1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Ohio Northern
Mr. Boggs of The Pittsburg Press added:"One thing in evidence throughout the entire game, was that the Pitt men were tackling far better than they did last season. The men evidently have been instructed in the art by Coach Duff."


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Ohio Northern
The Pitt lineup for the game against Ohio Northern was Hube Wagner and William McHugh (left end), "Tiny" Thornhill and Mark Hoag (left tackle), Rendall Soppitt and Enoch Pratt (left guard), Isadore Shapira (center), Wayne Smith (right guard), William Cowell and Chuck Reese (right tackle), Leo Collins, William McHugh and Thomas Frazier (right end), Roy Heil and Fred Ward (quarterback), Bob Peck and Guy Williamson (left halfback), Philip Dillon and Harry Shof (right halfback) and Fred Ammons (fullback). The game was played in 12-minute quarters.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, at Navy
The first road game entailed a ride on the Pennsylvania Railroad east to Annapolis, MD. The Pitt team secured a sleeper car and boarded the train early (9 p.m.) on Thursday evening "in order to give them the benefit of the extra slumber." The train departed at 11:15 and the team arrived in Annapolis on Friday morning. They held a practice at St. John's College and then were "the guests of the Naval Academy in Bancroft Hall, the stately dormitory of the sailors."


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, at Navy
Navy was led by third year coach Douglas Legate Howard and they would finish the season with a 7-1-1 record. Pitt fielded the same starting lineup as in the Ohio Northern game and the Naval Academy lineup boasted eight veterans from the 1912 team that defeated Pitt.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, at Navy
The Gazette Times special telegram from R. H. Riley stated:


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, at Navy
"The football warriors of the University of Pittsburgh and the Naval Academy, both wearing Blue and Gold, battled here this afternoon during 48 minutes of actual football and the final result was a scoreless tie."


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, at Navy
On Navy's second possession, they advanced the ball to the Pitt 35-yard line. On first down Navy guard Brown faked a field goal and was tackled for a loss. On second down he attempted a field goal "which was smeared by several Pitt linemen." Early in the second quarter, the Navy offense again advanced to the Pitt 25-yard line. "Brown again tried a field goal from placement, but it was blocked." The Pittsburgh defense kept the Midshipmen out of scoring range for the remainder of the first half.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, at Navy
"The Pitt squad went wild in the third quarter when after advancing the ball to the Navy 20-yard line, Heil shot a forward pass to Wagner which the latter grabbed on the bound and carried over the Navy line." The officials claimed another Pitt player had touched the ball and did not allow the touchdown. "Coach Duff was in evidence on the field, vigorously protesting the decision which spoiled a victory for Pittsburgh." Navy then blocked Heil's field goal attempt and regained possession. The remainder of the game was a punting duel with penalties and interceptions stalling both teams offensive drives.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, at Navy
The Pitt lineup for the game against Navy was Hube Wagner (left end), William Cowell (left tackle), Rendall Soppitt (left guard), Isadore Shapira (center), Wayne Smith (right guard), Claude Thornhill (right tackle), Leo Collins (right end), Roy Heil (quarterback), Robert Peck and Guy Williamson (left halfback), Philip Dillon and Thomas Frazier (right halfback) and Fred Ammons (fullback). The game was played in 12-minute quarters.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, West Virginia
The October 11 thirteenth edition of the "Backyard Brawl" took place on a muddy Forbes Field. Pitt held a slim 6-5-1 lead in the series after losing five of the first six games. The Mountaineers were led by first year coach Edwin Sweetland and would finish the season with a 3-4-2 record.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, West Virginia
"Pitt got away with a 40-0 victory in the first real home game of the season last Saturday. Although the game was preceded by a heavy downpour and a steady drizzle kept up during the entire game, making the field very slow, our team showed amazing speed, and outplayed West Virginia in every aspect of the game."


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, West Virginia
On Pitt's second possession, Roy Heil passed to a wide open Hube Wagner in the end zone, but the pass was incomplete. After a punt, a fumble and another exchange of punts Pitt had possession on the Mountaineer 20-yard line. "Peck and Williamson between them escorted the ball to the one yard marker." Fred Ammons plunged for the touchdown. Robert Peck was good on the goal after. The remainder of the first half was a series of punts, fumbles, and penalties by each team.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, West Virginia
"It was not made public what Duff said to the men during the interim between the halves but it must have had the tabasco tinge to it, for the Pittites went into the game hot and heavy from the start." The visitors received the second half kickoff and muffed a trick play. They punted and Roy Heil returned the punt to the Mountaineer 20-yard line. On first down Guy Williamson raced around the end for the score. Robert Peck was successful on the point after. Pitt 14 – WVA 0.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, West Virginia
On their next possession, Pitt fumbled on the West Virginia 15-yard line. "Robert Peck put the hummer on a forward pass that the enemy attempted and ran 50-yards for a touchdown. He failed at the goal." Philip Dillon replaced Guy Williamson at left halfback. "He took the ball on the first play and never stopped going until he had made 50 yards and a touchdown." Peck was good on the point after and Pitt led 27-0 at the end of three quarters.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, West Virginia
While the rain poured, Philip Dillon was the highlight of the fourth quarter. On the ensuing drive he ran the ball 25 yards, caught a 20 yard pass and ran it in from the seven for the touchdown. The final score was a 35 yard pass play from Dillon to Peck. Dillon was good on the point after.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, West Virginia
The Pitt lineup for the game against West Virginia was Hube Wagner (left end), William Cowell (left tackle), Rendall Soppitt and Wayne Smith (left guard), David McCandless and Carl Hockensmith (center), Chuck Reese (right guard), Claude Thornhill and James Jones (right tackle), Leo Collins (right end), Roy Heil and Fred Ward (quarterback), Guy Williamson and Philip Dillon (left halfback), Robert Peck (right halfback), and Fred Ammons and Justice Egbert (fullback). The game was played in 15-minute quarters.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Carlisle
Pitt was 1-4 all-time against Pop Warner's Carlisle football machine. They had been out scored 93-22. Carlisle came to Pittsburgh with a 5-0 record, having beaten a strong Cornell team the previous week. The Carlisle team was minus Jim Thorpe but still had Hall-of-Famers Joe Guyon and Gus Welch in the lineup. Carlisle would finish the season 10-1-1.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Carlisle
"On October eighteenth, the Carlisle Indians invaded Pittsburgh and met the surprise of their lives at the hands of the Wagner tribesmen. After a battle that raged desperately for every minute of the four long quarters, the Indians went down to defeat by the score of 12-6."


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Carlisle
The Pitt offense could not sustain a drive in the first half. The Pitt defense thwarted two scoring chances of the Indians. On Carlisle's first possession they advanced the ball to the Pitt 15-yard line. Their center "Garlow attempted a field goal, which was blocked and Robert Peck grabbed the ball for Pitt on the 33-yard line." Early in the second quarter the Carlisle offense advanced the ball to the Pitt 3-yard line.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Carlisle
A fifteen yard penalty, a gain of ten, a gain of four, a loss of three and a short pass turned the ball over to Pitt on downs. Pitt punted out of danger but the Carlisle offense behind the running of Joe Guyon, Calac and Gus Welch worked the ball to the Pitt four yard line. Three plays later "Guyon worked his way through center for touchdown." Garlow missed the goal after. Carlisle led at halftime 6-0.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Carlisle
When Pitt took the field for the second half Philip Dillon replaced Robert Peck at right halfback. Late in the third quarter Pitt gained possession on their 34-yard line. Dillon and Fred Ammons advanced the ball to the Indians 28-yard line. "A forward pass, Williamson to Wagner, netted 19 yards and the ball was on the nine.”    Dillon carried to the six and the period was over. After the break, “Ammons tried a center buck, but was repulsed." Next play Guy Williamson connected with Wayne Smith on a nine yard touchdown pass.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Carlisle
Williamson missed the goal after, but the score was tied 6-6. The Carlisle offense then advanced the ball to the Pitt 26-yard line and the Pitt defense stiffened. Garlow tried a field goal but was short. Pitt was forced to punt and Gus Welch fumbled it. Hube Wagner was in the right place at the right time as the ball bounced into his hands and it was Pitt ball on the Carlisle 5-yard line. On fourth down Roy Heil "took it to the line on a quarterback buck, scoring the winning touchdown for Pitt." The goal after was unsuccessful. Pitt held on for the 12-6 victory.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Carlisle
"The defeat of the Carlisle Indians on Saturday by the University of Pittsburgh was due to faulty managements of punts and almost inexcusable inability at intercepting of forward passes, combined with hindrance offered by the slippery field to the fast footwork of the Indian stars. Great credit is given by Warner and all of the Indians to Pittsburgh for her stubborn, seemingly uphill fight, which she nosed out to creditable victory. Wagner's fine tackling and Williamson's forward passing have been the subject of high compliment among the Redskins."


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Carlisle
The Pitt lineup for the game against Carlisle was Hube Wagner (left end), William Cowell (left tackle), Rendall Soppitt and Wayne Smith (left guard), Isadore Shapira (center), Chuck Reese (right guard), Claude Thornhill and Mark Hoag (right tackle), Leo Collins (right end), Roy Heil (quarterback), Guy Williamson (left halfback), Robert Peck and Philip Dillon (right halfback), and Fred Ammons (fullback). The game was played in 15-minute quarters.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, at Cornell
On Thursday evening October 23, the Pitt Band led a parade of 1,000 students to the Pittsburgh & Lake Erie train depot to send the football team off to Ithaca, NY with a "resounding "Alle-ge- nee" as the train pulled out." The team changed trains in Buffalo and rode the Lehigh Valley R. R. into Ithaca at noon Friday. They stayed at the Rogues Harbor Inn and had a short practice on their field. Pitt was 0-4 all-time against Cornell and out scored 80-8. Cornell was led by second year coach Albert Sharpe and finished the season with a 5-4-1 record.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, at Cornell
"The University of Pittsburgh today walloped Cornell University in football 20-7. "Follow the ball," the time honored cry of the coaches, is what Pitt did today and the result thereby was the first victory for the Pittsburgh team over one of the big six elevens, and the creation of a Pitt athletic hero whose prowess, will be remembered in Pitt councils for generations. He is Hube Wagner, now a distinguished young giant."


