1916 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
The remaining 30 were allocated to a number of institutions, electing one seat each—the Archdioceses of Burgos, Granada, Santiago de Compostela, Seville, Tarragona, Toledo, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; the Royal Spanish Academy; the Royal Academies of History, Fine Arts, Sciences, Moral and Political Sciences and Medicine; the Universities of Madrid, Barcelona, Granada, Oviedo, Salamanca, Santiago, Seville, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; and the Economic Societies of Friends of the Country from Madrid, Barcelona, León, Seville and Valencia.


1916 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
An additional 180 seats comprised senators in their own right—the Monarch's offspring and the heir apparent once coming of age; Grandees of Spain of the first class; Captain Generals of the Army and the Navy Admiral; the Patriarch of the Indies and archbishops; as well as other high-ranking state figures—and senators for life (who were appointed by the Monarch).


1916 Spanish general election, Overview, Election date
The term of each House of the Cortes—the Congress and one-half of the elective part of the Senate—expired five years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The Monarch had the prerogative to dissolve both Houses at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election.


1916 Spring Hill Badgers football team
The 1916 Spring Hill Badgers football team represented the Spring Hill College during the 1916 college football season.


1916 St George's, Hanover Square by-election
The St George, Hanover Square by-election of 1916 was held on 11 January 1916. The by-election was held due to the elevation of the incumbent Conservative MP, Sir Alexander Henderson. It was won by the Unionist candidate Sir George Reid, the former Prime Minister of Australia, who acted as a spokesman for the self-governing Dominions in supporting the war effort. He was unopposed. There was a history of unopposed by-elections in the constituency and the War-time electoral pact meant that the other major parties would not endorse candidates in that election.


1916 St George's, Hanover Square by-election
Sir George Reid was to die in 1918 triggering another unopposed by-election.


1916 St Pancras West by-election
The St Pancras West by-election of 1916 was held on 16 October 1916. The by-election was held due to the resignation of the incumbent Conservative MP, Felix Cassel to become Judge Advocate General of the Armed Forces. It was won by the Conservative candidate Richard Barnett, who was unopposed due to the War-time electoral pact.


1916 St. Louis Browns season
The 1916 St. Louis Browns season involved the Browns finishing fifth in the American League with a record of 79 wins and 75 losses.


1916 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1916 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1916 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1916 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1916 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1916 St. Louis Cardinals season
The 1916 St. Louis Cardinals season was the team's 35th season in St. Louis, Missouri and its 25th season in the National League. The Cardinals went 60–93 during the season and finished tied for seventh and last in the National League.


1916 St. Louis Cardinals season
Rogers Hornsby became a regular in the Cardinals lineup starting in 1916. Hornsby played at least one game at each infield position. He immediately established himself as one of the league's leading hitters, finishing the 1916 season fourth in the batting race with a .313 average, and smacking 15 triples, one short of the league's lead.


1916 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1916 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1916 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1916 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1916 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1916 Stanley Cup Finals
The 1916 Stanley Cup Finals was played between the National Hockey Association (NHA) champion Montreal Canadiens and the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA) champion Portland Rosebuds. This was the first time that a best-of-five Cup championship went the distance. Also, the Rosebuds were the first team based in the United States to play for the Cup. The Canadiens defeated the Rosebuds three games to two in the best-of-five game series. This was the Canadiens' first Stanley Cup championship.


1916 Stanley Cup Finals, Paths to the Finals
Montreal won the NHA title after finishing the 1915–16 regular season in first place with a 16–7–1 record. Meanwhile, Portland clinched the 1915–16 PCHA title with a 13–5 record.


1916 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries
The games of the series were played at Montreal's Montreal Arena as it was the turn of the NHA champions to host the series. Games one, three and five were played under NHA rules; Games two and four were played under PCHA rules. Ernie Johnson's share of series revenues was by court order to be paid to the Montreal Wanderers, whom he had left while under contract to go to the PCHA. For the entire series, future Hockey Hall of Fame goaltender Georges Vezina aided Montreal by posting a 2.60 goals-against average. Didier Pitre led the Canadiens in scoring with 4 goals.


1916 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries
Montreal Canadiens NHA champions Roster - Georges Veznia goalie, Howard McNamara (Captain) point, Bert Corbeau cover point, Didier Pitre center-rover, Edouard "Newsy" Lalonde (Playing-Coach) center, George "Goldie" Prodgers right wing-left wing, Jack Laviolettte left wing, Amous Arbour left wing, Louis Berlinguette left wing, Georges "Skinner" Poulin center, Eskene “Skene” Ronan center right wing, spare Jack Fournier right wing-left wing - U.P. Boudier (President), George "Kennedy", Kendall (Manager-owner).


1916 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries
Portland Rosebuds PCAH champions Roster - Tommy Murray goalie, Del Irvine point, Ernie "Moose" Johnson cover point, Fred "Smokey" Harrius rover-left wing, Tommy Dunderdale center, Eddie Oatman light wing, Charlies Tobin left wing-right wing, Charlie Uksilla left wing, Alf Barbour center, C.D. Doherty (President), Edward Savage (Manager-Coach).


1916 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries, Game one
Portland arrived by train the day before the game but showed no weariness, recording a shutout despite game one being played under Eastern Rules (6 a side). It was noted that Portland's speedy backchecking limited Montreal to only 6 chances.


1916 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries, Game two
Despite missing Newsy Lalonde (bad cold) and Jack Laviolette (broken jaw), Montreal behind some heavy checking defeated Portland 2–1 to tie the series under Western PCHA rules (7 a side).


1916 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries, Game three
Lalonde and Laviolette played in game three. Lalonde got into a fight with Ernie Johnson, requiring the police to break up the fight. Lalonde and Laviolette were ejected for the game and Eddie Oatman received a major penalty. Pitre was the scoring star, scoring three goals to lead the Canadiens to a 6–3 victory. Eastern rules were used.


1916 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries, Game four
The Rosebuds then evened the series with a 6–5 victory in game four. The Rosebuds took a 3–0 lead, only to see the Canadiens tie it and take a 4–3 lead. In the third period Portland's Fred Harris scored twice and Charlie Uksilla scored once to take a 6–4 lead until the last minute when Lalonde scored to make it closer. Western rules were used.


1916 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries, Game five
In game five, Portland's Tommy Dunderdale gave his team a 1–0 lead before Skene Ronan tied the game. The seldom-used George Prodgers then scored the game and series-winning goal to clinch the Cup for the Canadiens. Eastern rules were used.


1916 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving
The 1916 Stanley Cup was presented by the trophy's trustee William Foran. The Canadiens never did engrave their name on the Cup for their championship season.


1916 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving
The following Canadiens players and staff were eligible to have their names engraved on the Stanley Cup


1916 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving, Stanley Cup engraving
Although the Rosebuds did not win the series, the Rosebuds had the words "Portland Ore./PCHA Champions/1915–16" engraved on the Cup after obtaining the trophy from the previous year's champions, the Vancouver Millionaires. This was consistent with the practice at the time that the trophy was passed on to the winner of the league championship of the previous Cup champion's league. Portland is thus the only city not to win the Cup outright to be listed as champions on the Stanley Cup.


1916 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving, Stanley Cup engraving
After the series, "Canadian/NHA & World's Champions/Defeated Portland/1915–16" was added to the Cup (Note that the anglicized, singular form of "Canadiens" was engraved).


1916 State of the Union Address
The 1916 State of the Union Address was given by Woodrow Wilson, the 28th president of the United States, on Tuesday, December 5, 1916. He personally addressed the 64th United States Congress.


1916 State of the Union Address
It was given on the eve of the United States' intervention in World War I. He said, "And, sixth, the lodgment in the hands of the Executive of the power, in case of military necessity, to take control of such portions and such rolling stock of the railways of the country as may be required for military use and to operate them for military purposes, with authority to draft into the military service of the United States such train crews and administrative officials as the circumstances require for their safe and efficient use."


1916 State of the Union Address
He ended with, "Inasmuch as this is, gentlemen, probably the last occasion I shall have to address the Sixty-fourth Congress, I hope that you will permit me to say with what genuine pleasure and satisfaction I have co-operated with you in the many measures of constructive policy with which you have enriched the legislative annals of the country." The 1916 presidential election was over, and Wilson had been re-elected.


1916 Summer Olympics
The 1916 Summer Olympics (German: Olympische Sommerspiele 1916), officially known as the Games of the VI Olympiad, were scheduled to be held in Berlin, German Empire, but were eventually cancelled for the first time in its 20-year history due to the outbreak of World War I. Berlin was selected as the host city during the 14th IOC Session in Stockholm on 4 July 1912, defeating bids from Alexandria, Amsterdam, Brussels, Budapest and Cleveland. After the 1916 Games were cancelled, Berlin would eventually host the 1936 Summer Olympics, twenty years later.


1916 Summer Olympics, History
Work on the stadium, the Deutsches Stadion ("German Stadium"), began in 1912 at what was the Grunewald Race Course. It was planned to seat more than 18,000 spectators. On 8 June 1913, the stadium was dedicated with the release of 10,000 pigeons. 60,000 people were in attendance.


1916 Summer Olympics, History
At the outbreak of World War I in 1914, organization continued as it was not expected that the war would continue for several years. Eventually, though, the Games were cancelled.


1916 Summer Olympics, History
A winter sports week with speed skating, figure skating, ice hockey and Nordic skiing was planned; the concept of this week eventually gave rise to the first Winter Olympic Games. The central venue was to have been the Deutsches Stadion.


1916 Summer Olympics, History
If the games had been played, Finland would not have been allowed to take part by Russia, which revoked the autonomy of Finnish sport in 1914.


1916 Summer Olympics, History
Berlin returned to Olympic bidding in 1931, when it beat Barcelona, Spain, for the right to host the 1936 Summer Olympics, the last Olympics before the outbreak of World War II.


