1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 5: Syracuse
The game marked the return of Jimmy Craig to the left halfback position for Michigan. After the loss to Michigan Agricultural College, "urgent pleading by the entire student body . . . induced him to re-enter the game." Against Syracuse, Craig immediately returned to 1912 form, scoring four touchdowns in the first half. To avoid injury, he was pulled from the game in the second quarter and did not play in the second half.


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 5: Syracuse
Michigan's starting lineup against Syracuse was Lichtner (left end), Musser (left tackle), Traphagen (left guard), Paterson (center), Allmendinger (right guard), Pontius (right tackle), Lyons (right end), Hughitt (quarterback), Craig (left halfback), Galt (right halfback), and Quinn (fullback). Players appearing in the game as substitutes included Tessin, Cochran, McHale, Raynsford, James, Bushnell, Catlett, Meade, Benton, and Bentley. The game consisted of 15-minute quarters.


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 6: at Cornell
On November 8, 1913, Michigan played Cornell at Percy Field in Ithaca, New York. The Wolverines traveled by train to Geneva, New York, where they stayed the night before the game. The game was the tenth meeting between the two programs, with Michigan having won two and lost eight of the prior games. One week earlier, Cornell had lost to Harvard, 23-6. As Harvard was considered the best football team in the East in 1913, Michigan's players hoped to defeat Cornell by an even larger margin. In the end, Michigan won by the same 17-point margin, 17-0.


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 6: at Cornell
In the first quarter, Michigan scored on a drive that featured a 35-yard gain on a forward pass from Tommy Hughitt to John Lyons. The Wolverines scored on a play in which most of the Michigan players ran to the left, and Jimmy Craig took a delayed pass from center and ran around the right end. George Paterson kicked the extra point. In the second quarter, two field goal attempts by Cornell were unsuccessful, and neither team scored. Cornell's right halfback Fritz fumbled the kickoff at the start of the second half, and Roy Torbet recovered for Michigan.


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 6: at Cornell
After the Cornell defense held, Paterson kicked a field goal from the 26-yard line. On the Wolverines' next drive, Michigan drove 70 yards for a touchdown. The scoring drive featured a 45-yard run by Efton James on a fake forward pass. Hughitt ran for the touchdown, and Paterson again kicked the extra point. Neither team scored in the fourth quarter, though Craig gained 30 yards on a running play. After the game, a contingent of 300 Michigan fans "paraded and snake-danced" behind the Michigan band.


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 6: at Cornell
The New York Times reported that "Cornell was completely outplayed, outweighed, and outfought", and almost powerless against the "smashing onslaught of the Wolverines." In the Detroit Free Press, E. A. Batchelor wrote that Michigan had outplayed Cornell in every aspect of the game, except punting. Paterson was credited with playing the best game of his career, as he "roamed all over the field like a prowling beast of prey, tackling, blocking, making holes and in general performing splendid service." Ernest Allmendinger also won praise for his performance, with The New York Times crediting him with "a brilliant game on defense", and Batchelor describing him as "a snorting agent of destruction."


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 6: at Cornell
Michigan's starting lineup against Cornell was Torbet (left end), Musser (left tackle), Traphagen (left guard), Paterson (center), Allmendinger (right guard), Pontius (right tackle), Lyons (right end), Hughitt (quarterback), Craig (left halfback), Quinn (right halfback), and Galt (fullback). Players appearing in the game as substitutes included Lichtner, Raynsford, Cochran, James, and Bushnell. The game consisted of 15-minute quarters.


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 7: Penn
Michigan concluded its 1913 season with a 14-0 victory over Penn. During the period of Michigan's withdrawal from the Western Conference, the Penn Quakers were Michigan's principal rival, playing each other every year from 1906 to 1917 (usually as the last game of the season).


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 7: Penn
The 1913 match between the Wolverines and Quakers was played in Ann Arbor. The night before the game, a mass meeting was held at Hill Auditorium featuring speeches by University President Harry Burns Hutchins, Coach Yost, and others. Highlights of the night included the debut of a new song called "Michigan Men of Steel" and the "new Hawaiian yell" which was "enthusiastically received." The game itself was played with wet snow falling at times and rain at other times.


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 7: Penn
The Penn team did not appear at Ferry Field until 21 minutes after the scheduled start time, having failed to leave sufficient time for train travel between Detroit and Ann Arbor. A record crowd, estimated at 20,000 to 22,000, filled the grandstands and bleachers to capacity and watched as the Michigan band, "treading to strains of 'The Victors,' marched up and down the field and under the goal posts."


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 7: Penn
Although Michigan scored only 13 points, the Wolverines converted 14 first downs in the first half to only one for the Quakers. E. A. Batchelor wrote that the score concealed the decidedly one-sided nature of the game:


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 7: Penn
"If ever one football team smothered another, kicked it out of its boots, ground it into the mud, outfought it, outguessed it and outlasted it, Michigan did these things to the Quakers today. Not for one little moment were the easterners ever in the game."


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 7: Penn
The New York Times wrote that Michigan had "simply battered" the Penn defense and Penn's offense was at no time even dangerous. After the Penn game, Coach Yost declared 1913 "one of Michigan's greatest years." The 1913 Michiganensian (the University of Michigan yearbook) devoted four full pages to an account of the Penn game and concluded: "That glorious triumph will go down the vista of the years as one of the greatest and most satisfactory tributes paid to Yost genius, and the undying spirit at Michigan."


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 7: Penn
Playing in his third game of the 1913 season (and his last for Michigan), Jimmy Craig scored both of the Wolverines' touchdowns. The first touchdown was scored at the conclusion of an 82-yard drive in the first quarter. The drive consisted of "plunges and end runs" by Craig, Tommy Hughitt, and Martin Galt, and ended with Craig diving over the Penn line from the two-yard line. George Paterson kicked the extra point.


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 7: Penn
In the second quarter, Michigan scored on another long drive featuring a long run by Craig and a 25-yard gain on "a circus catch" by John Lyons of a pass from Hughitt. Craig ran for the touchdown from the five-yard line, and Paterson's kick for the extra point hit the upright and bounced back onto the field.


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 7: Penn
During the second half, Michigan played a defensive strategy. The highlight of the second half came in the third quarter, after Craig intercepted a pass at midfield. On the ensuing drive, Craig ran 20 yards to the 27-yard line. On third down, the Wolverines set up in kick formation with Paterson lined up for an attempted field goal. Instead, Hughitt took the snap and ran 27 yards for an apparent touchdown. E. A. Batchelor described the play:


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 7: Penn
"The ball came back straight and true to Hughitt and Paterson advanced and kicked. But he kicked the empty air, for Tommy rose the minute he got his hands on the leather, and was off like a shot around Pennsy's right end. . . . Michigan's rooting section proceeded to do things which would cause an insane patient to get the straightjacket and padded cell, but the demonstration was premature."


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 7: Penn
The touchdown was nullified due to a holding penalty. The penalty occurred at a distance from Hughitt's run and was called on a Michigan player who slipped in the mud and grabbed Penn's center to hold himself steady. The Michigan Alumnus wrote that "one of the cleverest plays from placement formation that football followers have ever witnessed, went for naught."


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 7: Penn
Two days after the game, Batchelor reflected on the game and concluded that the victory was "a splendid example of what good coaching in the fundamentals of football will do for a team." He opined that the blocking was the best ever seen on Ferry Field and "as near perfect as anything in the line of football could be."


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 7: Penn
Michigan's starting lineup against Penn was Raynsford (left end), Musser (left tackle), Cochran (left guard), Paterson (center), Allmendinger (right guard), Pontius (right tackle), Lyons (right end), Hughitt (quarterback), Craig (left halfback), Galt (right halfback), and Torbet (fullback). Players appearing in the game as substitutes were McHale, Scott, Quinn, and Catlett. The game consisted of 15-minute quarters.


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Western Conference overtures
In late 1912, Ohio State agreed to join the Western Conference starting in 1913. As a result, Ohio State would be barred by a Conference rule from playing Michigan (and the two teams did not play from 1913 to 1917). In November 1912, the Conference also formed a committee to confer with University of Michigan representatives about resuming its participation. The topic was a subject of considerable controversy during the 1913 football season. The Michigan Daily conducted a popular vote among students, faculty and alumni which produced results overwhelmingly opposed to the resumption of athletic relations with the Western Conference.


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Western Conference overtures
The students voted 2,324-911 against the Conference, and the faculty also voted in opposition, though by a closer margin of 49-39. In mid-November 1913, the University's Board of Regents expressed its appreciation for the invitation to return to the Conference, but passed the following resolution: "Resolved: This Board deems inexpedient, under present conditions, a return of the University of Michigan to the Western Conference and deems undesirable the continued agitation of the subject on Campus."


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Post-season
At the end of the season, two Michigan players, left halfback Jimmy Craig and tackle Miller Pontius, were consensus first-team All-Americans. Craig was selected despite playing in only two-and-a-half games, receiving the honors from, among others, Walter Camp in Collier's Weekly, Harper's Weekly, Frank G. Menke (sporting editor of the International News Service), Tom Thorp, and Fielding H. Yost for the Detroit Free Press. Craig was also awarded the Heston-Schulz Trophy as the most valuable player on Michigan's 1913 team. Pontius received first-team honors from Menke, Thorp, Yost, and Parke H. Davis. Quarterback Tommy Hughitt was the third Wolverine chosen by Coach Yost for his All-American team, and center George Paterson was selected as a first-team All-American by the Milwaukee Free Press.


