1907 New York Giants season
The 1907 New York Giants season was the franchise's 25th season. The team finished in fourth place in the National League with an 82-71 record, 25½ games behind the Chicago Cubs.


1907 New York Giants season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1907 New York Giants season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1907 New York Giants season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1907 New York Giants season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1907 New York Giants season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1907 New York Highlanders season
The 1907 New York Highlanders season, its fifth in New York and its seventh overall, finished with the team in 5th place in the American League with a record of 70–78. Another notable newcomer was New York's recently acquired left fielder Branch Rickey, who would become well known for integrating Jackie Robinson into the major leagues some four decades later.


1907 New York Highlanders season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1907 New York Highlanders season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1907 New York Highlanders season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1907 New York Highlanders season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1907 New York Highlanders season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1907 New York state election
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1907 New York state election
The 1907 New York state election was held on November 5, 1907, to elect two judges of the New York Court of Appeals, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly.


1907 New York state election, History
In 1907, there were only two state officer to be elected statewide: two judges of the Court of Appeals, to succeed Denis O'Brien who had reached the constitutional age limit of 70 years, and Edward T. Bartlett whose fourteen-year term would expire at the end of the year.


1907 New York state election, History
The Independence League state convention met on September 28 at Carnegie Hall in New York City. Reuben Robie Lyon was Temporary Chairman. They nominated Reuben Robie Lyon, a lawyer of Bath; and Republican John T. McDonough - a former Secretary of State of New York and justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines - for the Court of Appeals.


1907 New York state election, History
The Republican State Committee met on October 4. Timothy L. Woodruff was Chairman. They re-nominated the incumbent Edward T. Bartlett, and nominated Democrat Willard Bartlett - who occupied an additional seat on the Court of Appeals - to succeed Denis O'Brien. The Democratic State Committee met three hours later. William James Conners was Chairman. They endorsed the Republican nominees, thus effecting a cross endorsement deal without talking with the other party.


1907 New York state election, Result
The incumbent Edward T. Bartlett was re-elected. Willard Bartlett continued on the Court, moving from an additional to a regular seat.


1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia
The 1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia was the sixth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. Four matches were played against regional and district sides along with three Test match against the Australia national side, being the first time both teams played each other.


1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia
New Zealand won the series with two victories and a tied match. Before the tour matches, New Zealand played a preliminary game v. the Wellington RU team at the Athletic Park, won by the All Blacks 19–6.


1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia, Match summary
Complete list of matches played by the All Blacks in Australia:


1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia, Match details, Waratahs
New Zealand: S. T. Casey, A. McDonald, J. M. O'Sullivan, W. Cunningham, A. R. H. Francis, W. Johnston, C. E. Seeling, G. A. Gillett, F. Roberts, H. J. Mynott, W. J. Wallace, J. Hunter (c), F. E. Mitchinson, F. C. Fryer, G. Spencer


1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia, Match details, Waratahs
New Zealand: S. T. Casey, H. Paton, A. McDonald, W. Cunningham, A. R. H. Francis, W. Johnston, J. C. Spencer, J. T. Colman, F. Roberts, A. G. Eckhold, E. E. Booth, J. Hunter (c), W. J. Wallace, F. C. Fryer, G. Spencer


1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia, Match details, Australia
Australia: J. Rosewell (Graves), T. S. Griffen, J. T. Barnett (Richards), P. A. McCue, P. H. Burge (c), P. Flanagan, J. Hughes, N. E. Row, F. Wood, C. H. McKivatt, C. Russell, W. Dix, F. B. Smith, G. Watson, P. CarmichaelNew Zealand: E. Hughes, S. T. Casey, A. R. H. Francis, W. Cunningham, W. Johnston, C. E. Seeling, A. McDonald, J. T. H. Colman (Spencer), F. RobertsH. J. Mynott, W. J. Wallace, J. Hunter (c), F. E. Mitchinson, F. C. Fryer, E. E. Booth


1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia, Match details, Reds
New Zealand: S. T. Casey, E. Hughes, J. M. O'Sullivan, W. Cunningham, A. R. H. Francis, G. W. Nicholson, C. E. Seeling, J. Hogan, F. Roberts (c), A. G. Eckhold, E. E. Booth, W. J. Wallace, F. E. Mitchinson, F. C. Fryer, G. Spencer


1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia, Match details, Reds
New Zealand: A. McDonald, E. Hughes, W. Johnston, W. Cunningham, G. W. Nicholson, J. C. Spencer, C. E. Seeling, J. Hogan, F. Roberts (c), A. G. Eckhold, E. E. Booth, W. J. Wallace, G. A. Gillett, F. C. Fryer, G. Spencer


1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia, Match details, Australia
Australia: A. M. Oxlade (c), V. Oxenham, J. T. Barnett, P. H. Burge, W. Caniffe, J. Fihelly, P. Flanagan, E. W. Richards, F. Wood, E. F. Mandible, H. H. Messenger, F. B. Smith, C. Russell, C. E Parkinson, W. Dix New Zealand: E. Hughes, S. T. Casey, A. R. H. Francis, W. Cunningham, W. Johnston, C. E. Seeling, G. W. Nicholson, G. A. Gillett, F. Roberts, H. J. Mynott, W. J. Wallace, J. Hunter (c), F. E. Mitchinson, F. C. Fryer, J. T. H. Colman


1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia, Match details, Australia
Australia: J. Rosewell, T. S. Griffen, J. T. Barnett, P. A. McCue, P. H. Burge (c), J. Hughes, A. B. Burge, N. E. Row, F. Wood, C. H. McKivatt, H. H. Messenger, E. F. Mandible, F. B. Smith, C. Russell, W. Dix New Zealand: E. Hughes, S. T. Casey, G. W. Nicholson, W. Cunningham, W. Johnstonm, J. M. O'Sullivan, A. R. H. Francis, G. A. Gillett, F. Roberts, H. J. Mynott, W. J. Wallace, J. Hunter (c), F. E. Mitchinson, F. C. Fryer, E. E. Booth


1907 News of the World Match Play
The 1907 News of the World Match Play was the fifth News of the World Match Play tournament. It was played from Tuesday 15 to Thursday 17 October at Sunningdale Golf Club. 32 players competed in a straight knock-out competition, with each match contested over 18 holes, except for the final which was over 36 holes. The winner received £100 out of a total prize fund of £240. James Braid defeated J.H. Taylor 4 & 2 in the final to win the tournament.


1907 News of the World Match Play, Qualification
Entry was restricted to members of the Professional Golfers' Association (PGA). Qualification was by a series of 36-hole stroke-play competitions; one for each of the six PGA sections. The number of entries from each section were adjusted. The Southern section had 14 qualifiers, the Northern section 6, the Midland and the Scottish sections 4 and the Irish and Welsh sections 2. In the event of a tie for places there was a playoff.


1907 News of the World Match Play, Format
The format was unchanged. Matches were over 18 holes except for the final which was over 36 holes. Extra holes were played in the event of a tied match. Two rounds were played on the first day, two more on the second day with the final on the third day.


1907 News of the World Match Play, Prize money
The winner received £100 and a gold medal, the runner-up £30 and a silver medal, the losing semi-finalists £15 and a bronze medal, while the third round losers received £10 and the second round losers received £5.


1907 North Carolina A&M Aggies football team
The 1907 North Carolina A&M Aggies football team represented the North Carolina A&M Aggies of North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts during the 1907 college football season. Led by first year head coach Mickey Whitehurst, the Aggies compiled a 6–0–1 record and claimed a Southern championship for the South Atlantic teams. This is the first year the team played at Riddick Stadium, then known as New Athletic Park.


1907 North Carolina Tar Heels football team
The 1907 North Carolina Tar Heels football team represented the University of North Carolina and indepdepent during the 1907 college football season. Led by Otis Lamson in his first and only season as head coach, North Carolina compiled a record of 4–4–1. The team's captain was Joseph S. Mann.


1907 North Dakota Agricultural Aggies football team
The 1907 North Dakota Agricultural Aggies football team was an American football team that represented North Dakota Agricultural College (now known as North Dakota State University) as an independent during the 1907 college football season. In its second and final season under head coach Gil Dobie, the team compiled a 3–0 record and outscored opponents by a total of 164 to 10.


1907 North Dakota Agricultural Aggies football team
The season was part of a 10-game winning streak that began in 1905 and ended in 1908.


1907 North East Derbyshire by-election
The North East Derbyshire by-election of 1907 was held on 30 January 1907. The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Liberal MP, Thomas Bolton. It was won by the Lib-Lab candidate W. E. Harvey.


1907 North Monaghan by-election
The North Monaghan by-election of 1907 was held on 20 June 1907. The by-election was held due to the resignation of the incumbent Irish Parliamentary MP, Patrick O'Hare. It was won by the Irish Parliamentary candidate James Carrige Rushe Lardner.


1907 North Monaghan by-election
Lardner was elected unopposed, although his nomination as the Nationalist candidate had been opposed by the powerful Joseph Devlin, whose Ancient Order of Hibernians was in competition with the Irish National Foresters.


1907 North Tyrone by-election
The North Tyrone by-election of 1907 was held on 8 March 1907. The by-election was held due to the incumbent Liberal MP, William Huston Dodd, being appointed as a Judge of the High Court of Justice in Ireland 1907–24. It was narrowly won by the Liberal candidate Redmond Barry in a very high turnout.


1907 North West Staffordshire by-election
The North West Staffordshire by-election was a Parliamentary by-election. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP)  to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.


