1923 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Syracuse
For their third game, Alabama played an intersectional contest at Syracuse University, and were defeated by the Orangemen 23–0 at Archbold Stadium. Syracuse took a 3–0 lead in the first quarter behind a 15-yard John McBride field goal. The Orangemen extended their lead in the third to 9–0 after Evander MacRae recovered a fumble and returned it 35-yards for a touchdown. Syracuse then closed the game with a pair of fourth quarter touchdowns on a 65-yard punt return by Chester Bowman on a McBride run.


1923 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Syracuse
The starting lineup was Al Clemens (left end), Bill Buckler (left tackle), Jack Langhorne (left guard), Clyde Propst (center), Pete Camp (right guard), Ben E. Compton (right tackle), Ben Hudson (right end), Grant Gillis (quarterback), Red Barnes (left halfback), Johnny Mack Brown (right halfback), Pooley Hubert (fullback).


1923 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Sewanee
A week after their first loss of the season, Alabama defeated the Sewanee Tigers 7–0 at Rickwood Field. The game was a defensive struggle with neither team scoring until late in the fourth quarter. With under two minutes left in the contest, Johnny Mack Brown intercepted a Tiger pass and returned it to their 48-yard line. Pooley Hubert then led Alabama down the field and scored the game-winning touchdown on a short run. Sewanee had time to run only two plays before the game ended.


1923 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Sewanee
The victory brought Alabama's all-time record against Sewanee to 6–10–3.


1923 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Sewanee
The starting lineup was Al Clemens (left end), Bill Buckler (left tackle), Bruce Jones (left guard), Clyde Propst (center), Pete Camp (right guard), Ben E. Compton (right tackle), Hulet Whitaker (right end), Grant Gillis (quarterback), Country Oliver (left halfback), Allen MacCartee (right halfback), Pooley Hubert (fullback).


1923 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Spring Hill
Before 2,600 fans at Monroe Park at Mobile, the Crimson Tide shutout the Spring Hill Badgers 59–0. In the Game Alabama touchdowns were made by Hubert (3), Barnes (2), Hudson, Baty, Gillis, and Cohen. The victory brought Alabama's all-time record against Spring Hill to 2–0.


1923 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Spring Hill
The starting lineup was Al Clemens (left end), Bill Buckler (left tackle), Bruce Jones (left guard), Clyde Propst (center), Pete Camp (right guard), Ben E. Compton (right tackle), Hulet Whitaker (right end), Grant Gillis (quarterback), Red Barnes (left halfback), W. S. Oliver (right halfback), Pooley Hubert (fullback).


1923 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Georgia Tech
In a driving rain, Georgia Tech and Alabama  played to a scoreless tie, "one of the weirdest games ever seen on a football field." Tech had 18 first downs to none for Alabama, and the Tide never advanced the ball beyond its own 27-yard line. Sixteen punts from Grant Gillis helped Bama to hold Tech scoreless, and Tech drives stalled on the Alabama 2, 8, and 11-yard lines. The Golden Tornado also missed on the lone field goal attempt by H. L. Reeves from 45 yards out. The tie brought Alabama's all-time record against Georgia Tech to 2–7–2.


1923 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Georgia Tech
The starting lineup was Al Clemens (left end), Bill Buckler (left tackle), Bruce Jones (left guard), Clyde Propst (center), Pete Camp (right guard), Ben E. Compton (right tackle), Hulet Whitaker (right end), Grant Gillis (quarterback), Red Barnes (left halfback), William Baty (right halfback), Pooley Hubert (fullback).


1923 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Kentucky
On homecoming at Tuscaloosa, a 16–8 victory over Kentucky saw a late surge by the Wildcats. Alabama scored first when Ben Compton kicked a 33-yard field goal. Pooley Hubert bucked over for a touchdown later in the first period after a 30-yard, end run by Grant Gillis that made the score 9–0.


1923 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Kentucky
In the fourth quarter, Gillis intercepted a pass which led to his one-yard touchdown on the subsequent play that extended the Alabama lead to 16–0. Later in the quarter, Kentucky scored their only touchdown on a 60-yard Len Tracy run that cut the Alabama lead to 16–6. The final margin of 16–8 resulted after Graham McClintock was tackled for a safety after a bad snap on a punt attempt. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Kentucky to 2–1.


1923 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Kentucky
The starting lineup was Al Clemens (left end), Bill Buckler (left tackle), Jack Langhorne (left guard), Clyde Propst (center), Pete Camp (right guard), Ben E. Compton (right tackle), Newton (right end), Allen McCartee (quarterback), Red Barnes (left halfback), William Baty (right halfback), Pooley Hubert (fullback).


1923 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, LSU
On a Friday evening at the Cramton Bowl, Alabama defeated LSU under first-year head coach Mike Donahue by a 30–3 score. LSU scored their only points on a first quarter, 27-yard field goal from William Pitcher. Alabama responded with a 20-yard Ben Compton field goal on the drive that ensured and tied the game 3–3. Later in the quarter, a Pitcher fumble was recovered by Ben Compton for a touchdown and 9–3 Crimson Tide lead. Alabama extended their lead to 16–3 at the half after Tom Newton intercepted a LSU pass and returned it 40-yard for a touchdown.


1923 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, LSU
In the third quarter, a Pooley Hubert interception led to his two-yard touchdown run on the drive that ensued for a 23–3 lead. William Baty then made the final score 30–3 with his short touchdown run late in the fourth quarter. Of note, the game marked the first since their 1920 season that Al Clemens was not in the starting lineup for Alabama. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against LSU to 7–3–1.


1923 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, LSU
The starting lineup was Hulet Whitaker (left end), Jack Langhorne (left tackle), Bruce Jones (left guard), Clyde Propst (center), Pete Camp (right guard), Tom Newton (right end), Grant Gillis (quarterback), Allen McCartee (left halfback), William Baty (right halfback), Pooley Hubert (fullback).


1923 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Georgia
At the Cramton Bowl for their second consecutive game, Alabama defeated the Georgia Bulldogs 36–0 and were dubbed unofficial Southern champions. After a scoreless first quarter, Alabama scored their first points on a 50-yard Allen McCartee touchdown pass to Grant Gillis for a 7–0 lead. They extended their halftime lead to 10–0 behind a 25-yard Ben Compton field goal.


1923 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Georgia
Alabama's third-quarter touchdown was set up after Clyde Propst recovered a Georgia fumble deep in Bulldog territory. Two plays later, Pooley Hubert scored on a short run for a 17–0 Crimson Tide lead. Alabama closed the game with a trio of fourth quarter touchdowns for the 36–0 victory. The first came on a Red Barnes run, a Propst interception return and on a blocked punt recovered by Hulet Whitaker for the final points of the game. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Georgia to 6–9–3.


1923 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Georgia
The starting lineup was Al Clemens (left end), Bill Buckler (left tackle), Bruce Jones (left guard), Clyde Propst (center), Pete Camp (right guard), Jack Langhorne (right tackle), Tom Newton (right end), Grant Gillis (quarterback), Allen McCartee (left halfback), William Baty (right halfback), Pooley Hubert (fullback).


1923 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Florida
On a muddy field with pools of water, the Florida Gators upset the Tide with a comeback, 16–6 victory on Thanksgiving Day, putting the Florida program in the national spotlight for the first time. The upset gave Wade's previous school of Vanderbilt the SoCon title. In an attempt to drum up publicity, Champ Pickens photographed a stuffed alligator and drew tiny Crimsons swarming around it.


1923 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Florida
Florida back Edgar C. Jones scored all of his team's points. The Gator scores by Jones came on runs of 10 yards around right end, a 12-yard place kick, and a 20-yard run around right end. The punting of Ark Newton and the line play of captain Robbie Robinson (in his final game) and Goldy Goldstein also helped the Gators get the victory.


1923 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Florida
In the first half, Alabama's Grant Gillis won the punting battle and Florida was on the defensive, turning back multiple scoring threats from inside the 10-yard line. Pooley Hubert scored first. The Gators eschewed their stockings in the second half, due to the rain and mud, and waited until the last minute to come out for the kickoff, while Alabama was already lined up. Because of this maneuver, Wade never spoke to coach Van Fleet again.


1923 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Florida
A few minutes into the second half, Newton complete a 12-yard pass to Dick Brown, down at Alabama's 20-yard line. Brown went around left end for 9 yards; then Jones went around right end for 10 yards and the tying touchdown. Newton missed the extra point. Moments later Newton kicked a punt of 60 yards, from his own 20-yard line to the same of Alabama's. Gillis botched the ensuing Alabama punt. Bill Middlekauff ran behind left guard twice, and Newton ran behind right tackle once, netting 8 yards in three plays. From the 12-yard line, Jones converted a placekick.


1923 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Florida
Newton continued to punt well, and attempted a 53-yard field goal which barely missed. He also tried a 60-yard field goal which was blocked, recovered by Florida's Joe Merrin on Alabama's 20-yard line. Runs at the line failed, and Jones went around right end for 20 yards and the final touchdown. The loss brought Alabama's all-time record against Florida to 1–2.


1923 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Postseason
After much controversy over whom to give the Champ Pickens Trophy, it was awarded to Vanderbilt over Florida.


1923 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Personnel, Depth chart
The following chart provides a visual depiction of Alabama's lineup during the 1923 season with games started at the position reflected in parenthesis. The chart mimics a single wing on offense.


1923 Albanian parliamentary election
Constituent Assembly elections were held in Albania in November and December 1923, with the second round taking place on 27 December.


1923 Albanian parliamentary election, Background
During 1923 tensions had been building between religious groups, with Christians unhappy at former Ottoman officials continuing to take advantage of their position and taxes from the wealthier Christian parts of the country subsidising a government led by the Muslim Ahmet Zogu. Following several political assassinations, in August Zogu agreed to a Constituent Assembly being elected later in the year.


1923 Albanian parliamentary election, Results
Zogu's faction won 44 seats and opposition candidates 39. However, the 19 independent candidates, most of whom were conservative, gave their support to Zogu, allowing him to form a government.


