1912 Lawrence textile strike
The strike united workers from more than 51 different nationalities many of whom knew little to no English. A large portion of the striking workers, including many of the leaders of the strike, were Italian immigrants. Carried on throughout a brutally cold winter, the strike lasted more than two months, from January to March, defying the assumptions of conservative trade unions within the American Federation of Labor (AFL) that immigrant, largely female and ethnically divided workers could not be organized. In late January, when a striker, Anna LoPizzo, was killed by police during a protest, IWW organizers Joseph Ettor and Arturo Giovannitti were framed and arrested on charges of being accessories to the murder.


1912 Lawrence textile strike
IWW leaders Bill Haywood and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn came to Lawrence to run the strike. Together they masterminded its signature move, sending hundreds of the strikers' hungry children to sympathetic families in New York, New Jersey, and Vermont. The move drew widespread sympathy, especially after police stopped a further exodus, leading to violence at the Lawrence train station. Congressional hearings followed, resulting in exposure of shocking conditions in the Lawrence mills and calls for investigation of the "wool trust." Mill owners soon decided to settle the strike, giving workers in Lawrence and throughout New England raises of up to 20 percent. Within a year, however, the IWW had largely collapsed in Lawrence.


1912 Lawrence textile strike
The Lawrence strike is often referred to as the "Bread and Roses" strike. It has also been called the "strike for three loaves". The phrase "bread and roses" actually preceded the strike, appearing in a poem by James Oppenheim published in The American Magazine in December 1911. A 1915 labor anthology, The Cry for Justice: An Anthology of the Literature of Social Protest by Upton Sinclair, attributed the phrase to the Lawrence strike, and the association stuck.


1912 Lawrence textile strike
A popular rallying cry from the poem that has interwoven with the memory of the strike:


1912 Lawrence textile strike
As we come marching, marching, we battle too for men, For they are women's children, and we mother them again. Our lives shall not be sweated from birth until life closes; Hearts starve as well as bodies; give us bread, but give us roses!


1912 Lawrence textile strike, Background
Founded in 1845, Lawrence was a flourishing but deeply-troubled textile city. By 1900, mechanization and the deskilling of labor in the textile industry enabled factory owners to eliminate skilled workers and to employ large numbers of unskilled immigrant workers, mostly women. Work in a textile mill took place at a grueling pace, and the labor was repetitive and dangerous. About one third of workers in the Lawrence textile mills died before the age of 25. In addition, a number of children under 14 worked in the mills.


1912 Lawrence textile strike, Background
Half of the workers in the four Lawrence mills of the American Woolen Company, the leading employer in the industry and the town, were females between 14 and 18. Falsification of birth certificates, allowing for girls younger than 14 to work, was common practice at the time. Lawrence had the 5th highest child mortality rate of any city in the country at the time, behind four other mill towns in Massachusetts (Lowell, Fall River, Worcester, and Holyoke).


1912 Lawrence textile strike, Background
By 1912, the Lawrence mills at maximum capacity employed about 32,000 men, women, and children. Conditions had worsened even more in the decade before the strike. The introduction of the two-loom system in the woolen mills led to a dramatic increase in the pace of work. The greater production enabled the factory owners to lay off large numbers of workers. Those who kept their jobs earned, on average, $8.76 for 56 hours of work and $9.00 for 60 hours of work.


1912 Lawrence textile strike, Background
The workers in Lawrence lived in crowded and dangerous apartment buildings, often with many families sharing each apartment. Many families survived on bread, molasses, and beans; as one worker testified before the March 1912 congressional investigation of the Lawrence strike, "When we eat meat it seems like a holiday, especially for the children." Half of children died before they were six, and 36% of the adults who worked in the mill died before they were 25. The average life expectancy was 39.


1912 Lawrence textile strike, Background
The mills and the community were divided along ethnic lines: most of the skilled jobs were held by native-born workers of English, Irish, and German descent, whereas French-Canadian, Italian, Slavic, Hungarian, Portuguese, and Syrian immigrants made up most of the unskilled workforce. Several thousand skilled workers belonged, in theory at least, to the American Federation of Labor-affiliated United Textile Workers, but only a few hundred paid dues. The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) had also been organizing for five years among workers in Lawrence but also had only a few hundred actual members.


1912 Lawrence textile strike, Strike
On January 1, 1912, a new labor law took effect in Massachusetts reducing the working week of 56 hours to 54 hours for women and children. Workers opposed the reduction if it reduced their weekly take-home pay. The first two weeks of 1912, the unions tried to learn how the owners of the mills would deal with the new law. On January 11, a group of Polish women textile workers in Lawrence discovered that their employer at the Everett Mill had reduced about $0.32 from their total wages and walked out.


1912 Lawrence textile strike, Strike
On January 12, workers in the Washington Mill of the American Woolen Company also found that their wages had been cut. Prepared for the events by weeks of discussion, they walked out, calling "short pay, all out."


1912 Lawrence textile strike, Strike
Joseph Ettor of the IWW had been organizing in Lawrence for some time before the strike; he and Arturo Giovannitti of the Italian Socialist Federation of the Socialist Party of America quickly assumed leadership of the strike by forming a strike committee of 56 people, four representatives of fourteen nationalities, which took responsibility for all major decisions. The committee, which arranged for its strike meetings to be translated into 25 different languages, put forward a set of demands: a 15% increase in wages for a 54-hour work week, double pay for overtime work, and no discrimination against workers for their strike activity.


1912 Lawrence textile strike, Strike
The city responded to the strike by ringing the city's alarm bell for the first time in its history; the mayor ordered a company of the local militia to patrol the streets. When mill owners turned fire hoses on the picketers gathered in front of the mills, they responded by throwing ice at the plants, breaking a number of windows. The court sentenced 24 workers to a year in jail for throwing ice; as the judge stated, "The only way we can teach them is to deal out the severest sentences." Governor Eugene Foss then ordered out the state militia and state police. Mass arrests followed.


1912 Lawrence textile strike, Strike
At the same time, the United Textile Workers (UTW) attempted to break the strike by claiming to speak for the workers of Lawrence. The striking operatives ignored the UTW, as the IWW had successfully united the operatives behind ethnic-based leaders, who were members of the strike committee and able to communicate Ettor's message to avoid violence at demonstrations. Ettor did not consider intimidating operatives who were trying to enter the mills as breaking the peace.


1912 Lawrence textile strike, Strike
The IWW was successful, even with AFL-affiliated operatives, as it defended the grievances of all operatives from all the mills. Conversely, the AFL and the mill owners preferred to keep negotiations between separate mills and their own operatives. However, in a move that frustrated the UTW, Oliver Christian, the national secretary of the Loomfixers Association and an AFL affiliate itself, said he believed John Golden, the Massachusetts-based UTW president, was a detriment to the cause of labor. That statement and missteps by William Madison Wood quickly shifted public sentiment to favor the strikers.


1912 Lawrence textile strike, Strike
A local undertaker and a member of the Lawrence school board attempted to frame the strike leadership by planting dynamite in several locations in town a week after the strike began. He was fined $500 and released without jail time. Later, William M. Wood, the president of the American Woolen Company, was shown to have made an unexplained large payment to the defendant shortly before the dynamite was found.


1912 Lawrence textile strike, Strike
The authorities later charged Ettor and Giovannitti as accomplices to murder for the death of striker Anna LoPizzo, who was likely shot by the police. Ettor and Giovannitti had been 3 mi (4.8 km) away, where they spoke to another group of workers. They and a third defendant, who had not even heard of either Ettor or Giovannitti at the time of his arrest, were held in jail for the duration of the strike and several months thereafter. The authorities declared martial law, banned all public meetings, and called out 22 more militia companies to patrol the streets. Harvard students were even given exemptions from their final exams if they agreed to go and try to break up the strike.


1912 Lawrence textile strike, Strike
The IWW responded by sending Bill Haywood, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, and a number of other organizers to Lawrence. Haywood participated little in the daily affairs of the strike. Instead, he set out for other New England textile towns in an effort to raise funds for the strikers in Lawrence, which proved very successful. Other tactics established were an efficient system of relief committees, soup kitchens, and food distribution stations, and volunteer doctors provided medical care.


1912 Lawrence textile strike, Strike
The IWW raised funds on a nationwide basis to provide weekly benefits for strikers and dramatized the strikers' needs by arranging for several hundred children to go to supporters' homes in New York City for the duration of the strike. When city authorities tried to prevent another 100 children from going to Philadelphia on February 24 by sending police and the militia to the station to detain the children and arrest their parents, the police began clubbing both the children and their mothers and dragged them off to be taken away by truck; one pregnant mother miscarried. The press, there to photograph the event, reported extensively on the attack. Moreover, when the women and children were taken to the Police Court, most of them refused to pay the fines levied and opted for a jail cell, some with babies in arms.


1912 Lawrence textile strike, Strike
The police action against the mothers and children of Lawrence attracted the attention of the nation, in particular that of first lady Helen Herron Taft, wife of President William Howard Taft. Soon, both the House and the Senate set out to investigate the strike. In the early days of March, a special House Committee heard testimony from some of the strikers' children, various city, state and union officials. In the end, both chambers published reports detailing the conditions at Lawrence.


1912 Lawrence textile strike, Strike
Children of the mill workers were brought to homes of supporters of the Lawrence textile strike. With the aid of Haywood and Flynn, these two individuals organized a way for donations for the children of strikers. In addition, the children began to form strike rallies to demonstrate the hardship and struggle occurring in the Lawrence mill factories. Strikes happened from Vermont all the way to New York City; those children fought to be seen and heard where they went.


1912 Lawrence textile strike, Strike
The national attention had an effect: the owners offered a 5% pay raise on March 1, but the workers rejected it. American Woolen Company agreed to most of the strikers' demands on March 12, 1912. The strikers had demanded an end to the Premium System in which a portion of their earnings were subject to month-long production and attendance standards. The mill owners' concession was to change the award of the premium from once every four weeks to once every two weeks. The rest of the manufacturers followed by the end of the month; other textile companies throughout New England, anxious to avoid a similar confrontation, then followed suit.