1907 North West Staffordshire by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the death of Sir Alfred Billson on 9 July 1907. He had been Liberal MP for the seat of North West Staffordshire since the 1906 general election. In June 1907 he was knighted in King Edward VII's Birthday Honours List although he did not live to receive the accolade. He died suddenly in the House of Commons when he collapsed in the 'Aye' lobby while casting his vote on sugar duty legislation, aged 68.


1907 North West Staffordshire by-election, Electoral history
The seat had been gained by the Liberals in 1906. At the previous four elections a Conservative had won and a Liberal had not previously won since 1885, before the party split over Irish Home Rule.


1907 North West Staffordshire by-election, Campaign
Polling Day was fixed for the 31 July 1907, just 22 days after the death of the previous MP, making for a very short campaign. Twyford, the Conservative candidate, was a supporter of tariff reform. He sought to attract votes from local miners by claiming he supported their campaign for an eight-hour working day. Stanley, the Liberal candidate supported free trade and Irish Home Rule. He hoped to win the backing of the overwhelming majority of the 5,000 miners living in the constituency. Stanley's campaign was supported by a number of Liberal MPs including those sponsored by trade unions. He did not receive any help from Labour Party MPs.


1907 North West Staffordshire by-election, Result
The Liberals held the seat and managed a slightly increased majority;


1907 North West Staffordshire by-election, Result
Stanley attributed his victory to the "perfect union" of Liberal and Labour forces. Twyford blamed his defeat on his failure to attract miners' votes.


1907 North West Staffordshire by-election, Aftermath
Stanley was opposed to the miners affiliating to the Labour Party. When in 1909 the Miners Federation of Great Britain voted to affiliate, although a lifelong Liberal, he agreed to seek re-election as a Labour Party candidate.


1907 Northern Illinois State Normal football team
The 1907 Northern Illinois State Normal football team represented Northern Illinois State Normal College as an independent in the 1907 college football season. They were led by second-year head coach Nelson A. Kellogg and played their home games at Glidden Field, located on the east end of campus. The team finished the season with a 1–4–1 record.


1907 Norwegian Football Cup
The 1907 Norwegian Football Cup was the sixth season of the Norwegian annual knockout football tournament. The tournament was open for 1907 local association leagues (kretsserier) champions, except in Kristiania og omegn where a separate cup qualifying tournament was held. Mercantile won their first title.


1907 Notre Dame football team
The 1907 Notre Dame football team represented the University of Notre Dame during the 1907 college football season.


1907 Ohio State Buckeyes football team
The 1907 Ohio State Buckeyes football team was an American football team that represented Ohio State University during the 1907 college football season. The Buckeyes compiled a 7–2–1 record and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 160 to 49 in their second season under head coach Albert E. Herrnstein.


1907 Oklahoma A&M Aggies football team
The 1907 Oklahoma A&M Aggies football team represented Oklahoma A&M College in the 1907 college football season. This was the seventh year of football at A&M and the second under Boyd Hill. The Aggies played their home games in Stillwater, Oklahoma Territory. They finished the season 1–5–2.


1907 Oklahoma Sooners football team
The 1907 Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the University of Oklahoma in the 1907 college football season. In their third year under head coach Bennie Owen, the Sooners compiled a 4–4 record, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 181 to 95. Statehood came to Oklahoma on November 16.


1907 Oklahoma gubernatorial election
The 1907 Oklahoma gubernatorial election was held on September 17, 1907, and was the inaugural race for the Governor of Oklahoma. Democrat Charles N. Haskell defeated Republican Frank Frantz, the territorial governor. Also on the ballot was C. C. Ross of the Socialist Party.


1907 Ole Miss Rebels football team
The 1907 Ole Miss Rebels football team represented the University of Mississippi during the 1907 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. In what would be Mason's final game as head coach, Ole Miss faced rival Mississippi A&M on a cold, wet Thanksgiving Day. Before the second half began, Mason brought out an urn filled with whisky-laced coffee in an attempt to warm his players. Sloppy second-half play resulted in a 15 to 0 Ole Miss loss. After the game, many of the players blamed Mason for the loss and when asked if the team was returning home that night, Mason was quoted as saying "Yes, the team is going north at 11 o'clock. I'm going in another direction, and hope I never see them again!"


1907 Olivet football team
The 1907 Olivet football team represented Olivet College during the 1907 college football season. In Burt Kennedy's 3rd year, Olivet compiled a 7–2 record, 5–1 in league play, and outscored their opponents by a total of 245 or 285 to 96.


1907 Open Championship
The 1907 Open Championship was the 47th Open Championship, held 20–21 June at Royal Liverpool Golf Club in Hoylake, England. Arnaud Massy won his only major title, two strokes ahead of runner-up J.H. Taylor. From France, Massy was the first non-Briton to win the Open Championship.


1907 Open Championship
Qualifying was introduced for the first time, replacing the 36-hole cut. It took place on Tuesday and Wednesday, 18–19 June, and the 193 entries were divided into two "sections," with each playing 36 holes on one day; the leading thirty players and ties from each section qualified. On Tuesday, 34 players scoring 165 or better qualified, led by Massy on 147. In windier conditions on Wednesday, 33 players at 170 or better qualified, led by Taylor on 154. There was some feeling that those in the first section would benefit from the day's rest.


1907 Open Championship
In a strong wind on Thursday morning, Massy and Walter Toogood were the co-leaders after the first round at 76, with the next closest score at 79. After the second round that afternoon, Massy led at 157, one stroke over Taylor and Tom Ball, with Tom Williamson and George Pulford a further shot behind.


1907 Open Championship
The strong wind persisted into Friday. In the morning, Massy scored 78 while Taylor's 76 gave him a one shot lead. Harry Vardon's 74 was the best round of the championship and moved him into a tie for third place with Pulford and Ball, five strokes behind Taylor.


1907 Open Championship
In the afternoon, Massy's 77 earned him the title at 312, two strokes ahead of Taylor, who scored 80 for 314. Taylor had some difficulties on the third hole where he sliced his drive into some long grass and took a seven, going out in 41. He came home in 39, but it wasn't enough to make up for his miscues on the front nine. Massy became the first overseas player to win the Open, while Taylor finished runner-up for the fourth successive time. Vardon's brother, Tom, made a powerful move up the leaderboard with a 75 in the final round to secure a tie for third.


1907 Open Championship, Past champions in the field
Failed to qualify: Jack White (1904), William Auchterlonie (1893). Did not enter: Harold Hilton (1892, 1897).


1907 Oregon Agricultural Aggies football team
The 1907 Oregon Agricultural Aggies football team represented Oregon Agricultural College (now known as Oregon State University) as an independent during the 1907 college football season.


1907 Oregon Agricultural Aggies football team
In their second season under head coach Fred Norcross, the Aggies compiled a perfect 6–0 record, did not allow any of their opponents to score, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 137 to 0. The Aggies' victories included games against Oregon (4–0), Pacific University (49–0), and Willamette (42–0).


1907 Oregon Webfoots football team
The 1907 Oregon Webfoots football team represented the University of Oregon in the 1907 college football season. It was the Webfoots' fourteenth season, they competed as an independent and were led by head coach Gordon B. Frost. They finished the season with a record of five wins and one loss (5–1).


1907 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo)
1907 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo) was the fourth waterpolo championship in Hungary. There was only one participant, who thus won the champion without any match.


1907 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo)
At the end of the year Magyar Úszó Egylet was established and from this time this Union was responsible for organising the championships.


1907 Ottawa Rough Riders season
The 1907 Ottawa Rough Riders finished in 3rd place in the newly formed Interprovincial Rugby Football Union with a 2–4 record and failed to qualify for the playoffs.


1907 Paraguayan Primera División season
The following article presents a summary of the 1907 football (soccer) season in Paraguay.


1907 Paraguayan Primera División season, Liga Paraguaya results
The championship was played for the "Copa El Diario", a trophy issued by the newspaper of the same name. It was won again by the previous year's winner, Guaraní.


1907 Paris–Roubaix
The 1907 Paris–Roubaix was the 12th edition of the Paris–Roubaix, a classic one-day cycle race in France. The single day event was held on 31 March 1907 and stretched 270 km (168 mi) from Paris to its end in a velodrome in Roubaix. The winner was Georges Passerieu from France.


1907 Paris–Tours
The 1907 Paris–Tours was the fourth edition of the Paris–Tours cycle race and was held on 22 September 1907. The race started in Paris and finished in Tours. The race was won by Georges Passerieu.


1907 Pembrokeshire County Council election
The seventh election to Pembrokeshire County Council was held in March 1907. It was preceded by the 1904 election and followed by the 1910 election.


1907 Pembrokeshire County Council election, Overview of the result
While there were a number of keenly contested wards a large number of wards were uncontested. The Conservatives took control of the Council in a result described by the Pembrokeshire Herald as a defeat for the "radical caucus". Even so, the Liberals polled strongly in norther parts of the county.


1907 Pembrokeshire County Council election, Election of aldermen
Aldermen were elected at the first meeting of the new council.


1907 Penn Quakers football team
The 1907 Penn Quakers football team represented the University of Pennsylvania in the 1907 college football season. They finished with an 11–1 record and claim 1907 as a national championship season. They outscored their opponents 256 to 40.


1907 Penn State Nittany Lions football team
The 1907 Penn State Nittany Lions football team was an American football team that represented Pennsylvania State College—now known as Pennsylvania State University–as an independent during the 1907 college football season. The team was coached by Tom Fennell and played its home games on Beaver Field in State College, Pennsylvania. This was the first year that Penn State had adopted the Nittany Lion as its official mascot.


1907 Perth by-election
The Perth by-election of 1907 was held on 12 February 1907. The by-election was held due to the resignation of the incumbent Liberal MP, Robert Wallace, in order to become Chairman of the County of London sessions. It was won by the Liberal candidate Sir Robert Pullar, who was unopposed. Pullar was then aged 79 years (less six days), making his possibly the oldest debut of a British MP in the 20th century.