1916 Swarthmore Quakers football team
The 1916 Swarthmore Quakers football team was an American football team that represented Swarthmore College as an independent during the 1916 college football season. The team compiled a 6–1–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 94 to 45. Bill Roper was the head coach.


1916 Swarthmore Quakers football team
A new football field was donated during the 1916 season. The field was built with a contribution from Morris L. Clothier, a Swarthmore alumnus and Philadelphia merchant, and was named Swarthmore Field.


1916 Syracuse Orangemen football team
The 1916 Syracuse Orangemen football team represented Syracuse University in the 1916 college football season.


1916 TCU Horned Frogs football team
The 1916 TCU Horned Frogs football team represented Texas Christian University (TCU) as a member of the Texas Intercollegiate Athletic Association (TIAA) during the 1916 college football season. Led by Milton Daniel in his first year as head coach, the Horned Frogs compiled an overall record of 6–2–1. The team's captain was John Nelson, who played quarterback.


1916 Tasmanian state election
The 1916 Tasmanian state election was held on Thursday, 23 March 1916 in the Australian state of Tasmania to elect 30 members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly. The election used the Hare-Clark proportional representation system — six members were elected from each of five electorates.


1916 Tasmanian state election
Although the Liberals had won the 1913 election, a subsequent by-election had seen both parties holding 15 seats in the House of Assembly and Solomon losing government to Labor's John Earle. Earle's government had been appointed on the expectation that Earle would quickly call for a dissolution of the House of Assembly, which he refused to do, and successfully appealed to the Colonial Office.


1916 Tasmanian state election
At the election, Earle was the incumbent Premier of Tasmania and the Liberal Party was headed by Walter Lee. The Labor Party made no gains at the 1916 election. Joshua Whitsitt won as an Independent. The Liberals had no clear majority, winning 15 seats. Lee became Premier, as leader of the party with the most seats.


1916 Tasmanian state election, Results
Tasmanian state election, 23 March 1916House of Assembly << 1913–1919 >>


1916 Tempe Normal Owls football team
The 1916 Tempe Normal Owls football team was an American football team that represented Tempe Normal School (later renamed Arizona State University) as an independent during the 1916 college football season. In their third and final season under head coach George Schaeffer, the Owls compiled a 0–3 record and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 51 to 13. Archie Ivy was the team captain.


1916 Tennessee Volunteers football team
The 1916 Tennessee Volunteers football team represented the University of Tennessee in the 1916 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. John R. Bender served his first season as head coach of the Volunteers. Because of World War I, Tennessee  did not field another varsity squad until 1919.


1916 Tennessee Volunteers football team
The 1916 Vols won eight games and lost none. The only blemish on Tennessee's record was a scoreless draw with Kentucky in the last game; and the Vols won a share of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association title for the second time in three years — sharing the title with Georgia Tech. This season also saw the first homecoming football game in Tennessee football history, hosting rival Vanderbilt, against  which Tennessee achieved a then-rare victory..


1916 Tennessee Volunteers football team
The New York Herald ranked quarterback Buck Hatcher as the season's premier punter. Captain and end Graham Vowell was the season's only unanimous All-Southern selection, and was a third-team All-America selection by Walter Camp. Next to him on the line was his older brother, Morris Vowell. Next to him was Chink Lowe. At the other end was Lloyd Wolfe.


1916 Tennessee Volunteers football team, Before the season
Coach Bender came to Tennessee from Kansas State, effectively switching jobs with former Volunteers head coach Zora G. Clevenger. Bender ran a short punt system. In 1916, football used a one-platoon system in which players played both offense, defense, and special teams. Quarterback Buck Hatcher was a triple-threat.


1916 Tennessee Volunteers football team, Season summary, Maryville
In the second week of play, Tennessee beat the Maryville Scots  32–0.


1916 Tennessee Volunteers football team, Season summary, Clemson
Tennessee beat Clemson 14–0, the game remaining 0–0 well into the fourth quarter. Eventually in the fourth, Tennessee drove to the 1-yard line and lost the ball on downs. After forcing Clemson to punt, Tennessee again found itself at the 1-yard line, and was penalized 5 yards. Clemson was also penalized 5 yards, and with the ball back at the 1-yard line the Volunteers scored the touchdown. The second touchdown came on an interception.


1916 Tennessee Volunteers football team, Season summary, Clemson
The starting lineup was G. Vowell (left end), M. Vowell (left tackle), Shoulders (left guard), Robinson (center), Lowe (right guard), Henderson (right tackle), Wolfe (right end), Luck (quarterback), Emery (left halfback), Shelby (right halfback), A. Hatcher (fullback).


1916 Tennessee Volunteers football team, Season summary, Florida
The Vols blanked the Florida Gators  in Tampa 24–0 in the two rivals first-ever meeting. Hatcher's punts were the feature of the contest.


1916 Tennessee Volunteers football team, Season summary, Florida
The starting lineup was G. Vowell (left end), M. Vowell (left tackle), Lowe (left guard), Robinson (center), Shoulders (right guard), Hambaugh (right tackle), Wolfe (right end), A. Hatcher (quarterback), Shelby (left halfback), Emory (right halfback), Luck (fullback).


1916 Tennessee Volunteers football team, Season summary, Chattanooga
Tennessee beat Chattanooga 12–7, the most points scored on the Vols all season.


1916 Tennessee Volunteers football team, Season summary, Vanderbilt
Tennessee upset the Vanderbilt Commodores 10–6. Vanderbilt's lone score came on a 70-yard run by Rabbit Curry. Graham Vowell scored  the  touchdown and Buck Hatcher kicked a field goal. Hatcher regularly outpunted Tom Zerfoss. Both ends, Vowell and Lloyd Wolfe, helped stop Curry.


1916 Tennessee Volunteers football team, Season summary, Vanderbilt
The starting lineup was G. Vowell (left end), M. Vowell (left tackle), Lowe (left guard), Robinson (center), Henderson (right guard), Hambaugh (right tackle), Wolfe (right end), A. Hatcher (quarterback), Emory (left halfback), Twifford (right halfback), Ring (fullback).


1916 Tennessee Volunteers football team, Season summary, Sewanee
The Volunteers beat the Sewanee Tigers 17–0. Morris Vowell had a 99-yard interception return.


1916 Tennessee Volunteers football team, Season summary, Kentucky
The season closed with an upset tie by the Kentucky Wildcats, an account of which reads "Rodes and McIlvain, Kentucky's quarterback and fullback, played a magnificent game and had they received the proper support from their team, would have piled up a large score against Tennessee."


1916 Tennessee Volunteers football team, Season summary, Kentucky
The starting lineup was G. Vowell (left end), M. Vowell (left tackle), Lowe (left guard), Robinson (center), Henderson (right guard), Hambaugh (right tackle), Wolfe (right end), A. Hatcher (quarterback), Emory (left halfback), J. Luck (right halfback), Ring (fullback).


1916 Tennessee Volunteers football team, Postseason
The New York Herald ranked quarterback Buck Hatcher as the season's premier punter. Graham Vowell was the season's only unanimous All-Southern selection, and was a third-team All-America selection by Walter Camp.


1916 Tennessee gubernatorial election
The 1916 Tennessee gubernatorial election was held on November 7, 1916. Incumbent Democrat Thomas Clarke Rye defeated Republican nominee John W. Overall with 55.04% of the vote.


1916 Tewkesbury by-election
The Tewkesbury by-election of 1916 was held on 16 May 1916. The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Conservative MP, Michael Hicks Beach, Viscount Quenington, in the First World War. It was won by the Conservative candidate William Frederick Hicks-Beach, Quenington's uncle, then aged 74.


1916 Texas A&M Aggies football team
The 1916 Texas A&M Aggies football team represented Texas A&M during the 1916 college football season.


1916 Texas Longhorns football team
The 1916 Texas Longhorns football team represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 1916 college football season.


1916 Texas Mines Miners football team
The 1916 Texas Mines Miners football team was an American football team that represented the Texas School of Mines (now known as the University of Texas at El Paso) as an independent during the 1916 college football season. In their third year under head coach Tommy Dwyer, the team compiled a 2–3 record.


1916 Texas hurricane
The 1916 Texas hurricane was an intense and quick-moving tropical cyclone that caused widespread damage in Jamaica and South Texas in August 1916. A Category 4 hurricane upon landfall in Texas, it was the strongest tropical cyclone to strike the United States in three decades. Throughout its eight-day trek across the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, the hurricane caused 37 fatalities and inflicted $11.8 million in damage.


1916 Texas hurricane
Weather observations were limited for most of the storm's history, so much of its evolution has been inferred from scant data analyzed by the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project in 2008. The precursor disturbance organized into a small tropical storm by August 12, shortly before crossing the Lesser Antilles into the Caribbean Sea. The storm skirted the southern coast of Jamaica as a hurricane on August 15, killing 17 people. No banana plantation was left unscathed by the hours-long onslaught of strong winds. Coconut and cocoa trees also sustained severe losses.


1916 Texas hurricane
The southern parishes saw the severest effects, incurring extensive damage to crops and buildings; damage in Jamaica amounted to $10 million (equivalent to $235 million in 2019). The storm then traversed the Yucatán Channel into the Gulf of Mexico and intensified further into the equivalent of a major hurricane on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson scale.


1916 Texas hurricane
On the evening of August 16, the hurricane struck South Texas near Baffin Bay with winds of 130 mph (215 km/h). Buildings were razed at many coastal cities, the worst impacts being felt in Corpus Christi and surrounding communities. Beachfront structures were destroyed by a 9.2 ft (2.8 m) storm surge. Strong gusts and heavy rainfall spread farther inland across mainly rural sectors of South Texas, damaging towns and their outlying agricultural districts alike. Railroads and other public utilities were disrupted across the region, with widespread power outages.