1912 Lawrence textile strike, Strike
The children who had been taken in by supporters in New York City came home on March 30.


1912 Lawrence textile strike, Aftermath
Ettor and Giovanniti, both members of IWW, remained in prison for months after the strike was over. Haywood threatened a general strike to demand their freedom, with the cry "Open the jail gates or we will close the mill gates." The IWW raised $60,000 for their defense and held demonstrations and mass meetings throughout the country in their support; the Boston authorities arrested all of the members of the Ettor and Giovannitti Defense Committee. On March 10, 1912, an estimated 10,000 protestors gathered in Lawrence demanding the release of Ettor and Giovannitti.


1912 Lawrence textile strike, Aftermath
Then, 15,000 Lawrence workers went on strike for one day on September 30 to demand the release of Ettor and Giovannitti. Swedish and French workers proposed a boycott of woolen goods from the US and a refusal to load ships going there, and Italian supporters of the Giovannitti men rallied in front of the US consulate in Rome.


1912 Lawrence textile strike, Aftermath
In the meantime, Ernest Pitman—l, a Lawrence building contractor who had done extensive work for the American Woolen Company, confessed to a district attorney that he had attended a meeting in the Boston offices of Lawrence textile companies, where the plan to frame the union by planting dynamite had been made. Pitman committed suicide shortly thereafter when he was subpoenaed to testify. Wood, the American Woolen Company owner, was formally exonerated.


1912 Lawrence textile strike, Aftermath
When the trial of Ettor and Giovannitti, as well as a third defendant, Giuseppe Caruso, accused of firing the shot that killed the picketer, began in September 1912 in Salem before Judge Joseph F. Quinn, the three defendants were kept in steel cages in the courtroom. All witnesses testified that Ettor and Giovannitti were miles away and that Caruso, the third defendant, was at home and eating supper at the time of the killing.


1912 Lawrence textile strike, Aftermath
Ettor and Giovannitti both delivered closing statements at the end of the two-month trial. In Ettor's closing statement, he turned and faced the District Attorney:


1912 Lawrence textile strike, Aftermath
Does Mr. Ateill believe for a moment that... the cross or the gallows or the guillotine, the hangman's noose, ever settled an idea? It never did. If an idea can live, it lives because history adjudges it right. And what has been considered an idea constituting a social crime in one age has in the next age become the religion of humanity. Whatever my social views are, they are what they are. They cannot be tried in this courtroom.


1912 Lawrence textile strike, Aftermath
The strikers, however, lost nearly all of the gains they had won in the next few years. The IWW, disdaining written contracts as encouraging workers to abandon the daily class struggle, thus left the mill owners to chisel away at the improvements in wages and working conditions, to fire union activists, and to install labor spies to keep an eye on workers. The more persistent owners laid off further employees during a depression in the industry.


1912 Lawrence textile strike, Aftermath
By then, the IWW had turned its attention to supporting the silk industry workers in Paterson, New Jersey. The Paterson Silk Strike of 1913 was defeated.


1912 Lawrence textile strike, Conclusion and legacy
After the strike concluded, workers received a few of the demands established between mill workers and owners. Some workers went back to work at the mills and "others came and went, trying to find other jobs, failing, returning again to the music of the power loom". Even after the strike was finished, there were many other strikes that occurred in other states involving various mill factories. "On January 12, 1913, the IWW held anniversary celebration in Lawrence" which was one of the last celebrations for a couple of years. The 1912 strike was the first of many that by the mid 1900s would result in driving out the textile industry from New England. On February 9, 2019, Senator Elizabeth Warren officially announced her candidacy for President of the United States at the site of the strike.


1912 Lehigh Brown and White football team
The 1912 Lehigh Brown and White football team was an American football team that represented Lehigh University as an independent during the 1912 college football season. In its first season under head coach Tom Keady, the team compiled a 9–2 record and outscored opponents by a total of 222 to 72. The team played its home games at Lehigh Field in South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.


1912 Leominster by-election
A by-election was held for the British House of Commons constituency of Leominster on 18 March 1912. The seat had become vacant on the resignation of the Conservative Member of Parliament Sir James Rankin, 1st Baronet, who had held the seat since the 1910 general election, with a majority of 831, increased to 1,169 in the election of November that year.


1912 Leominster by-election
The Conservative candidate, Captain Henry FitzHerbert Wright, was returned unopposed.


1912 Liga Peruana de Football
The 1912 Primera División was the first season of top-flight Peruvian football. A total of 16 teams competed in the league, The champion was Lima Cricket. This first season with organised league, covering Lima, Callao, and suburbs such as Miraflores and Barranco. José Gálvez de Lima withdrew because of not agreeing with the competition format. The clubs from Callao (among which Atlético Chalaco) did not respond to the invitation to enter. The 16 teams were divided over a first and a second level, both of 8 clubs.


1912 Liga Peruana de Football
Cricket and Association finished equal on points; Cricket were declared champions on head-to-head record; Escuela Militar de Chorrillos withdrew halfway through the season when positioned last in the Primera División with a single point. The first match was played on 5 May 1912 between Lima Cricket and Sport Vitarte. The match was a 6–1 win for Lima Cricket.


1912 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
The 1912 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship was the 21st staging of the Limerick Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Limerick County Board in 1887.


1912 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
Fedamore won the championship after a 4-04 to 2-02 defeat of Ballingarry in the final. It was their first ever championship title.


1912 Liverpool City Council election
Elections to Liverpool City Council were held on Friday 1 November 1912.


1912 Liverpool City Council election, Ward results
Comparisons are made with the 1909 election results, as the retiring councillors were elected in that year.


1912 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Election 9 November 1912
Caused by the death of Alderman William Humphrey Williams (Conservative, elected as an alderman on 9 November 1910) on 11 August 1912. In his place Councillor John Lea (Liberal, Granby, elected 1 November 1911) was elected as an alderman by the councillors on 9 November 1912.


1912 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Election, 8 January 1913
Caused by the resignation of Alderman Edward Grindley (Conservative, last elected as an alderman on 9 November 1907). In his place Councillor Frank John Leslie (Conservative, Breckfield, elected 1 November 1911) was elected as an alderman by the councillors on 8 January 1913


1912 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Election, 5 March 1913
Councillor Hartley Wilson (Conservative, Aigburth, elected 1 November 1911) was elected as an alderman by the councillors on 5 Mar 1913.


1912 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Election, 2 July 1913
Caused by the resignation of Alderman Andrew Commins (Irish Nationalist, elected 9 November 1910) which was reported to the Council on 4 June 1913.


1912 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Election, 2 July 1913
In his place Councillor George Jeremy Lynskey (Irish Nationalist, North Scotland, elected 1 November 1910) was elected as an alderman by the councillors on 2 July 1913.


1912 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Election 30 July 1913
Caused by the resignation of Alderman William Watson Rutherford MP (Conservative, elected 9 November 1907) was reported to the Council on 2 July 1913 In his place Councillor John Utting (Conservative, Kirkdale, elected 1 November 1912) was elected as an alderman by the Council on 30 July 1913.


1912 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Election
Caused by the death of Alderman William Oulton (Conservative, elected 9 November 1907)  on 27 September 1913 which was reported to the Council on 1 October 1913


1912 Liverpool City Council election, By-Elections, No. 22 Granby, 27 November 1912
Caused by the election to alderman of Councillor John Lea (Liberal, Granby, elected unopposed 1 November 1911) on 9 November 1912


1912 Liverpool City Council election, By-Elections, No. 6 Breckfield, 29 January 1913
Caused by Councillor Frank John Leslie (Conservative, Breckfield, elected 1 November 1911) being elected as an alderman by the Council on 8 January 1913.


1912 Liverpool City Council election, By-Elections, No. 3A Walton, 17 March 1913
Caused by the death of Councillor Sampson Gannon (Conservative, Walton, elected 1 November 1911) on 19 January 1913.


1912 Liverpool City Council election, By-Elections, No. 21 Abercromby, 18 March 1913
Caused by the death of Councillor Thomas James Smith junr. (Conservative, Abercromby, elected 1 November 1910)


1912 Liverpool City Council election, By-Elections, No. 29 Aigburth, 18 March 1913
Caused by Councillor Hartley Wilson (Conservative, Aigburth, elected 1 November 1911) being elected as an alderman by the Council on 5 March 1913.


1912 Liverpool City Council election, By-Elections, No. 29 Aigburth, 18 March 1913
The Term of Office to expire on 1 November 1914.


1912 Liverpool City Council election, By-Elections, No. 31 Fazakerley, 19 March 1913
Caused by the resignation of Councillor Dr. Henry Herbert Clarke (Conservative, Fazakerley, elected 1 November 1911).


1912 Liverpool City Council election, By-Elections, No. 5A Wavertree West, 8 April 1913
Caused by the resignation of Councillor Edmund Gerson Jackson (Conservative, Wavertree West, elected 1 November 1911)


1912 Liverpool City Council election, By-Elections, No. 13 North Scotland, 15 July 1913
Caused by Councillor George Jeremy Lynskey (Irish Nationalist, North Scotland, elected 1 November 1910) being elected as an alderman by the Council on 2 July 1913.


1912 Liverpool City Council election, By-Elections, No. 13 North Scotland, 15 July 1913
The Term of Office to expire on 1 November 1913


1912 Liverpool City Council election, By-Elections, No. 2 Kirkdale, 14 October 1913
Caused by the election as an alderman of Councillor John Utting (Conservative, Kirkdale, elected 1 November 1912) on 30 July 1913.


1912 Liverpool City Council election, By-Elections, No. 4 Fairfield, 14 October 1913
Caused by Councillor Francis L'Estrange Joseph (Liberal, Fairfield, elected 1 November 1912) ceasing to be a councillor.


1912 Livingstone football team
The 1912 Livingstone football team represented Livingstone College in the 1912 college football season as an independent. Led by coach Benjamin Butler Church in his first year, Livingstone compiled a 3–1–1 record, shutting out three opponents.


1912 Liège–Bastogne–Liège
The 1912 Liège–Bastogne–Liège was the seventh edition of the Liège–Bastogne–Liège cycle race and was held on 15 September 1912. The race started and finished in Liège. The race was won by Omer Verschoore.