1907 Philadelphia Athletics season
The 1907 Philadelphia Athletics season involved the A's finishing second in the American League with a record of 88 wins and 57 losses.


1907 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1907 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1907 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1907 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1907 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1907 Philadelphia Phillies season
The following lists the events of the 1907 Philadelphia Phillies season.


1907 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1907 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1907 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1907 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1907 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1907 Philadelphia mayoral election
The Philadelphia mayoral election of 1907 saw the election of John Edger Reyburn as a Jeffersonian Republican over William Potter, who ran as a City-Democrat.


1907 Philippine Assembly elections
The first Philippine Assembly elections were held across the Philippines on July 30, 1907. The Philippine Organic Act of 1902 established a bicameral Philippine Legislature composed of the appointed Philippine Commission as the upper house and the elected Philippine Assembly as the lower house.


1907 Philippine Assembly elections
The first national election for a legislative body in the Philippines, and considered to be a de facto independence referendum, the newly-formed Nacionalista Party, advocating independence, defeated the more established Progresista Party, which were conservative.


1907 Philippine Assembly elections, Formation of political parties
With the conclusion of the Philippine–American War (then known as the "Philippine Insurrection") and the establishment of the American colonial Insular Government under the Philippine Organic Act of 1902, elections were held in various parts of the Philippines. Divisions developed between the Federalistas who advocated for statehood within the United States, and the Independistas those who advocated for independence. The opposition to American rule were unable to mount a united front for the 1906 local elections, with only the Comitė de Intereses Filipinos presenting a united, yet limited, organization. By mid-1906, those opposed to American rule began organizing themselves into political parties.


1907 Philippine Assembly elections, Formation of political parties
The Comitė de la Union Nacional and the Partido Popular Independista merged to create the Partido de la Union Nacionalista. The Union Nacionalistas rejected a hardline path and instead chose an evolutionary position. Meanwhile, the Independistas urged immediate independence from the U.S. After failing to broker a deal with the Independistas, the Union Nacionalista proposed a merger with the Federalistas. Juan Sumulong, who led the Federalistas, advocated a radical policy, more in line with the "conservative" wing of the Union Nacionalistas led by Rafael Palma.


1907 Philippine Assembly elections, Formation of political parties
The Federalistas consulted Governor-General James Francis Smith, who then sought to advise Taft on the matter. Both Smith and Taft opposed the union, with Smith saying to Sumulong that a fusion will "result in the complete obliteration of the conservative element as a political actor in the community." The refusal of Federalistas reopened talks between the Union Nacionalista and the Independistas.


1907 Philippine Assembly elections, Formation of political parties
The Independistas organized themselves in January 1907 with a leadership election. To prevent further split, Alberto Barretto and Justo Lukban were elected co-leaders of the party. The election of Fernando Guerrero, Sergio Osmeña, Teodoro Sandiko and Isauro Gabaldon as counselors marked the first time that a Manila-based political group established links with provincial leaders.


1907 Philippine Assembly elections, Formation of political parties, The Nacionalistas and the Progresistas
In late January, the Federalistas organized themselves into a new name, Partido Nacional Progresista and launched a campaign to win seats in provinces around Manila. The nationalist-leaning groups launched negotiations to present a unified slate in the elections; Meanwhile, Palma insisted on having the word "Immediata" (immediate) to the party name of the proposed merger of the Union Nacionalistas and the Independistas. On March 12, 1907, the Union Nacionalista and the Independistas merged to form the Partido Nacionalista.


1907 Philippine Assembly elections, Formation of political parties, The Nacionalistas and the Progresistas
While the Nacionalistas will have a rotating leadership, the manner of selection of the candidates was a source of major dispute and the party convention at the Manila Grand Opera House ended in disarray. The Progresistas, on the other hand, dropped Federal from the party name seeing that the word had outlived its usefulness and had changed their name to Partido Nacional Progresista (National Progressive Party).


1907 Philippine Assembly elections, Campaign
While the Nacionalistas were in disarray, the Progresistas orchestrated a well-organized "popular assembly". The Progresistas established networks on local strongmen on already associated with the Nacionalistas; however, they were only able to field candidates in half of the districts in Central and southwestern Luzon. The Progresistas were unable to recruit supporters even in places were a Progresista is in office, save for Tarlac. In Manila, the Progresistas resorted to encouraging Americans to register and vote for them. However, the Federalistas were able to field in candidates in far-flung areas in Visayas and Mindanao.


1907 Philippine Assembly elections, Campaign
While the Progresistas were having a hard time on increasing their ranks, they instead relied on a strategy that will ensure the defeat of Nacionalistas candidates that will oppose Progresista policies.


1907 Philippine Assembly elections, Campaign
The Nacionalistas split their ranks when Guerrero and Lukban, members of the old Independista group were dropped from the ticket in favor of Dominador Gomez and Felipe del Pan. Quezon, brokered a deal that set a party convention that will settle candidacies but it was never convened; Gomez and del Pan remain the official candidates for the "regular" Nacionalistas. Guerrero and Lukban ultimately set up the Liga Nacional Independecia whose sole purpose is to contest 1907 elections.


1907 Philippine Assembly elections, Campaign
The Progresistas led by Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, on the other hand, opposed "immediate" independence. The reception at Progresista political rallies were from lukewarm to hostile, with people heckling "Hang them, kill them".


1907 Philippine Assembly elections, Campaign
On election day, the Partido Nacionalista, with its national organization in disarray, was able to field a candidate in 68 of the 80 districts.


1907 Philippine Assembly elections, Aftermath
While the candidates representing the Nacionalistas won majority of the seats in the assembly, the maneuvering to the election for the Speaker of the Assembly began, as the Speaker would be the most powerful Filipino in government. Quezon and Osmeña focused on aggregating the delegates around Osmeña's leadership, a task that became easier than the two had anticipated. With less than two dozen delegates, the Progresistas won't be able to elect a Speaker from their ranks and were marginalized from the talks amongst the Nacionalistas. Osmeña found two opponents for the Speakership: Gomez who defeated Lukban by 31 votes, and Pedro Paterno. However, Gomez's citizenship was questioned, and Paterno found himself to be Osmeña's leading opponent.


1907 Philippine Assembly elections, Aftermath
Gomez was found to be a Spanish citizen and a new election for his seat was called. Gomez still ran in the election and beat Lukban by a larger margin, about 400 votes. Gomez was permitted to take his seat, but not after seven months has passed, and after Osmeña was elected Speaker on October 16, 1907, with Quezon as the majority floor leader.


1907 Philippine Assembly elections, Aftermath
The defeat of the Progresistas in the elections hastened their downfall; the Nacionalista Party will continue to dominate the elections for the legislature, and the Progresistas, and later their successor the Democratas, will remain in opposition.


1907 Pittsburgh Pirates season
The 1907 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the 26th season for the Pittsburgh Pirates franchise. It involved the Pirates finishing second in the National League.


1907 Pittsburgh Pirates season
The offense was led by Tommy Leach and Hall of Famers Honus Wagner and Fred Clarke. Wagner led the NL in batting average, on-base percentage, slugging percentage, and stolen bases. The Pirates scored the most runs of any team.


1907 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In


1907 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In


1907 Prima Categoria, References and sources
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1907 Princeton Tigers football team
The 1907 Princeton Tigers football team represented Princeton University in the 1907 college football season. The team finished with a 7–2 record under second-year head coach Bill Roper and outscored its opponents by a total of 282 to 23. Three Princeton players (fullback Jim McCormick, halfback Edwin Harlan, and end Caspar Wister) were selected as consensus first-team honorees on the 1907 College Football All-America Team. Two other Princeton players (quarterback Edward Dillon and a center with the surname Phillips) also received first-team honors from at least one selector.


1907 Punjab unrest
The 1907 Punjab unrests were a period of unrest in the British Indian province of Punjab, principally around the Colonisation bill that was implemented in the province in 1906. This timeline has often been called the beginning of the freedom movement in Punjab. Important leaders of this movement include Ajit Singh, Het Thakkar, among others.


1907 Punjab unrest, Colonisation Bill
The Colonisation Bill was passed in 1906. The Punjab Land Alienation Act, 1900 had already caused a feeling of discontent among the elite urban classes, and the Colonisation Bill provided for transfer of property of a person after his death to the government if he had no heirs. The Government could sell the property to any public or private developer. This was completely against the social conditions prevailing in the region and hence it was rejected by all the sides.


1907 Punjab unrest, Agitation
The agitation against these measures of the Government was led by Ajit Singh, Uncle of Shaheed Bhagat Singh, he called for "extreme measures". The first of the protests was organised in the Chenab Colony, which was supposed to be the most affected by this bill. The first protest saw various organisations submitting memoranda to the government to redress their grievances, but the government failed to pay any heed to these documents. This agitation was followed by a protest at Lyallpur.


1907 Punjab unrest, Agitation
These agitations led to the formation of secret societies like Anjuman-i- Muhibhan-i- Watan, the founder of which was Ajit Singh, a Jat Sikh who was believed to have the backing of Lajpat Rai. This period also saw protest by the working class in railways of Rawalpindi. This period saw mass agitations which finally ended in the deportation of Ajit Singh.


1907 Punjab unrest, Rebellion by Jat Paltan
In 1907, around the time of Partition of Bengal (1905), the soldiers of Jat paltan revolted and sided with Bengali revolutionaries to takeover the government treasury. Their revolt was crushed by British colonists and several Jat soldiers had to suffer long imprisonment sentences.


