1915 Pittsburgh Rebels season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1915 Pittsburgh Rebels season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1915 Pittsburgh Rebels season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1915 Pittsburgh Rebels season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1915 Pittsburgh Rebels season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1915 Pleasant Valley earthquake
The 1915 Pleasant Valley earthquake occurred at 22:53:21 on October 2 in north-central Nevada. With a moment magnitude of 6.8 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme), it was the strongest earthquake ever recorded in the state.


1915 Pleasant Valley earthquake, Earthquake
The earthquake remains as one of the best examples ever for evidence of creating fault scarps along the west side of the Tobin Range. It produced four scarps, with a total length of 59 kilometers (37 mi), and re-ruptured Holocene scarps located at the bottom of the base of the mountain blocks. Among the scarps, the average vertical displacement among the affected areas was 2 meters (6 ft 7 in), and the maximum displacement of 5.8 meters (19 ft) occurred near the old Pierce School site on Buskee Creek Canyon.


1915 Pleasant Valley earthquake, Earthquake
The rupture originated along an unnamed fault somewhere in the eastern side of Pleasant Valley, in north-central Nevada. The epicentral region was mostly uninhabited, so there was little property damage considering the very large magnitude.


1915 Pleasant Valley earthquake, Earthquake, Damage
The earthquake's damage was confined to within 50 miles (80 km) of the epicenter. Damage in Kennedy destroyed two adobe houses, collapsed several mine tunnels, and cracked concrete mine foundations. Winnemucca experienced damage to adobe buildings as well, and several multistory brick buildings lost coping and upper wall parts. Many chimneys were destroyed if they were above roof lines. Water tanks were knocked over in Battle Mountain, Kodiak, Lovelock, and Parran. Several ranches reported damage, all by the southern end of Pleasant Valley. More adobe houses were knocked down by the shaking; a masonry chicken house and a hog pen were destroyed; and houses were displaced from their foundations.


1915 Pleasant Valley earthquake, Earthquake, Aftershocks
The earthquake had several aftershocks which disturbed a significant amount of land in Northern Nevada.


1915 Portuguese legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Portugal on 13 June 1915. The result was a victory for the Democratic Party, which won 106 of the 163 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 45 of the 69 seats in the Senate.


1915 Presbyterian Blue Hose football team
The 1915 Presbyterian Blue Hose football team represented Presbyterian College during the 1915 college football season. The Blue Hose's team captain was J. W. C. Bell.


1915 Preston by-election
The Preston by-election of 1915 was held on 9 June 1915. The by-election was held due to the incumbent Conservative MP, Alfred Aspinall Tobin, becoming a county court judge. It was won by the Conservative candidate Urban H. Broughton who was unopposed due to a War-time electoral pact.


1915 Prince Edward Island general election
The 1915 Prince Edward Island general election was held in the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island on September 16, 1915. The election was held in the midst of the First World War.


1915 Prince Edward Island general election
The election was won by the governing Conservatives, led by incumbent Premier John A. Mathieson, whose government lost a large number of seats as the opposition Liberals won back a number of districts lost in previous elections.


1915 Prince Edward Island general election
The Liberals in this election were able to climb up from one of their worst electoral defeats in 1912 to nearly topple the Mathieson government. However, it is unknown who the Liberal leader was during the election, if there was one at all. Previous Official Opposition Leader John Richards chose not to run in this election, while his successor John Howatt Bell was chosen as leader following the election. It is possible the Liberals did not have an official leader for this election.


1915 Prince Edward Island general election, Members Elected
The Legislature of Prince Edward Island had two levels of membership from 1893 to 1996 - Assemblymen and Councillors. This was a holdover from when the Island had a bicameral legislature, the General Assembly and the Legislative Council.


1915 Prince Edward Island general election, Members Elected
In 1893, the Legislative Council was abolished and had its membership merged with the Assembly, though the two titles remained separate and were elected by different electoral franchises. Assembleymen were elected by all eligible voters of within a district, while Councillors were only elected by landowners within a district.


1915 Princeton Tigers football team
The 1915 Princeton Tigers football team represented Princeton University in the 1915 college football season. The team finished with a 6–2 record under first-year head coach John H. Rush. No Princeton players were selected as consensus first-team honorees on the 1915 College Football All-America Team, but three players (halfback Dave Tibbott, fullback Edward H. Driggs, and end Jack "Red" Lamberton) were selected as first-team honorees by at least one selector.


1915 Purdue Boilermakers football team
The 1915 Purdue Boilermakers football team was an American football team that represented Purdue University during the 1915 college football season. In their third season under head coach Andy Smith, the Boilermakers compiled a 3–3–1 record, finished in a tie for fifth place in the Western Conference with a 2–2 record against conference opponents, and scored and allowed the same number (62) of points. F. B. Blocker was the team captain.


1915 Queensland state election
Elections were held in the Australian state of Queensland on 22 May 1915 to elect the 72 members of the state's Legislative Assembly.


1915 Queensland state election
The election was the second for the Liberal government of Digby Denham, who had been premier since 7 February 1911. The opposition Labor Party, led by T. J. Ryan, had two previous Premiers — Anderson Dawson in 1899 and William Kidston in 1906 — but the former did not command a majority of parliamentary support, while the latter maintained it by splitting the Labor Party. Labor had never before held majority government.


1915 Queensland state election
The election was the first in Australia to be conducted using compulsory voting due to Denham's concern that Trade Unions were effectively mobilising the ALP vote; he felt that compulsory voting would ensure a more level playing field. However, it turned out that the change to compulsory voting was not enough to save Denham's premiership.


1915 Queensland state election
The election resulted in the defeat of the government, and Queensland's first majority Labor government. All except two members of the Ministry up for election, including Denham himself, lost their seats.


1915 Queensland state election, Results
The election saw a landslide to Labor from the 1912 election.


1915 Queensland state election, Results
Queensland state election, 22 May 1915Legislative Assembly << 1912–1918 >>


1915 Queensland state election, Seats changing party representation
This table lists changes in party representation at the 1915 election.


1915 Queensland state election, Aftermath
This was the start of a period of Labor hegemony over the Assembly which lasted until 1957; the only breach was the Moore ministry of the 1929–1932 period.


1915 Quetzálcoatl
1915 Quetzálcoatl, provisional designation 1953 EA, is a very eccentric, stony asteroid classified as near-Earth object, about half a kilometer in diameter. It was discovered on 9 March 1953, by American astronomer Albert George Wilson at Palomar Observatory, California. It was named for Quetzalcoatl from Aztec mythology.


1915 Quetzálcoatl, Orbit and classification
Quetzálcoatl is an Amor asteroid – a subgroup of near-Earth asteroids that approach the orbit of Earth from beyond, but do not cross it – and a member of the Alinda family of highly eccentric asteroids. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.1–4.0 AU with a period of around 4 years. The osculating orbit as of 2017 has a period just over 4 years, but the period varies because Quetzálcoatl is near the 3:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter (and possibly because it is near the 1:4 resonance with Earth). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.57 and an inclination of 20° with respect to the ecliptic.


1915 Quetzálcoatl, Orbit and classification
When it was discovered in March 1953 it had a magnitude around 15, but in recent times its magnitude rarely dips below 20 because even when it is near perihelion it is far from Earth. After the 1953 close approach there were others every four years until March 1981, but the next one will not be until 77 years (19 orbits averaging 4,05 years) later, in February 2062, when its magnitude will be about 17. Its magnitude will get to around 16 (a bit less bright than in 1953) 52 years (13 orbits) later in 2114. Another close approach will occur 39 years (10 orbits) later in 2153 (average period 3.9 years). In the 285 years from 1953 to 2238 it makes 72 orbits, giving an average period of 3.96 years (quite close to a third of Jupiter's period, which comes to 3.95 years).


1915 Quetzálcoatl, Orbit and classification
Its Earth Minimum orbit intersection distance (MOID) is 0.1102 AU which translates into 42.9 lunar distances. On 24 February 2062, it will make a close approach and pass by Earth at a distance of 0.1339 AU (20,000,000 km).


1915 Quetzálcoatl, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Quetzálcoatl is classified as a rare SMU-subtype of the broader S-type asteroids. Its mean-diameter is between 0.4 and 0.5 kilometers. It has a rotation period of 4.9 hours and an albedo of 0.21–0.31. In 1981, this object was observed with radar from the Arecibo Observatory at a distance of 0.09 AU. The measured radar cross-section was 0.02 km2.


1915 Quetzálcoatl, Naming
This minor planet is named after the "feathered serpent" Quetzalcoatl, the Mesoamerican deity of wisdom and culture who brought learning to the Toltec people. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1975 (M.P.C. 3827).


1915 Rhode Island State Rams football team
The 1915 Rhode Island State Rams football team was an American football team that represented Rhode Island State College (later renamed the University of Rhode Island) as an independent during the 1915 college football season. In its first year under head coach James A. Baldwin, the team compiled a 3–5 record.


1915 Rice Owls football team
The 1915 Rice Owls football team was an American football team that represented Rice University as a member of the Southwest Conference (SWC) during the 1915 college football season. In its fourth season under head coach Philip Arbuckle, the team compiled a 5–3 record (1–2 against SWC opponents) and was outscored by a total of 143 to 122.


1915 Richmond Spiders football team
The 1915 Richmond Spiders football team was an American football team that represented Richmond College—now known as the University of Richmond—as a member of the Eastern Virginia Intercollegiate Athletic Association (EVIAA) and the South Atlantic Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SAIAA) during the 1915 college football season. Led by third-year head coach Frank Dobson, Richmond finished the season 4–4–1 overall, 3–2–1 in EVIAA play, and 0–1 against SAIAA opponents.


