1916 Atlanta streetcar strike, Course of the strike
While this ended the strike, tensions between the union and company remained high for several months afterwards regarding the lack of union recognition, and on July 16, 1918, another strike commenced. Lasting only four days, this subsequent strike ended with arbitration from the National War Labor Board and lead to the company agreeing to recognize the union.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1916 Atlantic hurricane season featured nine tropical cyclone landfalls in the United States, which remained the most in one season until eleven struck the country in 2020. The first storm appeared on May 13 south of Cuba, while the final tropical storm became an extratropical cyclone over the southeastern Gulf of Mexico on November 15. Of the 18 tropical cyclones forming that season, 15 intensified into a tropical storm, the second-most at the time, behind only 1887. Ten of the tropical storms intensified into a hurricane, while five of those became a major hurricane. The early 20th century lacked modern forecasting tools such as satellite imagery and documentation, and thus, the hurricane database from these years may be incomplete.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season
The most intense tropical cyclone of the season was the sixth system, which peaked as a Category 4 on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson scale. Jamaica and Texas bore the brunt of the storm, which caused 37 deaths and about $11.8 million (1916 USD) in damage. Several other storms were notable. An early July hurricane along the northern Gulf Coast resulted in 34 deaths and about $12.5 million in damage in Alabama, Florida, and Mississippi.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season
Heavy rains from this storm set the stage for record-breaking floods by a a hurricane hitting Charleston, South Carolina, in mid-July, with 80 fatalities and about $21 million in damage occurring, mostly in North Carolina. The season's eighth tropical cyclone left severe damage and 50 deaths in Dominica in late August. An early October hurricane devastated portions of the Virgin Islands, resulting in up to $2 million in damage and 41 deaths.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season
Another hurricane in October which struck the Yucatán Peninsula and near Pensacola, Florida, was attributed to at least $100,000 in damage and 29 deaths, 20 of which occurred when a ship sank in the Caribbean Sea. Overall, the tropical cyclones of the 1916 Atlantic hurricane season collectively resulted in at least 272 fatalities and more than $47.59 million in damage


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Season summary
Tropical cyclogenesis began on May 13, when a tropical depression formed south of Cuba. The storm struck Cuba and Florida before becoming extratropical over Virginia on May 16. Following an almost month and a half lull in activity, the season's second tropical cyclone developed over the southwestern Caribbean Sea on June 28. The third and fourth cyclones, both reaching hurricane intensity, formed in July. The month of August featured four tropical cyclones, including a tropical storm and three hurricanes.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Season summary
One of those, the season's sixth tropical cyclone, became the most intensity system in the Atlantic basin in 1916 and peaked at Category 4 intensity on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson scale with maximum sustained winds of 130 mph (215 km/h). In terms of barometric pressure, the storm was also the most intense to strike the United States since the 1886 Indianola hurricane. Four tropical systems also developed in September, with one tropical depression, one tropical storm, and two hurricanes. October was the most active month of the season, featuring two tropical depressions, one tropical storm, and two hurricanes. In November, a tropical storm developed on November 11 and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone by November 15, ending season activity.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Season summary
The 1916 was a fairly active season, especially for the time. Eighteen tropical cyclones formed during the course of the year, fifteen of which reached at least tropical storm intensity – the most in one season since 1887. Ten of those tropical storms strengthened into hurricane and five of those intensified into major hurricanes, both being the highest number in a season since 1893. Nine systems of at least tropical storm intensity made landfall in the United States during the season, which remained a record until eleven struck the United States in 2020.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Season summary
The 1916 season was one of only two to feature multiple major hurricanes before the month of August, the other being 2005. However, because the early 20th century lacked modern forecasting and documentation, the official hurricane database may be incomplete. The Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project in 2008 uncovered evidence for two tropical cyclones not previously in the database, Tropical Storm One and Tropical Storm Five. A system previously classified as a tropical storm in the database was downgraded to a tropical depression as part of the project. Additionally, the project also downgraded Tropical Storm Fifteen from hurricane intensity. Collectively, the tropical cyclones of the 1916 Atlantic hurricane season caused at least 272 deaths and $47.59 million in damage.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Season summary
The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 144, the highest total since 1906 and far above the 1911–1920 average of 58.7. ACE is a metric used to express the energy used by a tropical cyclone during its lifetime. Therefore, a storm with a longer duration will have high values of ACE. It is only calculated at six-hour increments in which specific tropical and subtropical systems are either at or above sustained wind speeds of 39 mph (63 km/h), which is the threshold for tropical storm intensity. Thus, tropical depressions are not included here.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm One
On May 13, a tropical depression formed about 60 mi (95 km) south of Trinidad, Cuba. It quickly crossed the island and moved over the Straits of Florida. The cyclone strengthened to a minimal tropical storm on May 14 and soon made landfall near Key Vaca, Florida, with winds of 40 mph (65 km/h). Around 06:00 UTC the storm struck the Florida mainland near Cape Sable and initially moved north-northwestward across the state. Based on observations from Tampa late on May 14, the storm's minimum barometric pressure is estimated at 1,004 mbar (29.6 inHg). The cyclone turned northeastward on May 15. It transitioned to an extratropical cyclone over eastern Virginia on the following day. The remnants briefly re-emerged over the Atlantic, before striking New England and dissipating over Maine on May 17. Initially, the cyclone was not included in the Atlantic hurricane database.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm One
The tropical storm ended a significant drought in Florida, producing the state's first widespread rainfall event in several months. Parched crops and vegetation were rejuvenated by the well-timed rains. Lakeland, Florida, recorded 1.16 in (29 mm) of rain in a 24-hour period. Strong, albeit non-damaging winds, were felt across the Florida coasts, with a peak gust of 44 mph (71 km/h) documented in Jacksonville. Moderate gales were produced by the storm's extratropical stages in the Mid-Atlantic states and New England. Widespread rainfall in southwestern Maine and southeastern New Hampshire from the storm's remnants peaked at 6.72 in (171 mm) in Durham, Maine, and damaged roads. The cost of damaged infrastructure in southwestern Maine was estimated at $150,000.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two
A tropical disturbance organized into a tropical depression over the southwestern Caribbean on June 28. Little intensification occurred for several days as the depression moved westward and eventually northwestward, brushing the coasts of Nicaragua and Honduras late on June 30 and early on July 1. The cyclone finally strengthened into a tropical storm early the next day and reached hurricane status late on July 3 as it neared the Yucatán Channel.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two
Further intensification occurred in the Gulf of Mexico, and at around 18:00 UTC on July 5, the storm peaked as a Category 3 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 120 mph (195 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 950 mbar (28 inHg), with the latter being derived from the former. About three hours later, the hurricane made landfall near Pascagoula, Mississippi, at the same intensity. The cyclone initially weakened quickly after moving inland, falling to tropical storm intensity early on July 6. Thereafter, the system meandered northward and then eastward across Mississippi and Alabama, before turning northeastward early on July 9 and weakening to a tropical depression. Late on the following day, the depression dissipated over Alabama just east of Birmingham.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two
As the system passed through the Yucatán Channel, the storm produced strong winds well east of its center. In Cuba, wind gusts reached 56 mph (90 km/h) in Havana. In Florida, winds of 104 mph (167 km/h) was observed in Pensacola. Strong winds deroofed a number of homes and toppled many chimneys. Additionally, storm surge up to 5 ft (1.5 m) in height damaged coastal structures, shipping, and wharves. The hurricane caused approximately $1.5 million in damage in Florida. Storm surge in Alabama crested at 11.6 ft (3.5 m) in Mobile, one of the highest ever recorded there.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two
Adverse effects ensued, including some streets being inundated with up to 10 ft (3.0 m) of water. Heavy rains over the interior portions of Alabama inundated 250,000 acres (100,000 ha) of farmlands in four counties alone and caused about $5 million in damage to crops throughout the state. Several people drowned in Birmingham and Tuscaloosa, while about 2,000 others fled their homes in central Alabama. In Mississippi, strong winds caused damage to approximately half of the buildings in Pascagoula. Significant impacts were also reported in Biloxi and Gulfport. Property damage to coastal structures in Mississippi totaled about $130,000.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two
Inland towns also suffered from high winds and flooding, especially Laurel, where few homes avoided water damage. The cyclone also caused flooding in Georgia, Tennessee, and North Carolina, where it set the stage for a more destructive flood wrought by the Charleston hurricane. Overall, this storm caused at least 34 deaths, as well as about $12.5 million in damage.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
The third tropical storm was first observed about 510 mi (820 km) east-southeast of Barbados on July 10. It tracked northwestward, passing over or near Saint Lucia early on July 12 while intensifying into a tropical storm. After crossing the northeastern Caribbean, the storm made landfall near Humacao, Puerto Rico, with winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) shortly before 12:00 UTC on July 13. The cyclone re-emerged into the Atlantic several hours later and continued to intensify.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
Early on July 15, the system strengthened into a hurricane and then reached Category 2 status about 24 hours, peaking with maximum sustained winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) shortly thereafter, based on an observed barometric pressure of 980 mbar (29 inHg). Thereafter, the storm moved generally northward and began to slowly weaken early on July 18. Cool and dry air weakened it to a 70 mph (110 km/h) tropical storm just before it hit New Bedford, Massachusetts, on July 21. The system then struck Maine and moved across New Brunswick before becoming extratropical over the Gulf of St. Lawrence on the following day. The extratropical remnants dissipated over northern Newfoundland late on July 23.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
Initially, the cyclone was recorded as a major hurricane, but it was subsequently downgraded by the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project. Throughout its path, the storm caused little damage and no known deaths. In Puerto Rico, the city of San Juan observed sustained winds of 40 mph (65 km/h). Storm warnings were issued by the Weather Bureau for coastal stretches from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, to Eastport, Maine, as the hurricane paralleled the coast offshore. Ships destined for the Bahamas were held at the harbor in Miami, Florida. Portions of the East Coast of the United States from Virginia northward reported tropical storm-force winds. In Massachusetts, Nantucket observed sustained winds of 49 mph (79 km/h).