1923 Albanian parliamentary election, Results
However, opposition parties alleged there had been electoral fraud, claiming that their strong performance in the first round of voting should have led to them winning a majority in the second round. The Dielli newspaper reported that the government had terrorised the electors into voting for their candidates.


1923 Albanian parliamentary election, Aftermath
The new parliament convened for the first time on 21 January 1924. Although Zogu was narrowly re-elected as Prime Minister, he resigned  two weeks later, allowing Shefqet Vërlaci to become head of government.


1923 Alberta prohibition plebiscite
The 1923 Alberta prohibition plebiscite, held on November 5, 1923, was a province-wide plebiscite held in Alberta, Canada, to allow alcoholic beverages, triggered by an affirmative vote in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta, based on the presentation of a 56,000-name petition in accordance with the requirements of the Direct Legislation Act (1913), a citizens referendum Law or initiative law, in force at the time.


1923 Alberta prohibition plebiscite
Prohibition was defeated by nearly 58 percent (58%) of the vote, to be replaced by government sale of liquor and strictly regulated taverns. Liquor would be sold in government stores, thus, the government took out the profit motive for "pushing" alcohol and would engage in little advertising to encourage sales. Consumers of liquor had to buy permits, which if mis-used could be "interdicted." As well, after the end of Prohibition, the government brought in the local option vote, whereby communities could hold votes to prohibit sales of liquor in their communities. Cardston for example had been dry since what for most others was the end of Prohibition, until June 17, 2020.


1923 Alberta prohibition plebiscite, Campaign
The writs were issued to Alberta's 52 electoral districts (under the 1921 boundaries) on October 9, 1923. There were four options presented to votes and voting was by ranked voting (as favored by the United Farmers government), where voters ranked the four options given.


1923 Alberta prohibition plebiscite, Campaign
In the event, one option - government sale of liquor and private taverns selling beer - won on the first count. So no back-up preferences had to be considered.


1923 Alberta prohibition plebiscite, Campaign
The Prohibition Committee was a campaign committee set up for the plebiscite to campaign for Option A, the option to continue the Liquor Act as it was before the plebiscite. The Prohibitionists had a seven-point platform. Point one encouraged voters to respect the laws already on the books. Point two stated that every constitutional method should be used to enact a change in law when the majority of voters desire a change.


1923 Alberta prohibition plebiscite, Campaign
Points three, four and five focused on highlighting harm done by alcohol to the fabric of the community, contending that society is incumbent upon itself to ban such harm. Point six encouraged the crackdown and banning of liquor distilling in Alberta and its exportation outside the province. Point seven spoke in favor of the Committee's satisfaction with the Liquor Act in force to that point. The committee believed the current legislation was the means to the end and allowed for efforts to be sustained until total prohibition was achieved.


1923 Alberta prohibition plebiscite, Campaign
The Moderation League of Alberta was the committee campaigning for Option D, government control.


1923 Alberta prohibition plebiscite, Results
(d) won a clear majority on the first ballot; no extra count was required.


1923 All England Badminton Championships
The 1923 All England Championships was a badminton tournament held at the Royal Horticultural Hall, Westminster, England from 6 March to 11 March 1923.


1923 All England Badminton Championships
Sir George Thomas won his fourth consecutive men's singles title. Lavinia Radeglia won the women's singles.


1923 All-Big Ten Conference football team
The 1923 All-Big Ten Conference football team consists of American football players selected to the All-Big Ten Conference teams chosen by various selectors for the 1923 Big Ten Conference football season.


1923 All-Big Ten Conference football team, Key
BE = Billy Evans released an all-conference team based on his polling of the conference's head coaches, with eight of ten providing their votes


1923 All-Big Ten Conference football team, Key
Bold = first-team selection by a majority of the selectors listed above


1923 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship
The 1923 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship was the 37th staging of Ireland's premier Gaelic football knock-out competition. Dublin were the winners.


1923 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final
The 1923 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final was the 36th All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 1923 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, an inter-county Gaelic football tournament for the top teams in Ireland.


1923 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final, Pre-game
The Irish Civil War cast a shadow on the match — Kerry initially considered refusing to play in protest at the imprisonment of County Board chairman and republican Austin Stack. The Kerry team played a selection match between pro- and anti-Treaty players.


1923 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final, Match, Summary
Dublin won the final by two points, with a goal by P. J. Kirwan. Kerry had led 1-2 to 0-1 at half time with a goal from Brosnan but failed to score again in the game.


1923 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final, Match, Summary
Joe Stynes, granduncle of Australian rules footballer Jim Stynes, played on the winning Dublin team that day.


1923 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final, Match, Summary
It was the third of three All-Ireland football titles won by Dublin in the 1920s, which made them joint "team of the decade" with Kerry who also won three.


1923 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final, Post-match
The 1923 final marked the end of the initial era of the rivalry between Dublin and Kerry. Dublin would not beat Kerry in the Championship again until the 1976 final. An attendance of 25,000 people was reported at the 1923 final. Dublin would not win another All-Ireland football title until 1942, the county's 19-year barren spell rivalled only by their team of the late 1990s and 2000s.


1923 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
The 1923 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the 37th staging of the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, the Gaelic Athletic Association's premier inter-county hurling tournament. The championship began on 20 May 1923 and ended on 14 September 1924.


1923 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
The championship was won by Galway who secured the title following a 7-3 to 4-5 defeat of Limerick in the All-Ireland final. This was their first All-Ireland title.


1923 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
Kilkenny were the defending champions but were defeated by Galway in the All-Ireland semi-final.


1923 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final
The 1923 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final was the 36th All-Ireland Final and the culmination of the 1923 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, an inter-county hurling tournament for the top teams in Ireland. The match was held at Croke Park, Dublin, on 14 September 1924, between Galway and Limerick. The Munster champions lost to the Connacht men on a score line of 7-3 to 4-5.


1923 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final
This was to be Galway's last all-Ireland triumph until 1980.


1923 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final, Match details
Leonard McGrath with three goals was the game's top scorer and Galway were captained by Mick Kenny.


1923 All-Pacific Coast football team
The 1923 All-Pacific Coast Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Pacific Coast teams for the 1923 college football season.


1923 All-Pro Team
The 1923 All-Pro Team consists of American football players chosen by various selectors as the best players at their positions for the All-Pro team of the National Football League (NFL) for the 1923 NFL season. Tackle Pete Henry of the Canton Bulldogs and quarterback Paddy Driscoll of the Chicago Cardinals were the only two players unanimously selected as first-team All-Pros by all known selectors. Two African-American players won All-Pro honors: ends Inky Williams of the Hammond Pros and Duke Slater of the Rock Island Independents.


1923 All-Pro Team, Selectors and key
For the 1923 season, there are four known selectors of All-Pro Teams. They are:


1923 All-Pro Team, Selectors and key
GB = The Green Bay Press-Gazette compiled first, second, and third teams, based on polling of sports writers from the Green Bay Press-Gazette, Racine Times Call, Pittsburgh Post, Racine Journal News, Pittsburgh Gazette Times, Milwaukee Wisconsin News, Duluth News Tribune, Rock Island Argus, Akron Times, Cleveland News, Canton Repository, Ohio State Journal, Dayton Journal, Minnesota Daily Star, and St. Louis Times. The results of the above poll were simultaneously published in the Rock Island Argus, Ohio State Journal, and Canton Repository.


1923 All-Pro Team, Selectors and key
CE = Collyer's Eye was a Chicago sports journal. Its All-Pro teams (a first and second team) were selected by E. G. Brands.


1923 All-Pro Team, Selectors and key
VD = Vince Dolan, sports editor of the Canton Daily News picked first- and second-team All-Pro teams. Dolan's picks were published in the Canton Daily News on December 16, 1923. Dolan also gave "honorable mention" recognition to players below his first and second team. The 11 players named to Dolan's first team included seven members of the undefeated 1923 Canton Bulldogs team that won the 1923 NFL championship.


1923 All-Pro Team, Selectors and key
GC = Guy Chamberlin (GC), player and head coach of the Canton Bulldogs, selected a 32-player All-Pro team that was published on December 16, 1923, in the Canton Daily News. Chamberlin's selections did not divide players into first, second, and third teams. Out of the 32 players selected by Chamberlin, 11 were his teammates on the Canton Bulldogs. Chamberlin did not, however, select himself as an All-Pro.


1923 All-Pro Team, Selectors and key
Players who were selected as first-team All-Pros by two of the above selectors are displayed in bold typeface. Players who have been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame are designated with a "†" next to their names.


1923 All-Western college football team
The 1923 All-Western college football team consists of American football players selected to the All-Western teams chosen by various selectors for the 1923 college football season.


1923 Allan Cup
The 1923 Allan Cup was the Canadian national senior ice hockey championship for the 1922-23 Senior season.


1923 Allan Cup, Final
Toronto Granites beat University of Saskatchewan 11 goals to 2.


1923 American Cup
The 1923 American Cup was the annual open cup held by the American Football Association.


1923 Anglesey by-election
The Anglesey by-election, 1923 was a parliamentary by-election for the British House of Commons constituency of Anglesey on 7 April 1923.


1923 Anglesey by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the death of the sitting Labour MP, Sir Owen Thomas on 17 January 1923. He had been MP here since winning the seat in 1918.


1923 Anglesey by-election, Election history
Anglesey had been won by either the Liberal Party or the Whigs at every election since 1784, until Thomas surprisingly gained it as an independent Labour candidate in 1918. He held onto it at the 1922 general election, standing as an Independent. The result at the last General Election was as follows;


1923 Anglesey by-election, Campaign
Labour's campaign was supported by visits from national figures such as Arthur Henderson, and a host of Labour MPs from south Wales such as David Watts Morgan, Tom Griffiths, David Grenfell and T. I. Mardy Jones, as well as prominent Welsh nationalist figures such as future Liberal MP William John Gruffydd and Principal Thomas Rees. John called for Welsh Home Rule, even though it was not Labour party policy.