1915 Rock Island Independents season
The 1915 Rock Island Independents season was the team's first season under manager/owner Walter Flanigan. The season resulted in the team posting a 5-1-1 record.


1915 Rutgers Queensmen football team
The 1915 Rutgers Queensmen football team represented Rutgers University in the 1915 college football season. In their third season under head coach George "Sandy" Sanford, the Queensmen compiled a 7–1 record and outscored their opponents, 351 to 33. The team shut out four of its eight opponents, and its only loss was to Princeton by a 10 to 0 score. Coach Sanford was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1971.


1915 SAFL Grand Final
The 1915 SAFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football competition. Sturt beat Port Adelaide 46 to 34.


1915 SAFL season
The 1915 South Australian Football League season was the 39th season of the top-level Australian rules football competition in South Australia.


1915 SAFL season
This was the last season of the SAFL as the competition was suspended due to the escalation of World War I. The competition would resume again in 1919.


1915 SMU Mustangs football team
The 1915 SMU Mustangs football team represented the Southern Methodist University during the 1915 college football season.


1915 Saffron Walden by-election
The Saffron Walden by-election, 1915 was a parliamentary by-election held for the House of Commons constituency of Saffron Walden in Essex on 13 February 1915.


1915 Saffron Walden by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the sitting Liberal MP, Cecil Beck. Beck had been appointed a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, one of the formal titles held by government Whips  and under the Parliamentary rules of the day had to resign and fight a by-election.


1915 Saffron Walden by-election, Candidates
Beck was re-selected to fight the seat by his local Liberal Association and as the wartime truce between the political parties was in operation   no opposing candidate was nominated against him.


1915 Saffron Walden by-election, The result
There being no other candidates putting themselves forward Beck was returned unopposed.


1915 Saint Louis Billikens football team
The 1915 Saint Louis Billikens football team was an American football team that represented Saint Louis University during the 1915 college football season. In their first and only season under head coach George Keogan, the Billikens compiled a 4–3–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 142 to 122. The team played its home games at Sportsman's Park at St. Louis.


1915 Salvadoran presidential election
Presidential elections were held in El Salvador on 12 January 1915. Carlos Meléndez Ramirez was the only candidate, and was elected unopposed.


1915 Sammarinese general election
A general election was held in San Marino on 13 June 1915 to elect the fourth term of the Grand and General Council.


1915 Sammarinese general election, History
According to the decisions of the Meeting of 1906, a third of the seats in the Grand and General Council should be renewed every three years. The twenty councillors elected in 1906 finished their term this year.


1915 Sammarinese general election, History
All councillors were elected in their constituency using a plurality-at-large voting, a non-partisan system. However, as previously happened, candidates elected generally belonged to the liberal group which had supported the democratic action of the Citizenry Meeting or, more, were members of the sole organized party of the country, the Sammarinese Socialist Party. This time the Socialists refused to join the government they left in 1913 following the reject of their fiscal reform.


1915 Sammarinese general election, Electoral system
Voters had to be citizens of San Marino, male, the head of the family and 24 years old.


1915 San Diego mayoral election
The 1915 San Diego mayoral election was held on April 6, 1915 to elect the mayor for San Diego. John Akerman and Edwin M. Capps received the most votes in the primary election and advanced to the runoff. Capps was then elected mayor with a majority of the votes.


1915 San Diego mayoral election, Campaign
Incumbent Mayor Charles F. O'Neall stood for re-election as mayor. The main challengers to O'Neall were John Akerman, a Republican, and former mayor Edwin M. Capps, a Democrat. Also contesting the race were Andrew Swanson, a Socialist, and Robert McNair, an independent.


1915 San Diego mayoral election, Campaign
On March 23, 1915, Akerman received the highest number of votes in the primary election, followed by Capps. Akerman and Capps advanced to the general election, while Mayor O'Neall, who received little more than half the votes of the front-running Akerman, was eliminated from contention. On April 6, 1915 Capps received a majority of more than two thousand votes more than Akerman in the runoff and was elected mayor for a second, non-consecutive term.


1915 San Francisco Seals season
The 1915 San Francisco Seals season was the 13th season in the history of the San Francisco Seals baseball team. The team won the Pacific Coast League (PCL) pennant with a 118–89 record. Harry Wolverton was the team's manager, and shortstop Roy Corhan was the team captain. The season ran from March 30 to October 24, 1915.


1915 San Francisco Seals season, Infielders
First baseman Harry Heilmann appeared in 98 games and led the team, and ranked second in the PCL, with a .365 batting average. He appeared in only one game after July 26 due to illness. Heilmann later won four American League batting crowns and was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame. During Heilmann's illness, Paul "Molly" Meloan played 55 games at first base for the Seals.


1915 San Francisco Seals season, Infielders
Second baseman Red Downs appeared in 182 games and compiled a .282 batting average. Defensively, he led the PCL's second basemen with 519 putouts and ranked fifth with 517 assists and third with 46 errors. Bill Leard also appeared in 67 games at second base for the Seals.


1915 San Francisco Seals season, Infielders
Shortstop Roy Corhan appeared in 185 games and compiled a .276 batting average. Defensively, he led the PCL's shortstops with 433 putouts and 83 errors and ranked third with 715 assists.


1915 San Francisco Seals season, Infielders
Third baseman Bob Jones appeared in 191 games and compiled a .277 batting average. Defensively, he led the PCL's third basemen with 224 putouts, 335 assists, and 48 errors.


1915 San Francisco Seals season, Infielders
Catcher Walter Schmidt appeared in 127 games and compiled a .245 batting average. He was also one of the best defensive catchers in the PCL with 504 putouts, 159 assists, and 12 errors for a .982 fielding percentage. Also sharing the catching duties were Lou Sepulveda (68 games) and George Block (57 games).


1915 San Francisco Seals season, Outfielders
Left fielder Biff Schaller appeared in 208 games, compiled a .301 batting average, and led the PCL with 20 home runs. Defensively, he tallied 441 putouts, 20 assists, 21 errors, and a .957 fielding percentage.


1915 San Francisco Seals season, Outfielders
Center fielder Ping Bodie appeared in 192 games, compiled a .325 batting average and .485 slugging percentage, led the team with 232 hits and 52 doubles, and ranked second in the PCL with 19 home runs. He was also one of the best defensive outfielders in the PCL with 410 putouts, 29 assists, and 13 errors for a .971 fielding percentage.


1915 San Francisco Seals season, Outfielders
Mike Fitzgerald (.321 batting average, .957 fielding percentage in 169 games in the outfield) and Paul Meloan (.285 batting average, .959 fielding in 86 games in the outfield) shared the right field position.


1915 San Francisco Seals season, Pitchers
Spider Baum appeared in 55 games and compiled a 30–15 record and 2.45 earned run average (ERA) with 153 strikeouts.


1915 San Francisco Seals season, Pitchers
Charles Fanning appeared in 58 games, ranked second in the PCL with 202 strikeouts, and compiled a 25–15 record and 2.65 ERA.


1915 San Francisco Seals season, Pitchers
Charlie Smith appeared in 47 games and compiled a 17–8 record with a 3.09 ERA and 66 strikeouts.


1915 San Francisco Seals season, Statistics, Batting
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; SLG = Slugging percentage


1915 San Francisco Seals season, Statistics, Pitching
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; PCT = Win percentage; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1915 Santos FC season
The 1915 season was the fourth season for Santos Futebol Clube, a Brazilian football club, based in the Vila Belmiro bairro, Zona Intermediária, Santos, Brazil.


1915 Saskatchewan Huskies football team
The 1915 Saskatchewan Huskies football team represented the University of Saskatchewan in Canadian football. This was their third season.


1915 Scarborough by-election
The Scarborough by-election of 1915 was held on 9 February 1915. The by-election was held due to the incumbent Liberal MP, Walter Rea, becoming Lord Commissioner of the Treasury. It was retained by Rea, who was unopposed due to the war-time electoral pact.


1915 Sewanee Tigers football team
The 1915 Sewanee Tigers football team represented the Sewanee Tigers of Sewanee: The University of the South during the 1915 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season.


1915 Shipley by-election
The Shipley by-election of 1915 was held on 9 February 1915. The by-election was held due to the death  of the incumbent Liberal MP, Percy Illingworth. It was won by the Liberal candidate Oswald Partington, who was unopposed. Under an agreement between the parties vacant seats were to be uncontested for the duration of the conflict, with only a candidate of the party holding the seat being nominated. Partington stood down at the next general election in 1918.


1915 Singapore Mutiny
The 1915 Singapore Mutiny, also known as the 1915 Sepoy Mutiny or the Mutiny of the 5th Light Infantry, was a mutiny involving up to half of a regiment of 850 Indian Muslim sepoys against the British in Singapore during the First World War. The mutiny, on 15 February 1915, lasted nearly seven days. It resulted in the deaths of eight British officers and soldiers, two Malay officers and one soldier, 14 British civilians, five Chinese and Malay civilians and one German internee before it was finally quelled by British forces and Allied naval detachments.