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
A tropical storm was first detected about 240 mi (385 km) northeast of the central Bahamas early on July 11. The storm moved west-northwestward and slowly intensified, and by 18:00 UTC on July 12, it became a hurricane. About 24 hours later, the cyclone turned northwestward and peaked as a Category 3 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 115 mph (185 km/h).


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
Weakening slightly to a Category 2 hurricane early on July 14, the cyclone made landfall in South Carolina between Charleston and McClellanville with winds of 110 mph (175 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 960 mbar (28 inHg), the former based on observations from the ship Hector and latter being an estimate derived from weather records at Charleston. The system weakened more quickly after moving inland, falling to tropical storm intensity several hours later as it resumed its original west-northwestward motion. Late on July 15, the storm weakened to a tropical depression over western North Carolina and promptly dissipated.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
The storm's small size at landfall in South Carolina caused hurricane-force winds to be tightly concentrated, which generally limited wind impacts. In Charleston, winds uprooted trees, downed telephone wires, and caused minor damage to roofs and shipping. Heavy rains in the area also resulted in some water damage to homes. Crops suffered severe damage, especially along the Santee River, with losses ranging from 75–90 percent across about 700,000 acres (280,000 ha) of farmland.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
Upon entering North Carolina, torrential rainfall generated by the storm caused orographic lift, which, combined with heavy precipitation from the hurricane which recently struck the Gulf Coast resulted in record-breaking river flooding in the Appalachian and southern Blue Ridge Mountains. The French Broad River, for instance, crested at nearly twice its previous stage record in Asheville. Flooding there demolished numerous building. Throughout the region, flood-swollen rivers caused significant damage to crops, railroads, and other infrastructure. The cyclone also caused flooding in Tennessee and Virginia, though to a much lesser degree. Overall, 80 fatalities and approximately $21 million in damage occurred throughout the storm's impacted areas.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Five
A tropical storm formed in the west-central Gulf of Mexico about 250 mi (400 km) southeast of Matamoros, Tamaulipas, on August 4. The storm moved west-northwestward and intensified to peak with maximum sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) early on August 6. Shortly thereafter, the cyclone made landfall in a rural area of central Tamaulipas. Based on observations from Brownsville and Corpus Christi in Texas, the storm peaked with a minimum pressure of 996 mbar (29.4 inHg). The system quickly weakened over Mexico and dissipated over Nuevo León late on August 6. Storm warnings were issued for the coast of Texas. Sustained winds in Corpus Christi reached 37 mph (60 km/h).


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six
A trough developed into a tropical storm about 305 mi (490 km) east of Barbados early on August 12. The storm moved just north of due west and entered the Caribbean on the following day, shortly after passing near or over Saint Lucia. While located about halfway between the Dominican Republic's Pedernales Province and the Guajira Peninsula around 00:00 UTC on August 15, the system intensified into a hurricane. The hurricane then curved northwestward and about 24 hours later, it made landfall near Portland Point, Jamaica, with winds of 85 mph (140 km/h).


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six
After re-emerging into the Caribbean, the system continued to strengthen and passed through the Cayman Islands later on August 16. The storm reached Gulf of Mexico by the following day and became a major hurricane, before reaching Category 4 status on August 18. Shortly thereafter, the cyclone peaked with maximum sustained winds of 130 mph (215 km/h) and retained this intensity through its landfall several hours later near Baffin Bay, Texas. The wind speed and the storm's minimum barometric pressure of 932 mbar (27.5 inHg) were estimates based on observations from Kingsville and the pressure-decay model. Rapid weakening ensued as the hurricane moved inland, falling to tropical storm status early on August 19 and then to tropical depression intensity late that day. The cyclone dissipated around 00:00 UTC on August 20 over West Texas.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six
Only light winds and rain were observed in the Lesser Antilles. The hurricane caused major damage in Jamaica. Strong winds downed telegraph and telephone wires, disrupting communications between the capital city of Kingston and other parishes. Heavy rainfall also caused three rivers to overflow their banks. Nearly all banana and sugar plantations on the island suffered at least some losses, while approximately 30–50 percent of cocoa crops experienced damage. Thousands of people were left homeless. Overall, the storm caused 17 deaths and around $10 million in damage in Jamaica.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six
Along the south coast of Texas, many buildings were destroyed, especially in the Corpus Christi area. There, beachfront structures were demolished by a 9.2 ft (2.8 m) storm surge. High winds and heavy precipitation spread farther inland to mainly rural areas of South Texas, impacting towns and their outlying agricultural districts alike. Railroads and other public utilities were disrupted across the region, with widespread power outages. Heavy precipitation and high winds caused significant damage at military camps along the Mexico–United States border, forcing 30,000 garrisoned militiamen to evacuate. Property damage alone in Texas totaled around $1.8 million and 20 people were killed.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Seven
A strong tropical storm was first observed just east of Guadeloupe early on August 21. The cyclone moved west-northwestward, striking or passing near the island and intensifying into a hurricane. Early the next day, the system strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane and peaked with maximum sustained winds of 110 mph (175 km/h), based on a barometric pressure observation of 980 mbar (29 inHg) in San Juan, Puerto. Shortly thereafter, the small diameter hurricane struck Puerto Rico and crossed the island from Naguabo to Aguada.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Seven
Late on August 22, the hurricane made landfall near Punta Cana, Dominican Republic, with winds of 75 mph (120 km/h). The cyclone quickly weakened to a tropical storm early the next day, several hours before re-emerging into the Atlantic near Port-de-Paix, Haiti. Continuing northwestward, the storm passed just west of the Bahamian islands, before making landfall near Cutler Bay, Florida, with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) around 08:00 UTC on August 25. The cyclone turned northward over Florida and weakened to a tropical depression early on the following day, shortly before dissipating just offshore New Smyrna Beach.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Seven
In Puerto Rico, the storm's swath of damage spanned about 45–50 mi (72–80 km) wide and extended from Naguabo to Arecibo, while areas from Humacao to Aguadilla suffered hurricane-force winds. Citrus trees sustained heavy fruit losses throughout the path of the storm; some trees were snapped and uprooted. Fifty percent of the grapefruit crop was lost in the storm. Coffee crops in eastern Puerto Rico suffered a 75 percent loss. The Puerto Rico Leaf Tobacco Company alone reported $600,000 incurred by its drying barns.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Seven
Rainfall was heaviest in central Puerto Rico; a station in Cayey observed 9 in (230 mm) of precipitation in 24 hours. A resulting flood on the La Plata River overtopped a dam, inflicting substantial downstream damage to bridges and crops. Winds at San Juan, some 20 mi (32 km) north of the center of the hurricane, remained above 70 mph (110 km/h) for two hours with a peak 10-minute sustained wind of 92 mph (148 km/h). Across Puerto Rico, one death occurred and the damages were estimated at $1 million.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Seven
A peak wind speed of 40 mph (64 km/h) accompanied by 5.50 in (140 mm) of rain in four hours was measured in Miami, Florida, when the storm passed nearby. Streets in the city's business district were flooded but the damage was slight and non-extensive. The storm downed telephone wires from Miami to West Palm Beach.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Eight
On August 27 at 12:00 UTC, a tropical storm was observed about 800 mi (1,285 km) east of Barbados. It strengthened into a hurricane about 12 hours later. The storm attained its peak intensity around the time it struck Dominica with maximum sustained winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 986 mbar (29.1 inHg) early on August 28, with the former being based on the latter, which was observed at Roseau. This fast-moving hurricane tracked westward through the Caribbean and weakened to a tropical storm on August 30 while south of Haiti's Tiburon Peninsula.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Eight
The cyclone weakened to winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) by the following day, but re-strengthened somewhat prior to its landfall in northern Belize with winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) on September 1. The storm moved west-southwestward into Guatemala and weakened, falling to tropical depression intensity on September 2 and dissipating shortly thereafter.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Eight
The hurricane struck Dominica with little warning with winds exceeding 70 mph (115 km/h). Fifty people were killed and two hundred homes were destroyed. Many of the homes, bridges, and culverts were overtaken by swollen rivers that rose to unprecedented heights. The storm was particularly destructive to the island's agriculture, including cocoa, coconut, lime, and rubber production. Over a hundred thousand barrels of limes were lost due to the downing of 83,198 lime trees and the loss of 23,100 others. Many cocoa trees were destroyed.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Eight
Though these industries recovered quickly by the year's end, the storm was ultimately part of a decade-long series of natural disasters and political events that eventually led to the demise of the island's cultivation economy by 1925. The hurricane may have generated tidal waves that wrecked the USS Memphis, resulting in 43 deaths. Caution was advised for shipping in the vicinity of Jamaica on August 30 as the storm approached. The passing storm brought showers and heavy surf to Jamaica, marking the second time in two weeks that the island was affected by a tropical cyclone. Torrential rains inflicted damage to some roads and cultivations. At Mandeville, 12 in (300 mm) of rain fell due to the storm within a day.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Nine
The ninth tropical storm of the season was first detected over the eastern Bahamas at 12:00 UTC on September 4. Moving north-northwestward, the storm intensified slightly and peaked with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 1,010 mbar (30 inHg), based on observations from a ship. Early on September 6, the cyclone curved north-northeastward and made landfall near Holden Beach, North Carolina, around 06:00 UTC at the same intensity. About 12 hours after moving inland, the system weakened to a tropical depression near Rocky Mount, shortly before dissipating over the northeastern parts of the state.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Nine
Storm warnings were issued by the Weather Bureau on September 5 for coastal areas between Savannah, Georgia, and Cape Hatteras, North Carolina; warnings were later extended north to the Virginia Capes. Ahead of the storm, 1.40 in (36 mm) of rain fell in Wilmington, North Carolina. Gale-force winds were produced inland following the storm's landfall. Rainfall from the storm spread across the East Coast of the United States from North Carolina to Maine.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Ten
A tropical wave became a tropical depression on September 13 about 450 mi (725 km) northeast of Antigua and Barbuda. The depression moved just north of due west and intensified into a tropical storm early the next day. On September 15, the cyclone turned north-northeastward and intensified into a hurricane early on September 18, shortly after curving northeastward. The hurricane peaked with maximum sustained winds peaked at 85 mph (140 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1,000 mbar (30 inHg), both estimates based on ship observations. Late on September 20, the cyclone turned eastward and weakened to a tropical storm. The system transitioned into an extratropical cyclone several hours later about 340 mi (545 km) west-southwest of the northwesternmost islands of the Azores. The extratropical remnants dissipated shortly thereafter.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Eleven
On September 17, the eleventh tropical storm was first detected about 950 mi (1,530 km) east of Barbados. It headed west-northward, strengthening into a hurricane on September 19, before passing well north of the Lesser Antilles. The storm became a Category 3 hurricane early on September 22, and shortly thereafter peaked with maximum sustained winds of 120 mph (195 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 975 mbar (28.8 inHg), based on data from ships and historical weather maps. It turned northeastward and passed by Bermuda on September 24. The storm then weakened significantly and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on the same day approximately 200 mi (320 km) southeast of Sable Island. Another extratropical cyclone soon absorbed the remnants of this storm.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Eleven
The passing hurricane brought damaging winds of up to 75 mph (121 km/h) to Bermuda, resulting in downed trees and unroofed homes; electrical and telephone services were also disrupted by the hurricane. Overall, damage totaled $36,370. In Atlantic Canada, the remnants of the hurricane generated rough seas along the coast and offshore, capsizing several ships, which resulted in at least 12 deaths and possibly as many as 19. Strong winds downed fences and trees and flattened several barns at Harbour Grace, Newfoundland.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Twelve
A tropical storm formed on October 2 about 150 mi (240 km) east of the northern Bahamas. The storm moved northwestward as it slowly intensified, peaking with maximum sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) on the following day, an estimate based on a ship observation of a barometric pressure of 1,000 mbar (30 inHg). Late on October 4, the cyclone turned west-southwestward and made landfall at Sapelo Island, Georgia, at the same intensity. The storm rapidly weakened and dissipated over south-central Georgia early on October 5. The Weather Bureau issued storm warnings from Fort Monroe to Savannah, Georgia. Moderate gales occurred along the coasts of Georgia and South Carolina. The highest winds measured inland reached 33 mph (53 km/h) in Savannah, Georgia.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Thirteen
A tropical depression developed about 90 mi (145 km) east of Tobago early on October 6. The depression moved northwestward and intensified into a tropical storm on the following day, as it passed between Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent. Further strengthening occurred as the storm passed through the eastern Caribbean, reaching hurricane intensity by early on October 9. Several hours later, the cyclone curved northward and reached Category 2 status before making landfall on Saint Croix late on October 10 with winds of 110 mph (175 km/h).


