAA as "official" for the 1923 season are Walter Camp, whose selections were published in Collier's Weekly, and Football World magazine. Additional selectors who chose All-American teams in 1923 include Athletic World magazine, selected by 500 coaches, Norman E. Brown, sports editor of the Central Press Association, and Davis J. Walsh, sports editor for the International News Service.


1923 College Football All-America Team
The consensus All-Americans recognized by the NCAA include: halfback Red Grange of Illinois, known as "The Galloping Ghost" and who in 2008 was named by ESPN as the best college football player of all time; halfback Harry Wilson of Penn State, who was later inducted into the National Lacrosse Hall of Fame; quarterback George Pfann of Cornell, who later became a Rhodes scholar; end Lynn Bomar of Vanderbilt, who became one of the first Southern players to be recognized as a consensus All-American; tackle Marty Below of Wisconsin, who Red Grange called "the greatest lineman that I ever played against"; and center Jack Blott of Michigan, who later played professional baseball for the Cincinnati Reds.


1923 College Football All-America Team, Consensus All-Americans
For the year 1923, the NCAA recognizes two All-American teams as "official" designations for purposes of its consensus determinations. The following chart identifies the NCAA-recognized consensus All-Americans and displays which first-team designations they received.


1923 College Football All-Southern Team
The 1923 College Football All-Southern Team consists of American football players selected to the College Football All-Southern Teams selected by various organizations for the 1923 Southern Conference football season.


1923 College Football All-Southern Team
Vanderbilt won the SoCon championship, its last conference title to date. Florida upset previously undefeated Alabama on the last week of play.


1923 College Football All-Southern Team, Composite eleven
The composite All-Southern eleven put out by the Atlanta Journal who received gold medals included:


1923 College Football All-Southern Team, Composite overview
Doug Wycoff received the most votes of any player in the composite selection.


1923 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
C = received votes for the composite All-Southern eleven, using 32 sportswriters, put out by the Atlanta Journal. The composite eleven received gold medals. Votes for multiple positions have been combined under the one which received the most.


1923 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
MB = selected by Morgan Blake of the Atlanta Journal.


1923 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
ED = selected by Ed Danforth of the Atlanta Georgian.


1923 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
BCL = selected by B. C. Lumpkin of the Athens Banner.


1923 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
MN = selected by Julian Leggett of the Macon News.


1923 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
ZN = selected by Zipp Newman of the Birmingham News.


1923 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
JB = selected by Jerry Bryan of the Birmingham Age-Herald.


1923 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
CL = selected by Colquitt Love in the Montgomery Journal


1923 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
HP = selected by Howard Pill of the Montgomery Advertiser.


1923 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
JH = selected by Joe Hatcher of the Nashville Tennessean.


1923 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
WGF = selected by W. G. Foster of the Chattanooga Times.


1923 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
GHB = selected by George H. Butler in the Chattanooga News.


1923 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
WR = selected by Wendell Robinson of the Knoxville Sentinel


1923 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
FD = selected by Fred Digby of the New Orleans Item.


1923 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
LB = selected by Lester Barnes of the Louisville Times.


1923 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
WC = selected by Warren Collins of the Louisville Herald.


1923 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
HB = selected by Harry Bloom of the Louisville Post.


1923 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
GJ  = selected by George Joplin of the Danville Messenger.


1923 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
HC = selected by Harry Cully of the Florida Times-Union.


1923 Colorado Agricultural Aggies football team
The 1923 Colorado Agricultural Aggies football team represented Colorado Agricultural College (now known as Colorado State University) in the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) during the 1923 college football season. In their 13th season under head coach Harry W. Hughes, the Aggies compiled a 5–2–1 record, tied for second place in the RMC, and outscored all opponents by a total of 121 to 35. The team played its home games at Colorado Field in Fort Collins, Colorado.


1923 Colorado Agricultural Aggies football team
On Thanksgiving, November 27, 1923, Colorado Agricultural met Colorado in Fort Collins for their annual rivalry game. Both teams were undefeated against conference opponents, and the winner would be crowned as the conference champion. Colorado won by a 6–3 score as neither team scored a touchdown, and both teams were limited to field goals. Colorado kicked the final, game-winning field goal with only 45 seconds remaining in the game.


1923 Colorado Agricultural Aggies football team
On November 30, 1923, the All-Rocky Mountain Conference football team selected by the conference coaches was announced. Three Colorado Agricultural players were named to the first team: Houser at halfback; Bain at guard; and Weigle at tackle. Between them, Colorado and Colorado Agricultural accounted for seven of the eleven first-team selections.


1923 Colorado Silver and Gold football team
The 1923 Colorado Silver and Gold football team was an American football team that represented the University of Colorado as a member of the  Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) during the 1923 college football season. In its fourth season under head coach Myron E. Witham, the team compiled a perfect 9–0 record (7–0 against RMC opponents), won the RMC championship, and outscored opponents by a total of 280 to 27. Colorado's 1923 season was part of a 19-game unbeaten streak that began on November 23, 1922, and ended on January 1, 1925.


1923 Colorado Silver and Gold football team
The conference championship was decided in the final game of the season with the annual rivalry game against Colorado Agricultural. Colorado won the game, 6–3. Neither team scored a touchdown, and Colorado won by kicking its second field goal with 45 seconds remaining in the game. The conference championship was Colorado's first since Fred Folsom's 1913 Colorado team.