1915 Singapore Mutiny
The reasons for the outbreak are complex and remain open to debate.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Background, 5th Light Infantry
The 5th Light Infantry was a long established regiment in the Indian Army, dating from 1803. and had a good military record. It was initially known as the 2nd Battalion, 21st Bengal Native Infantry and was re-designated as the 42nd Bengal Native (Light) Infantry in 1843. After the Indian Mutiny, also known as the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the surviving Bengal regiments were renumbered in 1861 and consequently the 42nd became the 5th Bengal Native (Light) Infantry. Following army reforms, the word ‘’Native’’ was dropped the regiment simply became known as the 5th Light Infantry.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Background, 5th Light Infantry
The regiment was well known for several battle honours, which included the Arakan, Afghanistan and Kandahar 1842, Ghunze 1842, Kabul and Moodkee, Ferozeshah and Sobroan 1857. It also fought in the Second Afghan War of 1879–80 and the Third Burmese War of 1885–87, which led to the British annexation of Burma and its tributary Shan states.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Background, 5th Light Infantry
Immediately prior to World War One, the regiment was employed in garrison duties in India. On 10 October 1914, the 5th Light Infantry was stationed in Nowgong when it was posted to Singapore to replace the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry, which had been ordered to France. Unusually for 1914–15 the 5th Light Infantry was an entirely Muslim unit, mainly comprising Ranghars (Muslims of Rajput origin) and Pathans, commanded by British and Indian officers. Upon arrival in Singapore, the 5th Light Infantry was based in Alexandra Barracks.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Background, Disunity and discontent in regiment
Even before its departure from India the 5th Light Infantry suffered from weak senior leadership and discord amongst its British officers (see details of Court of Inquiry report below). To compound the problem, the sepoys themselves were divided into two major cliques. One was led by the Subedar Major Khan Mohamed Khan and Subedar Wahid Ali and the other consisted of Subedar Dunde Khan plus Jamadar Chisti Khan and Abdul Ali Khan. According to the Court of Inquiry, discipline was compromised by this division and any particular policy innovation or other measure taken within the regiment was likely to be opposed by one faction or the other.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Background, Disunity and discontent in regiment
The sepoys were also reportedly unable to adjust and adapt to the living conditions in their new environment. While in India, the sepoys had a constant supply of goat meat and milk but because it was difficult to receive a constant supply of goat in Singapore, they had to make do with a substitute – chicken - and very little milk. The sepoys resorted to buying their own meat and milk to make up for the insufficient amounts they received and the use of the dollar versus the rupee irked them further.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Background, Disunity and discontent in regiment
The Court of Inquiry report, as well as contemporary accounts of the mutiny, saw it to be essentially an isolated affair - resulting from internal problems arising within a single poorly-led unit on overseas service. The possibility of German or Turkish involvement was closely examined but otherwise wider political and social implications were generally ignored.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Mutiny
On 27 January 1915, Colonel Martin announced that the 5th Light Infantry was to be transferred to Hong Kong for further garrison duties, replacing another Indian regiment. However, rumours were circulated among the sepoys that they might instead be sent to Europe or to Turkey to fight against their Muslim co-religionists. Three Indian officers, Subedar Dunde Khan, Jemedar Christi Khan, and Jemedar Ali Khan, were later to be identified by a court of enquiry as key conspirators in the matter.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Mutiny
When the final order to sail to Hong Kong aboard the Nile arrived in February 1915, they and other ringleaders among the sepoys decided that it was time to rebel. On the morning of 15 February, the General Officer Commanding Singapore addressed a farewell parade of the regiment, complimenting the sepoys on their excellent turnout and referring to their departure the next day, without mentioning Hong Kong as the destination. At 3:30 pm on the afternoon of the same day, four Rajput companies of the eight companies making up the 5th Light Infantry mutinied. The mostly Pathan sepoys of the remaining four companies did not join the mutiny but scattered in confusion. Two British officers of the regiment were killed as they attempted to restore order.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Mutiny
The mutineers divided themselves into three groups. A party of 100 went to obtain ammunition from Tanglin Barracks, where 309 Germans, including crew members from the German light cruiser SMS Emden, had been interned by the British. The mutineers fired on the camp guards and officers without warning, killing ten British guards, three Johore troops present in the camp and one German internee.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Mutiny
Amongst the dead were Second Lieutenant John Love Montgomerie, Rifles; Sergeant G. Wald, (Reserve) Engineers; Corporal D. McGilvray, Rifles; Corporal G.O. Lawson, Cyclist Scouts; Lance Corporal J.G.E. Harper, Rifles; Private B.C. Cameron, Rifles; Private F.S. Drysdale, Rifles; Private A.J.G. Holt, Rifles and Stoker 1st Class C. F. Anscombe, HMS Cadmus. Three Britons and one German were wounded but survived the attack, as did eight Royal Army Medical Corps personnel in the camp hospital, including one who managed to escape under heavy fire to raise the alarm.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Mutiny
The mutineers tried to persuade the Germans to join them, but many of the latter were shaken by the sudden violence and reluctant to do so. Some German sailors and reservists wanted to join with the mutineers, but the majority adopted a neutral stance, refusing to accept rifles from the Indians. Thirty-five Germans escaped but the rest remained in the barracks.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Mutiny
As it was the middle of the Chinese New Year, most of the Chinese Volunteers Corps were on leave, leaving Singapore almost defenceless against the mutiny. The British government was caught unprepared, and other mutineers went on a killing spree at Keppel Harbour and Pasir Panjang, killing 18 European and local civilians. Martial law was imposed and every available man from HMS Cadmus went ashore to join with British, Malay and Chinese Volunteer units and the small number of British regular troops forming part of the garrison. British Vice-Admiral Sir Martyn Jerram sent a radio message requesting help from any allied warships nearby.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Mutiny
A group of mutineers laid siege to the bungalow of the commanding officer of the 5th Light Infantry, Lieutenant-Colonel E. V. Martin, which effectively blocked the route into Singapore Town. Martin and a detachment of the hastily mobilised Malay States Volunteer Rifles held out through the night of the 15th, under sporadic fire. Loyal sepoys who tried to join them were ordered to "go to a safe place" to prevent them from being confused in the dark with mutineers. With daylight, the defenders were successful in retaking the regimental barracks, at the cost of one killed and five wounded. The mutineers scattered, and despite sniper fire, the general population stayed calm while volunteers, sailors and marines fought sporadic skirmishes with the mutineers.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Mutiny, Malay States Guides
Attached to the 5th Light Infantry at Alexandra Barracks were a detachment of 97 Indian officers and men of the Malay States Guides (MSG) Mule Battery. Raised in 1896 for the internal garrisoning of the Federated Malay States, the regiment was recruited from Sikhs, Pathans and Punjabis in both India and Malaya. The British officer commanding the battery was shot dead by an unknown sniper as he hastened to the gun park. The MSG gunners then dispersed when a large body of 5th Light Infantry mutineers approached their lines. The MSG artillery pieces were abandoned but not brought into action by the mutineers.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Mutiny, Malay States Guides
Seven men of the MSG were subsequently arrested in Outram Road, Singapore while they were carrying rifles, which had been fired. They were court-martialed and sentenced to a year in prison.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Mutiny, Killing of women civilians
Among the civilian fatalities during the mutiny were thirteen British men; one British woman, Mrs. G.B. Woolcombe (her death was later assumed by the British authorities to have possibly been unintended); two Chinese women; one Chinese man; and two Malay men. The fact that only one British woman was killed was often ignored in the reports that followed the mutiny.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Mutiny, Killing of women civilians
For instance, in a long letter detailing her experience during the mutiny, a British woman who was an eyewitness to the incident misleadingly wrote in to The Times that the sepoys had "deliberately shot at every European man or woman they saw" and that "21 English men and women were buried yesterday" (26 March 1915). Sir Evelyn Ellis, a member of the Legislative Council in Singapore and of the official court of enquiry that investigated the mutiny, publicly described the revolt as "part of a scheme for the murder of women and children". More than 15 years later, in 1932, a journalist in Penang, George Bilainkin, wrote that during the mutiny, the sepoys had "knifed and shot white men and women indiscriminately"..


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Final suppression
On 17 February, the French cruiser Montcalm, followed by the Russian auxiliary cruiser Orel and Japanese warships Otowa and Tsushima arrived. Seventy-five Japanese sailors, 22 Russians and 190 French marines were landed to round up mutineers who had taken refuge in the jungle to the north of Singapore. They were joined in this operation by 60 soldiers of the 36th Sikhs who were passing through Singapore, plus Singaporean police, British sailors and Malay States Volunteer Rifles.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Final suppression
Lacking strong leadership, the mutiny had started to lose direction – a large number of the mutineers surrendered immediately, and the rest scattered in small groups into the jungles. Many tried to cross the Strait of Johore, but were quickly rounded up by the Royal Johor Military Force. While local media spoke of serious battles there were in fact only minor skirmishes between the allied landing parties and the now demoralized mutineers. By the evening of 17 February, 432 mutineers had been captured.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Final suppression
On 20 February, companies of the 1st/4th Battalion, King's Shropshire Light Infantry (Territorials) arrived from Rangoon to relieve the sailors and the marines. They succeeded in quickly rounding up the last of the mutineers.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Final suppression, Russian role and reservations
News of the mutiny reached the Russian Consul-General in Singapore, N.A. Rospopov, on the morning of 16 February 1915 through a Russian citizen who was a patient at a charity hospital in Singapore. As offices were closed for Chinese New Year and the town in a state of siege, Rospopov had difficulty finding formal and conclusive information about the mutiny through official sources. It was only a day later, on 17 February, that the Russians, having been advised by their Japanese allies, dispatched the Orel to assist the British in putting down the mutiny.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Final suppression, Russian role and reservations
It was only on the 18 February that Rospopov eventually received a telegram from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and another from the Commander of the Russian Pacific Squadron, Admiral Schulz (ru), instructing the Orel to depart quickly for Singapore from Penang and to exercise "extreme caution and military preparedness en route".


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Final suppression, Russian role and reservations
The Orel brought with it 40 men, 2 machine-guns, and a doctor. Within 15 minutes of its arrival, the Russians were preparing for military action at the end of the railway line in the northern part of Singapore to intercept any fleeing mutineers. The Russians were successful in capturing an estimated 180 mutineers. On 25 February a detachment of 22 Russian sailors had skirmished with sepoys. The latter dispersed but later that evening exchanged heavy fire with a picket of five Russians, wounding two. As a result of the incident, published works on the 1915 mutiny described that the Russians "among all the Allies … had the closest encounter with near disaster avoided".


