1913 Grand Prix season, Season review
At the end of the first day, it was Giovanni “Gigi” Marsaglia in an Aquila Italiana, who held a half-hour lead over Felice Nazzaro, the long-time works driver for FIAT, now driving a car of his own making. In a curious incident, a driver following another car’s dust saw a child on the road. When he then hit a curbstone he was convinced he had hit the child. He stopped and fled the scene, catching a ferry from Messina to the mainland. Only sixteen cars started the second day. Marsaglia held his lead until near the end when engine issues stopped him. Nazzaro came through for the victory an hour ahead of the unlucky Marsaglia.


1913 Grand Prix season, Season review
With the Vanderbilt Cup and American Grand Prize not being held this year, it meant the Indianapolis 500 became the premier event in the United States. This year the maximum engine permitted was reduced from 600 to 450 cubic inches (7.4-litres). Carl Fisher, on the organising committee, sent an invitation to Peugeot to attend, and they accepted sending two cars (with engines modified down to 7.3 litres) with Goux and Paolo Zuccarelli. Other Europeans were drawn to the big money on offer: Isotta-Fraschini had three cars for Italian Vincenzo Trucco and Americans Teddy Tetzlaff and Harry Grant. Theodore Pilette, Belgian agent for Mercedes, ran a Mercedes as did Ralph Mulford. Albert Guyot raced a 4.5-litre Sunbeam.


1913 Grand Prix season, Season review
More and more American drivers were moving to the specialised racing cars: Ralph DePalma and Spencer Wishart had moved from Mercedes to Mercer with Caleb Bragg. Stutz ran cars for Gil Andersen and Charlie Merz while Jack Tower had one of the three Masons from the Duesenberg brothers.


1913 Grand Prix season, Season review
During practice the Peugeots had problems adapting to the brick surface, burning through their tyres. Fisher suggested they work with local racer Johnny Aitken. Tower posted the fastest lap in practice, but in the random draw for grid positions started from the back row while Caleb Bragg drew the pole position. From the start rookie Robert Evans got his Mason into the lead. On the 51st lap Towers crashed, rolling his car. Towers suffered a broken leg and his mechanic broken ribs. DePalma and Zuccarelli both retired early with engine trouble. Goux won comfortably for Peugeot, with a 13-minute margin over Wishart’s Mercer and Merz third with in his Stutz. He was supposed to have consumed champagne during his pit-stops and arrived home in Paris to great fanfare.


1913 Grand Prix season, Season review
The Grand Prix was held in July at a new venue: a 31km circuit based at Amiens in Picardie where it was hoped the shorter circuit would attract more spectators in the industrial north-east. This year the French Automobile Club (ACF) organisers stipulated a fuel-economy formula. Cars would be issued sufficient fuel the 917km race (29 laps) at an average of 20 litres per 100km (14.1 mpg). They also had to weigh between 800 and 1100kg.


1913 Grand Prix season, Season review
With a maximum of three cars per team, the entry list was still strong enough that the ACF did not need to include a voiturette category this year. Peugeot arrived with the new model EX-3 with a 5.6-litre engine (115 bhp), to be driven by its three regular works drivers: Boillot, Goux and Zuccarelli. French entries also came from Th. Schneider and Mathis. Delage came with their fast, new Type Y (110 bhp) to be driven by Albert Guyot and Paul Bablot.


1913 Grand Prix season, Season review
Foreign entries came from Itala (Italy), Opel (4.0L, 88 bhp) (Germany), Excelsior (6.1L, 120 bhp) (Belgium) and Sunbeam (4.5L, 95 bhp) (Great Britain). Once again Theodore Pilette was rebuffed when he tried to enter a Mercedes team. The ACF demanded entries from manufacturers alone, not agents or privateers.


1913 Grand Prix season, Season review
Racing on public roads was dangerous. Itala engineer Guido Bigio and his mechanic had been killed in May while testing. Then during a Peugeot test to the west of Paris Zuccarelli had a terrible accident while travelling at 160 km/h on a long straight to Evreux. When a farm cart pulled out into the road his car had no chance to avoid it and hit it head-on and rolled. Zuccarelli was killed immediately; his mechanic and the farmer were severely injured. Boillot travelling close behind just managed to avoid the carnage.


1913 Grand Prix season, Season review
The race itself was also full of incident. On the first lap, Moriondo rolled his Itala, but he and his mechanic, unhurt, were able to jump out and straighten the steering and change a wheel to resume the race. At the end of the first lap Boillot was leading from Goux then Jean Chassagne in the Sunbeam. Then when Boillot was delayed in the pits with ignition problems it was Guyot’s Delage that took the lead. Boillot drove hard and retook the lead only to be sidelined by a burst radiator hose. On the ninth lap Guyot had a tyre blow out. In his eagerness, his mechanic jumped out but was run over by the Delage. Guyot slowly toured back to the pits to get him medical attention before rejoining the race.


1913 Grand Prix season, Season review
In the latter part of the race, the Sunbeam of Kenelm Lee Guinness crashed into a stream, killing a spectator. After nearly eight hours, it was Boillot who won consecutive Grand Prix, becoming a national hero. Three minutes back was Goux for a superb Peugeot 1-2, with Chassagne ten minutes behind in third. Bablot was fourth in the Delage with his unfortunate teammate Guyot a minute back in fifth. Boillot’s Peugeot accomplished a comfortable fuel economy of 17 litres/100km and Goux did 18.


1913 Grand Prix season, Season review
In August, the AC de la Sarthe et de l’Ouest(forerunner of the Automobile Club de l'Ouest) ran its event. On the Saturday was the inaugural Cyclecar grand prix for the newly formed Union Motocycliste de France (UMF). The next day was the Coupe de le Sarthe, run concurrently with voiturettes. Pilette entered four Mercedes cars for himself and the three works drivers. Peugeot was not present so it became a contest between the German cars and the French Delage and Th.Schneider teams. Honours went to Delage with a 1-2 victory for Bablot and Guyot, ahead of Pilette and veteran Otto Salzer in their Mercedes – the last chain-drive cars in A Grand Prix-level event. The voiturette class was won by Jean Porporato in a Grégoire.


1913 Grand Prix season, Season review
Peugeot returned with their 3-litre EX-5 derivatives for the Coupe des Voiturettes held at Boulogne. Only Guyot was present for Delage, while three cars were entered for Sunbeam. When Dario Resta and Chassagne both retired with rear-axle failures on their Sunbeams in the first half of the race, it proved to be an easy victory for Boillot. He had nearly a ten-minute margin over teammate Goux with Lee Guinness close behind in third.


1913 Grand Prix season, Season review
This year’s AAA national championship was run over fourteen races at nine tracks. Earl Cooper, driving the new Stutz, won five of the races at four of the rounds and was second at another to be proclaimed the unofficial National Champion for the year.


1913 Great Meteor Procession
The 1913 Great Meteor Procession occurred on February 9, 1913. It was a meteoric phenomenon reported from locations across Canada, the northeastern United States, and Bermuda, and from many ships at sea, including eight off Brazil, giving a total recorded ground track of over 11,000 km (7,000 miles). The meteors were particularly unusual in that there was no apparent radiant, that is to say, no point in the sky from which the meteors appeared to originate. The observations were analysed in detail, later the same year, by the astronomer Clarence Chant, leading him to conclude that as all accounts were positioned along a great circle arc, the source had been a small, short-lived natural satellite of the Earth.


1913 Great Meteor Procession
John A. O'Keefe, who conducted several studies of the event, proposed that the meteors should be referred to as the Cyrillids, in reference to the feast day of Cyril of Alexandria (February 9 in the Roman Catholic calendar from 1882 to 1969).


1913 Great Meteor Procession, Events of February 9
The evening of February 9 was cloudy across much of the densely populated northeast United States, meaning that some 30 million potential observers were for the most part unaware of the phenomenon. Nevertheless, more than a hundred individual reports – largely from more remote areas of Canada – were later collected by Clarence Chant, with additional observations unearthed by later researchers. At around 21hr EST, witnesses were surprised to see a procession of between 40 and 60 bright, slow-moving fireballs moving from horizon to horizon in a practically identical path. Individual fireballs were visible for at least 30 to 40 seconds, and the entire procession took some 5 minutes to cross the sky. An observer at Appin, Ontario, described its appearance at one of the most easterly parts of its track across Canada:


1913 Great Meteor Procession, Events of February 9
A huge meteor appeared travelling from northwest by west to southeast, which, as it approached, was seen to be in two parts and looked like two bars of flaming material, one following the other. They were throwing out a constant stream of sparks and after they had passed they shot out balls of fire straight ahead that travelled more rapidly than the main bodies. They seemed to pass over slowly and were in sight about five minutes.


1913 Great Meteor Procession, Events of February 9
Immediately after their disappearance in the southeast a ball of clear fire, that looked like a big star, passed across the sky in their wake. This ball did not have a tail or show sparks of any kind. Instead of being yellow like the meteors, it was clear like a star.


1913 Great Meteor Procession, Events of February 9
Subsequent observers also noted a large, white, tail-less body bringing up the rear, but the various bodies making up the meteor procession continued to disintegrate and to travel at different rates throughout their course, so that by the time observations were made in Bermuda, the leading bodies were described as "like large arc lights in appearance, slightly violet in colour", followed closely by yellow and red fragments.


1913 Great Meteor Procession, Events of February 9
Research carried out in the 1950s by Alexander D. Mebane uncovered a handful of reports from newspaper archives in the northern United States. At Escanaba, Michigan, the Press stated the "end of the world was apprehended by many" as numerous meteors travelled across the northern horizon. In Batavia, New York, a few observers saw the meteors and many people heard a thundering noise, while other reports were made in Nunda-Dansville, New York (where several residents again thought the world was ending) and Osceola, Pennsylvania.


1913 Great Meteor Procession, February 10
One curious feature of the reports, highlighted by Mebane, was that several appeared to indicate a second meteor procession on the same course around 5 hours later, although the Earth's rotation meant that there was no obvious mechanism to explain this. One observer, an A. W. Brown from Thamesville, Ontario, reported seeing both the initial meteor procession and a second one on the same course at 02:20 the next morning. Chant's original report also referred to a series of three groups of "dark objects" which passed, on the same course as the previous meteors, from west to east over Toronto on the afternoon of February 10, which he suggested were "something of a meteoric nature".