1923 Colorado Silver and Gold football team
Quarterback Arthur Quinlan was the team captain who led the team's passing attack and also handled kicking duties. Four Colorado players received first-team honors on the 1923 All-Rocky Mountain Conference football team: halfback Fred Hartshorn; end Jack Healy; guard William McGlone; and tackle Douglas McLean.


1923 Colorado Silver and Gold football team
The team played its home games at Gamble Field in Boulder, Colorado.


1923 Colorado Silver and Gold football team, Game summaries, Western State
Only three first-string players from the 1922 Colorado football team returned in 1923. Accordingly, coach Witham and his staff were required to draw on untested players to develop the 1923 roster. After four weeks of practice, the team faced the Western State Mountaineers in Boulder on October 6, 1923. In order to test the candidates at each position, coach Witham sent 35 players into the game. Colorado won by a 51-0 score.


1923 Colorado Silver and Gold football team, Game summaries, Colorado Teachers
On October 13, Colorado rolled to its second impressive victory, defeating Colorado Teachers by a 60-0 score. Using a balanced rushing and passing attack, Colorado scored nine touchdowns. G. E. Helmer, sports editor of the Silver and Gold described the team in action against the Teachers as "the smoothest-running team that had worn the Silver and Gold for many years."


1923 Colorado Silver and Gold football team, Game summaries, BYU
On October 20, Colorado defeated BYU, 41–0, for its third consecutive shutout victory. Colorado relied heavily on its passing offense, using "strange formations" that left BYU bewildered. G. E. Helmer wrote: "The Mormons could not fathom the overhead game launched by Quinlan with Handy, Healy, Bohn, and Hartshorn on the receiving ends."


1923 Colorado Silver and Gold football team, Game summaries, at Denver
On October 27, Colorado defeated Denver, 21–7, on a muddy field in Denver. Colorado's offense was led by the rushing of halfback Fred Hartshorn and the passing of quarterback Arthur Quinlan. Denver's only score came on a 60-yard interception return in the third quarter. G. E. Helmer described the field condition as "deplorable" and wrote: "The mud was six inches deep on all parts of the field except a strip fifteen yards wide which ran down the center." Despite the field conditions, Colorado completed 15 of 30 passes for 206 yards.


1923 Colorado Silver and Gold football team, Game summaries, Colorado College
On November 3, Colorado celebrated homecoming with a 17–7 victory over Colorado College. The game was played on a wet field in Boulder. Quinlan kicked a field goal and was credited with "uncanny ability at tossing a wet and slippery ball." Hatfield Chilson had the play of the game, returning a kickoff to Colorado College's one-yard line.


1923 Colorado Silver and Gold football team, Game summaries, vs. Colorado Mines
On November 10, Colorado defeated the Colorado School of Mines, 47–0, on the road in Denver. Colorado scored seven touchdowns in the game. Quinlan broke two bones in his right hand, and he was replaced at quarterback by Hatfield Chilson who "proved an accurate passer and a flashy runner."


1923 Colorado Silver and Gold football team, Game summaries, at Utah
On November 17, Colorado defeated Utah, 17–7, before a record crowd of 12,000 spectators at Cummings Field in Salt Lake City. Chilson started at quarterback in place of the injured Quinlan. With Utah leading, Colorado lined up for a field goal to be kicked by Quinlan with his arm in a sling. The ball was snapped to Chilson who threw a touchdown pass to Bohn to tie the score. Earl Loser scored Colorado's second touchdown, and Quinlan kicked a field goal to give Colorado its final tally of 17 points. Hartshorn also returned a kick 60 yards but was caught from behind. G. E. Helmer praised Chilson's performance at quarterback: "Chilson, with his accurate passing, generalship, and flashy running, proved himself to be quite capable of filling the quarterback position."


1923 Colorado Silver and Gold football team, Game summaries, Wyoming
On November 24, Colorado defeated Wyoming, 20–3, at Gamble Field in Boulder. Coach Witham played the second string against Wyoming.


1923 Colorado Silver and Gold football team, Game summaries, at Colorado Agricultural
On Thanksgiving, November 27, Colorado met Colorado Agricultural at Colorado Field in Fort Collins for their annual rivalry game. Colorado entered the game with several players injured, including halfback William Bohn (broken wrist), tackle Douglas McLean (broken nose), end Richard Handy (sprained ankle), and quarterback Arthur Quinlan (broken throwing hand). Both teams were undefeated against conference opponents, and the winner would be crowned as the conference champion.


1923 Colorado Silver and Gold football team, Game summaries, at Colorado Agricultural
Colorado won by a 6–3 score as neither team scored a touchdown, and both teams were limited to field goals. Though not fully healed, team captain Arthur Quinlan returned to the quarterback position and kicked both Colorado field goals. The final, game-winning field goal was set up by "a spectacular dash" by Quinlan "who threw off four Aggie tacklers and raced 63 yards before being stopped." Quinlan then kicked the ball through the cross-bars with only 45 seconds remaining in the game. G. E. Helmer opined that the match was "one of the greatest games ever played in this conference." The victory gave Colorado its first conference championship in 10 years.


1923 Colorado Silver and Gold football team, Post-season
On November 30, 1923, the All-Rocky Mountain Conference football team selected by the conference coaches was announced. Four Colorado players were named to the first team: halfback Fred Hartshorn; end Jack Healy; guard William McGlone; and tackle Douglas McLean. Three more players were named to the second team: quarterback Arthur Quinlan; halfback William Bohn; and fullback Earl Loser.


