1923 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Aldermen
14 candidates ran for the six seats open this year.


1923 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Aldermen
10 counts were required to see all the seats filled under the STV/PR system in use.


1923 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Aldermen
As votes were transferred in the ten count, the candidates' relative po9pularity changed. Ducey and Rendall received many initial votes but did not get quota and did not get enough votes in later counts to get a seat. Rea was third in the first count but did not receive many vote transfers and eventually was declared elected to serve one year term, the consolation prize.


1923 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Aldermen
As seen in the above vote tallies, the front runners in the first count were mixed, belonging to both Independent (business) and Labour slates. This was the result of single voting in a multi-member district.


1923 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Aldermen
East and Bury were elected on first count, receiving quota. Their surplus votes were transferred to prevent waste and to ensure rough proportionality of the election result.


1923 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Aldermen
The second count was the distribution of East's surplus votes. Findlay received enough vote transfers from East to achieve the required quota on the 2nd count.


1923 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Aldermen
The 3rd Count was transfer of Bury's surplus votes. The 4th count was transfer of Findlay's surplus votes.


1923 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Aldermen
Then the least-popular candidates were eliminated one by one until the next seat was filled. Lakeman, Pallot, Putnam, McBride, Saunders and McKenzie were eliminated before that happened.


1923 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Aldermen
Rea achieved quota on the 10th count to take a seat. His surplus votes were not transferred because the field of candidates was such that the remining set would be immediately filled.


1923 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Aldermen
Rea's election left only two seats empty (and four candidates still standing).


1923 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Aldermen
Northsiders Thomas Ducey and Rendall, and two southside candidates were left standing by this point.


1923 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Aldermen
No southsiders had been elected so the two remaining seats had to be filled by southsiders.


1923 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Aldermen
Rendall and Ducey were eliminated, there being no northside seats left to win.


1923 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Aldermen
The two southside candidates (Douglas and Duggan) were allocated seats to fill the two vacancies for guaranteed southside representation, as was announced the next day.


1923 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Aldermen
On the other hand, the Labour element of he city had put forward Labour Party candidates. But the STV election did not involve parties. Voters cast votes directly for individual candidates.


1923 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Aldermen
East and Findlay were newly elected Labour candidates. Rice Sheppard and Dan Knott were sitting labour councillors and had one more year in their terms so Labour, with four seats,had good representation in the 1924 city council. Through the next several city elections, held using STV, Labour maintained its grip on the four seats, a very dependable result produced by a dependable scientific method.


1923 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Public school trustees
The necessary quota to win a seat was 2183 (the total of votes divided by five, plus one).


1923 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Public school trustees
Barnes achieved this in first count to get a seat.


1923 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Public school trustees
Enough of his surplus went to Frank Crang who thus got a seat in the second count.


1923 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Public school trustees
Bellamy and McPherson were elected in the fifth count, held after Massey and Steer had been eliminated, their second choices being distributed.


1923 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Public school trustees
McCreath, who had picked up many votes in the second and third counts (thus moving up from the bottom of the pack where candidates were being eliminated), was dropped off in the fifth count, leaving only two candidates left to fill the two remaining slots, thus Bellamy and McPherson were elected.


1923 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Separate (Catholic) school trustees
Robert Crossland (SS), Paul Jenvrin, Thomas Magee, and Joseph Henri Picard were acclaimed.


1923 Emperor's Cup, Overview
It was contested by 4 teams, and Astra Club won the championship.


1923 Emperor's Cup Final
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1923 Emperor's Cup Final
1923 Emperor's Cup Final was the 3rd final of the Emperor's Cup competition. The final was played at Tokyo Koto-Shihan Ground in Tokyo on February 3, 1924. Astra Club won the championship.


1923 Emperor's Cup Final, Overview
Astra Club won their 1st title, by defeating defending champion, Nagoya Shukyu-Dan 2–1.


1923 English cricket season
1923 was the 30th season of County Championship cricket in England. Yorkshire won the title for the 12th time.


1923 English cricket season, Leading batsmen
Patsy Hendren topped the averages with 3010 runs @ 77.17


1923 English cricket season, Leading bowlers
Wilfred Rhodes topped the averages with 134 wickets @ 11.54


1923 Estonian Football Championship
The 1923 Estonian Football Championship was the third top-division football league season in Estonia, organized by the Estonian Football Association. Six teams registered for the Championship, played as a knock-out tournament, but KS Võitleja Narva, SK Türi and Tallinna Jalgpalliklubi withdrew on various reasons leaving only three teams competing. ESS Kalev Tallinn won the championship.


1923 Estonian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Estonia between 5 and 7 May 1923. There were some controversies - some lists, most remarkably Communist, were declared void before the elections because of electoral law violations, and the results gave Estonia its most fragmented parliament ever.


1923 Estonian religious education referendum
A referendum on restoring voluntary religious education to state schools was held in Estonia between 17 and 19 February 1923. It was approved by 71.9% of voters with a turnout of 66.2%.


1923 Estonian religious education referendum, Background
On 5 January 1921 the Christian Democratic Party (KDP) joined Konstantin Päts' Farmers' Assemblies-led the government, and was given the Education ministry portfolio. The following year the KDP caused a split in the government by introducing a bill to provide religious education in state schools, funded by the state. Although the proposal was rejected by the Riigikogu, the party forced a referendum on the issue in early 1923.


1923 Estonian religious education referendum, Aftermath
As the referendum was a rejection of government policy, this was considered to be a vote of no confidence on the rest of the government. The Riigikogu was subsequently dissolved and fresh elections called.


1923 European Figure Skating Championships
The 1923 European Figure Skating Championships were held in Oslo, Norway. Elite senior-level figure skaters from European ISU member nations competed for the title of European Champion in the discipline of men's singles.


1923 European Rowing Championships
The 1923 European Rowing Championships were rowing championships held on Lake Como in the Italian Lombardy region. The competition was for men only and they competed in five boat classes (M1x, M2x, M2+, M4+, M8+), the same ones as had been used at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp.


1923 FA Charity Shield
The 1923 FA Charity Shield was the tenth staging of the FA Charity Shield, an annual association football match arranged to raise funds for charitable causes supported by the Football Association (the FA), the governing body of football in England. Following a series of matches between club teams, the format of the competition changed in 1923 to a game between select teams of amateur and professional players. The competition used this format for the next four seasons. The match also saw the competition move from a dates in May, as had previously been used, to October. £730 was raised for charities.


1923 FA Charity Shield
The match was played on 8 October 1923 at Stamford Bridge, London, and ended as a 2-0 win for the Professionals. While the first half saw both teams competing, the superior fitness of the Professionals paid off in the second half. Both goals came after half-time, scored by Bradford and Chambers.


1923 FA Cup Final
The 1923 FA Cup Final was an association football match between Bolton Wanderers and West Ham United on 28 April 1923 at the original Wembley Stadium in London. The showpiece match of English football's primary cup competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup (better known as the FA Cup), it was the first football match to be played at Wembley Stadium. King George V was in attendance to present the trophy to the winning team.


1923 FA Cup Final
Each team had progressed through five rounds to reach the final. Bolton Wanderers won 1–0 in every round from the third onwards, and David Jack scored the lone goal each time. West Ham United faced opposition from the Second Division or lower in each round, the first time this had occurred since the introduction of multiple divisions in the Football League. West Ham took three attempts to defeat Southampton in the fourth round but then easily defeated Derby County in the semi-final, scoring five goals.


1923 FA Cup Final
The final was preceded by chaotic scenes as vast crowds surged into the stadium, far exceeding its official capacity of approximately 125,000. A crowd estimated at up to 300,000 gained entrance and the terraces overflowed, with the result that many spectators found their way into the area around the pitch and even onto the playing area itself. Mounted policemen, including one on a grey horse which became the defining photographic image of the day, had to be brought in to clear the crowds from the pitch and allow the match to take place.


1923 FA Cup Final
The match began 45 minutes late as the vast crowd was shepherded by police to clear the pitch and stand around the perimeter. Although West Ham started strongly, Bolton proved the dominant team for most of the match and won 2–0. David Jack scored a goal two minutes after the start of the match and Jack Smith added a controversial second goal during the second half.


1923 FA Cup Final
The pre-match overcrowding prompted discussion in the House of Commons and led to the introduction of safety measures for future finals. The match is often referred to as the "White Horse Final" and is commemorated by the White Horse Bridge at the new Wembley Stadium.


1923 FA Cup Final, Route to the final
Bolton Wanderers and West Ham United were playing in the First Division and Second Division respectively, and both entered the competition at the first round stage, under the tournament format in place at the time. Bolton had appeared in the final twice before, in 1894 and 1904, but West Ham, who had only joined The Football League in 1919, had never previously progressed further than the quarter finals.


1923 FA Cup Final, Route to the final
In the first round, Bolton defeated Norwich City of the Third Division South, in the process recording the club's first away win in the competition since a second round victory over Manchester City in the 1904–05 season. After a home win over Leeds United in the second round, Bolton faced one of the First Division's top teams, Huddersfield Town, in the third round. The initial match at Huddersfield's Leeds Road ground ended in a draw, necessitating a replay which Bolton won 1–0.


1923 FA Cup Final, Route to the final
In the fourth round Bolton defeated Charlton Athletic by a single goal, and in the semi-final beat Sheffield United by the same score in a match played at Old Trafford, home of Manchester United. Although ticket prices were considered to be extremely high, a crowd of 72,000 attended the match, a new record for an FA Cup semi-final. In every match from the third round onwards, Bolton's single goal was scored by David Jack, which gave him a reputation for having single-handedly steered his team into the final.


1923 FA Cup Final, Route to the final
In contrast to Bolton's defensive style, West Ham's cup run was characterised by fast-moving, attacking play, which won them many admirers. The London-based club began the competition away to fellow Second Division team Hull City and won 3–2. In the second round they were held to a draw by Brighton & Hove Albion of the Third Division South, but won the replay 1–0 at home. The "Hammers" defeated another Third Division South team, Plymouth Argyle, in the third round, but found the fourth round tough going against Southampton.


1923 FA Cup Final, Route to the final
The first match at West Ham's home, the Boleyn Ground, ended in a 1–1 draw, as did the replay at The Dell in Southampton. A second replay was held at Villa Park in Birmingham, home of Aston Villa, and finally produced a winner, as West Ham won 1–0 with a goal from Billy Brown. The goal came in the 70th minute, with a "clever free kick" past the "startled" Herbert Lock in the Saints' goal. In the semi-finals, West Ham took on Derby County at Stamford Bridge, home of Chelsea, and won 5–2.