1912 Louisiana Industrial football team
The 1912 Louisiana Industrial football team was an American football team that represented the Louisiana Industrial Institute—now known as Louisiana Tech University—as an independent during the 1912 college football season. Led by fourth-year head coach Percy S. Prince, Louisiana Industrial compiled a record of 1–2–1.


1912 Louisiana gubernatorial election
The 1912 Louisiana gubernatorial election was held on April 16, 1912. Like most Southern states between Reconstruction and the civil rights era, Louisiana's Republican Party was virtually nonexistent in terms of electoral support. This meant that the Democratic Party primary held on January 23 was the real contest over who would be governor. The election resulted in the election of Democrat Luther E. Hall as governor of Louisiana.


1912 Louisville Cardinals football team
The 1912 Louisville Cardinals football team, commonly known in 1912 as the "Red and Black", was an American football team that represented the University of Louisville in the Kentucky Intercollegiate Athletic Association (KIAA) during the 1912 college football season. In the school's first season of intercollegiate football, the Cardinals were led by head coach Lester Larson and compiled a 5–1 record. The team played its home games at High School Park in Louisville, Kentucky.


1912 Maine Black Bears football team
The 1912 Maine Black Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of Maine during the 1912 college football season. The team compiled a 7–1 record. Thomas J. Riley was the coach, and Thomas Shepard was the team captain.


1912 Maine gubernatorial election
The 1912 Maine gubernatorial election took place on September 9, 1912.


1912 Maine gubernatorial election
Incumbent Democratic Governor Frederick W. Plaisted was defeated for re-election by Republican candidate William T. Haines.


1912 Major League Baseball season
The 1912 Major League Baseball season was contested from April 11 to October 16, 1912. The New York Giants and Boston Red Sox were the regular season champions of the National League and American League, respectively. The Red Sox then defeated the Giants in the World Series, four games to three (with one tie).


1912 Major League Baseball season
This was the second of four seasons that the Chalmers Award, a precursor to the Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award (introduced in 1931), was given to a player in each league.


1912 Major League Baseball season
During the season, Harper's Weekly conducted a detailed accounting of the expenses of major league clubs, reaching a figure of approximately $175,000 to $200,000.


1912 Maltese general election
General elections were held in Malta on 16 and 17 October 1912. Only two of the eight elected seats were contested.


1912 Maltese general election, Background
The elections were held under the Chamberlain Constitution, with members elected from eight single-member constituencies.


1912 Manchester North West by-election
The Manchester North West by-election was a Parliamentary by-election held on 8 August 1912. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP)  to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.


1912 Manchester North West by-election, Vacancy
Sir George Kemp had been Liberal MP for the seat of Manchester North West since the January 1910 general elections. He stepped down from the House of Commons in 1912.


1912 Manchester North West by-election, Candidates
The Liberal candidate was Gordon Hewart, a barrister on the Northern England circuit. He was born in Bury and educated at Manchester Grammar School. The Conservative candidate was Sir John Scurrah Randles, an industrialist in the coal and steel business. He had been MP for Cockermouth until his defeat in December 1910.


1912 Manchester North West by-election, Campaign
Some of the prominent issues of the day were the Liberal Government's Insurance Act, German rearmament, and trade tariffs. The Unionist party at the time was divided on the issue of free trade v tariff reform. In the Manchester area, and particularly in the Exchange division which included the Royal Exchange where commercial interests were paramount, there were many Unionists who favoured the continuance of free trade and opposed plans by the Unionist leader Bonar Law to campaign in favour of trade tariffs.


1912 Manchester North West by-election, Campaign
The Unionist candidate, Sir John Randles was particularly keen to play down this fiscal divide within Unionist ranks. The Constituency had a large number of Jewish voters who had usually supported the Liberal candidate at election time. A leading Manchester Liberal, Nathan Laski, had been instrumental in securing support for both Winston Churchill and Kemp. However, by 1912 Laski had become upset that the Liberal government had not introduced a naturalisation bill, so decided to remain neutral.


1912 Manchester North West by-election, Result
It was reckoned that the Conservative won about 50% of the Jewish vote rather than about 10% which was more usual.


1912 Manchester North West by-election, Aftermath
Gordon Hewart was elected to represent Leicester in 1913. A General Election was due to take place by the end of 1915. By the autumn of 1914, the following candidates had been adopted to contest that election. Unionist: Sir John Scurrah Randles, Due to the outbreak of war, the election never took place. Following boundary changes, Manchester North West was abolished and mainly replaced by Manchester Exchange.


1912 Manchester South by-election
The Manchester South by-election was a Parliamentary by-election. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP)  to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.


1912 Manchester South by-election, Vacancy
The Liberal MP for Manchester South, Sir Arthur Haworth  was appointed a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury. In keeping with the times he was required to seek re-election in a by-election.


1912 Manchester South by-election, Electoral history
Haworth had gained the seat from the Conservatives at the 1906 general election, and held it since. The previous General Election in December 1910 saw Haworth returned unopposed. The last contested election was the previous General Election;


1912 Manchester South by-election, Candidates
The Liberal candidate, 47-year-old Arthur Haworth was a Manchester businessman fully established in the community. Haworth again faced just one opponent, the Conservative Philip Glazebrook. Thirty-two-year-old Glazebrook was a Captain in the Cheshire Yeomanry and also involved in business in Manchester. He had not stood for parliament before, though in December 1910 he was chosen as Conservative candidate to contest the constituency of Manchester South at the general election. However, due to an error by his election agent, he arrived at Manchester Town Hall six minutes after nominations had closed, resulting in the unopposed election of Haworth.


1912 Manchester South by-election, Campaign
Polling day was set for 5 March. A vigorous campaign was held, with the main issues being woman suffrage with the Parliamentary Franchise (Women) Bill soon to be debated, Irish Home Rule (the Third Home Rule Bill was currently being debated in parliament) and National Insurance, which had been introduced by the Liberal Government the year before.


1912 Manchester South by-election, Result
The Conservatives gained the seat from the Liberals. The details below, with percentage changes are a change from January 1910.


1912 Manchester South by-election, Aftermath
In parliament, Glazebrook recorded his vote against the Parliamentary Franchise (Women) Bill. A General Election was due to take place by the end of 1915. By the autumn of 1914, the following candidates had been adopted to contest that election. Unionist Party: Philip Glazebrook, Liberal Party: Sir Arthur Haworth. Due to the outbreak of war, the election never took place. In early 1918 Philip Glazebrook was killed in action. Unionist, Robert Burdon Stoker was returned unopposed in the following by-election. At the 1918 general election, Haworth was Liberal candidate for Manchester Exchange but failed to make a return to parliament.


1912 Marquette Blue and Gold football team
The 1912 Marquette Blue and Gold football team represented the Marquette University during the 1912 college football season.


1912 Marshall Thundering Herd football team
The 1912 Marshall Thundering Herd football team represented Marshall College (now Marshall University) in the 1912 college football season. Marshall posted a 3–4 record, outscoring its opposition 197–94. Home games were played on a campus field called "Central Field" which is presently Campus Commons.


1912 Maryland Aggies football team
The 1912 Maryland Aggies football team represented Maryland Agricultural College (which became Maryland State College in 1916 and part of the University of Maryland in 1920) in the 1912 college football season. In their second season under head coach Curley Byrd, the Aggies compiled a 6–1–1 record and outscored all opponents, 191 to 60.


1912 Massachusetts Aggies football team
The 1912 Massachusetts Aggies football team represented Massachusetts Agricultural College in the 1912 college football season. The team was coached by Arthur Brides and played its home games at Alumni Field in Amherst, Massachusetts. The 1912 season was Brides' first as head coach of the Aggies. Massachusetts finished the season with a record of 2–5–2.


1912 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1912 Massachusetts gubernatorial election took place on November 4, 1912. Democratic Governor Eugene Foss defeated the Republican candidate Joseph H. Walker and Progressive candidate Charles S. Bird.


1912 Massachusetts legislature
The 129th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1912 during the governorship of Eugene Foss. Levi H. Greenwood served as president of the Senate and Grafton D. Cushing served as speaker of the House.


1912 Massachusetts legislature
Notable legislation included the creation of a minimum wage commission.


1912 Maymyo earthquake
The 1912 Maymyo earthquake or 1912 Burma earthquake struck Burma on the morning of May 23, with an epicentre near Taunggyi and Pyin Oo Lwin in Shan State. The earthquake was initially calculated at 8.0 on the surface wave magnitude scale (Ms ) by Beno Gutenberg and Charles Francis Richter, and described by them as being one of the most remarkable seismic events in the early 1900s. Recent re-evaluation of the earthquake, however, have downgraded the magnitude to between 7.6 and 7.7.


1912 Maymyo earthquake
It was preceded by two foreshocks on May 18 and 21 with respective intensities V and VII on the Rossi-Forel scale, while the mainshock was assigned IX. Shaking was felt throughout most of Burma, parts of Siam and Yunnan; an area covering approximately 375,000 square miles. It was one of the largest earthquakes in the country.


1912 Maymyo earthquake, Earthquake
Beno Gutenberg and Charles Francis Richter estimated this earthquake at 8.0 on the surface wave magnitude scale scale in the second edition of their book Seismicity of the Earth and Associated Phenomena published in 1954. Later studies in 1983 and 1992 recalculated the magnitude of the earthquake at 7.6–7.7 Ms . On the moment magnitude scale, the earthquake is estimated to be 7.8 Mw . Other estimates including one in Richter's 1958 book Elementary Seismology and the journal Secular seismic energy release in the circum-Pacific belt by Seweryn J. Duda presented 7.9 Ms .


1912 Maymyo earthquake, Earthquake
Further studies and evaliuation of the earthquake stated that had the earthquake have a magnitude of 8.0 as stated by Gutenberg and Richter, the Kyaukkyan fault would have ruptured for a length of at least 240 km. Field studies and isoseismal data however inferred that the rupture length was only 140 to 160 km, which corresponds to a 7.6–7.7 Ms  earthquake.