1923 Colorado Silver and Gold football team, Post-season
On December 3, 1923, the team held its banquet in Boulder. Varsity letters were presented, and halfback Fred Hartshorn was elected by secret ballot as the 1924 team captain. Fullback Earl Loser was elected vice-captain.


1923 Colorado Silver and Gold football team, Roster
The team's roster included 18 players who were awarded varsity "C" letters for their efforts. The 18 letter winners were:


1923 Colorado Silver and Gold football team, Roster
Others who played for the team but did not receive varsity letters included:


1923 Columbia Lions football team
The 1923 Columbia Lions football team was an American football team that represented Columbia University as an independent during the 1923 college football season. In its first season under head coach Percy Haughton, the team compiled a 4–4–1 record and was outscored by a total of 107 to 68. The team played its home games at Baker Field in Upper Manhattan.


1923 Columbus Tigers season
The 1923 Columbus Tigers season was their fourth in the league and first season as the Tigers. The team improved on their previous output of 0–8, winning five games. They finished eighth in the league.


1923 Columbus Tigers season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1923 Connecticut Aggies football team
The 1923 Connecticut Aggies football team represented Connecticut Agricultural College, now the University of Connecticut, in the 1923 college football season. The Aggies were led by first year head coach Sumner Dole, and completed the season with a record of 3–4–1. The Aggies completed their first year in the newly established New England Conference.


1923 Constitution of Romania
The 1923 Constitution of Romania, also called the Constitution of Union, was intended to align the organisation of the state on the basis of universal male suffrage and the new realities that arose after the Great Union of 1918. Four draft constitutions existed: one belonging to the National Liberal Party, written with contributions from Ion I. C. Brătianu; one composed by R. Boilă at Cluj, under the influence of the Romanian National Party; one by Constantin Stere, representing the views of the Peasants' Party; and a fourth by C. Berariu.


1923 Constitution of Romania
Except for Stere's proposal, which involved a unicameral legislature, proportional representation and popular consultation through the plebiscite, the other three were inspired (when it came to political organisation) by the 1866 Constitution. The Liberals came to power in 1922 and managed to push through their own draft, which was approved 247-8 (with two abstentions) in the Chamber of Deputies on March 26, 1923, and the next day in the Senate, 137-2 (with two abstentions). It was published in Monitorul Oficial and came into force on March 29.


1923 Constitution of Romania
The constitution had eight titles and 138 articles, of which 76 came in their entirety from its predecessor. It enshrined the principles of popular sovereignty (exercised through representatives), separation of powers in the state, rule of law and decentralisation. Rights and freedoms for all citizens were recognised, regardless of ethnicity, language, religion or social class; the right to own property was guaranteed and, for the first time, the nationalisation of mineral deposits was provided for. The Kingdom of Romania was defined as a “unitary and indivisible national state”, with an inalienable territory. The state guaranteed freedom of expression and assembly, of conscience and of religion, and declared that “as the Romanian Orthodox Church is the religion of the great majority of Romanians it is the dominant church in the Romanian State, while the Greek-Catholic Church has primacy before other faiths”.


1923 Constitution of Romania
Regarding state organisation, legislative power was entrusted to Parliament (Senate and Assembly of Deputies) and the King; executive power to the King, who delegated it to the Council of Ministers; and judicial power to the central and local judicial organs. The right to vote was expanded beyond the 1866 regulations: it was universal for all males, equal, direct, compulsory and secret, based on majority representation.


1923 Constitution of Romania
The Assembly of Deputies was elected through universal suffrage, while the Senate comprised members elected by different electoral bodies (the Chambers of Commerce, Industry, Agriculture and Labour, and professors, all divided into separate colleges), and members by right: the heir to the throne; Metropolitan bishops; diocesan bishops of the Orthodox and Greek-Catholic churches; heads of state-recognised religious bodies; the president of the Romanian Academy; former presidents of the Council of Ministers; former ministers with at least six years’ seniority; former presidents of either legislative chamber who held this function for at least eight ordinary sessions; former senators and deputies elected to at least ten legislatures, irrespective of their duration; former presidents of the High Court of Cassation and Justice; reserve and retired generals; former presidents of the National Assemblies at Chişinău, Cernăuţi and Alba Iulia, which proclaimed their respective provinces’ union with Romania in 1918.


1923 Constitution of Romania
A special section discussing the King provides that the throne should remain with the House of Hohenzollern, "from male to male in order of primogeniture and with the perpetual exclusion of women and their descendants". The King's person was declared inviolable. As with the 1866 document, while the king was vested with executive power, he was not personally responsible for exercising it. Rather, responsibility rested with the ministers; all acts of the sovereign had to be countersigned by a minister, who then assumed political responsibility for it.


1923 Constitution of Romania
Although the constitution was very advanced and democratic in many respects, it also contained imperfections in the functioning of state institutions that made it easy to subvert democracy. For instance, the King appointed the president of the Council of Ministers, who then organised elections. The government was thus in a position to ensure that its party won a majority in the legislature. In a well-functioning democracy, a government represents the will of parliament and not vice versa, as generally happened in the interwar period.


1923 Constitution of Romania
The 1923 Constitution was abrogated when its February 1938 successor came into force. It was then partly revived after the coup of August 23, 1944, and definitively abrogated when Romania became a republic on December 30, 1947. During this latter period, in July 1946, the Senate was abolished—the only significant modification to the document.