1923 FA Cup Final, Route to the final
Brown scored two more goals and Billy Moore also scored twice. All five of the teams that West Ham defeated on their way to Wembley played in the Second Division or lower. This made West Ham the first team since the introduction of multiple divisions in The Football League to reach the FA Cup final without facing opposition from the top division.


1923 FA Cup Final, Build-up
The match was the first event of any kind to take place at Wembley Stadium, which had not been due to open until 1924 but was completed ahead of schedule. After sub-capacity crowds had attended the first three finals after the First World War at Stamford Bridge, The Football Association (The FA) was unconvinced that the match could fill the large capacity of the new stadium and undertook a major advertising campaign, for fans to attend.


1923 FA Cup Final, Build-up
Despite these fears, the new national stadium, which had been advertised as the greatest venue of its kind and had an unprecedented capacity of 125,000, proved to be a great lure and drew a large number of casual observers. The fact that a London-based team was competing meant that many football fans from all parts of the city chose to attend. The morning newspapers on the day of the match reported that around 5,000 fans were travelling from Bolton and that they were expected to be joined by "at least 115,000 enthusiasts from London and other parts of the country". The easy accessibility of the stadium by public transport and the fine weather were also factors which contributed to the enormous crowd.


1923 FA Cup Final, Build-up
The gates were opened at 11:30 am as advertised, three and a half hours before the match was due to begin, and until 1:00 pm the flow of people into the stadium was orderly. By 1:00 pm, however, a vast number of people were pouring into the stadium, and after an inspection by the stadium authorities, the decision was made to close the gates at 1:45 pm.


1923 FA Cup Final, Build-up
Spectator William Rose said later that the route to the stadium was "seething with people" and that "the nearer I got to the stadium the worse it got, by the time I got there the turnstiles had been closed". Although the information was relayed to various railway stations, thousands of people continued to arrive and mass outside the gates. Organisation within the stadium was poor, and in his report on the match the correspondent for the Daily Mail described the stewarding as "useless" and stated that officials in and around the stadium "seemed to know nothing". Fans were not directed to any specific area, and the tiers in the lower half of the stadium filled up much faster than those higher up.


1923 FA Cup Final, Build-up
As the crowds outside the stadium continued to grow, local police stations were mobilised, but by the time officers arrived the crowd was too large for them to take any effective form of action. At 2:15 pm, the crowds outside the stadium rushed at the barriers and forced their way in. Spectators in the lower tiers had to climb the fences to escape the crush and overflowed onto the pitch itself. Spectator Terry Hickey said later that "To put it mildly, the whole thing was a bloody shambles".


1923 FA Cup Final, Build-up
The crowd was officially reported as 126,047, but estimates of the actual number of fans in attendance range from 150,000 to over 300,000. The FA refunded 10% of the total gate money to fans who had pre-purchased tickets but were unable to reach their assigned seats. The roads around the stadium were blocked and the Bolton players were forced to abandon their coach a mile from the stadium and make their way through the crowds.


1923 FA Cup Final, Build-up
The Times stated that at one point it seemed impossible that the match would ever be able to start, but that when King George V arrived, the mood of the crowd changed. After enthusiastically singing "God Save The King", the crowd began to assist the authorities in clearing the playing area.


1923 FA Cup Final, Build-up
Eventually mounted policemen were brought in to try to clear the crowds from the pitch, including PC George Scorey, who was mounted on a horse named "Billie" (some sources spell the name "Billy"). PC Scorey had not actually been on duty that day but answered a call for emergency assistance as the throng of spectators in the stadium grew. Some sources misattribute the name to the primitive (high-contrast) black and white newsreel footage of the era, but in existing footage it is still clear Billie was a gray horse as indicated by his dark muzzle. More likely, the general public was unaware that ostensibly white horses are generally called gray. Contrary to what is sometimes claimed, other horses were also involved, but the "white" horse, as the most visible in the news footage, became the defining image of the day.


1923 FA Cup Final, Build-up
Eventually the police, assisted by appeals from the players for the crowd to calm, were able to manoeuvre the spectators to just beyond the touchline, and the game began approximately 45 minutes late, while fans stood around the perimeter of the pitch.


1923 FA Cup Final, Match, Summary
Both teams employed the 2-3-5 formation typical of the era: two full-backs, three half-backs, comprising one centre-half and two wing-halves, and five forwards, comprising two outside-forwards, two inside-forwards and a centre-forward. West Ham's game plan initially centred on the two fast-moving outside-forwards Dick Richards and Jimmy Ruffell, but Bolton set out from the start to keep the two players contained, rushing at them whenever they got the ball. After just two minutes West Ham half-back Jack Tresadern became entangled in the crowd after taking a throw-in and was unable to return to the pitch immediately.


1923 FA Cup Final, Match, Summary
This gave Bolton's David Jack the opportunity to shoot for goal. His shot beat West Ham goalkeeper Ted Hufton to give Bolton the lead, and hit a spectator who was standing pressed against the goal net, knocking him unconscious. Three minutes later Vic Watson received the ball a few yards in front of the Bolton goal but his shot flew over the crossbar. Eleven minutes into the game the crowd surged forward once again and a large number of fans encroached onto the pitch, leading to the suspension of play while the mounted police again cleared the playing area. A number of fans required first aid from members of the British Red Cross while the players looked on and awaited the resumption of play. Policemen patrolled the perimeter of the pitch to keep it clear for the linesmen, after play was resumed.


1923 FA Cup Final, Match, Summary
Soon after play restarted, West Ham's Dick Richards eluded two Bolton defenders and shot for goal. Bolton goalkeeper Dick Pym fumbled the ball but managed to kick it clear before it crossed the goal-line. Bolton continued to dominate the match, and were only prevented from scoring again by a strong performance from West Ham full-back Billy Henderson. When West Ham attacked, however, Bolton were able to quickly switch to a strongly defensive formation, as players changed positions to form a line of five half-backs.


1923 FA Cup Final, Match, Summary
This stifled West Ham's attacking style of play and ensured that the Bolton goal was not seriously threatened, and the score remained 1–0 to Bolton until half-time. Due to the crowds that surrounded the pitch, the players were unable to reach the dressing-rooms and instead remained on the pitch for five minutes before starting the second half.


1923 FA Cup Final, Match, Summary
West Ham began the second half as the stronger team, and Vic Watson received the ball in a good goalscoring position but mis-hit his shot. Eight minutes into the second half, Bolton added a second goal in controversial circumstances. Outside-forward Ted Vizard played the ball into a central position and Jack Smith hit the ball past Hufton. West Ham's players claimed that the ball had not entered the goal but rebounded into play from the goalpost, but referee D. H. Asson overruled them, stating that in his view the ball had entered the goal but then rebounded off a spectator.


1923 FA Cup Final, Match, Summary
West Ham also claimed that Bolton had received an unfair advantage, as a Bolton fan at pitchside had kicked the ball towards Vizard, but Asson disregarded these claims as well and confirmed Bolton's second goal. At this point the crowd began to sense that Bolton would emerge victorious and many began heading towards the exits. Neither team had any more serious chances to score, and the remainder of the match was largely a stalemate with little inspired play.


1923 FA Cup Final, Match, Summary
Late in the game, West Ham captain George Kay attempted to persuade Asson to abandon the match, but Bolton captain Joe Smith reportedly replied "We're doing fine, ref, we'll play until dark to finish the match if necessary". The score remained 2–0 to Bolton until the final whistle. The King presented the FA Cup trophy to Joe Smith and then left the stadium to cheers from the crowd. West Ham trainer Charlie Paynter attributed his team's defeat to the damage the pitch had suffered before kick-off, saying "It was that white horse thumping its big feet into the pitch that made it hopeless. Our wingers were tumbling all over the place, tripping up in great ruts and holes".


1923 FA Cup Final, Aftermath
Although around 900 spectators were treated for slight injuries, only 22 were taken to hospital and ten of those were quickly discharged. Two policemen were also injured during the match. The chaotic scenes at the match prompted discussion in the House of Commons, where Home Secretary William Bridgeman paid tribute to the actions of the police and the general behaviour of the crowd. During the debate Oswald Mosley was chastised by the Speaker of the House for characterising the fans present at the stadium as hooligans. Bridgeman was asked to consider opening a public inquiry, but ultimately concluded that the police had dealt successfully with the incident, and that he was happy for the stadium authorities and the police to decide on a plan to prevent similar events from happening again.


1923 FA Cup Final, Aftermath
A committee examined the stadium a month after the match, and made several recommendations to the stadium authorities. Their proposals included the replacement of the turnstiles with more up-to-date models, the erection of extra gates and railings, and the division of the terraces into self-contained sections, each with its own entrance. In addition, the pre-purchasing of tickets was made compulsory for all future finals, eliminating the possibility that excessive numbers of fans would arrive  in the hope of being able to pay at the turnstile. The gross gate money for the match was £27,776. After the deduction of the stadium authorities' costs, the Football Association and each of the two clubs took £6,365, although the refunds to fans unable to reach their assigned seats were deducted from the FA's share.


1923 FA Cup Final, Aftermath
After the match the players and officials attended a dinner at which former Prime Minister David Lloyd George proposed the toast. The Bolton players returned home by train and were greeted at Moses Gate railway station by the chairman of Farnworth District Council before going on to a reception hosted by the Mayor. The club presented each of the victorious players with a gold watch. The players from both teams received gold commemorative medals. In 2005 the medal presented to West Ham's George Kay was sold at auction for £4,560, and tickets and programmes from the match have also been star lots at auctions.


1923 FA Cup Final, Aftermath, Legacy
The image of Billie the white horse remains famous within English football lore, and the match is often referred to as "The White Horse Final". Billie's rider, George Scorey, was rewarded by the Football Association with free tickets to subsequent finals, but he had no interest in football and did not attend.


1923 FA Cup Final, Aftermath, Legacy
In 2005, a public poll chose that the new footbridge near the rebuilt Wembley Stadium would be named the White Horse Bridge. The executive director of the London Development Agency, which organised the poll, stated that the choice of name was appropriate given that the bridge, like the horse, would improve safety for fans at Wembley. In 2007 a play drawn from the reactions of a group of Bolton residents to the events of the final was staged at the Octagon Theatre, Bolton.


1923 FAI Cup Final
The 1923 FAI Cup Final was contested by League of Ireland side Shelbourne of Dublin and Alton United of Belfast's Fall's League on 17 March at Dalymount Park, Dublin.