1907 Punjab unrest, Bibliography
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1907 Punjab unrest, Bibliography
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1907 Purdue Boilermakers football team
The 1907 Purdue Boilermakers football team was an American football team that represented Purdue University during the 1907 college football season. In their first season under head coach Leigh C. Turner, the Boilermakers compiled an 0–5 record, finished in last place in the Western Conference with an 0–3 record against conference opponents, and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 108 to 10. J. M. Berkheiser was the team captain.


1907 Qaratog earthquake
The 1907 Qaratog earthquake occurred at 04:23 UTC on 21 October near Qaratog (Karatag) in the border area between Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, then part of the Russian Empire. The shock had an estimated surface wave magnitude of 7.4 and a maximum felt intensity of IX (Violent) on the Mercalli intensity scale. Estimates of the death toll range between 12,000 and 15,000.


1907 Queensland state election
Elections were held in the Australian state of Queensland on 18 May 1907 to elect the 72 members of the state's Legislative Assembly. The election was the first one in which women had a right to vote.


1907 Queensland state election
The election was the first held since Premier William Kidston, formerly of the Labour Party, had founded a new movement with his own supporters as well as the Parliamentary Conservatives. The end result of the election was an improvement in Kidston's position, although he was still in minority government with Labour support. The main opposition group was Robert Philp's Conservatives.


1907 Queensland state election, Results
Seat changes indicated are those caused by the election; at the preceding election, Labour had 34 seats, Ministerial 21, Conservative 15 and Independent 2.


1907 Queensland state election, Results
Queensland state election, 18 May 1907Legislative Assembly << 1904–1908 >>


1907 Queensland state election, Electoral System
The election for the Legislative Assembly was held using the 'contingent vote'. The Legislative Council was a fully nominated body.


1907 Queensland state election, Electoral System, Electoral system changes
This election was the first held since women in Queensland gained the right to vote, although indigenous women did not gain the right until 1962.


1907 Rhode Island State Rams football team
The 1907 Rhode Island State Rams football team was an American football team that represented Rhode Island State College (later renamed the University of Rhode Island) as an independent during the 1907 college football season. In its tenth year under head coach Marshall Tyler, the team compiled a 3–1–2 record.


1907 Rhode Island gubernatorial election
The 1907 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1907. Incumbent Democrat James H. Higgins defeated Republican nominee Frederick H. Jackson with 50.37% of the vote.


1907 Richmond Spiders football team
The 1907 Richmond Spiders football team was an American football team that represented Richmond College—now known as the University of Richmond—as a member of the Eastern Virginia Intercollegiate Athletic Association (EVIAA) during the 1907 college football season. Led by fourth-year head coach E. A. Dunlap, Richmond compiled a record of 3–6.


1907 Rock Island Independents season
The 1907 Rock Island Independents season was their first season in existence. The team finished 2-1-3.


1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt
The 1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt took place between 21 February and 5 April 1907. It started in northern Moldavia and, after three weeks in which it was localized in that area, it quickly spread, reaching Wallachia, including as far as Oltenia. The main cause was the discontent of the peasants over the inequity of land ownership, which was in the hands of just a few large landowners.


1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt
Following the fall of the Conservative Party government on March 12, the new Liberal government crushed the revolt violently with the help of the Romanian Army, killing thousands of peasants in the process.


1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt, Background
The 1864 land reforms gave the peasants full ownership rights for part of the land for which they previously had only the right to use. However, the peasants remained even after these reforms dependent on the local landlords. Additionally, the peasant population was rising fast, leading to rapidly shrinking properties: from an average family property of 3.42 hectares in 1896 down to 3.27 ha in 1905 and 3.06 ha in 1907. The state was also a big landholder, however, its policies for selling the land often did not favor poorer peasants, who were in the greatest need for land.


1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt, Background
Needing to supplement their shrinking properties, the peasants were forced to use land owned by the landlords, who owned large estates. As population grew, the peasants became more and more desperate for land, leading to rapidly rising rents. At that time, peasants formed up to 80%  of the Romanian population and about 60% of them owned small crops, or no land at all, while the large landowners owned more than half of the arable land.


1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt, Background
The National Liberal Party's policy to encourage peasant cooperatives was not successful, as many landlords feared the organization of the peasants, preferring to lease to individual peasants rather than to cooperatives. According to Ion Lahovari, the Conservative Minister of Domains, a landlord could drive out a peasant refusing to pay his rent, but noted that for driving out a cooperative of 500 peasants, a regiment would be needed and the government may refuse to put it at the landlord's disposal. As such, by the end of 1907, there were only 103 village cooperatives having a membership of 11,118 leasing 37,344 hectares, most of it leased from the state.


1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt, Background
By 1900, most large landowners preferred to live in the cities and did not want to bother with the administration of their properties. Therefore, the peasants no longer leased directly from the landowner, but sub-leased it from an intermediary lessor (arendaș). The fall of the price of grain on the world markets meant that the lessors would demand ever greater rents in order to make ends meet.


1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt, Background
The blame for the revolt was initially put on Jewish intermediaries, given that many of the lessors were of Jewish background, especially in Northern Moldavia. The revolt quickly spread southward, losing some of its anti-Semitic character and becoming basically a protest against the existing system of land tenure.


1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt, Course of events
The revolt began on the lands administered by one lessor, Mochi Fischer, in the village of Flămânzi by Trifan Roman Grosu, Ion Dolhescu and Grigore Roman, due to Fischer's refusal to renew the leases of the local peasants. The Austrian-Jewish family of Fischer used to lease about 75% of the arable land in three Romanian counties in Moldavia (the so-called "Fischerland").


1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt, Course of events
The peasants, fearing that they would remain without work and, more importantly, without food, began to act violently. Scared, Fischer fled to a friend in Cernăuți, leaving the peasants without signed contracts. The fear of remaining out of work, combined with the activities of alleged Austro-Hungarian instigators, led the peasants to revolt. The revolt soon spread across most of Moldavia, with several landowners' properties destroyed and many lessors killed or wounded. The Conservative government (Partidul Conservator) couldn't handle the situation and resigned, and the Liberals (Partidul Național-Liberal) of Dimitrie Sturdza assumed power.


1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt, Course of events
On 18 March a state of emergency was declared, and then a general mobilization, with 140,000 soldiers being recruited by 29 March. The Romanian Army began firing on the peasants; thousands of peasants perished and more than 10,000 were arrested.


1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt, Casualties, Peasants
The exact number of peasant deaths is unknown, and even the course of events are not clear, because the government, to hide the size of the massacre, ordered the destruction of all documents relating to the uprising.


1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt, Casualties, Peasants
Historian Markus Bauer mentions a greatly underestimated official figure of 419 deaths, while an unofficial figure, circulated by the press and widely accepted, of about 10,000 peasants killed, has never been proven to be true. The same figure of 419 deaths was mentioned by Ion I. C. Brătianu in the Romanian Parliament. The data available to the Prime Minister Dimitrie Sturdza indicated 421 deaths between 28 March and 5 April 1907. Likewise, about 112 were injured and 1,751 detained. Newspapers patronized by Constantin Mille, Adevărul and Dimineața, gave a figure of 12,000–13,000 victims. In a conversation with the British ambassador in Bucharest, King Carol I mentioned a figure of "several thousand".


1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt, Casualties, Peasants
According to figures given by Austrian diplomats, between 3,000-5,000 peasants were killed, while the French Embassy mentioned a death toll ranging between 10,000–20,000. Historians put the figures between 3,000–18,000, the most common being 11,000 victims.


1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt, Casualties, Army
Only ten members of the Army were killed in the revolt: an officer, Lt. I. Nițulescu, killed in Stănești, Giurgiu County, two sergeants and seven soldiers. Four others were injured: an officer, Capt. Grigore Mareș, also wounded in Stănești, two sergeants and a soldier. Seventy-five soldiers of the Fifth Dorobanți Regiment ("Vlașca") appeared before military courts and charged with revolt; 61 were sentenced to hard labor for life and 14 to five years in prison.


1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt, Aftermath
Many intellectuals, among them Nicolae Iorga, Alexandru Vlahuță, Ion Luca Caragiale, Constantin Stere, Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea and Radu Rosetti, protested against the violent intervention of the forces of repression. Others emphasized that the government had a special responsibility for the fate of the peasantry and the country in general, and therefore an urgent solution to the "peasant question" was required.


1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt, Aftermath
The Liberal government began a campaign to repress any kind of political organization of the peasants. Many teachers, priests and other countryside intellectuals were arrested, as were pro-universal suffrage activists Vasile M. Kogălniceanu and Alexandru Vălescu, who were regarded as instigators of the revolt.


1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt, Aftermath
The government also began enacting a series of reforms in order to provide some relief to the peasantry, but without expropriating the landlords. The December 23, 1907 law on agricultural contracts limited the degree to which the peasants could be exploited by the landlords and lessors: it set maximum prices for land leases, it set minimum wages for peasants working on landlords' estates and it established Casa Rurală, a bank which was supposed to help peasants to buy lots of 5 hectares from landlords. A law passed on April 12, 1908 banned anyone leasing more than 4000 hectares at one time.


1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt, Legacy
The events continued to resonate in the Romanian conscience, and were the subject of one of the best novels of the interwar period, Răscoala ("The Revolt"), by Liviu Rebreanu, published in 1932. A film based on the book, Răscoala, was produced in 1965. The revolt also formed the subject of a painting by Octav Băncilă, and of a monumental statue which can still be seen in Bucharest.


1907 Romanian general election
General elections were held in the Kingdom of Romania in June 1907.


1907 Romanian general election, Background
A peasants' revolt between February and April 1907 was put down by the army, leading to thousands of deaths. In the midst of the revolt, Prime Minister Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino resigned on 25 March. Dimitrie Sturdza of the National Liberal Party subsequently formed a new government on 26 March.