1923 Copa Ibarguren
The 1923 Copa Ibarguren was the 11° edition of this National cup of Argentina. It was played by the champions of both leagues, Primera División and Liga Rosarina de Football crowned during 1923.


1923 Copa Ibarguren
Boca Juniors (Primera División champion) faced Rosario Central (Liga Rosarina champion) at Sportivo Barracas Stadium. Although they had won their league titles in 1923, the final was played in 1924.


1923 Copa del Rey
The King Alfonso XIII's Cup 1923 was the 23rd staging of the Copa del Rey, the Spanish football cup competition.


1923 Copa del Rey
The competition started on March 25, 1923, and concluded on May 13, 1923, with the Final, held at the Les Corts in Barcelona, in which Athletic Bilbao lifted the trophy for the 9th time ever with a 1–0 victory over CD Europa.


1923 Copa del Rey Final
The 1923 Copa del Rey Final was the 23rd final of the Spanish cup competition, the Copa del Rey. The final was played at Les Corts, in Barcelona, on May 13, 1923. Athletic Bilbao beat Europa 1–0 and won their ninth title.


1923 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship
The 1923 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship was the 14th staging of the Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board.


1923 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship
Mallow won the championship following a 2-2 to 2-1 defeat of Evergreen in the final.


1923 Cork Senior Football Championship
The 1923 Cork Senior Football Championship was the 35th staging of the Cork Senior Football Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887.


1923 Cork Senior Football Championship
On 20 January 1924, Lees won the championship following a 0-03 to 0-02 defeat of Youghal in the final at the Cork Athletic Grounds. This was their 11th championship title overall and their first title since 1914.


1923 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
The 1923 Cork Senior Hurling Championship was the 35th staging of the Cork Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887. The draw for the opening round fixtures took place on 18 April 1923.


1923 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
On 9 September 1923, St. Finbarr’s won the championship following a 0-05 to 1-02 defeat of Blackrock in the final. This was their seventh championship title overall and their second title in succession.


1923 Cornell Big Red football team
The 1923 Cornell Big Red football team represented Cornell University in the 1923 college football season. The team finished with an 8–0 record and was retroactively named as a co-national champion by Jeff Sagarin. They outscored their opponents 320 to 33.


1923 Costa Rican general election
General elections were held in Costa Rica on 2 December 1923. Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno of the Republican Party won the presidential election, whilst the party also won the parliamentary election, in which they received 51.5% of the vote. Voter turnout was 70.5% in the presidential election and 83.9% in the parliamentary election.


1923 Costa Rican general election, Background
The newly founded Agricultural Party chooses its presidential nominee at a convention held at the Teatro El Trébol between the aristocrat Alberto Echandi Montero and the ex-president Rafael Yglesias Castro, receiving 231 and 123 votes respectively, although Yglesias requested the attendees to support Echandi then thought about retiring from politics (he died a year later).


1923 Costa Rican general election, Background
In the Republican Party the grassroots base is determined to convince former President Ricardo Jimenez Oreamuno to accept the candidacy, but he was reluctant. Once convinced, he said "You do not go with me, I go with you" and "... if the devil takes me, I am in good company".


1923 Costa Rican general election, Background
The other new party that emerges is the Reformist Party of ex-priest and military Jorge Volio, and which is considered the first "social" political party in Costa Rica, since it was the first one that really inserted itself among and from the popular classes, inspired by Volio's Christian socialism.


1923 Costa Rican general election, Campaign
Both the republicans and the reformists concentrated their batteries against the candidacy of Echandi, whom they considered representative of the most privileged classes, as well as accusing him of "tinoquista". Echandi, meanwhile, focused on attacking Volio who he accused of being a puppet of Jiménez and that his party had been founded as an electoral trap for the Republicans, also questioned the constitutionality of Volio's candidacy since the Constitution prohibited Catholic priests from being presidents (even though Volio had already renounced his priesthood). Due to Volio's guerrilla past and the abandonment of his habits, he was compared to Judas, Martin Luther and Pancho Villa.


1923 Costa Rican general election, Campaign
Jiménez, on the other hand, did not attack the reformists, on the contrary he affirmed: "The echandismo is the adversary, because the reformists do not conceptualize them as such. Both parties, the Republican and the Reformist, are planets that revolve around the same sun of ideals. (...) If the opinion favors us we will say the republicans; we have won. If the opinion is inclined to the side of the reformists we can say that the Republicans have not lost."


1923 Costa Rican general election, Campaign
Jiménez would obtain 46% of the votes, Echandi 29% and Volio 20% (a rather surprising result given that it was a party with less than a year of foundation). Because no candidate obtained enough votes to win in the first round (50%) it was up to the Constitutional Congress (parliament) to choose the president.


1923 Costa Rican general election, Aftermath
At that time half of the Congress was maintained for two more years and the other half was renewed. The Republican Party obtained eleven new deputies, the Agricultural obtained eight and the Reformists four, that added to those already in functions (including Jiménez and Volio) would be; 20 Agricultural deputies, 18 Republicans and 5 Reformists for a total of 43. It was clear that the decisive vote would be from the Reformists because the Agriculturalists, even with a majority, did not have enough votes to elect the president alone.


1923 Costa Rican general election, Aftermath
During the counting of votes the Reformist Lorenzo Cambronero organizes a popular uprising in San Ramón, which is stifled by the government without major impact, but which causes the cancellation of several polling stations that favored the echandismo, which caused it to lose two deputies that were to give to the Republican and the Reformist, for which the echandistas accused of electoral fraud.