1912 Maymyo earthquake, Earthquake, Geology
The earthquake is situated along the Kyaukkyan fault, a 500 km long right-lateral structure running through the Shan plateau. It runs nearly parallel to the more dominant Sagaing fault. Many left and right-lateral faults are situated in the Shan plateau as a result of the rotating Sunda block. Earthquakes are common in this region including a magnitude 7.7 in 1988 and the deadly quake of 2011. The earthquake ruptured a 160 km section of the northernmost segment of the Kyaukkyan Fault. Assuming a magnitude of 7.6–7.7, a maximum offset of 8 to 9 meters is estimated for the event. Other earthquakes have occurred on the same fault in 4660 and 1270 years before present.


1912 Maymyo earthquake, Impact
The number of casualties in this earthquake is not known, but the National Earthquake Information Center catalog stated in the "death description" parameter that "few" deaths occurred with the definition of "few" being around 1 to 50 deaths.


1912 Maymyo earthquake, Impact, Pyin Oo Lwin
Witness reported the sound of thunder during the event. Wooden beams, bricks, and plaster fell from the Governor's House. Two chimneys fell off a station hospital and a roof of a family hospital collapsed. A Baptist church was seen swaying during the earthquake. Shaking intensity probably reached VIII to IX in this area. Many bungalows were damaged and some were unsafe for people. A major rockslide disrupted service on the Burma Railway between Nawnghkio and Hsum-hsai. Ground rupture was visible and a railway track was bent. Landslides occurred in a gorge near Gokteik station, which was also affected. Class A brick masonry buildings suffered serious structural damage corresponding to Grade 4 on the European macroseismic scale (EMS). Numerous landslides were triggered on the nearby mountain ranges and every pagoda in the city was completely obliterated.


1912 Maymyo earthquake, Impact, Mandalay
Many witnesses mentioned difficulties attempting to stand during the event. A cathedral suffered extensive cracking throughout. The Wesleyan School also suffered major damage as a masonry building. Three-quarters of Class A brick buildings and nearly all pagodas and monasteries were damaged. Five buildings suffered total collapse, Grade 5 on the EMS while an additional 31 sustained Grade 4 damage. On the Rossi–Forel scale, the shaking reached IX.


1912 Maymyo earthquake, Impact, Taunggyi
The shock lasted more than a minute there, nearly all chimneys had fallen and military buildings were in critical condition.


1912 Maymyo earthquake, Impact, Mogok
Shaking created cracks in brick buildings and collapsed several pagodas. Landslides damaged water pipelines and cut off power to the city for two nights.


1912 Maymyo earthquake, Impact, Other areas
In places slightly further away from the earthquake such as parts of Shan state, Bago region, Kachin state, Sagaing region, and Kayah state, noises were heard and shaking intensity ranged between VI (Strong) to VII (Very Strong). Some buildings cracked but the shaking was not enough to cause destruction. In Hsipaw, many masonry buildings suffered serious damage, and chimneys collapsed. Liquefaction events took place in many parts.


1912 Maymyo earthquake, Impact, Other areas
In northern and southern Burma, Yunnan, and parts of Siam, the shock had become a gentle rocking sensation and was felt by most of the population. The intensity here was between IV (Light) and V (Moderate). No damage was reported.


1912 Maymyo earthquake, Impact, Other areas
In Rangoon and the Chin Hills, the earthquake was barely perceivable. However, the motion was still strong enough that lamps were seen swinging, oil and water in Seikkyi Kanaungto township was seen to sway about. Akyab marked the extreme point where shaking could still be felt, none was observed past the city.


1912 Maymyo earthquake, Impact, Other areas
The maximum assigned intensity in this earthquake on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale is estimated at VIII (Severe) to IX (Violent).


1912 Mercer Baptists football team
The 1912 Mercer Baptists football team represented Mercer University in the 1912 college football season.


1912 Miami Redskins football team
The 1912 Miami Redskins football team was an American football team that represented Miami Universityas a member of the Ohio Athletic Conference (OAC) during the 1912 college football season. Led by coach James C. Donnelly in his first year, Miami compiled a 3–3–2 record. Donnelly was acting professor of physical education at the school.


1912 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team
The 1912 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team represented Michigan Agricultural College (MAC) in the 1912 college football season. In their second year under head coach John Macklin, the Aggies compiled a 7–1 record and outscored their opponents 297 to 98.


1912 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team, Game summaries, Michigan
On October 12, 1912, the Aggies lost to Michigan by a 55 to 7 score at Ferry Field. It was the seventh game in the Michigan - Michigan State football rivalry, and Michigan had a 5–0–1 record in the six prior meetings, outscoring the Aggies by a combined total of 225 to 6. The Aggies took a 7-0 lead in the first quarter on an 85-yard interception return by left end Blake Miller. The touchdown was the first ever scored by a Michigan Aggies team against Michigan. Michigan tied the score in the second quarter and added 48 points in the second half. Michigan scored eight touchdowns in the game. The game was played in 15-minute quarters.


1912 Michigan State Normal Normalites football team
The 1912 Michigan State Normal Normalites football team represented Michigan State Normal College (later renamed Eastern Michigan University) during the 1912 college football season. In their first season under head coach Leroy Brown, the Normalites compiled a record of 4–2–1 and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 83 to 45. For the second consecutive year, S. B. Crouse was the team captain.


1912 Michigan Wolverines football team
The 1912 Michigan Wolverines football team represented the University of Michigan in the 1912 college football season. The team's head coach was Fielding H. Yost in his 12th year at Michigan. The Wolverines compiled a record of 5–2 and outscored opponents 158 to 65.


1912 Michigan Wolverines football team
The team's captain and fullback George C. Thomson was also the leading scorer with 49 points on eight touchdowns and one extra point. Two Michigan players, Miller Pontius and Jimmy Craig, were consensus All-Western players. Pontius was also selected as a first-team All-American by Alfred Harvey.


1912 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season
In May 1912, the University of Michigan and the University of Pennsylvania jointly announced that they had signed an agreement to continue their annual football rivalry games through the 1915 season. Since leaving the Big Ten Conference, Michigan had played annual rivalry games against Penn at or near the end of the season. Penn was one of the dominant football programs of the era, winning seven national championships between 1894 and 1912.


1912 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season
In June 1912, the Detroit Free Press wrote that, with eight varsity letter winners returning from the 1911 team, Michigan's football prospects were the "brightest in years."


1912 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season
In early August 1912, invitations were sent to candidates for the football team for training camp at Ferry Field in mid-September. Instead of holding training camp at Whitmore Lake, Michigan, as had been the tradition for several years, the 1912 training camp was held on campus. On the eve of the opening of training camp, Michigan announced that former Michigan star, Henry Schulte, would join Fielding H. Yost's staff as an assistant coach. Stung by fumbles in past years, Coach Yost posted a sign on the door of the training house at Ferry Field that read, "No butterfingers need apply."


1912 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season
On September 23, 1912, the Detroit Free Press reported from training camp that one of the Michigan players had broken the program's marathon eating record. The player, who asked that his identity not be disclosed, reportedly required two waiters "to minister to his wants alone."


1912 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season
At the team's lunch on September 22, the player consumed a bowl of cream of tomato soup, a dish of celery, "half a dozen or so bunches of grapes," a dish of crackers, more than ten slices of bread and butter, two helpings of chicken, "three thick slices of roast beef with brown gravy," four side dishes of potatoes, two side orders of string beans, three dishes of ice cream, two dishes of rice pudding, two glasses of milk, and a pitcher of water. The meal was consumed in "the fast time of 2:13." After the contest, Michigan's trainer Stephen Farrell aid, "More could not have been asked," to which the person in charge of feeding the team replied, "More would not have been given."


1912 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season
On the day before the season opener, Coach Yost declined to give the press his final starting lineup. He noted that George C. Paterson would start at center with George C. Thomson at fullback and Jimmy Craig at left halfback. However, questions remained as to whether Yost would start Herbert Huebel or Michael Boyle at quarterback and Miller Pontius or Roy Torbet at left end.


1912 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Case
Michigan opened its 1912 season with a 34–0 victory over the team from Cleveland's Case Scientific School. The game was the 16th meeting between the two programs. Michigan had won 14 times and tied once.


1912 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Case
The game was played in hot weather in front of a crowd totaling somewhat over 6,000 persons at Ferry Field in Ann Arbor. The Detroit Free Press wrote that the heat slowed both teams and "made anything except pop hard work." Halfback Jimmy Craig and fullback George C. Thomson were the principal ground gainers for Michigan. The Free Press praised Craig for his "wonderful 'crooked' running" and Thomson for his accurate forward passing, solid defense, and for "hitting the line like a wild engine." Michigan scored three touchdowns in the first half, two by Thomson and one by Herbert Huebel. Craig and Thomas Bushnell also scored touchdowns in the fourth quarter. George C. Paterson kicked four extra points.


1912 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Case
The game was played in 15-minute quarters. Michigan's lineup against Case was Pontius, Peterson and Wyman (left end), Cole and Musser (left tackle), Clem Quinn (left guard), Paterson (center), Allmendinger (right guard), Raynsford and McHale (right tackle), Barton (right end), Huebel, Boyle and Bushnell (quarterback), Craig and Hughitt (left halfback), Carpell, Torbet, and Collette (right halfback), and Thomson and Cyril Quinn (fullback).


1912 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Michigan Agricultural
In the second week of the season, Michigan defeated Michigan Agricultural College by a 55–7 score at Ferry Field. It was the seventh game in the Michigan - Michigan State football rivalry, and Michigan had a 5–0–1 record in the six prior meetings, outscoring the Aggies by a combined total of 225 to 6.


1912 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Michigan Agricultural
The Aggies took a 7-0 lead in the first quarter on an 85-yard interception return by left end Blake Miller. The touchdown was the first ever scored by a Michigan Aggies team against Michigan. Michigan tied the score in the second quarter and added 48 points in the second half. Michigan scored eight touchdowns in the game, two each by Jimmy Craig and Tommy Hughitt and one each by George C. Thomson, Herbert Huebel, Charles Barton, and Thomas Bushnell. George C. Paterson kicked seven extra points for Michigan.