1916 Texas hurricane
Eight locations set 24-hour rainfall records; among them was Harlingen, which recorded the storm's rainfall maximum with 6 in (150 mm) of precipitation. The deluge wrought havoc on military camps along the Mexico–United States border, forcing 30,000 garrisoned militiamen to evacuate. Aggregate property damage across Texas reached $1.8 million (equivalent to $42 million in 2019), and 20 people were killed. The hurricane quickly weakened over southwestern Texas and dissipated near New Mexico by August 20.


1916 Texas hurricane, Meteorological history
According to the U.S. Weather Bureau, the 1916 Texas hurricane "followed an average course for the type of August hurricanes that pass through the Yucatán Channel", but maintained an unusually brisk forward speed throughout its life. A possible precursor disturbance may have originated as early as August 8 near Africa, but observations were inconclusive in determining the formation of a tropical cyclone. The hurricane was first definitively detected as a tropical storm east of Barbados on August 12, based on a 40-mph (64 km/h) wind measurement from a nearby ship.


1916 Texas hurricane, Meteorological history
There were no other observations of similarly gusty winds or low air pressures over the next three days while the system traced out the southern periphery of the Azores High westward into the eastern Caribbean Sea. Steady intensification was inferred during this period by the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project in 2008, which estimated that the storm strengthened into a hurricane on August 15 while located south of Hispaniola. Concurrently, the hurricane curved slightly towards the west-northwest, bringing it just south of Jamaica that day with winds of 85 mph (135 km/h). Near the Cayman Islands, a vessel recorded 55-mph (89 km/h) winds, ultimately proving to be the strongest offshore winds sampled in connection with the cyclone. Continuing to intensify, the hurricane emerged into the Gulf of Mexico through the Yucatán Channel on the morning of August 17.


1916 Texas hurricane, Meteorological history
Weather observations remained scant in the open waters of the Gulf of Mexico, the strongest observed winds being limited to marginal gales. The storm reached major hurricane intensity just north of the Yucatán Peninsula on August 17, and reports on the developing hurricane proliferated as the storm neared the Texas coast. By August 18, the hurricane reached Category 4 intensity in the western Gulf of Mexico; the first outer bands began reaching the coast near Corpus Christi, Texas, early that morning.


1916 Texas hurricane, Meteorological history
During the evening hours, the center of the hurricane made landfall near Baffin Bay, Texas, with maximum sustained winds of 130 mph (210 km/h) and a central pressure of 932 mbar (hPa; 27.52 inHg). These parameters made it the strongest hurricane of the 1916 Atlantic hurricane season. In terms of pressure, the 1916 Texas hurricane was stronger than any other landfalling tropical cyclone in the United States since 1886. It was larger than average upon landfall, with a 29 mi (47 km) radius of maximum wind.


1916 Texas hurricane, Meteorological history
Neither the strongest winds nor lowest pressure were directly measured, and were instead extrapolated from peripheral data by the hurricane reanalysis project using storm surge modelling and pressure to wind relationships. Several other researchers in the 20th century made similar analyses of the landfall, all concluding that Texas was impacted by a major hurricane. Weakening ensued as the storm quickly progressed farther inland and into West Texas; by August 19, the system was a weakening tropical depression, opening into a trough of low pressure the following day near the border between Texas and New Mexico within the valley of the Pecos River.


1916 Texas hurricane, Preparations and impact, Caribbean Sea
Crossing the Lesser Antilles from August 12 to 13, the developing tropical cyclone produced breezy conditions; sustained winds peaked at 25 mph (35 km/h) on Antigua and reached low-end tropical storm intensity offshore. In San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago, a station recorded 0.42 in (11 mm) of rain from the passing disturbance. A warning noting the likelihood of hurricane-force winds was issued for the Yucatán Channel near Cuba's Guanahacabibes Peninsula on August 16. Maritime traffic was briefly halted before being allowed to resume course to Cuban and Central American ports.


1916 Texas hurricane, Preparations and impact, Caribbean Sea
The hurricane dealt a heavy blow to Jamaica when the storm passed south of the Crown colony on the night of August 15, killing seventeen people and leaving thousands homeless. Although the U.S. Weather Bureau did not indicate a landfall, reporting from The Daily Gleaner suggested that the storm's calm eye passed over Kingston and at least four of the island's southern parishes. Damage was consequently heaviest in the southern half of Jamaica, though some crops across the northern parishes were also affected; the overall damage toll was estimated at $10 million (equivalent to $235 million in 2019).


1916 Texas hurricane, Preparations and impact, Caribbean Sea
Among Jamaica's crops, banana cultivations were the most severely impacted; several communities and parishes documented a majority loss of their bananas, especially on the eastern half of the island. According to the American consulate, the entirety of Jamaica's banana crop was damaged to some extent. In Bath, the storm was the most devastating since the 1903 Jamaica hurricane. The eastern banana-growing belt was thoroughly ruined; five thousand mature banana trees were toppled before the storm's closest approach to Bath, accounting for a near-total loss of the fruit there.


1916 Texas hurricane, Preparations and impact, Caribbean Sea
Sugar plantations also suffered greatly, as did coconut and cocoa trees in Portland Parish. An estimated 30–50 percent of the cocoa crop was damaged. Winds peaked at 80 mph (130 km/h) during the evening hours of August 15 in Bowden, cutting telegraph communications and damaging many buildings and banana trees. Several hours of gusty winds downed telegraph lines and fruit trees of all varieties throughout Saint Thomas Parish. Homes were unroofed and displaced in Annotto Bay, constituting most of the property damage there. Heavy rainfall caused the Dry, Johnson, and Yallahs rivers to rise above their banks, washing over bridges and rendering them impassable.


1916 Texas hurricane, Preparations and impact, Caribbean Sea
Communications between Kingston and other parishes were cut off for 48 hours after intense winds brought down telegraph and telephone lines, making the dissemination of damage reports in Jamaica increasingly difficult. The strongest sustained winds reached 72 mph (116 km/h) in Kingston, attended by higher gusts estimated at 85 mph (137 km/h). One station in Kingston measured 1.56 in (40 mm) of precipitation. Power was lost after falling trees struck critical electric wires, halting streetcars. One woman was killed after being electrocuted by a falling electric wire.


1916 Texas hurricane, Preparations and impact, Caribbean Sea
Kingston was left in darkness overnight, prompting police to warn pedestrians to vacate the city streets. Most of the damage inflicted on property in Kingston and lower Saint Andrew Parish was minor and confined to the most vulnerable structures. Homes, fences, and signs were damaged in both residential and commercial districts of the metropolis. At wharves along the coast, iron-sheet roofs were torn away from lumber sheds. Debris littered roads, and in one case, a house was blown onto a highway.


1916 Texas hurricane, Preparations and impact, Caribbean Sea
Rough surf generated by the strong winds sank or grounded vessels and lighters on the shores of Kingston Harbour, with one wreck resulting in two fatalities. Substantial losses befell crops in Saint Catherine Parish, including severe damage to banana trees between Kingston and Spanish Town. Damage was also wrought to coconut trees and other large trees in the region. In the hurricane's aftermath, the colonial government planned to assist growers in re-establishing damaged crops, and also allocated £21,000 to relief efforts. Owing to the widespread damage to banana crops, the reduced demand for rail service and subsequent cuts in revenue forced the Jamaica Railway Corporation to downsize.


1916 Texas hurricane, Preparations and impact, Texas
General information on the hurricane's location and movement for American interests was first issued by the United States Weather Bureau on the morning of August 13, based on information from Saint Kitts. Alerts to vessels in the path of the storm prompted 20 steamers to anchor in New Orleans, Louisiana. Due to the storm's initially small size and the lack of data concerning it, the Weather Bureau lamented that "the location of the center of the storm was [...] a very unsatisfactory matter", as was the case with two other tropical cyclones monitored by the agency in the same month.


1916 Texas hurricane, Preparations and impact, Texas
On August 18, as the storm neared Texas landfall, hurricane warnings were first issued, advising coastal residents from Cameron County northward to Calhoun County by telegraph and telephone of the hurricane's imminent approach. Anticipating the hurricane's effects, prices closed 7–9 points higher than the previous day at the New Orleans Cotton Exchange and advanced by 10–12 points at the New York Cotton Exchange.


1916 Texas hurricane, Preparations and impact, Texas
Galveston residents evacuated for the mainland via interurban routes and special trains as seas began to rise, filling railcars to capacity; in total, thousands of people evacuated the insular city. Another set of Southern Pacific traincars was readied at Seabrook in case more evacuations were required. A hundred automobiles were used to escort women and children from vulnerable sections of Corpus Christi to the safer buildings of the business district on the afternoon of August 18, finding havens at banks, hotels, schools, and the city hall.


1916 Texas hurricane, Preparations and impact, Texas
However, many city residents did not take precautions in protecting their property, as conventional wisdom held that destructive storms did not affect Corpus Christi. Fearing a repeat of the 1915 Galveston hurricane, some visitors in Galveston headed toward Corpus Christi, only to be caught in the incoming storm. The United States Coast Guard stationed at Brazos Island evacuated summer residents of Padre Island offshore Port Isabel. Nearby ships were brought to the Port Isabel harbor.


1916 Texas hurricane, Preparations and impact, Texas
The coastal steamer Pilot Boy sank in the entrance to the harbor at Port Aransas after being battered by the hurricane's rough seas, killing six of her crew. Water levels along the coast of Texas rose, with storm surge heights reaching 9.2 ft (2.8 m) in Corpus Christi and 4 ft (1.2 m) in Galveston. Although the surge was attenuated by the hurricane's quick motion, the waves were nonetheless destructive, destroying every pier in Corpus Christi Bay and many boats. A large segment of the Corpus Christi causeway was washed away. Outhouses and a dwelling at the Aransas Pass Light Station were undermined. Driftwood was strewn across the coast of Laguna Madre for the first time in living memory.