1923 Anglesey by-election, Result
The Liberal party gained the seat from Labour and the Unionists trailed a poor third;


1923 Anglesey by-election, Result
The good Liberal result spurred moves towards Liberal reunion at a national level. Within days, the two Liberal groups in the House of Lords decided to accept Viscount Grey as their leader in the Lords.


1923 Anglesey by-election, Aftermath
Sir Robert Thomas sat for the constituency until retiring in 1929. The Liberal Party held the constituency until 1951. The result at the following General election;


1923 Anglesey by-election, Aftermath
John did not stand again. Roberts did not stand again and became a County Court Judge in 1924.


1923 Argentine Primera División
The 1923 Argentine Primera División was the 32nd season of top-flight football in Argentina. The AFA season began on March 11 and ended on December?.


1923 Argentine Primera División
Boca Juniors win its 3rd league title in the official AFA league while San Lorenzo achieved its first title ever at the top division winning the AAm championship.


1923 Argentine Primera División, Final tables, Asociación Argentina de Football - Copa Campeonato
As Boca Juniors and Huracán both finished with 51 points each, they had to play a best-of-three playoff to decide a champion. Palermo, which had been relegated from the Asociación Amateur, joined Asociación Argentina remaining at Primera División. Argentino de Quilmes returned to the top division after being relegated in 1918, while All Boys, Argentino de Banfield and Villa Urquiza made their debuts in Primera.


1923 Argentine Primera División, Final tables, Asociación Argentina de Football - Copa Campeonato, Finals
After Boca Juniors and Huracán finished tied on points, a two-legged series was established to define a champion. With the third match drawn, the series was level at 1-1, meaning a fourth match –to be played to a finish– was required to determine the champion.


1923 Argentine Primera División, Final tables, Asociación Amateurs de Football
Argentino del Sud (promoted last year) debuted in Primera División.


1923 Arizona Wildcats football team
The 1923 Arizona Wildcats football team represented the University of Arizona as an independent during the 1923 college football season. In their ninth season under head coach Pop McKale, the Wildcats compiled a 5–3 record and outscored their opponents, 146 to 127. The team captain was Marvin Carl Clark.


1923 Arkansas Razorbacks football team
The 1923 Arkansas Razorbacks football team represented the University of Arkansas in the Southwest Conference (SWC) during the 1923 college football season. In their second year under head coach Francis Schmidt, the Razorbacks compiled a 6–2–1 record (2–2 against SWC opponents), finished in fifth place in the SWC, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 158 to 40.


1923 Army Cadets football team
The 1923 Army Cadets football team represented the United States Military Academy in the 1923 college football season. In their first season under head coach John McEwan, the Cadets compiled a 6–2–1 record, shut out five of their nine opponents, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 237 to 56. In the annual Army–Navy Game, the Cadets and Midshipmen played to a scoreless tie at the Polo Grounds in New York City.


1923 Army Cadets football team
Two Army players were recognized on the All-America team. Center Edgar Garbisch was selected as a first-team player by Tom Thorp and Percy Haughton and a second-team player by Athletic World magazine, Norman E. Brown and Davis Walsh. Garbisch was later inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. Guard August Farwick received second-team honors from Norman E. Brown and Tom Thorp.


1923 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1923 Atlantic hurricane season featured 11 tropical cyclones, 9 of which intensified into tropical storms, the most since 1916. Four of the tropical storms intensified into hurricanes, one of which reached major hurricane intensity—Category 3 or higher on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. No tropical storms or hurricanes formed in or entered the Caribbean Sea. The first known system, a tropical depression, formed on June 19, while the last known system, a tropical storm, transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on October 26.


1923 Atlantic hurricane season
A total of Additionally, an October tropical depression was previously recognized as a tropical storm until reanalysis in 2009, while the first and third tropical storms were added to the Atlantic hurricane database that year. The sixth, seven, and eight storms as well as the October tropical depression existed simultaneously on October 16.


1923 Atlantic hurricane season
Four tropical cyclones made landfall in the United States during 1923, with three striking the Gulf Coast of the United States and the other hitting Massachusetts. The first of the four, which struck Louisiana in June, mostly produced excessive rainfall along the Gulf Coast and parts of the East Coast. A storm which formed in the eastern Pacific basin around October 12 struck Louisiana as a Category 1 hurricane on October 16. The system caused some damage to coastal areas, especially between New Orleans, Louisiana, and Pensacola, Florida.


1923 Atlantic hurricane season
Just two days later, a tropical storm also struck Louisiana; it caused less damage, though four people died after a ship capsized in Perdido Bay. On October 19, a cyclone struck Massachusetts, but produced mostly beneficial rainfall in New England. The fifth system and the October tropical depression caused significant impact as extratropical cyclones. The former left at least 9 deaths and about $300,000 (1923 USD) in damage in Atlantic Canada, while the latter was attributed to 2 fatalities and more than $1 million in damage along the East Coast of the United States.


1923 Atlantic hurricane season
The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 49 units, well below the 1921–1930 average of 76.6. ACE is a metric used to express the energy used by a tropical cyclone during its lifetime. Therefore, a storm with a longer duration will have high values of ACE. It is only calculated at six-hour increments in which specific tropical and subtropical systems are either at or above sustained wind speeds of 39 mph (63 km/h), which is the threshold for tropical storm intensity. Thus, tropical depressions are not included here.


1923 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm One
Early on June 22, a broad area of low pressure was observed in the Bay of Campeche where it intensified into a tropical depression later that day. It remained at that intensity for the next three days while drifting slowly northeastward, while its pressure continued to gradually fall. By late June 25 it had begun to become better organized and move more swiftly to the north-northeast as a tropical storm. The storm clipped the southeastern Louisiana coastline and made landfall as a minimal tropical storm over extreme southern Mississippi and Alabama on June 26. The system weakened into a tropical depression while over southeastern Alabama late on June 26.


1923 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm One
The cyclone turned in a more easterly direction under the influence of an extratropical low. On June 27, it regained tropical storm intensity as it reached the Atlantic Ocean off the Georgia–South Carolina coast. On June 28, the cyclone reached a peak intensity of 60 mph (95 km/h) and a peripheral pressure of 999 mbar (29.5 inHg). At this time, the extratropical low to the northwest began to affect this tropical storm more heavily, causing it to lose tropical characteristics around 00:00 UTC on June 29.


1923 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm One
Excessive rains fell in the vicinity of the cyclone and farther up the East Coast of the United States, which mostly proved beneficial, especially for cotton crops in North Carolina and South Carolina. This storm was first introduced to the Atlantic hurricane best track in a 2009 reanalysis of the season.


1923 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two
Around August 31, a low-pressure area formed along the tail end of a cold front extending from the Bahamas to Bermuda. Early on the following day, a tropical depression developed roughly 510 mi (820 km) east-southeast of Jacksonville, Florida. The depression moved slowly east-northeastward as the cold front dissipated. Late on September 3, the system intensified into a tropical storm, and the next day the cyclone passed northwest of Bermuda. Based on observations from the S.S. Evergreen City, the small storm likely reached Category 1 hurricane intensity early on September 5.


1923 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two
The cyclone continued to strengthen, reaching Category 2 intensity on September 6 while drifting northward and then peaking with maximum sustained winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) early the following day. On September 8, the system curved northwestward and weakened to a Category 1 hurricane. The storm then turned north-northeastward on September 9 and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone later that day. The extratropical low continued north-northeastward until dissipating over southern Newfoundland on September 10. Cape Race observed sustained winds of 29 mph (47 km/h).


1923 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Three
Early on September 7, a tropical depression developed over the far eastern Atlantic about 225 mi (360 km) southwest of Banjul, The Gambia. The depression moved north-northwest and intensified into a tropical storm later that day. Around 12:00 UTC on September 8, the cyclone peaked with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (85 km/h). The storm then curved northwestward early the next day. Late on September 10, the system weakened to a tropical depression and then dissipated at 00:00 UTC on September 11 while situated about 410 mi (660 km) northwest of Santo Antão in the Cabo Verde Islands. This system was not entered into the Atlantic hurricane best track until reanalysis of the season in 2009.


1923 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
A low-pressure area developed into a tropical depression at 00:00 UTC on September 10, approximately 230 mi (370 km) northeast of Eleuthera Island in the Bahamas. Tracking to the northeast, the depression intensified into a tropical storm about 24 hours later. Based on observations from the S.S. Emergency Aid and S.S. City of Joseph, the cyclone strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane around 12:00 UTC on September 12. The hurricane peaked with maximum sustained winds of 80 mph (130 km/h).


1923 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
Accelerating rapidly northeastward, the system transitioned into an extratropical storm early on September 13 while situated about 120 mi (195 km) southeast of Sydney, Nova Scotia. The extratropical low struck Newfoundland later that day and then moved eastward over the Atlantic before dissipating by September 15. In Newfoundland, Cape Race recorded a sustained wind speed of 29 mph (47 km/h).


1923 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five
Late on September 24, a tropical wave developed into a tropical storm near Great Inagua Island in the Bahamas. Moving northwestward, the storm gradually intensified and crossed Acklins early the next day. Around 00:00 UTC on September 26, the system intensified into a Category 1 hurricane near Rum Cay. Several hours later, the hurricane turned northward and passed east of the northern Bahamian islands. The cyclone curved east-northeastward early on September 28, around the time that it strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane.


1923 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five
Reaching major hurricane intensity early on the following day, the storm peaked as a Category 3 hurricane with winds of 120 mph (195 km/h). The system began weakening by September 30, falling to Category 2 status while passing northwest of Bermuda. Thereafter, the hurricane accelerated northeastward and lost tropical characteristics, transitioning into an extratropical cyclone roughly 155 mi (250 km) south-southeast of Sable Island on October 1. The extratropical system continued northward and struck Newfoundland late on October 2, before resuming a northeastward motion and dissipating near Greenland on October 4.