1913 Great Meteor Procession, Accompanying sounds
William Henry Pickering noted that at eight stations in Canada a trembling of the house or ground was felt. In many other places loud, thunder-like sounds were heard, occasionally by people who had not seen the meteors themselves. Pickering used the sound reports to perform a check on the height of the meteors, which he calculated at 56 km (35 miles).


1913 Great Meteor Procession, Analysis
The first detailed study of the reports was produced by the Canadian astronomer Clarence Chant, who wrote about the meteors in vol. 7 of the Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. The orbit was later discussed by Pickering and G. J. Burns, who concluded that it was essentially satellitic.


1913 Great Meteor Procession, Analysis
Although this explanation was later attacked by Charles Wylie, who attempted to prove that the shower had a radiant, further studies by Lincoln LaPaz (who criticised Wylie's methods as "unscientific") and John O'Keefe showed that the meteors had most likely represented a body, or group of bodies, which had been temporarily captured into orbit about the Earth before disintegrating.


1913 Great Meteor Procession, Analysis
O'Keefe later suggested that the meteors, which he referred to as the "Cyrillids", could have in fact represented the last remnant of a circumterrestrial ring, formed from the ejecta of a postulated lunar volcano. This theory was a development of O'Keefe's unusual hypothesis on the origin of tektites.


1913 Great Strike
The Great Strike refers to a near general strike that took place in New Zealand from October 1913 to mid-January 1914. It was the largest and most disruptive strike in New Zealand's history. At its height, it brought the economy of New Zealand almost to a halt. Between 14,000 and 16,000 workers went on strike, out of a population of just over one million.


1913 Great Strike
The dispute began with a coal miners' strike in Huntly andon the Wellington waterfront, and quickly spread to other industries around the country.


1913 Great Strike, Origins
In 1909 militant trade unionists had formed the New Zealand Federation of Labour (the "Red Feds") an organisation opposed to the Liberal government's Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act, which meant labour disputes had to be settled though conciliation boards and arbitration courts. Unions at first generally regarded the arbitration system as beneficial, while many employers saw it as limiting their powers. With no significant stoppages between 1894 and 1906, New Zealand became known internationally as ‘the country without strikes’.


1913 Great Strike, Origins
However, unionists had several complaints about the arbitration system; it failed to increase wages in line with the cost of living, didn't compel employers to pay for all hours of work, and the provisions for employers hiring workers at less than agreed rates were considered too loose. The growth in the number of unions in the early 1900s increased the arbitration courts' workload to the point that unions could wait up to a year before getting a hearing. In 1905 an amendment to the act made strike action and lockouts illegal where there was an award covering employers and workers and another amendment in 1907 increased the penalties for striking illegally. Only unions registered under the Trade Union Act passed the following year could legally strike.


1913 Great Strike, Origins
With the forming of the federation, affiliated unions withdrew from the IC&A Act and registered under the Trade Union Act. By 1911 the organisations' membership had doubled to nearly 14,000 workers. In March 1913 a dispute began between Wellington shipwrights and the Union Steam Ship Company; the workers wanted the company to either pay them for travelling time or provide them with transport to new workshops at Evans Bay. In May the shipwrights cancelled their registration under the IC&A Act and joined the Federation-affiliated Wellington Waterside Workers' Union (WWWU).


1913 Great Strike, Industrial action
On October 6 Allison's Taupiri Coal Company sacked sixteen miners at Huntly, three of whom had recently been elected to the arbitration union's executive. The company refused another ballot and the directors declared that there was nothing to discuss with the union. Three days later the workers voted almost unanimously to strike until the sixteen men, and other miners not re-employed after a strike the previous year, were reinstated. After receiving congratulations from the UFL the miners asked the federation to take control of the dispute.


1913 Great Strike, Industrial action
Meanwhile, the Wellington shipwrights had added further grievances to their list, including demands for increased pay and holidays, and they began a strike on October 18. The wharfies held a stop work meeting at 8am on the 20th and decided to refer the dispute to the UFL and returned to work, only to find that scabs had been hired in their place. In defiance of their president another meeting was held and 1,500 workers decided "That no work shall be accepted until such time as the victimised men are re-instated".


1913 Great Strike, Industrial action
On November 5 strike supporters clashed with mounted special constables who were riding from their base at Buckle St to Lambton station. Their mission was to escort racehorses from the station to the wharves so they could be shipped to Christchurch for the New Zealand Cup race meeting. The battle between the two parties began on Featherston Street, where specials charged strikers. Pro -strike tram drivers rammed specials on horseback, and metal spikes and detonators were thrown at horses’ feet. The specials later assumed control of the wharves. It was a decisive moment in the strike.


1913 Great Strike, Industrial action
The events in Wellington and Huntly received national attention over the next week and many Wobblies in Auckland and Wellington called for action. On October 24 the wharfies invaded several ships and stopped work, that same day the ship owners offered to reinstate the 1912 agreement if work was resumed, but the union rejected the proposal. In Huntly no miners or truckers went to work. The company claimed the union was breaking their agreement, though union leader Harry Holland stated that the 'agreement' had been drafted by the company and 'agreed to' when there was no union. Recalling the events later striker Banjo Hunter recalled "the strike fever spread like a huge epidemic wave"


1913 Great Strike, Interpretation
The conventional idea of the strike is that it was part of a global change in both the ideological beliefs and strategic methods of trade unionists worldwide as the ideas of syndicalism spread. However most of the workers in the strike were 'ordinary people.' it is often seen as an instance of class war; the workers of New Zealand fighting against the employers and their allies in the conservative Reform government that had come to power in 1912.


1913 Great Strike, Interpretation
Some historians have suggested that employers engineered the conflict, for example Michael King wrote that "In October of that year [1913]... employers fearing a continuation of 'revolutionary' union tactics, engineered a lockout on the Wellington wharves." and Richard Hill in his history of the police wrote "the federationists were the victims of a government determined to destroy its class enemies... Leading employers decided to strike at the heart of the union movement before the united federation had a chance to consolidate... with the government assisting in various ways ... the government was more interested in crushing the watersiders than getting the wharves going."


1913 Grey by-election
The Grey by-election of 1913 was a by-election held for Grey during the 18th New Zealand Parliament. As no candidate won an absolute majority on the first ballot on 17 July, a second round was held on 24 July. The seat had become vacant due to the death of Arthur Guinness. Three candidates contested the seat, and it was won by the left-wing candidate, who was elected on the second ballot with Liberal support.


1913 Harvard Crimson football team
The 1913 Harvard Crimson football team represented Harvard University in the 1913 college football season. The team finished with a 9–0 record and was retroactively named as the national champion by the Helms Athletic Foundation, Houlgate System, and National Championship Foundation, and as a co-national champion with Chicago by Parke H. Davis. They outscored their opponents 225 to 21.


1913 Haskell Indians football team
The 1913 Haskell Indians football team was an American football team that represented the Haskell Indian Institute  (now known as Haskell Indian Nations University) as an independent during the 1913 college football season. In its third season under head coach A. R. Kennedy, Haskell compiled a 10–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 419 to 31. The team's victories included games against Texas A&M and Christian Brothers; the sole loss was to Nebraska.


1913 Holy Cross football team
The 1913 Holy Cross football team was an American football team that represented the College of the Holy Cross in the 1913 college football season.


1913 Holy Cross football team
In its first and only year under head coach Harry Von Kersberg, the team compiled a 3–6 record. Wilfred Metivier was the team captain.


1913 Holy Cross football team
The season began with a tragedy, as Vernon S. Belyea, a junior halfback at Norwich University, was paralyzed while running back a Holy Cross punt at Fitton Field, and later died. Belyea suffered a fractured sixth vertebra after being tackled by Holy Cross' captain, Metivier. Belyea was taken to Saint Vincent Hospital in Worcester, where he died the following day.


1913 Holy Cross football team
Holy Cross played its home games at Fitton Field on the college campus in Worcester, Massachusetts.


1913 Houghton-le-Spring by-election
The Houghton-le-Spring by-election was a Parliamentary by-election. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP)  to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.


1913 Houghton-le-Spring by-election, Vacancy
Robert Cameron had been Liberal MP for Houghton-le-Spring since 1895. He died on 13 February 1913.


1913 Houghton-le-Spring by-election, Previous results
Cameron was elected unopposed in December 1910, however, he was opposed at the election before.


1913 Houghton-le-Spring by-election, Candidates
The Liberals chose a Grimsby man,  Tom Wing to defend the seat. He was elected at the January 1910 general election as  Member of Parliament (MP) for Grimsby, but lost that seat at the general election in December 1910.


1913 Houghton-le-Spring by-election, Candidates
The Unionists selected local barrister, Thomas Richardson as their candidate. His father had been Liberal MP for Hartlepool.


1913 Houghton-le-Spring by-election, Candidates
Labour intervened with an Independent Labour Party member, William House, who was sponsored by the Durham Miners' Association, for whom he had been President since 1900. House stood for the Labour Party in Bishop Auckland at the January and December 1910 general elections.


1913 Houghton-le-Spring by-election, Campaign
In the recent past, there had been a good working relationship between the local miners and the local Liberal Association to the point that by 1913, miners still dominated the local Liberal association. Every miners lodge in the constituency was represented at Wing's selection meeting. During the campaign, many miners lodge officials spoke on platforms in support of Wing. This came as something of a slap in the face to both the Independent Labour Party and the Durham Miners Association who had hoped that the local miners would support their candidate, House. This split in the local miners lodges was good news for the Unionist campaign. They knew that their only hoping of winning was if the Labour candidate took half or the Liberal vote, allowing the Unionists the chance to come through the middle.


1913 Houghton-le-Spring by-election, Aftermath
A General Election was due to take place by the end of 1915. By the autumn of 1914, the following candidates had been adopted to contest that election. Due to the outbreak of war, the election never took place. House's parliamentary interests moved on to the Mid Durham constituency, while Richardson never stood again.


1913 Houghton-le-Spring by-election, Aftermath
At the eleventh hour, the Labour party replaced W.P.Richardson as candidate with another local miner Robert Richardson


1913 Ice Hockey European Championship
The 1913 Ice Hockey European Championship was the fourth edition of the ice hockey tournament for European countries associated to the International Ice Hockey Federation .