1913 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Post-season
One of the most promising signs during the 1913 season was the performance of the All-Freshman team coached by Prentiss Douglass. Led by John Maulbetsch, who would become a star for Michigan's varsity in 1914, the All-Freshman team compiled a record of 5-0 in games against  Michigan State Normal School, Hillsdale College, Adrian College, the University of Detroit, and Alma College. The freshmen outscored their opponents 257 to 7.


1913 Middle Tennessee State Normal football team
The 1913 Middle Tennessee State Normal football team represented the Middle Tennessee State Normal School (now known as Middle Tennessee State University) during the 1913 college football season. The team captain was W. B. McKnight.


1913 Milan–San Remo
The 1913 Milan–San Remo was the 7th edition of the Milan–San Remo cycle race and was held on 30 March 1913. The race started in Milan and finished in San Remo. The race was won by Odile Defraye.


1913 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team
The 1913 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team represented the University of Minnesota in the 1913 college football season. In their 14th year under head coach Henry L. Williams, the Golden Gophers compiled a 5–2 record (2–1 against Western Conference opponents), finished in second place in the conference, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 116 to 32.


1913 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team
Fullback Clark Shaughnessy and end Lorin Solon were named All-Americans by the Associated Press. Shaughnessy and Solon were also named All-Big Ten.


1913 Mississippi A&M Aggies football team
The 1913 Mississippi A&M Aggies football team represented the Mississippi A&M Aggies of Agricultural and Mechanical College of the State of Mississippi during the 1913 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season.


1913 Mississippi College Collegians football team
The 1913 Mississippi College Collegians football team represented Mississippi College in the 1913 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season.


1913 Mississippi Normal Normalites football team
The 1913 Mississippi Normal Normalites football team was an American football team that represented Mississippi Normal College (now known as the University of Southern Mississippi) as an independent during the 1913 college football season. In their only year under head coach Blondie Williams, the team compiled a 1–5–1 record.


1913 Missouri Tigers football team
The 1913 Missouri Tigers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Missouri in the Missouri Valley Conference (MVC) during the 1913 college football season. The team compiled a 7–1 record (4–0 against MVC opponents), was a co-champion of the conference, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 193 to 67. Chester Brewer was the head coach for the third of three seasons. The team played its home games at Rollins Field in Columbia, Missouri.


1913 Montana A&M football team
The 1913 Montana A&M football team was an American football team that represented the Montana College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts (later renamed Montana State University) during the 1913 college football season. In its first and only season under head coach Eugene F. Bunker, the team compiled a 2–2 record and outscored opponents by a total of 45 to 33. Edward Noble was the team captain.


1913 Montana football team
The 1913 Montana football team represented the University of Montana in the 1913 college football season. They were led by first-year head coach A. George Heilman, played their home games at Dornblaser Field and finished the season with a record of two wins and four losses (2–4). Montana did not play Idaho this season.


1913 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans
The 1913 College Basketball All-American team, as chosen retroactively by the Helms Athletic Foundation. The player highlighted in gold was chosen as the Helms Foundation College Basketball Player of the Year retroactively in 1944.


1913 NCAA baseball season
The 1913 NCAA baseball season, play of college baseball in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) began in the spring of 1913. Play largely consisted of regional matchups, some organized by conferences, and ended in June. No national championship event was held until 1947.


1913 NCAA baseball season, Conference winners
This is a partial list of conference champions from the 1913 season.


1913 NSWRFL season
The 1913 New South Wales Rugby Football League premiership was the sixth season of Sydney's top-level rugby league club competition, Australia's first. Eight teams from across the city contested during the season.


1913 NSWRFL season, Season summary
By the start of the 1913 season, the NSWRFL had secured the use of the Sydney Cricket Ground for its games.


1913 NSWRFL season, Season summary
As occurred in the 1912 season, the minor premiers were deemed the overall premiers. Eastern Suburbs, who finished top of the table for the second time in as many years, claimed their third straight premiership as a result. The team's success could be attributed to the talent in the team at the time, with ten players having played for Australia and another three for New South Wales. Of the team's two losses, one came at the hands of runners-up Newtown midway through the season and the other in the final round to Glebe after the title had already been won.


1913 NSWRFL season, Season summary
This Eastern Suburbs side is still considered to be one of the greatest club teams ever assembled, with players including Dally Messenger, Wally Messenger, Sandy Pearce, Larry O'Malley, Les Cubitt, Dan Frawley and Arthur "Pony" Halloway. This season also saw the retirement from the League of future Australian Rugby League Hall of Fame inductee, Dally Messenger.


1913 NSWRFL season, Season summary, Records set in 1913
On 19 July, South Sydney's reserve grade team scored 102 points against Mosman, which remains the greatest number of points scored in any grade of NSWRFL/NSWRL/ARL/NRL rugby league. The Rabbitohs scored 49 points in the first half and 59 in the second, conceding only a solitary penalty goal.


1913 NYU Violets football team
The 1913 NYU Violets football team was an American football team that represented New York University as an independent during the 1913 college football season. In their only year under head coach Jake High, the team compiled a 0–8 record.


1913 Navy Midshipmen football team
The 1913 Navy Midshipmen football team represented the United States Naval Academy during the 1913 college football season. In their third season under head coach Douglas Legate Howard, the team compiled a 7–1–1 record, shut out seven opponents, and defeated its opponents by a combined score of 304 to 29.


1913 Navy Midshipmen football team
The team's sole loss came in the annual Army–Navy Game, played on November 29 at the Polo Grounds in New York City; Army won 22–9.


1913 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team
The 1913 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team represented the University of Nebraska in the 1913 college football season. The team was coached by third-year head coach Ewald O. Stiehm and played its home games at Nebraska Field in Lincoln, Nebraska. They competed as members of the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MVIAA). The 1913 season was part of Nebraska's 34-game unbeaten streak that ran from 1912 to 1916. This was the first season that Nebraska conducted a spring football practice session.


1913 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Roster
Abbott, Earl RGBalis, Arthur EBeck, Charles ECameron, Robert RTElwell, John HBFreitag, Albert GHalligan, Vic LTHoward, Warren FBMastin, Guy EMulligan, Harold EPearson, Monte LTPurdy, Leonard HBRoss, Clinton RGRutherford, Richard HBShields, Paul GThompson, Robert CTowle, Max QB


1913 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Minnesota
Nebraska used a second-half touchdown to win for just the second time against Minnesota in 13 meetings. Minnesota coach Henry L. Williams said after the game "I cannot say I expected the Gophers to be defeated. Nebraska has a great team."


1913 New Jersey gubernatorial election
The 1913 New Jersey gubernatorial election was held on November 4, 1913. Democratic nominee James Fairman Fielder defeated Republican nominee Edward C. Stokes with 46.13% of the vote.


1913 New Mexico A&M Aggies football team
The 1913 New Mexico A&M Aggies football team was an American football team that represented New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts (now known as New Mexico State University) during the 1913 college football season. In their fourth and final year under head coach Art Badenoch, the Aggies compiled a 7–0–1 record and outscored all opponents by a total of 122 to 24. The team played its home games on Miller Field, sometimes also referred to as College Field.


1913 New Mexico A&M Aggies football team
Seventeen players received the school's football insignia for their roles on the 1913 team: Fred Quesenberry (left end); Joe Quesenberry (left tackle and captain); Mitchell (left guard); Gardner (center); Isaacs (right guard); Powers (right tackle); Hamilton (right end); Lane (L.Q. ); Tuttle (R.Q. ); Holt (left halfback); Brainard (right halfback); and substitutes Maynard, Rea, Roberts, Frenger, Wooten, and Sessoms.


1913 New South Wales state election
The 1913 New South Wales state election was held on 6 December 1913. This election was for all of the 90 seats in the 23rd New South Wales Legislative Assembly and it was conducted in single-member constituencies with a second ballot if a majority was not achieved on the first. The 22nd parliament of New South Wales was dissolved on 6 November 1913 by the Governor, Sir Gerald Strickland, on the advice of the Premier William Holman.


1913 New South Wales state election, Results
New South Wales state election, 6 December 1913 Legislative Assembly << 1910–1917 >>


1913 New South Wales state election, Results
Note that the Liberal Reform vote includes 22 candidates jointly endorsed by the Liberal Party and the Farmers and Settlers Association.


1913 New Year Honours
The New Year Honours 1913 were appointments by King George V to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by members of the British Empire. They were announced on 3 January 1913.


1913 New York Giants season
The 1913 New York Giants season was the franchise's 31st season. It involved the Giants winning the National League pennant for the third consecutive year. Led by manager John McGraw, the Giants dominated the NL and finished 12½ games in front of the second place Philadelphia Phillies. They were beaten by the Philadelphia Athletics in the 1913 World Series.


1913 New York Giants season
Ace pitcher Christy Mathewson went 25–11 and led the NL with a 2.06 ERA. Rube Marquard and Jeff Tesreau also won over 20 games, and the Giants easily allowed the fewest runs of any team in the league.