1923 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five
In the Bahamas, a weather station in Nassau observed sustained winds of 40 mph (64 km/h). On September 30, a weather station on Bermuda recorded a sustained wind speed of 81 mph (130 km/h). The hurricane caused minor damage to the electrical and telephone plant, as well as slight impact to vessels anchored at the harbor. Additionally, several buildings "of a temporary nature" lost their roofs, according to the Montreal Gazette. The remnants of the storm brought wind gusts up to 66 mph (106 km/h) to Nova Scotia.


1923 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five
Winds toppled trees and power, telegraph, and telephone lines throughout the province, while also leaving sporadic damage to structures. Heavy rains fell over the province, including a total of 4.1 in (100 mm) in Sydney. The resultant flooding inundated low-lying areas of the city with up to 15 ft (4.6 m) of water, submerging at least 40 homes and damaging bridges. Winds and floods caused significant damage to apple orchards, especially in Annapolis Valley. Damage in Nova Scotia alone exceeded $300,000. On Prince Edward Island, the storm damaged or destroyed 23 bridges, while winds toppled trees and knocked out communications. Winds caused mostly minor damage in Newfoundland, though rainfall washed out several roads and swept away many small bridges in the vicinity of Conception Bay. Nine deaths occurred in Newfoundland.


1923 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six
A tropical wave developed into a tropical storm in the eastern Pacific basin by October 12. Initially located about 340 mi (545 km) southwest of San Salvador, El Salvador, the cyclone moved north-northwestward and made landfall near Salina Cruz, Oaxaca, early on the following day. The storm quickly weakened to a tropical depression later on October 13, but remained a tropical cyclone while crossing Mexico and reached the Gulf of Mexico on October 14.


1923 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six
At the time, it was the third tropical storm to cross from the eastern Pacific basin to the Atlantic basin; it is one of only five to have done so in recorded history. Curving northeastward, the system soon re-strengthened into a tropical storm. Late on October 15, the storm reached hurricane intensity and peaked with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) early the next day. Around 06:00 UTC, the hurricane made landfall near Cocodrie, Louisiana, at the same intensity. The system weakened to a tropical storm about six hours later. Now moving quickly north-northwestward, the storm fell to tropical depression status on October 17 and dissipated over Missouri shortly thereafter.


1923 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six
The storm left little impact in Mexico. Storm surge and abnormally high tides were reported in all ports along the coast of Louisiana. Several washouts occurred along the Louisville and Nashville Railroad in New Orleans and eastward, causing a suspension of service. At Lake Pontchartrain, tides partially flooded Milneburg and Spanish Fort. Mississippi experienced the highest storm surge, which peaked at approximately 7 ft (2.1 m) above mean low tide at Gulfport. Along the coast of the state, the storm surge and tides capsized rowboats and small launches and destroyed small piers.


1923 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six
The Mississippi and Gulf Coast Traction Company reported about $35,000 in damage to its railroads. In Alabama, an observation site in Mobile recorded wind gusts up to 60 mph (97 km/h). Storm surge and abnormally high tides inundated low-lying coastal areas of the state, with 4 ft (1.2 m) of water on the beachfront road in Bayou La Batre. Seafood factory buildings suffered minor damage. The storm generated wind gusts up to 64 mph (103 km/h) in Pensacola, Florida. There, winds downed trees, telegraph, and electrical wires, and deroofed some homes, mainly those without fastened roofs.


1923 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Mid-October tropical depression
Considered a tropical storm until reanalysis in 2009, this tropical depression formed over the southwestern Caribbean around 00:00 UTC on October 15. The depression moved northwestward for about 24 hours, before decelerating and turning to the north. By October 17, the system began moving north-northeastward and passed near the Cayman Islands on the following day. The cyclone then struck Cuba on October 19 before emerging into the Atlantic. Early on October 20, the storm turned northward while situated just east of Andros Island and passed over or near several western Bahamian islands throughout the day.


1923 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Mid-October tropical depression
The system transitioned into an extratropical cyclone by 12:00 UTC on October 21 about 290 mi (465 km) east of Daytona Beach, Florida. However, the extratropical remnants intensified, reaching sustained winds of 85 mph (140 km/h) early on October 23 – equivalent to a Category 1 hurricane. Moving north-northwestward, the extratropical low struck Virginia near the southern end of the Delmarva Peninsula later that day. After entering Canada, the system curved east-northeastward over Quebec and crossed the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and Newfoundland before re-emerging into the Atlantic on October 26. The low was last recorded to the east-southeast of the southern tip of Greenland on October 29, though historic weather maps suggest that the system may have persisted until November 2.


1923 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Mid-October tropical depression
In Virginia, the remnants of the depression produced sustained winds up to 56 mph (90 km/h) at Cape Henry. Storm surge and abnormally high tides inundated parts of Norfolk, particularly at Willoughby Spit. Coastal flooding submerged many roads in the city, with up to 1 ft (0.30 m) of water on the streets in the business district. Significant erosion occurred between Willoughby Spilt and Cape Henry. Rough seas in Ocean City, Maryland, damaged a portion of a seawall and two cottages.


1923 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Mid-October tropical depression
Approximately 50 children at a school were sent home after a wave swept over a boardwalk adjacent to the same street as the school. Coastal flooding inundated the harbor-front section of Baltimore, with two blocks inland submerged. Heavy rainfall from the storm washed out the dirt shoulders of a newly completed state highway in Delaware. Along the coast, storm tides threatened to topple the Cape Henlopen Lighthouse. Rehoboth Beach lost significant amounts of sand, while a hotel and several cottages suffered coastal flooding damage. One person in Delaware died from exposure during the storm. In Pennsylvania, winds downed trees in and around Philadelphia, some of which blocked traffic after falling onto roads and other causing electrical outages after collapsing onto power lines.


1923 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Mid-October tropical depression
The remnants of the depression produced strong winds in New Jersey, with a gust of 82 mph (132 km/h) in Atlantic City. The city was among the hardest hit in the state. Many trees and tree limbs, including fruit and shade trees, suffered damage or destruction throughout the city. Downed electrical wires left many power outages. Waves swept over the Atlantic City boardwalk and adjacent meadow lands. New York also experienced significant impact, especially in Brooklyn and Long Island. High winds downed numerous signs, telephone poles, and trees.


1923 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Mid-October tropical depression
A tree crashed onto a feed wire in Nassau County, leaving all of the county south of Roslyn without electricity. Heavy rainfall caused several head-on car accidents, while a pedestrian was run over and killed. The storm also capsized or wrecked many small boats and vessels and left many other watercraft missing. Waves washed away part of a portion of a seawall on Coney Island, while sections of Brookyln experienced coastal flooding, particularly at Greenpoint. Damage in the United States totaled at least $1 million.


1923 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Mid-October tropical depression
In Canada, the extratropical cyclone dropped up to 3.4 in (86 mm) of rainfall in Ontario. Montreal in the province of Quebec observed 2.8 in (71 mm) of precipitation. The heavy rainfall flooded the Wellington Street subway station with up to 4 ft (1.2 m) of water, delaying tramcar operations. Throughout the province, floodwaters damaged or destroyed about 60 bridges.


1923 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Seven
Observations from ships first identified this tropical storm about 265 mi (425 km) northeast of San Juan, Puerto Rico, early on October 15. The storm initially tracked northeastward, before curving to the north on the next day. By late on October 16, the system peaked with maximum sustained winds of 65 mph (100 km/h). The cyclone turned northwestward on October 17. The storm then weakened slightly to winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) prior to making landfall on Martha's Vineyard in Massachusetts at 09:00 UTC on October 19 and then near New Bedford a few hours later. After moving inland, the system rapidly lost tropical characteristics and transitioned into an extratropical storm over Vermont late on October 19, shortly before dissipating altogether.


1923 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Seven
In Massachusetts, Nantucket observed sustained winds of 48 mph (77 km/h). Due to drought conditions, rainfall produced by the storm in Massachusetts was mostly beneficial, especially in the area around the Watuppa Ponds and Quequechan River. Precipitation in New Hampshire resulted in slippery roads, which caused some minor car accidents.


1923 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Eight
A tropical storm was first observed in the Bay of Campeche around 12:00 UTC on October 16. For a brief time on October 16, there were three tropical storms active in the Atlantic simultaneously. The storm tracked northeastward and progressively moved faster throughout its duration as a tropical cyclone. Late on October 17, the system peaked with maximum sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) while curving northward. Around 01:00 UTC on the following day, the storm made landfall near Mississippi City, Mississippi, at the same intensity. Although the system transitioned into an extratropical cyclone just 11 hours later over western Tennessee, the extratropical low moved northeastward across the Midwestern United States and eastern Canada; it was last noted over Baffin Bay late on October 21.


1923 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Eight
In Mexico, Salina Cruz observed sustained winds of 40 mph (64 km/h). Other locations in Mexico reported only light winds. The highest measured sustained wind speed in the United States was 56 mph (90 km/h) at Pensacola, Florida. The city also observed 6.82 in (173 mm) of precipitation in a 24-hour period. In Perdido Bay, waves smashed the schooner Bluefields into a reef, forcing the eight occupants to abandon ship and swim to shore. Four survived; the other four drowned.


1923 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Eight
Rough seas in Lake Pontchartrain caused a barge to crash into a draw bridge spanning the Rigolets, shifting the bridge about 3 ft (0.91 m) from its foundation and forcing the Louisville and Nashville Railroad to suspend service between New Orleans and Gulfport, Mississippi. The storm produced heavy rains and relatively strong winds over portions of the Mississippi River Valley and Midwestern United States, with Toledo, Ohio, observing a sustained wind speed of 43 mph (69 km/h).


1923 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Nine
The season's final tropical cyclone was first observed by ships about 170 mi (275 km) northeast of Barbuda early on October 24. The storm initially moved slowly north-northwestward, before curving to the northwest on October 25. Early the next day, the storm peaked with maximum sustained winds of 45 mph (75 km/h). The cyclone then curved northward late on October 26 and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone approximately 220 mi (355 km) south of Bermuda.


1923 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Other system
On June 19, a weak tropical depression formed from the tail end of a dying cold front, north of western Bahamas and east of Florida. The tropical depression moved generally north after its formation. Failing to intensify further, it was absorbed by a stronger cold front sweeping down the East Coast of the United States on June 22.