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Final suppression, Russian role and reservations
Besides military involvement, the Orel also temporarily provided shelter for some of the residents who had evacuated the town. Rospopov reported on the 21 February that the Orel had to unexpectedly take in 42 women and 15 children abroad as a fire had broken out on board their other ship.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Final suppression, Russian role and reservations
Although the Russians were quick to come to the aid of the British, the Anglo-Russian relationship was fraught with an underlying sense of distrust rooted in a long-standing history of competition. Just decades before the mutiny of 1915, Russia and Britain were already locked in imperialist rivalry. Spurred by the last tsar's Asiatic Mission and his visit to South East Asia as part of his world tour of 1891, the Russian government appointed its first ethnic-Russian Consul, V. Vyvodtsev, to Singapore as early as 1890.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Final suppression, Russian role and reservations
The Russian presence in Southeast Asia during the last quarter of the 19th century was meant not only to safeguard its economic and strategic position in China but also to carefully observe the designs and advances of its imperialist rivals in the region, foremost among them being the British empire. Anglo-Russian relationship took a turn for the worse during the latter half of the 19th century when both Britain and Russia were locked in competition for Afghanistan and Persia as well as when Britain halted Russian advancement into the Balkans and Turkey.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Final suppression, Russian role and reservations
Britain's alignment with Japan as ally worsened Anglo-Russian relationship with the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese war of 1904–05. This history of suspicion and rivalry explains why Rospopov sent a secret telegram on 21 February expressing his reservations at placing the Orel and its accompanying men and guns under the command of the British military in Singapore. Eventually the French admiral was able to assuage the fears of Rospopov and assured him that Russian aid at this point would serve as a good means to strengthen Anglo-Russian relation. When the mutiny was finally quelled, the Russian captain Vinokurov reportedly remarked to the British Governor to Singapore that the Russian assistance in suppressing the mutiny "would unite the two countries better than any treaty".


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Final suppression, Japanese role and reservations
On 16 February 1915, the Third Squadron of the Japanese Navy received a telegram from the Military Attaché Araki Jiro via Ma-Kung in the Formosa Straits (the main base of the Squadron) requesting Japanese help. The Otowa and Tsushima were sent immediately for Singapore. Although help was sent and well received by the British Navy in Singapore, the Japanese Navy was hesitant about doing so initially.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Final suppression, Japanese role and reservations
Commanding Officer of the Third Squadron, Rear Admiral Tsuchiya Mitsukane had apparently expressed his displeasure in dispatching help as he believed that being a signatory of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, Japan should not interfere in the internal affairs of another country without attaching collateral conditions. Also, Tsuchiya had recalled how a British ship once anchored at Chilung refused to help put down a Taiwanese revolt on Japan.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Final suppression, Japanese role and reservations
Seeing that Tsuchiya had no choice but to follow orders from the Japanese Government and Naval Headquarters, Tsuchiya secretly advised his land force not to kill or wound any Sepoy intentionally but to simply encourage them to surrender as the former had no enmity with the latter. According to The General Staff of the British Military Headquarters, “in reality the Japanese did not do much…and it was found desirable to disband them as early as possible”. This was apparently in reference to the organisation by their consul-general of 190 armed special constables from the Japanese community in Singapore. However, from the point of view of Japanese politicians, Japan's entry into the mutiny was also a form of projecting Japanese power and strength in the region.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Inquiry and public executions
On 23 February 1915, a Court of Inquiry was held, at first meeting in camera but then in public sessions. It prepared a 450-page report dated 15 May 1915. Although extensive discord amongst both officers and men of the 5th Light Infantry was identified, the cause of the mutiny was not conclusively established. The focus of the report was on possible external German influences, plus internal regimental causes of the mutiny.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Inquiry and public executions
More than 205 sepoys were tried by court-martial, and 47 were publicly executed, including Kassim Mansoor. Most soldiers killed were Muslims from the Hisar district and Rohtak district of current Haryana state of India. Nur Alam Shah was not put on trial, although he was exposed as an active Indian nationalist with links to Ghadar. Instead, he was detained and deported, as the British did not want to stir up trouble among their Muslim subjects. Sixty-four mutineers were transported for life, and 73 were given terms of imprisonment ranging from seven to 20 years. The public executions by firing squad took place at Outram Prison, and were witnessed by an estimated 15,000 people. The Straits Times reported:


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Inquiry and public executions
An enormous crowd, reliably estimated at more than 15,000 people, was packed on the slopes of Sepoy Lines looking down on the scene. The square as before was composed of regulars, local volunteers and Shropshire under the command of Colonel Derrick of the Singapore Volunteer Corps (SVC). The firing party consisted of men from the various companies of SVC under Captain Tongue and Lieutenant Blair and Hay.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Inquiry and public executions
The remnants of the 5th Light Infantry, numbering 588 sepoys plus seven British and Indian officers, left Singapore on 3 July 1915 to see active service in the Cameroons and German East Africa. They were not accompanied by Colonel Martin, who was heavily criticised by a court of inquiry and then retired from the Army. In 1922 the 5th Light Infantry was disbanded. Much the same fate befell the Malay States Guides; they were sent to Kelantan in Malaya to quell Tok Janggut's uprising at Pasir Puteh in April 1915. Afterwards the Guides were sent to fight in Africa and were disbanded in 1919.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Causes, Ineffectiveness of commanding officer
The specifically military grievances that led to the mutiny of the 5th Light Infantry centred on the personality of the commanding officer at the time, Lieutenant-Colonel E. V. Martin. He had been promoted from major in the regiment, but the previous colonel had reported that he was unpopular with his fellow officers and that he inspired little respect among the men. His appointment led to disunity amongst the British officers, which was reflected by division among the Indian officers over the promotion to commissioned rank of a colour-havildar. The issues, which might, under ordinary circumstances, have been of limited impact, were aggregated by the disruptive external influences of the Ghadar Party propaganda noted above and the entry of Turkey into the war.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Causes, Ineffectiveness of commanding officer
According to the Court of Inquiry, 'the prime cause of this lamentable episode' was the responsibility of Colonel Martin. Described as a "loner" for whom officers had little respect, Martin's primary fault was that he was too trusting, to the point of naivety. While he cared for the welfare of his men and saw that their living conditions were improved, he was described as being too much of a "soldier’s friend", to the point that other British officers found that this attitude and work ethic of Martin's severely undermined their authority over the sepoys. Over time, that served to erode the respect that the British officers and even the sepoys had for him.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Causes, Ineffectiveness of commanding officer
Colonel Egerton at the India Office commented that the British officers serving under Colonel Martin were comparable to "sheep without a shepherd", avoiding and avoided by Martin whom they should have looked to for guidance. The sepoys were accused of deftly noticing this discontent and disunity among their British officers and then taking advantage of it to mutiny.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Causes, Role of pan-Islamism
Within less than a week of the mutiny, a Court of Inquiry was set up to investigate and collect evidence for the trial for the mutineers. Although the Court of Inquiry was meant to take place behind closed doors, in accordance with standard military procedures, the proceeding was held in public instead. According to Harper and Miller this was to give the public the impression that the mutineers “were being tried for mutiny and shooting with intent to kill and not, as alleged for refusal to go to Turkey".


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Causes, Role of pan-Islamism
Although the Court of Inquiry was clearly trying to downplay the link between Turkey and the mutiny, with the declassification of new documents and evidence, another perception has emerged in explaining the cause of the mutiny and that is the role of pan-Islamism. Contrary to official British colonial authorities, the mutiny was not an isolated case of a purely local affair but was instead part of a wider anti-British and pro-Muslim battle.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Causes, Role of pan-Islamism
When Turkey decided to join in the war on the side of the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy), the Ottoman Sultan, Mehmed V. Reshad (1844–1918) declared a jihad against the Allied Powers (Britain, France and Russia) and issued a fatwa calling on Muslims all around the world to throw their lot with the Caliphate. This move had a huge impact on Muslims throughout the world as the Ottoman Sultan was revered as the Caliph of Islam and long considered by Indian Muslims as the final bulwark of Muslim power following the collapse of the Mughal empire in India. Overnight, Muslims serving under the British Army, such as the sepoys, faced an existential dilemma and their loyalty being torn between their ummah (community, brotherhood) and their British colonial superiors.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Causes, Role of pan-Islamism
For the Muslim sepoys in the 5th Light Infantry, interaction with Kasim Mansur, who was an Indian Muslim merchant in Singapore, served to fuel this sense of divided loyalties further. Kasim Mansur together with a local imam, Nur Alam Shah, would often host members of the 5th Light Infantry at Mansur's home and it was then that the duo persuaded the Muslim sepoys to adhere to the fatwa issued by the Ottoman Sultan. They were encouraged to turn their guns against their British commanding officers and contribute towards the war against the kafirs who were battling Muslim brothers who were defending the Caliphate in the West. It was within this context that the plan was hatched for the mutiny.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Causes, Global connection
It is difficult to identify any one reason as being the main cause or catalyst of the mutiny. However, a recent perspective has emerged of the role of global connections. The mutiny had revealed the permeable nature of colonial boundaries and the way that external influences affected the British possessions in Southeast Asia. The sepoys of the 5th Light Infantry were constantly receiving information about what was happening outside of Singapore.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Causes, Global connection
The British Court of Inquiry speculated that as the news of the fatwa issued by the Ottoman Sultan spread, an anti-British movement spearheaded by the Ghadar Party was also disseminating special pamphlets in a variety of languages which were reaching through secret channels into the hands of the sepoys. Acrimonious slogans against the British only fuelled the anti-colonial sentiment among the sepoys. Some of the slogans were “the wicked English and their allies are now attacking Islam, but the German Emperor and the Sultan of Turkey have sworn to liberate Asia from the tyranny. Now is the time to rise....