1907 Romanian general election, Results, Senate
According to the constitution, the crown prince and eight bishops had the right to sit in the Senate.


1907 Romanian general election, Results, Senate
The results detailed below are partial as two seats were in dispute at the time of the announcement.


1907 Rudneva
1907 Rudneva, provisional designation 1972 RC2, is a stony background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 11 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 11 September 1972, by astronomer Nikolai Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, Nauchnyj, on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after Soviet geodesist and war hero Yevgeniya Rudneva.


1907 Rudneva, Orbit and classification
Rudneva is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.4–2.7 AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,484 days; semi-major axis of 2.55 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic.


1907 Rudneva, Orbit and classification
The asteroid was first identified as 1935 QX at Johannesburg Observatory in August 1935. The body's observation arc begins with its identification as 1938 EY at Heidelberg Observatory in March 1938, almost 34 years prior to its official discovery observation at Nauchnyj.


1907 Rudneva, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In April 2003, a fragmentary rotational lightcurve of Rudneva was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer René Roy. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 44 hours with a brightness amplitude of at least 0.1 magnitude (U=1+). As of 2017, no secure period of Rudneva has been obtained.


1907 Rudneva, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Rudneva measures between 10.977 and 11.848 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.18 and 0.232.


1907 Rudneva, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 11.83 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.0.


1907 Rudneva, Naming
This minor planet was named after Ukrainian-born Yevgeniya Rudneva (1920–1944) a member of the Astronomical–Geodetical Society of the U.S.S.R., head of the solar department, and Hero of the Soviet Union. She voluntarily joined the army as a navigator in the all-female Night Bombers Aviation Regiment, known as the Night Witches. She died in April 1944, while flying her 645th combat mission. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3937).


1907 Rutgers Queensmen football team
The 1907 Rutgers Queensmen football team represented Rutgers University in the 1907 college football season. In their second and last season under head coach Frank Gorton, the Queensmen compiled a 3–5–1 record and were outscored by their opponents, 99 to 76. The team captain, for the second consecutive year, was Douglas J. Fisher.


1907 Rutlandshire by-election
The Rutlandshire by-election of 1907 was held on 11 June 1907. The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Conservative MP, George Henry Finch. He had held the seat since 1867 and was Father of the House. The by-election was won by the Conservative candidate John Gretton who held the seat until 1918 when the constituency was abolished.


1907 Rutlandshire by-election
The Women's Social and Political Union suffragettes campaigned against the government. At an open-air meeting in Uppingham, Mary Gawthorpe and Christabel Pankhurst were pelted and Gawthorpe fell unconscious; Sylvia Pankhurst wrote that the "incident and her plucky spirit, made her the heroine of the Election".


1907 SAFL Grand Final
The 1907 SAFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Norwood Football Club and the Port Adelaide Football Club, held at the Adelaide Oval in Adelaide on the 21 September 1907. It was the 12th annual Grand Final of the South Australian Football League, staged to determine the premiers for the 1907 SAFL season. The match, attended by 25,000 spectators, was won by Norwood by a margin of 28 points, marking the clubs fourteenth premiership victory.


1907 SAFL season
The 1907 South Australian Football League season was the 31st season of the top-level Australian rules football competition in South Australia and the first season under a new name.


1907 SAFL season
Norwood won their 14 SAFL premiership and a second Championship of Australia against Carlton.


1907 Saint Louis Blue and White football team
The 1907 Saint Louis Blue and White football team was an American football team that represented Saint Louis University as an independent during the 1907 college football season. In its second season under head coach Eddie Cochems, the team compiled a 7–3 record and outscored opponents by a total of 298 to 40.


1907 San Diego mayoral election
The 1907 San Diego mayoral election was held on April 2, 1907 to elect the mayor for San Diego. John F. Forward Sr. was elected mayor with a plurality of the votes.


1907 San Diego mayoral election, Campaign
Incumbent Mayor John L. Sehon declined to run for reelection and instead endorsed Republican Grant Conard on the Non-Partisan ticket. Also contesting the race were John F. Forward Sr. on the official Republican ticket, Richard V. Dodge, a Democrat, and George A. Garrett, a Socialist.


1907 San Diego mayoral election, Campaign
On April 2, 1907, Forward was elected mayor with a plurality of 39.3 percent of the vote compared to 32.0 percent for Conard. Dodge came in third with 23.9 percent, and Garrett finished last with 4.7 percent.


1907 San Francisco streetcar strike
The San Francisco streetcar strike of 1907 was among the most violent of the streetcar strikes in the United States between 1895 and 1929. Before the end of the strike, thirty-one people had been killed and about 1100 injured.


1907 San Francisco streetcar strike, Background
Like the St. Louis Streetcar Strike of 1900, the events were associated with progressive civic reform.


1907 San Francisco streetcar strike, Strike
As the strike loomed, one of the prominent officials of San Francisco's United Railroads, Patrick Calhoun, contracted with the nationally known "King of the Strikebreakers" James A. Farley, for four hundred replacement workers waiting on board ship. The streetcar Carmen's Union struck on May 5, 1907, for an 8-hour day and $3 per day. Farley's armed workers took control of the entire system. The violence started two days later, Bloody Tuesday, when a shootout on Turk Street left 2 dead and about 20 injured.


1907 San Francisco streetcar strike, Strike
On May 25, both the pro-labor Mayor Eugene Schmitz and Calhoun were indicted on corruption charges, and on June 13 Schmitz was found guilty of extortion, to be replaced by Edward Robeson Taylor. This development seriously undermined labor's political position, and the Daily News was the only one of the city's newspapers to support the strikers. The action effectively collapsed in November, and officially abandoned in mid-February with the dissolution of Carmen's Union Local 205.


1907 San Francisco streetcar strike, Results
Of the 31 deaths from shootings and streetcar accidents, 25 were passengers; 900 of the estimated 1100 injuries were passengers. In 1916 San Francisco labor leader Thomas Mooney would attempt to re-organize the Carmen's Union in San Francisco, a prelude to his notorious trial later that year.


1907 Sewanee Tigers football team
The 1907 Sewanee Tigers football team represented Sewanee: The University of the South during the 1907 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The team competed in the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) and was coached by Arthur G. Erwin in his first year as head coach, compiling a record of 8–1 (6–1 SIAA) and outscoring opponents 250 to 29. Vanderbilt coach Dan McGugin in Spalding's Football Guide's summation of the season in the SIAA wrote "The standing. First, Vanderbilt; second, Sewanee, a might good second;" and that Aubrey Lanier "came near winning the Vanderbilt game by his brilliant dashes after receiving punts."


1907 Sewanee Tigers football team
Sewanee lost the effective SIAA championship game to Vanderbilt on a double pass play then thrown near the end zone by Bob Blake to Stein Stone. Honus Craig then ran in the winning touchdown. It was just the second year of the legal forward pass. The trick play was cited by Grantland Rice as the greatest thrill he ever witnessed in his years of watching sports. Innis Brown later wrote "Sewanee in all probability had the best team in the South."


1907 Sheriff of London Charity Shield
The 1907 Sheriff of London Charity Shield was the tenth and final Sheriff of London Charity Shield, Newcastle United convincingly defeated the leading amateur side Corinthian 5-2. It was replaced the next season by the FA Charity Shield. The match was however revived a few times later in the 20th century for fundraising purposes.


1907 Sheriff of London Charity Shield, Background
Newcastle United F.C. were league champions for the second time in their history in the 1906–07 Football League and Corinthian were the premier amateur side of the time providing many England national football team players.


1907 Sheriff of London Charity Shield, Match
The takings for the match equaled around £1000 (equivalent to £106,000 in 2019) that was donated to charitable causes. During the first half, the tabloids reported that "it was anybody's game, but the professionals were able to stay the pace longer than their opponents", suggesting that Newcastle were able to win relatively easily.


1907 Sheriff of London Charity Shield, Match, Aftermath
The Shield in its first iteration came to an end after this match in 1907 due to a rift within the Football Association which saw the creation of the Amateur Football Association. The Shield was replaced in 1908 by the FA Charity Shield which rather than the best amateur side pitted the Football League winner against the winners of the Southern Football League and then later against the winner of the FA Cup.


1907 Skowhegan textile strike
The 1907 Skowhegan textile strike was a labor dispute between approximately 225 mill workers and the owners of the Marston Worsted Mill in Skowhegan, Maine, United States. Led by a 17 year-old French Canadian woman named Mamie Bilodeau, the strike was the first successful strike involving the recently formed Industrial Workers of the World.


1907 Skowhegan textile strike, Background
After the decline of the Knights of Labor, which had embraced all workers regardless of skill, gender, nationality or other variables, women textile workers were largely considerable unorganizable by the American Federation of Labor (AFL). The AFL, which was largely run by skilled male workers, had little interest in organizing workers such as those the majority of those employed at the Marston Woolen Mills. Despite this lack of interest from the country's largest labor federation, more than 11,000 women went on strike in Maine alone between 1881 and 1900. Conditions for women textile workers were horrible and they, like their male counterparts, sought "more and better boarding houses, cleaner drinking water, more and safer fire escapes, private and sanitary bathroom facilities, higher wages, equal pay for equal work, and unions to represent women’s interests."


1907 Skowhegan textile strike, Background
This particular strike was directly precipitated by a rescinded wage increase in early January 1907 as well as the firing of Mamie Bilodeau, a 17 year old worker who complained of sexual harassment by an overseer named Charles North. Workers demanded "an increase in wages, the dismissal of an overseer they accused of sexual harassment, the abolition of fines for workers, and workers’ representation on an arbitration committee."