1913 New York Giants season
Taken together with the 1911 and 1912 pennant winners, this team is considered one of the greatest of all-time. The roster was basically unchanged from 1912.


1913 New York Giants season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1913 New York Giants season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1913 New York Giants season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1913 New York Giants season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1913 New York Giants season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1913 New York Giants season, 1913 World Series, Game 1
October 7, 1913, at the Polo Grounds in New York City


1913 New York Giants season, 1913 World Series, Game 3
October 9, 1913, at the Polo Grounds in New York City


1913 New York Giants season, 1913 World Series, Game 5
October 11, 1913, at the Polo Grounds in New York City


1913 New York Yankees season
The 1913 New York Yankees season was the club's eleventh in New York and thirteenth overall. This was their first season exclusively using the "Yankees" name. The team finished with a record of 57–94, coming in 7th place in the American League. The team also moved into the Polo Grounds which they would share with the New York Giants until 1923.


1913 New York Yankees season, Regular season, Season summary
With an otherwise lackluster season, the most noteworthy event for the 1913 Yankees was switching their home field from Hilltop Park to the Polo Grounds. The Yankees had lent their home to the National League's Giants during the rebuilding of the Polo Grounds following its disastrous fire in 1911. The Giants returned the favor in 1913, subleasing to their American League rivals after the Highlanders' agreement to play at the aging, and wooden, Hilltop ballpark had ended.


1913 New York Yankees season, Regular season, Season summary
At that time, the Giants were one of the strongest teams in baseball, winners of two consecutive league championships, and they would win their third in a row in 1913. The Yankees were seen as no threat to their status, and would provide additional revenue. Little did the Giants suspect what the future held for the respective clubs' status in the city and in baseball.


1913 New York Yankees season, Regular season, Team name
The nickname "Yankees" was now in frequent popular usage, and with the move of just a few blocks from the Hilltop to the bottomland of Coogan's Hollow next to the Harlem River, the alternate nickname "Highlanders" no longer made logical sense, and was dropped. Thus "Yankees" became the exclusive nickname of the New York American League franchise.


1913 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1913 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1913 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1913 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1913 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1913 New York state election
The 1913 New York state election was held on November 4, 1913, to elect the Chief Judge and an associate judge of the New York Court of Appeals, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly.


1913 New York state election, Background
In 1913, there were only two state officer to be elected statewide: the Chief Judge, to succeed Edgar M. Cullen, and an associate judge of the Court of Appeals, to succeed John Clinton Gray who both had reached the constitutional age limit of 70 years.


1913 New York state election, Nominations
The Republican state convention met on September 23 at Carnegie Hall in New York City. U.S. Senator Elihu Root was Permanent chairman. They nominated Associate Judge (elected in 1904) William E. Werner for Chief Judge (vote: Werner 447, Edgar Truman Brackett 151); and Associate Judge (designated in 1906) Frank H. Hiscock for associate judge (vote: Hiscock 444, Frederick E. Crane 157).


1913 New York state election, Nominations
The Progressive state convention met on September 27 at Rochester, New York. They nominated federal judge Learned Hand for Chief Judge, and Justice Samuel Seabury for associate judge.


1913 New York state election, Nominations
The Democratic State Committee met on October 4 at the Knickerbocker Hotel in New York City. George M. Palmer was chairman. They nominated two Democrats, Associate Judge (elected in 1907) Willard Bartlett, and Abram I. Elkus, although Alton B. Parker, Chairman of the Committee on Non-partisan Candidates of the State and county bar associations, had recommended to endorse the Republican nominees (vote: Bartlett 38, Werner 3; Elkus 37, Hiscock 4).


1913 New York state election, Nominations
The Independence League State Committee met at Arlington Hall, in St. Mark's Place in New York City, after the Democratic and Republican nominations had been made, and endorsed Democrat Bartlett and Republican Hiscock.


1913 New York state election, Result
The cross-endorsed Independence League ticket, made up of the Democratic Chief Judge and the Republican associate judge, was elected.


1913 New York state election, Result
Both Bartlett and Hiscock continued on the Court, Bartlett becoming Chief Judge, and Hiscock moving from an additional to a regular seat.


1913 New York state election, Result
Note: "Blank, void and scattering" votes: 49,138 (for Chief Judge)


1913 New Zealand Liberal Party leadership election
The New Zealand Liberal Party leadership election 1913 was held on 11 September to choose the next leader of the New Zealand Liberal Party. The election was won by Awarua MP and former party leader Joseph Ward.


1913 New Zealand Liberal Party leadership election, Background
Thomas Mackenzie had won the Liberal leadership upon Joseph Ward's resignation in 1912, though his new ministry lasted only months. Meanwhile, Ward had visited Australia before returning to Wellington, taking a back bench in Parliament, many thinking his political career to be all but over. Even after William Massey's Reform Party had defeated MacKenzie's administration in a no-confidence vote in July 1912, Ward had refused to assume the Liberal Party's leadership again.


1913 New Zealand Liberal Party leadership election, Candidates, Joseph Ward
Ward had been a Member of Parliament since 1887 and had been a part of the cabinets of both John Ballance and Richard Seddon. Most still saw Ward as Seddon's natural heir. Of the remaining members of the Liberal caucus, he was the most well-known to the public and as such, his profile resulted in many Liberals desiring him to return to lead the party in the hopes of winning back office. Ward however, was still reluctant to resume leadership of the Liberal's again despite a growing public nostalgia for his leadership of the liberals.


1913 New Zealand Liberal Party leadership election, Result
As Ward was the only officially nominated candidate, he was elected as leader unopposed by the caucus. However, Ward struck a hard bargain, and in return for helming the party once more he gained greater personal control over the party, caucus and policy citing a lack of a more central decision making body as a reason for the failure in the 1911 elections. Arguing that nothing short of autocracy could help organise the Liberals in a way as to win back the treasury benches.


1913 New Zealand Liberal Party leadership election, Aftermath
Ward would remain the Liberal Party's leader until he lost his seat in the 1919 election. He led them to another election loss in 1914, though re-entered cabinet as Deputy-Prime Minister and Treasurer (along with several other Liberals) in the national wartime cabinet from 1915 to 1919 under William Massey.


1913 New Zealand rugby league season
The 1913 New Zealand rugby league season was the sixth season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand.


1913 New Zealand rugby league season, International competitions
New Zealand toured Australia losing their first three matches to New South Wales before defeating them 17-11 in the final match. New Zealand then defeated Queensland 39-5, Ipswich 29-12 and Toowoomba 32-6. They also played matches against Northern NSW and Orange. Henry Thacker was the manager of the tour and Harold Hayward was the captain.


1913 New Zealand rugby league season, International competitions
New Zealand then hosted a return tour by New South Wales. New South Wales won all eleven matches on tour, including over Canterbury, Auckland and Wellington. New South Wales defeated New Zealand 33-19 in Auckland and 58-19 in Wellington.


1913 New Zealand rugby league season, National competitions, Northern Union Cup
Auckland again held the Northern Union Cup at the end of the season. Auckland had defeated Canterbury 48-12 in front of 7,000 fans at Victoria Park in August.


1913 New Zealand rugby league season, National competitions, Inter-district competition
Wellington defeated Auckland 33-18 on 27 September 1913. It was not until 1988 that they were again victorious over an Auckland side. The 1913 side was: A.Anderson, B.Whitley, W.Kelly, A.House (Petone), G.Bradley (Athletic), K.George (Newtown), J.Barber, J.Parker (Petone), J.Spencer, T.Turner, A.Bensmann, L.Campbell (Newtown), W.Wilson (Athletic). Bench: H.McGuire, B.Childs.


1913 New Zealand rugby league season, National competitions, Inter-district competition
Canterbury conducted a northern tour; losing to Auckland 48-12 in a Northern Union Cup challenge, defeating Taranaki 10-9 and losing to Wellington 26-8. The match against Taranaki was Canterbury's first, and last for sixty years. Captain Charlie Pearce and Jim Auld were included in the Canterbury team on tour while Billy Mitchell joined them in the home match against New South Wales.


1913 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Auckland
Charles Savory was found guilty of kicking by the ARL judiciary and was suspended for life. Savory claimed it was a case of mistaken identity. This sparked a feud between the ARL and the New Zealand Rugby League as the NZRL heard the case and asked the ARL to reconsider, which they refused to do in June. The NZRL then quashed the conviction and Savory played for New Zealand while he was still suspended by the ARL. The NZRL then suspended the entire ARL board and on 15 January 1914 the NZRL approved an entirely "new" ARL board.


1913 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Wellington
Bill Kelly, Billy Wilson and George Bradley played for Athletic while James Barber, Jim Parker and Albert House played for Petone and John Spencer and Les Campbell played for Newtown.


1913 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Canterbury
Sydenham won the Canterbury Rugby League's inaugural competition over twelve rounds. Dr Henry Thacker donated the Thacker Shield during the season.


1913 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Canterbury
The Thacker Shield was first contested on 6 September. Sydenham successfully defended the shield against the North Shore, winning 13-8.


1913 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Canterbury
Addington was founded on 31 January 1913, Sydenham one week later on 7 February, Linwood on 12 March and on 14 March St. Albans was formed. Charlie Pearce played for Addington and served on their committee. Jim Auld, Bill King and David McPhail were involved with Sydenham while Abbie Shadbolt and Billy Mitchell played for St Albans and Joseph Lavery played for Linwood.