1916 Texas hurricane, Preparations and impact, Texas
The Category 4 hurricane moved ashore near Baffin Bay at 5:00 p.m. CST (22:00 UTC) on August 18, roughly an hour earlier than forecast. Damage from the hurricane was inflicted over a wide expanse of southern Texas and maximized along the coast. The cities of Bishop, Kingsville, and Corpus Christi sustained the greatest effects. All Western Union communication lines between San Antonio and Brownsville were severed by 1:30 p.m. CST (18:30 UTC) on August 18, preventing the transmission of early reports from the region and accounting for $50,000 in damage.


1916 Texas hurricane, Preparations and impact, Texas
At Corpus Christi, approximately 45 mi (70 km) northeast of the storm's point of landfall, winds reached at least 90 mph (140 km/h) before the observing station's anemometer was knocked out of commission. Thunderstorms and squalls began affecting the city on the morning of August 18, preceding the onset of hurricane-force winds that evening; light winds prevailed by August 20. Damage was inflicted upon most buildings in the city. Summer cottages were destroyed and the business district incurred thousands of dollars in damage after it was entirely flooded. Many salt cedar plants were blown down.


1916 Texas hurricane, Preparations and impact, Texas
The waterfront area endured the worst effects, including the destruction of all wharves and their ancillary buildings. All bathing pavilions collapsed and a pleasure pier was left in ruins. Much of a coastal apartment compound was reduced to rubble floating in the Corpus Christi Bay. Corpus Christi also lost electricity during the storm, putting the city lights and other services out of commission. Conservative estimates placed financial losses for the city between $250,000–$500,000 (equivalent to $6–12 million in 2019), and three people drowned along the immediate coast.


1916 Texas hurricane, Preparations and impact, Texas
The nearby communities of Aransas Pass and Rockport sustained "considerable" damage. Nearly every building was affected and many were destroyed in Rockport, including the city hall. Many of Port Aransas's frame buildings, piers, and other coastal structures fell victim to the rough seas. Small shipping interests were hurt in Port Lavaca, particularly the fish and oyster industry. Waterfront homes in the port city were destroyed. Port O'Connor and surrounding locales were impacted by 75-mph (120 km/h) winds that damaged numerous homes and dislodged the roof of a hotel.


1916 Texas hurricane, Preparations and impact, Texas
Strong winds also forced the sea inland, grounding boats and submerging the nearby grounds of the Epworth League in Seadrift. A relief train was sent from Austwell to Port O'Connor to evacuate storm-stricken residents. Bay View College in Portland permanently closed following damage to its buildings. Intense winds in Kingsville unroofed homes and businesses. A city garage's collapse crushed several cars beneath. Governor of Illinois Edward Fitzsimmons Dunne was caught in the storm at Kingsville; he had been inspecting army camps along the Texas–Mexico border in the days before they were ravaged by the storm.


1916 Texas hurricane, Preparations and impact, Texas
Every house was damaged and most were destroyed in Riviera, located 15 mi (24 km) south of Kingsville. In the nearby resort town of Riviera Beach, the hurricane destroyed all businesses and amenities, as well as most of the residences, resulting in an exodus that led to the resort's demise. Farther north in Galveston, the hurricane produced 50-mph (80 km/h) winds that destroyed two homes.


1916 Texas hurricane, Preparations and impact, Texas
Moderate to heavy rains spread across South Texas both ahead of the storm and to the right of the center's path. There were two foci of heavy rainfall: the first along the coast where a maximum of 6.0 in (150 mm) was reported in Harlingen, and a second borne of orographic lifting in the mountains of southwestern Texas. Eight towns, including Harlingen, set 24-hour rainfall records. Crops were badly injured by the winds and rain, with damage to cotton accounting for most of the financial loss.


1916 Texas hurricane, Preparations and impact, Texas
About one-third of the cotton crop around Shiner was lost, and in some locations more than half of the pecans were blown off trees. The storm proved beneficial for cotton harvesting in Victoria County by helping to clear excess foliage. Many farm buildings and small structures were leveled in Beeville. In Brownsville, plate glass windows were blown out and fences and trees were toppled. Some militia camps were also deluged by the heavy rainfall in the Brownsville area, destroying thousands of dollars worth of government equipment after perishable munitions were exposed to the elements.


1916 Texas hurricane, Preparations and impact, Texas
Four militiamen were injured after U.S. Army tents were flattened by the storm. All military encampments in the area were forced to be temporarily abandoned, with 30,000 people seeking refuge in public buildings in Mercedes and Mission. Similar damage occurred farther upstream along the Rio Grande Valley in Laredo, where the hurricane tore down small buildings and communication poles. Downed wires forced the city to shut down power for most of the municipality. Although damage was widespread, its overall magnitude along the Rio Grande remained slight.


1916 Texas hurricane, Preparations and impact, Texas
Sections of the San Antonio and Aransas Pass Railway and International–Great Northern Railroad were put out of commission, the former left mangled and obstructed by debris. Other trains in the region were delayed by 12–18 hours, and the total cost of damage to railroads and other public utilities exceeded $300,000 (equivalent to $70 million in 2019). Over a thousand workers were dispatched by the afflicted railroad companies to repair the railways. Wind damage was documented as far inland as Montell in Uvalde County where frame homes were damaged and windmills collapsed. Strong winds and intermittent rainfall extended into the Austin area, while 68-mph (109 km/h) winds swept through San Antonio. In total, twenty people were killed in Texas, and damage to property was estimated at $1.8 million (equivalent to $42 million in 2019).


1916 The Citadel Bulldogs football team
The 1916 The Citadel Bulldogs football team represented The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina in the 1916 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. Harvey O'Brien served as coach for the first season. The Bulldogs played as members of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association and played home games at College Park Stadium in Hampton Park. The Citadel claims a "State Championship" for 1916 by virtue of its wins over Presbyterian, Newberry, Wofford, Clemson, and South Carolina.


1916 Tie Cup Final
The 1916 Tie Cup Final was the final match to decide the winner of the Tie Cup, the 17th. edition of the international competition organised by the Argentine and Uruguayan Associations together. The final was contested by Argentine side Rosario Central and Uruguayan club Peñarol,


1916 Tie Cup Final
In the match, played at Racing Stadium in Avellaneda, Peñarol beat Rosario Central 3–0 with three goals by José Piendibene, winning the first and only Tie Cup trophy in the history of the club.


1916 Tie Cup Final, Overview
Rosario Central earned its place in the final as the winner of 1916 Copa de Competencia Jockey Club, where the team enter.ed directly to semifinals to beat River Plate (1–1, 3–2 in playoff) and Independiente (2–1 in the final at Avellaneda).


1916 Tie Cup Final, Overview
The final was held in Estadio Racing Club in Avellaneda on Christmas eve, 24 December 1916. With only 6 minutes of play, José Piendibene ran from the centre spot and passed to right, where José Pérez received the ball and ran to the penalty area where he made a pass that Piendibene headed for the first goal. On 28 minutes, Piendibene headed another ball for the 2–0 (after a pass by Pérez).


1916 Tie Cup Final, Overview
In the second half, on 77 minutes Piendibene shot to the goal after dribbling several players of Rosario Central. Perazzo tried to stop the ball but it hit on him with such bad luck that the ball crossed the goal line, becoming the third goal of the match. Therefore, Peñarol won its first Tie Cup title, with José Piendibene as the most valuable player with 3 goals scored.


1916 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
The 1916 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship was the 27th staging of the Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Tipperary County Board in 1887.


1916 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
Boherlahan won the championship after a 2-02 to 0-00 defeat of Toomevara in the final. It was their second championship title overall and their second title in succession.


1916 Toronto municipal election
Municipal elections were held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, on January 1, 1916. Mayor Tommy Church was elected to his second term in office.


1916 Toronto municipal election, Toronto mayor
Church had first been elected mayor the year previous. In the words of the Toronto Daily Star the mayoral contest "was something of a joke" as Church was only opposed by Harry Winberg, who had never before held elected office. Church ignored his opponent during the campaign, and was easily returned.


1916 Toronto municipal election, Board of Control
There was one change to the Board of Control. R.H. Cameron won a seat while Frank S. Spence was defeated.


1916 Toronto municipal election, City council
Results taken from the January 1, 1916 Toronto Daily Star and might not exactly match final tallies.


1916 Tulane Olive and Blue football team
The 1916 Tulane Olive and Blue football team represented Tulane University during the 1916 college football season.


1916 Tusculum Pioneers football team
The 1916 Tusculum Pioneers football team represented Tusculum College  during the 1916 college football season. The team was led by  head coach J. Bruce Anderson. The team's first game of the season was a loss to future SIAA champion Tennessee.


1916 U.S. National Championships (tennis)
The 1916 U.S. National Championships (now known as the US Open) took place on the outdoor grass courts at the West Side Tennis Club, Forest Hills in New York City, United States. The men's singles tournament ran from 28 August until 5 September while the women's singles and doubles championship took place from 5 June to 12 June at the Philadelphia Cricket Club in Chestnut Hill. It was the 36th staging of the U.S. National Championships, and the only Grand Slam tennis event of the year.


1916 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Men's Singles
R. Norris Williams defeated  William Johnston  4–6, 6–4, 0–6, 6–2, 6–4


1916 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Men's Doubles
Bill Johnston /  Clarence Griffin defeated  Maurice McLoughlin /  Ward Dawson 6–4, 6–3, 5–7, 6–3


1916 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Women's Doubles
Molla Bjurstedt /  Eleonora Sears defeated  Louise Hammond Raymond /  Edna Wildey 4–6, 6–2, 10–8


1916 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Mixed Doubles
Eleonora Sears /  Willis Davis defeated  Florence Ballin /  Bill Tilden 6–4, 7–5


1916 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles
Richard Norris Williams defeated defending champion William Johnston 4–6, 6–4, 0–6, 6–2, 6–4 in the final to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1916 U.S. National Championships. The event was played on outdoor grass courts and held at the West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills, New York from Monday, August 28 through Tuesday, September 5, 1916.