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, at Cornell
The first quarter was scoreless, but the Cornell offense took charge late in the second. They gained possession on the Pitt 18-yard line after a short punt. Cornell backs Taber and Fritz ran the ball to the one. Quarterback Charlie "Barrett made a touchdown for Cornell through right guard." Barrett kicked the goal after. Cornell led 7-0 at halftime.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, at Cornell
Philip Dillon replaced Robert Peck at halfback for the second half and promptly fumbled on the 27-yard line. Cornell recovered and advanced the ball to the Pitt three where they lost it on downs. Pitt punted out of danger. After an exchange of possessions, the Pitt offense advanced the ball to the 3-yard line of Cornell. Guy Williamson threw an interception in the end zone. Pitt regained possession and Williamson threw another interception at midfield. Cornell tried a quick kick. The Post-Gazette described:


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, at Cornell
"The ball hit Taber on the hip and bounded away, but right into the arms of Wagner who came skirting around the end. Wagner never stopped, never hesitated, but gave a bound and a leap like a deer taking fright and was on his way towards the Cornell goal line 55 yards away.... The mad dashing Wagner was not to be stopped. Williamson kicked the resulting goal and the score was a tie."


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, at Cornell
The Pitt offense scored again on their first possession of the fourth quarter. A Williamson to Dillon pass covered thirty-five yards to the Cornell 15-yard line. Fred Ammons carried it to the one and he then bulled his way into the end zone. The point after was unsuccessful. Pitt led 13-0. After an exchange of punts, the Pitt offense stalled and Williamson punted to Barrett on the Pitt 40-yard line. The Post-Gazette noted:


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, at Cornell
"But the ball did not stay within the grasp of the Cornell star's hand: it slipped through and before he could bend his back to recover, Wagner, picked it up and was away like a greyhound. He ran the 60-yards straight away... No player in the world would have stopped him."


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, at Cornell
L. G. Boggs of The Pittsburg Press related: "Before the game, (Coach) Duff made a prediction to the writer – the first time he has ever made a comment before the game. "We will win today. It won't be a cinch, by a lot, but we will win, just the same." He had the dope."


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, at Cornell
The Pitt lineup for the game against Cornell was Leo Collins (left end), William Cowell (left tackle), Wayne Smith (left guard), Isadore Shapira (center), Chuck Reese (right guard), Mark Hoag (right tackle), Hube Wagner (right end), Roy Heil (quarterback), Guy Williamson (left halfback), Robert Peck and Philip Dillon (right halfbck), and Fred Ammons (fullback). The game consisted of two fifteen minute quarters and two twelve minute quarters.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Bucknell
The undefeated Pitt football eleven fresh off their victory in Ithaca, arrived home to prepare to play Bucknell. Bucknell beat Pitt for the first time in 1912. Pitt led the all-time series 3-1. The Pitt lineup was without Fred Ammons, who was in Kansas attending his mother's funeral. Coach Byron W. Dickson's team was 3-2, having lost to Cornell and Princeton. Bucknell finished the season with a 6-4 record.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Bucknell
"The varsity after its sensational string of victories, hit a severe slump the week following the Cornell game, and was beaten by Bucknell University, 9-0. Pittsburgh's offense was indifferent, the defense crumbled before the fierce attacks of her opponents, and the interference was the poorest of the season. Bucknell, on the other hand, showed surprising strength,  playing a fast, clean game of football."


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Bucknell
"A tall, slender, light-haired young man, Dean Sturgis, a native of Uniontown, who has helped to keep Bucknell on the football map the past two years, caused dismay in the football camp of the University of Pittsburgh yesterday afternoon at Forbes Field. The teams representing their institutions met in their annual game and Bucknell won by nine points to none, and it was Sturgis who secured all of them for the team from Lewisburg."


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Bucknell
On Bucknell's first possession, the offense took eight plays to advance the ball from their twenty-five to the thirty-five. Quarterback Cruikshank called for a spread formation and dropped back to pass. He lofted the ball 30-yards downfield to Sturgis, "and the versatile Bucknell end gathered it in and ran 45-yards for a touchdown, after which he failed to kick goal."


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Bucknell
The second quarter started with Bucknell in possession of the ball on their 47-yard line. Their offense advanced the ball to the Pitt twelve. On fourth down "Sturgis stepped back and sent the ball between the posts from the 30-yard line, making the score 9-0."


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Bucknell
The Pitt faithful expected a second half comeback similar to the Carlisle and Cornell games but it was not to be. "Notwithstanding the fact that Duff read the riot act to the bunch during the interim between the halves, the Gold and Blue was unable to make headway against the visitors in the final periods."


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Bucknell
Al Hamilton (Athletic Committee Member) remarked to L. G. Boggs of The Pittsburgh Press after the game:


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Bucknell
"It was a case of overconfidence. Pitt underestimated Bucknell, and lost out because they were out played. It will do the boys a lot of good to lose this game, as they will realize that they are not unbeatable. If we had to lose, there is no team in the country that I would rather lose to than the team which won from us today. We will be back in old form next week."


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Bucknell
The Pitt lineup for the game against Bucknell was Leo Collins and Roy Kernohan (left end), William Cowell (left tackle), Chuck Reese and Rendall Soppitt (left guard), Isadore Shapira (center), Wayne Smith (right guard), Mark Hoag (right tackle), Hube Wagner and James Herron (right end), Roy Heil (quarterback), Guy Williamson (left halfback), Robert Peck and Philip Dillon (right halfback) and Justice Egbert (fullback). The game was played in 15-minute quarters.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Lafayette
The Lafayette Leopards of Easton, PA came west to tangle with the Pitt eleven on November 8. This was the first meeting ever between these two teams. Lafayette was coached by George McCaa and sported a 3-2-1 record. They would finish the season 4-5-1. Fred Ammons was back at practice for the Pitt eleven but lineman Randall Soppitt sustained a dislocated shoulder in practice and was out until the Penn State game. After a week of strenuous practice Coach Duff decided to move Leo Collins to fullback and Fred Ammons to end for the Lafayette game. L. G. Boggs of The Pittsburg Press noted: "The combination worked fairly well."


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Lafayette
"Pitt showed the real come back spirit in football yesterday afternoon at Forbes Field by beating the Lafayette representatives in a hard-fought contest by 13 points to 0. The local eleven won this game in the face of stubborn resistance through the vigilance of Capt. Wagner, who made both touchdowns, in each instance getting the ball from Lafayette when such a contingency was the least expected."


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Lafayette
Florent Gibson of The Pittsburgh Sunday Post was more eloquent:


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Lafayette
"With the Wash. - Jeff. game a week hence hanging on the horizon a mass of dark storm clouds, the good ship Pitt navigated safely the reefs labeled Lafayette on the schedule chart, and the blue and gold mariners now make everything shipshape for the coming blow, conscious that they have steered an excellent course through troubled waters, with only one wreck to their credit. The score by which the blue and gold took the Easton eleven across was 13 to 0.... Every person who saw yesterday's game is wondering by what wizardry Captain Hubert "On the Job" Wagner, leader of the Pitt eleven and of many dashes toward the enemies goal, manages to be on the spot at just the most opportune time."


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Lafayette
Pitt kicked off and Lafayette advanced the ball to the Pitt 13-yard line. A fifteen yard penalty for holding and a seven yard pass play on third down prompted a 30-yard field goal attempt by Leopard fullback Scheeren that went wide. Later in the first quarter Lafayette gained possession on their 15-yard line. Dick Diamond gained thirty yards on an end run, but the Leopards were penalized for holding on the next play. Lafayette guard "Kelly went back to kick, but the leather thumped on Wagner's broad jersey and bounded high and wide, behind Lafayette's goal. Wagner followed up the play and scored Pittsburgh's first touchdown by falling on the ball back of the line." Peck was unsuccessful on the goal after and Pitt led 6-0. Lafayette had the ball on the Pitt 28-yard line as time ran out in the first half.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Lafayette
The third quarter was a back and forth of punts, interceptions and penalties highlighted by a 35-yard field goal attempt by Lafayette fullback Scheeren that went wide. The fourth quarter was more of the same. Lafayette gained possession at midfield and could not advance. They lined up to punt and the center snap was bobbled by Kelly and Hube Wagner "scooped it and was down the field like a flash. Wagner had no opposition in running the 47-yards for the second touchdown. Dillon kicked the resultant goal and the score read 13-0."


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Lafayette
Grantland Rice weighed in on the legend of Hube Wagner: "Poking a ball towards Hans Wagner is about as safe as fumbling a ball around Capt. Wagner of University of Pittsburgh. The latter has gathered in enough fumbles this fall to fill a dormitory. When his hands give out, he must pick'em up with his teeth."