1907 Skowhegan textile strike, Strike
On January 21, 225 workers, most of whom were women, walked out of the mill and went on strike. The Kennebec Journal reported that the strike began "when a young woman employed as a sewer was discharged..." Despite freezing temperatures throughout the duration of the dispute, workers maintained active picket lines each day. After negotiation with the company, a mass meeting of strikers voted to return to work on April 13. The Kennebec Journal reported "a general feeling of rejoicing in town [now] that the strike, the longest ever known in industrial Skowhegan, is now a thing of the past." Overall, strikers won the end of fines for imperfect work, the abolition of pay by piece work, recognition for a union-elected grievance committee and reinstatement of forty-two workers who had been fired for union activity. In July, the company granted a second five-percent pay increase.


1907 Skowhegan textile strike, Opposition
Opposing the strike were both the business class as well as the craft-oriented American Federation of Labor (AFL). After the strike began,  United Textile Workers of America president John Golden collaborated with the mill owners to break the strike by providing strikebreakers (scabs). However, the AFL's efforts at strikebreaking were ultimately unsuccessful.


1907 Skowhegan textile strike, Aftermath
The strike was part of a strike wave in the New England textile industry during the first decades of the 20th century, much of it associated with the organizing of the IWW. In August 1906, silk workers in New Brighton, New York had gone on strike after the company fired IWW members. The strikes were preludes to the much larger and better known 1912 Bread and Roses Strike in Lawrence, Massachusetts.


1907 Skowhegan textile strike, Aftermath
In 2007, labor historian Charles Scontras produced a booklet for the University of Maine Bureau of Labor Education focusing on Maine workers in 1907 which in part focuses on the strike.


1907 South Carolina Gamecocks football team
The 1907 South Carolina Gamecocks football team represented the University of South Carolina during the 1907 college football season. Under Douglas McKay, the team went 3–0, which is the only unbeaten season in school history.


1907 South Kilkenny by-election
The South Kilkenny by-election of 1907 was held on 29 July 1907. The by-election was held due to the resignation of the incumbent Irish Parliamentary MP, James O'Mara, who joined Sinn Féin. It was won by the Irish Parliamentary candidate Nicholas Joseph Murphy, who was unopposed.


1907 South Longford by-election
The South Longford by-election of 1907 was held on 6 September 1907. The by-election was held due to the resignation of the incumbent Irish Parliamentary MP, Edward Blake, following a stroke. It was won by the Irish Parliamentary candidate John Phillips, who was unopposed.


1907 South Westmeath by-election
The South Westmeath by-election of 1907 was held on 13 April 1907. The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Irish Parliamentary MP, Donal Sullivan. It was won by the Irish Parliamentary candidate Sir Walter Nugent, 4th Baronet, who was unopposed.


1907 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season
The 1907 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season was the college football games played by the member schools of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association as part of the 1907 college football season. The season began on September 28 with conference member Clemson hosting Gordon.


1907 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season
Vanderbilt gave a shock to the football world by tying  Eastern power Navy 6–6. The Commodores also beat Georgia Tech by the largest margin in coach John Heisman's tenure, and beat a powerful Sewanee team on a double pass play which Grantland Rice called the greatest thrill in his years of watching sports. Innis Brown later wrote "Sewanee in all probability had the best team in the South." Dan McGugin in Spalding's Football Guide's summation of the season in the SIAA wrote "The standing. First, Vanderbilt; second, Sewanee, a might good second;" and that Aubrey Lanier "came near winning the Vanderbilt game by his brilliant dashes after receiving punts." The only loss suffered all season for Vanderbilt was to Western power Michigan.


1907 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season
LSU played the University of Havana in Cuba, the first time any Southern team played in a foreign country.


1907 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season, Results and team statistics
PPG = Average of points scored per gamePAG = Average of points allowed per game


1907 Southwestern Louisiana Industrial football team
The 1907 Southwestern Louisiana Industrial football team was an American football team that represented the Southwestern Louisiana Industrial Institute (now known as the University of Louisiana at Lafayette) as an independent during the 1907 college football season. In their only year under head coach Jefferson Caffery, the team compiled a 1–0 record.


1907 Spanish general election
The 1907 Spanish general election was held on Sunday, 21 April and on Sunday, 5 May 1907, to elect the 13th Restoration Cortes of the Kingdom of Spain. All 404 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 180 of 360 seats in the Senate.


1907 Spanish general election, Overview, Background
The Spanish Constitution of 1876 enshrined Spain as a constitutional monarchy, awarding the King power to name senators and to revoke laws, as well as the title of commander-in-chief of the army. The King would also play a key role in the system of El Turno Pacífico (the Peaceful Turn) by appointing and toppling governments and allowing the opposition to take power. Under this system, the Conservative and Liberal parties alternated in power by means of election rigging, which they achieved through the encasillado, using the links between the Ministry of Governance, the provincial civil governors, and the local bosses (caciques) to ensure victory and exclude minor parties from the power sharing.


1907 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
The Spanish Cortes were envisaged as "co-legislative bodies", based on a nearly perfect bicameralism. Both the Congress of Deputies and the Senate had legislative, control and budgetary functions, sharing equal powers except for laws on contributions or public credit, where the Congress had preeminence. Voting for the Cortes was on the basis of universal manhood suffrage, which comprised all national males over twenty-five, having at least a two-year residency in a municipality and in full enjoyment of their civil rights.


1907 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
For the Congress of Deputies, 98 seats were elected using a partial block voting in 28 multi-member constituencies, with the remaining 306 being elected under a one-round first-past-the-post system in single-member districts. Candidates winning a plurality in each constituency were elected.


1907 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
In constituencies electing eight seats or more, electors could vote for no more than three candidates less than the number of seats to be allocated; in those with more than four seats and up to eight, for no more than two less; in those with more than one seat and up to four, for no more than one less; and for one candidate in single-member districts.


1907 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
The Congress was entitled to one member per each 50,000 inhabitants, with each multi-member constituency being allocated a fixed number of seats: 8 for Madrid, 7 for Barcelona, 5 for Palma and Seville, 4 for Cartagena and 3 for Alicante, Almería, Badajoz, Burgos, Cádiz, Córdoba, Granada, Huelva, Jaén, Jerez de la Frontera, Las Palmas, La Coruña, Lugo, Málaga, Murcia, Oviedo, Pamplona, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Santander, Tarragona, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza. The law also provided for by-elections to fill seats vacated throughout the legislature.


1907 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
For the Senate, 180 seats were indirectly elected, with electors voting for delegates instead of senators. Elected delegates—equivalent in number to one-sixth of the councillors in each municipal corporation—would then vote for senators using a write-in, two-round majority voting system. The provinces of Barcelona, Madrid and Valencia were allocated four seats each, whereas each of the remaining provinces was allocated three seats, for a total of 150.


1907 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
The remaining 30 were allocated to a number of institutions, electing one seat each—the Archdioceses of Burgos, Granada, Santiago de Compostela, Seville, Tarragona, Toledo, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; the Royal Spanish Academy; the Royal Academies of History, Fine Arts, Sciences, Moral and Political Sciences and Medicine; the Universities of Madrid, Barcelona, Granada, Oviedo, Salamanca, Santiago, Seville, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; and the Economic Societies of Friends of the Country from Madrid, Barcelona, León, Seville and Valencia.


1907 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
An additional 180 seats comprised senators in their own right—the Monarch's offspring and the heir apparent once coming of age; Grandees of Spain of the first class; Captain Generals of the Army and the Navy Admiral; the Patriarch of the Indies and archbishops; as well as other high-ranking state figures—and senators for life (who were appointed by the Monarch).


1907 Spanish general election, Overview, Election date
The term of each House of the Cortes—the Congress and one-half of the elective part of the Senate—expired five years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The Monarch had the prerogative to dissolve both Houses at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election.


1907 Spring Hill Badgers football team
The 1907 Spring Hill Badgers football team represented the Spring Hill Badgers of Spring Hill College during the 1907 college football season. The team was led by its first head coach, E. G. Maxon. Captain Walsh was injured in the game.


1907 St. Louis Browns season
The 1907 St. Louis Browns season was a season in American baseball. It involved the Browns finishing 6th in the American League with a record of 69 wins and 83 losses.


1907 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1907 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1907 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1907 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1907 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1907 St. Louis Cardinals season
The 1907 St. Louis Cardinals season was the team's 26th season in St. Louis, Missouri and its 16th season in the National League. The Cardinals went 52–101 during the season and finished eighth and last in the eight-team National League.


1907 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1907 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1907 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1907 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1907 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1907 St. Vincent's football team
The 1907 St. Vincent's football team was an American football team that represented St. Vincent's College, now known as DePaul University, as an independent during the 1907 college football season.


1907 Stepney by-election
The Stepney by-election of 1907 was held on 10 May 1907. The by-election was held due to the resignation of the incumbent Conservative MP, William Evans-Gordon. It was won by the Conservative candidate Frederick Leverton Harris.


1907 Stetson Hatters football team
The 1907 Stetson Hatters football team represented the private Stetson College in the sport of American football during the 1907 college football season.


1907 Sumatra earthquake
The 1907 Sumatra earthquake occurred on January 4 at 05:19:12 UTC. The estimated magnitude is 7.5–8.0 Ms, with an epicentre close to Simeulue, off Sumatra. It triggered a widespread and damaging tsunami that caused at least 2,188 deaths. The low observed intensity compared to the size of the tsunami has led to its interpretation as a tsunami earthquake. Higher levels of shaking observed on Nias are attributed to a large aftershock, less than an hour later. The tsunami gave rise to the S'mong legend, which is credited with saving many lives during the 2004 earthquake.