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Thirteen
The storm's lowest known pressure of 963 mbar (28.4 inHg) was observed on the island around that time. The cyclone re-emerged into the Atlantic and intensified into a Category 3 hurricane on October 11 and then peaked with maximum sustained winds of 120 mph (195 km/h) on the next day. However, the hurricane soon began weakening and losing tropical characteristics as it curved northeastward. Late on October 13, the system became extratropical about 700 mi (1,125 km) south-southeast of Cape Race, Newfoundland. The extratropical remnants of this storm were absorbed by a much larger extratropical cyclone on October 15.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Thirteen
Rough seas caused significant damage in Dominica, sweeping away jetties and coastal roads and destroying some buildings that were 60 to 70-years old. Hurricane-force winds impacted the Virgin Islands. The storm destroyed entire towns and factories on Saint Croix, while virtually every structure was blown down on Saint Thomas. In the latter, many ships capsized or were grounded at the harbor. Nearly all homes were also demolished on Saint John and Tortola, where winds remained at about 100 mph (155 km/h) for around 10 hours.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Thirteen
Overall, the cyclone caused about $2 million in damage, as well as 41 deaths in the Virgin Islands, including 32 on Tortola, 4 on Saint Thomas, and 5 on the other islands of the Danish West Indies. Farther west, portions of Puerto Rico reported strong winds, with gusts of 70–75 mph (115–120 km/h) in Naguabo. Several buildings at a mostly abandoned United States naval station on Culebra were demolished.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Fourteen
A tropical depression formed about 60 mi (95 km) east-northeast of Jamaica early on October 9. The depression moved southwestward and remained weak for a few days, until reaching tropical storm intensity on October 12. Turning to the west, the cyclone continued to strengthen and by October 13, it became a hurricane. Early on the following day, the system attained Category 2 intensity and reached sustained winds of 110 mph (175 km/h), based on observations from the Swan Islands, while curving northwestward.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Fourteen
Shortly after 12:00 UTC on October 15, the cyclone made landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula just north of the British Honduras–Mexico border. The system quickly fell to tropical storm intensity, several hours before emerging into the Gulf of Mexico near Celestún, Yucatán. Re -intensification occurred as the cyclone turned northeastward, with the storm becoming a hurricane again by 06:00 UTC on October 17.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Fourteen
The hurricane reached sustained winds of 110 mph (175 km/h) again and a minimum barometric pressure of 970 mbar (29 inHg) about 24 hours later, with both estimates derived from observations Mobile, Alabama, and Pensacola, Florida, and the pressure-wind relationship. Around 14:00 UTC on October 18, the hurricane made landfall just west of Pensacola, at this intensity. The system rapidly weakened inland, deteriorating to a tropical storm and then a tropical depression early on October 19, shortly before becoming extratropical over southern Illinois. The extratropical remnants then merged with a low-pressure area over the Great Lakes.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Fourteen
In the Swan Islands, strong winds toppled three wireless towers and about two thousand coconut trees. Along the coast, several barges were grounded. Twenty deaths occurred when a ship capsized in the western Caribbean. The hurricane caused major crop damage in British Honduras, destroying many plantain and coconut trees. Heavy rainfall was recorded in portions of the Yucatán Peninsula. In Florida, the city of Pensacola was among the hardest hit, with about $100,000 in damage there. Strong winds deroofed or partially deroofed some buildings and downed fences, roofs, signs, and about 200 trees.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Fourteen
Rough seas generated by the storm damaged or capsized several vessels in the Pensacola harbor, while railroads from Santa Rosa Island to  the Fairpoint Peninsula suffered about $10,000 in damage. In Alabama, rough seas capsized or grounded many small craft at Mobile. High winds deroofed two buildings in the business district. Several towns in southern Alabama reported some deroofed homes and uprooted trees. Heavy rains fell across parts of Louisiana and Mississippi, though precipitation in the former was beneficial due to drought conditions. Overall, the system caused 29 deaths as a tropical cyclone. The remnants of this storm caused shipping losses on Lake Erie on October 20, an event known as Black Friday, which resulted in 49 deaths.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Fifteen
A tropical wave developed into a tropical depression about 100 mi (160 km) north-northwest of Colombia early on November 11. The depression moved westward and strengthened into a tropical storm about 24 hours later. The storm's lowest known barometric pressure of 1,002 mbar (29.6 inHg) on Great Swan Island on November 13. After curving northwestward, the storm made landfall in Nicaragua north of Puerto Cabezas early on November 13 with winds of 40 mph (65 km/h) and soon re-emerged into the Caribbean off northeastern Honduras.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Fifteen
By November 14, the cyclone turned northward and peaked with sustained winds of 70 mph (110 km/h), based on observations from ships and weather stations in western Cuba. The storm soon lost tropical characteristics and became extratropical by 12:00 UTC on the following day about 100 mi (160 km) northwest of Cape San Antonio, Cuba. Turning northwestward, the extratropical remnants extreme southern Florida and the northwestern Bahamas before dissipating early on November 16.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Fifteen
Press reports noted considerable property damage occurred along the coast of Honduras. In Mexico, heavy rains and strong winds impacted the state of Yucatán for several days. Extensive crop losses occurred, while railroad tracks were washed out at several locations. Communications suffered major interruptions. At Sisal, the storm caused coastal flooding and capsized 19 lighters. Overall, damage to crops and property was in the hundreds of thousands of dollars. In Cuba, the city of Havana reported sustained winds of nearly 66 mph (106 km/h).