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Causes, Global connection
Only your strength and religious zeal are required”. The sepoys were clearly being bombarded with a lot of anti-British sentiments while being stationed on the small island of Singapore.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Causes, Global connection
However, Ghadar sources in the United States of America revealed that there was very little evidence to connect the Singapore Mutiny to the Ghadar Party itself, and even though the Ghadar party did seek to take credit for the mutiny after the event, the Ghadar Party headquarters in San Francisco had so little contact with the accused in the ensuing trials, that its publications were reporting that the "Indians of Singapore were still executing the British" and that "some of the portion is under the posession of the Ghadar party' as late as April 1915.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Causes, Global connection
There was also awareness in Singapore of the Komagata Maru incident in which Canadian authorities refused to allow a ship with 376 Indian passengers to land and forced them to stay aboard for two months in difficult conditions. On its way back to India, while the ship docked in Singapore, the Governor-General of Singapore remarked that “though the ship had no communication with the land, yet it left a bad effect” on the Indian troops stationed there.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Causes, Global connection
It appears that information was reaching the sepoys through a wide range of channels, from origins as diverse and distant as North America, Britain, the Ottoman Empire and India. Much of this information was obtained locally, but even so it was being mediated through a host of international and external actors, including a wide array of Indians from across the subcontinent, British officers and Arab and Malay coreligionists.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Aftermath, Setting up of Special Branch Unit and other related initiatives
The 1915 mutiny was a watershed event in the way that the British viewed security in their Malayan colonies. More importance than ever was placed on political intelligence, espionage, and the surveillance of potential subversives. Following the mutiny, a political intelligence bureau was established in Singapore under direct command and control of Major General Dudley Howard Ridout, General-Officer-Commanding (GOC) Singapore. This eventually paved the way for the formation of the Criminal Intelligence Department (Special Branch) was set up in 1919.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Aftermath, Setting up of Special Branch Unit and other related initiatives
Other institutions were also formed with the purpose of providing feedback and monitoring activities on the ground. To enhance the protection of its crown colony further from internal skirmishes and attacks, in August 1915, the legislative council passed the Reserve Force and Civil Guard Ordinance. This was the first Act passed in a British colony which imposed compulsory military service on all male subjects between the ages 15 to 55 who were not in the armed forces, volunteers, or police. Additionally, a Reserve force in the Volunteer Corps was created for fit men over the age 40. From the slew of new initiatives enforced, it was clear that the British had taken the debacle of the mutiny as a serious lesson to learn from and to prevent from happening again.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Aftermath, In literature
Currently, there are only two fictional works in English that deal with the subject of the Singapore mutiny. The first is Isobel Mountain's novel, A Maiden in Malaya, written shortly after the mutiny in 1919. The other is  Rogue Raider: The Tale of Captain Lauterbach and the Singapore Mutiny, written in 2006. The two stories deal with very different narratives. In Mountain's novel, the plot revolves around a romance between the protagonist Elizabeth Tain and Peter Fenton, a rubber planter. The author projects the mutineers in a standard imperial or colonialist interpretation, with the mutineers being painted in wholly unattractive colours, with no redeeming qualities while hinting at their lustful nature. Mountain's representation of the sepoys can be considered an echo of the colonial reportage of the rogue sepoys.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Aftermath, In literature
Barley, however, took on a humorous tone and revolved around the adventures of the Captain Julius Lauterbach of the German Imperial Navy. The humorous nature of the book underplays and potentially undermines the actual set of events. Supported by the Singapore Film Commission and the Singapore High Commission in India, Daljit Ami made an Objectifs Residency-sponsored 2017 feature-length documentary Singapore Mutiny – A Reclamation in English and Saada Singapore in Punjabi.