1913 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia
The 1913 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia was a tour by the New Zealand national rugby league team.


1913 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia
This was the first New Zealand side to wear the kiwi and silver fern emblem on their playing jersey.


1913 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia, Squad
The touring party included, backs; Albert Asher, George Bradley, Arthur Carlaw, Henry Duvall, Karl Ifwersen, Alfred Jackson, Bill Kelly (vice captain), Charles Manning, Walter Miller, Billy Mitchell, Roy Proebstel, Rukingi Reke and forwards; Jim Auld, Conrad Byrne, Les Campbell, Jim Clark, Harold Hayward (captain), John Hogan, Cecil King, Bob Mitchell, Abbie Shadbolt and Stan Walters.


1913 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia, Squad
Percy Williams, who was contracted to Wigan, joined the squad mid-way through the tour.


1913 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia, Squad
They were managed by A.W.S. Brice and Henry Thacker and accompanied by Thacker's wife, Monica.


1913 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia, Squad
Four original selections withdrew from the side; Charlie Pearce, Jim Rukutai, Charles Savory and Charles Webb.


1913 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia, Fixtures
On their return home, New Zealand defeated Canterbury 32–5, with Auld and Shadbolt playing for their home district.


1913 New Zealand rugby union tour of North America
The 1913 New Zealand tour rugby of North America was the second tour by the New Zealand national rugby union outside Australasia. Sixteen matches were played (all won) along with a Test match against United States sides.


1913 New Zealand rugby union tour of North America
The tour had a relevance for American rugby because it came at a time when the local code, American football, was  widely criticized prompted by worries over violent play, serious injuries and evidence of sharp practice by college coaches. That dispute, originated in 1906, had led some colleges (such as Stanford and California, Berkeley Universities) to switch from football to rugby. The All Blacks (which had toured in North America for the first time in 1905) had already made their contribution to the spread of the sport in the west coast.


1913 New Zealand rugby union tour of North America
New Zealand took the tour seriously, with a squad led by veteran player Alex McDonald that won all their matches in North America with large victories, conceding only 6 points in 16 games. The only test was played against the United States, which included players from Stanford and Berkeley.


1913 New Zealand rugby union tour of North America
The impact of such hard defeats induced a depression by the result, widely covered by the media which emphasized the big difference because Californian players and the New Zealand side.


1913 New Zealand rugby union tour of North America
The Californian players are the best we have developed in seven years of intercollegiate rugby - the very best. And the score against them was 51 to 3. The only conclusion is that we have not yet learned how to play rugby. It is still a foreign game.


1913 New Zealand rugby union tour of North America
As a result, the University of California returned to football in 1915, although Stanford would remain in rugby, generating an extraordinary performance of the national team in the 1920 and 1924 Olympic Games, winning the gold medal in both occasions.


1913 New Zealand rugby union tour of North America, Match summary
Complete list of matches played by the All Blacks in North America:


1913 Newfoundland general election
The 1913 Newfoundland general election was held on 30 October 1913 to elect members of the 23rd General Assembly of Newfoundland in the Dominion of Newfoundland. The Liberal Party led by Robert Bond formed a coalition with the Fishermen's Protective Union led by William Coaker. Although the majority held by the Newfoundland People's Party was reduced in this election, it was again returned to power and Edward P. Morris continued to serve as Prime Minister of Newfoundland.


1913 Newfoundland general election
A general election originally scheduled for 1917 was deferred until 1919 because of World War I. After Morris retired from politics in 1918, William F. Lloyd, a Liberal member of the Executive Council, was asked to form a government. In May 1919, Michael Patrick Cashin, the leader of the People's Party, introduced a motion of no confidence which resulted in the defeat of the government. Cashin served as Newfoundland prime minister until the election held later in 1919.


1913 Newmarket by-election
The Newmarket by-election, 1913 was a parliamentary by-election held on 16 May 1913 to fill a vacancy in the United Kingdom House of Commons for the Eastern or Newmarket Division of Cambridgeshire.


1913 Newmarket by-election, Vacancy
The vacancy occurred with the sudden death of the sitting Liberal Member of Parliament, Sir Charles Rose on 20 April 1913. Rose had been MP for Newmarket since 1903, except for a short period in 1910 when the Conservative G H Verrall held the seat. At the previous election, in December 1910, he had been returned with a majority of 399 votes.


1913 Newmarket by-election, Candidates and campaign
Within two days of Rose's death, the Conservatives had selected their candidate for the contest, J. C. Denison-Pender. Denison-Pender was a member of the ruling Conservative-backed Municipal Reform Party on the LCC. He had connections with the Newmarket area through his 1906 marriage to Irene, only child of Ernest de la Rue of Lower Hare Park.


1913 Newmarket by-election, Candidates and campaign
There was speculation that Ernest Tanner, a member of the Saffron Walden borough council and Essex County Council would run for the Liberals, but he declined. On 1 May the High Sheriff of Cambridgeshire received the writ for the by-election, and Denison-Pender began to campaign. He opposed many of the main policies of the Liberal Government, including Irish Home Rule, the Welsh Church Bill and the effects of the National Insurance Act 1911.


1913 Newmarket by-election, Candidates and campaign
The Liberals eventually chose George Nicholls, who had been MP for North Northamptonshire from 1906-1910, as their candidate. Nicholls was a former agricultural labourer from the neighbouring Wisbech area. He set out a programme to improve the lot of those working on the land, by removing the burden of taxation for education and roads from them. In the meantime the county's publicans organised as a Licensed Trade Defence Association to support the Conservative candidate.


1913 Newmarket by-election, Polling
The election took place on Friday 16 May. The day was described as "glorious summer weather", and polling was very slow until the evening as work carried on in the fields. It was thought that many labourers had not been able to reach the polling stations, and that this would affect the Liberal vote. Party colours were worn by the supporters of the two candidates. From this The Times was able to report that the blue of the Liberals was dominant in the Cambridge suburb of Cherry Hinton and in the southern and western parts of the constituency. Unionist pink and white was prevalent in the City of Ely and the north of the division. There was a perceived shift in sympathies from the Liberals to the Conservatives in Fordham and Soham.


1913 Newmarket by-election, Results
The results of the election were announced on Saturday 17 May at Cambridge Shire Hall. Denison-Pender  won the seat for the Unionists by a larger than expected margin of 851 votes.


1913 Newmarket by-election, Results
Denison-Pender attributed his success to the unpopularity of National Insurance. Nicholls agreed with this assessment, but also believed that his Non-Conformist religious views had lost him the powerful Anglican vote in the City of Ely, and that working men in the Newmarket area dependent on horse-racing for a living had opposed him.


1913 Newmarket by-election, Results
Denison-Pender was to be the last member of parliament for the division, as it was abolished at the next redistribution of seats in 1918.


1913 News of the World Match Play
The 1913 News of the World Match Play was the eleventh News of the World Match Play tournament. It was played from Tuesday 7 to Thursday 9 October at Walton Heath Golf Club. 32 players competed in a straight knock-out competition, with each match contested over 18 holes, except for the final which was over 36 holes. The winner received £100 out of a total prize fund of £400. George Duncan defeated James Braid 3 & 2 in the final to win the tournament. This was Braid's fifth final but the first time he had been beaten.


1913 News of the World Match Play, Qualification
Entry was restricted to members of the Professional Golfers' Association (PGA). Qualification was by a series of 36-hole stroke-play competitions; one for each of the eight PGA sections. The Southern section had 12 qualifiers, the Northern section 7, the Midland section 5, the Scottish, Welsh and Western sections 2 and the Eastern and Irish sections 1. Because of the large number of entries in the Southern section, two events were run with 6 qualifiers at each venue. In the event of a tie for places there was a playoff.


1913 News of the World Match Play, Qualification
Harry Vardon and Ted Ray, the 1912 finalists, were in the US and did not enter.


1913 News of the World Match Play, Qualification
Sandy Herd, J.H. Taylor and James Sherlock failed to qualify from the Southern section. So the only previous winners competing were Tom Ball and James Braid.


1913 News of the World Match Play, Format
The format was unchanged. Matches were over 18 holes except for the final which was over 36 holes. Extra holes were played in the event of a tied match. Two rounds were played on the first day, two more on the second day with the final on the third day.


1913 News of the World Match Play, Prize money
The winner received £100 and a gold medal, but the runner-up now received £40 and a silver medal, losing semi-finalists £20 and a bronze medal, losing quarter-finalists £15, second round losers £10 and first round losers £5.


1913 Nordic Games
The 1913 Nordic Games was the fifth Nordic Games and was held in Stockholm in February 1913. It was formally international sports competitions in many disciplines, but because of the communications of the time it was still mostly domestic sportspeople participating.


1913 Nordic Games
Among the sports were winter sports like bandy, speed skating and skiing but also motorsports and equestrian sports.


1913 Nordic Games, Bandy
The bandy tournament was a club tournament. Beside the Swedish teams, IFK Helsingfors from Finland also participated. Leipziger HC from Germany was scheduled to appear but the Germans eventually favoured to take part in the 1913 European Bandy Championships, which were held in Switzerland at the same time. The Stockholm team AIK beat IFK Uppsala in the final game by 3-1.