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Fifteen
The extratropical remnants of the storm brought strong winds to the Florida Keys, including sustained winds of 71 mph (114 km/h) at Sand Key, while wind gusts reached 75 mph (121 km/h) at Key West, downing a number of signs, telephone poles, and trees there. Rough seas also damaged or grounded several ships and vessels, including a large government barge.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Other systems
In addition to the fifteen tropical cyclones reaching tropical storm intensity, three others remained at tropical depression status. The first of such systems developed just northeast of the Leeward Islands on September 9. The depression moved west-northwestward, before turning northwestward three days later, passing near or over the Abaco Islands that day. On September 13, the depression made landfall near New Smyrna Beach, Florida, and weakened after moving inland, dissipating over Alabama by the same day.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Other systems
Although initially classified as a tropical storm, the system was downgraded to a tropical depression as part of the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project because gale-force winds were not observed in association with the cyclone. A broad low-pressure area that existed over the southwestern Caribbean since October 1 developed into another tropical depression by October 3. The depression initially moved westward, before curving to the northwest. By October 6, however, the depression lost its closed circulation and dissipated as it approached the Yucatán Channel.


1916 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Other systems
A low-pressure area, previous associated with a decaying frontal boundary, became a tropical depression over the central Caribbean on October 24. Tracking northwestward, the depression moved near Jamaica and the Cayman Islands, before turning northeastward on October 30. The depression made landfall in southeastern Cuba later that day, and was soon absorbed by a frontal system.


1916 Auburn Tigers baseball team
The 1916 Auburn Tigers baseball team represented the Auburn Tigers of the Auburn University in the 1916 NCAA baseball season.


1916 Auburn Tigers football team
The 1916 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 1916 college football season. It was the Tigers' 25th overall season and they competed as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA). The team was led by head coach Mike Donahue, in his 12th year, and played their home games at Drake Field in Auburn, Alabama. They finished with a record of six wins and two losses (6–2 overall, 6–2 in the SIAA).


1916 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, Georgia
In the 1916 game against Georgia, Moon Ducote kicked a 40-yard field goal from placement off of captain Lucy Hairston's football helmet in the fourth quarter and in the mud, which proved the only points in the 3–0 Auburn victory. The maneuver prompted a rule that stated the ball must be kicked directly off the ground. Parke H. Davis described it thus:


1916 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, Georgia
Ducote falls back to try for a goal from the field. Hairston removes his leather helmet and places it upon the ground. He creases the top of the helmet and sights it for the goal. Spectators curiously watch the proceedings. Suddenly, the ball is passed. Hairston receives it, places it on the helmet, which all suddenly see it is to serve as a mechanical tee. Ducote leaps forward, kicks the ball from the top of the helmet and drives it straight as an arrow for Georgia's crossbar, over which it sails evenly between the posts."


1916 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, Florida
The Tigers beat the winless Florida Gators 20–0. Auburn's fullback Scott was the star of the contest. The second touchdown was a 50-yard interception return by Godwin.


1916 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, Florida
The starting lineup was Jones (left end), Bonner (left tackle), Fricke (left guard), Goodwin (center), Campbell (right guard), Steed (right tackle), Burns (right end), Hairston (quarterback), Ducote (left halfback), Pendergast (right halfback), Scott (fullback).


1916 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, Vanderbilt
Dan McGugin's Vanderbilt Commodores eliminated Auburn from SIAA title contention by a 20–9 score. Josh Cody carried the ball over for the first touchdown. Rabbit Curry played well at the start, but could not play the entire game due to an ankle injury. Moon Ducote made a 45-yard field goal in the third quarter to put the Tigers up 9–7. With the help of the forward pass, the Commodores scored two further touchdowns in the last quarter.


1916 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, Vanderbilt
The starting lineup was C. Jones (left end), Sample (left tackle), Frickie (left guard), Robinson (center), Campbell (right guard), Bonner (right tackle), Steed (right end), Hairston (quarterback), Ducote (left halfback), Prendergast (right halfback), Scott (fullback).


1916 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, Georgia Tech
John Heisman's Georgia Tech overwhelmed rival Auburn 33–7 to clinch a share of the SIAA title. Tech end Dunwoody scored a touchdown when he recovered a fumble and raced 20 yards. Center Pup Phillips also had a score, falling on a punt he blocked. Auburn's star was Moon Ducote.


1916 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, Georgia Tech
The starting lineup was C. Jones (left end), Sample (left tackle), Frickey (left guard), Robinson (center), Campbell (right guard), Ducote (right tackle), Steed (right end), T. Jones (quarterback),  Hairston (left halfback),  Prendergast (right halfback), Scott (fullback).


1916 Auckland Rugby League season
The 1916 Auckland Rugby League season was the 8th year of the organisation.


1916 Auckland Rugby League season
All grades were dramatically affected by players enlisting in the war efforts. Prior to the commencement of the season it was stated in the management committee meeting that 487 players in the Auckland district alone had committed to the war effort. Teams were filled with older players and juniors. The Otahuhu senior team as was noted at their committee meeting featured “only three men eligible for military service..., and these were all registered and waiting to be called up. Of the remainder, six were married men with families, two were permanent force men, and four were under military age”.


1916 Auckland Rugby League season
Despite this attendances were still good, with the mid season match between City Rovers and Grafton Athletic at Victoria Park attracting 3,000 spectators. While the Round 7 fixtures at Victoria Park drew the same number of spectators and 4,000 attending the round 8 matches. All the gate takings were donated to the Children's Hospital Ward Equipment Fund. The final round saw over 4,000 attend Victoria Park where City Rovers won the title with a 14 points to 10 win over Grafton Athletic. City also went on to win the end of season knockout Roope Rooster competition.


1916 Auckland Rugby League season
Owing to the effects of the war on playing strength and out of respect for the tremendous war effort there were no representative matches played in 1916, though City Rovers did play the Lower Waikato in two exhibition fixtures (home and away), and Richmond Rovers and Thames Old Boys (based in Auckland) travelled to Thames to play a match at the season end.


1916 Auckland Rugby League season, Season news, End of season report
At the end of the 1916 season a report was made on the season and it was presented to the Auckland Rugby League annual meeting in May 1917. It stated that the playing ranks had been severely depleted over the past season as over 600 players had joined the ranks of the military to fight in the first world war. There were 42 teams in total to compete across six grades (7 in the senior grade, 5 in second grade, 9 in third grade, 7 in the fourth grade, 8 in the fifth grade, and 6 in the sixth grade). Fourteen clubs were affiliated to the Auckland Rugby League with over 800 players in total. The Mangere, Remuera, and Northcote clubs withdrew from the competition due to so many of their players going to war.


1916 Auckland Rugby League season, Season news, End of season report
Significantly they secured the option of the Chinamen's gardens just off Stanley Street and this was to later be turned into Carlaw Park.


1916 Auckland Rugby League season, Season news, End of season report
It was suggested that the newly-formed Garrison Artillery Club enter a first grade team however as there were already 6 teams competing there was a fear that it would weaken the existing teams. Otahuhu asked for Auckland Rugby League to request a special Saturday afternoon “train to be run to bring players, spectators and the general public to Otahuhu or Saturday afternoons” during the season.


1916 Auckland Rugby League season, Season news, End of season report
The Junior Advisory Board was J.J. Herrick, J.J. Bolger, V.M. Sommerville, W.E. Frost, G. Wrightson, B. Davis, W.J. Davidson (Hon. Sec), T. Fielding (Chairman), T.P. Boswell, P. Henry, W.J. Alderton, O. Grubb, W. Tole, and H. Scally.


1916 Auckland Rugby League season, Season news, Death of Graham Cook and Frank McWhirter in WW1
Graham Cook and Frank McWhirter, who had played first grade football for Ponsonby United (Cook 1915, McWhirter 1914-15) were both killed while fighting in World War I in France. McWhirter had played representative football for Auckland against Thames and Waikato in 1915. The two had been childhood friends, both attending Ponsonby school, and then going on to work for the Auckland Gas Company. They also enlisted on the same day. Frank McWhirter was killed on July 9, 1916 at the Somme in northern France and is buried at Cite Bonjean Military Cemetery, Armentieres, France. Graham Cook was also killed at the Somme on July 11, 1916 in France. He is buried at the Bailleul Communal Cemetery And Extension in Bailleul, France.


1916 Auckland Rugby League season, 1st Grade championship
The 1st grade championship had been competing for the Myers Cup from 1910 to 1914 but after the beginning of the war the league decided to not award trophies though the grade competitions were still competed for as normal. Thirty matches were played during the season with the 20 being played at Victoria Park. The Devonport Domain hosted the 5 North Shore Albions home matches, while Otahuhu hosted 5 matches.


1916 Auckland Rugby League season, 1st Grade championship, 1st Grade results, Round 4
Newton had trouble fielding a full team for their match with Ponsonby and ultimately played with 11, with the 28 to 3 defeat being unsurprising.


1916 Auckland Rugby League season, 1st Grade championship, 1st Grade results, Round 6
The point scoring phenomenon Karl Ifwersen was missing for Grafton and possibly as a result Newton pulled off a massive upset when they defeated Grafton by 8 points to 3. Newton had conceded 73 points and scored just 11 over their previous two matches.


1916 Auckland Rugby League season, 1st Grade championship, 1st Grade results, Round 9
Otahuhu despite playing at home were two men short for their match with Newton and went down 8 points to 4.


1916 Auckland Rugby League season, 1st Grade championship, Roope Rooster knockout competition
There were 3,000 spectators in attendance at the Round 1 matches at Victoria Park. There were 3,000 in attendance again for the semi final between City Rovers and Ponsonby United, again played at Victoria Park in muddy conditions. As the result was a draw it meant that the teams and Auckland Rugby League had to decide on how to proceed with the competition. The eventual decision was for Ponsonby to advance to the final and City Rovers to play Newton in a second semi final. City defeated Newton and then in the final they defeated Ponsonby United in front of almost 5,000 spectators.