1916 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles
In tennis, reigning champion Molla Bjurstedt won the singles tennis title of the 1916 U.S. Women's National Singles Championship by defeating Louise Hammond Raymond 6–0, 6–1 in the challenge round. Hammond Raymond had won the right to challenge Bjurstedt by defeating Eleanora Sears 6–3, 6–4 in the final of the All Comers' competition. The event was played on outdoor grass courts and held at the Philadelphia Cricket Club in Wissahickon Heights, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia from June 5 through June 12, 1916.


1916 U.S. Open (golf)
The 1916 U.S. Open was the 22nd U.S. Open, held June 29–30 at Minikahda Club in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Amateur Chick Evans led wire-to-wire and set a new U.S. Open scoring record to win his only U.S. Open title, two strokes ahead of runner-up Jock Hutchison.


1916 U.S. Open (golf)
There were 94 entries and on-site qualifying was held and only the defending champion was exempt. Qualifying was held on Tuesday and Wednesday, and each day half the field played 36 holes for 32 places in the starting field of 64.


1916 U.S. Open (golf)
Evans opened the championship on Thursday with rounds of 70-69, the first in history to break 140 in the first two rounds of a U.S. Open. He led by three over Wilfrid Reid, who went out of contention after a 79 (+7) in the third round. Evans carded a 74 to maintain his three-shot advantage after 54 holes, with Jim Barnes as the nearest pursuer. After a double-bogey at the fourth hole, Evans recovered with a birdie at the next and matched Barnes through the front nine.


1916 U.S. Open (golf)
At the par-5 12th, Evans found the green in two shots and two-putted for a birdie. He finished with a round of 73 to Barnes' 74. Hutchison, nine back after two rounds, moved up to second place with a 68 (−4), the lowest score to date in the final round of a U.S. Open. As the top professional, he took home the winner's share of the purse.


1916 U.S. Open (golf)
Evans' total of 286 established a new U.S. Open scoring record that stood for two decades, until 1936. Three months later, he won the U.S. Amateur championship at Merion near Philadelphia and became the first to win both titles in the same year. Evans won the U.S. Amateur again in 1920.


1916 U.S. Open (golf)
Like previous editions, this U.S. Open was scheduled for just two days, at 36 holes each. Not held in 1917 and 1918 due to World War I, it resumed in 1919 and was stretched to three days, with 18 holes on each of the first two days and 36 holes on the third. It reverted to the two-day format in 1920, then went to the three-day schedule in 1926.


1916 USC Trojans football team
The 1916 USC Trojans football team represented the University of Southern California (USC) in the 1916 college football season. In their third non-consecutive year under head coach Dean Cromwell (Cromwell was also coach in 1909 and 1910), the Trojans compiled a 5-3 record  and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 129 to 80. The season featured USC's first game against Arizona, a 20-7 victory in Phoenix, its third game against California, a 27-0 loss in Los Angeles, and its second game against Oregon Agricultural, a 16-7 loss in Los Angeles.


1916 United States House of Representatives elections
Elections to the United States House of Representatives in 1916 were held for members of the 65th Congress, coinciding with the re-election of President Woodrow Wilson.


1916 United States House of Representatives elections
Wilson eked out a narrow re-election, but his Democratic Party lost seats to the Republican Party. Wilson's hybrid approach, which injected a progressive element into Democratic policies, had proved to be dissatisfying to much of the nation. International affairs also became important in the traditionally non-interventionist United States, as voters attempted to determine which party would be best served to keep the nation from entering The Great War.


1916 United States House of Representatives elections
Republicans actually won a plurality of seats in the 1916 election. Even so, when the 65th Congress convened in April 1917, the Democrats narrowly maintained control of the House, forming an alliance with third-party (Progressive and Socialist) members. Not since the 34th Congress (1855–57) had the party with the most seats not been part of the ruling government. This Congress is the last example to date of a type of coalition holding power in the House, rather than a single party winning a majority of seats.


1916 United States House of Representatives elections
Jeannette Rankin, a Republican from Montana, became the first woman ever elected to congress.


1916 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections
There were special elections in 1916 to the 64th United States Congress.


1916 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries
The Democrats retained control of the House by forming a coalition with the three Progressive members and the single Socialist member, combining to form a razor-thin majority of 218 Representatives.


1916 United States House of Representatives elections, Early election date
Maine held its election early, on September 11, 1916. There had previously been multiple states with earlier elections, but between 1914 and 1958, Maine was alone in holding early elections.


1916 United States House of Representatives elections, Montana
This was the last time Montana used an at-large district until its representation was reduced to one in 1992. This was also the first time a woman was elected to Congress.


1916 United States House of Representatives elections, Non-voting delegates, Alaska Territory
Wickersham would later successfully contest the election and was seated January 7, 1919.


1916 United States House of Representatives elections in California
The United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1916 was an election for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 7, 1916. The delegation's only Independent incumbent retired and the open seat was won by the Democrats.


1916 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina
The 1916 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina were held on November 7, 1916 to select seven Representatives for two-year terms from the state of South Carolina. The primary elections were held on August 29 and the runoff elections were held two weeks later on September 12. Six incumbents were re-elected, but Wyatt Aiken of the 3rd congressional district was defeated in the Democratic primary. The seat was retained by the Democrats and the composition of the state delegation remained solely Democratic.


1916 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 1st congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Richard S. Whaley of the 1st congressional district, in office since 1913, defeated James G. Padgett in the Democratic primary and Republican J.O. Ladd in the general election.


1916 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 2nd congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman James F. Byrnes of the 2nd congressional district, in office since 1911, defeated Alvin Etheredge in the Democratic primary and Republican Isaac Myers in the general election.


1916 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 3rd congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Wyatt Aiken of the 3rd congressional district, in office since 1903, was defeated in the Democratic primary by Frederick H. Dominick. He was unopposed in the general election.


1916 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 4th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Samuel J. Nicholls of the 4th congressional district, in office since 1915, won the Democratic primary and defeated Republican G.F. Mills in the general election.


1916 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 5th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman David E. Finley of the 5th congressional district, in office since 1899, defeated William F. Stevenson in the Democratic primary and was unopposed in the general election.


1916 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 6th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman J. Willard Ragsdale of the 6th congressional district, in office since 1913, won the Democratic primary and defeated Republican W.L. McFarlan in the general election.


1916 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 7th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Asbury Francis Lever of the 7th congressional district, in office since 1901, defeated Republican challenger I.S. Leevy.


1916 United States Senate election in Arizona
The 1916 United States Senate elections in Arizona took place on November 7, 1916. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Henry F. Ashurst ran for reelection to a second term, defeating Republican former Territorial Governor Joseph H. Kibbey in the general election by a comfortable margin.


1916 United States Senate election in California
The 1916 United States Senate election in California was held on November 6, 1916. Incumbent Republican Senator John Downey Works did not run for re-election.


1916 United States Senate election in California
Governor of California and 1912 Progressive Party vice presidential nominee Hiram Johnson won the open seat, defeating Democratic attorney and Mayor of San Marino George Patton.


1916 United States Senate election in California, Primaries, Democratic primary, Results
George Patton was unopposed on the ballot, but Hiram Johnson, Willis Booth, and Walter Thomas Mills received write-in votes.


1916 United States Senate election in California, Primaries, Progressive primary, Results
Gov. Hiram Johnson was unopposed on the primary ballot, but Willis Booth did receive write-in votes.


1916 United States Senate election in California, Primaries, Socialist primary, Results
Walter Thomas Mills was unopposed on the primary ballot, but Hiram Johnson and Willis Booth received write-in votes.


1916 United States Senate election in California, Primaries, Prohibition primary, Results
Atwood was unopposed on the primary ballot, but Hiram Johnson and Willis Booth received write-in votes.


1916 United States Senate election in Connecticut
The 1916 United States Senate election in Connecticut was held on November 7, 1916. Incumbent Republican Senator George P. McLean was re-elected to a second term in office over Democratic State Attorney Homer Stille Cummings.


1916 United States Senate election in Delaware
The 1916 United States Senate election in Delaware took place on November 7, 1916.


1916 United States Senate election in Delaware
Incumbent Republican Senator Henry A. du Pont ran for re-election to a third term in office, but was defeated by Democrat Josiah O. Wolcott.


1916 United States Senate election in Florida
The 1916 United States Senate election in Florida was held on November 7, 1916.


1916 United States Senate election in Florida
Incumbent Democratic Senator Nathan Philemon Bryan ran for re-election to a second term in office, but lost the Democratic nomination to Governor of Florida Park Trammell. Trammell easily won the general election.


1916 United States Senate election in Indiana
The 1916 United States Senate election in Indiana took place on November 7, 1916. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator John W. Kern ran for re-election to a second term in office, but was defeated by Republican Harry New.


1916 United States Senate election in Indiana, Republican primary, Results
After losing the primary, Watson ran in the special election for Indiana's other Senate seat, which he won.


1916 United States Senate election in Maine
The 1916 United States Senate election in Maine was held on September 11, 1916.


1916 United States Senate election in Maine
Incumbent Democratic Senator Charles F. Johnson ran for re-election to a second term in office, but was defeated by Republican Frederick Hale, the son of Johnson's predecessor Eugene Hale.


1916 United States Senate election in Maine, Republican primary, Results
Three days before the primary, Maine's other U.S. Senator Edwin C. Burleigh died. After losing this primary, Fernald ran to complete Burleigh's unexpired term and won.