1915 Singapore Mutiny, Commemoration
To commemorate the event and the British soldiers and civilians killed during the mutiny, two memorial tablets were erected at the entrance of the Victoria Memorial Hall and four plaques in St Andrew's Cathedral. In addition, three roads were later named in memory of three of the casualties as Walton Road, Harper Road, Holt Road, after Gunner Philip Walton of the Singapore Volunteer Artillery, Corporal J. Harper and Private A.J.G. Holt respectively.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots
The 1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots (also known as the anti-Muslim riots of 1915 or the 1915 Buddhist Mohammedan riots or the 1915 Ceylonese riots) was a widespread and prolonged ethnic riot in the island of Ceylon between Sinhalese Buddhists and the Ceylon Moors. The riots were eventually suppressed by the British colonial authorities.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots
The riots started in Kandy in the night of 28 May 1915 and spread to neighbouring villages on 30 May and to Colombo on 31 May and other towns there after. It was suppressed by 9 June with final incidents occurring on 11 May in Chilaw. Taking place at the time when the First World War was raging in Europe, the British colonial administration feared the riots as a possible native uprising, martial law was first declared in the Western and Sabaragamuwa Provinces on 2 June, extended to other provinces in the following days, and terminated on 30 August. During the suppression of the rebellion, the colonial police and European auxiliaries carried out numerous summary executions and other harsh measures in an attempt to put an end to the riots.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Background
By the turn of the 20th century, Ceylon was a British colony. The last native kingdom, the Kingdom of Kandy had been ceded to the British Crown in 1815 under the Kandyan Convention, the island saw little conflict as in the past century only two anti-British uprisings (the Uva Rebellion and the Matale Rebellion) took place. The native population of the island at this time was predominately Buddhist mostly from the ethnic group Sinhalese. There existed a Muslim minority known as the Moors.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Background
The Moor community consisted of two segments, the Ceylon Moors who originated from the Arab traders who settled in the island about five or six centuries before and the Indian Moors who were at the time natives and residents of South India, who had come to Ceylon for trade. By 1915, the Ceylon Moors who had controlled trade in most parts of the island had been ousted by the Indian Moors. The 1911 Census indicates that Ceylon Moors numbered 232,927 and Indian Moors 33,527. Establishing themselves in rice importation, sale, and distribution, Indian Moors gained much wealth and established themselves across the country.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Background
The British colonial government enacted many legislations and administrative measures to codify laws and govern every aspect of life, which here through were govern by rituals and tradition that had been practiced from time immemorial. One such measure was the regulation of noise worship under the Section 96 of the Police Ordinance, No. 16 of 1865, which forbade the beating of tom-tom drums at any time, within any town, without a license issued by the government, with punishment that included fines or imprisonment for up to three months. The Local Boards Ordinance, No. 13 of 1898, extended these regulations across Ceylon to include rural areas.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Background
Due to the relative peaceful nature of the colony, the last regular British Army regiment was withdrawn from the island in 1881 and the local regular regiment the Ceylon Rifle Regiment had been disbanded 1873. Since then the Ceylon Police Force maintained law and order in towns and urburn areas, with many of the Javanese and the Malay mercenaries employed in the Ceylon Rifle Regiment joining the Police Force as constables for paid employment. Rural policing was carried out Police Vidanes.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Background
British military presence in the island was limited to a regular British Indian Army infantry regiment which would be circulated to Ceylon to supplement the garrison units that was made up of a company from the Royal Garrison Artillery, the Royal Engineers and other support units of the British Army. In addition the Ceylon Volunteers functioned as a volunteer reserve.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Background, Religious revivalism and nationalism
The late 19th Century, saw the Buddhist revivalism and Sinhala nationalist movements taking form within Ceylon. This saw the formation of Sinhala-Buddhists schools established by the Theosophical Society contesting the Christian missionary schools and the temperance movement that challenged the highly profitable liquor trade. Coinciding was the Islamic revivalist movement that had taken shape in Ceylon, with a distinct Muslim identity taking shape which was influenced by the ultra-conservative strands based on Wahhabism, which renounced music.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Gampola perahera incident
In Gampola, a dispute arose between the Indian Moors and the Buddhist Temple authorities of the Wallahagoda Dewala in 1912. The Indian Moors objected to the Police on the Buddhist Perahera (religious pageant) procession from the Wallahagoda Dewala traveling through Ambegamuwa Street enroute to the Mahaweli River past their newly built mosque with music, even though older mosques along the same route belonging to Ceylon Moors did not object.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Gampola perahera incident
G. S. Saxton, the Government Agent of the Central Province, as the head of the police in the province, ordered the police to erect markers 100 yards from the mosque and informed the Trustee of the Wallahagoda Dewale to conducted the Perahera without music within the markers on 27 August 1912 as required by the Police Ordinance, No. 16 of 1865 and the Local Boards Ordinance, No. 13 of 1898.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Gampola perahera incident
Tikiri Banda Elikewela, the Basnayaka Nilame (Chief Trustee) of the Wallahagoda Dewale, consulted the other trustees of Buddhist Temples in the province on the order preventing them conducting the a practice carried-out from time immemorial, safeguarded by the terms of the Kandyan Convention. Due to this, the procession was not held that year.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Gampola perahera incident, Basnayaka Nilame Vs Attorney General
The Basnayaka Nilame when filed action through C. A. La Brooy in the District Court of Kandy on 30 September 1913 against the Attorney General for a declaration of rights granted under the treaty of the Kandyan Convention. The Attorney General responded through F. C. Liefching, with Thomas Garvin, Solicitor General assisted by V. M. Fernando. The trail came up before the District Judge of Kandy Paul Pieris; Sir Stewart Schneider with C. A. La Brooy, E. W. Perera, Charles Batuwantudawe and D. R. Wijewardena appeared for the plaintiff.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Gampola perahera incident, Basnayaka Nilame Vs Attorney General
After review evidence, the District Judge gave his judgement in favor of the Temple trustees citing that its rights were protected under the terms of the Kandyan Convention. On the insistence of the Government Agent, the Attorney General Anton Bertram, KC, referred the judgement to the Supreme Court of Ceylon.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Gampola perahera incident, Basnayaka Nilame Vs Attorney General
The case was heard in February 1915, by the bench of Justices Walter Shaw and Thomas De Sampayo, Bertram with  James Van Langenberg, KC, Solicitor General and V. M. Fernando, Crown Counsel representing the crown and Benjamin Bawa, KC with E. W. Perera and D. R. Wijewardena represented the Basnayaka Nilame. The court ruled that granted leave to appeal and set-aside the earlier judgement of the District Court, on the basis that the Kandyan Convention does not invalidate the provisions of subsequent legislative enactments in this case the Police Ordinance and the Local Boards Ordinance. An appeal to the Privy Council was filed against the decision of the Supreme Court.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Events, Kurunegala incident
On 27 January 1915, while the Supreme Court was deliberating, a Buddhist religious procession few miles from the town of Kurunegala was attacked by moors, as the procession reached a building used by them for worship. Kurunegala  police was called in and arrested fourteen moors on rioting and unlawful assembly, were produced before the Police Magistrate.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Events, Castle Hill Street, Kandy incident
In May, the Buddhist Temple authorities in Kandy sort a police permit from the Government Agent to conduct its customary Perahera procession through the streets of Kandy on the night of 28 May 1915. Embolden by the Supreme Court judgment, the Indian Moors in Kandy objected to the Buddhist Perahera processions from passing their mosque in Castle Hill Street, Kandy. The elected members of the Kandy Municipal Council unanimously recommended that the license be granted.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Events, Castle Hill Street, Kandy incident
Government Agent, having ascertained that the closing time of the mosque was midnight, issued the license on the condition that the Perahera procession does not enter Castle Hill Street until past midnight. He failed to deploy adequate police personal to the location. At 1 AM, 29 May 1915 when the lead group of the Perahera procession entered Castle Hill Street, they found the mosque lit up with Indian Moors and Afghans preventing their passage instructing them to move through a side street.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Events, Castle Hill Street, Kandy incident
At this point Police Inspector F. T. Cooray intervened and directed the procession to turn towards the side street. As the procession to turn towards the side street, hooting and derision of the Indian Moors followed. With a larger group of the procession arriving and proceeded along Castle Hill Street, which was soon attacked by stones and empty bottles. The members of the procession responded and a fight ensued. The crowd entered the mosque and shops from which they were attacked and caused damage. Inspector Cooray and the six constables present could not control the crowd and he called for reinforcements from the police station. Several Sinhalese and Moors were injured as well as the Inspector Cooray and 25 were arrested.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Rioting, Kandy
The following day, the 29 May rumors spread around the city after some Indian Moors claim to have a group of Afghan fighters coming up from Colombo to raze to the ground the Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic in Kandy, which was the holiest of places of worship for the Buddhist in the island. Soon crowds gathered in the city and peasants from the nearby villages came to the city to defend their Temple. Soon more cases of violence were reported when a mostly Buddhist mobs attacked Moorish bazaars.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Rioting, Kandy
The first bloodshed of the riots was reported when an Indian Moor shot dead an eighteen year old Sinhalese boy in Colombo Street, in Kandy and the shooter was not arrested by the policemen who witnessed it. This aggravated the situation and rioting escalated. Shops in the bazaars were damaged, Sinhalese bazaars were attacked by Moors, Moorish buildings in Katugastota and Mahaiyawa were damaged. In Kandy the police took steps to control the rioting and police reinforcements were brought in from Colombo.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Rioting, Kandy
On leaning a train load of Moors were enrout to Kandy, the Government Agent ordered the carriages halted at Katugastota, faced with arrest these Moors returned to Colombo the following day. Herbert Dowbiggin, the Inspector General of Police (IGP) was dispatched to Kandy with a detachment of 50 soldiers from the 28th Punjabi Regiment which was stationed in Colombo and arrived in Kandy at 3 AM on 30 May. In the morning of 30 May several leading gentlemen of Kandy, Dunuwille Dissawa, Advocate Arthur Perera and Cudah Ratwatte met with Vaughan, the Government Agent and IGP Dowbiggin.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Rioting, Kandy
By this time several persons have been killed and wounded in the rioting, including a government clerk. 60 members of the Trinity College, Kandy cadet contingent were sworn in as special constables which included teachers and students. They were deployed to deter riots on Trincomalee Steet. Soon Vaughan and IGP Dowbiggin came to Trincomalee Steet by car, with the rioters not dispersing, Dowbiggin left and return on foot with the Punjabis and constables, forcing the rioters to disperse without firing a shot.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Rioting, Kandy
The cadets were ordered to patrol the streets and the Punjabis mounted sentries at key locations in the city. The lack of police action aggravated the rioting, the presence of the Punjabi soldiers deterred the rioters, who dispersed to other parts by foot and train, along the railway line to Rambukkan, Polgashawela, Alawwa, Ambepussa, Meerigama, Veyangoda, Henaratgoda and Kelaniya towards Colombo. Policing in the rural areas were carried out by unpaid Vidanes who were petty headmen reporting to the local headmen and the Government Agent, uniformed and paid Constables were stationed only far between along major roads. These two groups rarely co-operated, if at all.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Rioting, Colombo
On 31 May, some of those intend on mischief had entered Colombo following incidents of looting in the rural areas. An incident took place on 1 June at the Ceylon Government Railway yard at Maradana, the authorities lead by the Fraser, Government Agent, Western Province, E. C. Jayawardane, member of the municipal council and Charles Batuwantudawe tried to pacify the crown. The railway workers soon brock out of the yard and were met by others gathered near by and began rampaging, with several senior police officers injured.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Rioting, Colombo
The police arrested several and took them to the Maradana police station, but had to set them free after a large crowd surrounded the station and demanded their release. Once again the situation escalated due to the initial inaction of the police, it was contributed to by the large number of petty criminals and the unemployed due to the European war. Soon the crowds spread from Maradana to other parts of the city, specially Pettah were fights ensued with the large number of Moors who owned many of the shops there. There were looting and police shooting in Borella.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Rioting, Colombo
On the morning of 1 June, the European and Ceylonese sections of the Ceylon Defense Force were mobilized at Echelon Barracks and the 28th Punjabis of the British Indian Army under the command of Lieutenant Colonel A. G. de V. Chichester, the only regular regiment stationed in Ceylon at the time and was called out in force. By night fall of 1 June and morning of 2 June, armed police began patrolling the streets with orders to shoot issued by the Police Magistrate of Colombo. Armed police with the Town Guard mounted sentries at street junctions to prevent rioters from gathering. In many cases the police and soldiers fired or bayonet charged rioters to disperse.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Rioting, Colombo
During the next nine days or so the clashes and assaults spread through the Central, North Western, Western, Southern and Sabaragamuwa Provinces; and at one point, on 2 June, were reported to be occurring simultaneously at 116 locations. Large crowds were involved in the attacks on the Moors; mobs of over a thousand were reported at Matale, Wattegama, Kadugannawa, Gampola, Rambukkana, Panadura, Godapitiya and Akuressa. Areas where large populations of Moors saw fighting with Moors attacking Sinhalese and elsewhere Sinhalese mobs attacked Moors with Tamils joining in. The uniformed  police lost central control and coordination as its senior officers were on streets and its constables lacked numbers to disperse the crowd, it soon began to depend on military and arbitrary shooting to disperse crowds.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Martial law
British Governor of Ceylon at the time was Sir Robert Chalmers who was a career civil servant and a Pali scholar, who had spent 31 years in the HM Treasury before his appointment to Ceylon. Chalmers was holidaying at Nuwara Eliya when the riots started and moved to Kandy by 1 June after the rioting was stopped.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Martial law
With the failure of the Ceylon Civil Service and the Police to maintain order and fearing an all out rebellion against British rule in Ceylon, Chalmers turn to the military under the command of Brigadier General H. H. L. Malcolm,  Officer Commanding the Troops in Ceylon to suppress the riots by any means. To this end on 2 June 1915, Chalmers declared that the Western Province was subjected to martial law and under the control of Brigadier General Malcolm. This order was extended to the Central Province, the Southern Province, and the North-Western Province on 2 June, while the Province of Uva and the North-Central Province was subjected on the 17 June.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Martial law
Officer Commanding the Troops, Brigadier Malcolm ordered the police and the military to shoot any one who they deemed a rioter without a trial. It was reported that Brigadier Malcolm had ordered his troops to "not to waste ammunition, but to shoot through the heart any Sinhalese that may be found on the streets," and IGP Dowbiggin had given instructions to their armed constables to "shoot down, without a challenge, certain people whose identity was to be gathered from description, if they were found in the streets after hours".