1907 Sumatra earthquake, Tectonic setting
Sumatra lies above the convergent plate boundary, where the Australia Plate is being subducted beneath the Sunda Plate along the Sunda megathrust. The convergence on this part of the boundary is highly oblique and the strike-slip component of the plate motion is accommodated along the right-lateral Great Sumatran Fault. Movement on the Sunda megathrust has caused many great earthquakes.


1907 Sumatra earthquake, Earthquake
This earthquake has been regarded as anomalous, in comparison to other Sunda megathrust events, due to the small amount of observed shaking compared to the scale of the triggered tsunami. Both the location of the epicentre and the magnitude of the earthquake are uncertain.


1907 Sumatra earthquake, Earthquake, Aftershocks
Re -examination of seismometer recordings identified a second earthquake about 53 minutes after the mainshock. This aftershock was responsible for the intense shaking reported from Nias. A magnitude of 7.1 Ms  has been estimated for this event. Two other significant aftershocks have also been identified from seismograph records and a further 19 events are known from contemporary reports.


1907 Sumatra earthquake, Earthquake, Epicentral location
Many estimates have been made for the epicentre of this earthquake. Most of the early estimates of the location place it in the outer rise of the subducting plate rather than on the plate interface. Such earthquakes can generate tsunamis, but are highly unlikely to be tsunami earthquakes. More recent estimates give a range of epicentres, including some located on a shallow part of the megathrust, although the uncertainties remain large. Martin et al.


1907 Sumatra earthquake, Earthquake, Epicentral location
(2019) give their preferred location as just west of Simeulue, coincident with a major barrier to rupture propagation along the megathrust caused by a ridge associated with a fracture zone on the subducting plate. This location is in a similar part of the megathrust as the epicentre of the 2010 Mentawai tsunami earthquake.


1907 Sumatra earthquake, Earthquake, Magnitude
There are sufficient instrumental recordings preserved for this earthquake to allow an estimate of its magnitude. A range of 7.5–8.0 Ms  has been estimated from the seismographs, a magnitude that is insufficient to explain the observed tsunami. The surface wave magnitude for this earthquake was calculated from seismic waves with a period up to 40 seconds. For a tsunami earthquake however, a large part of the energy release is at much longer periods (lower frequencies).


1907 Sumatra earthquake, Earthquake, Magnitude
Observations of the amplitude of Rayleigh and Love waves have been used to estimate a seismic moment (M0) of 2.5×1028 for periods in the range 100–160 seconds (6–10 MHz), equivalent to Mw  of 8.2. These observations also demonstrate an increase in moment with increasing period and the longest available period of 170 seconds suggests a value for Mw  of about 8.4.


1907 Sumatra earthquake, Earthquake, Fault model
The nature of the earthquake matches well with a fault model that involves slip on the uppermost part of the megathrust, consistent with the location of other tsunami earthquakes. A rupture length of about 250 km and a down-dip extent of up to 80 km combined with a maximum slip of 21 m is capable of generating the observed tsunami.


1907 Sumatra earthquake, Tsunami
The tsunami that accompanied this earthquake was observed as far away as Sri Lanka, Réunion and Rodrigues in the Indian Ocean. It was most destructive along the coast of Simeulue. It gave rise to the S'mong legend amongst the Simeuluean people, which persisted through oral tradition. In 2004 the S'mong is credited with saving the lives of many people on Simeulue and neighbouring Nias as inhabitants ran to higher ground following the earthquake. There are few reliable run-up measurements, but the scale of the tsunami has been estimated from reports of inundations on both Simeulue and Nias. The maximum observed inundation was 2–3 km at Lakubang on the southern coast of Simeulue and a maximum estimated run-up in the range 7 m–15 m  based on reports of the loss of coconut palms on the small island of Pulau Wunga off northwestern Nias.


1907 Sumatra earthquake, Damage
Due to the relatively low level of shaking associated with the mainshock, almost all the damage and casualties were a result of the tsunami. The Nias aftershock, in contrast, damaged many buildings on that island. The number of casualties based on contemporary reports are 370 on Nias and a minimum of 1,818 on Simeulue.


1907 Svenska Mästerskapet
The 1907 Svenska Mästerskapet was the twelfth season of Svenska Mästerskapet, the football Cup to determine the Swedish champions. Örgryte IS won the tournament by defeating IFK Uppsala in the final with a 4–1 score.


1907 Swarthmore Quakers football team
The 1907 Swarthmore Quakers football team was an American football team that represented Swarthmore College as an independent during the 1907 college football season. The team compiled a 6–2 record and outscored opponents by a total of 150 to 53. George H. Brooke was the head coach.


1907 Swiss armed forces referendum
A referendum on the armed forces was held in Switzerland on 3 November 1907. Voters were asked whether they approved of the organisation of the federal armed forces. The proposal was approved by 55.2% of voters.


1907 Swiss armed forces referendum, Background
The referendum was an optional referendum, which only a majority of the vote, as opposed to the mandatory referendums, which required a double majority; a majority of the popular vote and majority of the cantons.


1907 Sydney bathing costume protests
The 1907 Sydney bathing costume protests were a response to a proposed ordinance by the Waverly Shire Council to require the wearing of a skirt-like tunic by male bathers. On the morning of Sunday 20 October, thousands of surf bathing enthusiasts poured onto the sands of Bondi, Manly, and Coogee beaches in various types of feminine dress enacting a humorous mockery of the proposed regulations. The protest at Bondi was reportedly the largest of the three, with a "swarm of humanity" participating in and observing the protests. The positivity with which the protests were regarded by both the general public and the media proved the end for the Waverly council's costume proposal; the tunic/skirt ordinance was not included in the beach ordinances promulgated in the following months.


1907 Sydney bathing costume protests
This protest was separate to the 1935 NSW state ordinance relating to the Spooner bathing costume mostly directed at male wearers as bathing trunks were considered 'disgraceful'.


1907 Sydney bathing costume protests, Proposed costume
As beachgoing, and especially swimming in the ocean, became more popular at the end of the Victorian era, there arose a question as to proper dress for participants. While some concessions had to be made to allow for movement, the abbreviated clothing brought out a backlash by those offended by such "exhibitionism". Numerous localities passed and enforced laws setting minimum standards for beach attire.


1907 Sydney bathing costume protests, Proposed costume
The Waverley Municipal Council decided that male surf bathers should be as well clothed in the surf as females. Their proposal was to require that a skirt reaching at least to the knees must be added and the arms concealed to near the elbows. The mayor of Waverley described the costume as: "A combination, consisting of guernsey with trouser legs and reaching from near the elbow to the bend of the knee, together with a skirt not unsightly but simply attached to the garment and covering the figure below the hips to the knee." Loitering on the beach was also to be prohibited and all communication between bathers and the general public forbidden. The penalties for a breach of the regulation were proposed to be from £1 to £20.


1907 Sydney bathing costume protests, Beach protest
The protests against the skirt proposal marked the first representative actions of the Surf Bathing Association of New South Wales, the precursor to Surf Life Saving Australia, formed only days before on 18 October. Members of the Association, outraged by what they saw as their impending emasculation at the hands of the new bathing costume laws, organised the protest in less than two days. The rushed preparations undoubtedly accounted for the dishevelled state of dress in which many of the "ladies" appeared on the day. The beach protests were described as having a "carnival atmosphere", especially at Bondi. In a procession from the northern end of Bondi Beach, men wearing their sisters' or grandmothers' underwear, ballet frills, curtains or tablecloths followed a banner upholding a dead seagull.


1907 Sydney bathing costume protests, Reactions
The Skirt Scare at Manly by "Crow's Nest"In the land of Topsy-TurvyThe women are donning shirtsAnd the men in the sea-side placesHave taken to wearing skirts... Sing hey, for the whiskered womenIn trailing skirts encasedSing ho, for the dainty fellowsAnd clasp them round the waist.


1907 Sydney bathing costume protests, Reactions
Opposition to the proposal has been described as "prompt, universal and absolute" and it was quickly dropped. The Sydney Morning Herald declared the regulations to be "an instance of the official mind run mad", arguing that if "both male and female bathers of all ages must be clad in a species of skirt [it] would be too ridiculous for comment were it not that many thousands of persons will immediately become the sufferers, some by the legal penalty, others by abandoning the surf, unless public opinion is enabled to express itself quickly and forcibly".


1907 Sydney bathing costume protests, Reactions
Councils beyond Sydney also found themselves referring to the skirt for men proposal as they deliberated on appropriate clothing for both sexes at the beach. One Councillor at Euroa, Victoria for example, suggested the enforcement of a proper costume, from neck to knee, but "did not go as far as the Bondi mayor in New South Wales, in advocating a short skirt in addition".


1907 Sydney bathing costume protests, Reactions
Both individuals and city councils took the opportunity in different forms of writing to laugh at themselves and the absurdities associated with regulating such matters. One person was moved to write a comic poem and councillors in Victoria, for example, bantered. It was pointed out that while "a regulation was in force dealing with the whole matter – hours, costume, etc., ... 'proper costume' varied so much that it was well nigh impossible to get a proper legal definition."


1907 Sydney bathing costume protests, Reactions
Councillor Cole said that he "had defended youngsters who had produced little trunks; but such small articles adorning the fine manly physique of a gentleman of Cr [Councillor] Eddy's Herculean proportions for instance would probably not be deemed at law to be adequate covering. They might, perhaps, emulate the Sydney example of requiring such cases to be met by the adoption of frilled skirts (laughter) – something of the neck and knee order might be more indecent than skirts."