1916 United States Senate election in Maine, Republican primary, Results
Hersey ran for and won the election to Maine's 4th congressional district, which was vacated by Frank E. Guernsey, who also ran in the special election for Senate.


1916 United States Senate election in Maryland
The 1916 United States Senate election in Maryland was held on November 7, 1916.


1916 United States Senate election in Maryland
Incumbent Democratic Senator Blair Lee I ran for election to a full term in office, but was defeated in the Democratic primary by U.S. Representative David John Lewis. Lewis went on to lose the general election to Republican Joseph I. France, a professor of medicine and former State Senator.


1916 United States Senate election in Maryland, Democratic primary, Results
Lee received more raw votes than Lewis did, but Lewis received a higher share of the unit vote at the State Convention.


1916 United States Senate election in Maryland, Notes
This Maryland elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1916 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
The 1916 United States Senate election in Massachusetts was held on November 7, 1916. Republican incumbent Henry Cabot Lodge defeated Democratic Mayor of Boston John F. Fitzgerald to win election to a fifth term.


1916 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
This was the first United States Senate election in Massachusetts decided by popular vote, as required by the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.


1916 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, General election, Campaign
Fitzgerald attacked Lodge for his opposition to the direct election of Senators and the Federal Employees' Compensation Act. He declared that "[Lodge's] career shows a singular lack of touch with the people... it is for private interests that he has stood during his career."


1916 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, General election, Campaign
Lodge also faced criticism over his charge of weakness against President Wilson's response to the sinking of the RMS Lusitania. Lodge was forced to withdraw his charge.


1916 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Aftermath
In 1952, Fitzgerald's grandson John F. Kennedy defeated Lodge's grandson Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. to win election to this same Senate seat. Fitzgerald's daughter Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy would say that her son John had "evened the score" with the Lodges and avenged her father's defeat. A final contest between the two families came in 1962, when Ted Kennedy defeated George C. Lodge for the same seat.


1916 United States Senate election in Michigan
The 1916 United States Senate election in Michigan was held on November 7, 1916.


1916 United States Senate election in Michigan
Incumbent Republican Senator Charles E. Townsend was re-elected to a second term in office over Democrat Lawrence Price.


1916 United States Senate election in Michigan
This was the first election in Michigan held after the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which required all Senators be elected by direct popular vote.


1916 United States Senate election in Minnesota
The 1916 United States Senate election in Minnesota took place on November 7, 1916. It was the first election for either class of U.S. Senators held in Minnesota after the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which established the popular election of United States Senators. Incumbent Senator Moses E. Clapp was defeated in the Republican primary election by former American Bar Association president Frank B. Kellogg. Kellogg went on to defeat former St. Paul Mayor Daniel W. Lawler of the Minnesota Democratic Party, and Prohibition Party challenger Willis Greenleaf Calderwood, in the general election.


1916 United States Senate election in Missouri
The 1916 United States Senate election in Missouri was held on November 7, 1916. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator James A. Reed was re-elected to a second term over Republican R. R. Brewster.


1916 United States Senate election in Montana
The 1916 United States Senate election in Montana took place on November 7, 1916. Incumbent Senator Henry L. Myers was re-elected to a second term in office, defeating Republican Charles N. Pray.


1916 United States Senate election in New Jersey
The United States Senate election of 1916 in New Jersey was held on November 7, 1916.


1916 United States Senate election in New Jersey
Incumbent Democratic Senator James E. Martine ran for re-election to a second term in office, but was defeated by Republican State Senator Joseph S. Frelinghuysen Sr.


1916 United States Senate election in New Jersey
This was the first popular election for United States Senator in New Jersey history, following the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. This was the first of four straight elections to this seat in which the incumbent was defeated.


1916 United States Senate election in New York
The United States Senate election of 1916 in New York was held on November 7, 1916. Incumbent Democratic Senator James O'Gorman chose not to seek re-election. Republican William M. Calder was elected to a succeed O'Gorman, defeating Democrat William F. McCombs.


1916 United States Senate election in New York, Independents and third parties, American
The American Party initially nominated Robert Bacon, but following his defeat in the Republican primary, he withdrew. In his place, the Americans substituted Democratic nominee William F. McCombs.


1916 United States Senate election in Ohio
The 1916 United States Senate election in Ohio took place on November 7, 1916. Incumbent Republican Senator Atlee Pomerene was re-elected to a second term in office over Republican former Governor and Ambassador to France Myron Herrick.


1916 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania
The 1916 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on November 7, 1916. Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator George T. Oliver was not a candidate for re-election. The Republican nominee, Philander C. Knox defeated Democratic nominee Ellis C. Orvis.


1916 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania
Knox died in October 1921, during his first term, and William E. Crow was appointed to fill the vacancy. Crow, however, also died before the expiration of the term, in August 1922. David A. Reed was appointed to fill the vacancy created by Crow's death, and was subsequently elected to complete the rest of the term expiring in March 1923 and to a full six-year term in his own right on the same day.


1916 United States Senate election in Tennessee
The 1916 United States Senate election in Tennessee was held on November 7, 1916. Incumbent Democratic Senator Luke Lea ran for re-election to a second term, but was defeated for the Democratic nomination by U.S. Representative Kenneth McKellar. McKellar won the general election against Republican Governor of Tennessee Ben W. Hooper.


1916 United States Senate election in Tennessee
This was the first popular election for U.S. Senator held in Tennessee, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. McKellar would go on to serve six terms in the Senate, becoming one of the longest serving members of either house of Congress.


1916 United States Senate election in Tennessee, Democratic primary, Results
In the initial primary, held in November 1915, McKellar finished first, carrying both East and West Tennessee. His support in East Tennessee came on the back of Senator John Knight Shields, who controlled federal patronage in the state and assigned federal employees to campaign on McKellar's behalf. Patterson finished second, carrying Central Tennessee. Senator Lea was eliminated.


1916 United States Senate election in Texas
The 1916 United States Senate election in Texas was held on November 7, 1916. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Charles Culberson was re-elected to a fourth term in office. Culberson survived a challenge from former Governor Oscar Colquitt in the Democratic primary, then easily won the general election.


1916 United States Senate election in Texas
This was the first U.S. Senate election in Texas held after the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment, which required all Senators be elected by a direct popular vote.


1916 United States Senate election in Vermont
The 1916 United States Senate election in Vermont took place on November 7, 1916. Incumbent Republican Carroll S. Page successfully ran for re-election to another term in the United States Senate, defeating Democratic candidate Oscar C. Miller. This was the second United States Senate direct election to take place in Vermont following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and the first for Vermont's Class I seat.


1916 United States Senate election in Wisconsin
The 1916 United States Senate election in Wisconsin was held on November 7, 1916.


1916 United States Senate election in Wisconsin
Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Robert M. La Follette was re-elected to a third term in office over Democrat William F. Wolfe and Socialist Richard Elsner.


1916 United States Senate election in Wyoming
The 1916 United States Senate election in Wyoming took place on November 7, 1916. Incumbent Senator Clarence D. Clark, a Republican, sought re-election in his first popular election. He was opposed by John B. Kendrick, the incumbent Governor of Wyoming and the Democratic nominee. Owing in part to President Woodrow Wilson's strong performance in the presidential election that year, Kendrick won a narrow but decisive victory over Clark, winning the first of three terms in the U.S. Senate.


1916 United States Senate elections
The United States Senate elections of 1916 were elections that coincided with the re-election of Democratic President Woodrow Wilson. Republicans gained a net of two seats from the Democrats.


1916 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 64th Congress
In these special elections, the winner was seated during 1916 or before March 4, 1917; ordered by election date.


1916 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections leading to the 65th Congress
In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1917; ordered by state.


1916 United States Senate elections, Arkansas (Special)
Three-term Democratic Senate President pro tempore James Paul Clarke died October 1, 1916.


1916 United States Senate elections, Arkansas (Special)
Democrat William F. Kirby was elected November 7, 1916 to finish the term. He served  only the rest of this term, losing renomination in 1920.


1916 United States Senate elections, Indiana
There were two elections held November 7, 1916 due to a vacancy. The elections converted both seats from Democratic to Republican, thus marking the first time since the popular-election of Senators was mandated by the Seventeenth Amendment three years earlier that both Senate seats in a state flipped from one party to the other in a single election cycle.


1916 United States Senate elections, Indiana, Indiana (Special)
Two-term Democrat Benjamin F. Shively was re-elected in 1914 but died March 14, 1916. Democrat Thomas Taggart was appointed March 20, 1916 to continue the term until a November 7, 1916 special election. Taggart lost the special election to Republican James Eli Watson.


1916 United States Senate elections, Indiana, Indiana (Special)
Watson would finish out the term, be re-elected twice, and serve until his 1932 re-election loss.


1916 United States Senate elections, Indiana, Indiana (Regular)
One-term Democrat John W. Kern was elected in 1911. He lost re-election to Republican Harry Stewart New.


1916 United States Senate elections, Maine
There were two elections due to a vacancy. Both elections were held September 11, 1916, as Maine routinely held its annual elections in September at the time.


1916 United States Senate elections, Maine, Maine (Special)
One-term Republican Edwin C. Burleigh was elected in 1913, and died June 16, 1916. Republican Bert M. Fernald was elected September 12, 1916 to finish the term.


1916 United States Senate elections, Maine, Maine (Special)
Fernand would later be re-elected twice and serve until his 1926 death.


1916 United States Senate elections, Maine, Maine (Regular)
One-term Democrat Charles Fletcher Johnson was elected in 1911. He lost re-election to Republican Frederick Hale.


1916 United States Senate elections, Maine, Maine (Regular)
Hale would later be re-elected three times and serve until his 1935 retirement.


1916 United States Senate elections, Vermont
The 1916 United States Senate election in Vermont took place on November 7, 1916. It was the second direct election for the U.S. Senate to take place in Vermont following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and the first for Vermont's Class I seat. The incumbent, Republican Carroll S. Page successfully ran for re-election to a second full term.