1913 Ice Hockey European Championship
The tournament was played between January 25, and January 27, 1913, in München, Germany. With Belgium and Bohemia finishing equal on points, Belgium was declared champion based on goal difference.


1913 Idaho football team
The 1913 Idaho football team represented the University of Idaho in the 1913 college football season. Idaho was led by ninth-year head coach John "Pink" Griffith and played as an independent; they joined the Pacific Coast Conference nine years later in 1922. The two home games were played in Moscow, but off campus; the new MacLean Field opened the following season.


1913 Idaho football team
In the season opener in Spokane, Idaho whipped Gonzaga 54−3, then posted a second-straight win over Washington State in the Battle of the Palouse, 3–0 in Moscow.


1913 Idaho football team
Rival Montana was not played this season, and Idaho's three losses were all in Oregon, concluding on New Year's Day against the Multnomah Athletic Club in Portland. With wins over Gonzaga, Washington State, and Whitman, Idaho was the champion of the Inland Empire.


1913 Idaho football team
It was Griffith's penultimate year as head coach; he left for Oklahoma A&M (now Oklahoma State) in Stillwater after the 1914 season.


1913 Illinois Fighting Illini football team
The 1913 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois during the 1913 college football season. In their first season under head coach Robert Zuppke, the Illini compiled a 4–2–1 record and finished in fifth place in the Western Conference. Fullback Enos M. Rowe was the team captain.


1913 Indiana Hoosiers football team
The 1913 Indiana Hoosiers football team was an American football team that represented Indiana University Bloomington during the 1913 college football season. In their ninth season under head coach James M. Sheldon, the Hoosiers compiled a 3–4 record, finished in eighth place in the Western Conference, and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 162 to 90.


1913 Indianapolis 500
The Third International 500-Mile Sweepstakes Race was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway on Friday, May 30, 1913.


1913 Indianapolis 500, Race Summary
After the entries in the first two years of the Indianapolis 500 had been almost exclusively American, 1913 saw six drivers travel to the United States from Europe to enter, likely attracted by the impressive $20,000 first prize (equivalent to $517,374 in 2019). A total of 27 cars would meet the 75 mile per hour qualifying speed, led by Jack Tower at 88.230 mph. The starting grid was determined by a random draw of names, and Caleb Bragg would be given the pole.


1913 Indianapolis 500, Race Summary
Tower's car turned over on the southwest turn on lap 51, causing him to sustain a broken leg and his riding mechanic, Lee Dunning, to break three ribs. Bob Burman started the race as the favorite, and led 41 laps early, before his car caught fire on lap 55. Burman was able to repair his car and continue, however continuing problems led to several more stops and a replacement driver, who brought the car home in eleventh (unfortunately only the top ten finishers received prize money).


1913 Indianapolis 500, Race Summary
French-born Jules Goux, driving a car owned and manufactured by Peugeot (where his father was the factory Supervisor) would lead the race on four occasions. Bob Evans dueled with Goux, leading laps 125–135, but would be forced out of the race on lap 158 due to a mechanical problem. Goux would dominate the remainder of the race, leading 138 laps en route to a victory of a more than 13 minute margin, making him the first non-American winner of the 500. The car contained a four-cylinder dual overhead camshaft engine, which would serve as a model for many future entries.


1913 Indianapolis 500, Race Summary
Urban legends claim that Goux consumed "six bottles of champagne" en route to victory. However, that claim is believed to be exaggerated. Instead, during Goux's six pit stops, only four bottles (each 4/5 pint) were shared between himself and his riding mechanic Emil Begin, with each taking some sips, but likely not enough to become intoxicated. Other swigs were spit out using the champagne as a mouthwash. Goux would state after the race that his manager forced him stay below the car's top speed, feeling the lead was safe. Spencer Wishart was the top finishing American in second, while two of the other European cars would finish fourth and fifth.


1913 Indianapolis 500, Race Summary
Rules at the time required the top ten drivers to finish the full 500 miles to receive prize money. This led to an interesting sight for spectators who remained after Goux's finish. Charlie Merz, in contention for second place, would have his car catch fire towards the end of lap 199.


1913 Indianapolis 500, Race Summary
Merz, not wishing to surrender the prize money, drove the final lap on fire, while Harry Martin, his riding mechanic, crawled out on top of the hood of the still moving car to beat at the flames and release the straps the held the engine cover to allow the fire to be extinguished faster. Merz finished third. Martin would unfortunately be killed while helping test a car on the speedway less than two months later.


1913 International Cross Country Championships
The 1913 International Cross Country Championships was held in Juvisy-sur-Orge, France, at the Juvisy Aerodrome on March 24, 1913. A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald.


1913 International Cross Country Championships
Complete results, medallists,  and the results of British athletes were published.


1913 International Cross Country Championships, Participation
An unofficial count yields the participation of 36 athletes from 4 countries.


1913 International Lawn Tennis Challenge
The 1913 International Lawn Tennis Challenge was the 12th edition of what is now known as the Davis Cup. With Great Britain's win in 1912, the competition returned to Europe for the first time in five years. This prompted several new teams to join the competition, creating the largest field to date. The first round tie between Germany and France, played at Wiesbaden, Germany was the first Davis Cup tie to be played on clay courts, or any surface other than grass. The United States would triumph in the final, which was played at Worple Road in Wimbledon, London, England on 25–28 July.


1913 International Lawn Tennis Challenge, Teams
Canada, Germany, and South Africa all competed for the first time. Belgium returned for the first time since 1904.


1913 Invercargill mayoral election
The 1913 Invercargill mayoral election was held on 30 April 1913 as part of that years local elections.


1913 Invercargill mayoral election
Former mayor Duncan McFarlane was elected again. His opponent, Andrew Bain, improved on his performance from the previous election but was still unsuccessful.


1913 Iowa Hawkeyes football team
The 1913 Iowa Hawkeyes football team represented the University of Iowa in the 1913 college football season.


1913 Iowa State Cyclones football team
The 1913 Iowa State Cyclones football team represented Iowa State College of Agricultural and Mechanic Arts (later renamed Iowa State University) in the Missouri Valley Conference during the 1913 college football season. In their second and final season under head coach Homer C. Hubbard, the Cyclones compiled a 4–4 record (2–2 against conference opponents), finished in fourth place in the conference, and were outscored by opponents by a combined total of 119 to 112. Lynn Cowan was the team captain.


1913 Iowa State Cyclones football team
Between 1892 and 1913, the football team played on a field that later became the site of the university's Parks Library. The field was known as State Field; when the new field opened in 1915, it became known as "New State Field".


1913 Isle of Man TT
The 1913 Isle of Man Tourist Trophy races were increased in length to a six lap (226 mile) Junior race and to seven laps (262.5 mile) for the Senior race. The highest number of entries to date, one hundred and forty seven, were received for these races.


1913 Isle of Man TT
The 350cc Junior TT was won by H.Mason 2¾ hp NUT-Jap motor-cycle and the 500cc Senior TT Race by Tim Wood with a chain-driven 3½ hp Scott machine.


1913 Isle of Man TT
While leading the Senior TT race,  Frank Bateman, riding a Rudge crashed fatally on the fourth lap below the Shephard's Hut near to Keppel Gate.


1913 Isle of Man TT
Continental entries for the Senior TT race included E. Vailati (3½ hp Rudge) from Italy, K. Gassert (3½ hp NSU)  from Germany and  a Russian entrant M Kremleff also riding a Rudge, but he retired after crashing.


1913 Isle of Man TT, Junior TT final standings
Wednesday 4 & Friday 6 June 1913 –  6 laps (225 miles) Isle of Man TT Mountain Course


1913 Isle of Man TT, Junior TT final standings
Fastest Lap: H.Mason  – 45.42 mph (49’ 32.0) on lap 6.


1913 Isle of Man TT, Senior TT 500cc Race final standings
Wednesday 4 & Friday 6 June 1913 –  7 laps (262.50 miles) Isle of Man TT Mountain Course


1913 Isle of Man TT, Senior TT 500cc Race final standings
Fastest Lap: H.O. Wood  – 52.12 mph (43’ 10.0) on lap 3.


1913 Italian Athletics Championships
The 1913 Italian Athletics Championships  were held in Milan. it was the 8th edition, but first complete, of the Italian Athletics Championships.


1913 Italian general election
General elections were held in Italy on 26 October 1913, with a second round of voting on 2 November. The Liberals (the former Ministeriali) narrowly retained an absolute majority in the Chamber of Deputies, while the Radical Party emerged as the largest opposition bloc. Both groupings did particularly well in Southern Italy, while the Italian Socialist Party gained eight seats and was the largest party in Emilia-Romagna. However, the election marked the beginning of the decline of Liberal establishment.


1913 Italian general election, Electoral reform
Changes made in 1912 widened the voting franchise to include all literate men aged 21 or over who had served in the armed forces. For those over 30 the literacy requirement was abolished. This raised the number of eligible voters from 2,930,473 in 1909 to 8,443,205. The electoral system remained single-member constituencies with two-round majority voting.


1913 Italian general election, Historical background
The two historical parliamentary factions, the liberal and progressive Left and the conservative and monarchist Right, formed a single liberal and centrist group, known as Liberal Union, under the leadership of Giovanni Giolitti.


1913 Italian general election, Historical background
This phenomenon, known in Italian as Trasformismo (roughly translatable in English as "transformism"—in a satirical newspaper, the PM was depicted as a chameleon), effectively removed political differences in Parliament, which was dominated by an undistinguished liberal bloc with a landslide majority until after World War I. Two parliamentary factions alternated in government, one led by Sidney Sonnino and the other, by far the larger of the two, by Giolitti. At that time the Liberals governed in alliance with the Radicals, the Democrats and, eventually, the Reform Socialists. This alliance governed against two smaller opposition: The Clericals, composed by some Vatican-oriented politicians, The Extreme, formed by the socialist faction which represented a real left in a present-day concept.


1913 Kalgoorlie by-election
A by-election for the Australian House of Representatives seat of Kalgoorlie was triggered by the death, on 25 November 1913, of Labor MP and Postmaster-General Charlie Frazer. Aged 33, Frazer was the youngest member of the Australian Parliament ever to die. By the close of nominations on 22 December, only one candidate, Labor's Hugh Mahon, previously member for Coolgardie from 1910 to 1913, had nominated, and he was thus declared elected unopposed.