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Lafayette
The Pitt lineup for the game against Lafayette was Fred Ammons and Harry Shof (left end), William Cowell and Claude Thornhill (left tackle), Wayne Smith (left guard), Isadore Shapira (center), Chuck Reese and “Red” Aughenbaugh (right guard), Mark Hoag and James Jones (right tackle), Hube Wagner (right end), Roy Heil (quarterback), Guy Williamson (left halfback), Robert Peck, Philip Dillon and Fred Ward (right ha;fback) and Leo Collibns and Fred Ammons (fullback). The game was played in 15-minute quarters.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
On Sunday, November 9 a snowstorm blew through Pittsburgh and deposited a 15 inch blanket of white across the city. Tuesday the Pitt squad needed to practice outdoors. The Pittsburgh Post described the dilemma:


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
"Two hundred undergraduates responded to the call of the student senate at the University of Pittsburgh (Tuesday) morning when Director Charlie Miller, who has general oversight of Pitt athletics, flushed out an S. O. S. signal for volunteers to clean the snow off Forbes Field.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
When it was ascertained on Monday morning that the heavy covering of snow that fell on Sunday would prevent the varsity football squad from using the gridiron for practice and that too, in spite of the fact that the climax of Pittsburgh's schedule comes with W. & J. this week, it was realized that heroic effort must be made immediately to clear the field that the team might begin practice immediately.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
When it was found that no horsepower scrapers were available, Director Miller took the question up with President Allen of the senate and it was decided to utilize the fiery loyalty of the students in the crisis at hand. No sooner said than done. The football management provided snow shovels and the undergraduates constructed wooden scrapers. The volunteers, 200 strong, were excused from classes at 1 o'clock and with a company of co-eds to add color and dispense refreshments the fun began. Scrapers scraped, shovels shoveled and wheelbarrows wheeled the snow off the field.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
At 2:30 the skeptics who had predicted the impossibility of the scheme began to depart in disgust, for the steadily increasing green space gave promise of the speedy conclusion of the operation. The field resembled an ant hill. Gangs of undergraduates hauled away at the scrapers, plied the shovels and pushed the barrows. From the sideline the soup line came and went, refreshed... The gravity of the football situation at the University of Pittsburgh is pretty well illustrated by the desperate methods that were taken yesterday in order to give the team the benefit of out-of-door practice."


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
On November 15 the fourteenth game between Pitt and Wash. & Jeff. took place on Forbes Field. W. & J. had a comfortable 9-4 lead in the series. The Red and Black, led by second-year head coach Bob Folwell, came into the game with a 6—0–1 record, heir only blemish being a scoreless tie with Yale. They finished the season with a 10–0–1 record and out score their opponents 360–13. The Red and Black lineup featured the school's three first time All-Americans: center Burleigh Cruikshank and halfbacks Red Fleming and Johnny Spiegel.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
The Pitt Weekly reported: "Fighting bravely against overwhelming odds, on a field ankle-deep with mud, Pitt slipped and skidded to a 19-6 defeat before W. and J. at Forbes Field last Saturday. A constant drizzle lasted throughout the entire game, making an especially poor football day. In spite of the rain, a crowd of 20,000 rooters and spectators remained till the final whistle blew."


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
The Pittsburgh Sunday Post was more dramatic with: "Eleven sweatered young men with a business-like mien came to the city yesterday from the little town with the big name and rubbed Pittsburgh's football nose in two inches of slime on Forbes Field. The score – Washington and Jefferson, 19; University of Pittsburgh, 6. The heavens wept."


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
Ralph S. Davis of The Pittsburg Press reported: "In the presence of 25,000 wildly enthusiastic fans, the largest throng that ever witnessed a gridiron contest in Pittsburg, Washington & Jefferson yesterday won the football championship of western Pennsylvania defeating the University of Pittsburgh by the decisive score of 19-6... The gridiron warriors battled on a field actually ankle-deep in slimy, sticky mud."


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
Washington & Jefferson wasted no time proving their superiority. On their first possession, the Red and Black offense started on their 30-yard line and ten plays later they were on Pitt's five yard line. All-American halfback John Spiegel "received the ball, and circling left end, crossed the line for a touchdown." Red Fleming added the point after. W & J 7 – Pitt 0. After the kickoff,  the Pitt offense was forced to punt and the Red and Black  had possession on the Pitt 44-yard line. On first down Fleming gained nineteen yards to the 25-yard line.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
The Pitt defense stiffened, but "on fourth down the rotund Patterson (W. & J. tackle) dropped back to the 28-yard line and, Goodwin assisting, kicked a goal from placement." W & J 10 – Pitt 0. At the end of the first quarter Pitt had possession on Wash. & Jeff's. 45-yard line.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
The Pitt offense was forced to punt and Guy Williamson punted to W. & J. quarterback Goodwin. "The ball, which had been touched by Goodwin, rolled behind the goal line. While the W. & J. quarterback was taking his time, Pitt end Harry Shof rushed ahead of his teammates and fell on the ball across the line. Pitt was credited with a touchdown, but Williamson failed to kick goal." W. & J. 10 - Pitt 6. Later in the second quarter, the Red and Black  offense gained possession on their 46-yard line. Seven running plays advanced the ball to the Pitt 10-yard line. John Spiegel "circled Wash. & Jeff. 's right end on a wide run that ended behind Pitt's goal in the corner of the field." The halftime score was W. & J. 16 – Pitt 6.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
"In dry suits but without a change in either lineup the two teams took the field" for the second half. Mid -quarter, the Red and Black defense recovered a Pitt fumble on the Pitt 10-yard line. The Pitt defense held and regained possession on downs. The Pitt offense had the ball on their 34-yard line at the end of the third quarter, "second down and six to go." The W. & .J defense held and Pitt shanked the punt giving the Red and Black possession on the Pitt 45-yard line.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
First down John Spiegel raced thirty-three yards to the Pitt 12. The Pitt defense stalled the drive but Patterson kicked a 23-yard field goal to extend the lead to 19-6. The Pitt offense advanced the ball to the W. & J. 12-yard line and Roy Heil threw an interception in the end zone. The Red and Black beat Pitt for the tenth time.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
Led by Johnny Spiegel with 87 yards, Stat-wise, W. & J. out-gained Pitt 274 yards to 175 yards . Pitt fumbled 8 times while the Red and Black only fumbled 3 times. Pitt gained 6 first downs and punted 15 times. W. & J. earned 8 first downs and punted 9 times.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
The Pittsburgh Sunday Post interviewed the captains. Hube Wagner mused: "I had dreams of leading my eleven to victory against Washington and Jefferson in the next to last game of my college career. We lost to a superior team. It was a great game." Captain Russ Goodwin was gracious in victory: "There is great satisfaction in all of us by beating Pitt, but there was still greater pleasure in playing against a fine bunch of fellows like the Pitt gridders. I'm glad we won but sorry they had to lose." Coach Duff


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
The Pitt lineup for the game against Washington & Jefferson was Hube Wagner (left end), William Cowell (left tackle), Chuck Reese (left guard), Isadore Shapira (center), Wayne Smith (right guard), Mark Hoag and James Jones (right tackle), Harry Shof, James Herron and Leo Collins (right end), Roy Heil (quarterback), Fred Ward and Philip Dillon (left halfback), Guy Williamson, Justice Egbert and Fred Ammons (right halfback), and Robert Peck and Fred Ward (fullback). The game was played in 15-minute quarters.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Penn State
The Pitt versus Penn State series at this point in history was 12–3 in favor of Penn State. Coach Bill Hollenback's 1913 team had won their first two games, but came into this game on a five game losing streak. The Pittsburgh Daily Post noted that despite their poor record their manager Ray Smith was confident of victory:


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Penn State
"Those who are figuring that State will enter the game on Thursday with thoughts of anything but a victory are fooling nobody so badly as themselves. It would take a defeat by Pittsburgh to make our season anything but a success and that defeat is not going to take place."


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Penn State
Pitt starting halfback Robert Peck needed to take an examination on Thursday morning to "bring his scholarship record up to par." He "burned the midnight oil. After five hours' sleep he was up again, and at 11 o'clock Thursday passed the exam with flying colors earning his right to represent Pitt." Pitt's lineup was set.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Penn State
The 1915 Owl Yearbook presented this synopsis: "For the first time in three years, Thanksgiving Day was a real holiday for the loyal sons of Pitt. Penn State came to Pittsburgh and were defeated to the tune of 7 to 6, after one of the most stubborn battles of the year. A fine, drizzling rain fell all afternoon on a field of mud, while the fog was so thick all the players looked alike. Pitt showed a return almost to mid-season form, and State played a wonderful game from start to finish."


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Penn State
"One point-one measly, little unit representing a touchdown goal, gentlemen, may on ordinary occasions seem to be a trifle not worth troubling about. But, infinitesimally small as it may be, 'twas enough to make all the difference in the world when Pitt met State in the closing struggle of the year at Forbes Field yesterday. The result was: Pitt, 7; State, 6. Such a little thing as it was, too, to plunge thousands 10 fathoms deep in gloom and elevate other thousands to the seventh heaven of happiness. It was just a little goal from touchdown that Williamson booted as a fitting climax to his run of 67 yards for the aforementioned touchdown. Shorty Miller blew his chance .... Hence the victory margin for Pitt."


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Penn State
According to The Philadelphia Inquirer: "The first period was productive of nothing more than short gains and long punts, the work of (Guy) Williamson and (John) Clark being of great value to their teams." On their second possession of the second quarter Penn State got a first down via a Pitt offside penalty at mid-field. John Clark carried the ball five times and caught a pass to advance the ball to Pitt's 3-yard line. "Pitt's defense made a desperate stand but Clark was pushed over on third down for their only touchdown." Quarterback Shorty Miller missed the goal after.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Penn State
State led 6-0. Penn State kicked off and Pitt had possession on their 28-yard line. Hube Wagner gained five yards on first down. On second down, "Williamson slipped through the line, ducked Clark, evaded Berryman and Tobin, dodged Shorty Miller and streaked for the goal line, going over in the corner of the field for a touchdown, after a run of 67-yards. The fleet little halfback raised Pitt's total to 7, the winning number, by booting the ball directly over the bar from the 20-yard line at a difficult angle."


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Penn State
"In the second half of the game State resorted to a more open style of play, while Pitt played on the defensive." Most of the third quarter was played in State territory. In the fourth period State advanced the ball to the Pitt 25-yard line and lost the ball on downs. After a change of possessions Pitt punted and Miller fumbled on his 30-yard line and James Herron recovered for Pitt. Wagner gained 3 yards and the game was over.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Penn State
Ralph S. Davis of The Pittsburg Press noted: "It was a fine football battle under the most miserable conditions that have prevailed here this season. Despite the weather, an immense crowd turned out, and the enthusiasm was wonderful. The best of feeling prevailed between the opposing rooters.."