1923 FAI Cup Final, Matchday Summary
Given the turbulent political situation in Dublin at the time, Alton United were given an armed escort from Amiens Street Station by the IRA. The Dubliners who were red hot favourites to lift the trophy in only its second year, played well below par and the visitors won it through the only goal.


1923 FAI Cup Final, Matchday Summary
Alton's players were presented with their medals after the game, but the Football Association of Ireland refused them permission to take the trophy back to Belfast with them due to the tense political situation there. Shortly after Alton affiliated to the Irish Football Association and therefore never defended the trophy the following season.


1923 FAI Cup Final, Match details
Shelbourne line-up:Paddy Walsh, Paddy Kavanagh, James Connolly, Dan Delaney, Val Harris, Mick Foley, Eddie Brierley, Stephen Doyle, Jimmy Harvey, Ralph Ardiff, Sammy Wilson


1923 FAI Cup Final, Match details
Alton United line-up: Jimmy Maginnis, Edward McNeill, Hugh Bell, Paddy Devlin, Michael Brennan, Bobby Loughran, Andy McSherry, Billy Duffy, Sammy Ward, Jack Russell, Hugh McCann


1923 FAI Cup Final, Road to Dalymount Park, Alton United
Round 1: Alton United 4-0 Midland AthleticAbandoned 2nd half:bad light


1923 Far Eastern Championship Games
The 1923 Far Eastern Championship Games was the sixth edition of the regional multi-sport event, contested between China, Japan and the Philippines, and was held from 21–25 May in Osaka, Empire of Japan. It was the first and only time that Osaka hosted the event, marking a departure of the capital Tokyo being the traditional Japanese venue. Java, Thailand and French Indochina were invited to compete, but declined. A total of eight sports were contested over the course of the five-day event.


1923 Far Eastern Championship Games
During the games, Lou Salvador of the Philippines' achieved the all-time record for the most points scored by a player in a single game in international basketball competition. He scored 116 points to lead the Philippines and beat China to recapture the gold medal.


1923 Far Eastern Championship Games
In the football competition, China was represented by South China AA, a Hong Kong-based team.


1923 Far Eastern Championship Games
Women appeared as competitors at the games for the first time. Demonstration matches in tennis and volleyball were contested but were not awarded medals as part of the official programme.


1923 Far Eastern Championship Games
There were calls for a boycott of the 1923 games in China, due to poor relations with Japan, but as the delegation was traditionally led by an American from the Chinese YMCA branch the nation participated at the games regardless. This led to further questions in the press about China's national sovereignty in international sports.


1923 Fijian general election, Electoral system
The Legislative Council consisted of 12 official members (eleven civil servants and a British subject not holding public office), seven elected Europeans and two appointed Fijians. The Governor served as President of the council.


1923 Fijian general election, Electoral system
The Europeans were elected from six constituencies; Eastern, Northern, Southern, Suva, Vanua Levu & Taveuni and Western. Voting was restricted to men aged 21 or over who had been born to European parents (or a European father and was able to read, speak and write English) who were British subjects and had been continuously resident in Fiji for 12 months, owning at least £20 of freehold or leasehold property or having an annual income of at least £120, and were not on the public payroll.


1923 Fijian general election, Aftermath
Badri Maharaj was nominated as the member representing Indo-Fijians, but subsequently resigned and the position was left unfilled.


1923 Five Nations Championship
The 1923 Five Nations Championship was the ninth series of the rugby union Five Nations Championship following the inclusion of France into the Home Nations Championship. Including the previous Home Nations Championships, this was the thirty-sixth series of the annual northern hemisphere rugby union championship. Ten matches were played between 20 January and 14 April. It was contested by England, France, Ireland, Scotland and Wales.


1923 Five Nations Championship
For the second time in three years Scotland missed out on a first Grand Slam after losing to England, this time at home playing at Inverleith.


1923 Florida Gators football team
The 1923 Florida Gators football team represented the University of Florida during the 1923 Southern Conference football season. This was Major James Van Fleet's first of two seasons as the head coach of the Florida Gators football team. Van Fleet was a serving officer in the U.S. Army and a professor of military tactics in the university's Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) program, and had been a standout fullback on the undefeated West Point Cadets team of 1914. Van Fleet's 1923 Florida Gators finished 6–1–2 overall, and 1–0–2 in the Southern Conference, placing third of twenty-one teams in the conference standings.


1923 Florida Gators football team
Notably, Florida alumni and students celebrated their first-ever Homecoming with a 19–7 victory over the Mercer Baptists. The Gators tied the defending SoCon champion Georgia Tech Golden Tornado, and the highlight of the 1923 season was a 16–6 upset of coach Wallace Wade's previously undefeated Alabama Crimson Tide on a muddy, rain-soaked field in Birmingham, Alabama in the final game of the year.


1923 Florida Gators football team, Before the season
The 1923 team was built on sophomores. The 1922 Florida freshmen won the southern crown for freshmen squads. The team included Cy Williams, Goldy Goldstein, Edgar Jones, and Bill Middlekauff.


1923 Florida Gators football team, Before the season
One preseason account reads: "Big Cy Williams, star Freshman tackle of last year and probably the Varsity tackle of this year, was the immediate cause of the 'dummy's' downfall for when he dove into the lifeless foe, it collapsed and Cy was deluged with sawdust. A new 'dummy' was brought out but it is predicted that it will not last long under the fierce tackling of the Gators gridders."


1923 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 1: at Army
In the season's first game, the Gators to the surprise of many held coach John McEwan's Army team scoreless in the first half, but managed to lose the game 20–0 in the second.


1923 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 1: at Army
Edgar Garbisch missed two first-half field goals. In the third quarter Army's passing game began to work, leading to a touchdown by William H. Wood. A blocked punt led to another Wood score. In the fourth quarter, Tiny Hewitt broke through the line for a 35-yard run, leading to the final score by quarterback George Smythe.


1923 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 1: at Army
The starting lineup was: Lightsey (left end), Williams (left tackle), Goldstein (left guard), Cornwall (center), Norton (right guard), Robinson (right tackle), Merrin (right end), Newton (quarterback), Middlekauff (left halfback), Case (right halfback), Jones (fullback).


1923 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 2: at Georgia Tech
The Gators contest with coach Bill Alexander's Georgia Tech Golden Tornado brought interest after the prior week's game with Army. In front of 12,000 at Grant Field, the Gators were up 7–0 until a rush of substitutes in the fourth quarter got Tech the tying score. The tie "knocked the Golden Tornado...off of its pedestal as the top team in Southern football." The tie excited fans and "provided more positive national for Florida football than it had ever received."


1923 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 2: at Georgia Tech
Florida scored after a 25-yard Ark Newton interception return. A Newton pass to Edgar C. Jones then got the ball to Tech's 3-yard line. From there, Bill Middlekauff hit the line for a touchdown.


1923 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 2: at Georgia Tech
The starting lineup was: Lightsey (left end), Williams (left tackle), Norton (left guard), Cornwall (center), Goldstein (right guard), Robinson (right tackle), Merwin (right end), Jones (quarterback), Brown (left halfback), Newton (right halfback), Middlekauff (fullback).


1923 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 3: Rollins
Florida scored three touchdowns in the first quarter against the Rollins Tars and eased up afterwards, winning 28–0. The big score was as expected. The Stetson Collegiate said the Gators "rank as the best in the South."


1923 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 3: Rollins
Rollins did not manage a first down the entire first half.


1923 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 3: Rollins
The starting lineup was: Merrin (left end), Williams (left tackle), Smith (left guard), Cornwall (center), Goldstein (right guard), Robinson (right tackle), Lightsey (right end), Jones (quarterback), Brown (left halfback), Pomeroy (right halfback), Middlekauff (fullback).


1923 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 4: Wake Forest
On Plant Field in Tampa, the Gators defeated the Wake Forest Demon Deacons 16–7. Wake Forest was held scoreless in the first half while Florida scored two touchdowns with one extra point and a field goal.


1923 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 4: Wake Forest
The Demon Deacons scored in the third quarter on a series of runs and forward passes. They again threatened the goal in the fourth quarter, but were stopped at the 2-yard line on downs.


1923 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 4: Wake Forest
The starting lineup was: Lightsey (left end), Williams (left tackle), Smith (left guard), Cornwall (center), Goldstein (right guard), Robinson (right tackle), Merrin (right end), Jones (quarterback), Newton (left halfback), Pomeroy (right halfback), Middlekauff (fullback).


1923 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 5: Mercer
In front of the largest crowd yet to see a game in Gainesville (5,000), Florida defeated coach Stanley L. Robinson's Mercer Baptists at its first ever homecoming 19–7. Florida had 18 first downs to Mercer's 2.


1923 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 5: Mercer
Mercer's touchdown came in the first quarter on the recovery of an Ark Newton punt blocked by Mercer's Crook Smith. Mercer's Kid Cecil also had many spectacular runs. A 28-yard pass from Edgar C. Jones to Spec Lightsey got the Gators' first touchdown. Another touchdown came on a Bill Middlekauff run as the third quarter closed, after a drive utilizing both the run and the pass. The final score came on a run around end by Dick Brown.


1923 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 5: Mercer
Middlekauff said after the game, "Mercer's line is the strongest one I have seen this year–and I have plunged the Army's and Tech's."


1923 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 6: Stetson
In the sixth week of play, the Gators defeated the Stetson Hatters 27–0.


1923 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 6: Stetson
Florida opened the game expecting to need only substitutes. This was quickly recognized as foolish; and a mix of substitutes and starters scored the first touchdown. Stetson's offense then got going, with a run of 28 yards and 55 yards resulting in a touchdown if not for a holding penalty. Then the Gators sent in the varsity. Still, Stetson outperformed Florida in the second quarter. The lack of reserves wore on Stetson, and Florida opened up the contest in the second half.


1923 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 7: Florida Southern
In the seventh week of play, Florida rolled up the largest score of the season on the Florida Southern Moccasins in Lakeland, 53–0.


1923 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 8: Mississippi A&M
The Gators and coach Earl Abell's Mississippi A&M Aggies fought to a 13–13 tie. The Aggies also tied conference champion Vanderbilt.


1923 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 8: Mississippi A&M
In the first minutes of play, Luckett scored for Mississippi A&M. The Gators answered with a touchdown on a pass from Jones to Ark Newton. In the second quarter, from his own 1-yard line, Newton  had a 96-yard punt, topping his previous record of 92. It went 65 yards in the air.


1923 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 8: Mississippi A&M
The Gators failed to capitalize on the long punt, and fumbled at the 7-yard line on its next possession. After an exchange of punts, Luckett ran for 53 yards on a double pass play, setting up another Aggie touchdown.