1923 Costa Rican general election, Aftermath
After exhaustive negotiations finally Republicans and Reformists reach an agreement, the presidency for Jiménez and vice president for Volio, in addition to the portfolios of Education and Development for Reformist and support for several of their programmatic proposals. The Agriculturalists try to break the quorum but the presidency of a single agricultural deputy, Gerardo Zúñiga Montúfar, prevents it. Montúfar affirmed that it was his constitutional duty to attend. Jiménez was elected as expected with the combined votes of the Republican and Reformist caucuses, since Echandi only won one vote (Montúfar's) . When the followers of Echandi instigated him to reject the results and organize a revolt, Echandi replied:


1923 Costa Rican general election, Aftermath
The Presidency of the Republic does not worth a single drop of Costa Rican blood.


1923 County Championship
The 1923 County Championship was the 30th officially organised running of the County Championship. Yorkshire County Cricket Club won the championship title. Final placings were still decided by calculating the percentage of points gained against possible points available.


1923 County Championship
In May 1923, Jack Hobbs scored his 100th century in first-class cricket, batting for Surrey against Somerset.


1923 Coupe de France Final
The 1923 Coupe de France Final was a football match held at Stade Pershing, Paris on May 6, 1923, that saw Red Star Olympique defeat FC Sète 4–2 thanks to goals by Marcel Naudin (2), Lucien Cordon and Robert Joyaut.


1923 Creighton Blue and White football team
The 1923 Creighton Blue and White football team was an American football team that represented Creighton University in the North Central Conference (NCC) during the 1923 college football season. In its first season under head coach Chet A. Wynne, the team compiled a 5–5 record (1–2 against conference opponents). The team played its home games in Omaha, Nebraska.


1923 Daimler Airway de Havilland DH.34 crash
The 1923 Daimler Airway de Havilland DH.34 crash occurred on 14 September 1923 when a de Havilland DH.34 of Daimler Airway operating a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Croydon to Manchester crashed at Ivinghoe, Buckinghamshire, England, killing all five people on board.


1923 Daimler Airway de Havilland DH.34 crash, Aircraft
The accident aircraft was de Havilland DH.34 G-EBBS, c/n 29. It had entered service with Daimler Hire Limited on 6 March 1922.


1923 Daimler Airway de Havilland DH.34 crash, Accident
The flight was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Croydon to Manchester. It was also reported to be carrying mail, although this was later denied by the General Post Office. While flying over Buckinghamshire, a storm was encountered. Witnesses stated that an engine stopped, but was then restarted. It appeared to them that an emergency landing was going to be made at Ford End, Ivinghoe when the aircraft dived to the ground and crashed at Ivinghoe. The accident happened at about 18:05. The wreckage came to rest upside down, with both crew and all three passengers being killed. One witness reported hearing a violent explosion, but was not sure whether this was before the aircraft crashed or as a result of the crash.


1923 Daimler Airway de Havilland DH.34 crash, Accident
Villagers extricated the victims from the wreckage. The deceased were taken to Ivinghoe Town Hall pending an inquest by the coroner. As a result of the crash, Daimler Airway temporarily suspended their service between Croydon and Manchester, due to having no aircraft to operate it.


1923 Daimler Airway de Havilland DH.34 crash, Accident
The inquest opened on 17 September at Ivinghoe Town Hall. Evidence was given that the pilot was experienced, having flown for 755 hours, and that the aircraft was airworthy on departure from Croydon. It was carrying an adequate supply of fuel, having departed Croydon with 73 imperial gallons (330 l) of fuel against an estimated consumption of around 50 imperial gallons (230 l). The aircraft could carry eight passengers, but as only three were on board 400 pounds (180 kg) of ballast was carried, as well as a quantity of mail. Witnesses reported that the aircraft stalled before crashing. The inquest was adjourned until 24 September.


1923 Daimler Airway de Havilland DH.34 crash, Accident
At the resumed inquest, further evidence was given in respect of the ballast, which comprised a sack of sand weighing 350 pounds (160 kg) and a large stone weighing about 50 pounds (23 kg). It was stated that the ballast was packed in such a way that it would not have moved in flight. The jury returned a verdict of "Accidental death" on all five victims. They agreed with the Coroner's suggestion that reports on investigations into aircraft accidents should be made available to the public, as was then the case with reports into railway accidents. This was something that The Times had called for in its issue of 19 September 1923, citing this accident and one that had occurred the previous month at East Malling, Kent.


1923 Daimler Airway de Havilland DH.34 crash, Investigation
An investigation was opened into the accident by the Accidents Investigation Branch of the Air Ministry, with Major Cooper in charge. The investigation concluded that the accident was caused by pilot error. The aircraft had stalled while a precautionary landing was being attempted.


1923 Darlington by-election
The Darlington by-election, 1923 was a by-election held on 28 February 1923 for the British House of Commons constituency of Darlington in County Durham.


1923 Darlington by-election, Vacancy
The seat had become vacant when the sitting Conservative Member of Parliament (MP), Herbert Pease was elevated to the peerage as Baron Daryngton. He had held the seat since the December 1910 general election.


1923 Darlington by-election, Result
On a slightly reduced turnout, Pease won the seat with a comfortable majority.


1923 Darlington by-election, Aftermath
Sherwood stood again at the general election in December 1923, losing again to Pease. Pease held the seat until his death in 1926.