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Penn State
The Gazette Times reported: "Between halves the Pitt students formed into a serpentine parade and marched around the field four abreast. They danced to the grandstands and, led by Cheer-leaders Richardson, Morrison, Conway and Hazlett, gave every yell on the list. The Pitt band met the State band in front of the stand and together they played a popular song to which the students danced the Turkey Trot."


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Penn State
The Pitt lineup for the game against Penn State was James Herron (left end), William Cowell and Claude Thornhill (left tackle), Chuck Reese and Rendall Soppitt (left guard), Isadore Shapira (center), Wayne Smith (right guard), James Jones (right tackle), Hube Wagner (right end), Roy Heil (quarterback), Philip Dillon (left halfback), Guy Williamson (right halfback), and Robert Peck and Fred Ammons (fullback). The game was played in 15-minute quarters.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Postseason
Pitt finished the season 6-2-1 in Coach Duff's first year. They out scored their opponents 165-46.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Postseason
Captain Hube Wagner was not on Walter Camp's All-American team, but did receive the honor from Parke H. Davis. He was also selected on the All-Eastern team by the following: Robert Folwell (W. & J. ), William Hollenback (Penn State), John B. Streit (Princeton), George B. Underwood (N.Y. Press), Glenn S. Warner (Carlisle) and J.M. Duff (Pitt).


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Postseason
Guard Wayne B. "Red" Smith was elected Captain for the 1914 season at the year end banquet. He was a third year dental student and trained at Bellefonte Academy prior to enrolling at Pitt.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Postseason
Coach Duff was hired for the 1914 season on December 10 by a unanimous vote of the Athletic Committee.


1913 Pittsburgh Pirates season
The 1913 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the 32nd season of the Pittsburgh Pirates franchise; the 27th in the National League. The Pirates finished fourth in the league standings with a record of 78–71.


1913 Pittsburgh mayoral election
The 1913 Pittsburgh mayoral election was held on Tuesday, November 4, 1913, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Joseph G. Armstrong was elected mayor of Pittsburgh over Stephen G. Porter in a nonpartisan election.


1913 Pittsburgh mayoral election, Background
The election in 1913 was the first Pittsburgh mayoral contest to be conducted under a new nonpartisan ballot law that eliminated party labels from ballots and replaced the party primaries with a nonpartisan blanket primary.


1913 Pittsburgh mayoral election, Background
In the early stages of the campaign, support formed around two candidates, public works director Joseph G. Armstrong and U.S. Representative Stephen G. Porter. Incumbent mayor William A. Magee, who by law was ineligible to run for a consecutive term, gave his support to Porter, as did longtime political boss William Flinn. U.S. Senators George T. Oliver and Boies Penrose and local Republican leader Max G. Leslie backed Armstrong.


1913 Pittsburgh mayoral election, Primary election
There were six official candidates in the primary. Although the candidates were officially non-partisan, the press identified Armstrong and Porter as Republicans, Frank I. Gosser as a Democrat, William J. Van Essen as a Socialist, and Robert S. Glass as a Prohibitionist. Victor Breitenstein styled himself as "the workingmen's independent candidate" but rejected a socialist label.


1913 Pittsburgh mayoral election, Primary election
Porter was the top vote-getter, edging second-place Armstrong by 302 votes. The rest of the candidates together captured less than 10 percent of the vote, but this was enough to keep either Porter or Armstrong from attaining a majority.


1913 Pittsburgh mayoral election, Runoff
As no candidate received a majority of votes in the primary, a runoff election was held between the top two finishers, Porter and Armstrong. This time Armstrong came out ahead of Porter, by a margin of 2,440 votes.


1913 Portland Beavers season
The 1913 Portland Beavers season was the 11th season in the history of the Portland Beavers baseball team. Under the leadership of manager Walt McCredie, the team compiled a 109–86 record and won the Pacific Coast League (PCL) pennant. The Beavers won five PCL pennants between 1906 and 1914.


1913 Portland Beavers season
Second baseman Bill Rodgers was the team captain and led the PCL with 239 hits. Pitchers Hi West and Bill James ranked first and second in the league with earned run averages of 1.71 and 1.98.


1913 Portland Beavers season, Statistics, Batting
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; SLG = Slugging percentage; SB = Stolen bases


1913 Portland Beavers season, Statistics, Pitching
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; PCT = Win percentage; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1913 Portuguese legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Portugal on 16 November 1913. These were the first elections under the new Constitution, approved in 1911, that created a Bicameralism legislature. The result was a victory for the Democratic Party, which won 68 of the 153 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 24 of the 71 seats in the Senate.


1913 Presbyterian Blue Hose football team
The 1913 Presbyterian Blue Hose football team represented Presbyterian College during the 1913 college football season. The Blue Hose's team captain was D. D. "Red" Thomas.


1913 Princeton Tigers football team
The 1913 Princeton Tigers football team represented Princeton University in the 1913 college football season. The team finished with a 5–2–1 record under first-year head coach Walter G. Andrews. Princeton tackle Harold Ballin was selected as a consensus first-team honoree on the 1913 College Football All-America Team.


1913 Purdue Boilermakers football team
The 1913 Purdue Boilermakers football team was an American football team that represented Purdue University during the 1913 college football season. In their first season under head coach Andy Smith, the Boilermakers compiled a 4–1–2 record, finished in fourth place in the Western Conference with a 2–1–2 record against conference opponents, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 171 to 20. G. E. Glossop was the team captain.


1913 Reading by-election
The Reading by-election was a Parliamentary by-election. It returned one Member of Parliament to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by thefirst past the post voting system.


1913 Reading by-election, Vacancy
Sir Rufus Isaacs was appointed Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales created Baron Reading and given a seat in the House of Lords. He had been Liberal MP for Reading since 1903.


1913 Reading by-election, Electoral history
Isaacs had won the last four parliamentary elections in Reading, but at the last General Election he only just managed to hold off the Conservative challenge;


1913 Reading by-election, Electoral history
This made Reading one of the most marginal seats in the country.


1913 Reading by-election, Candidates
The local Liberal Association were unable to find a local candidate, and after some difficulties, settled on the wealthy and radical outsider George Peabody Gooch to defend the seat. He was elected at the 1906 general election as Member of Parliament (MP) for Bath, but lost the seat at the January 1910 general election. He stood again in Bath at the December 1910 general election, but did not regain the seat, Gooch's candidacy provoked the threat of an anti-vaccinationist candidate from within the local party.


1913 Reading by-election, Candidates
The local Unionists re-selected Leslie Orme Wilson. In January 1910, at the General Election, he unsuccessfully stood as the Conservative candidate for Poplar. In December 1910, he was Unionist candidate for Reading, but was defeated by the sitting Liberal candidate, Sir Isaac Rufus, the Attorney-General.


1913 Reading by-election, Candidates
A third candidate entered the contest in the figure of J. G. Butler, who was a member of the British Socialist Party. Butler was from London and in March 1913 he had contested the 1913 London County Council election at Stepney, where he had polled poorly. He secured the backing of the Reading Trades Council and the Reading branch of the Independent Labour Party.


1913 Reading by-election, Background
If the Unionists were to hope to win a majority at the next General Election expected to take place in 1914/15, they would need to win Reading as it was statistically No17 on their target list. The intervention of a Socialist candidate at the by-election, thus gave them a good opportunity to gain the seat and establish their candidate as the incumbent.


1913 Reading by-election, Campaign
In the last week of the campaign, following on from an announcement made by Chancellor of the Exchequer, David Lloyd George, of a new rural land policy, the Liberal campaign circulated a leaflet proclaiming Vote for Gooch and the new Liberal land policy – the wage raising policy for Reading. It argued that higher agricultural wages would lead to higher wages in towns. It also argued that a revival in the rural economy would stop labourers migrating to towns and causing unemployment and that a more prosperous countryside would buy more of Reading's products.


1913 Reading by-election, Result
Although the Unionists gained the seat, the fact that the Unionist share of the vote only increased by 0.8% indicated that they would struggle to hold the seat at a General Election when no Socialist would be standing.


1913 Reading by-election, Aftermath
A General Election was due to take place by the end of 1915. By the summer of 1914, the following candidates had been adopted to contest that election. Due to the outbreak of war, the election never took place.


1913 Rhode Island State Rams football team
The 1913 Rhode Island State Rams football team was an American football team that represented Rhode Island State College (later renamed the University of Rhode Island) as an independent during the 1913 college football season. In its fourth non-consecutive year under head coach George Cobb, the team compiled a 2–6 record.


1913 Rice Grays football team
The 1913 Rice Grays football team was an American football team that represented Rice University as an independent during the 1913 college football season. In its second season of intercollegiate football, the team compiled a 4–0 record and outscored opponents by a total of 81 to 14. Philip Arbuckle was the head coach for the second of eleven seasons. End George Journeay was the team captain.


1913 Richmond Spiders football team
The 1913 Richmond Spiders football team was an American football team that represented Richmond College—now known as the University of Richmond—as a member of the Eastern Virginia Intercollegiate Athletic Association (EVIAA) during the 1913 college football season. Led by first-year head coach Frank Dobson, Richmond compiled an overall record of 5–3–1 with a mark of 3–0 in conference play, winning the EVIAA title.


1913 Rock Island Independents season
The 1913 Rock Island Independents season was the team's sixth season in existence. The season resulted in the team posting an undefeated 6-0-1 record and claimed the mythical "Illinois State Championship".


1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak
The 1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak was a cholera outbreak the Romanian Army suffered during the Second Balkan War of 1913 against the Kingdom of Bulgaria. This conflict was part of the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913. As Bulgaria was then fighting with Greece and Serbia, the invasion by Romania, which had a geographic and strategic advantage, was met with minimal Bulgarian resistance.