1916 Auckland Rugby League season, 1st Grade championship, Top point and try scorers
The following point scoring lists include both Senior Championship matches and the Roope Rooster competition. Karl Ifwersen was the top point scorer for the third consecutive year with 58 points. He also topped the try scoring list with 8.


1916 Auckland Rugby League season, Lower grade clubs
The lower grades consisted of second, third, fourth, fifth grade, and for the first time a sixth grade. Thames Old Boys was made up of players from Thames who had settled in Auckland. The Telegraph Messengers Club nominated a team for the fourth Grade. They were often named Post and Telegraph in the media reports during the season. In August the Riverhead third grade team was forced to withdraw due to so many of their players enlisting. Their remaining players were transferred to the City Rovers second grade side. North Shore Albions won the fifth grade undefeated.


1916 Auckland Rugby League season, Lower grade clubs
The teams in each grade with the winning team in bold:


1916 Auckland Rugby League season, End of season exhibition matches
The week after the final was played a City Rovers organised side consisting of players from City, Newton, Grafton, and North Shore travelled to Ngaruawahia to play Lower Waikato. City won by 13 points to 9. A week later Richmond and Thames Old Boys (based in Auckland) travelled to Thames to play a match. It was won by Thames Old Boys by 11 to 5.


1916 Auckland Rugby League season, End of season exhibition matches
The last match of the season was played on 9 September when City Rovers played against Lower Waikato at Victoria Park. City Rovers won by 19 points to 8. This brought the Auckland Rugby League season to a close. The curtain-raiser was a match between the Referees Association and Auckland rugby league players and was won by the referees by 10 points to 5.


1916 Auckland Rugby League season, Representative fixtures
There were no representative fixtures played in 1916 owing to the effects of the war on senior playing numbers.


1916 Australian conscription referendum
The 1916 Australian referendum on compulsory military service was held on 28 October 1916. It was the first non-binding Australian referendum, and contained one question. This referendum was held due to Prime Minister Billy Hughes's desire to conscript young Australian men for overseas service during World War I. It was conducted under the Military Service Referendum Act 1916.


1916 Australian conscription referendum
The Australian government already had powers sufficient to introduce overseas conscription. However, due to the controversial nature of the measure and a lack of clear parliamentary support, Hughes took the issue to a public vote to obtain symbolic, rather than legal, sanction for the move. The referendum sparked a divisive debate that split the public and the Labor Party in the process, and resulted in a close but clear rejection of the measure. After the re-election of Hughes in the 1917 election, a 1917 referendum was held dealing with the same issue softening the conditions of conscription, and with the same result.


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Background
In mid-1916, enlistment levels for the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) had fallen to the lowest level yet. High casualty rates, a longer-than-expected conflict, and a fall in enthusiasm for the war combined to create a potential policy problem for the government in sustaining the war effort. Upon assuming office as Prime Minister in October 1915, Billy Hughes was eager to maintain, if not intensify, this effort. He was fervently jingoistic in his rhetoric and actions, desiring that Australia prove itself in the conflict through bravery and sacrifice. He had long supported compulsory military service even before Australia's Federation, and his affection and camaraderie with troops would eventually earn him the moniker "The Little Digger".


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Background
However, despite some calls from leading politicians, the issue was divisive within Hughes's Labor Party, and he hoped conscription could be avoided through sufficient volunteerism. A mass campaign to mobilise new recruits was started in November 1915, and proved to be successful over the next six months at sustaining a steady flow of new troops to the front. Hughes had left for Great Britain (where conscription had just been introduced) in January 1916 to take part in the planning of the Allied war effort.


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Background
Whilst abroad he went on extended tours on the front lines, and formed a strong personal bond with the soldiers that he visited, particularly those recovering in English and French hospitals. It became unthinkable to him that Australia should let these men down, and the strategic situation convinced him that conscription would be necessary to maintain Australia's war effort. Upon his return to Australia, he found that the domestic situation had shifted significantly, and the state of recruitment was dire. Hughes received word from Deputy Prime Minister George Pearce that troop replacements would be insufficient by December 1916 even at the most generous estimates.


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Background
In late July, the Battle of Pozières intensified demands for conscription. The AIF lost almost 28,000 men in actions on the Somme, most notably at Pozières, Mouquet Farm and Fromelles. Only 7,000 Australians were available in Great Britain to replace them. General William Birdwood, then Commander of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps and his Chief of staff, Brigadier General Brudenell White, requested that Australia send 20,000 men at once and an additional 15,000 over three months to rebuild the Australian divisions to full strength.


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Background
In late August, the British Secretary of State for the Colonies cabled the Australian government notifying it of the heavy losses in France and warning that as many as 69,500 reinforcements would be needed within the next three months to keep the AIF 3rd Division in service. Such a request from the British Government was unheard of – something which Hughes made considerable beef of during the eventual campaign. The origin of the cable is subject to continuing questions; however, it appears that its timing and nature were not entirely coincidental.


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Background
The cable was initially spurred by Hughes's own Australian representative in the British War Cabinet, Brigadier General Robert Anderson, keen to assist in the conscription campaign, working in concert with Bonar Law and Keith Murdoch. The figures were seen by some as a gross exaggeration – estimates by others, including those commanding the Australian divisions at the front, were much lower.


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Background
All of the historical documentation refers to the ballot as a "referendum", even though it did not involve a proposal to amend the Constitution of Australia. Because it was not an amendment to the Constitution, (1) it had no legal force, (2) it did not require approval in a majority of states, and (3) residents of federal territories were able to vote.


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Proposal
That conscription could split the Labor Party was obvious by mid-1916. Although Hughes was eager for conscription to be enacted immediately after returning from England, he bided his time in July and August to politically organise before putting the motion before Parliament. It became clear that support for a bill to introduce compulsory overseas conscription would be passed in the House, with the Opposition making up the deficit from Labor defectors, but not in the Senate. Conscription was thus deemed impossible to enact, given the political landscape in late 1916.


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Proposal
However, a majority did exist in both houses to hold a public vote on the question. No such vote was strictly necessary, as the Commonwealth government already possessed the powers to enact conscription without amending the Constitution. The poll would thus actually be to gain symbolic, rather than legal, approval for the introduction of conscription.


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Proposal
The Governor-General, Ronald Munro Ferguson, 1st Viscount Novar, was a stern imperialist who openly associated with the David Lloyd George government in England and was influential behind the scenes in pushing for conscription to aid the Empire's war effort. Realising the impasse, Munro Ferguson promised Hughes upon his return that he would sign a bill for conscription, and grant a double dissolution if the parliament could not pass it.


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Proposal
However, Hughes quickly realised that the issue could destroy the party, especially if taken to a general election, and that there were few options except to take the question directly to the people. This route was advised by High Court Justices Edmund Barton and Samuel Griffith. At least one close associate felt that the prospect of a referendum on the issue also appealed to Hughes self-perception of his popular status. "Hughes reveled in his own success as a charismatic leader, and it appealed strongly to his romantic nature to be able to talk directly with the people".


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Proposal
Hughes put the full proposal to Caucus and Cabinet. He pulled out all the stops in the advocacy of his proposal, claiming that France was on the verge of collapse, Imperial forces were stretched to the limit, and Germany was winning the war just about everywhere. Furthermore, if the government could not take the steps necessary to win the war, then the public would elect an opposition who could. He claimed, amongst other things, that 80% of the population wanted conscription, and that the opposition that had emerged would be carried for the proposal by the end of the campaign. He ended his argument with the statement: "Don't leave the boys in the trenches. Don't see them butchered. Don't leave them below their strength or you cover Australia with shame".


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Proposal
Over the next three days, constant debate and fighting saw a gradual watering-down of Hughes's proposal, with conscription only to be implemented to make up the deficit in voluntary recruitment, with the general call-up being postponed until October, and should the numbers needed be reached by volunteerism by October, the proposal would be scrapped. The possible exemptions were also expanded as part of the ability to compromise and bring more people into the supporting side. With these modifications, a bare pass in Caucus was achieved on 28 August.


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Proposal
Hughes met with the Victorian Political Executive of the Labor Party, chaired by Executive President E. J. Holloway. "For an hour, he addressed members, trying by every one of his many oratorical, logical and political tricks to convert all, or at least some, of the Executive members to support his referendum campaign". Arguing on points of morale and maintaining Australian honour, Hughes concluded that he "was going to fight for a 'Yes' vote as though he were fighting for his very life". Holloway and his supporters were unconvinced, and were not moved by the speech.


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Proposal
Hughes would have a similar lack of success at other state Labor organisations. Days later he spoke before the New South Wales Labor executive and then a special meeting convened of the New South Wales Trades and Labor Council. No records are kept of those meetings; however, motions were passed at their conclusion reaffirming opposition to conscription. Some prominent Labor politicians, though, including New South Wales Premier William Holman and South Australian Premier Crawford Vaughan, backed Hughes and rejected the party line. Ultimately, Queensland, New South Wales, and Victoria declared themselves against the proposal in state caucuses. South Australia, Western Australia and Tasmania did not take a position, and supported the principle of the referendum for the people to decide. Hughes had been unsuccessful in taking the bulk of his party along with him.