1913 Kansas Jayhawks football team
The 1913 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the Missouri Valley Conference during the 1913 college football season. In their second and final season under head coach Arthur Mosse, the Jayhawks compiled a 5–3 record (3–2 against conference opponents), finished in third place in the conference, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 120 to 40. The Jayhawks played their home games at McCook Field in Lawrence, Kansas. William D. Weidlein was the team captain.


1913 Kansas State Aggies football team
The 1913 Kansas State Aggies football team represented Kansas State Agricultural College in the 1913 college football season.


1913 Keighley by-election
The Keighley by-election was a Parliamentary by-election. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP)  to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.


1913 Keighley by-election, Vacancy
The incumbent, Sir Stanley Buckmaster, had been elected for the constituency in the 1911 Keighley by-election. He was required to fight another by-election on his appointment as Solicitor General for England and Wales.


1913 Keighley by-election, Candidates
Henry Lascelles, Viscount Lascelles - 30-year old heir to the Earl of Harewood, whose peerage he succeeded to in 1929, and future husband of Mary, Princess Royal.


1913 Keighley by-election, Candidates
William Bland - local trade unionist member of local Independent Labour Party who was endorsed by the national Labour Party.


1913 Keighley by-election, Aftermath
A General Election was due to take place by the end of 1915. By the summer of 1914, the following candidates had been adopted to contest that election. Due to the outbreak of war, the election never took place.


1913 Keighley by-election, Aftermath
Another by-election occurred in Keighley in 1915 when Buckmaster accepted a seat in the House of Lords.


1913 Kendal by-election
The Kendal by-election was a Parliamentary by-election. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP)  to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.


1913 Kendal by-election, Vacancy
Josceline Bagot was twice returned as Conservative MP for Kendal (1892–1906 and 1910–1913), He died on 1 March 1913.


1913 Kendal by-election, Candidates
John Weston was selected by the Unionists to defend the seat. The Liberals chose local man William Somervell who had stood here last time.


1913 Kendal by-election, Result
Somervell explained his defeat, and the doubling of the Unionist majority,  by claiming that  Weston (who stood as an Independent Unionist) had been elected because he was a ‘semi-Liberal’ and a popular local man.


1913 Kendal by-election, Aftermath
Somervell was to enter parliament at a by-election in May 1918, holding a Liberal seat. Following boundary changes, Kendal was merged into the new Westmorland seat for the 1918 elections.


1913 Kendall Orange and Black football team
The 1913 Kendall Orange and Black football team represented Henry Kendall College (later renamed the University of Tulsa) during the 1913 college football season. In its first and only season under head coach George "Red" Evans, the team compiled a 5–2 record, outscored all opponents by a combined total of 271 to 59, defeated the Euchee Indian School (92–0), Haskell A&M (58–0) and Oklahoma Methodist (18–0), but lost the final two games of the season against Pittsburg Normal (25–32) and Tulsa Central High School (7–27).


1913 Kentucky Derby
The 1913 Kentucky Derby was the 39th running of the Kentucky Derby. The race took place on May 10, 1913. Horses Prince Hermis, Sam Hirsch, Flying Tom, and Floral Park scratched before the race. The winning time of 2.04.80 set a new Derby record. With odds of 91–1, winning horse Donerail is the longest odds winner in Kentucky Derby history.


1913 Kentucky Wildcats football team
The 1913 Kentucky Wildcats football team represented the Kentucky Wildcats of the University of Kentucky during the 1913 college football season.


1913 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
The 1913 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship was the 24th staging of the Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Kilkenny County Board.


1913 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
On 12 October 1913, Mooncoin won the championship after a 5-07 to 3-04 defeat of Tullaroan in the final. This was their fifth championship title overall and their first in five championship seasons.


1913 LIHG Championship
The 1913 LIHG Championship was the second congress of the LIHG Championships, an international ice hockey competition. The tournament was held from January 22–24, 1913, in St. Moritz, Switzerland. Germany won the championship, Great Britain finished second, and France finished third.


1913 LSU Tigers football team
The 1913 LSU Tigers football team represented the LSU Tigers of Louisiana State University during the 1913 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The team was captained by center Tom Dutton. At guards were T. R. Mobley and Arthur Klock. In the backfield was quarterback Lawrence Dupont and fullback Alf Reid. Dupont had 15 touchdowns in 1913, four of them coming on November 22 in a game against rival Tulane in a 40–0 victory.


1913 LSU Tigers football team
Coach Pat Dwyer used Dutton for a "kangaroo play" in which Dupont would crawl between Dutton's legs; supposedly very effective in short yardage situations.


1913 Lafayette football team
The 1913 Lafayette football team was an American football team that represented Lafayette College as an independent during the 1913 college football season. In its second and final season under head coach George McCaa, the team compiled an 4–5–1 record. William Wagenhurst was the team captain. The team played its home games at March Field in Easton, Pennsylvania.


1913 Lehigh Brown and White football team
The 1913 Lehigh Brown and White football team was an American football team that represented Lehigh University as an independent during the 1913 college football season. In its second season under head coach Tom Keady, the team compiled a 5–3 record and outscored opponents by a total of 152 to 100.


1913 Leicester by-election
The Leicester by-election was a Parliamentary by-election. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP)  to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.


1913 Leicester by-election, Vacancy
Eliot Crawshay-Williams was elected at the January 1910 general election as MP for Leicester, serving as parliamentary private secretary to David Lloyd George. He resigned from Parliament in 1913 following his being named as co-respondent in a divorce case brought by fellow Liberal Hubert Carr-Gomm the MP for Rotherhithe.


1913 Leicester by-election, Previous result
This was a dual member seat where the Liberal party and the Labour party co-operated since 1906 by only putting up one candidate each against the Unionists. At the last election only one Unionist candidate stood. The sitting Labour MP was Ramsay MacDonald, who had been a leading figure in the party nationally and had been responsible for organising national electoral co-operation between the Labour and Liberal parties.


1913 Leicester by-election, Candidates
Ald. George Banton was adopted as the Independent Labour Party candidate but was forced to withdraw by the refusal of Ramsay MacDonald and the Independent Labour Party national leadership to endorse his candidacy.


1913 Leicester by-election, Candidates
This vacancy caused much personal embarrassment to the Labour party Leader, Ramsay MacDonald. Almost all the current Labour MPs owed their seat in Parliament either to individuals winning the endorsement of the dominant local trade union or to co-operation with the local Liberals. Those who owed their seats to Liberal/Labour co-operation were mostly in dual member seats like Leicester, where one Liberal and one Labour candidate ran in harness.


1913 Leicester by-election, Candidates
MacDonald had recently been outspoken about the prospect of Labour candidates standing against Liberals at the next election, but he had no intention of arranging for two Labour candidates to stand in any dual member seat as this was likely to result in Labour losing many of its existing MPs. The wish of MacDonald's own local Labour party to run a candidate at the by-election seriously undermined his strategy.


1913 Leicester by-election, Candidates
Without an official Labour candidate running, the field was open for a Socialist to run. The Yorkshireman Edward Hartley stood as a candidate for the British Socialist Party (BSP). He had previously stood for the Social Democratic Federation (SDF) in Bradford East at the 1906 general election. He next stood for the SDF in the 1908 Newcastle by-election, then back in Bradford East in the January 1910 general election.


1913 Leicester by-election, Campaign
The Liberal and Labour parties in Leicester had become used to fighting each other (and the Unionists) in local elections. By 1913, the balance on the Town Council was: Liberal 18, Unionist 16, Labour 14. Hartley sought support from the local branch of the Independent Labour Party with some success. Banton sent a telegram of support to Hartley. In addition the Chairman and Vice-Chairman of the local branch of the Independent Labour Party supported Hartley.


1913 Leicester by-election, Aftermath
A General Election was due to take place by the end of 1915. By the summer of 1914, the following candidates had been adopted to contest that election. Due to the outbreak of war, the election never took place.


1913 Leicester by-election, Aftermath
Boundary changes replaced the dual member seat of Leicester with three single member seats for the 1918 general election. The Liberal by-election victor Gordon  Hewart was elected for Leicester East, defeating Labour's George Banton who had not been allowed to contest the by-election. A Unionist beat a Labour candidate in Leicester South. Ramsay Macdonald was defeated in Leicester West by a Unionist standing under a National Democratic and Labour Party label. As for the defeated by-election candidates, the Unionist Wilshere did not stand again and the Socialist Hartley joined the pro-war British Workers League the fore-runner to the National Democratic and Labour Party, whose candidate defeated Macdonald in 1918.


1913 Leix by-election
The Leix by-election of 1913 was held on 9 June 1913. The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Irish Parliamentary MP, Patrick Aloysius Meehan. It was won by his son the Irish Parliamentary candidate Patrick Joseph Meehan, who was unopposed.


1913 Liberty Head nickel
The 1913 Liberty Head nickel is an American five-cent piece which was produced in extremely limited quantities unauthorized by the United States Mint, making it one of the best-known and most coveted rarities in American numismatics. In 1972, one specimen of the five cent coin became the first coin to sell for over US$100,000; in 1996, another specimen became the first to sell for over US$1 million. In 2003, one coin was sold for under three million dollars. In 2010, the Olsen piece sold for US$3.7 million at a public auction.


1913 Liberty Head nickel
Only five examples are known to exist: two in museums and three in private collections.


1913 Liberty Head nickel, Origin
The Indian Head (Buffalo) nickel was introduced in February 1913, replacing the Liberty Head design. These were the first official strikings of nickels in 1913, since the United States Mint's official records list no Liberty Head nickels produced in that year. However, in 1920, the numismatic community learned of five Liberty Head nickels dated 1913, all owned by Samuel Brown, a numismatist who attended the American Numismatic Association's annual convention in 1920 and displayed the coins there.


1913 Liberty Head nickel, Origin
He had previously placed an advertisement in the December 1919 issue of The Numismatist soliciting information on these coins, offering to pay US $500 for each and ostensibly purchasing them as a result. However, Brown had been a Mint employee in 1913, and many numismatic historians have concluded that he may have struck them himself (or had them struck) and taken them from the Mint. If true, this was not a unique occurrence; such clandestine strikes were quite common in the 19th century, with the Class II and III 1804 silver dollars perhaps the best-known instance.