1923 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 8: Mississippi A&M
After another exchange of punts, two passes set up the tying score: Newton to Lightsey and Jones to Newton. Bill Middlekauff then made the tying score  from the 5-yard line with four line plunges. Newton missed the extra point.


1923 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 8: Mississippi A&M
The starting lineup was: Lightsey (left end), Williams (left tackle), Norton (left guard), Cornwall (center), Goldstein (right guard), Robinson (right tackle), Merwin (right end), Jones (quarterback), Newton (left halfback), Pomeroy (right halfback), Middlekauff (fullback).


1923 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 9: at Alabama
On a muddy field with pools of water, the Gators upset the previously undefeated Alabama Crimson Tide with a comeback, 16–6 victory on Thanksgiving Day, putting the Florida program in the national spotlight for the first time. It was the Tide's first year under head coach Wallace Wade. The upset gave his previous school of Vanderbilt the SoCon title. In an attempt to drum up publicity, Champ Pickens photographed a stuffed alligator and drew tiny Crimsons swarming around it.


1923 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 9: at Alabama
Florida back Edgar C. Jones scored all of his team's points. The Gator scores by Jones came on runs of 10 yards around right end, a 12-yard place kick, and a 20-yard run around right end. The punting of Ark Newton and the line play of captain Robbie Robinson (in his final game) and Goldy Goldstein also helped the Gators get the victory.


1923 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 9: at Alabama
In the first half, Alabama's Grant Gillis won the punting battle and Florida was on the defensive, turning back multiple scoring threats from inside the 10-yard line. Pooley Hubert scored first. The Gators eschewed their stockings in the second half, due to the rain and mud, and waited until the last minute to come out for the kickoff, while Alabama was already lined up. Because of this maneuver, Wade never spoke to coach Van Fleet again.


1923 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 9: at Alabama
A few minutes into the second half, Newton complete a 12-yard pass to Dick Brown, down at Alabama's 20-yard line. Brown went around left end for 9 yards; then Jones went around right end for 10 yards and the tying touchdown. Newton missed the extra point. Moments later Newton kicked a punt of 60 yards, from his own 20-yard line to the same of Alabama's. Gillis botched the ensuing Alabama punt. Bill Middlekauff ran behind left guard twice, and Newton ran behind right tackle once, netting 8 yards in three plays. From the 12-yard line, Jones converted a placekick.


1923 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 9: at Alabama
Newton continued to punt well, and attempted a 53-yard field goal which barely missed. He also tried a 60-yard field goal which was blocked, recovered by Florida's Joe Merrin on Alabama's 20-yard line. Runs at the line failed, and Jones went around right end for 20 yards and the final touchdown.


1923 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 9: at Alabama
After the game, Van Fleet said "Tom Sebring helped in that game with an idea. Ark needed a little more time (to punt) than most. Sebring proposed we worry only about the kick and not the runback, leaving an extra blocker for Ark. It worked."


1923 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Week 9: at Alabama
The starting lineup was: Lightsey (left end), Williams (left tackle), Norton (left guard), Cornwall (center), Goldstein (right guard), Robinson (right tackle), Merrin (right end), Jones (quarterback), Newton (left halfback), Brown (right halfback), Middlekauff (fullback).


1923 Florida Gators football team, Postseason
Robbie Robinson, Goldy Goldstein and Ark Newton became the first Gators to make the composite All-Southern team. Edgar C. Jones and Bill Middlekauff made Billy Evans's "Southern Honor Roll". Robinson and Goldstein made Evans' National Honor Roll.


1923 Florida Gators football team, Personnel, Depth chart
The following chart provides a visual depiction of Florida's lineup during the 1923 season with games started at the position reflected in parenthesis. The chart mimics a Notre Dame Box on offense.


1923 Fordham Maroon football team
The 1923 Fordham Maroon football team was an American football team that represented Fordham University as an independent during the 1923 college football season. In its fourth season under coach Frank Gargan, Fordham compiled a 4–7 record. College Football Data Warehouse does not record a second game against Mount Saint Mary's or the game against Gallaudet.


1923 Frankford Yellow Jackets season
The 1923 Frankford Yellow Jackets season was their last independent season before joining the National Football League. The team finished the year with 9-2-2 record.


1923 Free City of Danzig parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in the Free City of Danzig on 18 November 1923. The German National People's Party emerged as the largest party, receiving 27% of the vote and winning 33 of the 120 seats in the Volkstag. Voter turnout was 82%.


1923 French Grand Prix
The 1923 French Grand Prix (formally the XVII Grand Prix de l'Automobile Club de France) was a Grand Prix motor race held at Tours on 2 July 1923. The race was run over 35 laps of the 22.83 km circuit for a total distance of just under 800 km and was won by Henry Segrave driving a Sunbeam. This race is notable as the first Grand Épreuve to be won by either a British driver or a British car. The race also featured several innovative new technologies, including the first appearance of both supercharging and V12 engines in Grand Prix racing.


1923 French Grand Prix, Entries
Four French manufacturers entered the Grand Prix in 1923. Based locally in Tours, Rolland-Pilain entered three cars, two of which were improved versions of the straight eights raced in 1922 and the third was one of last year's chassis fitted with a new straight six to be driven by Jules Goux but it did not start. Bugatti entered their new highly slipstreamed Tank model based on the Type 30, featuring an all–enveloping body.


1923 French Grand Prix, Entries
While this gave superior aerodynamic efficiency, the bodywork blocked the drivers' view of their tires, and the cars were also hampered by a short wheelbase and narrow track width on the winding and bumpy circuit. Voisin entered four cars which also featured streamlined bodies, but with the front wheels exposed, and an innovative semi-monocoque body. Finally there was a single V12 engined Delage which featured a conventional body and chassis design but the engine was still being developed so it was surprising at the time that it arrived at all.


1923 French Grand Prix, Entries
Just two other manufacturers fielded teams in 1923. The British Sunbeam team entered three cars very closely based on the Fiat 804s which won in 1922. Fiat themselves (from Italy), who were the last to arrive at the circuit, entered a team of three completely new cars featuring, for the first time in Grand Prix racing, supercharged straight eight engines.


1923 French Grand Prix, Report
The race began with a rolling start with René Thomas in the Delage, and Kenelm Lee Guinness in a Sunbeam on the front row (the order being determined by ballot).


1923 French Grand Prix, Report
Immediately after the start, from the second row Fiat driver Pietro Bordino overtook first Guinness, then Thomas to take the early lead, completing his first lap in 9 minutes and 45 seconds, faster than any driver had done in practice, and already had a lead of 41 seconds over Guinness, followed at some distance by a close pack in the order Thomas, Enrico Giaccone (Fiat), Carlo Salamano (Fiat), Segrave (Sunbeam), Albert Divo (Sunbeam), Albert Guyot (Rolland-Pilain) and Ernest Friderich (Bugatti).


1923 French Grand Prix, Report
Overheating caused Thomas to drop back, while the two other Fiats moved up into third and fourth place. Segrave also dropped back during his third lap due to a slipping clutch, an issue which existed even for the start of the race due to an incorrectly adjusted clutch pedal. Divo began to challenge the Fiats, taking second place from Salamano on his fourth lap. Guyot also moved up the field, reaching sixth place on his fourth lap having passed Segrave.


1923 French Grand Prix, Report
Bordino continued pushing, increasing his lead over Guinness to almost four minutes by the start of the eighth lap, who had himself continued to increase the gap back to the other two Fiats. However, on the eighth lap, Bordino suffered a supercharger failure, believed to be caused by the large amount of stones and other debris on the Tours circuit. This handed Guinness a healthy lead. Not long after Thomas retired the Delage which had not been expected to perform well for long due to it being an undeveloped design.


1923 French Grand Prix, Report
With Guinness leading the field, Divo's efforts the catch the Fiats had exhausted his riding mechanic, forcing him to stop for him to be replaced. This allowed Guyot into fourth place, defying early low expectations for the local Rolland-Pilains. At the end of lap 11, Segrave made a scheduled pit stop. His lead was enough that he rejoined the race still in first place, but Giaccone was very close behind. Giaccone took first place during lap 12, and clutch issues in Guinness' car dropped him all the way back to sixth place by lap 15, with the order then being Giaccone, Salamano, Divo, Guyot, Segrave, Guinness, Freidrich, with Henri Rougier in eighth place in the best placed Voisin.


1923 French Grand Prix, Report
Segrave had again started moving up through the field: the stop on his clutch pedal having worn off he was able to overtake the slowing Guyot. At the end of lap 16, both Fiats came to the pits. Giaccone had difficulty starting, his car sounded rough and would retire after completing one more lap with similar supercharger issues to Bordino. Salamano maintained first place but was quickly losing ground to Divo who took first place on lap 20.


1923 French Grand Prix, Report
This was short lived, however, as Salamano retook the lead on the 23rd lap, building up a lead of over four minutes by the end of lap 30 over Divo and Segrave, with Guinness keeping the Sunbeam 2–3–4 nearly 30 minutes off of the lead, and less than three minutes ahead of Freidrich in the only remaining Bugatti. Guyot's race had ended after 28 laps, retiring whilst in fourth place and what could have eventually been a podium position. André Lefêbvre was a further 40 minutes behind Freidrich in the only remaining Voisin.


1923 French Grand Prix, Report
Divo stopped for fuel at the end of the 30th lap but jammed his filler cap. Having wasted over 15 minutes trying to fix the issue he decided to go on with just the reserve tank, forcing him to stop each lap for more fuel. Around the same time Divo set off again, with just two laps to go Salamano failed to appear past the pits when expected, with the next car through being Segrave, now just a lap behind Salamano.


1923 French Grand Prix, Report
Eventually Salamano's mechanic appeared running towards the pits, with the car apparently out of fuel just a couple of miles from the pits. After a disagreement with officials about using a bicycle to return to the car, the mechanic eventually set off on foot, only to find that the issue in Salamano's Fiat was another supercharger failure. So with the race nearly over Sunbeam had a 1–2–3 finish in hand when on his final lap, Guinness stalled at the la Membrolle hairpin costing him over two minutes and allowing Freidrich through into third place. Lefêbvre was the last to finish, nearly 50 minutes behind fourth placed Guinness.


1923 Fresno State Bulldogs football team
The 1923 Fresno State Bulldogs football team represented Fresno State Normal School during the 1923 college football season.


1923 Fresno State Bulldogs football team
Fresno State competed in the California Coast Conference (CCC) from 1922 to 1924. The 1923 team was led by head coach Arthur W. Jones in his third year at the helm. They finished as co-champion of the CCC, with a record of seven wins and two losses (7–2, 3–0 CCC). The Bulldogs outscored their opponents 211–108 for the season.