1923 Dartmouth Indians football team
The 1923 Dartmouth Indians football team was an American football team that represented Dartmouth College as an independent during the 1923 college football season. In their first season under head coach Jesse Hawley, the Indians compiled an 8–1 record, shut out five of nine opponents, and outscored all opponents by a total of 202 to 54.


1923 Dartmouth Indians football team
In November 1923, Dartmouth began a 22-game unbeaten streak that continued until October 1926.


1923 Dartmouth Indians football team
Cyril J. Aschenbach was the team captain. H. Lester Haws was the team's leading scorer with 60 points scored on 10 touchdowns. Ed B. Dooley and R. B. Hall followed with 24 points each.


1923 Dayton Flyers football team
The 1923 Dayton Flyers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Dayton as an independent during the 1923 college football season. The team compiled a 4–5 record.


1923 Dayton Flyers football team
Harry Baujan was hired as Dayton's head football coach prior to the 1923 season. He had played football under Knute Rockne at Notre Dame. In his first game as head coach, Baujan led Dayton to a 161-0 victory over the Indiana Central Normal School.


1923 Dayton Flyers football team
Baujan served as Dayton's head coach through the 1946 season and was posthumously inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1990.


1923 Dayton Triangles season
The 1923 Dayton Triangles season was their fourth in the league. The team failed to improve on their previous output of 4–3–1, winning only one game. They tied for sixteenth place in the league.


1923 Dayton Triangles season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1923 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football team
The 1923 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football team was an American football team that represented the University of Delaware in the 1923 college football season. In its second season under head coach William McAvoy, the team compiled a 5–3–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 76 to 45.


1923 Denver Pioneers football team
The 1923 Denver Pioneers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Denver in the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) during the 1923 college football season. In its first season under head coach Elmer McDevitt, the team compiled a 6–3 record (4–3 against RMC opponents), finished fifth in the conference, and outscored opponents by a total of 117 to 99.


1923 Detroit Tigers season
The 1923 Detroit Tigers season was a season in American baseball. The team finished second in the American League with a record of 83–71, 16 games behind the New York Yankees.


1923 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1923 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1923 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1923 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1923 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1923 Detroit Titans football team
The 1923 Detroit Titans football team represented the University of Detroit as an independent during the 1923 college football season. The team compiled a 4–3–2 record and outscored its opponents by a combined total of 140 to 39.


1923 Detroit Titans football team
James F. Duffy retired as the University of Detroit's head football coach after the 1922 season. In January 1923, Germany Schulz was hired as the new head coach. Schulz had played as a center for the University of Michigan and was later inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame.


1923 Drake Bulldogs football team
The 1923 Drake Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented Drake University as a member of the Missouri Valley Conference (MVC) during the 1923 college football season. In its third season under head coach Ossie Solem, the team compiled a 5–2 record (3–1 against MVC opponents), placed third in the MVC, and outscored its opponents by a total of 168 to 49.


1923 Drake Bulldogs football team
Halfback Bill Boelter was the team captain. Other key players included quarterback Sam Orebaugh.


1923 Drexel Dragons football team
The 1923 Drexel Dragons football team represented Drexel Institute—now known as Drexel University—in the 1923 college football season. Led by Harry J. O'Brien in his second season as head coach, the team compiled a record of 2–6.


1923 Duluth Kelleys season
The 1923 Duluth Kelleys season was their inaugural season in the league. The team finished 4–3, and finished seventh in the league.


1923 Duluth Kelleys season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1923 Duquesne Dukes football team
The 1923 Duquesne Dukes football team represented Duquesne University during the 1923 college football season. The head coach was Harold Ballin, coaching his second season with the Dukes.


1923 East Tennessee State Normal football team
The 1923 East Tennessee State Normal School football team was an American football team that represented East Tennessee State Normal School—now known as East Tennessee State University (ETSU)—as an independent in the 1923 college football season. They were led by second-year head coach James Karl Luck. The 1923 season was considered one of the worst seasons in school history as the team suffered five losses by a margin of 38 points or greater, including a 108–0 blowout at the hands of King. The season marked the first time the team played Tennessee, albeit the freshmen team, losing 49–7.


1923 Eastern Suburbs season
Eastern Suburbs (now known as the Sydney Roosters) competed in the 16th New South Wales Rugby League season in 1923.


1923 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburbs '’’21’’’ (5 Tries; 3 Goals) defeated University ‘’’5’’’ (1 Try; 1 Goal) at the Sydney Sports Ground.


1923 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburbs 14(2 Tries; 4 Goals)) defeated Newtown 8( 2 Tries; 1 Goal) at the Sydney Sports Ground


1923 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
South Sydney 15 defeated Eastern Suburbs 5 At the Sydney Sports Ground;


1923 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Western Suburbs 19 beat Eastern Suburbs 14 at Pratten Park


1923 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburbs 4 beat St George 0 at Sydney Sports Ground


1923 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburbs 16 beat North Sydney 8 at Sydney Cricket Ground


1923 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
•Premiership Round 8, 30 June 1923. Eastern Suburbs 13(3 Tries; 2 Goals) beat Glebe 3 (1 Try) at Birchgrove Oval


1923 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburbs 10 beat Balmain 8 at Sydney Sports Ground.