1913 Liberty Head nickel, Origin
Other numismatic authorities, such as Q. David Bowers, have questioned this scenario, and pointed out that there are several methods by which the coins could have been legitimately produced; e.g., they may have been lawfully issued by the Mint's Medal Department "for cabinet purposes," or could have been struck as trial pieces in late 1912 to test the following year's new coinage dies. Bowers, however, did not entirely discount the private minting theory.


1913 Liberty Head nickel, Pedigree
In January 1924, Samuel Brown sold all five 1913 Liberty Head nickels. The intact lot passed through the hands of several other coin dealers before finally being purchased by Colonel E. H. R. Green (son of the famous Gilded Age investor and miser Hetty Green), who kept them in his collection until his death in 1936. His estate was then auctioned off, and the five 1913 Liberty Head nickels were purchased by two dealers, Eric P. Newman and B. G. Johnson, who broke up the set for the first time.


1913 Liberty Head nickel, Eliasberg specimen
Of the five 1913 Liberty Head nickels, two have proof surfaces and the other three were produced with standard striking techniques. The Eliasberg specimen is the finest known 1913 Liberty Head nickel, with a grade of 66 from various professional grading services, including PCGS and NGC.


1913 Liberty Head nickel, Eliasberg specimen
This coin was purchased from Newman and Johnson by the Numismatic Gallery, a coin dealership that then sold it to famed collector Louis Eliasberg. It remained in Eliasberg's comprehensive collection until after his death. In May 1996, it was sold at an auction conducted by Bowers and Merena to rarities dealer Jay Parrino for US$1,485,000: the highest price for a coin up until that point. When it was auctioned again in March 2001, the price climbed to US$1,840,000. In May 2005, Legend Numismatics purchased the Eliasberg specimen for US$4,150,000. In 2007, it was sold to an unnamed collector in California for US$5 million.


1913 Liberty Head nickel, Olsen specimen
While the Eliasberg specimen is the best preserved of the five coins, the Olsen specimen is almost certainly the most famous. It has been graded Proof-64 by both PCGS and NGC, and was featured on an episode of Hawaii Five-O ("The $100,000 Nickel," aired on December 11, 1973). It was also briefly owned by King Farouk of Egypt.


1913 Liberty Head nickel, Olsen specimen
When Newman and Johnson broke up the set of five coins, the Olsen specimen was sold first to James Kelly and then to Fred Olsen. The latter sold the coin to Farouk, but his name has remained attached to it in numismatic circles ever since. In 1972, it was sold to World Wide Coin Investments for US$100,000, thus inspiring its title appearance in Hawaii Five-O the following year. Its price doubled to US$200,000 when it was resold to Superior Galleries in 1978.


1913 Liberty Head nickel, Olsen specimen
It has been resold on several occasions since then, fetching US$3,000,000 in a private treaty sale from California collector Dwight Manley to Bruce Morelan and Legend Numismatics in June 2004. Legend sold the coin to Blanchard and Co. in 2005, who sold it to a private collector, and more recently for US$3,737,500 by Heritage Auctions in January 2010. The latest owner's name has not been disclosed.


1913 Liberty Head nickel, Norweb specimen
The Norweb specimen is one of two 1913 Liberty Head nickels that have ended up in museums. It is on exhibit at the Smithsonian Institution.


1913 Liberty Head nickel, Norweb specimen
Newman and Johnson sold the Norweb specimen to F.C.C. Boyd, who then resold it to the Numismatic Gallery (which handled several of the coins over the years). In 1949, it was purchased by King Farouk to replace the Olsen specimen, which he had sold. It remained in Farouk's collection until he was deposed by Gamal Abdel Nasser in 1952. Two years after that, Farouk's possessions were all auctioned off by the new regime. The Numismatic Gallery regained possession of it, and sold it this time to Ambassador Henry Norweb and his wife. The Norwebs donated the specimen to the Smithsonian Institution’s National Numismatic Collection- where it remains - in 1978 to commemorate their sixtieth wedding anniversary.


1913 Liberty Head nickel, Walton specimen
The Walton specimen is the most elusive of the five 1913 Liberty Head nickels; for over 40 years, its whereabouts were unknown and it was believed to have been lost. George O. Walton, for whom the specimen is named, purchased it from Newman and Johnson in 1945 for approximately US$3,750, equal to $53,256 today. On March 9, 1962, Walton died in a car crash en route to a coin show.


1913 Liberty Head nickel, Walton specimen
He had promised the show's promoters that he would exhibit the 1913 Liberty Head nickel there, so it was assumed to have been among the coins in his possession at the time of the fatal crash. US$250,000 worth of coins were recovered from the crash site, including the 1913 Liberty nickel, which was protected in a custom-made holder. When Walton's heirs put his coins up for public auction in 1963, the nickel was returned to them, because the auction house had mistakenly determined the coin to be not genuine.


1913 Liberty Head nickel, Walton specimen
As a result, the coin remained in the family's possession, being stored in a strongbox on the floor of a closet in his sister's home, for over 40 years. In July 2003, the American Numismatic Association arranged to display the four specimens whose whereabouts were known. As a publicity stunt, public relations consultant and former ANA governor Donn Pearlman launched a nationwide hunt for the missing fifth specimen.


1913 Liberty Head nickel, Walton specimen
He arranged with Bowers and Merena auction house (at the time a division of Collectors Universe, Inc.) to offer a minimum US$1 million to purchase the coin, or as a guarantee for consigning it to one of their public auctions. In addition, a US$10,000 reward was offered simply for letting representatives of Bowers and Merena be the first to see the missing fifth specimen when found.


1913 Liberty Head nickel, Walton specimen
After learning about the reward, the Walton heirs brought their coin to the ANA convention in Baltimore, where expert authenticators from Professional Coin Grading Service examined it at length and compared it to the other four known specimens. At that time, it was determined that the Walton specimen was genuine. The coin was sold at auction by the heirs in April 2013 for US$3,172,500, significantly above an estimated value of US$2,500,000.


1913 Liberty Head nickel, Walton specimen
The auction buyers, Jeff Garrett, (former ANA President) and owner of Mid-American Rare Coin Galleries in Lexington, Kentucky, partnering with esteemed numismatist, Larry Lee, put it on display at Lee’s store, Coin & Bullion Reserves in Panama City, Florida. It stayed there, on display for five years, viewed by legions of visitors. In June 2018 Garrett and Lee sold the 1913 Walton, in a private treaty sale reported to be between $3 and $4 million, to Martin Burns, a lawyer from  Las Vegas and his brother Ron Firman, of Miami. PCGS reauthenticated the coin and sealed it a current PCGS Secure slab (holder). The brothers then arranged for the Walton specimen to come back to the ANA museum, where it has been since July 2018.


1913 Liberty Head nickel, McDermott specimen
Held by the American Numismatic Association's Money Museum in Colorado Springs, Colorado, the McDermott specimen has the distinction of being the only 1913 Liberty Head nickel with circulation marks on it. Johnson and Newman sold it to James Kelly, who then sold it to J.V. McDermott, whose name ended up as part of the coin's pedigree. He often carried the coin around with him, showing it off to bar patrons and boasting of its extraordinary rarity and value.


1913 Liberty Head nickel, McDermott specimen
The coin lost some of its original mint luster in the process, and McDermott eventually protected it in a holder to prevent further wear. After his death, the coin was then sold at auction to Aubrey Bebee in 1967 for US$46,000, who along with his wife donated it to the ANA in 1989, where it is exhibited in the Money Museum.


1913 Liga Peruana de Football
The 1913 Primera División was the second season of top-flight Peruvian football. 8 teams competed in the league, The champion was Jorge Chávez.


1913 Linlithgowshire by-election
The Linlithgowshire by-election was a Parliamentary by-election. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP)  to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.


1913 Linlithgowshire by-election, Vacancy
Alexander Ure had been Liberal Member of Parliament for Linlithgowshire since 1895. In 1913 he was raised to the bench as Lord Strathclyde and appointed Lord Justice General.


1913 Linlithgowshire by-election, Campaign
Some 2,000 Irish electors lived in the constituency and they were expected to heavily support the Liberal candidate. Local branches of the Independent Labour Party asked local electors to vote for the Unionist Party candidate.


1913 Linlithgowshire by-election, Aftermath
A General Election was due to take place by the end of 1915. By the summer of 1914, the following candidates had been adopted to contest that election. Due to the outbreak of war, the election never took place.


1913 Linlithgowshire by-election, Aftermath
For the 1918 elections, Pratt moved to contest Glasgow Cathcart.


1913 Liverpool City Council election
Elections to Liverpool City Council were held on 1 November 1913.


1913 Liverpool City Council election
Due to the First World War this was the last contested local election, other than by-elections, until 1 November 1919.


1913 Liverpool City Council election, Ward results
Comparisons are made with the 1910 election results, as the retiring councillors were elected in that year.


1913 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Election 9 November 1913
19 Aldermen were elected by the councillors on 9 November 1913 for a term of six years and assigned to the following wards.


1913 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Election 9 November 1913
James Heald was nominated by the combined Urban District Councils of Allerton, Childwall and Little Woolton to be Alderman for no. 34 Allerton, Childwall and Little Woolton on 4 November 1913 under Section 3 (1) (a) of the Local Government Board's Provisional Order Confirmation (No. 14) Act 1913. Alderman Heald's term of office was due to expire on 9 November 1916.


1913 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Election 9 November 1913
Arthur Stanley Mather was nominated by the Much Woolton Urban District Council to be Alderman for No. 35 Much Woolton under Section 3 (1) (b) of the Local Government Board's Provisional Order Confirmation (No. 14) Act 1913. Alderman Mather's term of office was due to expire on 9 November 1919.


1913 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Election 9 November 1913
In addition, aldermen who were elected on 9 November 1910 were assigned to the following wards:


1913 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Election 1 July 1914
Caused by the resignation of Alderman Edward Purcell (Irish Nationalist, elected as an alderman by the Council on 9 November 1910) which was reported to the Council on 10 June 1914.


1913 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Election 1 July 1914
In his place Councillor Austin Harford (Irish Nationalist, South Scotland, elected 1 November 1911 was elected as an alderman by the councillors on 1 July 1914.


1913 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections, Aldermanic Election 28 October 1914
Caused by the death of Alderman Thomas Menlove (Conservative, elected as an alderman by the Council on 9 November 1910) on 30 November 1913, Councillor Sir John Sutherland Harmood Banner MP (Conservative, Exchange ward, elected 1 November 1912) was elected by the councillors as an alderman on 28 October 1914 and assigned as returning officer for the Breckfield ward.