1916 United States Senate elections, Vermont
In the primary election, which was held on September 11, Page gained re-nomination by winning 62 percent of the vote to defeat former governor Allen M. Fletcher (20.3) and current governor Charles W. Gates (17.7).


1916 United States Senate elections, Vermont
With the Republican Party dominant in Vermont, as it had been since its founding in the 1850s, Democratic candidate Oscar C. Miller was little more than a token opponent for Page. In the general election, Page defeated Miller 74.4 percent to 23.5.


1916 United States elections
The 1916 United States elections elected the members of the 65th United States Congress. The election occurred during the Fourth Party System, six months before the United States entered World War I. Unlike 1912, the Democrats did not benefit from a split in the Republican Party, but the Democrats still retained the Presidency and the majority in the Senate. Democrats lost the majority in the House, but retained control of the chamber.


1916 United States elections
Democratic President Woodrow Wilson defeated the Republican nominee, former Supreme Court Justice Charles Evans Hughes, in the presidential election. Hughes won the Republican nomination on the third ballot of the 1916 Republican National Convention, defeating several other candidates. Republicans won several Northern states, but Wilson's success in the rest of the country gave him a small margin in the electoral college and the popular vote. Wilson's win made him the first sitting Democratic President to win re-election since Andrew Jackson. Wilson's running mate, Thomas R. Marshall, was the first sitting Vice President to win re-election since John C. Calhoun.


1916 United States elections
Republicans made moderate gains in the House, gaining a narrow plurality. However, Democrat Champ Clark won re-election as Speaker of the House.


1916 United States elections
In the second Senate election since the ratification of the 17th Amendment, Republicans made minor gains, but Democrats retained a solid majority.


1916 United States gubernatorial elections
United States gubernatorial elections were held in 1916, in 36 states, concurrent with the House, Senate elections and presidential election, on November 7, 1916 (September 11 in Maine).


1916 United States gubernatorial elections
In New Mexico, the governor was elected to a two-year term for the first time, instead of a four-year term. In Arkansas and Georgia, the gubernatorial election was held on the same day as federal elections for the first time, having previously been held in September and October, respectively.


1916 United States presidential election
The 1916 United States presidential election was the 33rd quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 7, 1916. Incumbent Democratic President Woodrow Wilson narrowly defeated former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court Charles Evans Hughes, the Republican candidate.


1916 United States presidential election
In June, the 1916 Republican National Convention chose Hughes as a compromise between the conservative and progressive wings of the party. Hughes, who had served as Governor of New York prior to the Supreme Court, defeated John W. Weeks, Elihu Root, and several other candidates on the third ballot of the convention. While conservative and progressive Republicans had been divided in the 1912 election between the candidacies of incumbent President William Howard Taft and former President Theodore Roosevelt, they largely united around Hughes in his bid to oust Wilson.


1916 United States presidential election
As of 2021, Hughes remains the only current or former Supreme Court justice to serve as a major party's presidential nominee. Wilson was re-nominated at the 1916 Democratic National Convention a few days later, without opposition. While Wilson's Vice President Thomas R. Marshall was re-nominated, Hughes's running mate was Charles W. Fairbanks, who had been Theodore Roosevelt's vice president in his second term.


1916 United States presidential election
The campaign took place against a background dominated by war — the Mexican Revolution and World War I. Although officially neutral in the European conflict, public opinion in the United States favored the Allied forces led by Great Britain and France against the German Empire and Austria-Hungary, due to the harsh treatment of civilians by the German Army and the militaristic character of the German and Austrian monarchies. Despite their sympathy for the Allied forces, most American voters wanted to avoid involvement in the war and preferred to continue a policy of neutrality. Wilson's campaign used the popular slogans "He kept us out of war." and "America First" to appeal to those voters who wanted to avoid a war in Europe or with Mexico. Hughes criticized Wilson for not taking the "necessary preparations" to face a conflict.


1916 United States presidential election
After a hard-fought contest, Wilson defeated Hughes by nearly 600,000 votes out of about 18.5 million cast in the popular vote. Wilson secured a narrow majority in the Electoral College by sweeping the Solid South and winning several swing states with razor-thin margins. Wilson won California, the decisive state, by just 3,773 votes.


1916 United States presidential election
Since the GOP was not as split as in 1912, Wilson did not have the same easy victory as he had four years earlier, losing his home state of New Jersey along with the states of Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, West Virginia (although he still won an electoral vote from the state), and Wisconsin. However, Wilson still managed to win two states that he had lost in 1912--Utah and Washington--and fully won California (having only gotten 2 out of 13 electoral votes from California in 1912).


1916 United States presidential election
The United States entered the war in April 1917, one month after Wilson's second term began.


1916 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination
The 1916 Democratic National Convention was held in St. Louis, Missouri between June 14 and 16. Given Wilson's incumbency and enormous popularity within the party, he was overwhelmingly re-nominated. Vice President Thomas R. Marshall was also re-nominated with no opposition.


1916 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination, Convention
The 1916 Republican National Convention was held in Chicago between June 7 and 10.


1916 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination, Convention
A major goal of the party bosses at the convention was to heal the bitter split within the party that had occurred in the 1912 presidential campaign. Although several candidates were openly competing for the 1916 nomination — most prominently Senator Elihu Root of New York and Senator John W. Weeks of Massachusetts — the party's bosses wanted a moderate who would be acceptable to both factions of the party.


1916 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination, Convention
They turned to Supreme Court Justice Charles Evans Hughes, who had been serving on the court since 1910 and had the advantage of not having publicly spoken about political issues in six years. Although he had not actively sought the nomination, Hughes made it known that he would not turn it down. He won the nomination on the third ballot. Former Vice President Charles W. Fairbanks was nominated as his running mate. As of 2021 Hughes remains the only serving Supreme Court justice to be nominated for president by a major political party.


1916 United States presidential election, Nominations, Progressive Party nomination, Candidates gallery
For Vice President, Progressives nominated businessman John Parker of Louisiana, who had run an unsuccessful campaign. California Governor Hiram Johnson was suggested for renomination, and Raymond Robins, chairman of the party convention, was proposed, but both withdrew their names in favor of Parker.


1916 United States presidential election, Nominations, Progressive Party nomination, Candidates gallery
However, Roosevelt telegraphed the convention and declared that he could not accept their nomination and would be endorsing Republican nominee Charles Evans Hughes for the Presidency. Roosevelt turned down the Progressive nomination for both personal and political reasons. He was convinced that running for president on a third-party ticket again would merely give the election to the Democrats and had developed a strong dislike for President Wilson. He also believed Wilson was allowing Germany and other warring nations in Europe to "bully" and intimidate the United States.


1916 United States presidential election, Nominations, Progressive Party nomination, Candidates gallery
Former U.S. Representative Victor Murdock of Kansas pushed for a ticket consisting of William Jennings Bryan and Henry Ford but nothing came of it. Some, such as National Committeeman Harold L. Ickes, refused to consider endorsing Hughes. There was some talk of replacing Roosevelt with Hiram Johnson or Gifford Pinchot. All those discussed refused to consider the notion, and by this point, some leaders such as Henry Justin Allen had started to follow Roosevelt's lead and endorsed Hughes. Various state parties, such as those in Iowa and Maine, began to disband.


1916 United States presidential election, Nominations, Progressive Party nomination, Candidates gallery
Finally, when the Progressive Party National Committee met in Chicago on June 26, those in attendance begrudgingly endorsed Hughes; even those like Ickes who had vehemently refused to consider granting an endorsement to Hughes began to recognize that without Roosevelt the party had no electoral staying power. There had been a weak attempt to replace Roosevelt on the ticket with Victor Murdock, but the motion was defeated 31 to 15.


1916 United States presidential election, Nominations, Progressive Party nomination, Candidates gallery
With Roosevelt refusing their nomination, the Progressive Party quickly fell into disarray. Most members returned to the Republican Party, but a substantial minority supported Wilson for his efforts in keeping the United States out of World War I.


1916 United States presidential election, Nominations, Progressive Party nomination, Candidates gallery
Without a presidential nominee, many in the party, notably vice-presidential nominee John Parker and Bainbridge Colby, remained steadfast in their refusal to support Hughes. Parker desired the presidential nomination himself. Colby, while opposed to the endorsement of Hughes, now considered a Progressive campaign impractical and privately supported Wilson.


1916 United States presidential election, Nominations, Progressive Party nomination, Candidates gallery
It appeared likely for a time that another convention would be called in early August, until a conference held among the remaining representatives of the party in Indianapolis decided against it, while also narrowly voting against filling the vacancy that had been caused by Roosevelt's refusal to be placed on the ticket (though Parker remained the vice-presidential nominee). Electoral tickets would still be put in place where the Progressive Party remained organized in the hopes of electing enough electors so as to possibly hold the balance of power in a close contest between the Democratic and Republican candidates.


1916 United States presidential election, Nominations, Progressive Party nomination, Candidates gallery
While running as the vice-presidential nominee, John Parker would endorse Woodrow Wilson for the Presidency.


1916 United States presidential election, Nominations, Socialist Party nomination, Socialist candidates
The initial frontrunner was the popular four-time nominee Eugene V. Debs, but he opted to instead run for Congress in his native Indiana, leaving the field open to other contenders. Allan Benson, a newspaper editor from New York, quickly came to dominate the field on a platform of his fervent opposition to militarism and proposal that all wars should be voted upon in a national referendum. Rather than a traditional nominating convention, the vote was conducted through a mail-order ballot, with Benson capturing 16,639 out of a total of 32,398 cast (to 12,264 for Maurer and 3,495 for Le Sueur). A vote for the vice-presidential nomination was jointly held with George Ross Kirkpatrick, a lecturer from New Jersey, winning the nomination 20,607 to 11,388 over Kate Richards O'Hare of Missouri.