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Martial law
With the streets cleared of rioters, uniformed police and the military enforced curfews in cities and towns, shooting any one that violated it, soon they began expanding their operations to the rural areas. Auxiliaries units on the lines of the Colombo Town Guard was formed in the local towns with European volunteers recruited from planters and mercantile executives. Special constables were appointed from among the European planters in remote areas. Hundreds of Sinhalese peasants were shot down throughout the country. Persons who couldn't answer a challenge due to language differences of the Europeans and Punjabis were shot. In the villages, the Punjabis who were also Muslims came down hard on the Sinhalese villages that had reported incidents of rioting. In villages males slept in the verandas of their huts, villages who slept as such were shot on the account that martial law dictated that all sleep indoors.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Martial law
There was a belief in higher echelons of the administration that the riots were per-planned and seditious, some believed that there was a German link and the riots was the start of an upraising against British rule. In the early stages of the rioting prominent Sinhalese were arrested on accusations on inciting the riots while as others volunteered to disperse the crowds peacefully. F. B. Walgampahe, Basnayaka Nilame (the Lay Chief) of the Ancient Temple of Gadaladeniya, Gampola was taken in to custody by Punjabi soldiers and was found dead on arrival in Kandy.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Martial law
The colonial authorities had the house of many prominent Sinhalese searched and many were arrested without charges.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Martial law
These included F. R. Senanayake, D. S. Senanayake (later the first prime minister of Ceylon), D. B. Jayatilaka, W. A. de Silva, F. R. Dias Bandaranaike, E. T. de Silva, Dr Casius Ferreira, C Batuvantudawe, D. P. A. Wijewardene, John de Silva, W. H. W. Perera, Martinus Perera, John M. Senivaratne, Arthur V. Dias, H Amarasurya, D. E. Weerasuriya, Reverent G D Lanerolle, E A P Wijeyeratne, Harry Mel, A H E Molamure, A E Goonesinha, Battaramulla Unanse — a monk, Edmund Hewavitharana and Dr C. A. Hewavitharatne, the brothers of Anagarika Dharmapala, who was also interned in Calcutta, where he had been during the unrest. After the arrests, riot compensation was exacted under threat of force. The colonial authorities suspected the temperance movement led by educated middle class Ceylonese to be supporting the Germans in World War I that was raging at the time.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Martial law, Prosecution
Police and Punjabi soldiers set about searching villages for looted items, with the later in turn looting the villages and harassing women. Summary police courts were conducted on case of looting at police stations by passing legal procedure. Thousands were arrested in some cases whole villages, its men, women and boys, on charges of looting and being in possession of stolen property, and no bail allowed. These were immediately tried and in certain instances sentenced to lashing and/or imprisonment. J. G. Eraser, Government Agent, Western Province, was appointed Commissioner by the Government to inquire into the riots.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Martial law, Prosecution
At the same time Special Commissioners (Military Commissioners) with extraordinary punitive powers were appointed by Brigadier Malcolm. These Special Commissioners were mostly Government Agents or Military Officers who had powers to threaten penalties to gain information about the riots. They gained valuation of damage and looted items by the Moors themselves and demanded compensation from the local Sinhalese, failure of payment to the  Riot Fund  resulted in arrest and subjected to court martials. Those who paid were pardoned. R. W. Byrde, Mayor of Colombo and Special Commissioner proposed a levy on Sinhalese in the wards of Colombo to pay in proportion to their wealth as compensation to the Moormen.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Martial law, Prosecution
Field general court martials were established made up of British military officers and handed out summary judgments under martial law on arrested Sinhalese civilians and some military personnel. The earliest such trail was of Captain Henry Pedris which started on 1 July 1915, within three days he was found guilty of treason executed swiftly on the 7 July.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Martial law, Prosecution
A writ of prohibition was filled in the Supreme Court of Ceylon to stay the execution, the Supreme Court bench headed by the Chief Justice Alexander Wood Renton denied it down citing that the Supreme Court lack jurisdiction over the military courts that were functioning under martial law at the time. Captain Pedris's death sentence was not referred to the Governor for ratification as it was required. An omission that was protested by the Governor, and later cases were dully forwarded.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Martial law, Prosecution
Further writs filled in the Supreme Court for W. A. de Silva and Edmund Hewavitarne were turned down citing Supreme Court's lack jurisdiction over the military courts. Edmund Hewavitarne was imprisoned and died in prison due to lack of medical care. Many respected Sinhalese were removed from colonial appointments such as Hulugalle Adigar, who was stripped of his title of Adigar on the account he was not present in his home area during the riots.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, The Ceylon Indemnity Order in Council
On 30 August 1915, the Sir Robert Chalmers, issued an order terminating martial law in the island and with he issued The Ceylon Indemnity Order in Council, 1915 which indemnified himself, Brigadier Malcolm, and any other who had carried out any acts to maintain the peace and suppress rioting during the period of martial law. It further confirmed sentences and orders pronounced by military courts during the period of martial law were deemed to be sentences passed by courts of the colony.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Casualties and damage
According to some official estimates, which must be taken as approximate, there were 25 murdered, 189 wounded, 4 incidents of rape associated with the riots. 4075 houses and boutiques looted, 250 houses and boutiques burned down, 17 mosques burnt and 86 mosques otherwise damaged. Other official figures place total of 116 people were killed, 63 by military and Police forces.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Aftermath
The heavy handed actions of colonial authorities to suppress the riots and the punishments handed down by it were heavily criticized by those such as Tamil politician Sir Ponnambalam Ramanathan, who gained much national popularity as a result. A secret memorandum initiated and drafted by Sir James Peiris to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, pleading for the repeal of martial law and describing atrocities claimed to have been committed by the authorities was carried in the soles of the shoes braving mine and submarine-infested seas (as well as the Police) by E. W. Perera, a lawyer from Kotte.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Aftermath
The colonial administration established a Police Inquiry Commission to inquire into the riots in late 1915 made up five members with Chief Justis Sir Alexander Wood Renton as Chairman and it contained one Sinhalese member Sir Solomon Obeyesekere. The findings were published in 1916.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Aftermath
In September 1915, Brigadier Malcolm was transferred to the western front as a Brigade Commander in the British Expeditionary Force where he served unit December 1915. The 28th Punjabis regiment was transferred to the Middle Eastern theatre by January 1916 where it was to take part in the Mesopotamian campaign, suffering a total of 1,423 casualties by the end of the war.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Aftermath
Governor Chalmers was removed from the post in December 1915 and made Under-Secretary to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland Lord Wimborne. The British government did not appoint a Royal Commission of Inquiry as requested for by the Ceylonese.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Aftermath
Sir John Anderson who succeeded Chalmers as Governor appointed a Commission on October 26, 1916, to inquire into and report upon the circumstances connected with the shooting of L Romanis Perera, Telenis Appu, Podi Sinno, James Bass, Juvanis Fernando, W G Serahamy, Pugoda Peter, Uduwa Arachchi and Juwanis Appu. The Commissioners were Chief Justis Sir Alexander Wood Renton and G. S. Schnieder. The Commission found that, "In each of the cases that have been under investigation the act of shooting cannot be justified on the ground of existence of Martial Law; in short, it had no legal justification.’ But, they said, they were bona fide for the maintenance of good order and government and for the public safety of the Colony, and, that action was protected by the Ceylon Indemnity order in Council, 1915."


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Legacy
After 1915 a number of Sinhalese leaders gradually emerged from the educated middle class, who were to leave an indelible mark on the political life of the country. It marked the beginning of the independence movement with the educated middle class demanding more legislative power that lead to the Donoughmore Commission and the Soulbury Commission which lead to Ceylon gaining independence in 1948.


1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots, Legacy
The events of 1915 would ultimately be what would be called the unfolding of explicit manifestation of ethnic tensions in the country which was to increase in number and intensity once the country attained independence. Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism took hold, in the beginning led by reformers in the name of religion. The event also led to a major distrust between the Tamil and the  Moor community who shared a common native language and strong cultural traditions. Also Muslims would side up with the Sinhalese against the indigenous Tamils to protect their political turf and business interests in the later ethnic conflict that would take place between the two communities after the country's independence.


1915 South African general election
General elections were held in South Africa on 20 October 1915 to elect the 130 members of the House of Assembly. This was the second Union Parliament. The governing South African Party (SAP) of General Louis Botha emerged from the elections as the largest party, but did not receive an overall majority.


1915 South African general election
Botha formed a minority government, which survived with some parliamentary support from the official opposition Unionist Party.


1915 South African general election, Delimitation of electoral divisions
The South Africa Act 1909 had provided for a delimitation commission to define the boundaries for each electoral division. The representation by province, under the second delimitation report of 1913, is set out in the table below. The figures in brackets are the number of electoral divisions in the previous (1910) delimitation. If there is no figure in brackets then the number was unchanged.


1915 South African general election, Nominations
Since the last general election, the National Party (NP) had split away from the South African Party (SAP). The formal foundation of the new party had been in 1914.


1915 South African general election, Nominations
Eight of the 130 seats were uncontested. There were unopposed returns for 5 Unionist Party, 2 SAP and 1 NP candidates.


1915 South African general election, Nominations
In the 122 contested constituencies, the candidates nominated included 86 SAP, 83 NP, 39 Unionist and 49 Labour.


1915 South African general election, Party attitudes
General Botha stood for a policy of conciliation between Afrikaans and English speaking white people. The SAP was mostly supported by moderates of both races. General Hertzog led a republican party which supported a two streams policy – the two white races developing separately. The Unionists were anxious to maintain the imperial connection. The Unionists accordingly preferred the continuation in power of the SAP to the prospect of an NP government.


1915 South African general election, Results
The vote totals in the table below may not give a complete picture of the balance of political opinion, because of unopposed elections (where no votes were cast) and because most contested seats were not fought by a candidate from all major parties.


1915 South African general election, Results
The 27 NP candidates elected represented three of the four provinces - 7 from Cape Province, 16 from the Orange Free State and 4 from Transvaal.


1915 South Australian state election
State elections were held in South Australia on 27 March 1915. All 46 seats in the South Australian House of Assembly were up for election. The incumbent Liberal Union government led by Premier of South Australia Archibald Peake was defeated by the opposition United Labor Party led by Leader of the Opposition Crawford Vaughan. Each district elected multiple members, with voters casting multiple votes.


1915 South Australian state election
A redistribution in 1913 was forced by the enlargement of the House of Assembly to 46 members. The state was divided into 19 electoral districts: eight 3-member, eleven 2-member. The redistribution's intention failed as it was meant to assist the Liberal Union.


1915 South Australian state election
The United Labor Party became the South Australian branch of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) on 14 September 1917.


1915 South Australian state election
The National Labor Party, a splinter group of the ALP, formed in 1917 state and federally over the issue of conscription. The ALP had elected 26 of 46 Assembly members at the 1915 election, all but seven ALP MPs defected to National Labor. The ALP had 7 of 20 Council members, four defected. Seven MPs of the renamed National Party were re-elected at the 1918 election.