1912 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Michigan Agricultural
The game was played in 15-minute quarters. Michigan's lineup against the Aggies was Pontius, Peterson, Wyman and Bleich (left end), Raynsford and Cole (left tackle), Quinn and Musser (left guard), Paterson (center), Allmendinger (right guard), McHale (right tackle), Torbet and Barton (right end), Huebel and Bushnell (quarterback), Craig and Hughitt (left halfback), Carpell and Collette (right halfback), and Thomson and Cyril Quinn (fullback).


1912 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Ohio State
In the third week of the season, Michigan defeated Ohio State by a 14–0 score at Columbus, Ohio. It was the 14th game in the Michigan - Ohio State football rivalry, and Michigan had an 11–0–2 record in the 13 prior meetings. On October 19, 1912, more than 500 Michigan supporters traveled on a special train to Columbus to attend the game.


1912 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Ohio State
Michigan's touchdowns were scored by Jimmy Craig and George C. Thomson. George C. Paterson kicked both extra points. The game was played in front of a crowd of 9,000 persons, the largest to watch a Michigan-Ohio State game up to that time. With Ohio State having been admitted into the Western Conference for the 1913 season, the 1912 Michigan-Ohio State game marked the close of athletic relations between the schools. Michigan and Ohio State did not resume their football rivalry until 1918, when Michigan returned to the conference.


1912 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Ohio State
After the Ohio State game, the Detroit Free Press wrote: "The material is undoubtedly on hand to make the team one of the greatest that has ever worn the Maize and Blue but the men are not playing together nor are they putting up the game that they seem to be capable. Individually the squad contains many stars and players of good calibre but collectively the team is mediocre."


1912 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Ohio State
The game was played in 15-minute quarters. Michigan's lineup against Ohio State (starters listed first) was Pontius (left end), Cole (left tackle), Quinn (left guard), Paterson and Musser (center), Allmendinger (right guard), McHale (right tackle), Barton and Torbet (right end), Huebel and Bushnell (quarterback), Craig and Collette (left halfback), Carpell and Hughitt (right halfback), and Thomson (fullback). Horatio Hackett was the referee, and Paul Hoagland was the umpire.


1912 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Syracuse
In the fourth week of the season, Michigan lost to Syracuse by an 18–7 score at Standard Oil Stadium in Syracuse, New York. It was Michigan's fifth game against Syracuse, with Michigan having a 2–1–1 record in the four prior meetings.


1912 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Syracuse
The game was played in light rain and on a wet field. The day before the game, E. A. Batchelor described the condition of the field in the Detroit Free Press: "Judging by the condition of the Standard Oil stadium tomorrow's football game between Michigan and Syracuse is more likely to be a test of seamanship than of speed, strength and strategy. When it comes to collecting and retaining water, the local gridiron asks no odds of the Atlantic ocean. . . .


1912 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Syracuse
Syracuse is rather tickled over the especially fine crop of mud now ripening in the stadium, but Yost doesn't like it a bit. . . . On a hard, dry gridiron Michigan undoubtedly would be a top-heavy favorite over the Orange. . . . In the approaching amphibious test, however, everybody seems to look for a bad football game in which the worst team may win."


1912 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Syracuse
Michigan took a 7–0 lead in the first quarter on a 70-yard scoring drive capped with a three-yard run by fullback George C. Thomson and an extra point by Herbert Huebel. Michigan was held scoreless in the remaining three quarters, and Syracuse scored a touchdown in each of those quarters. Michigan center Charles Barton was blamed for five bad long snaps to Thomson that "proved disastrous for the Ann Arborites." Syracuse halfback Castle scored two touchdowns. Syracuse's final touchdown followed a fumble by Huebel that was returned 45 yards by Castle.


1912 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Syracuse
Michigan's lineup against Syracuse was Torbet and Tessin (left end), Cole (left tackle), Quinn (left guard), Barton and Musser (center), Allmendinger (right guard), McHale (right tackle), Pontius and Carpell (right end), Huebel and Bushnell (quarterback), Craig (left halfback), Hughitt and Boyle (right halfback), and Thomson (fullback). Pendleton was the referee, and Hinkey was the umpire.


1912 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, South Dakota
In the fifth week of the season, Michigan defeated the South Dakota Coyotes by a 7–6 score at Ferry Field. The game was the first and only meeting between the two football programs. The 1912 South Dakota football team was 5–0 in its other games and outscored those opponents 234 to 6, including a 10–0 shutout victory over Minnesota at Minneapolis and a 73–6 victory over South Dakota State. In the Detroit Free Press, E. A. Batchelor wrote that South Dakota was an "unknown quantity," and the game was "impossible to 'dope'."


1912 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, South Dakota
South Dakota took a 6–0 lead with a touchdown in the second quarter. Michigan took the lead with less than a minute left in the game  on a touchdown by George C. Thomson and an extra point kick by George C. Paterson.


1912 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, South Dakota
Michigan's lineup against South Dakota was Torbet (left end), Cole and Musser (left tackle), Quinn (left guard), Paterson (center), Allmendinger (right guard), Pontius (right tackle), Carpell (right end), Huebel (quarterback), Craig (left halfback), Boyle and Hughitt (right halfback), and Thomson (fullback).


1912 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Penn
On November 9, 1912, Michigan lost to the Penn Quakers, 27–21, at Franklin Field in Philadelphia. The 1912 game was the eighth meeting between the schools. Penn won the first four games, and Michigan went 2–0–1 from 1909 to 1911.


1912 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Penn
The game was played in cold weather and heavy winds. Michigan took a 21–0 lead in the game, but Penn staged a comeback culminating in a long touchdown run in the final minute of the game. Herbert Huebel ran for Michigan's first touchdown, and George C. Paterson kicked the extra point. Michigan scored again on the next drive, this time on a touchdown run by George C. Thomson. Paterson kicked the extra point, and Michigan led 14–0 at the end of the first quarter. In the second quarter, Thomson scored again, and Paterson kicked the extra point to give Michigan a 21–0 lead. Late in the second quarter, Penn scored to cut the lead to 21–7 at halftime.


1912 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Penn
Penn held Michigan scoreless in the second half while scoring three touchdowns. In the fourth quarter, Penn cut Michigan's lead to 21–20 but missed the extra point attempt that would have tied the game. In the final minute of play, Michigan was forced to punt. Penn's quarterback Marshall took the punt at midfield and returned it 55 yards to give Penn a 26–21 lead. The crowd at Franklin Field swarmed onto the field, and a lengthy delay ensued as the police drove thousands of Penn fans from the field. When play resumed, Penn kicked the extra point to extend its lead to 27–21. With less than a minute left in the game, Michigan threw three forward passes, all of which were incomplete.


1912 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Penn
Michigan's lineup against Penn was Torbet (left end), Cole (left tackle), Quinn (left guard), Paterson and Musser (center), Allmendinger (right guard), Pontius (right tackle), Carpell and Barton (right end), Huebel and Bushnell (quarterback), Craig (left halfback), Hughitt and Boyle (right halfback), and Thomson (fullback).


1912 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Cornell
In the final week of the season, Michigan defeated Cornell by a 20–7 score at Ferry Field. The game was the tenth meeting between Michigan and Cornell. Michigan had a record of 1–8 in the first nine games.


1912 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Cornell
Michigan took a 7–0 lead in the first quarter on a forward pass from Roy Torbet to Miller Pontius. Cornell tied the game with a touchdown in the second quarter. The game remained tied going into the fourth quarter. Michigan took the lead on a touchdown pass from Herbert Huebel to Pontius. Michigan's final touchdown was scored by Huebel on a 55-yard punt return in the last minute of the game. George C. Thomson and George C. Paterson each kicked an extra point.


1912 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Cornell
Michigan's lineup against Cornell was Torbet (left end), Cole (left tackle), Quinn (left guard), Paterson (center), Allmendinger and Raynsford (right guard), Musser (right tackle), Pontius (right end), Huebel (quarterback), Craig and Collette (left halfback), Hughitt (right halfback), and Thomson (fullback).


1912 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Post-season
At the end of the 1912 season, Miller Pontius was the only Michigan player to receive first-team All-America honors. He was selected as a first-team All-American by Alfred Harvey.


1912 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Post-season
Several Michigan players received first-team All-Westerns honors. Pontius and Jimmy Craig were consensus picks. The Michigan players chosen by the various All-Western selectors were:


1912 Michigan Wolverines football team, Players, Varsity letter winners
The following players won varsity "M" letters for their participation on the 1912 football team:


1912 Michigan gubernatorial election
The 1912 Michigan gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1912. Democratic nominee Woodbridge Nathan Ferris defeated Republican candidate Amos S. Musselman with 35.35% of the vote.


1912 Middle Tennessee State Normal football team
The 1912 Middle Tennessee State Normal football team represented the Middle Tennessee State Normal School (now known as Middle Tennessee State University) during the 1912 college football season.


1912 Midlothian by-election
The Midlothian by-election was a Parliamentary by-election. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP)  to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.


1912 Midlothian by-election, Vacancy
The  Alexander Murray had been Liberal MP for Midlothian a.k.a. Edinburghshire, since 1900. He was raised to the peerage as Baron Murray of Elibank, in the County of Selkirk.


1912 Midlothian by-election, Candidates
The Liberal candidate chosen to defend the seat was  Alexander Shaw. He was a 29-year-old Barrister who had been educated in Edinburgh. The Unionists again selected John Hope who had fought the seat at the last election. He was a 43-year-old soldier. The Labour party, which had never before contested the seat, fielded Robert Brown. He was a local man, having been elected Provost of Dalkeith. He was also Secretary of the Scottish Miners Federation. When the vacancy became known, the Unionists quickly re-adopted Hope to enable them to immediately start the campaign.