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Proposal
In September, Opposition and Commonwealth Liberal Party leader Joseph Cook addressed parliament in support of conscription: "There are some that do not believe in the compulsion of men, who say that Australia has done enough ... I hope there are few men in the parliament who believe that ... We are proud of what the Empire has done, and our contribution must be adequate, and in every way worthy of that effort ... To palter now would be a national sin, a national calamity."


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Proposal
As opposition leader, Cook had opposed almost no government measures throughout 1916, and Hughes and his faction were becoming increasingly distant from the bulk of the ALP and aligning much more with the conservative opposition. When the second reading of the Military Service Referendum bill was moved, it carried 46 to 10 in the House and 19 to 9 in the Senate. In neither house did any member of the opposition vote against the bill — the opposing vote came entirely from Labor detractors. Upon the second moving of the Referendum Bill, Frank Tudor resigned from Hughes's cabinet.


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Proposal
A group of 15 representatives and 12 senators, led by Frank Brennan and Myles Ferricks, opposed the bill at every stage on the grounds that it was a question of conscience on which no majority, no matter how large, had a right to impose its will on the minority. Hughes stared down his enemies within the party and committed himself fully to the campaign: "For myself, I say that I am going into this referendum campaign as if it were the only thing for which I lived."


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Public debate
The debate over whether to introduce conscription had risen in profile with the public, and many sectors of the population were heavily divided on the issue. The highly influential Australian Natives' Association announced in mid-1916 that "[t]he needs of war can no longer be met by voluntary service ... this association pledges itself to support the Government to utilise the services of every citizen." Yet the branches of the ANA were split in response to the executive's announcement, with some branches declaring against conscription (such as Coburn) and others rallying to support (Collingwood).


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Public debate
Coming into the conscription debate, organised labour's opposition was not unanimous. The Age published an analysis of the situation on 13 April and came to the conclusion that "if a vote were taken of the rank and file of the entire movement, there would be an undoubted demand for conscription". Some Labor supporters did so only on the proviso of an accompanying 'conscription of wealth'.


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Public debate
This had been an issue within the Labor Party for some time – in Australia in 1916, the wealth census revealed that 80% of the assets and wealth tabulated in the nation were held by just 15% of the population. The issue never got off the ground in a coherent way, and many counter-argued that taxation was exactly a form of wealth conscription, and that fixed assets could hardly be mobilised with sufficient liquidity to help the war effort.


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Public debate
Opponents to the bill stood largely behind two different principles. Some of them, with Andrew Fisher being perhaps the best known, fully agreed about the danger threatening Australia if the war was lost, and with the consequent necessity of carrying on the war with the utmost power that could be developed. However, they believed that the best effort that could be mustered would be as a result of voluntary efforts only, and the effort to introduce conscription to a nation that did not feel directly threatened would only cause infighting and actually hamper the war effort.


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Public debate
The other group of opponents, led by default by Frank Tudor and T. J. Ryan, argued that whilst it may be justifiable to compel men to do many things, compelling them to take life and risk their own came in a different category. Under no circumstances was it just to force a man to kill another man. The Australian Worker put this popular Labor Party platform thus:"Society may say to the individual: 'you must love this; you must hate that'.


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Public debate
But unless the individual feels love or hatred springing from his own convictions and his own feelings, society commands him in vain. He cannot love to order. He cannot hate to order. These passions must find their source within his soul ... the man who is forced to fight is a vilely outraged as the woman who is forced to fondle." Similar sentiments were echoed by the Australian Freedom League, which opposed the bill because it would prevent the expression of freedom of conscience.


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Public debate
Trade unionists feared that the bill would open the door for foreign labour to immigrate and take jobs from the fighting men. Frank Anstey proclaimed on the floor of parliament during the introduction of the bill:


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Public debate
"The clause provides that this measure may be cited as 'Military Service Referendum act', and I am of the opinion that its objects and purpose should be stated in more explicit language in that title. I therefore move that the words 'Military Service' be left out, with a view to insert in lieu thereof the words 'Coloured Labour'....one of the advantages to be anticipated from the carrying of the proposed referendum is the advance of our industries by the sending out of the country 200,000 to 300,000 of our men, and replacing them by coloured labourers."


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Public debate
Much of the propaganda against conscription sought to play upon the fears of several sections of the community – women would lose their sons and spouses, farmers' fields would fall fallow without sufficient labour, and workers would be replaced by cheap foreign labour in their absence. However, just about every influential public man in Australia otherwise supported the conscription campaign. All non-Catholic church heads published in support of the movement, as well as the Salvation Army, the newspapers, and many jurists. Upon the announcement of the campaign and the vote, most media outlets quickly took up the cause, brandishing stirring rhetoric and powerful images. Norman Lindsay and David Low produced some of the most powerful images of the war with their posters in support of the 'yes' vote.


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Public debate, Public meetings
The conscription issue deeply divided Australia; large meetings were held, both for and against. The women's vote was seen as important; there were large women's meetings, and campaign information from both sides aimed at women voters. The campaigning for the first plebiscite was launched by Hughes at a huge overflow meeting at the Sydney Town Hall, where he outlined the Government's proposals. This was followed by a huge pro-conscription meeting at the Melbourne Town Hall on 21 September.


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Public debate, Public meetings
Anti -conscriptionists, especially in Melbourne, were also able to mobilise large crowds with a meeting filling the Exhibition Building on 20 September 1916; 30,000 people on the Yarra bank on Sunday, 15 October, and 25,000 the following week; a "parade of women promoted by the United Women's No-Conscription Committee – an immense crowd of about 60,000 people gathered at Swanston St between Guild Hall and Princes Bridge, and for upwards of an hour the street was a surging area of humanity". An anti-conscription stop work meeting called by five trade unions held on the Yarra Bank mid-week on 4 October attracted 15,000 people.


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Campaign
Hughes's campaign over the next months involved traveling great distances. From the opening in Sydney, he traversed the country, reaching major stops in Melbourne on 21 September, Adelaide on 25 October, Sydney and then Brisbane on 1 October, Hobart on 12 October, Melbourne again on 15 October, Albury on 23 October, Newcastle on 25 October, and Sydney again on 26 October. Throughout the campaign, he was PM, Attorney-General, and (after Tudor's resignation), Minister for Customs. Hughes's efforts made him the focal point and central figure of the entire campaign. "The campaign for conscription was almost becoming a battle over Mr. Hughes and his statements." Indeed, the outcome of the referendum depended a great deal on his own personal actions, particularly in the last four weeks of the campaign.


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Campaign
Everywhere Hughes went, his meetings were well attended and his speeches enthusiastically received. However, as commentators later noted, the crowds were overwhelmingly middle-class and conservative in their make-up. The numerous anti-conscription meetings went largely unreported, and Hughes had little opportunity to address the Labor and working class audiences which he had traditionally identified with. Hughes was essentially isolated from the movement with which he had built his career. He was expelled from the NSW Political Labor League in mid-September.


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Campaign
The Sydney Wharf Union (which Hughes had founded) expelled him on 27 September, and the Trolley, Draymen and Carters’ Union (which he had also founded) followed suit six days later. Finally, on 26 October, Labor's West Sydney electoral council voted for his expulsion as well, ending his endorsement to stand for Labor in the electorate he had represented since 1894. Hughes purportedly brushed those moves aside, but it is clear that his campaign left him personally isolated from those with whom he been involved during his earlier career.


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Campaign
He missed no opportunity to speak to working-class or disaffected groups, but was largely denied access to them, although he very frequently spoke to assemblages of women. A strategy he used to help convince the working classes was to secure the support of foreign labor-aligned political officials, largely from the British Labour Party and the French Socialist Party. Several were forthcoming in October.


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Campaign
Anticipating that the referendum would pass, and desiring that as many men as possible be readied for service following its passage, Hughes issued a directive that severely undermined his popularity. Using pre-existing powers under the Defence Act, Hughes ordered all eligible men between 21 and 35 to report for military duty, to be examined for medical fitness, and then go into training camp. Exemption courts could grant a leave to individuals based on specified criteria such as ill-fitness, employment in certain industries, or conscientious objection.


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Campaign
The Governor-General approved the declaration, and the call-up was announced, with all eligible men compelled to report. One significant aspect of this measure was the compulsory fingerprinting of all those called up for enlistment. The reason was valid enough – there were problems with exemption certificates being fraudulently produced, or valid certificates being sold or reused by other individuals and fingerprinting was thought to be a solution to this problem. However, there was significant public backlash from this "October Surprise". The use of fingerprinting was almost solely associated with criminal activity and investigation, and was unnecessarily heavy-handed. Many resented this pre-emptive measure by Hughes, viewing it as an arrogant assumption about the result of the forthcoming vote.


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Campaign
Several contemporary observers felt that this action was the turning point in the campaign. Until that point, all indications seemed to favour a victory for the "Yes" vote, but thereafter, the momentum swung steadily towards 'No'. Huge meetings were taking place all over Australia. Although the political leadership had largely decided in favour of conscription, the rank and file were showing themselves to be acting independently of their leadership. These forces consolidated more solidly in the first week of October, with J.H. Catts becoming the general organiser and director of the Anti- Conscription campaign. Catts took a much more moderate position than many others in the "anti" campaign, and was a significant boost to its credibility. He favoured conscription for home defence, which was an acceptable compromise for those with concerns about Australia's own security.


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Campaign
On 25 October, at a meeting of the Commonwealth Executive Council, Hughes decided to issue another decree. The meeting was poorly attended, with mostly anti-conscription members of the cabinet present – Edward Russell (Assistant Minister), Albert Gardiner (Treasurer), Jens Jensen (Navy), and the Treasurer William Higgs. However, Hughes tabled a proposal to authorise returning officers on polling day to ask voters who were men between ages 21 and 35 whether they had evaded the call-up and if they were in fact authorised to vote.