1913 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 17 Great George, 27 November 1913
Caused by the election of Councillor William Muirhead JP (Conservative, Great George, elected 1 November 1912) as an alderman by the Council on 9 November 1913.


1913 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 13 Exchange,
Following the death of Alderman Thomas Menlove (Conservative, elected as an alderman by the Council on 9 November 1910) on 30 November 1913, Councillor Sir John Sutherland Harmood Banner MP (Conservative, Exchange ward, elected 1 November 1912) was elected by the councillors as an alderman on 28 October 1914 and assigned as returning officer for the Breckfield ward.


1913 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 8 South Scotland, 14 July 1914
Following the resignation of Alderman Edward Purcell Irish Nationalist, elected as an alderman by the Council on 9 November 1910) which was reported to the Council on 10 June 1914, Councillor Austin Harford (Irish Nationalist, South Scotland, elected 1 November 1911 was elected as an alderman by the Council on 1 July 1914.


1913 Liège–Bastogne–Liège
The 1913 Liège–Bastogne–Liège was the eighth edition of the Liège–Bastogne–Liège cycle race and was held on 6 July 1913. The race started and finished in Liège. The race was won by Maurice Moritz.


1913 Llandeilo Rural District Council election
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Macs15 (talk | contribs) at 21:45, 11 December 2019 (→Llandeilo Board of Guardians:  Cwmamman UDC). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1913 Llandeilo Rural District Council election
An election to the Llandeilo Rural District Council was held in April 1913. It was preceded by the 1910 election and, due to the scheduled 1916 election being postponed due to the First World War, was followed by the 1919 election. The majority of members were returned unopposed. The successful candidates were also elected to the Llandeilo Board of Guardians.


1913 Llandeilo Rural District Council election, Llandeilo Board of Guardians
All members of the District Council also served as members of Llandeilo Board of Guardians. A further three Guardians were elected to represent the Llandeilo Urban District.


1913 Llandeilo Rural District Council election, Llandeilo Board of Guardians
Three Guardians were elected to represent the Ammanford Urban District which also lay within the remit of the Llandeilo Guardians. All three sitting members were returned unopposed.


1913 Llandeilo Rural District Council election, Llandeilo Board of Guardians
In addition, following the formation of the new Cwmamman Urban District in 1912, a further three members were elected to represent that area.


1913 London County Council election
An election to the County Council of London took place on 5 March 1913. It was the ninth triennial election of the whole Council. The size of the council was 118 councillors and 19 aldermen. The councillors were elected for electoral divisions corresponding to the parliamentary constituencies that had been created by the Representation of the People Act 1884. There were 57 dual member constituencies and one four member constituency. The council was elected by First Past the Post with each elector having two votes in the dual member seats. Unlike for parliamentary elections, women qualified as electors for these elections on exactly the same basis as men. Women were also permitted to stand as candidates for election.


1913 London County Council election
The election was to be the last held before the outbreak of the First World War: in 1915 legislation was enacted to postpone all local elections until the end of the conflict (see below). The term of office of the councillors was extended to 1919 when triennial elections resumed.


1913 London County Council election, National government background
The Prime Minister of the day was the Liberal H. H. Asquith who led a minority Liberal Government that relied upon the Irish Parliamentary Party for a majority. The recently merged Unionist Party was the official opposition. The Labour Party was the fourth party and generally voted with the Liberals in parliament.


1913 London County Council election, London Council background
The Municipal Reform party had been in power since winning a majority back in 1907. It was now seeking its third consecutive mandate.


1913 London County Council election, Candidates
All constituencies were contested. The governing Municipal Reform Party ran a full slate of 118 candidates. The opposition Progressive Party ran 110 candidates. They ran candidates everywhere except the City of London where they ran three candidates, Hampstead, St George's Hanover Square and Strand where only one candidate stood, three constituencies where one candidate ran in tandem with Labour and Woolwich where they did not oppose a Labour pair. Four Independents also ran.


1913 London County Council election, Candidates, Labour Party
By 1913, all Labour Party members had withdrawn from the Progressive Party and at these elections stood under their own party label. The party fielded ten candidates, three of these candidates ran in tandem with Progressive candidates, a further two candidates were not opposed by Progressives. The other five all stood in opposition to Progressive candidates. The Labour Party in London had no elected or otherwise recognised Leader.


1913 London County Council election, Candidates, British Socialist Party
The British Socialist Party had been formed in 1911 from the merger of a few socialist groups with the Social Democratic Federation. As with the SDF, the BSP was opposed to socialists having electoral pacts with Liberals and they were critical of Labour Party branches for working with the Progressives in London. The BSP put forward dual candidates in three constituencies, all constituencies where both the Progressives and Municipal Reform parties were running dual candidates. Nowhere did they run against a Labour candidate.


1913 London County Council election, Outcome
The Municipal Reform Party was returned with its third successive majority, slightly larger than the old one. However, its leader, Cyril Jackson was unseated by the Progressives at Limehouse. When the new council met, the ruling Municipal Reform majority was forced to use one of their Aldermanic nominations to put Jackson back on the council. Although the Progressives lost ground, they comfortably retained their position as main challengers to the Municipal Reformers in those seats where socialists stood. All socialist candidates (BSP and Labour) who stood against Progressive candidates finished bottom of the poll. Of the three Labour candidates running in tandem with a Progressive, all polled less than the Progressive and two of the three failed to join their Progressive running mate in victory. In Woolwich, where the Labour candidates were given a free run against the Municipal Reform pair, they also lost.


1913 London County Council election, Aldermen
In addition to the 124 councillors the council consisted of 20 county aldermen. Aldermen were elected by the council, and served a six-year term. Half of the aldermanic bench were elected every three years following the triennial council election. After the elections, there were ten aldermanic vacancies and the following alderman were appointed by the newly elected council on 13 March 1913;


1913 London County Council election, By-elections 1913–1915
There were eight by-elections to fill casual vacancies during the term of the ninth London County Council.


1913 London County Council election, Appointments to vacant seats 1915–1919
Under the Elections and Registration Act 1915, a wartime piece of legislation that cancelled local elections until the end of the conflict (and thus the county council election due to be held in March 1916), the members of the county council were given the power to appoint or co-opt councillors to fill vacant seats. The legislation remained in force for the rest of the eleventh county council's existence.


1913 London County Council election, Aldermanic vacancies filled 1913–1919
There were four casual vacancies among the aldermen in the term of the eleventh London County Council, which were filled as follows:


1913 Londonderry City by-election
The Londonderry City by-election was a Parliamentary by-election. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP)  to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.


1913 Londonderry City by-election, Vacancy
The sitting Unionist MP, the James Hamilton succeeded his father on his death as the Duke of Abercorn, so vacated his seat in the House of Commons to take up his seat in the House of Lords. He had been MP here since 1900.


1913 Londonderry City by-election, Candidates
The Unionist candidate was 50-year-old Antrim born, London based soldier, Hercules Pakenham.


1913 Londonderry City by-election, Candidates
The Catholic clergy, whose authority on the choice of nationalist candidate was total, surprisingly selected Liberal David Hogg, a 73-year-old local shirt manufacturer and a Protestant.


1913 Londonderry City by-election, Campaign
The date of poll was set at 30 January, just 27 days after the death of the old Duke. This left little time for campaigning. Hogg's election address said he was a Liberal and a supporter of the government's Home Rule Bill; he did not canvass during the election.


1913 Londonderry City by-election, Aftermath
Hogg died in August 1914 causing another by-election at which the Liberal, Sir James Brown Dougherty was returned unopposed.


1913 Los Angeles mayoral election
The 1913 election for Mayor of Los Angeles took place on May 6, 1913, with a run-off election on June 3, 1913. Henry R. Rose was elected.


1913 Louisiana Industrial football team
The 1913 Louisiana Industrial football team was an American football team that represented the Louisiana Industrial Institute—now known as Louisiana Tech University—as an independent during the 1913 college football season. Led by fifth-year head coach Percy S. Prince, Louisiana Industrial compiled a record of 3–4–1.


1913 Louisville Cardinals football team
The 1913 Louisville Cardinals football team was an American football team that represented the University of Louisville as an independent during the 1913 college football season. In their second season under head coach Lester Larson, the Cardinals compiled a 5–1 record, did not allow a point in their first five games, and outscored all opponents by a total of 257 to 20. The team played its home games at Eclipse Park in Louisville, Kentucky.


1913 Lyttelton by-election
The Lyttelton by-election of 1913 was a by-election during the 18th New Zealand Parliament. As no candidate won an absolute majority on the first ballot on 9 December, a second round was held on 16 December. The seat had become vacant due to the death of sitting MP George Laurenson. Five candidates stood. It was the last by-election in New Zealand to use the Two-round voting system to elect a member.


1913 Lyttelton by-election, Results, First ballot
The two highest candidates were McCombs and Miller, so they contested the second ballot.


1913 Maine Black Bears football team
The 1913 Maine Black Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of Maine during the 1913 college football season. The team compiled a 5–2–1 record. Thomas J. Riley was the coach, and Allan Sawyer was the team captain.


1913 Major League Baseball season
The 1913 Major League Baseball season was contested from April 9 to October 11, 1913. The New York Giants and Philadelphia Athletics were the regular season champions of the National League and American League, respectively. The Athletics then defeated the Giants in the World Series, four games to one.


1913 Major League Baseball season
This was the third of four seasons that the Chalmers Award, a precursor to the Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award (introduced in 1931), was given to a player in each league.


1913 Maltese general election
General elections were held in Malta on 15 December 1913. All eight elected seats were uncontested as the members elected in 1912 were all returned unopposed.


1913 Maltese general election, Background
The elections were held under the Chamberlain Constitution, with members elected from eight single-member constituencies.


1913 Maltese general election, Results
A total of 8,252 people were registered to vote, but no votes were cast.


1913 Marshall Thundering Herd football team
The 1913 Marshall Thundering Herd football team represented Marshall College (now Marshall University) in the 1913 college football season. Marshall posted a 3–4 record, being outscored by its opposition 39–101. Home games were played on a campus field called "Central Field" which is presently Campus Commons.