1912 Midlothian by-election, Candidates
Arthur Henderson the Secretary of the national Labour party met the Scottish Miners Federation, where it was agreed that a Labour candidate would contest the seat. It was clear that this was likely to be Provost Brown. The Liberals were expected to adopt Shaw, however, the outgoing Liberal MP, the Master of Elibank, felt that the Liberal Association should not field a candidate but support Brown, who had strong Liberal sympathies, if he was the Labour candidate. Elibank's telegram to the Chairman of Midlothian Liberals, in which he outlined his views and praised the qualities of Brown, was made public. Elibank had just stepped down as Liberal Party Chief Whip, so was still close to Liberal Prime Minister, H. H. Asquith. However, the Midlothian Liberals decided to select Shaw and Brown was selected by Labour, so a three-way contest was assured.


1912 Midlothian by-election, Campaign
The constituency had returned Liberals at every election since 1874, however, with a Labour candidate in the field, the election was expected to be less than straightforward. Brown's Labour campaign joined with the Unionists in criticising David Lloyd George's National Insurance Act. Despite his past Liberal sympathies, Brown was to be found campaigning for the nationalisation of land and the nationalisation of mines. The Labour party campaign received the active support of the Scottish Federation of Women's Suffrage Societies. The Liberal party campaign received the backing of T.P.O'Connor and the United Irish League who urged the 600-700 Irish miners in the constituency to vote Liberal, due to the work the Liberal Government was doing on the Irish Home Rule Bill.


1912 Midlothian by-election, Aftermath
A General Election was due to take place by the end of 1915. By the summer of 1914, the following candidates had been adopted to contest that election. Due to the outbreak of war, the election never took place.


1912 Midlothian by-election, Aftermath
Shaw was elected unopposed as the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Kilmarnock Burghs at a by-election in 1915,In 1918 when the constituency was split, Hope was elected as Unionist member for Midlothian North and Peebles.


1912 Milan–San Remo
The 1912 Milan–San Remo was the 6th edition of the Milan–San Remo cycle race and was held on 31 March 1912. The race started in Milan and finished in San Remo. The race was won by Henri Pélissier.


1912 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team
The 1912 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team represented the University of Minnesota in the 1912 college football season. In their 13th year under head coach Henry L. Williams, the Golden Gophers compiled a 4–3 record (2–2 against Western Conference opponents) and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 87 to 38.


1912 Minnesota gubernatorial election
The 1912 Minnesota gubernatorial election took place on November 5, 1912. Republican Party of Minnesota candidate Adolph Olson Eberhart defeated Democratic Party of Minnesota challenger Peter M. Ringdal.


1912 Minnesota gubernatorial election, Republican primary, Background
In 1909, then-Lieutenant Governor Adolph Eberhart ascended to the governorship after the death of Democratic Governor John A. Johnson. Eberhart entered office during a time of political upheaval in Minnesota.


1912 Minnesota gubernatorial election, Republican primary, Background
The Democrats had not won the governorship in Minnesota from 1860 until nearly 1900 when John Lind was elected Governor in 1898 in a union ticket with the People's Party. Since then, Democrats had been able to consolidate significant third-party movements in Minnesota and had won the governorship in 1904, 1906, and 1908 under Governor John A. Johnson whose reforms had won him bipartisan appeal. He was compared to Abraham Lincoln and was hailed as an "idol of the people."


1912 Minnesota gubernatorial election, Republican primary, Background
However, Democrats had not successfully consolidated all third parties in Minnesota. The Prohibition Party, formerly allied with the Republicans, was gaining strength in the run up to the passage of the 18th Amendment. Additionally, a Socialist Party popular with Scandinavian immigrants had sprung up on the Iron Range under the name of the Public Ownership Party.


1912 Minnesota gubernatorial election, Republican primary, Background
Not only were Republicans contending with a newly strong Democratic Party and insurgent third parties, but also with a significant rebellion from their own voters. Just as such a rift had festered in the presidential election, the divide between progressive Republicans and reactionary Republicans grew to a fever pitch in Minnesota. Progressive Republicans held that reactionary Republicans (like Governor Eberhart) had been using their political machine to hold up popular reforms of the day, like referenda, recall elections, and railroad regulations.


1912 Minnesota gubernatorial election, Republican primary, Background
All these factors were amplified by the fact that this was Minnesota's first ever statewide primary in 1912.


1912 Minnesota gubernatorial election, Republican primary, Campaign
Early in 1912, it was speculated that incumbent Senator Knute Nelson would not be running for a third term under a new Minnesota law that provided for the direct election of United States Senators. Governor Eberhart reportedly dashed his plans of running for reelection and was planning on running for Nelson's seat. Days later, however, Eberhart announced his plans to run for reelection on January 12th after Nelson announced his run for the Senate.


1912 Minnesota gubernatorial election, Republican primary, Campaign
Three days later, former Speaker of the Minnesota House William E. Lee and Lieutenant Governor Sam Y. Gordon threw their hats in the ring. At an event in Browns Valley, Gordon characterized his run for Governor "as a challenge of the right of... [ business] interests to dominate public affairs, and to dictate party policies."


1912 Minnesota gubernatorial election, Republican primary, Campaign
In early February, Lewis C. Spooner, a more traditional Republican, was reportedly encouraging Edwin H. Canfield, a former State Senator from Luverne, to run for Governor and take votes from Eberhart. Canfield declined, which forced Spooner into the race by April.


1912 Minnesota gubernatorial election, Republican primary, Campaign
Starting in May, non-binding Republican county conventions showed deep distaste for the incumbent governor. At the first convention in Kandiyohi County, Eberhart did not carry a single precinct.


1912 Minnesota gubernatorial election, Republican primary, Campaign
After the passage of the bill calling for Minnesota's first statewide primary, Edward Young, of Appleton, announced his candidacy for the governorship in late June. In early July, a political newcomer by the name of Martin Falk jumped into the race. He was considered so obscure that the Duluth Herald remarked that he would "very likely never be Governor of Minnesota."


1912 Minnesota gubernatorial election, Republican primary, Campaign
By late July, a rift had formed between the serious candidates. After the contentious 1912 Republican National Convention, Gordon announced that he would not support William Taft's candidacy and would support Teddy Roosevelt's bid instead. Eberhart and Spooner vowed to support the party's choice of Taft. This, coupled with the announcement that the primary would be ranked-choice, inspired Eberhart's campaign to publish a paper denouncing Lee, Gordon, and Young, but leaving critiques of Spooner out, thus offering Spooner a tacit endorsement for second choice. Later, Young announced that he would support Democrat Woodrow Wilson in the presidential election.


1912 Minnesota gubernatorial election, Republican primary, Campaign
The 1912 harvest season was especially strong in Minnesota, which left farmers too busy to attend political rallies. The candidates all abandoned their speaking tours for weeks during August as no one could rally enough support to fill a hall. One farmer remarked "My wheat means more to me than who is going to be elected."


1912 Minnesota gubernatorial election, Republican primary, Campaign
In late August, as the primary date approached, progressive Republicans worried that their candidates were splitting the anti-Eberhart vote. They had hoped the second-choice provision on ballots would save them, but voters were increasingly skeptical of the option. Notably, Gordon's campaign manager quit and Gordon nearly dropped out.


1912 Minnesota gubernatorial election, Republican primary, Campaign
The final days of the campaign were marked with controversy over the second-choice provision and endorsements from various groups and politicians. The Duluth Herald proclaimed the coming primary to be the "Last Stand of [the] Republican Machine."


1912 Minnesota gubernatorial election, Republican primary, Results
For this primary, the Minnesota Republican Party used a ranked-choice system. In its implementation, the system was mistrusted by voters who believed their first choices would be ignored for their second choices by party operatives. As a result, less than 10% of voters indicated a second choice. Only second choices were allowed.


1912 Minnesota gubernatorial election, Democratic primary, Background
Minnesota had been a Republican stronghold for decades, but it appeared that this Republican dominance was waning. The Republicans, divided between their reactionary and progressive factions, were more concerned with fighting among themselves than fighting the historically weak Minnesota Democratic Party. Having built something of a bench in the state, Minnesota Democrats were optimistic for 1912, as were outside observers. The Duluth Herald remarked that "there was never a time in Minnesota when the Democratic outlook was so bright."


1912 Minnesota gubernatorial election, Democratic primary, Campaign
Peter M. Ringdal was first mentioned for the governorship early in 1912, along with other Minnesota Democrats. He was known as a "true progressive" and one of the leaders of the progressive movement in Minnesota. One paper remarked that Ringdal was the Nestor of Minnesota progressives.


1912 Minnesota gubernatorial election, Democratic primary, Campaign
In March, prominent members of the Minnesota Democratic Party met to discuss the coming party convention and primary. In their meeting, they expressed that they believed Woodrow Wilson would receive the state's Democratic delegates. They also expressed confidence that then-Congressman Winfield Scott Hammond would be a good candidate for governor, though they would settle for Ringdal as a decent second choice.


1912 Minnesota gubernatorial election, Democratic primary, Campaign
In April, the Minneapolis Democratic Party endorsed Charles M. Andrist, a French language professor at the University of Minnesota. Andrist had not yet decided to run for governor, so the endorsement came as a surprise. On May 23, Andrist officially entered the race and unveiled his platform at a banquet in Minneapolis. His platform included some favorite progressive reforms of the day, like the popular election of Senators, campaign finance reforms, and allowing high schools to teach agricultural studies.


1912 Minnesota gubernatorial election, Democratic primary, Campaign
In late July, both Ringdal and Andrist officially paid the $50 filing fee. The Democratic organization in Minnesota asked Andrist to withdraw and support Ringdal to boost their chances of winning in the general election. This was part of a theme that year: the Democratic organization, sensing a weakly united Republican organization, was seeking to forward their strongest ticket without any primary challenges. However, their attempt to crowd out Andrist seems to have emboldened another professor, who told many that he had decided to run for governor: Peter M. Magnusson of St. Cloud. He never officially filed, however, and did not appear on primary ballots.


1912 Minnesota gubernatorial election, Democratic primary, Campaign
As the campaign got underway, Ringdal positioned himself as a progressive Democrat. His platform supported popular reforms such as initiative and referendum, workmen's compensation, and a progressive tax structure. Though Andrist, Ringdal's only competitor, was understood to be a man of "high character," he remained an unknown entity whose platform was not well-known and who was without a particularly organized campaign.