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Campaign
If their answer was not satisfactory, their votes would be put aside for future consideration as to whether they should be counted. The proclamation of this new regulation was to be delayed until the very last possible moment before the poll. Hughes seems to have been completely unaware of how high-handed such an edict appeared to his fellow Cabinet members, and to the public in general. The Executive Council rejected the proposal on that occasion. On 27 October, Hughes reconvened the Council, with the Governor-General present, as well as Jensen and Webster, but not the three previous attendees. This time the Council approved the motion, although the Governor-General was not told about the rejection of the same proposal two days earlier. The edict was published in the Government Gazette that evening.


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Campaign
The fallout was swift. Gardiner, Higgs and Russell resigned from Cabinet and issued a press statement giving their views on the situation, which cleared the usually pro-government censors because Higgs temporarily held the Defence portfolio, due to George Pearce's absence in Western Australia, so Hughes was unable to prevent its publication. The government was threatened with collapse, with four of the nine members of the First Hughes Ministry having quit.


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Campaign
The publicity about Hughes's peremptory move and its consequences was a disaster, coming on the eve of the poll, and the veneer of a unified and strong government under Hughes was destroyed. Hughes, distraught and overwrought, called the Governor-General at midnight, saying he had no one else to talk to, and the two men in the wee-hours of the morning, with Lord Novar offering sympathy and support to his old colleague, but ultimately both understood that the cause was probably lost.


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Results
Are you in favour of the Government having, in this grave emergency, the same compulsory powers over citizens in regard to requiring their military service, for the term of this war, outside the Commonwealth, as it now has in regard to military service within the Commonwealth?


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Aftermath
The defeat of the proposal came as a great surprise to most commentators; few had predicted that it would fail. The Labor movement, and the 'anti' cause in general, had fought under many disadvantages, and the 'yes' campaign had most of the media, many major public institutions, and many of the state governments on its side. Supporters of the referendum were circumspect in their analysis of the result, noting that only a few percentage points and fewer than 75,000 voters had separated the results. The support for the vote in Victoria was surprising to many, given that it had often been the locus of anti-conscription rhetoric.


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Aftermath
There were many reasons why the poll was unsuccessful. World War I itself was seen as a "right versus might" conflict, and conscription seemed to fly in the face of that. Most, though, consider the deciding factor between the initial enthusiasm for the 'yes' vote and the eventual 'no' vote to be related to the actions of Hughes and his mistakes in the exercise of government power.


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Aftermath
The heavy-handed tactics, the arrogance displayed, and eventually the dirty fighting, created more detractors than supporters; these faults, and additionally Hughes's inability to appeal, either directly or indirectly, to many ordinary voters, were major problems that hampered the 'yes' campaign. The call-up, and the collapse of cabinet, were the two events that dealt the prospects for 'yes' a death blow in the final weeks of the campaign.


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Aftermath
Hughes's gamble had not paid off, and he was forced to dramatically reappraise the position of Australia in the war. Recruitment was temporarily helped by the small surge caused by the general call-up just before the vote (enough at least to maintain the lower estimates of troop needs for a few months). However, it soon returned to its lowest numbers. The fallout from the failure to secure conscription at the ballot box was significant. Despite the numerous political post-mortems and attempts at reconciliation, it was now clear to most people that Hughes could no longer command the respect or service of his Labor Party colleagues. The government was revealed to be a shell, consisting of Hughes, Pearce and just two other ministers.


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Aftermath
Immediately following the poll, another event – which would be the last straw for the Labor Party – emerged. A general strike amongst the coalminers had been brewing throughout October, and by November it had boiled over. Within weeks the Labor Party split, Hughes and his followers walking out to form a new National Labor Party that would eventually merge with the opposition Commonwealth Liberal Party to form the Nationalists and maintain Hughes as Prime Minister for another six years.


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Aftermath
Hughes accepted the decision of the voters, despite calls from some newspapers and supporters to push ahead with the introduction of conscription regardless of the result. The men who had been called up and whom had reported would be free to return home upon a month of training.


1916 Australian conscription referendum, Aftermath
In their analysis of the failure of the poll, Hughes and Pearce calculated that, assuming a consistent bloc of support from the Commonwealth Liberal Party, about half of the Labor movement had stuck with Hughes at the polls, and half had defected to defeat the referendum, in concert with other narrower demographic groups such as farmers, pacifists and the Irish. Through the operations of his colleagues during the two-week interlude between the failure of the vote and the break-up of the party, Hughes was aware that the Labor Party was conspiring to rid themselves of him at the first opportune moment, presumably after the settlement of the coalminers' industrial dispute.


1916 Baylor Bears football team
The 1916 Baylor Bears football team was an American football team that represented Baylor University as a member of the Southwest Conference (SWC) during the 1916 college football season. In its third season under head coach Charles Mosley, the team compiled a Baylor claims a 9–1 record (3–1 against SWC opponents) and outscored opponents by a total of 316 to 27. Baylor claims a conference championship for the 1916 season.


1916 Berwick-upon-Tweed by-election
The Berwick-upon-Tweed by-election of 1916 was held on 16 August 1916. The by-election was held due to the elevation to the peerage of the incumbent Liberal MP, Sir Edward Grey.


1916 Berwick-upon-Tweed by-election
It was won by the Liberal candidate Sir Francis Blake. Blake was unopposed by Conservative or Labour candidates due to a war time electoral truce where the three main parties would not put up candidates against one another. This meant that Blake was sometimes referred to as a "Coalitionist". The unsuccessful candidate, Dr Arthur Turnbull, stood as an Independent, though one source has described him as an Independent Liberal.


1916 Berwickshire by-election
The Berwickshire by-election, 1916 was a parliamentary by-election held for the House of Commons constituency of Berwickshire in the Scottish Borders on 18 July 1916.


1916 Berwickshire by-election, Vacancy
Under the provisions of the Succession to the Crown Act of 1707 and a number of subsequent Acts, MPs appointed to certain ministerial and legal offices were at this time required to seek re-election. The by-election in Berwickshire was caused by the appointment of the sitting Liberal MP, Harold "Jack" Tennant as Secretary for Scotland.


1916 Berwickshire by-election, Process
The writ for the by-election was moved in Parliament on 10 July and the returning officer, the Sheriff of Berwickshire, fixed 18 July for the nomination of candidates.


1916 Berwickshire by-election, Candidates
As the other political parties were collaborating in the wartime coalition government of H H Asquith, the Tories were not expected to oppose Tennant and there was not, as yet, any tradition of Labour contesting Berwickshire. In the absence of any other candidate, Tennant was duly returned unopposed on 18 July and, introduced by the Prime Minister and Eugene Wason MP, re-took his seat in the House of Commons on 20 July to cheers as Secretary for Scotland.


1916 Bingara state by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Bingara on 10 June 1916 because George McDonald (Labor) resigned from the party and his seat as a protest at the behaviour of the Easter 1916 NSW Labor conference and recontested the seat as an Independent.


1916 Birmingham Panthers football team
The 1916 Birmingham Panthers football team was an American football team that represented Birmingham College (now part of Birmingham–Southern College) as an independent during the 1916 college football season. Under head coach Charles H. Brown, the team compiled a 7–1 record.


1916 Birthday Honours
The 1916 Birthday Honours were appointments by King George V to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of the British Empire. The appointments were made to celebrate the official birthday of The King, and were published in The London Gazette and in The Times on 3 June 1916.


1916 Birthday Honours
Owing to the ongoing War, the 50-page supplement to The Gazette included 3,880 names of recipients of honours, military promotion of rank and medals, including the Military Cross (708 people, among them the Prince of Wales), Distinguished Service Order (373) and 1,217 Military Medals.


1916 Birthday Honours
In addition, more than 500 nurses from across the British Empire received the Royal Red Cross, a huge number noted by The British Journal of Nursing in its issue on 10 June: "The inclusion of so many members of the nursing profession (516) in the Birthday Honours' list is a unique event, and we most cordially congratulate those Matrons, Sisters and Nurses who have earned this distinction, while we bear in mind many others whose splendid work merits recognition."


1916 Birthday Honours
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.


1916 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, Privy Councillor
The King appointed the following to His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council:


1916 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG)
Additional Companions for services rendered in connection with Military Operations in the Field:


1916 Black Friday Storm
Black Friday (1916) was October 20, the day a "perfect storm" hit Lake Erie, sinking four large ships, killing forty-nine people.


1916 Black Friday Storm
The ships that were dispatched to the depths by the violent weather were the James B. Colgate, Marshall F. Butters, D.L. Filer and the Mérida.


1916 Black Friday Storm
In the western part of the lake, "the convergence of two high pressure systems and a minor hurricane" created the devastating force that day.


1916 Black Friday Storm, Individual ships
The whaleback freighter James B. Colgate was sailing to Thunder Bay when it sank around 10 P.P. near Blenheim, Ontario. The ship's captain was the only survivor. The wreck has been located on the lake bed.


1916 Black Friday Storm, Individual ships
The wooden-hulled  lumber-carrier Marshall F. Butters out of Midland, Ontario sank near the Detroit River. The crew of thirteen was rescued by two nearby ships. In the years since, the wreck has been located. One of the survivors, the second engineer, Herman Schmock, left a detailed account of the sinking and the rescue.