1907 Sydney bathing costume protests, Context
People generally agreed with strict regulations about dress but the idea of men wearing women's clothing was "going altogether too far", especially as male bathers were considered the "most manly of men" and sea-bathing both pleasurable and healthy. The "skirt" ordinance and the consequent demonstrations culminated decades of protest from conservative beach goers who decried the 'exhibitionism' of scantily clad surf bathers. However, the demonstration against the proposal by three Sydney mayors to introduce skirted bathing costumes on Sydney's main beaches showed the resistance particularly of middle-class men who were members of the newly established Surf Bathers Association of New South Wales.


1907 Sydney bathing costume protests, Context
The spirit in which the protests were conducted contributed greatly to a general acceptance of surf bathing on Sydney's beaches. It was also indicative of changing attitudes toward body image and masculinity in a fledgling nation.


1907 Syracuse Orangemen football team
The 1907 Syracuse Orangemen football team represented Syracuse University during the 1907 college football season. The head coach was Frank "Buck" O'Neill, coaching his second season with the Orangemen. The team played their home games at Archbold Stadium in Syracuse, New York.


1907 TCU football team
The 1907 TCU football team represented Texas Christian University (TCU) as an independent during the 1907 college football season. Led by Emory J. Hyde in his third and final year as head coach, TCU compiled a record of 4–2–2.


1907 Taranaki by-election
The Taranaki by-election of 1907 was a by-election for the electorate of Taranaki held on 14 May 1907 during the 16th New Zealand Parliament.


1907 Taranaki by-election, Background
The contest was triggered due to the death of incumbent MP Edward Smith. Three candidates stood; Henry Okey was the Conservative candidate, Edward Dockrill was the Liberal government endorsed candidate and William Malone an Independent Liberal Okey was the victor, resulting in the defeat of the Liberal Government's preferred candidate because of William Malone, a popular local "Independent Liberal" candidate splitting the government support vote. Because of the vote-splitting, the defeat of the Government candidate did not necessarily mean support for Opposition objection to the Land Bill then before Parliament.


1907 Taranaki by-election, Results
Okey held the seat until his own death in 1918 which triggered the 1918 by-election which was won by Edward Smith's son Sydney. Okey was later to join the Reform Party upon its formation in February 1909. Malone was later notable during World War I, when he was killed in action leading his troops during the Gallipoli Campaign.


1907 Targa Florio
The 1907 Targa Florio was a Grand Prix motor race held at Madonie on 22 April 1907. It was run over 3 laps of the 92.473 mile circuit, totaling 277.42 miles.


1907 Targa Florio, Sources
<La Saga des Pilain Lyonnaises, Claude Rouxel, editions du Palmier 2008>


1907 Tennessee Volunteers football team
The 1907 Tennessee Volunteers football team represented the University of Tennessee in the 1907 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. Led by new head coach George Levene, the Volunteers had their first seven-win season in team history.


1907 Texas A&M Aggies football team
The 1907 Texas A&M Aggies football team represented Texas A&M during the 1907 college football season.


1907 Texas Longhorns football team
The 1907 Texas Longhorns football team represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 1907 college football season.


1907 The Citadel Bulldogs football team
The 1907 The Citadel Bulldogs football team represented The Citadel Academy in the 1907 college football season. This was the third year of intercollegiate football at The Citadel, with Ralph Foster serving as coach for the second season. The Board of Visitors would not permit the cadets to travel outside the city of Charleston for games, and all games are believed to have been played at Hampton Park at the site of the old race course.


1907 Tie Cup Final
The 1907 Tie Cup Final was the final match to decide the winner of the Tie Cup, the 8th. edition of the international competition organised by the Argentine and Uruguayan Associations together. The final was contested by Argentine Alumni and Uruguayan CURCC.


1907 Tie Cup Final
In the final, played at Ferro Carril Oeste Stadium in Caballito, Buenos Aires with a full attendance of 7,000, Alumni beat CURCC 3–1, with goals by Alfredo Brown (2) and Eliseo Brown. The Argentine club won its fourth Tie Cup trophy while its captain Alfredo Brown was acclaimed as "man of the match" by the crowd at Ferro C. Oeste.


1907 Tie Cup Final, Overview
Since this edition, Argentine and Uruguayan teams competed in their own competitions separately, with only the champions of the respectives Copa Competencia (Argentine and Uruguayan Cups) contested the final.


1907 Tie Cup Final, Overview
Alumni qualified for the final after having won the "Copa de Competencia Jockey Club", where the squad easily defeated all of its opponents, such as Porteño (8–0), Rosario Central (5–0), Reformer (5–0) and Reformer in the final (4–0). The match was held in Ferro Carril Oeste Stadium in Caballito on 29 September 1907, with an attendance of 7,000 spectators that filled the capacity of the venue.


1907 Tie Cup Final, Overview
With only 8 minutes played, CURCC forward Manito made a pass from the side to the Alumni's penalty area that hit one of goal posts before traspassing the line, becoming the first goal of the match. Players of Alumni were surprised by the movement and did not react, thinking that it a goal like that would not be possible. Five minutes later, Weiss made a long pass that Alfredo Brown finally connected to force a draw scoring for Alumni.


1907 Tie Cup Final, Overview
In the second half, Alumni had one player less on the field, nevertheless the Argentine side continued in offensive position, and after a corner kick, Juan Domingo Brown passed to his brother Alfredo, who dribbled three opponents before scoring the second goal for Alumni with a strong shot. Eliseo Brown scored the third goal for Alumni, securing a win that allowed Alumni to win their fourth title.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery
The 1907 Tiflis bank robbery, also known as the Erivansky Square expropriation, was an armed robbery on 26 June 1907 in the city of Tiflis in the Tiflis Governorate in the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire (now Georgia's capital, Tbilisi). A bank cash shipment was stolen by Bolsheviks to fund their revolutionary activities. The robbers attacked a bank stagecoach, and the surrounding police and soldiers, using bombs and guns while the stagecoach was transporting money through Erivansky Square (now Freedom Square) between the post office and the Tiflis branch of the State Bank of the Russian Empire. The attack killed forty people and injured fifty others, according to official archive documents. The robbers escaped with 241,000 rubles.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery
The robbery was organized by a number of top-level Bolsheviks, including Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin, Maxim Litvinov, Leonid Krasin, and Alexander Bogdanov, and executed by a party of revolutionaries led by Stalin's early associate Simon Ter-Petrosian, also known as "Kamo" and "The Caucasian Robin-Hood". Because such activities were explicitly prohibited by the 5th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP), the robbery and the killings caused outrage within the party against the Bolsheviks (a faction within the RSDLP). As a result, Lenin and Stalin tried to distance themselves from the robbery.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery
The events surrounding the incident and similar robberies split the Bolshevik leadership, with Lenin against Bogdanov and Krasin. Despite the success of the robbery and the large sum involved, the Bolsheviks could not use most of the large banknotes obtained from the robbery because their serial numbers were known to the police. Lenin conceived of a plan to have various individuals cash the large bank notes at once at various locations throughout Europe in January 1908, but this strategy failed, resulting in a number of arrests, worldwide publicity, and negative reaction from social democrats elsewhere in Europe.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery
Kamo was caught in Germany shortly after the robbery but successfully avoided a criminal trial by feigning insanity for more than three years. He managed to escape from his psychiatric ward but was captured two years later while planning another robbery. Kamo was then sentenced to death for his crimes including the 1907 robbery, but his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment; he was released after the 1917 Revolution. None of the other major participants or organizers of the robbery were ever brought to trial. After his death, a monument to Kamo was erected near Erivansky Square in Pushkin Gardens and Kamo was buried beneath it. The monument was later removed and Kamo's remains were moved elsewhere.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Background
The Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP), the predecessor of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, was formed in 1898. The goal of the RSDLP was to carry out a Marxist proletarian revolution against the Russian Empire. As part of their revolutionary activity, the RSDLP and other revolutionary groups (such as anarchists and Socialist Revolutionaries) practised a range of militant operations, including "expropriations", a euphemism for armed robberies of government or private funds to support revolutionary activities.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Background
From 1903 onwards, the RSDLP were divided between two major groups: the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks. After the suppression of the 1905 Revolution, the RSDLP held its 5th Congress in May–June 1907 in London with the hopes of resolving differences between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks. One issue that still separated the two groups was the divergence of their views on militant activities, and in particular, "expropriations".


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Background
The most militant Bolsheviks, led at the 5th Congress by Vladimir Lenin, supported continuation of the use of robberies, while Mensheviks advocated a more peaceful and gradual approach to revolution, and opposed militant operations. At the 5th Congress, a resolution was passed condemning participation in or assistance to all militant activity, including "expropriations" as "disorganizing and demoralizing", and called for all party militias to be disbanded. This resolution passed with 65 per cent supporting and 6 per cent opposing (others abstained or did not vote) with all Mensheviks and some Bolsheviks supporting the resolution.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Background
Despite the unified party's prohibition on separate committees, during the 5th Congress the Bolsheviks elected their own governing body, called the Bolshevik Centre, and kept it secret from the rest of the RSDLP. The Bolshevik Centre was headed by a "Finance Group" consisting of Lenin, Leonid Krasin and Alexander Bogdanov. Among other party activities, the Bolshevik leadership had already planned a number of "expropriations" in different parts of Russia by the time of the 5th Congress and was awaiting a major robbery in Tiflis, which occurred only weeks after the 5th Congress ended.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Preparation
Before the 5th Congress met, high-ranking Bolsheviks held a meeting in Berlin in April 1907 to discuss staging a robbery to obtain funds to purchase arms. Attendees included Lenin, Stalin, Krasin, Bogdanov and Litvinov. The group decided that Stalin, then known by his earlier nom de guerre Koba, and the Armenian Ter-Petrosian, known as Kamo, should organize a bank robbery in the city of Tiflis.