1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak, History
The Romanian Army had to operate in a battleground with a low infrastructure and under the weather conditions of the summer. Furthermore, the little organization of the army's services provoked deficiencies in the alimentary and sanitary conditions of the Romanian soldiers. These conditions facilitated the spread of the cholera. Thus, the first case of an infected Romanian soldier occurred on 13 July 1913. A week later, on 20 July, the cases were 2,000. This number rose so quickly due to ignorance of Romanian army officers, who ignored and even ridiculed the warnings by the army's physicians on several occasions.


1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak, History
It was quickly determined that vaccination had to begin, this happening on 22 July. Medical measures were quickly taken to curb the epidemic. The Romanian physician Ioan Cantacuzino began several series of inoculations of Romanian soldiers, and after the third one in 3 August, the cases were drastically reduced. Thanks to all this, the last case of cholera occurred in November and the disease could be mostly stopped before the Romanian soldiers returned to Romania. Marie of Romania, Princess and future Queen of Romania, organized a system of treatment and quarantine for the Romanian soldiers when they arrived, avoiding a possible spread of cholera among Romanian civilians.


1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak, History
Although figures might be conflicting, out of the approximately 400,000 Romanian soldiers who entered Bulgaria during the war, it is estimated that there may have been some 11,500–15,000 infected and a total of 1,600 dead. This made all Romanian casualties during the Second Balkan War non-military related, only caused by the cholera outbreak.


1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak, History
Romania accused the local Bulgarian population and Turkish prisoners of war for the cholera outbreak, while Bulgaria blamed the Romanian Army and its "poor hygiene conditions". Once the Second Balkan War ended and after the Treaty of Bucharest was signed, Romania gained Southern Dobruja from Bulgaria. A few years later, Romania itself suffered numerous cases of cholera as a result of its participation in the First World War. To treat them, Queen Marie of Romania applied the same procedures as in the 1913 epidemic.


1913 Rutgers Queensmen football team
The 1913 Rutgers Queensmen football team represented Rutgers University in the 1913 college football season. In their first season under head coach George "Sandy" Sanford, the Queensmen compiled a 6–3 record and outscored their opponents, 247 to 76. Coach Sanford remained at Rutgers for 11 years and was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1971.


1913 SAFL Grand Final
The 1913 SAFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football competition. Port Adelaide beat North Adelaide by 54 to 40.


1913 SAFL season
The 1913 South Australian Football League season was the 37th season of the top-level Australian rules football competition in South Australia.


1913 Saint Louis Billikens football team
The 1913 Saint Louis Billikens football team was an American football team that represented Saint Louis University during the 1913 college football season. In their second season under head coach Frank Dennie, the Billikens compiled a 2–5 record and was outscored by a total of 197 to 92. The team played its home games at Sportsman's Park at St. Louis.


1913 San Diego mayoral election
The 1913 San Diego mayoral election was held on April 8, 1913 to elect the mayor for San Diego. Charles F. O'Neall and George Marston received the most votes in the primary election and advanced to the runoff. O'Neall was then elected mayor with a majority of the votes.


1913 San Diego mayoral election, Campaign
Incumbent Mayor James E. Wadham chose not to run for re-election to focus on his legal business and at the urging of his wife. Contestants for the open seat included Charles F. O'Neall, a Republican, George Marston, a Progressive running as a non-partisan candidate, and Jacob Beckel, a Socialist.


1913 San Diego mayoral election, Campaign
In the campaign, Marston emphasized projects that would lead to a beautiful and prosperous city, including harbor improvements, a new dry dock, a navy center and a railroad to Arizona. O'Neall emphasized the importance of developing commerce and industry over public parks and recreation.


1913 San Diego mayoral election, Campaign
On March 25, 1913, O'Neall and Marston received the two highest vote totals in the primary and advanced to the general election. O'Neall was then elected mayor on April 8, 1913 with a majority of the votes in the runoff.


1913 Saskatchewan Huskies football team
The 1913 Saskatchewan Huskies football team represented the University of Saskatchewan in Canadian football. This was their inaugural season and technically represented the College of Arts and Science.


1913 Scottish Cup Final
The 1913 Scottish Cup Final was the 40th final of the Scottish Cup, Scottish football's most prestigious knockout association football competition. The match took place at Celtic Park on 12 April 1913 and was contested by Division One clubs Falkirk and Raith Rovers. It was both Falkirk's and Raith's début appearance in the Scottish Cup Final.


1913 Scottish Cup Final
Both clubs entered the second round, receiving byes along with 28 of the 36 other clubs in the tournament. Neither club won all four of their ties at the first attempt, Falkirk requiring a replay to knock out fellow Division One club Morton in the second round. Falkirk went on to defeat Rangers, Dumbarton and Heart of Midlothian, all previous winners of the cup. Raith Rovers defeated non-league club Broxburn United before knocking out three Division One clubs, needing a replay to eliminate both Hibernian and the previous season's runners-up, Clyde, in the semi-finals.


1913 Scottish Cup Final
Neither team had ever made an appearance in the final. The match remains Raith Rovers' only appearance in the Scottish Cup Final to date.


1913 Scottish Cup Final
Falkirk won the match 2–0. They took the lead in the first half when Jimmy Robertson scored. Their lead was then extended in the second half to 2–0 with a goal from Tom Logan to conclude victory for Falkirk.


1913 Scottish Cup Final, Route to the final, Falkirk
Falkirk received a bye into the second round and faced Division One club Morton at Cappielow in Greenock, with the match ending in a 2–2 draw to force a replay. The replay, a week later, was played at Falkirk's home of Brockville Park with the home team producing a 3–1 victory to progress to the next round. The club's opponents in the third round were 10-time finalists of the tournament, Rangers. The tie was played at Rangers' home Ibrox Stadium and Falkirk scored three first-half goals in a shock 3–1 victory over the club.


1913 Scottish Cup Final, Route to the final, Falkirk
The quarter-finals saw Division Two club Dumbarton travel to Falkirk, with the home team producing a 1–0 victory to progress to the semi-finals for only the second time in its history. In the semi-final Falkirk faced Edinburgh club Heart of Midlothian at a neutral venue, travelling to Ibrox Park for a second time in the tournament. Falkirk won the match 1–0 and booked a place in its first ever Scottish Cup Final.


1913 Scottish Cup Final, Route to the final, Raith Rovers
Like their final opponents, Raith Rovers also received a bye into the second round, being drawn against non-league club Broxburn United away from home. The club produced an emphatic 5–0 victory to advance to the third round. Division One club Hibernian from Edinburgh was the opposition provided for the club in the next round, the two clubs playing out a 2–2 draw in Kirkcaldy. In the replay at Hibernian, Raith emerged on top with a narrow 1–0 victory. In the quarter-finals the club faced another Division One club, St Mirren.


1913 Scottish Cup Final, Route to the final, Raith Rovers
The match was played at home and the club won 2–1 to progress to the semi-finals. The runners-up of the previous season's competition, Clyde, played the club for a place in the final. The match ended in 1–1 draw at the neutral venue of Tynecastle Stadium in Edinburgh and forced a replay, Clyde's fifth of the tournament. Rovers managed to overcome their opponents with 1–0 victory a week later, to advance to their first ever Scottish Cup Final.


1913 Seregno Calcio
Unione Sportiva Dilettantistica 1913 Seregno Calcio is an Italian association football club located in Seregno, Lombardy. It currently plays in Serie C Group A.


1913 Seregno Calcio, History
Seregno was founded in 1913 by cav. Umberto Trabattoni and in 1936 gave hospitality to Italian National Team before world football competition.


1913 Seregno Calcio, History
They played Serie B in 1933–34 and 1933–35, and have not played at professional level since their relegation in the 1981–82 Serie C2 season.


1913 Seregno Calcio, History
In 2008 the club was renamed with the current name.


1913 Seregno Calcio, History
In the 2020–21 Serie D season, Seregno won the Girone B group and thus ensured themselves promotion to Serie C and return to the professional level of Italian football for the first time since 1982.


1913 Sewanee Tigers football team
The 1913 Sewanee Tigers football team represented Sewanee: The University of the South during the 1913 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season.


1913 Shrewsbury by-election
The Shrewsbury by-election, 1913 was a parliamentary by-election held in England in April 1913 to elect a new Member of Parliament (MP) for the borough of Shrewsbury in Shropshire.


1913 Shrewsbury by-election, Vacancy
The seat had become vacant when Shrewsbury's Conservative MP Sir Clement Hill died aged 67 on 9 April 1913, after a  bout of influenza led to pneumonia and pleurisy. A diplomat for 40 years before entering politics, he had held the seat since the 1906 general election. Shrewsbury had elected only Conservative Party MPs to the House of Commons since 1885.


1913 Shrewsbury by-election, Candidates
The Unionist candidate was 59-year old George Butler Lloyd, a Marlborough and Cambridge-educated banker whose home was at Shelton Hall, near Shrewsbury. Butler Lloyd was an alderman of Shrewsbury Corporation and had been Mayor of Shrewsbury for 1886-87 and 1888-89.


1913 Shrewsbury by-election, Candidates
The local Liberal Party were keen to field as candidate Thomas Pace, a local builder, who had contested the seat in December 1910 as a Liberal-Labour candidate. Pace was a strong suffragist in support of votes for women, unlike the Unionist Butler Lloyd, who opposed extending the franchise. However, the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) had recently adopted a new policy of not supporting Liberal party candidates, even those Liberal candidates who were strong suffragists like Pace. Liberal Party headquarters regarded a contest as inexpedient. Thus Pace withdrew from the contest. When nominations closed on 19 April, Butler Lloyd faced only one opponent, the independent candidate J. Robert Morris.


1913 Shrewsbury by-election, Campaign, Votes for Women
The NUWSS, whose policy had contributed to the withdrawal of the Liberal candidate who supported them, chose not to support either the Unionist or the Independent. Without a candidate to support, the NUWSS were reduced to just carrying out propaganda work during the by-election.


1913 Shrewsbury by-election, Campaign, Votes for Women
In the course of the contest Butler Lloyd had the assistance of his brother, Ernest Thomas Lloyd, Resident Magistrate in Ireland, formerly stationed in County Kerry, Meath, and County Londonderry, who spoke strongly during the election against proposed Irish Home Rule.