1916 Black Friday Storm, Individual ships
The 45 year old schooner D.L. Filer also sank near the mouth of the Detroit River, with only the captain being rescued, and then not until the next day. The wreck has yet to be located.


1916 Black Friday Storm, Individual ships
The Merida was a Canadian steamer. None of the twenty-three crew members survived, though their bodies were recovered, floating in their life vests. The wreck has been located.


1916 Bodmin by-election
The Bodmin by-election of 1916 was held on 15 August 1916. The by-election was held due to the resignation of the incumbent Liberal Unionist MP, Sir Reginald Pole-Carew. It was won by the Conservative candidate Charles Hanson who was unopposed due to a War-time electoral pact.


1916 Bolivian legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Bolivia in May 1916 to elect half the seats of the Chamber Deputies and one-third of the Senate.


1916 Bolton by-election
The Bolton by-election, 1916 was a parliamentary by-election held for the British House of Commons constituency of Bolton on 29 February 1916. The seat had become vacant when the Liberal Thomas Taylor (one of the constituency's two Members of Parliament) resigned. Taylor had also won the seat at a by-election four years earlier.


1916 Bolton by-election
The Liberal candidate, William Edge, was returned unopposed, due to a war time electoral pact where none of the major parties put up candidates against the incumbent party. He took his seat in Parliament on 2 March 1916.


1916 Boreas
1916 Boreas, provisional designation 1953 RA, is an eccentric, stony asteroid and near-Earth object of the Amor group, approximately 3 kilometers in diameter. After its discovery in 1953, it became a lost asteroid until 1974. It was named after Boreas from Greek mythology.


1916 Boreas, Discovery
Boreas was discovered on 1 September 1953, by Belgian astronomer Sylvain Arend at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. The asteroid was observed for 2 months and then with time became a lost asteroid. It was recovered in 1974, by Richard Eugene McCrosky, G. Schwartz and JH Bulger based on a predicted position by Brian G. Marsden.


1916 Boreas, Orbit and classification
Boreas orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.3–3.3 AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,251 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.45 and an inclination of 13° with respect to the ecliptic.


1916 Boreas, Orbit and classification
The near-Earth asteroid has an Earth minimum orbit intersection distance of 0.2520 AU (37,700,000 km), which corresponds to 98.2 lunar distances. Its observation arc begins with it official discovery observation at Uccle in 1953.


1916 Boreas, Physical characteristics
On the Tholen and SMASS taxonomic scheme, Boreas is classified as a common S-type asteroid with a stony composition. It has also been characterized as a Sw-subtype.


1916 Boreas, Physical characteristics
Several rotational lightcurves gave a rotation period between 3.4741 and 3.49 hours with a brightness variation between 0.25 and 0.35 magnitude (U=2/2/3/n.a. ).


1916 Boreas, Physical characteristics
In 1994, astronomer Tom Gehrels estimated Boreas to measure 3.5 kilometers in diameter, based on an assumed albedo of 0.15. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 3.07 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 14.93.


1916 Boreas, Naming
This minor planet is named after the Greek god of the north wind, Boreas, as the asteroid was discovered moving rapidly northward after passing the ascending node of its orbit. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 8 April 1982 (M.P.C. 6833).


1916 Boston Braves season
The 1916 Boston Braves season was the 46th season of the franchise. was a season in American baseball. The team finished third in the National League with a record of 89–63, four games behind the Brooklyn Robins.


1916 Boston Braves season
Before the 1916 season, the Braves were sold to a syndicate headed by former Harvard University football coach Percy Haughton.


1916 Boston Braves season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1916 Boston Braves season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1916 Boston Braves season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1916 Boston Braves season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1916 Boston Braves season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1916 Boston College football team
The 1916 Boston College football team was an American football team that represented Boston College during the 1916 college football season.


1916 Boston Red Sox season
The 1916 Boston Red Sox season was the 16th season in the franchise's Major League Baseball history. The Red Sox finished first in the American League (AL) with a record of 91 wins and 63 losses. The team then faced the National League (NL) champion Brooklyn Robins in the 1916 World Series, which the Red Sox won in five games to capture the franchise's second consecutive and fourth overall World Series.


1916 Boston Red Sox season
While the Red Sox' home field was Fenway Park, their final two regular season games—a doubleheader against the Philadelphia Athletics—and their three home games of the World Series were played at Braves Field, due to its larger seating capacity.


1916 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1916 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1916 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1916 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1916 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1916 Boston Red Sox season, 1916 World Series
AL Boston Red Sox (4) vs. NL Brooklyn Robins (1)


1916 Bradford Central by-election
The Bradford Central by-election of 1916 was held on 21 January 1916. The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Liberal MP, Sir George Scott Robertson. It was won by the Liberal candidate James Hill, who was unopposed.


1916 British Columbia general election
The 1916 British Columbia general election was the fourteenth general election for the Province of British Columbia, Canada. It was held to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. The election was called on July 5, 1916, and held on September 14, 1916. The new legislature met for the first time on March 1, 1917.


1916 British Columbia general election
The Liberal Party defeated the governing Conservative Party, winning 50% of the vote, almost double its share from the previous election. The Liberals won 36 of the 47 seats in the legislature.


1916 British Columbia general election
The Conservatives' popular vote fell from almost 60% to just over 40%, and took nine seats, forming the Official Opposition.


1916 British Columbia general election, Results
* Party did not nominate candidates in the previous election.


1916 British Columbia general election, Results
1 One candidate, H.C. Brewster (Liberal) who contested and was elected in both Alberni and Victoria City, is counted twice.


1916 British Columbia general election, Results
² Also included as a candidate is R. McBride (Conservative, Richmond) who withdrew before the 14 September polling day but received some overseas votes.


1916 British Guiana general election, Electoral system
The elections were held under the 1891 constitution, which provided for a 16-member Court of Policy, half of which was elected. The Court included the Governor, seven government officials (the Attorney General, the Government Secretary, the Immigration Agent General and the Receiver General, together with three other appointees). The eight elected members were elected from seven constituencies; Demerara East, Demerara West, Essequebo North Western, Essequebo South Eastern, Berbice, City of Georgetown (2 members) and New Amsterdam.


1916 British Guiana general election, Electoral system
In addition, six "Financial Representatives" were also elected in six single member constituencies; Demerara, Essequebo North Western, Essequebo South Eastern, Berbice, Georgetown and New Amsterdam. Together with the Court of Policy, the two groups formed the Combined Court.


1916 British Guiana general election, Electoral system
The franchise was restricted on the basis of a minimum income level, and women could not vote; as a result, only 1.28% of the population were entitled to vote.


1916 British Guiana general election, Campaign
Five Indo-Guyanese ran for election, including Edward Luckhoo, mayor of New Amsterdam and Joseph Alexander Luckhoo.


1916 British Guiana general election, Results
Joseph Alexander Luckhoo was elected in South West Essequibo seat, becoming the first Indo-Guyanese member of the Court of Policy. In addition, three Britons, three Portuguese, five blacks (including Alfred A. Thorne) and one mixed race candidate were elected.


1916 Brooklyn Robins season
The 1916 Brooklyn Robins won their first National League pennant in 16 years and advanced to the first World Series in franchise history, where they lost to Babe Ruth and the Boston Red Sox in five games.


1916 Brooklyn Robins season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = runs; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; SB = Stolen bases


1916 Brooklyn Robins season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = runs; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; SB = Stolen bases


1916 Brooklyn Robins season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; CG = Complete games; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; BB = Bases on balls; SO = Strikeouts


1916 Brooklyn Robins season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; CG = Complete games; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; BB = Bases on balls; SO = Strikeouts


1916 Brooklyn Robins season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; BB = Bases on balls; SO = Strikeouts


1916 Brooklyn Robins season, 1916 World Series, Game 3
October 10, 1916, at Ebbets Field in Brooklyn, New York


1916 Brooklyn Robins season, 1916 World Series, Game 4
October 11, 1916, at Ebbets Field in Brooklyn, New York


1916 Brown Bears football team
The 1916 Brown Bears football team was an American football team that represented Brown University as an independent during the 1916 college football season. In its 15th season under head coach Eddie N. Robinson, Brown compiled an 8–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 254 to 27. The team played its home games at Andrews Field in Providence, Rhode Island.


1916 Bucknell football team
The 1916 Bucknell football team was an American football team that represented Bucknell University as an independent during the 1916 college football season. In its second season under head coach George Johnson, the team compiled a 3–9 record.


1916 Buffalo All-Stars season
The 1916 Buffalo All-Stars (or just "All-Buffalo" as they were known in local papers) played in the Buffalo Semi Pro Football division which was considered part of the New York Pro Football League and posted a 7-3-1 record.


1916 Buffalo All-Stars season
Eugene F. Dooley played quarterback and also managed the team.


1916 Buffalo High School
The 1916 Buffalo High School, also known as Buffalo-Tower City Senior High School, is a property in Buffalo, North Dakota that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). It is located near the center of Buffalo, near the Old Stone Church which is also NRHP-listed.


1916 Buffalo High School
It was built in 1916 in Classical Revival style, and was designed and/or built by A.J. O'Shea and Meineke Building Co.


1916 Buffalo High School
At the time of the listing, the property was owned by the Buffalo Historical Society. The listing included one contributing building.


1916 Cal Poly Mustangs football team
The 1916 Cal Poly Mustangs football team represented California Polytechnic School, now California Polytechnic State University, in the 1916 college football season. The team was led by D.W. Schlosser, and were outscored 25–56 in their three games.