1912 Minnesota gubernatorial election, Democratic primary, Campaign
On Labor Day, Ringdal was joined by progressive Republican James Peterson to speak at the Labor Day festivities in Duluth. He spoke at length in support of unions and of breaking up trusts.


1912 Minnesota gubernatorial election, Democratic primary, Campaign
In the final weeks of the campaign, observers accused Ringdal of being the candidate of the "Democrat machine," just as they had accused Governor Eberhart of being a product of the Republican "machine." It was noted that Ringdal campaigned little compared to Andrist and was seemingly expecting the nomination without having to campaign.


1912 Minnesota gubernatorial election, Democratic primary, Campaign
In the final days of the campaign, it was remarked by many local newspapers that Ringdal was the heavy favorite.


1912 Minnesota lieutenant gubernatorial election
The 1912 Minnesota lieutenant gubernatorial election took place on November 5, 1912. Republican Party of Minnesota candidate J. A. A. Burnquist defeated Minnesota Democratic Party challenger Winn Powers, Public Ownership Party candidate D. M. Robertson, and Prohibition Party candidate George H. Andrews.


1912 Mississippi A&M Aggies football team
The 1912 Mississippi A&M Aggies football team represented the Mississippi A&M Aggies of Agricultural and Mechanical College of the State of Mississippi during the 1912 college football season. Fullback Paul A. Reule was All-Southern.


1912 Mississippi Normal Normalites football team
The 1912 Mississippi Normal Normalites football team was an American football team that represented Mississippi Normal College (now known as the University of Southern Mississippi) as an independent during the 1912 college football season. In their only year under head coach Ronald J. Slay, the team compiled a 2–1 record.


1912 Missouri Tigers football team
The 1912 Missouri Tigers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Missouri in the Missouri Valley Conference (MVC) during the 1912 college football season. The team compiled a 5–3 record (2–3 against MVC opponents), finished in fourth place in the conference, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 135 to 69. Chester Brewer was the head coach for the second of three seasons. The team played its home games at Rollins Field in Columbia, Missouri.


1912 Missouri gubernatorial election
The 1912 Missouri gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1912 and resulted in a victory for the Democratic nominee, Missouri Attorney General Elliot Woolfolk Major, over the Republican candidate, former Lt. Gov. John C. McKinley, Progressive Albert D. Nortoni, and candidates representing the Socialist, Prohibition, and Socialist Labor parties.


1912 Montana football team
The 1912 Montana football team represented the University of Montana in the 1912 college football season. They were led by first-year head coach Wallace Philoon, played their home games at Dornblaser Field and finished the season with a record of four wins and three losses (4–3).


1912 Montana gubernatorial election
The 1912 Montana gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1912.


1912 Montana gubernatorial election
Democratic nominee Sam V. Stewart defeated Republican nominee Harry L. Wilson, Progressive nominee Frank J. Edwards and Socialist nominee Lewis Johnstone Duncan with 31.81% of the vote.


1912 Morris Harvey football team
The 1912 Morris Harvey football team represented the Morris Harvey College—now known as the University of Charleston– in Charleston, West Virginia during the 1912 college football season.


1912 Mürefte earthquake
The 1912 Mürefte earthquake occurred at 03:29 local time on 9 August. It had an estimated magnitude of 7.4 Mw and a maximum intensity of X (Extreme) on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale, causing from 216–3000 casualties.


1912 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans
The 1912 College Basketball All-American team, as chosen retroactively by the Helms Athletic Foundation. The player highlighted in gold was chosen as the Helms Foundation College Basketball Player of the Year retroactively in 1944.


1912 NCAA baseball season
The 1912 NCAA baseball season, play of college baseball in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) began in the spring of 1912. Play largely consisted of regional matchups, some organized by conferences, and ended in June. No national championship event was held until 1947.


1912 NCAA baseball season, Conference winners
This is a partial list of conference champions from the 1912 season.


1912 NSWRFL season
The 1912 New South Wales Rugby Football League premiership was the fifth season of Sydney’s rugby league club competition, Australia’s first. Eight teams from across the city contested during the season for the premiership and the Royal Agricultural Society Challenge Shield.


1912 NSWRFL season, Season summary
From 1912 to 1925, the team finishing on top of the ladder after the home-and-away rounds was automatically deemed premiers unless two clubs were on equal points at this point in which case a final was held. This move by the New South Wales Rugby League may well have been in response to Eastern Suburbs’ victory in the season before, where they overcame minor premiers Glebe in two successive finals to claim the premiership.


1912 NSWRFL season, Season summary
With four rounds remaining in the 1912 season, Eastern Suburbs and Glebe were clearly ahead of the rest of the teams and it looked unlikely that they would be caught. The two clubs were matched up against each other in Round 11 at the Sydney Sports Ground in what would ultimately decide the fate of the premiership, with Glebe just two points behind Eastern Suburbs on the ladder. In front of 25,000 people, the two clubs played out a closely fought match in muddy conditions. Dally Messenger was able to break a 4–4 deadlock late in the match by kicking a field goal after a scrum win close to the sideline and win the game 6–4 for Eastern Suburbs.


1912 NSWRFL season, Season summary
With a four-point premiership lead and only three rounds to play, Eastern Suburbs, who had only lost one game before in the season to eventual third-placed Newtown, looked uncatchable. That turned out to be the case, with Eastern Suburbs winning their remaining three games to take away the premiership.


1912 NSWRFL season, Season summary
Also this season Pratten Park became the Western Suburbs club’s homeground.


1912 NSWRFL season, Premiers
Eastern Suburbs won the premiership when they beat Norths at North Sydney Oval 15-10 on 17 August. The premiership squad was:


1912 NYU Violets football team
The 1912 NYU Violets football team was an American football team that represented New York University as an independent during the 1912 college football season. In their sixth year under head coach Herman Olcott, the team compiled a 2–6 record.


1912 Navy Midshipmen football team
The 1912 Navy Midshipmen football team represented the United States Naval Academy during the 1912 college football season. In their second season under head coach Douglas Legate Howard, the team compiled a 6–3 record, shut out four opponents, and defeated its opponents by a combined score of 126 to 61.


1912 Navy Midshipmen football team
The annual Army–Navy Game was played on November 30 at Franklin Field in Philadelphia; Navy won 6–0.


1912 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team
The 1912 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team represented the University of Nebraska in the 1912 college football season. The team was coached by second-year head coach Ewald O. Stiehm and played its home games at Nebraska Field in Lincoln, Nebraska. They competed as members of the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MVIAA).


1912 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team
On October 26, Nebraska defeated Adrian, beginning a 34-game unbeaten streak that lasted until November 18, 1916.


1912 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Roster
Allen, E.D. CFrank, Ernest HBFreitag, Albert GHalligan, Vic FBHarman, Dewey RTHoward, Warren EMastin, Guy EMcCormick LGMulligan, Harold EPearson, Monte LTPotter, Herbert QBPurdy, Leonard HBRoss, Clinton RGSwanson, Caesar LGTowle, Max QB


1912 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, at Minnesota
Nebraska's defense fended off several long Minnesota drives in the first half, which ended scoreless. After a Minnesota touchdown to open the second half, Nebraska used a 72-yard run to get to Minnesota's three-yard line. However, an interception was returned for a second Gophers touchdown and NU was held scoreless for the rest of the game.


1912 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Adrian
This was the only meeting between Adrian and Nebraska. Both teams played without regular starters due to injury. Three Nebraska starters were out; Harman, Meyer, and Potter. Five Adrian starters did not make the trip from Michigan due to injury leaving a total of 15 players.


1912 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Adrian
Nebraska scored three touchdowns in the first half and sent in many replacements once it was obvious Adrian couldn't keep up. Local news reported that the forward pass was used frequently by both teams. Nebraska completed 4 of 10 attempts for 57 yards while Adrian completed 2 of 5 for 0 yards.


1912 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Oklahoma
This was the first meeting in what would become one of college football's most storied rivalries.


1912 Nebraska gubernatorial election
The 1912 Nebraska gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1912.


1912 Nebraska gubernatorial election
Incumbent Republican Governor Chester Hardy Aldrich was defeated for re-election by Democratic nominee John H. Morehead.


1912 Nebraska gubernatorial election, Bibliography
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1912 New Brunswick general election
The 1912 New Brunswick general election was held on 20 June 1912, to elect 48 members to the 33rd New Brunswick Legislative Assembly, the governing house of the province of New Brunswick, Canada. The election was held before the adoption of party labels.


1912 New Brunswick general election
Of forty-eight MLAs, forty-four supported the government, two formed the opposition, and the other two were neutral independent Conservatives. The government of James Kidd Flemming was re-elected.


1912 New Brunswick general election, Further reading
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1912 New Brunswick general election, Further reading
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1912 New Hampshire gubernatorial election
The 1912 New Hampshire gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1912. Democratic nominee Samuel D. Felker defeated Republican nominee Franklin Worcester with 41.07% of the vote.


1912 New Mexico A&M Aggies football team
The 1912 New Mexico A&M Aggies football team was an American football team that represented New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts (now known as New Mexico State University) during the 1912 college football season. In their third year under head coach Art Badenoch, the Aggies compiled a 5–1 record, shut out four opponents, and outscored all opponents by a total of 256 to 17. The team played its home games on Miller Field, sometimes also referred to as College Field.


1912 New Year Honours
The New Year Honours 1912 were appointments by King George V to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by members of the British Empire. They were announced on 29 December 1911.


1912 New York City waiters' strike
The 1912 New York City waiters’ strike began on May 7, 1912 at the Belmont Hotel and was the first general strike for waiters and hotel workers in New York City history. That day over 150 hotel workers walked out as a sign of protest against their poor working conditions. The strike was organized by Joseph James Ettor and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) in conjunction with the Hotel Workers' International Union. At the height of the strike there were 54 hotels and 30 restaurants and other establishments without their staff. This amounted to 2,500 waiters, 1,000 cooks, and 3,000 other striking hotel workers. The strike continued through the rest of May but police began reprimanding protestors, making many of them go back to work. The strike officially ended on June 25, 1912.