1913 Shrewsbury by-election, Campaign, Votes for Women
On 21 April, the eve of poll, the former MP Horatio Bottomley spoke on behalf of Morris at a meeting of thousands of people in the town, where the principal speakers for Butler Lloyd were Henry Page Croft MP and William Bridgeman MP.


1913 Shrewsbury by-election, Result
Polling took place on 22 April, and Butler Lloyd held the seat with a slightly increased majority of 685 votes (16.6% of the total).


1913 Shrewsbury by-election, Aftermath
Butler Lloyd held the seat for nine years. The parliamentary borough of Shrewsbury was abolished at the 1918 general election, but was replaced by a larger county division of the same, where Butler Lloyd was re-elected. He retired from the House of Commons at the 1922 general election.


1913 Sligo Dock strike
The 1913 Sligo Dock strike in Sligo port in northwest Ireland was a labour dispute lasting 56 days from 8 March to 6 May 1913. During the strike there were numerous clashes on the docks and riots in the town, resulting in one fatality. Occurring six months earlier than the Dublin Lockout it was regarded as a precursor to that action and a successful application of the Irish Transport & General Workers Union’s strategy for workers rights by James Larkin and James Connolly. It resulted in victory for the workers. James Larkin considered the 1913 victory in Sligo to be a major achievement of the ITGWU.


1913 Sligo Dock strike, Background to the strike
Sligo was a busy port at this time and the dockworkers and sailors were organised into the National Union of Sailors and Fireman and the ITGWU. The ITGWU was stronger in Sligo than anywhere else along the western seaboard. The ITGWU was a radical syndicalist inspired union influenced by the international revolutionary union movement such as the IWW. It aimed to bring about a socialist organisation of society and industry through the unionisation of labour and using the weapon of the general strike. The county and the port were the most industrialised in Connacht. However living conditions were terrible in Sligo with high rates of tuberculosis and poor housing. Hence the town was receptive to Larkins message.


1913 Sligo Dock strike, Background to the strike
Arthur Jackson of the Sligo Steam Navigation Company, was the chief defender of business interests. Sligo’s labourers had organised in 1911, when an ITGWU speaker, Walter Carpenter, was invited to speak by the trades council. He was denounced as "an imported mischief maker" by Bishop Clancy of Elphin, who instructed Catholics to boycott a meeting addressed by Larkin. A small strike had occurred in 1912 and the unionisation of labour had caught Jackson off guard. He was determined to break the unions grip on labour and set about to provoke a strike, arranging "scab" or "blackleg" labour, liaising with authorities and contacting the Shipping Federation before the strike, which came about in 1913.


1913 Sligo Dock strike, The strike
The dispute began on 8 March 1913, when seamen on the SS Sligo demanded more help or higher wages for handling cattle. Their employer, the Sligo Steam Navigation Company, refused their demands. The sailors were members of the National Union of Sailors and Firemen, which had a good relationship with Jim Larkin’s Irish Transport and General Workers’ Union (ITGWU). John Lynch, President of the local ITGWU branch was also the local delegate (or shop steward) for the NUSF. Five workers who stopped work were arrested, prosecuted for disobeying a "lawful order" and received seven days’ hard labour. The strike then spread to yards and businesses handling goods in the port, and involved carters and other labourers.


1913 Sligo Dock strike, The strike
An attempt was made to break the strike by bringing in dockers from Liverpool by the Garvey and Verdon families who were stevedores in the port. 29 of them arrived on 19 March by train. This caused much unrest as fighting erupted between the factions. In one incident, a local union man named Patrick Dunbar was attacked, hit on the head with a shovel and killed, by members of the Garvey family. This escalated the situation considerably and solidified the determination of the workers and their families to continue the strike.


1913 Sligo Dock strike, The strike
The Sligo Champion reported that ‘things have now assumed an aspect which grossly threatens the commercial prosperity of the port and the town generally’. Extra soldiers and police R.I.C. were drafted in. Dozens of strikers were fined and/or imprisoned and in retaliation the property of local firms, including Pollexfen and Company, Harper Campbell Ltd., Suttons, Newsome and Sons, and Messrs Thomas Flanagan were attacked. The union organising a mass meeting in Sligo Town Hall and a boycott of shops that sold goods brought in on company ships, forcing the closure of some businesses. The striking workers received support from the republican priest Fr. Michael O'Flanagan.


1913 Sligo Dock strike, End of strike
The death of Dunbar led to offers of arbitration by various parties. A proposal was made to settle the dispute on the basis that:


1913 Sligo Dock strike, End of strike
The first point was rejected outright and so the strike continued. The high cost to the ratepayers of maintaining soldiers and police, along with the collapse of trade, eventually led to negotiations under Sir Josslyn Gore Booths agent, JA Cooper, and Alderman John Jinks. Suddenly, on 6 May, Jackson capitulated and an agreement was reached on 6 May that ‘free labour’ would not be employed on the docks, only ITGWU members.


1913 Sligo Dock strike, Legacy
The victory boosted the morale of dockers and carters fighting their own battle in Dublin at the time and encouraged the ITGWU in its struggle for workers rights and conditions in Ireland. The struggle and resulting victory implanted a solid tradition of union organisation and socialist principles within the working communities of the town. The events of the Dock strike in 1913 are regarded as the foundation stone of the modern socialist and trade union movement in Sligo and the North West. In Sligo employers had a new found respect for the union and the power of organised labour. John Lynch was subsequently elected to the Borough Council. As part of the SIPTU 100 year commemoration of the dock strike a plaque was unveiled at the Sligo SIPTU headquarters and a grave stone was erected to Patrick Dunbar who died in the violent clashes during the strike.


1913 South Carolina Gamecocks football team
The 1913 South Carolina Gamecocks football team represented the University of South Carolina during the 1913 college football season. The team's coach was Norman B. Edgerton in his second season, who was also the school's athletic director. The team posted a 4–3 record.


1913 South Carolina Gamecocks football team
The Gamecocks avenged last year's loss to Florida by winning 13–0 in a steady rain. The Gamecocks resorted to using trick plays.


1913 South Dakota Coyotes football team
The 1913 South Dakota Coyotes football team represented the University of South Dakota during the 1913 college football season.


1913 South Lanarkshire by-election
The South Lanarkshire by-election was a Parliamentary by-election. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP)  to the House of Commons, elected by the first past the post voting system.


1913 South Lanarkshire by-election, Vacancy
Sir Walter Menzies had been Liberal MP for South Lanarkshire  since 1906 until he died on 26 October 1913. He had died after a long illness, so the calling of a by-election was not unexpected.


1913 South Lanarkshire by-election, Campaign
Polling Day was arranged for 12 December 1913, 47 days after the death of Menzies. This allowed for an unusually long campaign. Watson's task was to become the first Unionist to win here since 1900.


1913 South Lanarkshire by-election, Campaign
Although adopted as the official Labour Party candidate, Gibb's campaign billed him as the "Socialist and Labour" candidate. He was also to enjoy the active support of local British Socialist Party branches. He stated his intention to focus his campaign on the issue of poverty.


1913 South Lanarkshire by-election, Campaign
The Liberal Government's National Insurance Act 1911 became an issue in the campaign. The measures of the act were now being implemented with 2.3 million people insured under the scheme for unemployment benefit and almost 15 million insured for sickness benefit. The Unionists had opposed the measure and continued to attack it at by-elections. The Labour Party had given support to the policy when it was introduced but in a number of by-elections since, their candidates had spoken out against it.


1913 South Lanarkshire by-election, Campaign
Tom Gibb was no exception, stating "I am no believer in policy of social reform paid for out of the earnings of the workers, such as we have seen illustrated in the Insurance Act. The reform that does not increase the purchasing-power of the workers by transferring to them some of the wealth previously enjoyed by the idle rich is not, in my opinion, a reform. If I believed in reforms of that nature, I would not be a Socialist."


1913 South Lanarkshire by-election, Campaign
Although there were not many Irish voters in the constituency, the Liberal campaign was supported by a visit from T. P. O'Connor the Irish Nationalist MP from Liverpool. The Irish Nationalists were key supporters of the Liberal Government due to the 3rd Irish Home Rule Bill.


1913 South Lanarkshire by-election, Campaign
The issue of Scottish Home Rule entered the campaign through the intervention of the Young Scots. The Liberal Government had introduced a Scottish Home Rule Bill that had passed its second reading in May 1913, despite Unionist opposition. The Young Scots were critical of Gibb's lack of support for the policy.


1913 South Lanarkshire by-election, Campaign
Leading Labour Party figure, Robert Smillie speaking during the campaign in support of Gibb said any miner who did not vote Labour was a traitor to his class and he threatened those miners who did would be black-legged. Countering for the Liberal campaign, J.M. Robertson argued that anyone voting for Gibb would be the traitor; He argued that Gibb had no chance of success and that any vote for him risked letting in the anti-democratic Tory which would damage the interests of the workers.


1913 South Lanarkshire by-election, Campaign
The Labour Party campaign believed that Gibb could win the election; They hoped that he could secure the votes of the constituency's 3,000 miners as a minimum and with the support of the railwaymen, farm servants and other workmen, he would romp home.


1913 South Lanarkshire by-election, Result
The Unionist candidate gained the seat, despite seeing his vote share drop. The Liberals had been denied the seat by the intervention of the Labour candidate. The Labour poll represented barely half the number of miners voters in the constituency and significantly down on their expectations;


1913 South Lanarkshire by-election, Result
David Lloyd George the Chancellor of the Exchequer, in a letter to Morton said he "regretted the division in the progressive ranks of the electors in the constituency and the only satisfaction reserved for the Labour competitor was that he would possibly succeed in manoeuvering a Liberal constituency into the Tory lobby to vote for land monopoly in Great Britain and to support civil war in Ireland."