1923 Auburn Tigers football team
The 1923 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 1923 college football season. It was the Tigers' 32nd overall and they competed as a member of the Southern Conference (SoCon). The team was led by head coach Boozer Pitts, in his first year, and played their home games at Drake Field in Auburn, Alabama. They finished with a record of three wins, three losses and three ties (3–3–3 overall, 0–1–3 in the SoCon).


1923 Auckland City mayoral election
The 1923 Auckland City mayoral election was part of the New Zealand local elections held that same year. In 1923, elections were held for the Mayor of Auckland plus other local government positions including twenty-one city councillors. The polling was conducted using the standard first-past-the-post electoral method.


1923 Auckland City mayoral election
Incumbent mayor James Gunson was again declared re-elected unopposed, with no other candidates emerging.


1923 Auckland Rugby League season
The 1923 season of the Auckland Rugby League was its 15th. The First Grade competition featured 7 teams with the Fire Brigade club who featured in it in 1922 not entering a team.


1923 Auckland Rugby League season, First grade winners
City Rovers won their 6th championship title and the 3rd in succession after defeating Athletic 8–7 in the final. With a round to play City was only 2 competition points ahead of Athletic so it was decided to play a final to decide the champions. The match was played on Carlaw Park in front of an enormous crowd of 11,500 with £325 received in gate takings. City were the second team to win three consecutive titles after Ponsonby United had won the competition in 1917, 1918, and 1919. It was to be 61 years until it happened again with Mt Albert winning the title from 1984–86 before Northcote won 4 titles from 1991–94, Glenora 3 titles from 1997–99, and Pt Chevalier won 3 titles from 2013–15.


1923 Auckland Rugby League season, First grade winners
Ponsonby won the Roope Rooster Knockout competition for the second straight year and their third time in the competitions history after defeating City Rovers 14–3 in the final.


1923 Auckland Rugby League season, Representative team
The Auckland representative team played 5 matches for 4 wins and a 20–20 draw. The draw was arguably the most significant result as it was in a match for the Northern Union Challenge Cup against South Auckland. Auckland had lost the cup to the same opposition the previous season and as the match was drawn South Auckland retained it. The two teams met again at the end of the season at Carlaw Park which Auckland won convincingly however the cup was not being played for as it was only defended at the holders home ground.


1923 Auckland Rugby League season, Manukau rugby league team
Near the end of the season the Manukau and Mangere clubs sent a letter to the Auckland Rugby League which was read at the management committee meeting on 29 August. It stated that the two clubs had decided to amalgamate and would enter a team in the senior grade the following year provided permission was granted, which it was. The Manukau club is the Manukau club of today, though the Mangere club is not related to the modern day Mangere East who were not founded until 1963. The Manukau club were located in their early decades in the Onehunga area before moving much later to their current location at Moyle Park.


1923 Auckland Rugby League season, Obituary, William Southernwood
William Southernwood was a Ponsonby first grade player from 1918 until the start of the 1923 season. He tragically drowned on the night of 31 March 1923 when the boat he owned (the launch, Lorraine) capsized while attempting to cross the Tairua Bar. He had been at the Whitanga Regatta during the afternoon and as he attempted to enter Tairua in strong winds and heavy seas the boat was struck by a large wave capsizing it. It was struck by 3 more breaking waves and smashed to pieces.


1923 Auckland Rugby League season, Obituary, William Southernwood
Southernwood was in the engine room at the time and was never seen again. Also onboard was Bill Walsh, his Ponsonby team mate and current Kiwi player. Walsh had his legs tangled in fishing line and after falling into the water was saved by Silston Cory-Wright who was in another vessel. He entered the water and cleared his legs of the fishing line, and used a benzine tin to keep them afloat until they could be rescued. Walsh was in a poor state by this time.


1923 Auckland Rugby League season, Obituary, William Southernwood
He then put a lifebelt over his shoulders and kept him up until they could be pulled in. They then needed to be "rubbed for nearly an hour to bring them round". Three other men lost their lives on board the Lorraine, H Chappell, T Culhan, and N Robson. Another man, Alex Rolandson was on another vessel (Elida) which in trying to assist them he fell overboard and also drowned. Prime Minister William Massey telegraphed to Tairua his sincere sympathy from himself and his wife for the bereaved relatives.


1923 Auckland Rugby League season, Obituary, William Southernwood
Walsh recovered sufficiently and was able to assume the position of club captain which he had been elected to for the 1923 season. On the one year anniversary of Southernwood's death the Ponsonby Rugby League Football Club placed a memoriam notice in the Auckland Star "In memory of our club mate (Billy) W Southernwood, accidentally drowned, launch disaster Tairua, March 31, 1923".


1923 Auckland Rugby League season, Monteith Shield (1st grade championship)
The 1923 First Grade Championship was arguably the most keenly fought in the competitions history to this point with three teams in the hunt for the title up until the last two weeks. Marist Old Boys who were in a good position to win the title lost in the 12th and 13th rounds and bowed out of contention, leaving City Rovers and Athletics to contend. It was ultimately won by City Rovers who finished the season with a 10 win and 2 loss record, as did Athletic, with a final being required to determine the winner. City won by the narrowest of margins 8–7 to go back to back.


1923 Auckland Rugby League season, Monteith Shield (1st grade championship), Monteith Shield standings
A final was played between City Rovers and Athletic after the round robin to decide the title with City winning 8 points to 7 in front of 11,500 spectators at Carlaw Park.


1923 Auckland Rugby League season, Monteith Shield (1st grade championship), Monteith Shield fixtures
The First Grade season was particularly close right until the end. In the final round the step was made to play both games on Carlaw Park number 1 field for the first time (usually one match was always played on the number 2 field at the same time). If Athletic had defeated City Rovers in the main match they would have won the championship for the first time however they lost to City which forced a final to be played the following week between the same two teams and City were again victorious to claim their 3rd straight championship.


1923 Auckland Rugby League season, Monteith Shield (1st grade championship), Monteith Shield fixtures, Round 8
Ponsonby defaulted their match with Newton after they could only manage 8 players.


1923 Auckland Rugby League season, Monteith Shield (1st grade championship), Monteith Shield fixtures, Round 10
Richmond defaulted their match with City as they had a large number of players injured or ill.


1923 Auckland Rugby League season, Monteith Shield (1st grade championship), Monteith Shield fixtures, Round 14
The match between City and Athletic saw two forwards ordered off, one from each team. Hec McDonald the future Kiwi debuted for City in the match after being drawn to Auckland from the Waikato.


1923 Auckland Rugby League season, Roope Rooster knockout competition
The Roope Rooster competition was interesting as Ponsonby went on to win it despite being un-competitive in the First Grade competition. Thomas McClymont and Bill Walsh emerged from retirement, and Ivan Littlewood transferred back to the club from Waikato where he had moved, to bolster their team for the Roope Rooster competition. They defeated Richmond and Marist comprehensively before beating a slightly weakened City team (with Maurice Wetherill suffering from influenza, and Bill Davidson with a leg injury) in the final 14–8.


1923 Auckland Rugby League season, Roope Rooster knockout competition, Round 1
Athletic had a forward ordered off early in their match with Devonport United but still managed to lead at halftime before conceding the lead and the match in the second half.


1923 Auckland Rugby League season, Top try scorers and point scorers
These lists include tries and points scored in the First Grade competition and the Roope Rooster competition only. A Godick of the Devonport who scored 6 tries during the season later moved to Fiji to live and help promote the game of rugby union in the islands there.


1923 Auckland Rugby League season, Other club matches and lower grades, Athletic v Wednesday representative team
During the season a Wednesday afternoon competition was played and it was decided to play a match between Athletic who had a bye and a representative team from that competition as curtain-raiser to the City Rovers – Marist Old Boys match.


1923 Auckland Rugby League season, Other club matches and lower grades, Labour Day Carnival and charity sevens tournament
On 20 October there was a carnival held at Carlaw Park with 7 a-side football on one field and seven-a-side rugby league on the other. There were three first round matches played with Richmond, Athletic A, and Devonport victorious. Richmond received a bye in the semi-finals and met Athletic in the final who they defeated 5 points to 0.


1923 Auckland Rugby League season, Other club matches and lower grades, Labour Day Carnival and charity sevens tournament
The following weekend another seven-a-side tournament was held at Carlaw Park to raise money for the Takapuna Orphanage which was destroyed by fire. Unfortunately the weather was particularly bad in the morning which had an effect on the attendance with only 1,000 spectators. The teams were supposed to composed of senior players but in reality were largely made up of junior players.


1923 Auckland Rugby League season, Other club matches and lower grades, Lower grade clubs
There were 6 lower grades in 1923, though the sixth grade was split into A and B divisions once again, and one of the grades was a cadets grade.


1923 Auckland Rugby League season, Other club matches and lower grades, Lower grade clubs
Grades were made of the following teams with the winning team in bold and winners of knockout competitions in italics:


1923 Auckland Rugby League season, Other club matches and lower grades, Exhibition matches
On June 2 Marist had a bye and so travelled to Hamilton to play a local Hamilton representative side. Hamilton won 28-13 against a Marist team missing 5 of its regular players.


1923 Auckland Rugby League season, Other club matches and lower grades, Exhibition matches
Richmond travelled to Taumarunui towards the end of the season when they had a bye in the First Grade competition and were victorious against the local side by 14 points to 5. On 15 September the Athletic and Parnell 4th grade teams played a match in Whangarei which was the first time and organised game of rugby league had been played in the area. As both of the teams were composed of junior players, the game was not of a high standard and gained little interest.


1923 Auckland Rugby League season, Representative season
The Auckland representative side played 5 matches. They started the season with a match against Wellington in which they ran up a huge score, winning by 71 points to 12. Their second match was played mid week against Hamilton, before two games against South Auckland and finishing the season with a game against an Auckland provincial team.