1913 Nordic Games, Cross-country skiing
The winter of 1913 had left Stockholm little snow, so this year the cross-country skiing was arranged in Östersund. Beside Swedish skiers, there were competitors from Finland, Norway and Russia. The events were 30, 60 and 90 kilometers for men, and for women 10 kilometer. 90 km was the most prestigious event and this was won by Swede Haldo Hansson.


1913 North Carolina A&M Aggies football team
The 1913 North Carolina A&M Aggies football team represented the North Carolina A&M Aggies of North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts during the 1913 college football season. The Aggies were coached by Edward L. Greene in his fifth year as head coach, compiling a 6–1 record.


1913 North Carolina Tar Heels football team
The 1913 North Carolina Tar Heels football team represented the University of North Carolina in the 1913 college football season. The team captain of the 1913 season was L. L. Albernethy.


1913 North Cork by-election
The North Cork by-election of 1913 was held on 4 November 1913. The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent All-for-Ireland MP, Patrick Guiney. It was won by his brother John Guiney, the All-for-Ireland candidate, who was returned unopposed.


1913 North Dakota Agricultural Aggies football team
The 1913 North Dakota Agricultural Aggies football team was an American football team that represented North Dakota Agricultural College (now known as North Dakota State University) as an independent during the 1913 college football season. In their first year under head coach Howard Wood, the team compiled a 0–2–2 record.


1913 Northern Illinois State Normal football team
The 1913 Northern Illinois State Normal football team represented Northern Illinois State Normal College as an independent in the 1913 college football season. They were led by fourth-year head coach William Wirtz and played their home games at Glidden Field, located on the east end of campus. The team finished the season with a 3–3–3 record. Jesse Donyes was the team's captain.


1913 Northwestern Purple football team
The 1913 Northwestern Purple team represented Northwestern University during the 1913 college football season. In their first and only year under head coach Dennis Grady, the Purple compiled a 1–6 record (0–6 against Western Conference opponents) and finished in last place in the Western Conference.


1913 Norwegian Football Cup
The 1913 Norwegian Football Cup was the 12th season of the Norwegian annual knockout football tournament. The tournament was open for 1913 local association leagues (kretsserier) champions, and the defending champion. Odd won their fifth title, having beaten the defending champions Mercantile in the final.


1913 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team
The 1913 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team represented the University of Notre Dame during the 1913 college football season.


1913 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team
Jesse Harper became head coach in 1913 and remained so until he retired in 1917. During his tenure the Irish began playing only intercollegiate games and posted a record of 34 wins, five losses, and one tie. This period also marked the beginning of the rivalry with Army and the continuation of rivalries with Michigan State. In an effort to gain respect for a regionally successful but small-time Midwestern football program, Harper scheduled games in his first season with national powerhouses Texas, Penn State, and Army.


1913 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Season summary, Week 4: at Army
Notre Dame burst into the national consciousness and helped to transform the collegiate game in a single contest. On November 1, the Notre Dame squad stunned Army 35–13 on The Plain at West Point. Led by quarterback Gus Dorais and future legendary head coach Knute Rockne at end, Notre Dame attacked the Cadets with an offense that featured both the expected powerful running game but also long and accurate downfield forward passes from Dorais to Rockne.


1913 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Season summary, Week 4: at Army
This game has often been miscredited as the invention of the forward pass. Prior to this contest, receivers would come to a full-stop and wait on the ball to come to them, but in this contest, Dorais threw to Rockne in stride, changing the forward pass from a seldom-used play into the dominant ball-moving strategy that it is today.


1913 Ohio Northern football team
The 1913 Ohio Northern football team represented Ohio Northern University during the 1913 college football season.


1913 Ohio State Buckeyes football team
The 1913 Ohio State Buckeyes football team represented Ohio State University in the 1913 college football season. The Buckeyes compiled a 4–2–1 record and outscored opponents 154–27.


1913 Oklahoma A&M Aggies football team
The 1913 Oklahoma A&M Aggies football team represented Oklahoma A&M College in the 1913 college football season. This was the 13th year of football at A&M and the fifth under Paul J. Davis. The Aggies played their home games in Stillwater, Oklahoma. They finished the season 4–3.


1913 Oklahoma Sooners football team
The 1913 Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the University of Oklahoma in the 1913 college football season. In their eighth year under head coach Bennie Owen, the Sooners compiled a 6–2 record, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 323 to 44.


1913 Oklahoma Sooners football team
One Sooner was recognized as an All-American: Claude Reeds, the first All-American from the program.


1913 Ole Miss Rebels football team
The 1913 Ole Miss Rebels football team represented the University of Mississippi during the 1913 college football season. The team was under suspension from the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association.


1913 Open Championship
The 1913 Open Championship was the 53rd Open Championship, held 23–24 June at Royal Liverpool Golf Club in Hoylake, England. J.H. Taylor won the championship for the fifth and final time, eight strokes ahead of runner-up Ted Ray, the defending champion.


1913 Open Championship
Qualifying took place on 19, 20, and 21 June. The top twenty and ties qualified on each of the three days. In windy conditions Laurie Ayton, Snr led the 21 qualifiers on the first day with a score of 152, with 159 as the qualifying score. Conditions were better on the second day and 156 was the qualifying mark; amateur Edward Blackwell led the 21 qualifiers with 147. Jack Gaudin led the 23 qualifiers on the third day with 148, with 157 as the qualifying score. Seven American-based professionals entered but only two qualified, John McDermott and Tom McNamara. Mike Brady, Alex Campbell, Stewart Maiden, and Alex Smith failed on the first day, while John Jones failed on the third day.


1913 Open Championship
Ray led after the first two rounds on Monday with 147; Taylor was at 148, Michael Moran at 150, and Thomas Renouf had 153.


1913 Open Championship
Gale force winds on Tuesday led to high scoring in the final two rounds. Taylor and McDermott had the best scores in the morning at 77. Ray struggled and completed the circuit in 81, to trail Taylor by three shots, while McDermott was a further 4 strokes behind. Moran's chances were ruined by a third round 89 which included a ten at the first.


1913 Open Championship
In the final round that afternoon, Taylor holed from about 50 yards at the 14th, while his nearest rivals had poor starts to their rounds, Ray took eight at the third hole while McDermott took seven at the first. Moran had the best final round at 74, fifteen strokes better than his morning score, and tied for third.


1913 Open Championship
The win was the fifteenth Open title for the Great Triumvurate of Taylor, Vardon, and James Braid, with five each. Vardon won a record sixth the following year, the last Open victory for the three players.


1913 Oregon Agricultural Aggies football team
The 1913 Oregon Agricultural Aggies football team represented Oregon Agricultural College (now known as Oregon State University) as an independent during the 1913 college football season. In their first season under head coach E. J. Stewart, the Aggies compiled a 3–2–3 record and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 75 to 59. Against major opponents, the Aggies lost to Washington (0–47), tied Oregon (10–10), and defeated Washington State (10–2) and Idaho (3–0). The team played its home games at Bell Field in Corvallis, Oregon. Otto Sitton was the team captain.


1913 Oregon Webfoots football team
The 1913 Oregon Webfoots football team represented the University of Oregon in the 1913 college football season. Hugo Bezdek returned to coach the team. Under his coaching in 1906, the team posted a 5–0–1 record, but he left at the end of that season. Returning in 1913, "he stayed five seasons and took Oregon to new heights."


1913 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo)
1913 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo) was the tenth water polo championship in Hungary. There were two teams who played one match for the title.


1913 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo), Final list
* M: Matches W: Win D: Drawn L: Lost G+: Goals earned G-: Goals got P: Point


1913 Ottawa Rough Riders season
The 1913 Ottawa Rough Riders finished in 2nd place in the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union with a 4–2 record and failed to qualify for the playoffs.


1913 Ottawa Rough Riders season, Regular season, Schedule
(*) The October 18 game versus Toronto that ended in a tie was replayed on Nov 15 and did not count towards the standings.


1913 Ottoman coup d'état
The 1913 Ottoman coup d'état (January 23, 1913), also known as the Raid on the Sublime Porte (Turkish: Bâb-ı Âlî Baskını), was a coup d'état carried out in the Ottoman Empire by a number of Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) members led by Ismail Enver Bey and Mehmed Talaat Bey, in which the group made a surprise raid on the central Ottoman government buildings, the Sublime Porte (Turkish: Bâb-ı Âlî). During the coup, the Minister of War, Nazım Pasha, was assassinated and the Grand Vizier, Kâmil Pasha, was forced to resign. After the coup, the government fell into the hands of the CUP, now under the leadership of the triumvirate known as the "Three Pashas", made up of Enver, Talaat, and Cemal Pasha.


1913 Ottoman coup d'état
In 1911, the Freedom and Accord Party (also known as the Liberal Union or Liberal Entente), Kâmil Pasha's party, was formed in opposition to the CUP and almost immediately won the by-elections in Constantinople (now Istanbul). Alarmed, the CUP rigged the general elections of 1912 with electoral fraud and violence against Freedom and Accord, earning them the nickname "Election of Clubs" (Turkish: Sopalı Seçimler).