1923 Fresno State Bulldogs football team
At the end of the season, the champion of the CCC North Division (Pacific) was to meet the champion of the CCC South Division (Fresno State) for the conference championship. However, the two teams could not agree on a site and the game was never played.


1923 Furman Purple Hurricane football team
The 1923 Furman Purple Hurricane football team represented the Furman Purple Hurricane of Furman University during the 1923 college football season.


1923 Geneva Covenanters football team
The 1923 Geneva Covenanters football team was an American football team that represented Geneva College as an independent during the 1923 college football season. Led by Tom Davies in his first and only year as head coach, the team compiled a record of 6–2–1.


1923 George Washington Hatchetites football team
The 1923 George Washington Hatchetites football team was an American football team that represented George Washington University as an independent during the 1923 college football season. In their third season under head coach William Quigley, the team compiled a 2–8 record.


1923 Georgetown Blue and Gray football team
The 1923 Georgetown Blue and Gray football team represented Georgetown University during the 1923 college football season. Led by Jackie Maloney in his first and only year as head coach, the team went 3–6.


1923 Georgia Bulldogs football team
The 1923 Georgia Bulldogs football team represented the Georgia Bulldogs of the University of Georgia during the 1923 college football season; the 30th season of football played at Georgia since the football program started in 1892 (no football was played in 1917 or 1918 during World War I). Led by first-year head coach and former player George Cecil Woodruff, the Bulldogs completed the season with a 5–3–1 record. One of the assistant coaches was Harry Mehre, who was to succeed Woodruff as head coach in 1928. Bulldogs tackle and captain Joe Bennett was named an All-American for the second year in 1923, becoming the first two-time All-American in Georgia Bulldogs football history.


1923 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team
The 1923 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team represented the Georgia Tech Golden Tornado of the Georgia Institute of Technology during the 1923 college football season. Tech had ties in every one of its conference games.


1923 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Before the season
Tech used a starting backfield, including sophomore Doug Wycoff, and a "pony backfield" full of smaller, fast substitutes such as Jerry Albright and Frank Harris.


1923 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Week 1: Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe led at the half on Tech, but Tech came back to win 28–13.


1923 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Week 1: Oglethorpe
The starting lineup was: Staton (left end), Carpenter (left tackle), McIntyre (left guard), Frye (center), McConnell (right guard), Usry (right tackle), Gardner (right end), Carter (quarterback), Hunt (left halfback), Reeves (right halfback), Wycoff (fullback).


1923 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Week 2: VMI
Tech beat VMI 10–7. Both teams touchdowns came on interceptions. The starting lineup was: Staton (left end), Merkle (left tackle), McConnell (left guard), Frye (center), McIntyre (right guard), Usry (right tackle), Gardner (right end), I. Williams (quarterback), Hunt (left halfback), Reeves (right halfback), Wycoff (fullback).


1923 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Week 3: Florida
The game with the Florida Gators brought considerable interest. In front of 12,000 at Grant Field, the Gators were up 7 to 0 until a rush of substitutes in the fourth quarter got the Yellow Jackets the tying score.


1923 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Week 3: Florida
The starting lineup was: Staton (left end), Merkle (left tackle), McIntyre (left guard), Frye (center), McConnell (right guard), Usry (right tackle), Gardner (right end), Carter (quarterback), Hunt (left halfback), Farnsworth (right halfback), Wycoff (fullback).


1923 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Week 4: Georgetown
Georgetown led 10–0 at the half, but Tech won 20–10. The starting lineup was: Staton (left end), Merkle (left tackle), McIntyre (left guard), Frye (center), McConnell (right guard), Huffines (right tackle), Gardner (right end), Hunt (quarterback), Williams (left halfback), Reeves (right halfback), Wycoff (fullback).


1923 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Week 5: at Notre Dame
Rockne's Notre Dame Fighting Irish subs ran up a 35–7 score. Over 20,000 fans were in attendance. The starting lineup was: Staton (left end), Merrin (left tackle), McIntyre (left guard), Frye (center), McConnell (right guard), Huffines (right tackle), Gardner (right end), Hunt (quarterback), Albright (left halfback), Reeves (right halfback), Wycoff (fullback)


1923 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Week 6: Alabama
In a driving rain, Tech and Alabama under first year coach Wallace Wade played to a scoreless tie.


1923 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Week 7: at Penn State
Penn State beat Georgia Tech 7–0. The Atlanta Constitution's Paul Warwick protested "these eastern and western invasions."


1923 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Week 7: at Penn State
The starting lineup was: Staton (left end), Usry (left tackle), McIntyre (left guard), Frye (center), McConnell (right guard), Huffines (right tackle), Gardner (right end), Davis (quarterback), Williams (left halfback), Reeves (right halfback), Wycoff (fullback).


1923 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Week 8: Kentucky
Tech used every backfield man in a 3–3 tie to Kentucky.


1923 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Season summary, Week 9: Auburn
In awfully muddy conditions, Auburn and Tech fought to a scoreless tie.


1923 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Personnel, Depth chart
The following chart provides a visual depiction of Tech's lineup during the 1923 season with games started at the position reflected in parenthesis. The chart mimics the offense after the jump shift has taken place.


1923 German Ice Hockey Championship
The 1923 German Ice Hockey Championship was the seventh season of the German Ice Hockey Championship, the national championship of Germany. Berliner Schlittschuhclub won the championship by defeating SC Charlottenburg in the final.


1923 German football championship
The 1923 German football championship, the 16th edition of the competition, was won by Hamburger SV, defeating Union Oberschöneweide 3–0 in the final.


1923 German football championship
For Hamburger SV it was the first national championship, having played in the inconclusive 1922 final and declined the championship. Hamburg would make another appearance in the final in the following season but lose to 1. FC Nürnberg, followed by another championship in 1928, won against another club from Berlin, Hertha BSC. Union Oberschöneweide made its sole championship final appearance in 1923 and would eventually evolve into what is now 1. FC Union Berlin.


1923 German football championship
Hamburg's Tull Harder was the top scorer of the 1923 championship with five goals, having previously done so in 1922 and, again, in 1926 and 1928.


1923 German football championship
Seven clubs qualified for the knock-out competition, nominally the champions of each of the seven regional football championships. However, the Western German football championship was not contested in 1923 and a qualifying competition for the German football championship was held instead.


1923 German football championship, Competition, Quarter-finals
The quarter-finals, played on 6 and 13 May 1923, with the replay played on 20 May:


1923 Giro d'Italia
The 1923 Giro d'Italia was the 11th edition of the Giro d'Italia, a cycling race organized and sponsored by the newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport. The race began on 23 May in Milan with a stage that stretched 328 km (204 mi) to Turin, finishing back in Milan on 10 June after a 341.3 km (212 mi) stage and a total distance covered of 3,202.7 km (1,990 mi). The race was won by the Italian rider Costante Girardengo of the Maino team. Second and third respectively were the Italian riders Giovanni Brunero and Bartolomeo Aymo.


1923 Giro d'Italia
This year saw the debutant Ottavio Bottecchia finish in 5th place overall, and the leading 'isolate' (rider without a team). Bottecchia caught the attention of French rider Henri Pélissier, who instigated his glorious Tour de France career.


1923 Giro d'Italia, Participants
Of the 96 or 97 riders that began the Giro d'Italia on 23 May, 38 of them made it to the finish in Milan on 10 June. Riders were allowed to ride on their own or as a member of a team. There were three teams that competed in the race: Atala, Legnano, and Maino.


1923 Giro d'Italia, Participants
The peloton was completely composed of Italians. The field featured two former Giro d'Italia champions in the 1919 Giro d'Italia winner Costante Girardengo and returning champion Giovanni Brunero. Other notable Italian riders that started the race included Bartolomeo Aymo, Ottavio Bottecchia, Angelo Gremo, and Giovanni Rossignoli.


1923 Giro d'Italia, Final standings, General classification
There were 38 cyclists who had completed all ten stages. For these cyclists, the times they had needed in each stage was added up for the general classification. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the winner. Ottavio Bottecchia won the prize for best ranked independent rider in the general classification.


1923 Giro di Lombardia
The 1923 Giro di Lombardia was the 19th edition of the Giro di Lombardia cycle race and was held on 27 October 1923. The race started and finished in Milan. The race was won by Giovanni Brunero of the Legnano team.


1923 Gonzaga Bulldogs football team
The 1923 Gonzaga Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented Gonzaga University during the 1923 college football season. In their fourth year under head coach Gus Dorais, the Bulldogs compiled a 4–3 record and outscored all opponents by a total of 119 to 64.


1923 Gonzaga Bulldogs football team
Halfback Hust Stockton starred for the 1923 team. The Los Angeles Times called him "one of the most brilliant football players ever developed on the Pacific Coast". Stockton played five years in the NFL and is the grandfather of NBA great John Stockton.


1923 Gonzaga Bulldogs football team
Gonzaga's football team under Dorais was sometimes referred to as "little Notre Dame".


1923 Gonzaga Bulldogs football team
The team traveled 2,500 miles to play on Thanksgiving Day at the University of Detroit's new Dinan Field. Dorais left Gonzaga after the 1924 season to become the head football coach at the University of Detroit.


1923 Grand National
The 1923 Grand National was the 82nd renewal of the Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool on 23 March 1923.


1923 Grand National
The race was won by Sergeant Murphy, a 13-year-old 100/6 shot ridden by Captain Tuppy Bennet and trained by George Blackwell for its owner Stephen Sanford, who collected the £5,000 prize for the winner.


1923 Grand National
The 1921 winner Shaun Spadah finished in second place, with Conjuror II in third and Punt Gun fourth. Twenty-eight horses ran and all returned safely to the stables.


1923 Grand National
In attendance at Aintree were King George V, the Prince of Wales and the Duke of York.


1923 Grand National
In 1938 a Hollywood film titled Sergeant Murphy was loosely based on the winner. Ronald Reagan starred as the owner of the horse in the film.


1923 Grand Prix season
The 1923 Grand Prix season was part of a watershed year for motor racing that saw significant advances in motor-racing engineering, design and events. Fiat's chief designer, Guido Fornaca, developed the 805, the first supercharged car to win a Grand Prix. Benz appeared with the first mid-engined racer and, along with Bugatti and Voisin, produced some of the first efforts at aerodynamics on racing cars. With the United States also adopting the 2-litre formula, Harry Miller could use the smaller engine size to design the first single-seater race-car, ideally suited to American oval racing.