1923 Auckland Rugby League season, Representative season
Auckland challenged South Auckland for the Northern Union Cup which it had lost to the same opponents in 2022. The match was drawn and so South Auckland retained the cup. Auckland later played an Auckland provincial team and won comfortably in front of 7,000 spectators on Carlaw Park. A curtain-raiser was played between the Referees Association and the Junior Advisory Board, and was won by the former by 10 points to 6. In the final full league fixture of the season Auckland played South Auckland again and were this time victorious 25 to 11.


1923 Auckland Rugby League season, Representative season, Auckland v Wellington
Every single member of the Auckland team scored points aside from Bill Davidson which was ironic given that he was one of Auckland Rugby League's most prolific point scorers.


1923 Auckland Rugby League season, Representative season, Auckland v Hamilton
In the match with Hamilton which, was played midweek, there were no players from the Ponsonby United and City Rovers clubs available as they were playing the Roope Rooster final on the following Saturday.


1923 Australasian Championships
The 1923 Australian Championships was a tennis tournament that took place on outdoor Grass courts at the Milton Courts, Brisbane, Australia from 11 August to 18 August. It was the 16th edition of the Australian Championships (now known as the Australian Open), the third held in Brisbane, and the second Grand Slam tournament of the year. The singles titles were won by Pat O'Hara Wood and Margaret Molesworth.


1923 Australasian Championships, Finals, Men's singles
Pat O'Hara Wood defeated  Bert St John 6–1, 6–1, 6–3


1923 Australasian Championships, Finals, Men's Doubles
Pat O'Hara Wood /  Bert St. John defeated  Dudley Bullough /  Horace Rice 6–4, 6–3, 3–6, 6–0


1923 Australasian Championships, Finals, Women's Doubles
Esna Boyd /  Sylvia Lance Harper  defeated  Margaret Molesworth /  Mrs. H. Turner 6–1, 6–4


1923 Australasian Championships, Finals, Mixed Doubles
Sylvia Lance Harper  /  Horace Rice  defeated  Margaret Molesworth /  Bert St. John 2–6, 6–4, 6–4


1923 Australasian Championships – Men's Singles
Pat O'Hara Wood defeated Bert St. John 6–1, 6–1, 6–3 in the final to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1923 Australian Championships.


1923 Australasian Championships – Women's Singles
Mall Molesworth defeated Esna Boyd 6–1, 7–5 in the final to win the Women's Singles tennis title at the 1923 Australian Championships.


1923 Austrian legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Austria on 21 October 1923. The result was a victory for the Christian Social Party, which won 82 of the 165 seats. Voter turnout was 87.0%.


1923 BYU Cougars football team
The 1923 BYU Cougars football team was an American football team that represented Brigham Young University in the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) during the 1923 college football season. In their second season under head coach Alvin Twitchell, the Cougars compiled a 2–5 record, tied for seventh in the RMC, and were outscored by a total of 156 to 47.


1923 Baltimore mayoral election
The 1923 Baltimore mayoral election saw the election of Howard W. Jackson.


1923 Baylor Bears football team
he 1923 Baylor Bears football team represented Baylor University in the Southwest Conference (SWC) during the 1923 college football season. In its fourth and final season under head coach Frank Bridges, the Baylor football team compiled a 5–1–2 record (1–1–2 against conference opponents), finished in fourth place in the conference, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 104 to 39. The team's sole loss was to SMU by a 16–0 score in the final game of the season.


1923 Baylor Bears football team
The team played its home games at Carroll Field in Waco, Texas. Roy Carter Williamson was the team captain.


1923 Bellbird Mining Disaster
The 1923 Bellbird Mining Disaster took place on 1 September 1923 when there was a fire at Hetton-Bellbird coal mine, known locally as the Bellbird Colliery or mine. The coal mine was located near the village of Bellbird, which is itself three miles southwest of Cessnock in the Northern coalfields of New South Wales, Australia. The accident occurred in the No. 1 Workings of the mine and resulted in the deaths of 21 miners and their horses.


1923 Bellbird Mining Disaster
Subsequently there was a thorough investigation into the causes of the accident which resulted in legislative changes that were implemented in an effort to improve worker safety in Australian coal mines. These efforts culminated with the Mines Rescue Act 1925 which established standards for mine rescue operations in New South Wales (NSW) province. At time of the disaster the mine employed 538 people including 369 who worked underground. The accident killed 21 miners and caused legislation changes. At time of the disaster the mine employed 538 people including 369 who worked underground.


1923 Bellbird Mining Disaster, Incident
At 1:00 pm on 1 September 1923 twenty men entered the colliery for their shift. Deputies Eke, Sneddon and Wilson from the day shift were in the mine conducting inspections as a part of the shift handover. At 1:30 pm the inspection was finished and they went to No.4 West Flat. The fire occurred shortly after 1:30 pm. The deputies went to No.3 were they found smoke and flames in the air return tunnel. At 2:00 pm an explosion occurred. At 4:00 pm they decided to recover bodies and seal the mine without knowing the source of the fire.


1923 Bellbird Mining Disaster, Incident
Sealing of the mine commenced at 9:30 pm and completed by 1:00 pm the next day This caused six men to be entombed inside the pit Four tunnels were sealed with sand, soil and timber followed by upcast shaft. There seven separate underground explosions. At 1:45 pm on 2 September 1923 an explosion burst through the seal in the tunnel near killing two volunteers. The manager called the colliery office four times without a response and failed to inform worker of the fire or smoke.


1923 Bellbird Mining Disaster, Investigation
A coronial inquest and a Royal Commission were conducted. A coronial inquest and a Royal Commission were conducted. The inquest was held over 9 days from 4 September to 4 October by coroner George Brown at the Cessnock Court House which included a jury of six people and forty two witnesses. This first of the two inquests into the accident was somewhat inconclusive in its conclusions.


1923 Bellbird Mining Disaster, Investigation
The first jury verdict eventually found that the deceased met their deaths from carbon monoxide poisoning which was caused by either a fire or explosion yet “there was no evidence to show how such fire of explosion was caused”. They found that the evidence does not provide definitely how the disaster originated. They also stressed that the great weight of evidence shows that the mine was a safe one but that such an accident could occur in any mine in the local coalfields justifying the need for a central rescue station.


1923 Bellbird Mining Disaster, Investigation
Jury further argued the need for more strict regulations governing safety in the coal mine of NSW. A second inquest was held by George Brown on 20 May 1925. he second inquest held had very little new information to add to the findings of the original inquest but did seem to go out of its way to mention the possibility that the fire was started as a result of employee negligence. Regardless of the causes of the disaster, the recommendations to avoid a repeat of its aftermath were the same.


1923 Bellbird Mining Disaster, Investigation
Further safety standards were needed and trained professionals in centrally located rescue stations. Both were recognised as vital for coal mining safety moving forward. A report into the incident found may unsafe work practices including smoking in the mines, unreliable emergency phone lines and lack of hazard reduction and reporting. The inquest revealed that some workers did not have safety lamps.


1923 Bellbird Mining Disaster, Cause
The explosion was caused by methane gas build up which was caused by dust being constantly pushed and reacting to the air. The explosions were caused by the distillation of coal gas within overheated coals heaps which ignited the gas which cause the fire and the explosion would spread the fire. There evidence of heating within heaps of fallen coal which caused the spontaneous combustion. The use of naked lights through the mine was considered to be cause of the fire. There have been three probable fires of the fire ignition of firedamp or other inflammable gas to contract with naked flame, ignition of coal dust by flame due to overcharged shot or ignition of inflammable gases produced and subsequently ignited by active mine fires.


1923 Bellbird Mining Disaster, Deaths
All twenty one deaths were caused by carbon monoxide poisoning. Many miners died due to being choked by gas. One of the deaths was John B Brown who was the manager of the Aberdare Colliery who died while helping the rescue effort. Two bodies were found just inside No.9 West with a further nine bodies and three were found outside the colliery. Discovered a man and a horse inside No.8 West.


1923 Bellbird Mining Disaster, Aftermath
Saw the destruction of much of the mining equipment including saw machinery and coal skips. After three weeks No.2 Working was reopened due to the lack of damage.


1923 Bellbird Mining Disaster, Aftermath
The disaster caused a debate about the flow of consistent ventilation in mines. Which saw the implementation of stone dusting to reduce the dangers of coal dust. It created a greater public awareness of mining safety, the need for emergency equipment and trained emergency and rescue officers. After the disaster all sources of light were replaced with safety lamps.


1923 Bellbird Mining Disaster, Aftermath
On 3 September a funeral was held in Cessnock which thousands attended. Hundred of miners completed a "marched in honour of their dead comrades". A monument was placed in memorial park near the site of the Bellbird Colliery listing the names of 21 men who lost their lives. Bellbird Tidy Town and Austar completed a restoration of the disaster site. The Miners Federation started a campaign to increase regulations as they believed the accident was preventable.


1923 Bellbird Mining Disaster, Aftermath
In 1924 a group of trained volunteer rescue teams using Proto breathing apparatus recovered the six bodies entombed in the pit. Due the use of breathing apparatus have been used in several incidents with increased confidence in their use which saw reentry of operation of mines


1923 Bellbird Mining Disaster, Aftermath
The disaster saw a major revision of 1912 NSW Act which was enacted in 1926 which saw the additional regulations to explosives, safety lamps and power of inspectors. The Bellbird disaster was certainly significant, for it influenced the eventual passage of the Mines Rescue Act of 1925 by the New South Wales Parliament. It was given wide coverage in the press including detailed accounts of the lengthy inquest proceedings. This tended to increase public awareness of and sensitivity to the issues, and highlighted the hazardous nature of coal mining.


1923 Bellbird Mining Disaster, Aftermath
The value of equipment in the hands of trained personnel was clearly demonstrated. Subsequently momentum for the introduction of the facilities grew and a consensus developed. It took most of the legislative year but by the 31 December 1925 the bill that became operation provided for the establishment of an organised mines rescue system in NSW coal mines. Central mines rescue stations were to be set up in four defined districts and rescue brigades installed at certain mines where there was no permanent rescue corps locally.