1913 Ottoman coup d'état
In response, the Savior Officers (Turkish: Halâskâr Zâbitân) of the army, partisans of Freedom and Accord determined to see the CUP fall, rose up in anger and caused the fall of the CUP's post-election Mehmed Said Pasha government. A new government was formed under Ahmed Muhtar Pasha but it too was dissolved after a few months in October 1912 after the sudden outbreak of the First Balkan War and military defeat.


1913 Ottoman coup d'état
After gaining the permission of sultan Mehmed V to form a new government in late October 1912, Freedom and Accord leader Kâmil Pasha sat down to diplomatic talks with Bulgaria after the unsuccessful First Balkan War. With the Bulgarian demand for the cession of the former Ottoman capital city of Adrianople (today, and in Turkish at the time, known as Edirne) looming and the outrage among the Turkish populace as well as the CUP leadership, the CUP carried out the coup in January 23, 1913. After the coup, opposition parties like Freedom and Accord were subject to heavy repression.


1913 Ottoman coup d'état
The new government lead by Mahmud Şevket Pasha with Unionist support withdrew the Ottoman Empire from the ongoing London Peace Conference and resumed the war against the Balkan states to recover Edirne and the rest of Rumelia, but to no avail. After his assassination in June, the CUP would take full control of the empire, and opposition leaders would be arrested or exiled to Europe.


1913 Ottoman coup d'état
Ottoman victory in the Second Balkan War and the recovery of Edirne in the face of pressure by the Entente powers moved the CUP closer to Germany ahead of World War I.


1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Immediate pretext
While the inner circle of the CUP may already have decided earlier to stage a coup to regain power from the Freedom and Accord Party, the proximate occasion was the CUP's fear that the government would concede to a demand by the Great Powers that the town of Adrianople (a former Ottoman capital city from 1365 to 1453) should be handed over to Bulgaria after the disastrous results of the First Balkan War for the Ottoman Empire.


1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Background, April 1912 elections and aftermath
In the 1908 elections, the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) had only managed to win about 60 of the 288 seats in the Chamber of Deputies (Turkish: Meclis-i Mebusân), the popularly elected lower house of the General Assembly. Nevertheless, it was the largest party in the Chamber.


1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Background, April 1912 elections and aftermath
The Freedom and Accord Party (Liberal Union/Entente) was founded on 21 November 1911 by those in opposition to the CUP, and immediately attracted 70 Deputies to its ranks. Only 20 days after its formation, Freedom and Accord won the December 1911 by-elections conducted in Constantinople by one vote. The ruling CUP, seeing the potential of Freedom and Accord to win next year's general elections, took several precautions. Hoping to thwart the nascent Freedom and Accord's efforts to grow its ranks and better organize itself, the CUP asked Sultan Mehmed V to dissolve the Chamber and announced its call for early general elections in January 1912.


1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Background, April 1912 elections and aftermath
These early April 1912 general elections were known infamously as the "Election of Clubs" (Turkish: Sopalı Seçimler) after the beating of opposition (Freedom and Accord) candidates for the Chamber of Deputies with weapons like clubs and sticks as well being marred by electoral fraud and violence in favor of the CUP. The fraud included early balloting, secret counting and reporting of votes, ballot stuffing, reapportioning electoral districts, and more, although the CUP still enjoyed genuine support outside of the cities. The results of the elections had CUP win 269 of 275 seats in the Chamber, with Freedom and Accord only netting 6 Deputies.


1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Background, April 1912 elections and aftermath
Angered at their loss in the election, the leadership of Freedom and Accord sought extra-legal methods to regain power over the CUP, complaining vocally about electoral fraud. At around this time, a group of military officers, uncomfortable with injustices it perceived within the military, organized itself into an armed organization known as the "Savior Officers" (Turkish: Halâskâr Zâbitân) and made their presence known to the imperial government. The Savior Officers, quickly becoming partisans of Freedom and Accord, soon created unrest in the capital Istanbul. After gaining the support of Prince Sabahaddin, another opposition leader, the Savior Officers published public declarations in newspapers.


1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Background, April 1912 elections and aftermath
Finally, after giving a memorandum to the Military Council, the Savior Officers succeeded in getting Grand Vizier Mehmed Said Pasha (who they blamed for allowing the early elections that led to the CUP domination of the Chamber) and his government of CUP ministers to resign in July 1912.


1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Background, Great Cabinet
After Mehmed Said Pasha's resignation, a new, non-partisan cabinet was formed by Ahmed Muhtar Pasha, an old military hero, which was known as the "Great Cabinet" (Turkish: Büyuk Kabine) because it included three former Grand Viziers as ministers and sometimes as the "Father-Son Cabinet" (Turkish: Baba-Oğul Kabinesi) because it included Ahmed Muhtar Pasha's son, Mahmud Muhtar Pasha, as Minister of the Navy. Although the Savior Officers had succeeded in making sure that the Great Cabinet was free of CUP members, the CUP's domination of the Chamber of Deputies had not changed.


1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Background, Great Cabinet
Soon, however, rumors began to circulate that the government would dissolve the Chamber of Deputies and call new elections. The rumors were confirmed when, a few days after Ahmed Muhtar Pasha took office, the Savior Officers sent another memorandum, this time to the President of the Chamber of Deputies (and CUP member), Halil Bey, demanding that the Chamber be dissolved for new elections within 48 hours. The CUP members in the Chamber condemned and censured this threat. However, thanks to a law he had passed through the Senate, Ahmed Muhtar Pasha was able, with the sultan's support, to dissolve the Chamber with ease on 5 August, after which sultan Mehmed V immediately called for new elections by royal decree.


1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Background, Great Cabinet
While preparations for new elections were underway, however, the First Balkan War erupted early in October 1912, catching Ahmed Muhtar Pasha's administration off-guard. Martial law was declared, the new elections were cancelled on 25 October, and Ahmed Muhtar Pasha resigned as Grand Vizier on 29 October after just three months in the premier's office in order to defer to the premiership of Kâmil Pasha, who had good relations with the British and was expected to produce a favorable settlement to the disastrous war.


1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Background, Government of Kâmil Pasha and lead-up to the coup
Although the foreign crisis in the Balkans put a temporary halt to domestic politics, it did not stop them. Unlike his predecessor Ahmed Muhtar Pasha, who had been non-partisan, Kâmil Pasha was a passionate Freedom and Accord Party member and was determined to use his premiership to destroy the CUP.


1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Background, Government of Kâmil Pasha and lead-up to the coup
Using his friendly relations with the British, Kâmil Pasha also sat down to end the ongoing First Balkan War diplomatically. However, the heavy Ottoman military upsets during the war continued to sap morale, as rumors that the capital would have to be moved from Constantinople to inland Anatolia spread. The Bulgarian Army had soon advanced as far as Çatalca, a western district of modern Istanbul. At this point, Kâmil Pasha's government signed an armistice with Bulgaria in December 1912 and sat down to draw up a treaty for the end of the war at the London Peace Conference.


1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Background, Government of Kâmil Pasha and lead-up to the coup
The Great Powers–the British Empire, France, Italy, and Russia–had begun to engage in the relationship of Bulgaria with the Ottoman Empire, citing the 1878 Treaty of Berlin. The Great Powers gave a note to the Sublime Porte (the Ottoman government) that they wanted the Ottoman Empire to cede Adrianople (Edirne) to Bulgaria and the Aegean islands under its control, most of which by that time had been captured by the Greek Navy, to the Great Powers themselves. Because of the losses experienced by the army so far in the war, the Kâmil Pasha government was inclined to accept the "Midye-Enez Line" as a border to the west and, while not outright giving Edirne to Bulgaria, favored transferring control of it to an international commission.


1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Background, Government of Kâmil Pasha and lead-up to the coup
After the capture of Salonica (Thessaloniki), the birthplace of many progressive political leaders and movements of the era, by Greece in November 1912, many CUP members were arrested by Greek forces and exiled to Anatolia. At the same time, Freedom and Accord found itself on the brink of dissolution after inter-party conflicts.


1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Background, Government of Kâmil Pasha and lead-up to the coup
Left with little political power and flexibility, the CUP began to plan a coup against Kâmil Pasha's Freedom and Accord government. In addition, an animosity had already been brewing between Kâmil Pasha and the CUP since the 1908 Young Turk Revolution that had started the Second Constitutional Era. During the more than four years since, Kâmil Pasha had made a series of efforts to keep CUP members far from government and keep the army, which had many CUP members among its ranks, out of politics. By January 1913, the CUP was thoroughly frustrated with Kâmil Pasha and Freedom and Accord. Although the coup was to be a surprise attack, the CUP had made definitive decisions to carry it out far in advance.


1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Background, Government of Kâmil Pasha and lead-up to the coup
Although he was killed during the coup, both the CUP and Freedom and Accord claimed that they had been planning to give Minister of the Navy Nazım Pasha a position in their next cabinet. The CUP's Talaat Bey went as far as to say some time after the coup that the CUP had previously offered Nazım Pasha the position of Grand Vizier and the leadership its cabinet.