1923 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburbs 12 beat University 5 at Sydney Cricket Ground


1923 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburbs 25 beat Newtown 5 at Sydney Cricket Ground No. 2


1923 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburb 19 ( Steel 2, Caples, Agar tries; Oxford 2 Goals ) beat South Sydney 5 ( V. Lawrence try; J. Lawrence ), at the Sydney Sports Ground.


1923 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
"Eastern Suburbs moved to the outright lead of the premiership with victory over arch rival's South Sydney"


1923 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
"South Sydney attacked, and for a few minutes play was in the Eastern Suburbs 25’ The clever work of Johnston and Blair behind the scrum was noticeable. Off side play by Horne on his own side of half way gave Oxford a chance at goal, but his attempt failed, and South Sydney forced. The heavy state of the ground was against spectacular passing movements and play was mostly confined to the forwards, Watkins, picking up after loose play ran strongly and transferred to Steel, who had no difficulty in Crossing. Oxford failed at goal.


1923 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburbs, 3-0 Within a few moments Caples obtained from a scrum and after a brilliant run, in which he successfully "dummied" to an opponent, forced his way over for a try, notwithstanding a determined tackle by Gillespie. Oxford goalled, and Eastern Suburbs led 8-0. South Sydney now took a turn at attacking, and a faulty line kicks by Rigney enabled them to place Eastern Suburbs on the defensive.


1923 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Caples and Steel stemmed the attack, and after Individual bursts by Blair and Wearing the ball was sent to V. Lawrence, who brushed aside a tackle by Steel, running nicely along the wing, scored in the corner. Quinlivan failed at goal Eastern Suburbs, 8-3. Numerous breaches of the scrummaging rules occurred, South Sidney being chiefly at fault. The next try was scored by Caples, who received the ball from Kaufman, after the latter had broken away rapidly from a scrum in South Sydney's 25’.


1923 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Oxford converted and Eastern Suburbs led, 13 to 3. J Lawrence soon after kicked a penalty goal making the scores Eastern Suburbs 13to 5. Just before the interval the best movement of the game took place. Kaufman secured from a scrum, and sent the ball to Watkins to Caples, to Agar, who crossed. Oxford missed the goal, and half time came with Eastern Suburbs leading by 16 to 5. On resuming South Sydney assumed the offensive and brought play to Eastern Suburbs' 25, from where J Lawrence missed an easy shot at goal from a penalty. South Sidney maintained the pressure and  kept Eastern Suburbs defending Watkins earned applause for pluckily going down on the ball when facing strong opposition, and soon after Dawson with a tricky run, In which he cleverly


1923 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
eluded several opponents, transferred play to South Sydney's area. The game was now fast and open, South Sydney were holding the advantage in the scrums, but the spoiling tactics of Watkins and Kaufman, aided by sound tackling prevented openings. A great movement initiated by Kaufman, who secured from a scrum and sent the ball to Steel, resulted in the latter, after a swift clever run crossing the line Eastern Suburbs, 19-5. Desperate attacks by South Sydney ensued, and on one occasion Wearing threatened danger, but was frustrated by the cleverness of Rigney and Abotomey.


1923 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
The deadly tackling of the Eastern Suburbs' backs and the splendid judgment of Caples, who frequently rested his side by kicking for the line, were features of this half. The closing stages were marked by exciting play The ball travelled rapidly up and down field, likely scoring movements for both sides were frequent. The final Scores were Eastern Suburbs’ 19 points to 5."


1923 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
SatuPremiership Rounday 4 August 1923 Eastern Suburbs 22 beat Western Suburbs 8 at Sydney Cricket Ground


1923 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburbs 24 beat St George 2 at Sydney Sports Ground


1923 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburbs 12 (Caples, Watkins tries; Oxford 3 goals) beat North Sydney 10 (Peters, Blinkhorn tries;  Hodgins, Horder goals) at Sydney Cricket Ground


1923 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
"Caples sent the ball into touch from the kick off. An unsuccessful dash by Eastern Suburbs was followed by an exchange of kicks by the backline. Dawson made a strong run, and kicked over the line for Waterhouse to force. Horder made a fine attempt at goal from a free, the ball striking the cross bar. The Eastern Suburbs threequarters moved smartly In attack, but their handling of the ball was not sure. North Sydney, however, had to be constantly on the alert in defending, for their opponents made series of sudden sharp advances.


1923 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Horder, however after a few attempts made an opening. Faull and Baker joined him the latter sending on to Peters who outpaced a number of would be tackers and scored behind the goal. Hodgins converted, North Sydney, a rally by Eastern Suburbs looked promising, Abotomey being well taken by Courtney. Blinkhorn put in some good work that brought his side along, but breaches nullified his efforts. In North Sydney's half a number of scrums were questioned by the referee. Then from one Kaufman broke away, brushed Farnell aside and passed to Caples who ran over for a neat try.


1923 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Oxford kicked the goal making the scores 5 all. Kaufmann who was displaying cleverness In dodging through his opponents was soon prominent again but lost time in looking round for support when his own chance of scoring was bright. North Sydney were kept on the defensive, and Holmes dashed over from a pass that was forward. A free kept Eastern Suburbs back, and Rigney was several times called on to use his catching and kicking powers. North Sydney then came out swiftly, and Peters sent on to Blinkhorn whose pace carried him through for a try. Hodgkins missed the goal.