1913 South Lanarkshire by-election, Aftermath
A General Election was due to take place by the end of 1915. By the summer of 1914, the following candidates had been adopted to contest that election.


1913 South Lanarkshire by-election, Aftermath
Due to the outbreak of war, the election never took place. For the 1918 elections the constituency was abolished and Watson decided to retire from the House of Commons. Neither Morton nor Gibb stood for parliament again.


1913 South Sydney Rabbitohs season
The 1913 South Sydney Rabbitohs season was the 6th in the club's history. The club competed in the New South Wales Rugby Football League Premiership (NSWRFL), finishing the season 3rd. In the knock-out competition, the City Cup, South Sydney lost the semi final 19-10 to the eventual runner-ups of the competition - the North Sydney Bears.


1913 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season
The 1913 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season was the college football games played by the member schools of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association as part of the 1913 college football season. The season began on September 27. Conference play began that day with Alabama hosting Howard.


1913 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season
Teams other than Vanderbilt had a chance to win a title, and newspapers covered football more than the World Series for the first time.


1913 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season
Fuzzy Woodruff says the Southern newspapers began to cover football more than the World Series. The Auburn Tigers won the conference, posting an undefeated, 8–0 record. Auburn captain Kirk Newell was later a hero of World War I. The 1913 Tigers were retroactively recognized as a national champion by the Billingsley Report's alternative calculation which considers teams' margin of victory. Auburn does not claim the title.


1913 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season
Tennessee won its first SIAA game since 1910. Ole Miss was suspended from SIAA play.


1913 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season, Awards and honors, All-Southern team
The composite All-Southern team formed by the selection of 18 sporting writers culled by the Atlanta Constitution included:


1913 Southwest Texas State football team
The 1913 Southwest Texas State football team was an American football team that represented Southwest Texas State Normal School—now known as Texas State University–as an independent during the 1913 college football season. The team was led by first-year head coach C. Spurgeon Smith and finished the season with a record of 4–4. The team's captain was Coers, who played halfback.


1913 Southwestern Louisiana Industrial football team
The 1913 Southwestern Louisiana Industrial football team was an American football team that represented the Southwestern Louisiana Industrial Institute (now known as the University of Louisiana at Lafayette) as an independent during the 1913 college football season. In their fifth year under head coach Clement J. McNaspy, the team compiled a 4–4 record.


1913 Southwestern Moundbuilders football team
The 1913 Southwestern Moundbuilders football team represented Southwestern College in the 1913 college football season. The team won the Kansas State Championship.


1913 Southwestern Moundbuilders football team
Clapp fielded an African American player for his team. Kansas Normal School (now called Pittsburg State University officially launched a formal protest against the appearance of the player. In that same game, a player named Fred Hamilton was playing left halfback and was injured to the extent of having a broken neck and paralyzed arms. The game ended in a 6–6 tie.


1913 Spring Hill Badgers football team
The 1913 Spring Hill Badgers football team represented the Spring Hill College during the 1913 college football season. Maxon Field was moved to a new location


1913 St George's, Hanover Square by-election
The St George's, Hanover Square by-election of 1913 was held on 15 July 1913. The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Conservative MP, Alfred Lyttelton. It was won by the Conservative candidate Sir Alexander Henderson, who was elected unopposed.


1913 St. Louis Browns season
The 1913 St. Louis Browns season involved the Browns finishing 8th in the American League with a record of 57 wins and 96 losses.


1913 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1913 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1913 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1913 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1913 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1913 St. Louis Cardinals season
The 1913 St. Louis Cardinals season was the team's 32nd season in St. Louis, Missouri and its 22nd season in the National League. The Cardinals went 51–99 during the season and finished 8th in the National League.


1913 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1913 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1913 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1913 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1913 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1913 State of the Union Address
The 1913 State of the Union Address was given by Woodrow Wilson, the 28th president of the United States, on Tuesday, December 2, 1913. It was given directly to the 63rd United States Congress by the president as a speech. Wilson was the first to deliver it as a speech, rather than a written message, since John Adams in 1800. With a few exceptions all addresses since then have been given directly following Wilson's lead.


1913 State of the Union Address
It was his first. He stated, "The country, I am thankful to say, is at peace with all the world, and many happy manifestations multiply about us of a growing cordiality and sense of community of interest among the nations, foreshadowing an age of settled peace and good will." The speech was just over 3,500 words and took 28 minutes to read.


1913 State of the Union Address
In 2014 RealClearPolitics placed it 10th on their list of "Top 10 State of the Union Addresses" for its break with tradition.


1913 Studebaker strike
The 1913 Studebaker strike was a labor strike involving workers for the American car manufacturer Studebaker in Detroit. The strike, organized by the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), is considered the first major labor strike in the automotive industry.


1913 Studebaker strike
Starting in early 1913, the IWW, a radical anti-capitalist labor union, began to actively organize autoworkers in Detroit, which had become a center of the automotive industry. IWW organizers including Matilda Robbins and James H. Walsh initially attempted to organize at the Ford Motor Company, but following fierce opposition they shifted their focus to Studebaker. The company had recently shifted its pay schedule from weekly to once every two weeks, which was very unpopular with the workers.


1913 Studebaker strike
Tensions escalated even more when a vocal critic of the two-week pay schedule was fired, and about 3,500 workers went on strike on June 17. In the following days this number grew to about 6,000 Studebaker employees and their demands included a weekly pay schedule, improved working conditions and an eight-hour day. By June 19, workers attempted to spread the strike to other car manufacturers, which led to a violent confrontation with police outside of the Packard manufacturing plant. Thus the police banned large marches and parades. While the strikers continued to make their demands public and attempted to generate support, Studebaker began hiring replacement workers - strikebreakers. Facing this, the strikers voted to end the strike on June 23.


1913 Studebaker strike
During the strike, Studebaker instituted a policy where employees could receive up to 70 percent of their pay halfway through the two-week period, which placated many of the employees. The IWW maintained a presence in the city and planned to target Ford the following year. This, among other reasons, contributed to Ford announcing a $5 daily pay for its workers at a time when the industry average pay was about half of that. The strike was one of several that ended in failure for the IWW in 1913, and the union continued to face both internal and external issues through the following years. In Detroit, organized labor would not gain a stable and sizeable foothold until the 1930s.


1913 Studebaker strike, Background
The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) was founded in 1905 as a radical anti-capitalist labor union. Compared to the American Federation of Labor, the IWW was more radical and militant in its actions, and during the early 1900s was involved in several large labor strikes, such as the 1912 Lawrence textile strike and the 1913 Paterson silk strike. In 1909 and 1910, the IWW had led organizing campaigns in the city of Detroit, but the results of these drives were not long-lasting.


1913 Studebaker strike, Background
Around this same time, the city was developing a reputation as a major center in the automotive industry, and in 1911, responding to requests from autoworkers in the city, IWW organizer William E. Trautmann began a concerted effort to organize autoworkers in the city, forming the Auto Workers' Industrial Union Local 16, a local of the IWW. Through 1912, the local faced problems with attracting members.


1913 Studebaker strike, Background
Discussing Detroit around this time, one historian would later say the city was among "the most aggressively anti-union open-shop metropolis in the country", while another stated it was "the least unionized city in the country". The Employers' Association of Detroit, which had been formed by manufacturers and employers in the early 1900s to oppose craft unionism, played an important role in preventing a strong union presence in the city, as they published a blacklist of labor organizers and workers sympathetic to organized labor and provided strikebreakers to companies facing industrial action. Additionally, the Detroit Police Department was generally hostile towards organized labor.


1913 Studebaker strike, Background
Starting in 1913, the IWW began to focus its efforts on the automotive industry in the American Midwest. That year, they organized a large strike targeting rubber manufacturers in Akron, Ohio. The strike, despite involving several thousand workers, ended in failure for the IWW, and starting around March 1913, IWW organizers began focusing their efforts on car manufacturers in Detroit. To effectively organize in the city, the IWW sent in several labor organizers, including Matilda Robbins and James H. Walsh, with the organizers initially pushing for an eight-hour day at the Ford Motor Company.


1913 Studebaker strike, Background
Ford's Highland Park Plant was targeted primarily due to complaints from workers following company changes to increase productivity. Within a month, the IWW was claiming 200 automotive worker members in the city, and Robbins was regularly attracting roughly 3,000 Ford workers to hear her give speeches during their lunch breaks; however, Ford was able to effectively block the organizers' efforts by changing the employee's lunch policies and having Robbins arrested. Additionally, they promoted several known IWW members to foremen, which made them ineligible to be members of the union per IWW policies.


1913 Studebaker strike, Background
The IWW shifted its efforts from Ford to Studebaker, another car manufacturer in the city, where several IWW members were employed. At the time, a recent change in the company's pay schedule from once a week to once every two weeks had not been well-received by many of the employees, with some organizing groups to push for a return to the old pay schedule. Additional complaints concerned the low pay, long hours, and a policy change where, if a payday fell on a Sunday or a holiday, workers would be paid the following day and not the previous day.


1913 Studebaker strike, Background
Organizing efforts at the company centered primarily on the company's #3 plant, located at the intersection of Clark Street and West Jefferson Avenue. In mid-June, Dale Schlosser, a vocal advocate for the return to the weekly pay schedule, was fired from his position as Studebaker. Many workers at the plant protested Schlosser's firing and called on management to reinstate him but their request was rejected. On June 17, approximately 3,500 workers at the plant performed a walkout. This marked the first major labor dispute in the history of the automotive industry;


1913 Studebaker strike, Course of the strike
Following the walkout, protesting commenced outside the factory, and the strikers were joined by some workers from the nearby Timken Axle manufacturing plant. Many of the workers gathered in a nearby vacant lot where they listened to a speech given by IWW members. Around noon, about 600 workers, led by a worker waving an American flag, began to march across the city to Studebaker's #1 plant (located in the former Ford Piquette Avenue Plant) at Piquette Avenue and Beaubien Street, roughly 7 miles (11 km) away.