1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Events, March towards the Sublime Porte
On 23 January 1913, at 14:30, Lieutenant Colonel Enver Bey (later and better known as Enver Pasha), one of the top leaders of the Committee of Union and Progress, was notified by a CUP member named Sapancalı Hakkı that everything was prepared for the raid as he waited in the military supply-station inspectorate (Turkish: menzil müfettişliği) building near the Nuruosmaniye Mosque.


1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Events, March towards the Sublime Porte
After receiving this news, Enver Bey mounted a white horse waiting for him and began to ride the several blocks from Nuruosmaniye towards the Sublime Porte, which was a metonym referring to a group of government buildings that housed the offices of the Grand Vizier, his imperial government, and other state offices. At this time, Talaat Bey (later known as Talaat Pasha) also began to make his way towards the Sublime Porte with a group of CUP loyalists.


1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Events, March towards the Sublime Porte
When Enver Bey arrived in front the Ministry of Public Works (Turkish: Nafıa Nazırlığı) building, fellow CUP members Ömer Naci and Ömer Seyfettin were already provoking a crowd that had gathered by loudly proclaiming that Kâmil Pasha was about to cede Adrianople to the Bulgarians. The speeches made by Ömer Naci and Ömer Seyfettin were effective, and the front of the Sublime Porte was soon filled with a crowd shouting slogans against Kâmil Pasha's government. Moreover, up to 60 CUP members were placed around the Sublime Porte's buildings.


1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Events, Entering the Sublime Porte
Enver Bey, along with confederates Talaat Bey, Sapancalı Hakkı, Yakub Cemil, Mustafa Necip, and about 50 others, entered the Sublime Porte compound of government buildings and made their way into the Grand Vizier's building, in which Kâmil Pasha and his cabinet were in session. An aide-de-camp to the Grand Vizier, Ohrili Nâfiz Bey, heard the commotion and opened fire on the raid party but was unable to hit any of them. Himself wounded in the exchange, Ohrili Nâfiz Bey hid in the aide-de-camp office; when Mustafa Necip entered the office, Ohrili Nâfiz Bey shot and killed him but died himself of his wounds sustained from Mustafa Necip.


1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Events, Entering the Sublime Porte
An aid-de-camp and nephew of Nazım Pasha, Kıbrıslı Tevfik Bey, had also drawn his revolver and fired at the raid party, his bullet also striking Mustafa Necip. After the raiders returned fire, Kıbrıslı Tevfik Bey was instantly killed. During the shooting, a secret police agent and an attendant of the Sheikh ul-Islam were also killed.


1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Events, Shooting of Nazım Pasha
Hearing the gunshots, Minister of War Nazım Pasha stepped out of his room and rushed towards the raid party. According to the memoirs of future Turkish President and Prime Minister Celâl Bayar, Nazım Pasha angrily shouted at the men, "What is going on? You came to raid the Grand Vizier's office? ", using "ill-mannered" profanities in his rage, after which Enver Bey saluted him and tried to explain his intentions. At this time Yakub Cemil, approaching Nazım Pasha from the back while he was engaged with Enver Bey and the rest of the coup party, fired his gun at Nazım Pasha's right temple, killing him.


1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Events, Shooting of Nazım Pasha
Another account claimed that Enver Bey had tried to stop Yakup Cemil from killing Nazım Pasha, but Yakup Cemil had refused to listen. Yet another version of events held that either Enver Bey or Talaat Bey had accidentally killed Nazım Pasha while trying to protect themselves from gunfire from his aid-de-camp Kıbrıslı Tevfik Bey.


1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Events, Shooting of Nazım Pasha
In any case, the CUP termed Nazım Pasha's death during the coup a "regrettable accident", saying that it was unpremeditated but "unavoidable" under the circumstances. The CUP said that the fact Interior Minister Ahmet Reşit had been allowed to go unhurt proved that the coup leaders had desired to avoid bloodshed, since Ahmet Reşit was much more hostile towards the CUP than Nazım Pasha was.


1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Events, Shooting of Nazım Pasha
Because the CUP had favored Nazım Pasha and had claimed to offer him a role as Grand Vizier for a future CUP cabinet before they undertook the coup, the contemporary French magazine L'Illustration said that his "strange fate was being persecuted by the former regime [of Kâmil Pasha's Freedom and Accord Party and then being included in its cabinet], and being cheered and treated in triumph by the new regime [of the CUP] and then being murdered by it."


1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Events, Forced resignation of Kâmil Pasha
After this, Enver and Talaat Bey entered Grand Vizier Kâmil Pasha's room and forced him to write a letter of resignation at gunpoint. The letter addressed to the sultan read:


1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Events, Forced resignation of Kâmil Pasha
His Peaceful and Sublime Excellency,Ahali ve cihet-i askeriyeden vuku bulan teklif üzerine huzur-ı şahanelerine istifanâme-i acizanemin arzına mecbur olduğum muhat-i ilm-i âlî buyuruldukta ol babda ve katibe-i ahvalde emr-ü ferman hazret-i veliyyü'l-emr efendimizindir.


1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Events, Forced resignation of Kâmil Pasha
After Kâmil Pasha finished writing, Enver Bey immediately left the Sublime Porte to deliver the letter to Sultan Mehmed V in his palace, driving to the palace in the Sheikh ul-islam's (Şeyhülislam) car.


1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Aftermath, Immediate effects
After the coup, Enver Bey told a local Turkish correspondent for the French magazine L'Illustration (pictured on right):


1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Aftermath, Immediate effects
"I sincerely regret having been forced to intervene again to overthrow a government, but it was impossible to wait; a delay of a few hours, and the country would have been shamefully delivered to the enemy; our army has never been stronger, and I really see no reason that compels us to capitulate to such monstrous demands."


1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Aftermath, Immediate effects
Kâmil Pasha was replaced as Grand Vizier and Nazım Pasha as Minister of War by Mahmud Shevket Pasha, who took both posts. The new cabinet under Mahmud Shevket Pasha was made up of:


1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Aftermath, Immediate effects
Although the CUP appointed Grand Vizier Mahmud Shevket Pasha to lead their cabinet, he was genial towards the now-opposition Freedom and Accord Party. When one of Nazım Pasha's relatives assassinated him in revenge in June 1913, the CUP used the opportunity to crack down on the opposition. Twelve men held responsible by the CUP for Mahmud Shevket Pasha's death, including Nazım Pasha's relative, were convicted for murder and hanged. The opposition parties, already sidelined by the coup, were heavily repressed by the CUP. The leaders of the Savior Officers (Turkish: Halâskâr Zâbitân) escaped to Egypt and Albania. Another opposition leader Prince Sabahaddin, who had backed the Savior Officers against the CUP, fled to western Switzerland, where he would remain until 1919.


1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Aftermath, Long-term legacy
The coup essentially lead to the establishment of a dictatorial triumvirate known as the "Three Pashas": the soon-to-be war minister, Enver Pasha, the soon-to-be interior minister, Talaat Pasha, and the soon-to-be naval minister, Cemal Pasha. The Three Pashas, leading the CUP autocratically, would control the Empire until fleeing the country at the end of World War I. It established the CUP as the dominant party of Young Turks in the Empire; the rival Young Turks party, Freedom and Accord, would not regain power until the end of the war. The coup is considered one of the first violent coups d'état to take place in modern Turkish history, seen as some as establishing a precedent for future coups in the Republic of Turkey.


1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Aftermath, Long-term legacy
After the coup, the CUP became increasingly nationalist and intolerant of opposition after seeing significant resistance from more liberal Ottoman parties like Freedom and Accord, as well as rebellions and wars against the Ottoman government from non-Muslim nationalities in the Empire, such as the catastrophic Balkan Wars, which saw former Ottoman citizens of Bulgarian, Greek, Macedonian, and Armenian ethnicity actively fighting against the Empire and committing widespread ethnic cleansing against Ottoman Muslims. Though initially opposed in principle to the extension of local autonomy to the provinces, the CUP now seemed inclined to reconcile with those in favor of greater extension of the millet system to enable Ottoman Muslim unity.


1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Aftermath, Long-term legacy
The CUP government introduced several political and military reforms to the Empire, including increasing centralization and carrying out military modernization efforts. Under coup leader Enver Bey (later Pasha), the Ottoman Empire moved towards a closer relationship with the German Empire, officially leading to the Ottoman–German Alliance being ratified the next year in 1914. Enver would enter the Empire into World War I that same year as part of the Central Powers, on the side of Germany, in contrast to the overthrown Kâmil Pasha, who was partial towards the British.


1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Aftermath, Long-term legacy
Although the CUP had worked with the Armenians to reinstall constitutional monarchy against Abdul Hamid II, factions in the CUP began to view the Armenians as a fifth column that would betray the Ottoman cause after World War I with nearby Russia broke out; these factions gained more power after the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état. The first major offensive the Turks undertook in World War I was an unsuccessful attempt to drive the Russians from the portion of Western Armenia they had taken in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877.


1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Aftermath, Long-term legacy
After the failure of this expedition, the CUP's leaders, Enver, Cemal, and Talaat, were involved in ordering the deportations and massacres of 1 and 1.5 million Armenians in 1915–1916 in what became known as the Armenian genocide. After World War I and the signing of the armistice of Mudros, the leadership of the Committee of Union and Progress and selected former officials were court-martialled with/including the charges of subversion of the constitution, wartime profiteering, and the massacres of both Armenians and Greeks. The court reached a verdict which sentenced the organizers of the massacres, Talat, Enver, Cemal and others to death.