1913 Maryland Aggies football team
The 1913 Maryland Aggies football team represented Maryland Agricultural College (which became Maryland State College in 1916 and part of the University of Maryland in 1920) in the 1913 college football season. In their third season under head coach Curley Byrd, the Aggies compiled a 6–3 record, shut out five of nine opponents, and outscored all opponents, 184 to 139. The team's three losses were to Navy (0–76), Gallaudet University (0–26), and Widener University (7–27).


1913 Massachusetts Aggies football team
The 1913 Massachusetts Aggies football team represented Massachusetts Agricultural College in the 1913 college football season. The team was coached by Arthur Brides and played its home games at Alumni Field in Amherst, Massachusetts. Massachusetts finished the season with a record of 4–3.


1913 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1913 Massachusetts gubernatorial election took place on November 4, 1913. Democratic Lieutenant Governor David I. Walsh defeated the Progressive, Republican and independent candidates Charles S. Bird, Representative Augustus Peabody Gardner and incumbent Governor Eugene Foss with 39.77% of the vote. Suffolk County was the only county to give more than 50% of its vote to a candidate and had given Walsh 53.98% of its vote.


1913 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Democratic primary, Results
Following Governor Foss's exit from the Democratic Party, Lieutenant Governor Walsh was unopposed for the nomination.


1913 Massachusetts legislature
The 134th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1913 during the governorship of Eugene Foss. Levi H. Greenwood served as president of the Senate and Grafton D. Cushing served as speaker of the House.


1913 Massacre
"1913 Massacre" is a topical ballad written by Woody Guthrie, and recorded and released in 1941 for Moses Asch's Folkways label. The song originally appeared on Struggle, an album of labor songs. It was re-released in 1998 on Hard Travelin', The Asch Recordings, Vol.3 and other albums. The song is about the death of striking copper miners and their families in Calumet, Michigan, on Christmas Eve, 1913, in what is commonly known as the Italian Hall disaster.


1913 Massacre, Background and writing
Throughout the 1940s, Guthrie recorded hundreds of discs for Moses Asch, the founder of Folkways Records. One was “1913 Massacre”. According to Pete Seeger, Guthrie was inspired to write the song after reading about the Italian Hall disaster in We Are Many (1940), the autobiography of Ella Reeve Bloor,  also known as Mother Bloor, a labor activist whose granddaughter was married to Hollywood actor and activist Will Geer who performed with Guthrie in the 1930s. Guthrie's notes indicate that he got the idea for the song "from the life of Mother Bloor", an eyewitness to the events at Italian Hall on Christmas Eve, 1913.


1913 Massacre, Background and writing
A socialist and labor organizer from the East Coast, Bloor was in Calumet working on the miners' behalf with the Ladies Auxiliary of the Western Federation of Miners. She was assisted by Annie Clemenc, also known as "Big Annie of Calumet" – the "lady" in Guthrie's song who hollers "'there's no such a thing! / Keep on with your party, there's no such a thing.'" Bloor tells the story of the Calumet strike and the Italian Hall disaster in the first half of a chapter called "Massacre of the Innocents." She devotes the second half of the chapter to events in Ludlow, Colorado in 1914, the subject of another Guthrie song  —  "Ludlow Massacre."


1913 Massacre, Background and writing
Guthrie's song echoes the language of Bloor's account in many places. The historian Arthur W. Thurner has found  similar accounts in English and Finnish-language newspapers from the period; these accounts, he says, probably originated with Clemenc. (Many Finnish miners settled and worked in Michigan's Upper Peninsula, including Calumet.)


1913 Massacre, Background and writing
There are conflicting stories about what happened that Christmas Eve and who yelled "fire" in Italian Hall. These conflicts may never be resolved. They are, according to Thurner, evidence of a "war between capital and labor" in the Copper Country in 1913. This war included a dispute about what transpired that Christmas Eve in Italian Hall.


1913 Massacre, Background and writing
The debate over what the event means (or should mean) is ongoing. Guthrie's song counts as one of the more powerful —and certainly one of the best-known – interpretations of the tragedy. While "1913 Massacre" never became a folk standard, the song has been recorded and performed by many artists, including Guthrie's son Arlo; Ramblin' Jack Elliot; Scottish folksinger Alex Campbell; and Bob Dylan.


1913 Massacre, Background and writing
Dylan performed "1913 Massacre" at Carnegie Chapter Hall in 1961. Dylan set his tribute to Guthrie —"Song To Woody" released in early 1962 — to the tune of "1913 Massacre."


1913 Massacre, Italian Hall disaster
The song revolves around a tragedy that took place on the evening of December 24, 1913, in Calumet's Italian Hall when more than five hundred striking miners and their families gathered for a Christmas party. The hall was on the second story and was reached by climbing a steep set of stairs. The only other exit was a poorly marked fire escape which could be reached by climbing out the windows.


1913 Massacre, Italian Hall disaster
The trouble began when someone yelled "fire!". Even though there was no fire, people panicked and rushed toward the steep stairway which led to the street entrance. Seventy-three people were trampled to death, including fifty-nine children.


1913 Massacre, Cover versions and influences
In addition to those mentioned, other artists covering "1913 Massacre" include Cabin Sessions, Alex Campbell, Scarlett O' & Jürgen Ehle, Katie Else, Christy Moore, Tim Grimm,   Uncle Dave Huber,  Enoch Kent,  Alastair Moock,  Lee Murdock,   Joel Rafael,   David Rovics, Jules Shear, and Sammy Walker.


1913 Massacre, Cover versions and influences
Dylan used the tune to "1913 Massacre" when he wrote "Song to Woody" which expressed "his debt to this great balladeer."


1913 Massacre, Cover versions and influences
Guthrie's song also inspired the documentary film "1913 Massacre", released in 2011.


1913 Massacre, Cover versions and influences
More recently, both songs are central to a book released in June 2017, "Grown-Up Anger: The Connected Mysteries of Bob Dylan, Woody Guthrie, and the Calumet Massacre of 1913", by Daniel Wolff.


1913 Massacre, Cover versions and influences
Guthrie, meanwhile, might have drawn the melody for "1913 Massacre" from traditional folk songs including the English ballad, "To Hear The Nightingale Sing" (sometimes called "One Morning In May").


1913 Mercer Baptists football team
The 1913 Mercer Baptists football team represented Mercer University in the 1913 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The team was led by first-year head coach Lewie Hardage.


1913 Miami Redskins football team
The 1913 Miami Redskins football team was an American football team that represented Miami Universityas a member of the Ohio Athletic Conference (OAC) during the 1913 college football season. Led by coach James C. Donnelly in his second year, Miami compiled a 6–2 record. Donnelly was acting professor of physical education at the school.


1913 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team
The 1913 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team was an American football team that represented Michigan Agricultural College (MAC) as an independent during the 1913 college football season. In their third year under head coach John Macklin, the Aggies compiled a 7–0 record and outscored their opponents 180 to 28.


1913 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team
Key players included George Gauthier, Gideon Smith, Blake Miller, George E. Julian, and Hugh Blacklock.


1913 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team, Game summaries, Michigan
On October 18, 1913, the Aggies played Michigan. For the first time in the history of the intrastate rivalry, the Aggies beat the Wolverines, 12-7. The Aggies' offense, led by fullback "Carp" Julian, scored touchdowns in the first and third quarters, but missed both extra points. Halfback Blake Miller returned a Michigan fumble 45 yards for the one touchdown, and the other score came on a long drive. An account of the game noted: "The one great feature of the game was the accuracy of the Aggies forward passing which netted a total of 76 yards for the Farmers."


1913 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team, Game summaries, Michigan
Trailing 12-0 at the start of the fourth quarter, the Wolverines rallied in the fourth quarter. Clyde Bastian recovered an M.A.C. fumble at midfield and returned it 45 yards for a touchdown, and George Paterson kicked the extra point, cutting the lead to five points. Late in the fourth quarter, Michigan opened up its offense and drove to the Aggies' 35-yard line. A long forward pass to the goal line fell incomplete, and the game came to an end. The New York Times described the game as "a desperate gruelling struggle." M.A.C. halfback Blake Miller suffered a blow to the head during the game and was hospitalized in serious condition.


1913 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team, Game summaries, Michigan
In November 1913, The Michigan Alumnus made note of the Aggies' potential as an athletic threat: "This victory with the football tie in 1908, and the Farmers' clean sweep in baseball in 1912, point to the fact that M.A.C. will bear watching by Michigan." In the celebration following the game, two Aggies fans were arrested and jailed for "throwing bottles about the streets" in the early hours of Sunday morning.


1913 Michigan State Normal Normalites football team
The 1913 Michigan State Normal Normalites football team represented Michigan State Normal College (later renamed Eastern Michigan University) during the 1913 college football season. In their second and final season under head coach Leroy Brown, the Normalites compiled a record of 2–3–1 and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 72 to 44. S. B. Crouse was the team captain.


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team
The 1913 Michigan Wolverines football team represented the University of Michigan in the 1913 college football season. The season was Fielding H. Yost's 13th as Michigan's head football coach. The team compiled a record of 6–1, outscored opponents 175 to 21, and shut out four opponents while giving up an average of only three points per game.


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team
After opening the season with wins against two Ohio colleges (Case and Mt. Union), the Wolverines lost to Michigan Agricultural College (now known as Michigan State University) by a score of 12–7. It was Michigan's first loss in the history of its cross-state rivalry with the East Lansing institution. Following the loss to the Aggies, star halfback Jimmy Craig, who had decided to quit playing football, returned to the team upon "urgent pleading by the entire student body." In his season debut, Craig scored four touchdowns in the first half. Though he played in only two-and-a-half games in 1913, Craig scored seven touchdowns and received consensus All-American honors, including a first-team selection by Walter Camp.


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team
During its decade-long absence from the Western Conference, Michigan played inter-sectional rivalry games against Penn (12 games in 12 years from 1906–1917), Syracuse (10 games from 1908–1918), Cornell (7 games from 1911–1917), and Vanderbilt (7 games from 1905–1914). In the final month of the season, Michigan defeated its four inter-sectional rivals by a combined score of 106 to 9. Ohio State joined the Western Conference in 1913 and was barred by a Conference rule from playing Michigan. For this reason, there was a hiatus in the Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry from 1913 to 1917.