1923 Grand Prix season
The inaugural Spanish Grand Prix for racing cars was held at a newly built oval at Sitges, near Barcelona. The first 24 Hours of Le Mans was held in June. The iconic race would influence the separation between grand prix and sports car racing and become a test-bed for production car development. The Belgian Automobile Club would promptly copy the format for its own 24-hour event at the new circuit at Spa-Francorchamps.


1923 Grand Prix season
Alfa Romeo got a 1-2 result at the Targa Florio with Ugo Sivocci winning after Antonio Ascari's car stuttered almost within sight of the finish line. In the 500-mile race at Indianapolis, the new 2-litre Millers made up nearly half the field. Bugatti and Mercedes arrived from Europe, the latter being the first supercharged cars to race in the event. However, in a dominant display Howdy Wilcox and then Tommy Milton led most of the way in their HCS-Millers. Milton went on to become the first two-time winner of the event.


1923 Grand Prix season
A strong line-up arrived for this year's French Grand Prix with most of the new models represented. Though extremely fast, the Fiats suffered on the stony roads of the Tours course and the superchargers ingested too much dust, wrecking the engines. This left Sunbeam, with a design closely resembling the previous year's Fiat, to take the victory. Henry Segrave became the first Briton, and Sunbeam the first British manufacturer,  to win a Grand Prix.


1923 Grand Prix season
The Italian Grand Prix at Autodromo Nazionale Monza was preceded by tragedy. Enrico Giaccone and Ugo Sivocci were both killed in separate practice accidents. Alfa Romeo withdrew its team. Fiat had fitted a new supercharger to their cars and on the paved Monza track would be unbeatable. Many of the teams thought that and therefore stayed away, however Benz and Miller did arrive. In the race Bordino set the early pace despite driving with a broken arm until he had to retire from exhaustion. Salamano took over the lead and held on to take a comfortable victory from teammate Nazzaro with Jimmy Murphy's Miller in third.


1923 Grand Prix season
In voiturette racing, the undefeated Talbot 56 of 1922 was replaced by the Talbot 70 which was just as dominant. The Sunbeam-Talbot team drivers won every event they entered: Segrave won the first race at Boulogne, while Albert Divo won the Coupe des Voiturettes in France and at Penya Rhin. To close the year off, Dario Resta won at Sitges. The veteran Alessandro Cagno, winner of the first Targa Florio in 1906, won the Gran Premio della Vetturette at Monza in his last victory in a career spanning the history of motor-racing to date.


1923 Grand Prix season, Regulations and Technical
The regulations set up by the AIACR (forerunner of the FIA) in 1922 for Grand Prix races remained. The maximum engine limit was 2.0-litres and the minimum weight 650 kg. The cars were 2-seaters and the weight of the driver and mechanic had to be at least 120 kg. The pre-war ban on forced induction had not been re-applied when racing resumed and several manufacturers were now working on the loophole for more power. Not for the last time in Grand Prix racing would technical innovation outmanoeuvre technical regulation.


1923 Grand Prix season, Regulations and Technical
In the United States Carl G. Fisher, the driving force behind the Indianapolis 500, announced his intention to retire. Before he left, however, he pressured the American Automobile Association (AAA) to change their regulations to align with the European formula. The 183 cu in (3-litre) engine limit was therefore reduced to 122 cu in (2-litre) with a view of attracting European competition to keep the 500 race's future secure and to stop forestall a technology gap. In recognition of this, the Indianapolis 500 was also designated a Grand Épreuve by the AIACR. The AAA also removed the requirement to carry a riding mechanic while racing.


1923 Grand Prix season, Regulations and Technical
Forced to develop new engines, the leading companies took different strategies. The Frontenac name disappeared: Louis Chevrolet was already under financial pressure and was soon driven under. Fred Duesenberg designed his first double-overhead cam engine. Harry Miller saw an opportunity with the smaller engine and passenger restrictions lifted to build a lightweight single-seater that was a pencil-thin racer tailor-made for the high-speed boardwalk ovals.


1923 Grand Prix season, Regulations and Technical
In contrast, the Targa Florio regulations remained open to any-sized cars. However the distinction between Production and Racing cars was removed with just the six classes based on engine-capacity.


1923 Grand Prix season, Regulations and Technical
Following the success to Fiat the previous year, both Alfa Romeo and Sunbeam developed 6-cylinder engines. The non-competitiveness of the last Sunbeam was the end of an illustrious career for designer Ernest Henry. He was replaced by Vincenzo Bertarione from Fiat. His first design bore a strong resemblance to the 1922 Fiat and the contemporary press named it the “English Fiat”.


1923 Grand Prix season, Regulations and Technical
Fiat, however, had already moved on. The design team of Guido Fornaca introduced the new 805 model. Now with an 8-cylinder 2-litre engine augmented by a Wittig supercharger that gave it 130 bhp, capable of up to 220 km/h – easily 30–40 km/h faster than the competition. Unlike the Mercedes version, the Fiat supercharger ran continually.


1923 Grand Prix season, Regulations and Technical
The Bugatti Type 32 was a remarkable design departure from the previous Bugatti cars. Its distinctive aerodynamic shape was modelled on an aeroplane wing, earning it the nickname le tank de tours. The car's very short wheelbase and long 8-cylinder engine meant a regular gearbox could not be fitted so Bugatti used a 3-speed unit. An innovative front brake system left the driver with no brake pedal and had to use an on-board lever. Finally, with no firewall between the engine and the crew, meant it was very cramped, hot and exhausting with the drivers complaining of poor visibility.


1923 Grand Prix season, Regulations and Technical
Gabriel Voisin drew upon his previous experience in aircraft design for his Grand Prix car. Like the Bugatti, it also featured harsh enclosed aluminium bodywork on a semi-monocoque timber chassis. However, the car was stymied by the underpowered sleeve-valve engine. Delage went down a completely different track with a standard chassis but fitted with a twin-cam V12 engine designed by Charles Planchon.


1923 Grand Prix season, Regulations and Technical
The Benz-Tropfenwagen was ground-breaking in another way: as well as a teardrop-shaped body, the engine was mounted just ahead of the rear-axle. This mid-engine car foreshadowed the GP cars seen over 30 years later. It also employed independent suspension on all four wheels which was another first for a Grand Prix car.


1923 Grand Prix season, Season review
As usual, the first major race of the season was the Targa Florio across northern Sicily. The winner of the last two times, the Conte Giulio Masetti was invited to join the official Alfa Corse works team. The company made a big effort with five entries. Masetti, Antonio Ascari and the veteran Giuseppe Campari had the 2.9-litre of the RL model. Ugo Sivocci had the 3.2-litre version while Enzo Ferrari ran an ES model. There was not as much international interest this year. Aside from Alfieri Maserati's 2-car Diatto team, a three-car team came from Steyr (including Italian drivers Ferdinando Minoia and Conte Gastone Brilli-Peri). André Boillot bought a Peugeot 174 Sports, and privateers filled out the field of seventeen.


1923 Grand Prix season, Season review
The Alfa Romeos controlled the race. Although Campari and Ferrari retired, Ascari had the fastest lap and would have won. However, on the last lap his engine broke at Cerda within sight of the line. With push-starts not allowed, by the time his mechanic was able to get it going again, team-mate Sivocci had made up the time and won by three minutes. Minoia brought home his Steyr in third, just ahead of Masetti. From the great publicity across Italy, and in celebration of the 1–2 victory, Alfa Romeo named the car the “RL Targa Florio”. It also encouraged Nicola Romeo to look at building a Grand Prix car.


1923 Grand Prix season, Season review
Jimmy Murphy's victory the previous year in the Indianapolis 500 had attracted a lot of interest in Harry Miller's engines. The entry list for this year's event included 11 of the new Miller 122 (in its various guises) in the 24 starters. Cliff Durant had a number made up and eight were entered as Durant Specials. The drivers included Murphy, Eddie Hearne, Harry Hartz and Cliff Durant himself. Harry C. Stutz had another two entered as HCS Specials for Tommy Milton and Howdy Wilcox. Packard returned for the second and last time. Its drivers were the veterans Ralph DePalma, Dario Resta and Joe Boyer. Fred Duesenberg was a late arrival, with just the single car ready for rookie Wade Morton.


1923 Grand Prix season, Season review
With a unified formula again, European interest was renewed in the Indianapolis 500. Bugatti had five Type 30s modified as single-seaters. Pierre de Vizcaya and Betrand, Prince of Cystria were joined by British Aston Martin-driver, Louis Zborowski and wealthy Argentineans Martín de Álzaga and Raúl Riganti. Mercedes brought their three 1.5-litre cars, being the first supercharged cars at the event, along with perennial drivers Christian Lautenschlager, Max Sailer and Christian Werner.


1923 Grand Prix season, Season review
Milton threw down the gauntlet from the start setting a new qualifying record of 108.7 mph to take pole position. Early in the race, Lautenschlager was cornering, engaged the supercharger too soon and spun into the wall. The two other Mercedes initially provided a close contest but engine issues dropped Werner and Sailer back to third and fourth by halfway and they eventually finished down the field. In an exciting first half of the race the lead changed 25 times: initially between Milton and Murphy, until Wilcox and Durant pushed up to vie for the lead.


1923 Grand Prix season, Season review
When Wilcox had to retire after 60 laps, he relieved Milton in his car for the third quarter of the race. The Milton/Wilcox car eased ahead and, between them, they led the second half of the race. Milton went on to become the first two-time winner of the race, ahead of the Durant-Millers of Hartz, Murphy and Hearne. Milton collected almost $30000 in prize-money (the average industrial worker's salary was about $1500). It was at a cost, as his hands were badly injured, firstly by blisters from his driving gloves shrinking and then scalded from the glue out of the steering wheel.


1923 Grand Prix season, Season review
Milton, Murphy, Hearn and the Miller drivers won all the races in the 8-race AAA season, blocking out Duesenberg. With two wins and four seconds across the season, Eddie Hearn was retroactively announced in 1927 as Champion for the Year. Murphy was runner-up as he missed the latter part of the season to take his Miller across to Europe. Howdy Wilcox, however, was killed at the inaugural Altoona 200 in September.


1923 Grand Prix season, Season review
In June the Swiss motorcycle Grand Prix at Geneva was supplemented by a race for cyclecars, the first car race for Switzerland. It was won by Ramon Bueno in a Salmson GP, with his teammate Robert Benoist coming in second. A week later the Circuito del Savio was held at Ravenna. It was won by Enzo Ferrari who was presented with a shield by the parents of fallen Italian fighter-ace Francesco Baracca. It depicted  his emblem, a black prancing horse, that would become the badge on Ferrari cars.