1913 Studebaker strike, Course of the strike
By the time they reached the other factory, the police were already there and blocked the strikers from the building. Despite the police presence, the strikers managed to recruit several hundred workers from the #1 plant and continued their march to Studebaker's #5 plant, located near Franklin Street and St. Aubin Street. While some skilled workers, such as metal polishers and iron molders, expressed sympathy for the strike, tool makers organized under the American Federation of Labor (AFL,) a craft union oriented labor federation that was generally at odds with the IWW) refused to strike.


1913 Studebaker strike, Course of the strike
While the main cause of the strike concerned the pay schedule, achieving the eight-hour day soon became another goal. By the end of the day, the strikers held a rally and elected strike leaders. Reflecting the immigrant composition of the workers, speeches at the rally were given in English, German, Polish, Russian, Slavic, and Yiddish.


1913 Studebaker strike, Course of the strike
Following the initial walkout, the strikers continued to rally and recruit more members from the Studebaker plants, with several sources stating that about 6,000 workers were involved in the strike. The police maintained a presence at these rallies and at speeches given during the workers' lunch hours, the police ordered some speakers to cease when their speeches became more extreme. In addition to Studebaker employees, there were plans to spread the strike to other companies, such as Cadillac and Packard.


1913 Studebaker strike, Course of the strike
On June 19, strikers met at Plant #1 and proceeded to march to the Packard plant in an attempt to recruit their workers. The march to the Packard plant on East Grand Boulevard involved about 2,000 strikers and was initially peaceful. The strikers marched around the plant once before police officers, including mounted police, skirmished with the strikers, clubbing many and arresting some of the strikers and IWW members. Walsh, who had been severely beaten, later led a group to protest the arrests and talked to the chief of police, who agreed to allow the strikers to continue picketing, but barred them from holding large marches or parades.


1913 Studebaker strike, Course of the strike
On June 20, strikers held a meeting presided over by Robbins where they came up with a list of demands for Studebaker. Among these were a weekly pay schedule, an eight-hour day with the same pay as for a ten-hour day, improved working conditions, and no retribution to strikers following the end of the strike. These demands were printed on leaflets and distributed throughout the city in an effort to generate support for the strike. By this time, the strikers were facing a difficult situation.


1913 Studebaker strike, Course of the strike
Several days after the strike had begun,  Studebaker announced a policy whereby employees could receive 70 percent of their pay halfway through the two-week pay period. This slight concession placated several workers who had initially been opposed to the change in pay schedule. Additionally, May through September was traditionally considered the off-season for automotive manufacturing, and as a result there was an abundance of unemployed people ready to take the strikers' jobs. Around this time, the EAD had also begun providing Studebaker with strikebreakers. Due to this, on June 23, the strikers voted to end the strike.


1913 Studebaker strike, Aftermath
In spite of the strike, which caused a short-term disruption to Studebaker's production level, the company managed to produce at near-maximum production capacity for the year and sold over 35,000 cars. The failure of the strike severely impacted the IWW's efforts in Detroit, causing their local membership to drastically decrease; however, the union still maintained a presence in the city, where they operated educational and work relief programs.


1913 Studebaker strike, Aftermath
Additionally, the union planned to continue organizing efforts at Ford, with labor historian Philip S. Foner stating that it was widely acknowledged at the time that the IWW was planning to conduct strike action against Ford sometime in early 1914. This fear of activity from the IWW, among other reasons, contributed to Ford announcing a $5 daily wage for workers at their Highland Park Plant in January 1914. Prior to this, the average daily pay for Ford workers had been $2.34. Despite this, IWW members were active in Detroit as late as 1933, when they became involved in some of the first strikes of the Great Depression. In 1932, they counted about 80 members in Detroit.


1913 Studebaker strike, Aftermath
Discussing the difficulties with the strike, Robbins  stated, "There were some 50,000 or 60,000 auto workers in Detroit at the time. The IWW local did not have the ability, nor even the comprehension, of the magnitude of the job. And the speakers were not organizers with plans and discipline to help tackle the job. The strike dissipated itself. Many years were to elapse before the auto workers would move as a mass toward industrial unionism." Historian Robert Justin Goldstein also notes that the police's attack on the strike and its ban on parades contributed to the strike's failure.


1913 Studebaker strike, Aftermath
The Studebaker strike, like several other strikes led by the IWW in 1913, ended in failure for the union and generated concerns over both the IWW's strategy and future. In particular, members noted that, while the strikes were often largescale and significantly impactful in the short-term, they failed to generate long-term success, with the editor of Solidarity (the IWW'S official newspaper) suggesting that the union focus on smaller-scale industrial action.


1913 Studebaker strike, Aftermath
Additional criticism noted the poor organization of the strikes, with one writer for Solidarity opining that, "A spontaneous strike is a spontaneous tragedy unless there is a strong local organization on the spot or unless a strong force of outside experienced men are thrown into town immediately." The IWW would continue to face both internal and external turmoil in the years following the strike, and IWW members would later be targeted by the U.S. Federal Government during the First Red Scare in the 1910s.


1913 Studebaker strike, Aftermath
Following the strike, organized labor at Detroit remained fairly militant compared to elsewhere, with later largescale labor disputes events including the Ford Hunger March (1932), the Flint sit-down strike (1936), and the Battle of the Overpass (1937). In the years shortly after the strike, the Carriage, Wagon and Automobile Workers Union (CWAWU, which had been formed in 1891 as an affiliate of the American Federation of Labor and had participated to some extent in the Studebaker strike) began to more actively organize workers in the city, but their membership declined rapidly by the 1920s.


1913 Studebaker strike, Aftermath
It would not be until the 1930s that labor unions gained a strong foothold with the city's autoworkers. Speaking of organized labor in the city prior to the 1930s, an article published in the Michigan Historical Review states, "autoworker unions gained few members when industrial jobs were plentiful, wages were good, and the industry's employers controlled the labor market." According to a 1986 book on the labor history of Detroit, the strike, while not successful, showed that "it was possible to unite skilled and unskilled autoworkers of diverse nationalities around militant trade unionism". Foner states that IWW organizer Frank Bohn may have referenced the strike's impact during a speech with the strikers where he said, "the strike was not for a few days or weeks, but maybe twenty or thirty years".


1913 Swiss disease control referendum
A referendum on disease control was held in Switzerland on 4 May 1913. Voters were asked whether they approved of amending two articles of the constitution, 31 II, lit d and 69, which covered the control of human and animal diseases. It was approved by a majority of voters and cantons.


1913 Swiss disease control referendum, Background
The referendum was a mandatory referendum, which required a double majority; a majority of the popular vote and majority of the cantons. The decision of each canton was based on the vote in that canton. Full cantons counted as one vote, whilst half cantons counted as half.


1913 Syracuse Orangemen football team
The 1913 Syracuse Orangemen football team represented Syracuse University during the 1913 NCAA football season. The head coach was Frank "Buck" O'Neill, coaching his third season with the Orangemen. The team played their home games at Archbold Stadium in Syracuse, New York.


1913 TCU football team
The 1913 TCU football team represented Texas Christian University (TCU) as an independent during the 1913 college football season. TCU did not compete in the Texas Intercollegiate Athletic Association (TIAA) as they had in 1912. Led by Fred Cahoon in his first and only year as head coach, TCU finished the season with a record of 5–2–1. Allen Freeman, who played tackle, was the team's captain and Luther Parker was the manager.


1913 Tasmanian state election
The 1913 Tasmanian state election was held on Thursday, 23 January 1913 in the Australian state of Tasmania to elect 30 members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly. The election used the Hare-Clark proportional representation system — six members were elected from each of five electorates.


1913 Tasmanian state election
The 1913 election was called less than a year after the 1912 election. Following the 1912 election, the Liberal League held only a small majority in the House of Assembly, and Premier Albert Solomon was dependent on the support of Norman Cameron. In addition, Solomon was under threat from the same CLP unrest that had unseated his predecessor, Elliott Lewis. Labor sought to capitalise on Solomon's tenuous grasp on government, and moved a series of no-confidence motions against him, including a censure motion over the Mount Lyell disaster.


1913 Tasmanian state election
In an attempt to secure his position, Solomon requested and received from the Governor of Tasmania an early dissolution of the House of Assembly, and an early election. The result was the same as had been in the outgoing House of Assembly, except that Cameron lost his seat to another Liberal.


1913 Tasmanian state election
Solomon's advantage, however, was short-lived. The Liberals lost a seat in a by-election, and Joshua Whitsitt's behaviour was becoming erratic. Solomon lost a no-confidence motion in April 1914, and the Governor denied his request for another dissolution, calling upon John Earle to form a Labor government.


1913 Tasmanian state election, Results
Tasmanian state election, 23 January 1913House of Assembly << 1912–1916 >>


1913 Tennessee Volunteers football team
The 1913 Tennessee Volunteers football team represented the University of Tennessee in the 1913 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The Volunteers had a winning record for the first time since 1908 and won their first Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association game since 1910.


1913 Tennessee Volunteers football team, Season summary, Vanderbilt
Red Rainey scored Tennessee's touchdown. Goat Carroll missed the kick. Tennessee's right guard S. D. Bayer drew a 33-yard, half the distance to the goal penalty for slugging, and was ejected by umpire Bradley Walker. The first down after, Hord Boensch threw a touchdown pass to Enoch Brown. Brown ran the last ten yards shaking off several defenders. Boensch kicked goal and won the game for Vanderbilt.


1913 Texas A&M Aggies football team
The 1913 Texas A&M Aggies football team represented Texas A&M during the 1913 college football season.


1913 Texas Longhorns football team
The 1913 Texas Longhorns football team represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 1913 college football season.


1913 The Citadel Bulldogs football team
The 1913 The Citadel Bulldogs football team represented The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina in the 1913 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. This was the ninth year of intercollegiate football at The Citadel, with George Rogers serving as coach for the first season. The Bulldogs played as members of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association. All home games are believed to have been played at College Park Stadium in Hampton Park.