1923 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
North Sydney, 8 to at half time. Eastern Suburbs looked dangerous early in the second half, following a low line kick by Caples. Blinkhorn relieved and North Svdney came through, with Horder Prominent but unlucky. Fioin n from a free Oxford  drove the ball just under the bar, and as Waterthouse tried to run out Eastern Suburbs closed up In attack. They  were opposed by rather weak defence and continued to press with great zest. Steel and Dawson were conspicuous with good runs, Oxford had a couple of  Unsuccessful shots at goal.


1923 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
North Sydney contrived to work the ball out with the crowd eagerly expectant when Horder and Blinkhorn handled. They had little room to move, however, and Eastern Suburbs were soon attacking. Waterhouse’s kick, which had gone towards the centre of the field, where Agar marked, and Oxford added a goal. North Sydney 8 to 7. Rapid passing and fine combinations enabled Eastern Suburbs to control the game for some time. Once Caples obtained and pushed of player after player before being tackled. Caples also started Steel, but after a smart run, the latter was brought down.


1923 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Both  teams were playing very earnestly at this stage, and several on each side were cautioned for illegal tactics. Horder kicked a good goal from a penalty agairst Eastern Suburbs, and North Sydney led by 10 points to 7. Back to North Sydney’s line, the ball was handled skilfully by the Eastern Suburbs threequarters, but it remained for Watkins to bring the scores level with a try. Oxford missed the goal that would have placed his side in the lead. Eastern Suburbs continued to press and Hodgkins kicked out for Rigney to mark Oxford this time landed a goal giving Eastern Suburbs the victory in the last minute, as the final whistle sounded immediately afterwards."


1923 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburbs 13 beat Glebe 11 at Sydney Cricket Ground


1923 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Balmain 12 beat Eastern Suburbs 11 at Sydney Sports Ground


1923 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
By losing their final round match, Eastern Suburbs were joined by traditional rivals South Sydney in the top spot, this resulted in a final needing to be played to determine the premiers for that season.


1923 Eastern Suburbs season, Grand final
A final, the second in as many seasons, was played between Eastern Suburbs and South Sydney the following Wednesday 12 September at the Sydney Cricket Ground, attracting a crowd of 15,000 people. With referee Tom McMahon officiating Eastern Suburbs prevailed winners 15-12 and claimed their first premiership since 1913.


1923 Eastern Suburbs season, Grand final
Eastern Suburbs 15 (Tries:  Caples 2,  Steel. Goals: Oxford 3)


1923 Eastern Suburbs season, Grand final
After the break play flowed from end to end until, from a scrum win in Souths halfback, Johnstone, kicked over the defense, regathered, then found Wearing who scored under the posts, Wearing then converted his own try to give Souths a 10-7 lead. The lead changed yet again when Caples took an intercept, kicked past the fullback and scored, Oxford converted to make it 12-10. A penalty goal to Benny Wearing  soon after locked the scores up at 12 points all. With time almost up Caples scored out wide after some fine lead up work from Easts centre, Dawson.


1923 Eastern Suburbs season, Grand final
The win gave Eastern Suburbs their first premiership in ten years. rugby league publication 'Rugby League News' referred to the match as "the most brilliant game of the season."


1923 Edmonton municipal election
The 1923 municipal election was held December 10, 1923 to elect a mayor and six aldermen to sit on Edmonton City Council and four trustees to sit on the public school board. Robert Crossland, Paul Jenvrin, Thomas Magee, and Joseph Henri Picard were acclaimed to two-year terms on the separate school board.


1923 Edmonton municipal election
There were ten aldermen on city council, but four of the positions were already filled: Joseph Adair, James Collisson, Daniel Knott, and Rice Sheppard (SS) were all elected to two-year terms in 1922 and were still in office. Kenneth Alexander Blatchford had also been elected to a two-year term in 1922, but had resigned in order to run for mayor. Accordingly, William Rea was elected to a one-year term.


1923 Edmonton municipal election
There were seven trustees on the public school board, but three of the positions were already filled: W H Alexander, L T Barclay, and E T Bishop had all been elected to two-year terms in 1922 and were still in office. The same was true on the separate board, where P M Dunne, J J Murray (SS), and Joseph Gariépy were continuing.


1923 Edmonton municipal election
Pursuant to a plebiscite conducted during the 1922 election, the 1923 election was the first to make use of the single transferable vote style of voting. The system ensured that both Independent (business) candidates and Labour candidates would be elected and that the most popular candidates in each slate would be elected. There was less counting of votes involved compared to previous year's election because each voter could cast just one vote in the aldermanic contest, instead of multiple votes as had been the case.


1923 Edmonton municipal election, Voter turnout
There were 13016 ballots cast out of 22077 eligible voters, for a voter turnout of 58.9%.


1923 Edmonton municipal election, Voter turnout
The number of spoiled votes was higher than any previous election but its exact number is unclear. It seems though that their presence did not have an impact on the fairness of the election. The number of spoiled votes varied from the mayoral and the aldermanic contests. At least 1200 were spoiled in the aldermanic contest, where the number of candidates was larger than the mayoral contest.


1923 Edmonton municipal election, Voter turnout
Some of the spoiled votes were ballots improperly filled out (say with an X instead of a number showing ranking), but some were declared spoiled for contests where the pertinent part of the ballot was simply left blank, such as no first-choice preference being marked for mayor or no first-choice preference was marked for alderman. The number of spoiled ballots was larger than any previous city election but the  final result meant that only 3493 voters (out of 13,000) did not see their first choice elected.