1923 Grand Prix season, Season review
The French Grand Prix was moved again, this year to Tours, on a 23 km triangular track on public roads just northwest of the city. Six works teams were entered and each had the first appearance of their new or upgraded cars for the season. The Bugatti “tanks” were driven by Ernest Friderich, Pierre De Vizcaya and Pierre Marco, the Prince of Cystria. The short wheelbase made them very nimble through the corners but unstable on the straights. Voisin had three cars, driven by pre-war veterans Arthur Duray and Henri Rougier, along with André Lefèbvre. Rolland-Pilain had two cars for Albert Guyot and Victor Hémery. Finally, Delage had just the single car for René Thomas.


1923 Grand Prix season, Season review
From Italy, Fiat had their supercharged Type 805 for works drivers Pietro Bordino, Enrico Giaccone and Carlo Salomano. The British Sunbeam team also had three cars, with their new model heavily influenced by the 1922 Fiat. Their drivers were Kenelm Lee Guinness, Henry Segrave and Albert Divo.


1923 Grand Prix season, Season review
From the rolling start Bordino came from the second row to lead at the first corner. De Vizcaya misjudged his braking in the new Bugatti and careered off the road and through a fence. Sixteen spectators were injured. The race soon separated into two competitions: Fiat versus Sunbeam at the front and Bugatti versus Voisin further back. Bordino impressed many with his bravery and speed and led for nine laps until waylaid by engine problems: the supercharger was too close to the road and had sucked stones and dust into the engine. Guinness took the lead pursued by Giaccone.


1923 Grand Prix season, Season review
Then the Sunbeam's clutch began slipping and they had to stop to tie a rope to pull it. Dropping to sixth he then had to stop again as his mechanic had been knocked unconscious by stones when putting his head out to pull the rope. Meanwhile, Giaccone had taken the lead until he too was stopped, on the 16th lap, by the same supercharger issue as his teammate Bordino.


1923 Grand Prix season, Season review
This now put the Fiat of Salomano in front with the Sunbeams of Divo and Segrave chasing. Divo gradually fell back as he had to stop every lap to top up with petrol as his tank had sprung a leak. Then on the 30th lap Salomano ran out of fuel. His mechanic ran back to the pits, grabbed a can of petrol and bicycled back to the stricken car. But the car failed to restart and that allowed Segrave to take a lead he held onto for the remaining five laps.


1923 Grand Prix season, Season review
Divo was second with Friderich just passing Guinness on the last lap to get a podium for Bugatti. André Lefèbvre's Voisin was the fifth and final finisher, 75 minutes behind Segrave. It was Britain's greatest motoring triumph to date with (American-born) Segrave also the first British driver to win a Grand Prix. After an abbreviated race and early retirement for his car, Louis Delâge fired designer Planchon.


1923 Grand Prix season, Season review
By the time of the Italian Grand Prix, the Fiats had been redesigned with a new Roots-type supercharger, and on the smooth paved circuit would not have the same engine issues as had afflicted them in France. Once again, the foreign opposition saw it as a lost cause and chose not to turn up. Only Voisin and Rolland-Pilain came to Monza. The new Alfa Romeos were ready, and three cars were entered for Campari, Sivocci and Ascari. Another notable arrival was the Benz team with three of their streamlined Tropfenwagen cars, driven by Minoia, Franz Horner and Willy Walb. And from America came Jimmy Murphy and Count Zborowski driving the oval-specialist Miller 122s. The cars had to be specially modified to tightly squeeze in a mechanic still required under the AIACR regulations.


1923 Grand Prix season, Season review
But once again the race was tainted by tragedy. A fortnight before the race, Bordino and Giaccone were testing the Fiat when its axle broke and they crashed on the oval. Giaccone died in hospital and Bordino suffered a broken wrist and dislocated shoulder. Veteran Felice Nazzaro was bought in to replace Giaccone. Alfa driver Ugo Sivocci was killed when he hit a tree during a wet practice, and the rest of the team was withdrawn and the P1 was never raced.


1923 Grand Prix season, Season review
The race was started by Benito Mussolini, the recently appointed Prime Minister and ardent racing fan. Bordino drove despite his broken arm, with his mechanic doing the gear changes but it did not slow him down. He set a blistering pace and led for over half the race until the exhaustion of the effort finally overtook him and he had to retire. Nazzaro took the lead but when he had to stop to refill water with just two laps remaining, Salomano overtook him and held on for the victory.


1923 Grand Prix season, Season review
Murphy finished third, his race compromised by the car's lack of traction on the road-circuit portion. This marked the first Grand Prix win for a supercharged car, and Salomano's new lap record of 3:46.4 (159.08 km/h) eclipsed Bordino's one of 3:55 (146.9 km/h) from the year before. Although it was his only major triumph, he remained a test-driver for Fiat until the 1960s.


1923 Grand Prix season, Season review
Motor-racing in Spain had developed quickly after the war. However, the new event in July at San Sebastián was poorly supported by international teams. Albert Guyot won the main race, for Rolland-Pilain, with just five runners. In October, Albert Divo won the voiturette race at Penya Rhin in the new Talbot 70 – a race significant for the presence of motorcycle racer Tazio Nuvolari in the Chiribiri works team. He finished fifth, three laps behind. A week later Divo won in a Sunbeam at Sitges, near Barcelona.


1923 Grand Prix season, Season review
Again, the event had a small entry – with Benz and Rolland-Pilain not arriving. Jimmy Murphy and Martin de Álzaga were going to race Millers but in the end only Zborowski arrived, finishing second albeit with the fastest lap. Just opened by King Alfonso, who was a keen racing enthusiast himself, the newly built oval was the first closed circuit in Spain. But the 2 km track had been poorly designed with steep banking, was unpopular with the drivers, and was barely used again and closed soon afterwards. Dario Resta then won the voiturette grand prix there, for Talbot again.


1923 Grand Prix season, Season review
In the aftermath of Sivocci's death, the Alfa Romeo team adopted his personal emblem, the green four-leaf clover, on their cars. The racing number “17”, from the car he died in, has not been used on Italian racing cars since. Enzo Ferrari was able to convince Vittorio Jano, one of Fiat's engineers, to join them starting a legendary career. The below-par performance of the Miller at the Italian Grand Prix was the final proof of the vastly different racing set-ups required for road-racing (predominant in Europe) versus oval racing (as practiced in North America).


1923 Great Kantō earthquake
The Great Kantō earthquake (関東大地震, Kantō dai-jishin; Kantō ō-jishin) struck the Kantō Plain on the main Japanese island of Honshū at 11:58:44 JST (02:58:44 UTC) on Saturday, September 1, 1923. Varied accounts indicate the duration of the earthquake was between four and ten minutes. Extensive firestorms and even a fire whirl added to the death toll. Ethnically-charged civil unrest after the disaster (i.e. the Kantō Massacre) has been documented.


1923 Great Kantō earthquake
The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.9 on the moment magnitude scale (Mw ), with its focus deep beneath Izu Ōshima Island in Sagami Bay. The cause was a rupture of part of the convergent boundary where the Philippine Sea Plate is subducting beneath the Okhotsk Plate along the line of the Sagami Trough.


1923 Great Kantō earthquake
Since 1960, the First of September has been designated by the Japanese government as Disaster Prevention Day (防災の日, Bōsai no hi), or a day in remembrance of and to prepare against major natural disasters including tsunami and typhoon. Drills as well as knowledge promotion events are centered around that date as well as awards ceremonies for people of merit.


1923 Great Kantō earthquake, Earthquake
The SS Dongola's captain reported that, while he was anchored in Yokohama's inner harbor:


1923 Great Kantō earthquake, Earthquake
At 11.55 a.m. ship commenced to tremble and vibrate violently and on looking towards the shore it was seen that a terrible earthquake was taking place, buildings were collapsing in all directions and in a few minutes nothing could be seen for clouds of dust. When these cleared away fire could be seen starting in many directions and in half an hour the whole city was in flames.


1923 Great Kantō earthquake, Earthquake
This earthquake devastated Tokyo, the port city of Yokohama, and the surrounding prefectures of Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka, and caused widespread damage throughout the Kantō region. The earthquake's force was so great that in Kamakura, over 60 km (37 mi) from the epicenter, it moved the Great Buddha statue, which weighs about 121 tonnes, almost 60 centimetres.


1923 Great Kantō earthquake, Earthquake
Estimated casualties totaled about 142,800 deaths, including about 40,000 who went missing and were presumed dead. According to the Japanese construction company Kajima Kobori Research's conclusive report of September 2004, 105,385 deaths were confirmed in the 1923 quake.


1923 Great Kantō earthquake, Earthquake
The damage from this natural disaster was one of the greatest sustained by Imperial Japan. In 1960, the government declared September 1, on the 37th anniversary of the quake, as an annual "Disaster Prevention Day".


1923 Great Kantō earthquake, Earthquake, Damage and deaths
Because the earthquake struck at lunchtime when people were cooking meals, many deaths occurred as a result of large fires that broke out. Fires started immediately after the earthquake. Some fires developed into firestorms that swept across cities. Many people died when their feet became stuck on melting tarmac. The single greatest loss of life was caused by a fire whirl that engulfed the Rikugun Honjo Hifukusho (formerly the Army Clothing Depot) in downtown Tokyo, where about 38,000 people were incinerated after taking shelter there after the earthquake. The earthquake broke water mains all over the city, and putting out the fires took nearly two full days until late in the morning of September 3.


1923 Great Kantō earthquake, Earthquake, Damage and deaths
A strong typhoon centered off the coast of the Noto Peninsula in Ishikawa Prefecture brought high winds to Tokyo Bay at about the same time as the earthquake. These winds caused fires to spread rapidly.


1923 Great Kantō earthquake, Earthquake, Damage and deaths
The Emperor and Empress were staying at Nikko when the earthquake struck Tokyo, and were never in any danger. American Acting Consul General Max David Kirjassoff and his wife Alice Josephine Ballantine Kirjassoff died in the earthquake. The consulate itself lost the entirety of its records in the subsequent fires.


1923 Great Kantō earthquake, Earthquake, Damage and deaths
Many homes were buried or swept away by landslides in the mountainous and hilly coastal areas in western Kanagawa Prefecture; about 800 people died. A collapsing mountainside in the village of Nebukawa, west of Odawara, pushed the entire village and a passenger train carrying over 100 passengers, along with the railway station, into the sea.