1923 Bellbird Mining Disaster, Aftermath
Each of these stations were to be manned by full-trained specialists to assist in rescue operations. While in real terms the disaster was perhaps more important in its response than in its cause. The importance of trained rescue teams using professional equipment became easily apparent and enshrined in safety legislation. This incident, being the latest in a long string of fatal mining accidents, is considered a prime catalyst for the ultimate passage of the Mines Rescue Act 1925 which still governs over rescue operation standards in NSW today. This legislation required the establishment of rescue stations and Brigadesmen teams as well as instigating new standards regarding both equipment and maintenance.


1923 Berkeley, California fire
The 1923 Berkeley Fire was a conflagration that consumed some 640 structures, including 584 homes in the densely-built neighborhoods north of the campus of the University of California in Berkeley, California on September 17, 1923.


1923 Berkeley, California fire
Although the exact cause was never determined, the fire began in the undeveloped chaparral and grasslands of Wildcat Canyon, just east of the ridgeline of the Berkeley Hills, and was propelled over the ridge and southwestward just south of Codornices Creek by a strong, gusty, and intensely dry northeasterly wind. The fire quickly blew up as it swept through the La Loma Park and Northside neighborhoods of Berkeley, overwhelming the capabilities of the Berkeley Fire Department to stop it.


1923 Berkeley, California fire
A number of UC students fought the advance of the fire as it approached the north edge of the University of California campus, at Hearst Avenue. The other edge of the fire was fought by firefighters as it advanced on downtown Berkeley along the east side of Shattuck Avenue north of University Avenue. Firefighters were rushed in from neighboring Oakland, and San Francisco sent firefighters by ferry across the bay.


1923 Berkeley, California fire
Firefighting efforts were hampered by the inadequacy of water mains in northern Berkeley, where rapid development after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake had outgrown the water supply in the fire area. Firefighters trying to fight the fire connected to hydrants in the area that hissed dry and were hampered also by the predominance of cedar shake roofs. The strong and dry wind lifted burning shakes off burning houses and quickly spread the fire. The fire was halted only when the northeasterly winds died down and were replaced by the cool, humid afternoon sea breeze. The fire lines were established at Hearst and Shattuck Avenues, where larger diameter water mains delivered a reliable water supply for firefighting.


1923 Berkeley, California fire
Building styles in North Berkeley changed dramatically after the 1923 fire, with stucco and tile roof homes largely, but not entirely, replacing the wood-sided and cedar-shaked construction styles popularized by the Berkeley Hillside Club before the fire.


1923 Berkeley, California fire
As a belated result of the fire, the City of Berkeley constructed a fire station in the hills at 2931 Shasta Road (at Queens Road) just below Grizzly Peak Blvd, in 1948. In the early 2000s, this station was replaced and relocated to a nearby site just above Grizzly Peak Blvd. at 3000 Shasta Road, on the interface between the residential area and Tilden Regional Park, very close to the putative origin of the 1923 fire.


1923 Berwick-upon-Tweed by-election
The Berwick-upon-Tweed by-election of 31 May 1923 was a by-election to the British House of Commons which saw Mabel Philipson become the third woman to take her seat in Parliament. The election was caused when her husband, Hilton Philipson, was deprived of his seat due to corruption by his election agent. The result was formally a Conservative Party gain as husband and wife fought as members of different parties. Mrs Philipson, a former actress, performed much better at the polls than her party had expected.


1923 Berwick-upon-Tweed by-election, Previous election
At the 1922 general election, the contest in the Berwick-upon-Tweed constituency had attracted some wider attention as the seat was fought between two candidates both representing strands of the same Liberal Party. Former cabinet minister Walter Runciman was the official party nominee, selected at the last minute after the sitting MP stood down, while Hilton Philipson was nominated as a 'National Liberal' supported by David Lloyd George. The local branch of the Conservative Party, while initially hesitant, later "[flung] themselves wholeheartedly into the fight" supporting Philipson.


1923 Berwick-upon-Tweed by-election, Previous election
The result of the election on 15 November 1922 was:


1923 Berwick-upon-Tweed by-election, Election petition
On 6 January 1923, an election petition was lodged challenging the election of Philipson on the grounds of excessive expenditure. The legal maximum spending by any candidate was £850, and Philipson returned spending totalling £985; he was entitled to exclude his personal expenses (amounting to £72) and an allowance of £75 towards his election agent from the legal maximum, which meant that the spending reported by Philipson was £838 and therefore within the legal limit. However, the petitioners (two Independent Liberals, Brigadier-General Widdrington and Professor Bosanquet) alleged that Philipson's election agent had agreed with a local printer to lower the printing bill by £100 below market rate so that the campaign would not exceed the legal maximum.


1923 Berwick-upon-Tweed by-election, Election petition
The petition came to trial in April 1923, with the petitioners stressing that Captain Philipson was not accused of any wrongdoing, and nor was there any accusation of corruption or 'treating'. On 2 May, the three Judges hearing the petition declared the election void, having found that the return of expenses was false. Philipson was given relief against the finding that his election campaign had been corrupt, but his election agent Thomas Boal was reported for corrupt and illegal practices.


1923 Berwick-upon-Tweed by-election, Candidates
The law provided that, even if given relief, a candidate who had been elected through corruption was disqualified for seven years in the constituency. Immediately the result was known, it was speculated in Berwick that Mrs Philipson might stand for the seat vacated by her husband; however she insisted that she would only stand as a Conservative. On Saturday 5 May, the Central Council of the Berwick-upon-Tweed Unionist Association unanimously adopted her as their candidate for the forthcoming by-election. Mrs Philipson arrived in Berwick on 9 May to meet members of the Unionist club, telling them that although not brilliant at making a speech, she could fight in a good cause.


1923 Berwick-upon-Tweed by-election, Candidates
Mrs Philipson was formerly Miss Mabel Russell, and a well-known actress, before her marriage. which included being the leading Lady in Gerald du Maurier's play London Pride. She was already known in the constituency for supporting her husband, and for having a genuine interest in farming; she and her husband ran a model farm in Esher. The fact that she came from a relatively poor background helped her considerably. It was no secret that she was willing to stand in order to keep the seat ready for her husband's eventual return.


1923 Berwick-upon-Tweed by-election, Candidates
The committee of Berwick-upon-Tweed Liberal Association on 7 May recommended as their candidate Captain the Hon. Harold Robson, who was the son of former Liberal Minister Lord Robson. Robson was educated at Eton and Oxford, had been called to the Bar in 1910, and had been awarded the Croix de Guerre during World War I. Robson was formally adopted, unanimously, on 10 May.


1923 Berwick-upon-Tweed by-election, Candidates
It was known early on that the Labour Party intended to stand a candidate, and the Berwick Labour Party adopted Councillor Gilbert Oliver as its candidate at a meeting in Alnwick on 12 May. Oliver was originally from Wooler, in the division, and had been a member of Newcastle-upon-Tyne City Council for four years; he was 56 at the time of the election and a working tailor.


1923 Berwick-upon-Tweed by-election, Campaign
The writ instructing the Returning Officer to elect a new Member of Parliament for Berwick-upon-Tweed was moved in the House of Commons on 15 May. That night Mrs Philipson opened her campaign in Berwick with a "spirited" attack on the Labour attitude. She concentrated on building up personal contact with electors, especially the less fortunate, whom she told about the activities of Labour Members of Parliament such as Walton Newbold "shrieking about making the streets run with blood".


1923 Berwick-upon-Tweed by-election, Campaign
The Liberals started the campaign optimistically, thinking that they could rely on the 7,000 votes obtained by Runciman the previous November as a base, while some of the National Liberal votes would not support a Conservative, and that the presence of a Labour candidate would harm the Conservatives. Robson conducted day-wide motor tours of the constituency, speaking on foreign affairs where he opposed the French occupation of the Ruhr and called for an independent settlement with Germany.


1923 Berwick-upon-Tweed by-election, Campaign
Labour was thought to have a solid base in the constituency, in which there were 3,000 miners and 2,000 railwaymen, although the largest element in the workforce were 7,000 agricultural workers who were thought 'slow to change'. Oliver was reckoned to be the most fluent and politically knowledgeable of the candidates, and refuted claims of far left links, declaring "I am no Bolshevist, neither am I a patriotic tub-thumper" when he opened his campaign on 18 May. When Conservative Prime Minister Bonar Law was taken ill, Oliver paid tribute to his "transparent honesty" and gave hopes for a speedy recovery.


1923 Berwick-upon-Tweed by-election, Campaign
All three candidates handed in their nominations on 23 May together, with the parties each producing multiple forms in order to demonstrate their support. Philipson had 44 nomination papers, Robson 35, and Oliver had 12. The candidates kept up a hectic schedule of public meetings in the towns and villages in the division; on Tuesday 29 May Robson addressed ten separate meetings, while Oliver addressed eight (for a total of 50 since the beginning of the campaign).


1923 Berwick-upon-Tweed by-election, Campaign, Agriculture
While Philipson was supported by many of the largest farmers in the division, and Oliver appealed for the votes of agricultural workers by calling for a wages board to increase their pay, Robson's manifesto did not mention agriculture at all. This omission was seized on by visiting speaker Sir Thomas Inskip who accused the Liberals of having no policy. The Northumberland branch of the National Farmers Union sent Robson a questionnaire about his views, to which he replied with answers that The Times correspondent considered would be thought unfavourable by the farmers. By contrast, Philipson confidently promoted Government policy as helping farmers.


1923 Berwick-upon-Tweed by-election, Campaign, Liberal reunion
Because of her husband's involvement with the National Liberal Party, many National Liberals supported Philipson over Robson in the byelection; local National Liberals appeared on her platform and the local branch passed a resolution expressing support. This move was not encouraged by the national headquarters of the party, which had an eye on the eventual reunion of the Liberal Party. National Liberal MPs decided to offer Robson any assistance he might require. When a delegation of National Liberals turned up on 23 May to support Robson, the local National Liberals protested at the intrusion into their affairs.