1912 New York City waiters' strike, Rise of Strike
On May 7, 1912, a group of 150–300 waiters and other hotel staff walked out in the middle of a meal service at the Belmont Hotel in New York City. Upon leaving the Belmont Hotel, workers held signs and communicated their demands to the public, before being dispersed by police. The main demands for the hotel workers were:


1912 New York City waiters' strike, Rise of Strike
Sanitary lockers and restrooms for hotel employees, No fines for hotel workers who belonged to a union, No unjust discrimination against employees due to union affiliation.


1912 New York City waiters' strike, Rise of Strike
After this initial walkout, many other hotel employees started following suit. The IWW then created the Hotel Workers’ International Union. The next day the state labor employment bureau announced that the strike had ended, but the union announced that they were still on strike due to the unsatisfactory treatment of waiters who were union members. By May 15, 1912, around 150 employees from the Waldorf Astoria and the Vanderbilt also walked out to join the waiters’ strike.


1912 New York City waiters' strike, Rise of Strike
On May 15 the a representative from the state labor employment bureau met with a member of the Hotel Workers' International Union to discuss the strike, and on May 17 a list of demands was created for the hotel workers. The New York Labor Bulletin stated that the union demanded one day off a week, a maximum ten-hour workday, sanitary lockers, overtime pay, and no fines for being a union member.


1912 New York City waiters' strike, Rise of Strike
On May 23, 1912, six of New York City's leading hotels with union affiliated employees had their thousands of waiters, bus boys, cooks, and other hotel staff walk out of their respective hotels. The union members scheduled to meet with the Hotel Men's Association on May 24, 1912, to discuss the terms of the end of the strike, however four days prior to the meeting the Hotel Men's Association cancelled stating that it could not meet due to a disturbance that happened at a union rally the previous Sunday.


1912 New York City waiters' strike, The IWW and the Hotel Workers' International Union
In 1912 the IWW had been very successful in its organizing, and created the Hotel Workers' International Union. Before the IWW became involved in the 1912 New York City waiters' strike, the only union in place for hotel workers was the Hotel and Restaurant Employees and Bartenders International Union, which had about 2,000 members, most of whom were bartenders in local bars. Many waiters could not even afford the high membership dues that were required for the union, which effectively kept out lower-class workers who found themselves working in higher-class establishments.


1912 New York City waiters' strike, The IWW and the Hotel Workers' International Union
This union was originally going to fight against the Hotel Men's Association; however, it was very disorganized, had trouble mobilizing its members, and excluded many of the workers who wanted to participate in the strike. In an attempt to accommodate lower-class waiters, the Hotel and Restaurant Employees and Bartenders International Union tried to make a waiter specific branch to their union called Local 5.


1912 New York City waiters' strike, The IWW and the Hotel Workers' International Union
However, when organizers continued to run into issues with the union attached to Local 5, another union was created by Joseph Estler, a former Local 5 organizer, in conjunction with the IWW to further the rights of hotel waiters and other hotel employees called the Hotel Workers' International Union. Joseph Ettor, a leader of the IWW took charge of the 1912 strike. But when the 1912 strike ultimately failed, the IWW withdrew their support leaving only a select few behind to help lead the Hotel Workers' International Union, mainly Ettor and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, who led the 1913 New Year's strike for the union.


1912 New York City waiters' strike, Backlash
By May 30, 1912, waiters and other hotel workers had left over 17 establishments, including Sherry's, Mouquin's, Vanderbilt, Waldorf, Prince George, Breslin, Rector's, the Hotel Knickerbocker, Bustanoby's, and the Plaza. Hotel owners continued to ignore the demands of the union members, stating that they would only deal with their workers when they came back on their own, without the union. Union members observed that higher-class eating and hotel establishments rarely ever accommodated outside labor organizations. By this time, the Hotel Workers’ International Union was receiving major harassment from the police and media outlets. The Herald is quoted saying, “It is inconceivable that any properly managed establishment could afford to do anything that would place the control of its servants in the hands of an irresponsible union”.


1912 New York City waiters' strike, Backlash
The Hotel Men's Association refused to comply with the demands set by the union. Instead, they imported their labor from neighboring cities and colleges, and also began employing workers of color to fill the void left by the striking hotel workers. The president of the Hotel Men's Association stated that he would close all his hotels before succumbing to the demands of any organization. When union members heard that workers of color were coming to replace their jobs, they became allies with the Colored Waiters’ Association. The Hotel Workers’ International Union told the Hotel Men's Association that if they hired workers of color that they would only join the strike. However, many hotels had already started employing black males, such as the Plaza and the Majestic.


1912 New York City waiters' strike, End of strike
May brought the hotel workers' strike to its most rousing numbers, but it quickly began to dwindle in June. Since workers of color and local college students were hired as strikebreakers, many workers feared they would not have a job to return to and went back to the hotels, despite the poor working conditions. On June 11, 1912, the state labor bureau called a meeting between the Hotel Men's Association and the Hotel Workers' International Union to negotiate terms to end the strike, but the Hotel Men's Association ultimately refused to acknowledge them as a union.


1912 New York City waiters' strike, End of strike
The strike ended soon after, on June 25, 1912, after many of the strikers had already gone back to work. Police had been showing brutality against strikers, deterring many from coming back to picket. In addition, management from various hotels had agreed to some of the demands of the union; however, they refused to recognize the union. This brought most of the workers back, to the detriment of the union itself. The more intense strikers found that they did not have a job to go back to since many were blacklisted from the industry.


1912 New York City waiters' strike, End of strike
The entire strike, although only lasting from May 7, 1912 to June 25, 1912, cost 117,000 days in lost working time for hotel staff in New York City. This concluded the 1912 strike; however, hotel workers continued to strike in 1913, 1918, 1929, and 1934. Hotel workers did not receive adequate representation until the Hotel Trades Council (now the New York Hotel and Motel Trades Council) was formed in 1938.


1912 New York Giants season
The 1912 New York Giants season was the franchise's 30th season. It involved the Giants winning the National League pennant. They were beaten by the Boston Red Sox in the World Series. Fred Snodgrass took most of the blame, as he dropped a fly ball in the deciding contest.


1912 New York Giants season
Led by manager John McGraw, the Giants dominated the NL, opening the season 54-11 and building a 16 1/2-game lead by July 3. On the offensive side, they easily led the league in runs scored. Larry Doyle finished fourth in the batting race and was voted league MVP. Chief Meyers had one of the greatest offensive seasons ever for a catcher and was second in batting.


1912 New York Giants season
They had arguably the best pitching staff, too. Jeff Tesreau, Hall of Famer Christy Mathewson, and Red Ames finished 1–2–5 in league ERA. Rube Marquard's 18-game winning streak was the top story in baseball.


1912 New York Giants season
Taken together with the 1911 and 1913 pennant winners, this team is considered one of the greatest of all-time. It also makes up a good portion of the 1966 book The Glory of Their Times, as Marquard, Meyers, and Snodgrass were three of the players interviewed.


1912 New York Giants season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1912 New York Giants season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1912 New York Giants season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1912 New York Giants season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1912 New York Giants season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1912 New York Giants season, 1912 World Series
AL Boston Red Sox (4) vs. NL New York Giants (3)


1912 New York Highlanders season
The 1912 New York Highlanders season was their tenth in New York and their twelfth overall. It was the final season for the "Highlanders", before evolving exclusively into the "Yankees". It was also their final season playing their home games at Hilltop Park. The team finished with a total of 50 wins and 102 losses, coming in 8th, last place in the American League. The club was managed by Harry Wolverton. The New York franchise would not finish in last place again until the 1966 season. To date, this remains the second and last 100-loss season in Yankees history, the other being a few years prior in 1908.


1912 New York Highlanders season, Regular season, Logo and uniforms
For 1912, the curving "NY" migrated from the sleeve to its now-familiar spot on the left breast of the jersey (on some versions of the uniform, though not the one shown here). This was also the year the pinstripes were introduced.


1912 New York Highlanders season, Regular season, Team nickname
By this season, the alternate nickname "Yankees" was in very common usage by the media. The New York Times for Opening Day 1912 reported that "The Yankees presented a natty appearance in their new uniforms of white with black pinstripes." The pinstripes were a one-year experiment, but they would return for good on the home uniforms in 1915.


1912 New York Highlanders season, Regular season, Team nickname
The final game of the season, and the final game for the "Highlanders" at the Hilltop, was played on October 5, 1912. The team moved to the Polo Grounds the following year. Hilltop Park was closed after the 1912 season and was demolished in 1914. It is now occupied by the NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital.


1912 New York Highlanders season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In


1912 New York Highlanders season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In


1912 New York state election
The 1912 New York state election was held on November 5, 1912, to elect the governor, the lieutenant governor, the Secretary of State, the state comptroller, the attorney general, the state treasurer, the state engineer and two judges of the New York Court of Appeals, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate. The voters were also asked if they approved a $50,000,000 bond issue for "good roads construction," which was answered in the affirmative, with 657,548 For and 281,265 Against.


1912 New York state election, History
The Socialist state convention met on June 30 at Auburn, New York. They nominated again, like in 1910, Charles Edward Russell for governor; Gustave Adolph Strebel for lieutenant governor; and Henry L. Slobodin for attorney general. They also nominated Carrie W. Allen, of Onondaga County, for secretary of state; Olin Hoxie Smith, of Schenectady, for comptroller; Frank Ehrenfried, of Erie County, for treasurer; and Dr. Charles H. Furman, of Brooklyn, for state engineer.


1912 New York state election, History
The Progressive state convention met on September 6 at Syracuse, New York. Oscar S. Straus was chairman. The convention nominated Straus for governor by acclamation amid great noise after the name of New York City Comptroller William A. Prendergast, the bosses' and Theodore Roosevelt's choice, was withdrawn by Timothy L. Woodruff.


1912 New York state election, History
The Republican state convention met on September 27 at Saratoga, New York.


1912 New York state election, History
The Democratic state convention met on October 2 at Syracuse, New York. Alton B. Parker was elected permanent chairman with 412 votes against 33 for John K. Sague, the Mayor of Poughkeepsie.