1923 Great Kantō earthquake, Earthquake, Damage and deaths
The RMS Empress of Australia was about to leave Yokohama harbour when the earthquake struck. It narrowly survived and assisted in rescuing 2000 survivors. A P&O liner, Dongola, was also in the harbour at the moment of disaster and rescued 505 people, taking them to Kobe.


1923 Great Kantō earthquake, Earthquake, Damage and deaths
A tsunami with waves up to 10 m (33 ft) high struck the coast of Sagami Bay, Bōsō Peninsula, Izu Islands, and the east coast of Izu Peninsula within minutes. The tsunami caused many deaths, including about 100 people along Yui-ga-hama Beach in Kamakura and an estimated 50 people on the Enoshima causeway. Over 570,000 homes were destroyed, leaving an estimated 1.9 million homeless. Evacuees were transported by ship from Kantō to as far as Kobe in Kansai. The damage is estimated to have exceeded US$1 billion (or about  $15 billion today). There were 57 aftershocks.


1923 Great Kantō earthquake, Earthquake, Ensuing violence
Ethnic Koreans were massacred after the earthquake. The Home Ministry declared martial law and ordered all sectional police chiefs to make maintenance of order and security a top priority. A false rumor was spread that Koreans were taking advantage of the disaster, committing arson and robbery, and were in possession of bombs. Anti - Korean sentiment was heightened by fear of the Korean independence movement. In the confusion after the quake, mass murder of Koreans by mobs occurred in urban Tokyo and Yokohama, fueled by rumors of rebellion and sabotage.


1923 Great Kantō earthquake, Earthquake, Ensuing violence
The government reported that 231 Koreans were killed by mobs in Tokyo and Yokohama in the first week of September. Independent reports said the number of dead was far higher, ranging from 6,000 to 10,000. Some newspapers reported the rumors as fact, including the allegation that Koreans were poisoning wells. The numerous fires and cloudy well water, a little-known effect of a large quake, all seemed to confirm the rumors of the panic-stricken survivors who were living amidst the rubble.


1923 Great Kantō earthquake, Earthquake, Ensuing violence
Vigilante groups set up roadblocks in cities, and tested residents with a shibboleth for supposedly Korean-accented Japanese: deporting, beating, or killing those who failed. Army and police personnel colluded in the vigilante killings in some areas. Of the 3,000 Koreans taken into custody at the Army Cavalry Regiment base in Narashino, Chiba Prefecture, 10% were killed at the base, or after being released into nearby villages. Moreover, anyone mistakenly identified as Korean, such as Chinese, Ryukyuans, and Japanese speakers of some regional dialects, suffered the same fate. About 700 Chinese, mostly from Wenzhou, were killed. A monument commemorating this was built in 1993 in Wenzhou.


1923 Great Kantō earthquake, Earthquake, Ensuing violence
In response, the government called upon the Japanese Army and the police to protect Koreans; 23,715 Koreans were placed in protective custody across Japan, 12,000 in Tokyo alone. The chief of police of Tsurumi (or Kawasaki by some accounts) is reported to have publicly drunk the well water to disprove the rumor that Koreans had been poisoning wells. In some towns, even police stations into which Korean people had escaped were attacked by mobs, whereas in other neighbourhoods, residents took steps to protect them.


1923 Great Kantō earthquake, Earthquake, Ensuing violence
The Army distributed flyers denying the rumor and warning civilians against attacking Koreans, but in many cases vigilante activity only ceased as a result of Army operations against it. In several documented cases, soldiers and policemen participated in the killings, and in other cases authorities handed groups of Koreans over to local vigilantes, who proceeded to kill them.


1923 Great Kantō earthquake, Earthquake, Ensuing violence
Amidst the mob violence against Koreans in the Kantō Region, regional police and the Imperial Army used the pretext of civil unrest to liquidate political dissidents. Socialists such as Hirasawa Keishichi (平澤計七), anarchists such as Sakae Ōsugi and Noe Itō, and the Chinese communal leader, Ō Kiten (王希天), were abducted and killed by local police and Imperial Army, who claimed the radicals intended to use the crisis as an opportunity to overthrow the Japanese government.


1923 Great Kantō earthquake, Earthquake, Ensuing violence
Director Chongkong Oh made two documentary films about the pogrom: Hidden Scars: The Massacre of Koreans from the Arakawa River Bank to Shitamachi in Tokyo (1983) and The Disposed-of Koreans: The Great Kanto Earthquake and Camp Narashino (1986). They largely consist of interviews with survivors, witnesses and perpetrators.


1923 Great Kantō earthquake, Earthquake, Ensuing violence
The importance of obtaining and providing accurate information following natural disasters has been emphasized in Japan ever since. Earthquake preparation literature in modern Japan almost always directs citizens to carry a portable radio and use it to listen to reliable information, and not to be misled by rumors in the event of a large earthquake.


1923 Great Kantō earthquake, Aftermath
Following the devastation of the earthquake, some in the government considered the possibility of moving the capital elsewhere. Proposed sites for the new capital were even discussed.


1923 Great Kantō earthquake, Aftermath
Japanese commentators interpreted the disaster as an act of divine punishment to admonish the Japanese people for their self-centered, immoral, and extravagant lifestyles. In the long run, the response to the disaster was a strong sense that Japan had been given an unparalleled opportunity to rebuild the city, and to rebuild Japanese values. In reconstructing  the city, the nation, and the Japanese people, the  earthquake fostered a culture of catastrophe and reconstruction that amplified discourses of moral degeneracy and national renovation in interwar Japan.


1923 Great Kantō earthquake, Aftermath
After the earthquake, Gotō Shinpei organized a reconstruction plan of Tokyo with modern networks of roads, trains, and public services. Parks were placed all over Tokyo as refuge spots, and public buildings were constructed with stricter standards than private buildings to accommodate refugees. The outbreak of World War II and subsequent destruction severely limited resources.


1923 Great Kantō earthquake, Aftermath
Frank Lloyd Wright received credit for designing the Imperial Hotel, Tokyo, to withstand the quake, although in fact the building was damaged, though standing, by the shock. The destruction of the US embassy caused Ambassador Cyrus Woods to relocate the embassy to the hotel. Wright's structure withstood the anticipated earthquake stresses, and the hotel remained in use until 1968. The innovative design used to construct the Imperial Hotel, and its structural fortitude, was inspired the creation of the popular Lincoln Logs toy.


1923 Great Kantō earthquake, Aftermath
The unfinished battlecruiser Amagi was in drydock being converted into an aircraft carrier in Yokosuka in compliance with the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922. The earthquake damaged the ship's hull beyond repair, leading it to be scrapped, and the unfinished fast battleship Kaga was converted into an aircraft carrier in its place.


1923 Great Kantō earthquake, Aftermath
In contrast to London, where typhoid fever had been steadily declining since the 1870s, the rate in Tokyo remained high, more so in the upper-class residential northern and western districts than in the densely populated working-class eastern district. An explanation is the decline of waste disposal, which became particularly serious in the northern and western districts when traditional methods of waste disposal collapsed due to urbanization. The 1923 earthquake led to record-high morbidity due to unsanitary conditions following the earthquake, and it prompted the establishment of antityphoid measures and the building of urban infrastructure.


1923 Great Kantō earthquake, Aftermath
The Honda Point Disaster on the West Coast of the United States, in which seven US Navy destroyers ran aground and 23 lives were lost, has been attributed to navigational errors caused by unusual currents set up by the earthquake in Japan.


1923 Great Kantō earthquake, Memory
Beginning in 1960, every September 1 is designated as Disaster Prevention Day to commemorate the earthquake and remind people of the importance of preparedness, as August and September are the peak of the typhoon season. Schools and public and private organizations host disaster drills. Tokyo is located near a fault zone beneath the Izu Peninsula which, on average, causes a major earthquake about once every 70 years, and is also located near the Sagami Trough, a large subduction zone that has potential for large earthquakes. Every year on this date, schools across Japan take a moment of silence at the precise time the earthquake hit in memory of the lives lost.


1923 Great Kantō earthquake, Memory
Some discreet memorials are located in Yokoamicho Park in Sumida Ward, at the site of the open space in which an estimated 38,000 people were killed by a single fire whirl. The park houses a Buddhist-style memorial hall/museum, a memorial bell donated by Taiwanese Buddhists, a memorial to the victims of World War II Tokyo air raids, and a memorial to the Korean victims of the vigilante killings.


1923 Great Kantō earthquake, In fiction
Maurice Tourneur's 1924 silent film Torment has an earthquake in Yokohama in its plot, and uses footage of the Kantō earthquake in the film.


1923 Great Kantō earthquake, In fiction
In Yasunari Kawabata's 1930 novel The Scarlet Gang of Asakusa several chapters deal with the Great Kantō earthquake.


1923 Great Kantō earthquake, In fiction
In Japan Sinks, in one scene in the book, due to the fast-moving subduction of the Pacific and Eurasian plates, the Sagami Trough ruptures in a magnitude-8.5 earthquake, killing several million people in Tokyo and other areas, causing major tsunamis, and creating major firestorms. In the film adaptation of Japan Sinks, Nihon Chinbotsu, the Sagami Trough ruptures in a massive earthquake called "The Second Great Kanto Earthquake". In the manga (comic) adaptation of Japan Sinks, the Second Kantō Earthquake killed over five million.


1923 Great Kantō earthquake, In fiction
In the historical fantasy novel Teito Monogatari (Hiroshi Aramata) a supernatural explanation is given for the cause of the Great Kantō earthquake, connecting it with the principles of feng shui.


1923 Great Kantō earthquake, In fiction
In Oswald Wynd's novel The Ginger Tree, Mary Mackenzie survives the earthquake, and later bases her clothes designing company in one of the few buildings that remained standing in the aftermath.


1923 Great Kantō earthquake, In fiction
In Tokyo Magnitude 8.0, the Sagami Trough ruptures in a magnitude-8.0 earthquake, killing over 200,000 in Tokyo, causing floods and fires, and putting the main character at risk.


1923 Great Kantō earthquake, In fiction
Go Nagai’s manga Violence Jack is set in a scenario in which a gigantic earthquake called ‘The Great Kanto Hellquake’, reminiscent of the 1923 earthquake, devastates Tokyo and severs the Kanto region from the rest of Japan, as well as cutting it off from the outside world.


1923 Great Kantō earthquake, In fiction
Waki Yamato's manga Haikara-san ga Tōru actually reaches its climax after the Great Kantō earthquake—which happens right before the wedding of the female lead, Benio Hanamura, and her second love Tousei. Benio barely survives when the Christian church she's getting married in collapses, and then she finds her long-lost love Shinobu whose other love interest Larissa is among the victims; they get back together, and Tousei allows them to.