1915 South Carolina Gamecocks football team
The 1915 South Carolina Gamecocks football team represented the University of South Carolina during the 1915 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. It was the team's first season in the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association.


1915 South Carolina's 4th congressional district special election
The 1915 South Carolina 4th congressional district special election was held on September 14, 1915, to select a Representative for the 4th congressional district to serve out the remainder of the term for the 64th Congress. The special election resulted from the resignation of Representative Joseph T. Johnson on April 19, 1915. Samuel J. Nicholls, a former state Representative from Spartanburg, won the Democratic primary and was unopposed in the general election.


1915 South Carolina's 4th congressional district special election, Democratic primary
The South Carolina Democratic Party held their primary in the summer of 1915. Six candidates entered the race and among those who sought the seat was future Governor of South Carolina, Ibra Charles Blackwood. Samuel J. Nicholls emerged atop the first primary election on August 10 and won the runoff election against B.A. Morgan on August 24. There was no opposition to the Democratic candidate in the general election so Nicholls was elected to serve out the remainder of the term.


1915 South Dakota Coyotes football team
The 1915 South Dakota Coyotes football team represented the University of South Dakota during the 1915 college football season. In Ion Cortright's 3rd season at South Dakota, the Coyotes compiled a 4–2–2 record, and outscored their opponents 86 to 39, not allowing a single point in their final four contests.


1915 South Dakota State Jackrabbits football team
The 1915 South Dakota State Jackrabbits football team was an American football team that represented South Dakota State University as an independent during the 1915 college football season. In its fourth season under head coach Harry W. Ewing, the team compiled a 5–1–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 163 to 7.


1915 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season
The 1915 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season  was the college football games played by the member schools of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association as part of the 1915 college football season. The season began on September 25.


1915 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season
Seven out of eight newspapers voted the SIAA championship to the Vanderbilt Commodores. The Atlanta Constitution declared it a tie between Vanderbilt and Georgia Tech, which was then independent. However, Tech challenged Vandy's championship.


1915 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season, Awards and honors, All-Southern team
The composite All-Southern team selected by ten sports writers and coaches included:


1915 Southwest Texas State football team
The 1915 Southwest Texas State football team was an American football team that represented Southwest Texas State Normal School—now known as Texas State University–as an independent during the 1915 college football season. Led by C. Spurgeon Smith in his third and final season as head coach, the team finished the season with a record of 5–3–2. The team's captain was R. O. Dietert, who played end and quarterback.


1915 Southwestern Louisiana Industrial football team
The 1915 Southwestern Louisiana Industrial football team was an American football team that represented the Southwestern Louisiana Industrial Institute (now known as the University of Louisiana at Lafayette) as an independent during the 1915 college football season. In their second year under head coach R. B. Dunbar, the team compiled a 5–2–1 record.


1915 Southwestern Pirates football team
The 1915 Southwestern Pirates football team represented Southwestern University as a member of the Southwest Conference (SWC) during the 1915 college football season. Led first-year head coach J. Burton Rix, Southwestern compiled an overall record of 4–3 with a mark of 0–2 in SWC play.


1915 Spring Hill Badgers football team
The 1915 Spring Hill Badgers football team represented the Spring Hill College during the 1915 college football season.


1915 St Austell by-election
The St Austell by-election of 1915 was held on 24 November 1915. The by-election was held due to the incumbent Liberal MP, Thomas Agar-Robartes, dying of wounds sustained in the Battle of Loos in the First World War. It was won by the Liberal candidate Sir Francis Layland-Barratt who was unopposed due to a War-time electoral pact.


1915 St Helens by-election
The St Helens by-election of 1915 was held on 24 November 1915. The by-election was held due to the incumbent Conservative MP, Rigby Swift, becoming Recorder of Wigan. It was retained by Rigby Swift who was unopposed due to a War-time electoral pact, one of twenty six unopposed by-elections that year.


1915 St. Louis Browns season
The 1915 St. Louis Browns season involved the Browns finishing 6th in the American League with a record of 63 wins and 91 losses.


1915 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1915 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1915 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1915 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1915 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1915 St. Louis Cardinals season
The 1915 St. Louis Cardinals season was the team's 34th season in St. Louis, Missouri and the 24th season in the National League. The Cardinals went 72–81 during the season and finished 6th in the National League. The legendary Rogers Hornsby made his National League debut on September 10.


1915 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1915 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1915 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1915 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1915 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1915 St. Louis Terriers season
The 1915 St. Louis Terriers finished in 2nd place the Federal League, losing to the Chicago Whales by one percentage point.


1915 St. Louis Terriers season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1915 St. Louis Terriers season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1915 St. Louis Terriers season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1915 St. Louis Terriers season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1915 St. Louis Terriers season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1915 Stanley Cup Finals
The 1915 Stanley Cup Finals was played from March 22–26, 1915. The Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA) champion Vancouver Millionaires swept the National Hockey Association (NHA) champion Ottawa Senators three games to none in a best-of-five game series. The finals were played in Vancouver, with games one, three and five played under PCHA rules. The Millionaires became the first team from the PCHA to win the Cup. This was the second Stanley Cup championship series between the champions of the NHA and the PCHA and the first held in a PCHA rink.


1915 Stanley Cup Finals, Paths to the Finals
Vancouver finished the 1914–15 PCHA regular season in first place, and thus winning that league's title, with a record of 13–4. Meanwhile, Ottawa and the Montreal Wanderers both finished the 1914–15 NHA regular season tied for first place with identical 14–6 records, and thus had to play a two-game total goals series to determine the NHA champion. Ottawa won this series 4–1 to advance to the Stanley Cup final.


1915 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries
All games of the championship finals were played at Vancouver's Denman Arena, the home of the PCHA champion Millionaires. Vancouver ended up sweeping the series with victories of 6–2, 8–3, and 12–3, scoring 26 total goals while limiting the Senators to just eight overall. Former Senator Cyclone Taylor led the Millionaires with six goals. Future Hockey Hall of Famer Barney Stanley scored five goals, including three in the second period of game three. The Cup was not brought west to Vancouver by the Senators, so was not immediately presented to the winners.


1915 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving
The 1915 Stanley Cup was presented by the trophy's trustee William Foran.


1915 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving
The following Millionaires players and staff were eligible to have their names engraved on the Stanley Cup


1915 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving, Coaching and administrative staff
‡ Played rover, a position between both defencemen and behind the center.


1915 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving, Stanley Cup engraving
The Senators had the words "Ottawa/NHA Champions/1914–15" engraved on the base of the trophy's original bowl even though they did not win the Cup final. This was similar to the practice prior to the NHA-PCHA agreement when the trophy was officially passed on to the winner of the league championship of the previous Cup champion's league. The previous Cup winner was the 1913–14 NHA champion Toronto Blueshirts.


1915 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving, Stanley Cup engraving
After the series, "Vancouver B.C./1914–15/Defeated Ottawa/3 Straight Games" was added to the Cup. Eight players' names and the manager's name were also engraved inside the bowl along the fluted sides.


1915 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving, Stanley Cup engraving
Kenny Mallen played 14 of 16 regular season games, and two of three games in the finals. Mallen's name was left off by mistake. Johnny Matz who played one game in the regular season before being released, was not on the Cup either.


1915 State of the Union Address
The 1915 State of the Union Address was given by Woodrow Wilson, the 28th president of the United States on Tuesday, December 7, 1915. It was given to a joint session of the 64th United States Congress, to the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives.


1915 State of the Union Address
It was given shortly before the United States entered World War I. He said these words: "The moral is, that the states of America are not hostile rivals but cooperating friends, and that their growing sense of community or interest, alike in matters political and in matters economic, is likely to give them a new significance as factors in international affairs and in the political history of the world."


1915 Svenska Mästerskapet
The 1915 Svenska Mästerskapet was the 20th season of Svenska Mästerskapet, the football cup to determine the Swedish champions. Djurgårdens IF won the tournament by defeating Örgryte IS in the final with a 4–1 score.


1915 Swansea District by-election
The Swansea District by-election of 1915 was held on 6 February 1915. The by-election was held due to the incumbent Liberal MP, David Brynmor Jones, becoming a High Court Judge. It was won by the Liberal candidate Thomas Jeremiah Williams  who was unopposed due to a War-time electoral pact.


1915 Swarthmore Quakers football team
The 1915 Swarthmore Quakers football team was an American football team that represented Swarthmore College as an independent during the 1915 college football season. In their first season under head coach Bill Roper, the Quakers compiled a 5–3 record and outscored opponents by a total of 94 to 77.


1915 Swiss war tax referendum
A referendum on a war tax was held in Switzerland on 6 June 1915. Voters were asked whether they approved of amending the constitution to introduce a one-off war tax. It was approved by a large majority of voters and all cantons, the first time a referendum had been passed in every canton.


1915 Swiss war tax referendum, Background
The referendum was a mandatory referendum, which required a double majority; a majority of the popular vote and majority of the cantons. The decision of each canton was based on the vote in that canton. Full cantons counted as one vote, whilst half cantons counted as half.


1915 Syracuse Orangemen football team
The 1915 Syracuse Orangemen football team represented Syracuse University in the 1915 college football season.


1915 TCU Horned Frogs football team
The 1915 TCU Horned Frogs football team represented Texas Christian University (TCU) as a member of the Texas Intercollegiate Athletic Association during the 1915 college football season. Led by Ewing Y. Freeland in his first and only year as head coach, the Horned Frogs compiled an overall record of 4–5. TCU their home games in Fort Worth, Texas. The team's captain was John P. Cox, who played fullback. The school adopted the Horned Frogs nickname in the spring of 1915.