1923 Berwick-upon-Tweed by-election, Campaign, Liberal reunion
The visit proved abortive with Robson distinctly cool about a Liberal reunion; he preferred to rely on a letter of support from the former Liberal MP for the division, Viscount Grey.


1923 Berwick-upon-Tweed by-election, Result
Philipson therefore became the third woman MP. Her election had been expected but the majority had not; the Conservatives were said to have underestimated her vote, and overestimated the Liberal vote, by 2,000. Labour was reckoned to have performed adequately in a constituency it had not previously fought and where conducting an election campaign was very difficult.


1923 Berwick-upon-Tweed by-election, Result
So large was the crowd welcoming the Philipson back to her hotel in Berwick after the close of poll, that she had difficulty making her way through and received a black eye from an accidental blow from a policeman's elbow while he was trying to clear a way for her. The strain of the campaign caused her to lose her voice, and she delayed taking her seat until Thursday 7 June. When she did, the public gallery was crowded with "a wonderful collection of young women" said to be "gaily apparelled".


1923 Big Ten Conference football season
The 1923 Big Ten Conference football season was the 28th season of college football played by the member schools of the Big Ten Conference (also known as the Western Conference) and was a part of the 1923 college football season.


1923 Big Ten Conference football season
Illinois, under head coach Robert Zuppke, compiled an 8–0 record, outscored opponents by a combined total of 136 to 20, and tied for the Big Ten championship. Halfback Red Grange was recognized as a consensus All-American and was one of the inaugural inductees into the College Football Hall of Fame.


1923 Big Ten Conference football season
The 1923 Illinois team has been recognized as the national champion by selected retroactively as the national champion by the Boand System, College Football Researchers Association, Helms Athletic Foundation, and Parke H. Davis, and as a co-national champion by the Berryman QPRS system, National Championship Foundation, and Jeff Sagarin (using the ELO-Chess methodology).


1923 Big Ten Conference football season
Michigan, under head coach Fielding H. Yost, compiled an 8–0 record, tied for the Big Ten championship, and outscored its opponents by a combined total of 150 to 12. Michigan led the conference in both scoring offense (18.8 points per game) and scoring defense (1.5 points per game). Center Jack Blott was a consensus All-American, and halfback Harry Kipke was later inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. The season was part of a 20-game undefeated streak for Michigan that began on October 29, 1921, and continued until October 18, 1924. During the combined 1922 and 1923 seasons, Michigan compiled a 14–0–1 record. The 1923 Michigan team has been recognized as the national champion by the Billingsley Report and as a co-national champion by the National Championship Foundation.


1923 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Results and team statistics
PPG = Average of points scored per gamePAG = Average of points allowed per game


1923 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Bowl games
No Big Ten teams participated in any bowl games during the 1923 season.


1923 Big Ten Conference football season, All-Big Ten players
Ten players received first-team honors on the 1923 All-Big Ten Conference football team from at least two of the following selectors: Billy Evans (BE) Norman E. Brown (NB), and Walter Eckersall (WE).


1923 Big Ten Conference football season, All-Americans
Five Big Ten players were recognized as consensus first-team players on the 1923 College Football All-America Team:


1923 Birmingham–Southern Panthers football team
The 1923 Birmingham–Southern Panthers football team was an American football team that represented Birmingham–Southern College as an independent during the 1923 college football season. In their fifth season under head coach Charles H. Brown, the team compiled a 1–5–2 record.


1923 Birthday Honours
The King's Birthday Honours 1923 were appointments in many of the Commonwealth realms of King George V to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of those countries. The appointments were made to celebrate the official birthday of The King. They were published on 1 and 29 June 1923.


1923 Birthday Honours
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.


1923 Birthday Honours (New Zealand)
The 1923 King's Birthday Honours in New Zealand, celebrating the official birthday of King George V, were appointments made by the King on the recommendation of the New Zealand government to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by New Zealanders. They were announced on 2 June 1923.


1923 Birthday Honours (New Zealand)
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour.


1923 Bolivian legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Bolivia in May 1923 to elect half the seats of the Chamber Deputies and one-third of the Senate.


1923 Boston Braves season
The 1923 Boston Braves season was the 53rd season of the franchise.


1923 Boston Braves season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1923 Boston Braves season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1923 Boston Braves season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1923 Boston Braves season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1923 Boston College Eagles football team
The 1923 Boston College Eagles football team represented Boston College during the 1923 college football season.


1923 Boston Red Sox season
The 1923 Boston Red Sox season was the 23rd season in the franchise's Major League Baseball history. The Red Sox finished last in the eight-team American League (AL) with a record of 61 wins and 91 losses, 37 games behind the New York Yankees, who went on to win the 1923 World Series.


1923 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1923 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1923 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1923 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1923 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1923 Boston University football team
The 1923 Boston University football team was an American football team that represented Boston University as an independent during the 1923 college football season. In its third season under head coach Charles Whelan, the team compiled a 1–6 record, was shut out in five of seven games, and was outscored by a total of 181 to 21.


1923 Bowling Green Normals football team
The 1923 Bowling Green Normals football team was an American football team that represented Bowling Green State Normal School (later Bowling Green State University) as a member of the Northwest Ohio League (NOL) during the 1923 college football season. In its first and only season under head coach Ray B. McCandless, the team compiled a 3–5 record and was outscored by a total of 131 to 68. Robert A. Younkin was the team captain.


1923 Bremen state election
The 1923 Bremen state election was held on 18 November 1923 to elect the 120 members of the Bürgerschaft of Bremen.


1923 Brooklyn Robins season
A poor season found the 1923 Brooklyn Robins in sixth place once more.


1923 Brooklyn Robins season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position and other batters
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1923 Brooklyn Robins season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1923 Brooklyn Robins season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1923 Brooklyn Robins season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1923 Brown Bears football team
The 1923 Brown Bears football team represented Brown University during the 1923 college football season.


1923 Bucknell Bison football team
The 1923 Bucknell Bison football team was an American football team that represented Bucknell University as an independent during the 1923 college football season. In its fifth and final season under head coach Pete Reynolds, the team compiled a 4–4–1 record.


1923 Buffalo All-Americans season
The 1923 Buffalo All-Americans season was their fourth in the league and final season as the All-Americans. The team matched their previous output of 5–4–1, going 5–4–3. They finished eighth in the league.


1923 Buffalo All-Americans season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1923 Bulgarian coup d'état
The 1923 Bulgarian coup d'état, also known as the 9 June coup d'état (Bulgarian: Деветоюнски преврат, Devetoyunski prevrat), was a coup d'état in Bulgaria implemented by armed forces under General Ivan Valkov's Military Union on the eve of 9 June 1923. Hestitantly legitimated by a decree of Tsar Boris III of Bulgaria, it overthrew the government of the Bulgarian Agrarian National Union headed by Aleksandar Stamboliyski and replaced it with one under Aleksandar Tsankov.


1923 Bulgarian coup d'état, Background
The Bulgarian army, defeated in World War I, was limited in size of 20,000 men by the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine. A shadow of its former glory, the army retained weapons hidden away for better times. In 1919 a group of officers led by Generals Ivan Valkov and Velizar Lazarov – and joined by Kimon Georgiev and Damyan Velchev – formed the Military Union. This organization grew over the next couple of years to effectively command the army.


1923 Bulgarian coup d'état, Background
After the war Aleksandar Stamboliyski was released from prison in an effort to quell the civil unrest against the wartime government and Tsar Ferdinand. The result had mixed success: Ferdinand abdicated in favor of his son, Boris III, and Stamboliyski became Prime Minister in 1919. His new agrarian government brought about reforms that, although may have been popular with the farmers who comprised over 80% of the population of Bulgaria (in 1920), were unpopular amongst the upper-middle class parties.


1923 Bulgarian coup d'état, Background
Even more dangerous for Stamboliyski's government was that the armed forces was not allowed to nominate the Minister of Defence and had no representation in cabinet since the end of the war. This meant that Stamboliyski's government had no support from the army. As the power of the Military Union grew the civilian government was in danger of being overthrown by an unloyal army.


1923 Bulgarian coup d'état, Background
To the dismay of opposition parties and Tsar Boris III, the BANU and Communist Party polled a combined total of 59% of the votes in the 1920 elections. The middle-class, business men and aristocrats worried for their interests that, for the first time, were being seriously challenged by the communists. As the agrarian government grew more and more autocratic. A group of political parties (the United People's Progressive Party, the Democratic Party, the Radical Democratic Party, and People's Alliance) ran together in the April 1923 elections as the Constitutional Bloc but only won 17 seats.


1923 Bulgarian coup d'état, Background
Fraud and the newly effective first-past-the-post voting system were the culprits; although the BANU was still relatively popular amongst the countrymen. In 1922 after gaining the approval by a plebiscite, the government began trying and imprisoning leaders of opposition parties for their roles in previous wars. In the face of repression, several parties decided that the overthrow of the government was a necessity to their survival.


1923 Bulgarian coup d'état, Background
Based in the Macedonian region of Bulgaria the nationalist and revolutionary Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization carried out attacks against Greece and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in attempt to free the Bulgarian lands under Greek and Yugoslav rule. On March 23, 1923 Stamboliyski signed the Treaty of Niš pledging to suppress their activities. The organization, until now at peace with the government, now began plotting against it.


1923 Bulgarian coup d'état, Preparations
Opposition parties met with leaders of the Military Union to prepare for the coup. The Military Union, wanting to give an appearance of legality to the ouster of Stamboliyski, needed a civilian government to hand over power to.


1923 Bulgarian coup d'état, Coup
On the morning of June 9, 1923, before dawn, the order was given for the garrisons in Sofia to block roads, cut telephone lines, and take control of key objectives such as police stations, post offices and train stations. After three hours, the coup was successful. By 5 a.m. a new government led by Aleksandar Tsankov installed in Sofia. The next morning the leaders of the coup meet with Tsar Boris at his palace in Vrana. After a six-hour meeting they convinced him to sign a decree legitimizing the new cabinet, on the condition the new government include agrarians and avoid repression. Both of these conditions were ignored.