1916 United States presidential election, General election
During the campaign, Edward M. House was Wilson's top campaign advisor. Hodgson says, "he planned its structure; set its tone; guided its finance; chose speakers, tactics, and strategy; and, not least, handled the campaign's greatest asset and greatest potential liability: its brilliant but temperamental candidate." The Democrats built their campaign around the slogan, "He Kept Us Out of War," saying a Republican victory would mean war with both Mexico and Germany. Wilson's position was probably critical in winning the Western states.


1916 United States presidential election, General election
Charles Evans Hughes advocated greater mobilization and preparedness for war. With Wilson having successfully pressured the Germans to suspend unrestricted submarine warfare, it was difficult for Hughes to attack Wilson's peace platform.


1916 United States presidential election, General election
Instead, Hughes criticized Wilson's military interventions in Mexico, where the U.S. was supporting various factions in the Mexican Revolution.


1916 United States presidential election, General election
Hughes also attacked Wilson for his support of various "pro-labor" laws (such as limiting the workday to eight hours), on the grounds that they were harmful to business interests. His criticisms gained little traction, however, especially among factory workers who supported such laws. Hughes was helped by the vigorous support of popular former President Theodore Roosevelt, and by the fact that the Republicans were still the nation's majority party at the time.


1916 United States presidential election, General election
Hughes made a key mistake in California. Just before the election, he made a campaign swing through the state, but never met with the powerful Republican Governor Hiram Johnson to seek his support. Johnson took this as a snub, and never gave Hughes his full support. Wilson carried California by 3,773 votes (0.3%) and with it the presidency.


1916 United States presidential election, General election, Wilson's secret plan for potential presidential transition
In the weeks prior to the election, Wilson began to worry that, were he to lose the race to Hughes, he would remain a lame duck until March 1917. For Wilson, this was problematic, given that the United States was likely on the eve of its entry into the First World War. Wilson, thus, privately floated a plan in which, were Hughes to win, he would immediately appoint him to be his secretary of state (a role which was, at the time, second-in-line to the presidency).


1916 United States presidential election, General election, Wilson's secret plan for potential presidential transition
Wilson and his vice president, Thomas R. Marshall, would then resign, allowing Hughes to immediately ascend to the presidency, thereby allowing the nation to avoid a lengthy lame duck period. This plan was first revealed to the public two decades subsequently in the memoirs of Robert Lansing, Wilson's secretary of state, who, under the plan, would have had to have resigned or been dismissed in order to allow Hughes to assume that office.


1916 United States presidential election, Results
The result was exceptionally close and the outcome remained in doubt for some time.


1916 United States presidential election, Results, Results in doubt
Some New York newspapers declared Hughes the winner on Wednesday morning, including The World and The Sun, which erroneously published that six states (California, Idaho, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Washington, and Wyoming) had voted for Hughes.


1916 United States presidential election, Results, Results in doubt
A popular legend from the campaign states that Hughes went to bed on election night thinking that he was the newly elected president. When a reporter tried to telephone him the next morning to get his reaction to Wilson's comeback, someone answered the phone and told the reporter that "the president is asleep." The reporter retorted, "When he wakes up, tell him he isn't the president."


1916 United States presidential election, Results, Results in doubt
By Wednesday evening, Wilson had secured 254 electoral votes in the counting, needing either California or Minnesota to claim victory. Democrats declared victory in California on Thursday afternoon, and the California Republican Party conceded defeat that night.


1916 United States presidential election, Results, Results in doubt
Wilson was the first Democratic president to win a second consecutive term since Andrew Jackson in 1832. Vice-President Thomas R. Marshall also earned the distinction of becoming the first vice-president of any party elected to a second term since John C. Calhoun in 1828. As Calhoun had served as vice president under John Quincy Adams and was re-elected to serve under Andrew Jackson, Wilson and Marshall became the first incumbent ticket to win re-election since James Monroe and Daniel D. Tompkins in 1820.


1916 United States presidential election, Results, Electoral results
The electoral vote was one of the closest in U.S. history – with 266 votes needed to win, Wilson took 30 states for 277 electoral votes, while Hughes won 18 states and 254 electoral votes. Wilson was the second president in U.S. history to win re-election with a reduced percentage of the electoral vote, following James Madison in 1812. As the raw number of electors had actually increased during Madison's first term, Wilson was also the first incumbent president to receive fewer total electoral votes. This result was repeated by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940 and 1944 and by Barack Obama in 2012.


1916 United States presidential election, Results, Electoral results
Wilson's popular vote margin of 3.1 percent was the smallest attained by a victorious sitting president until 2004.


1916 United States presidential election, Results, Electoral results
The total popular vote cast in 1916 exceeded that of 1912 by 3,500,000. The very large total vote was an indication of an aroused public interest in the campaign. It was larger in every section, notably in the East North Central section. Some of this was due to the extension of suffrage to women in individual states. In Illinois, for example, the total vote was one million greater than in 1912. It increased by more than 260,000 in Kansas, and in Montana, it more than doubled.


1916 United States presidential election, Results, Electoral results
Wilson's vote was 9,126,868, an increase of nearly 3,000,000. There was a gain in every section and in every state. Hughes, the nominee of the united Republican Party, polled more votes by nearly 1,000,000 than had ever been cast for a Republican candidate.


1916 United States presidential election, Results, Results by state
The key state proved to be California, which Wilson won by only 3,800 votes out of nearly a million cast. If Hughes had carried California and its 13 electoral votes, he would have won the election.


1916 United States presidential election, Results, Results by state
Although New Hampshire may not have been a deciding state in the election, the margin of victory for Wilson there was the second smallest ever recorded in an American presidential election at just 56 votes, behind Franklin Pierce's 25-vote victory in Delaware in 1852.


1916 United States presidential election, Results, Results by state
In some of the states carried by Wilson, particularly in the South, the popular-vote margin was large. Wilson ran behind Hughes in New England, the Mid-Atlantic states, and in the East North Central section. His lead was not great in the West North Central, but was very large in the West South Central and Mountain as well as in the East South Central and South Atlantic sections. Half of Wilson's total vote was cast in the 18 states that he did not carry.


1916 United States presidential election, Results, Results by state
To date this is the last presidential election in which North Dakota and South Dakota did not vote for the same candidate, with the only others being 1896 and 1912. This is the last time Illinois voted for a losing candidate until 1976, the last time Minnesota voted for a losing candidate until 1968, and the last time West Virginia voted for a losing candidate until 1952. It was the only time a Democrat was elected without winning West Virginia from the state's founding until 2008.


1916 United States presidential election, Results, Results by state
This was the last election in which the Democrats won New Hampshire until 1936 and the last in which the Democrats won Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Maryland, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Ohio, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming until 1932.


1916 United States presidential election, Results, Results by state
This would also be the last election in which the winning presidential candidate lost their home state until Donald Trump lost New York in 2016.


1916 United States presidential election, Results, Results by state
Wilson was the last Democrat to win an election without carrying Minnesota, Massachusetts and Rhode Island (although he had previously won the latter two states in 1912). He was also the last Democrat elected to two terms without carrying Michigan and Pennsylvania either time. Although other Democrats since have won elections without one or both states, they either only served one full term or they carried both states in another presidential election.


1916 United States presidential election, Results, Close states
Margin of victory of less than 1% (52 electoral votes):


1916 United States presidential election, Results, Close states
Margin of victory of less than 5% (77 electoral votes):


1916 United States presidential election, Results, Close states
Margin of victory of between 5% and 10% (162 electoral votes):


1916 United States presidential election, Results, Results by county
Of the 3,022 counties making returns, Wilson led in 2,039 counties (67.47%). Hughes managed to carry only 976 counties (32.30%), the smallest number in the Republican column in a two-party contest during the Fourth Party System. Two counties (0.07%) split evenly between Wilson and Hughes. Although the Progressive Party had no presidential candidate (just candidates for presidential electors who were unpledged for president), they carried five counties (0.17%), whilst nine counties – 0.30 percent and the same as in 1912 – inhabited either by Native Americans without citizenship or disenfranchised African Americans failed to return a single vote. Wilson carried 200 counties that had never voted Democratic in a two-party contest prior to that time.


1916 United States presidential election, Results, Maps
Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote


1916 United States presidential election, Results, Maps
Results by county, shaded according to percentage of the vote for Wilson


1916 United States presidential election, Results, Maps
Results by county, shaded according to percentage of the vote for Hughes


1916 United States presidential election, Results, Maps
Results by county, shaded according to percentage of the vote for all others


1916 United States presidential election, Results, Maps
A continuous cartogram of the 1916 United States presidential election


1916 United States presidential election, Results, Maps
Cartogram shaded according to percentage of the vote for Wilson


1916 United States presidential election, Results, Maps
Cartogram shaded according to percentage of the vote for Hughes


1916 United States presidential election, Results, Maps
Cartogram shaded according to percentage of the vote for all others


1916 United States presidential election, Aftermath
The gains made by Wilson in this election were a novel phenomenon under the Fourth Party System. This shift of votes led some to believe that the Democratic Party might have the position of decided advantage in the election of 1920.


1916 United States presidential election in Alabama
The 1916 United States presidential election in Alabama took place on November 7, 1916, as part of the nationwide presidential election. State voters chose 12 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1916 United States presidential election in Alabama
Alabama was won by incumbent President Woodrow Wilson (D–New Jersey), running with incumbent Vice President Thomas R. Marshall, with 76.04% of the popular vote, against Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Charles Evans Hughes (R–New York), running with former Vice President Charles W. Fairbanks, with 21.92% of the popular vote.


1916 United States presidential election in Arizona
The 1916 United States presidential election in Arizona took place on November 7, 1916, as part of the 1916 United States presidential election. State voters chose three representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.