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team
Craig and tackle Miller Pontius were both selected as consensus first-team All-Americans. Two other players received first-team All-American honors from at least one selector. They were center and team captain George "Bubbles" Paterson, and quarterback Tommy Hughitt.


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season
Prior to the start of the 1913 football season, expectations for Michigan were uncertain. In mid-August, head coach Fielding H. Yost sent invitations to 33 players to participate in training camp. At the time, the Detroit Free Press wrote that "Chef Yost has started to mix the ingredients for the 1913 dish he will offer to college fans." The core of Michigan's line was expected be strong with the return of five varsity letter winners: Miller Pontius at right tackle, George "Bubbles" Patterson at center, Ernest "Aqua" Allmendinger at right guard, and James Musser at left tackle. Pontius had played mostly as an end in 1912 and was anxious to move to tackle where he "puts up his best game." At the end position, Roy "Squib" Torbet also returned from the 1912 team.


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season
The experience in the line contrasted with inexperience in the backfield. The Wolverines were starting from scratch with the loss of all four backfield starters from the 1912 team. Jimmy Craig had been the star halfback for Michigan in 1911 and 1912 and was also the 1912 intercollegiate hurdles champion. (His older brother, Ralph Craig, was a track star at the University of Michigan who won gold medals in the 100 and 200-meter events at the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden.) In August 1913, Craig announced that he would no longer play football. Craig said he needed to drop athletics or fall behind in his university courses. Another reason given for the decision was a bad knee. Others speculated that Craig decided not to play, because he was not selected as captain of the 1913 team.


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season
Also gone from Michigan's backfield were quarterback Herbert "Hub" Huebel, fullback George Thomson, and halfback/end Otto Carpell. Tommy Hughitt was the only backfield veteran, having started three games at halfback in 1912. Hughitt, who later became a star in the early days of professional football, became the starting quarterback in 1913.


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season
Training camp began in mid-September. Having abandoned his earlier practice of holding training camp at Whitmore Lake, Yost conducted training camp out of a new club house at Ferry Field. Yost subjected his players to more strenuous drills each day, supplementing the drills "with work at the 'bucking machine' and the tackling dummy."


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season
In late September, an article asserting that Coach Yost was "subject to brain storms" appeared in Harper's Weekly, drawing a response of anger and "healthy disgust" from Yost's players who "insist that their coach has never had a brain storm in his life." The article was written by Herbert Reed and said of Yost:


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season
"The attitude of Fielding H. Yost at Michigan should be one of the interesting features of the season, for Yost is temperamentally a 'chance-taker.' Unlike most extremists, his 'brain storms' have met with more frequent reward. It must not be inferred from this, however, that Yost does not know the game from the ground up – merely that any move he makes is absorbingly interesting for the reason that something fancy is apt to develop from it without notice to or benefit of clergy for his opponent. The more startling type of play usually comes out of the West, anyway; for the Westerners like shortcuts to victory."


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season
Four days before the season opener, a scrimmage between the first team and the scrubs resulted in a story in the Detroit Free Press under the headline, "Gloom in the Camp of Yost." In the hour-long scrimmage, the first team was unable to score and lost to the scrubs, 3–0. The Free Press opined that it was "easily the most discouraging work yet seen on Ferry Field" and resulted not from being outplayed by the scrubs, but from the fact that the first team players "just weren't good enough to score."


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 1: Case
Michigan opened its season on October 4, 1913, with a 48–0 victory over Case School of Applied Science. (Michigan opened its season with a home game against Case 16 times between 1902 and 1923.) After taking a 34–0 lead at halftime, Coach Yost played his second-string players in the second half. The highlight of the game was a 45-yard touchdown return by 200-pound center George "Bubbles" Paterson after intercepting a Cornell pass. Other highlights included a pair of 60-yard runs by left halfback James Catlett. Michigan's offense consisted of "straight football" with only one pass being attempted in the game.


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 1: Case
Michigan's starting lineup against Case was Torbet (left end), Musser (left tackle), Lichtner (left guard), Paterson (center), Allmendinger (right guard), Pontius (right tackle), Lyons (right end), Hughitt (quarterback), Catlett (left halfback), Bentley (right halfback), and Galt (fullback). Players appearing in the game as substitutes were Tessin, Raynsford, Morse, Cochran, Millard, James, Watson, Roehm, Quinn, and Diehl. The game was played in 10-minute quarters.


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 2: Mt. Union
In its second game, Michigan played Mt. Union in the first meeting between the two programs. The game was a late addition to the schedule and was "intended as a practice tilt." Although Michigan won the game, 14–0, the Mt. Union team was praised for holding the Wolverines to only 14 points. The Detroit Free Press wrote:


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 2: Mt. Union
"Up from a small, hitherto unknown college in Ohio came eleven husky, scrappy football players today and for over one hour on Ferry field they furnished the proud Wolverines with a battle for gridiron honors which put the name of Mt. Union college on the football map for many years to come."


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 2: Mt. Union
Early in the second quarter, Michigan penetrated deep into Mt. Union territory on a drive that featured end runs of 25 and 20 yards by James Catlett and a forward pass from Tommy Hughitt to John Lyons at the four-yard line. With first down at the Mt. Union four-yard line, it took four attempts before Hughitt scored the touchdown. George Paterson kicked the extra point. The Wolverines scored again in the second quarter on a drive that was aided by a pass interference penalty against Mt. Union.


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 2: Mt. Union
After the penalty, the ball was placed at Mt. Union's three-yard line, and Leland Benton ran for the touchdown. Paterson again kicked the extra point. At halftime, Coach Yost denied his players the usual rubdowns in the field house and instead kept them on the field for a heated lecture. Despite the halftime prodding, the Wolverines were unable to score in the second half, and the game ended with Michigan ahead, 14–0.


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 2: Mt. Union
Michigan's starting lineup against Mt. Union was Torbet (left end), Musser (left tackle), Traphagen (left guard), Paterson (center), Allmendinger (right guard), Pontius (right tackle), Lyons (right end), Hughitt (quarterback), Galt (left halfback), Catlett (right halfback), and Benton(fullback). The only substitution for Michigan was Quinn, replacing an injured Catlett at right halfback during the first quarter. The game was played in 12-1/2-minute and 10-minute quarters.


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 3: Michigan Agricultural
For its third game, Michigan played the Aggies from Michigan Agricultural College (now known as Michigan State University). The Wolverines played without its starting left halfback, Martin Galt. Galt was injured in the Mt. Union game. For the first time in the history of the intrastate rivalry, the Aggies beat the Wolverines, 12-7. The Aggies' offense, led by fullback "Carp" Julian, scored touchdowns in the first and third quarters, but missed both extra points. Halfback Miller returned a Michigan fumble 45 yards for the one touchdown, and the other score came on a long drive.


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 3: Michigan Agricultural
An account of the game noted: "The one great feature of the game was the accuracy of the Aggies forward passing which netted a total of 76 yards for the Farmers." Trailing 12-0 at the start of the fourth quarter, the Wolverines rallied in the fourth quarter. Clyde Bastian recovered an M.A.C. fumble at midfield and returned it 45 yards for a touchdown, and George Paterson kicked the extra point, cutting the lead to five points. Late in the fourth quarter, Michigan opened up its offense and drove to the Aggies' 35-yard line. A long forward pass to the goal line fell incomplete, and the game came to an end. The New York Times described the game as "a desperate gruelling struggle." M.A.C. halfback Blake Miller suffered a blow to the head during the game and was hospitalized in serious condition.


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 3: Michigan Agricultural
In November 1913, The Michigan Alumnus made note of the Aggies' potential as an athletic threat: "This victory with the football tie in 1908, and the Farmers' clean sweep in baseball in 1912, point to the fact that M.A.C. will bear watching by Michigan." In the celebration following the game, two Aggies fans were arrested and jailed for "throwing bottles about the streets" in the early hours of Sunday morning.


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 3: Michigan Agricultural
Michigan's starting lineup against the Aggies was Torbet (left end), Musser (left tackle), Traphagen (left guard), Paterson (center), Allmendinger (right guard), Raynford (right tackle), Lyons (right end), Hughitt (quarterback), Catlett (left halfback), Bentley (right halfback), and Pontius (fullback). Players appearing in the game as substitutes were Lichtner, Roehm, and Bastian. The game was played in 12-minute quarters.


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 4: at Vanderbilt
On October 25, 1913, Michigan played Vanderbilt in Nashville, Tennessee. The game matched Michigan head coach Fielding H. Yost against his former player and brother-in-law, Dan McGugin. Owing to the relationship between Yost and McGugin, the two teams played nine times between 1905 and 1923, with Michigan winning eight times. Michigan won the 1913 game, 33–2, in the worst defeat for Vanderbilt since McGugin became the head coach. The game was marked by the Wolverines' most extensive use of the forward pass during the 1913 season.


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 4: at Vanderbilt
Michigan's air attack was described as showing "dazzling proficiency", as the forward passes were responsible for four of Michigan's five touchdowns. In the Detroit Free Press, E. A. Batchelor wrote: "Vanderbilt fairly gasped in amazement as the Wolverines shot the ball from one to another with the precision of baseball players."


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 4: at Vanderbilt
Michigan touchdowns were scored by Cyril Quinn (2), Tommy Hughitt (2), and Martin Galt. George Paterson kicked three extra points. Vanderbilt's only points came late in the first quarter. A punt by Cyril Quinn was blocked by Tom Brown and bounced into the end zone. After a wild scramble, Clyde Bastian fell on the ball for a safety.


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 4: at Vanderbilt
Michigan's starting lineup against Vanderbilt was Torbet (left end), Raynsford (left tackle), Traphagen (left guard), Paterson (center), Cochran (right guard), Pontius (right tackle), Lyons (right end), Hughitt (quarterback), Bastian (left halfback), Galt (right halfback), and Quinn (fullback). Players appearing in the game as substitutes included Lichtner, McHale, Allmendinger, James, Bushnell, Watson, Meade, Musser, and Bentley. The game consisted of 15-minute quarters. Willie Heston, who was a teammate of McGugin and star player for Michigan, served as the head linesman in the game.


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 5: Syracuse
On November 1, 1913, Michigan played Syracuse in Ann Arbor. After withdrawing from the Western Conference, Michigan developed annual rivalry games with a handful of Eastern teams. Accordingly, Michigan played Syracuse ten times from 1908 to 1918. Michigan won the 1913 game, 43–7.