1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Question of popularity
The public support for the coup was questioned at the time by analysts, some of whom reported that the CUP was backed by only a small crowd of actual citizens who had been gathered only within the hour by provocative speeches made by CUP members. Eyewitnesses and newspapers reported very little actual popular participation in the coup or the events surrounding it. Reporter Georges Rémond said:


1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Question of popularity
This revolution is profoundly popular? I doubt it, and the lean applause of the crowd at the inauguration of the [new] Grand Vizier [Mahmud Shevket Pasha] and the Sheik ul-Islam [after the coup] has done nothing to soothe my uncertainty. Everything was done and carried out by a skilled politician, Talaat Bey, who masterminded the coup, and the energetic soldier, Enver, aided by some officers of unfailing dedication and some dozens of patriots who were joined gradually few hundred protesters.


1913 Ottoman coup d'état, Question of popularity
Rémond said that preventing the minimalist coup would have taken at most 50 guards, and that the only reason that the Sublime Porte had been defenseless was because Kâmil Pasha wanted to call the bluff of any real threat the CUP, which he had sidelined politically, posed to his government. After the coup, Rémond said, he found the capital Constantinople to be quiet and devoid of public opinion, whether about the coup or the ongoing First Balkan War, noting an air of "indifference" among not only the populace, but the statesmen involved themselves.


1913 Paraguayan Primera División season
The 1913 season of the Paraguayan Primera División, the top category of Paraguayan football, was played by 5 teams. The national champions were Cerro Porteño.


1913 Paris–Roubaix
The 1913 Paris–Roubaix was the 18th edition of the Paris–Roubaix, a classic one-day cycle race in France. The single day event was held on 23 March 1913 and stretched 266 km (165 mi) from Paris to its end in a velodrome in Roubaix. The winner was François Faber from Luxembourg.


1913 Paris–Tours
The 1913 Paris–Tours was the tenth edition of the Paris–Tours cycle race and was held on 6 April 1913. The race started in Paris and finished in Tours. The race was won by Charles Crupelandt.


1913 Paterson silk strike
The 1913 Paterson silk strike was a work stoppage involving silk mill workers in Paterson, New Jersey. The strike involved demands for establishment of an eight-hour day and improved working conditions. The strike began in February 1913, and ended five months later, on July 28. During the course of the strike, approximately 1,850 strikers were arrested, including Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) leaders Bill Haywood and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn.


1913 Paterson silk strike, Background
Paterson's strike was part of a series of industrial strikes in the garment and textile industries of the American East from 1909 to 1913. The participants of these strikes were largely immigrant factory workers from southern and eastern Europe. Class division, race, gender, and manufacturing expertise all caused internal dissension among the striking parties and this led many reformist intellectuals in the Northeast to question their effectiveness.


1913 Paterson silk strike, Background
A major turning point for these labor movements occurred in 1912 during the Lawrence Textile Strike in Lawrence, Massachusetts, where laborers were able to successfully pressure mill owners to raise wages, later galvanizing support from left-leaning  intellectual groups. The successful strike helped attract interest from intellectual circles in Paterson’s labor movements, and gave union organizers confidence in also achieving improved working conditions and wages for Paterson’s silk weavers.


1913 Paterson silk strike, Background
The Paterson strikers mobilized after years of declining wages, continued poor working conditions, and long work days. The increasing number of women and children in the labor supply due to changing social customs and improved health through technological advances provided cheaper labor for mill owners and reduced demand for more expensive male laborers, bidding down their wages. In addition, technological advances in silk production reduced demand for skilled labor in the silk mills of Paterson.


1913 Paterson silk strike, Background
New technology in silk mills in Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts which allowed weavers to run multiple looms at once posed significant competition to smaller New Jersey shops which manufactured silk much less efficiently and at a much higher cost. In response to these much larger corporate mills with multiple-loom systems – and in order to stay in business in the long run – New Jersey’s mills had to respond by adopting the more efficient technology. High skilled weavers such as those in ribbon shops thus fought against multiple-loom systems. The reduced labor intensity of the new silk industry also meant that low skilled broad-silk weavers would be displaced and hurt by the industry changes. All weavers also wanted to shorten their work days and establish a certain minimum wage.


1913 Paterson silk strike, Strike
The Industrial Workers of the World organization was the main outside agent behind both the Lawrence Textile Strike and the Paterson Silk Strike. On February 25, 1913, the first day of the strike, the IWW’s prominent feminist leader Elizabeth Gurley Flynn was arrested after giving a talk on uniting strikers across racial boundaries. The authorities charged her and her fellow speakers with inciting violence through radical speech.


1913 Paterson silk strike, Strike
Before the Senate Commission on Industrial Relations, police captain Andrew J. McBride upheld these charges, claiming that the revolutionary air among the textile mills was caused by and could be attributed to the IWW. Paterson’s mayor at the time, Dr. Andrew F. McBride, also supported the idea that the strikes were primarily the result of the IWW’s propaganda. Regardless, the strikes were carried out for months even after the arrest of IWW leaders, dispelling the notion that the workers were only agitated by outsiders.


1913 Paterson silk strike, Strike
The city’s suspicion that IWW was responsible for radical protest tactics was in direct conflict with IWW philosophy. Labor leaders within the IWW promoted grassroots mobilization and allowed the strikers freedom to choose the direction of their militancy. William D. Haywood, a founding member of the IWW, helped Paterson strikers create democratically organized strike committee, representing all of the workers’ nationalities and not subject to the supervision of other more conservative and centralized labor groups. Paterson’s strike was distinguished because of this decentralization.


1913 Paterson silk strike, Strike
The 1913 strike in Paterson was preempted by the Doherty Silk Company’s construction of a modernized mill in nearby Clifton, New Jersey in 1911. The multiple-loom system of this mill upset workers who feared the inevitable transformation of all of Paterson’s mills and the subsequent loss of jobs. In response, sixty weavers struck, beginning a string of union meetings with business agents to negotiate wages for silk workers in Paterson. The following year, Edwald Koettgen formed the Eight-Hour League in Paterson, championing the idea of an eight-hour work day, sowing the final seeds of the 1913 strike.


1913 Paterson silk strike, Strike
With the help of the IWW, Paterson silk workers were able to put together a general strike by recruiting thousands of workers. Two weeks into the strike, all types of weavers united to create a list of demands directed to mill owners and employers, ranging from minimum age restrictions to protect children to abolishing the multiple-loom systems to ensure the presence of jobs. It became clear that the protesters had different roles based on which job they were striking against. The ribbon weavers were skilled workers who, having previous militant struggles, helped to educate the strikers on their rights.


1913 Paterson silk strike, Strike
Ribbon weavers were also advocates for higher wages, as they believed that since they were being more productive with the introduction of the looms, and thus their productivity rate was also higher, they should be getting paid more. They even went so far as to demand that the three- and four-loom systems be completely removed from the mills. The workers believed that the introduction of these mills was stealing jobs away from them and was also lowering their wages. Furthermore, socialism had long been a strong belief of the ribbon weavers, directly clashing with the capitalistic manufacturers and bosses. This resentment finally bubbled over in 1913 during the strikes under the ribbon workers rule of their then-current spokesman, Louis Magnet. Manufacturers responded with a seven-part statement criticizing the economic viability of the demands, among other concerns.


1913 Paterson silk strike, Strike
Ultimately, the strike ended in failure on July 28, 1913. Scholars cite an important reason for this failure as Paterson’s necessary adaptation to the new machinery and new economics of the silk industry. Manufacturers would not acquiesce to the demands of strikers because they simply could not. Without producing goods at competitive prices through new machinery and cheap labor, they would otherwise have been put out of business by firms in Pennsylvania.


1913 Paterson silk strike, Pageant in Madison Square Garden
In an effort to support the strike financially and gain public support, several radical artists and intellectuals in New York City including Walter Lippman, Max Eastman, Mabel Dodge, and John Reed sympathetic to the striker's cause came up with the idea to organize a pageant play in which the events of the strike were reenacted. Haywood and the strike committee worked closely with John Reed on the writing and staging of the pageant, which integrated the strikers' ideas and lived experiences.


1913 Paterson silk strike, Pageant in Madison Square Garden
Labor leaders involved developed and repurposed their own speeches for inclusion in the pageant and even wrote some of the music. Robert Edmond Jones, one of Reed's former classmates, was commissioned to design the set for the pageant. All in all between 800-1000 workers participated in the Paterson Strike Pageant, which was held at Madison Square Garden on June 7, 1913 and drew 150,000 attendees. The strikers were brought into Manhattan on a hired train and marched up Fifth Avenue in what was either a pre-show rally or performative protest before reaching the performance venue. The pageant was organized episodically and invited audience involvement to the extent that some critics have referred to the pageant as a public ritual.


1913 Paterson silk strike, Defeat
Despite the minor success of the pageant, which still came at a loss (since the strikers were allowed in for 10 cents a piece or free instead of the full price of the dollar seats each) which operated at a loss of $2,000, the strikers were defeated. Still the IWW managed to help the hungry strikers children into foster homes to ease their way of life and provide food and aid while their parents and workers were striking.


1913 Paterson silk strike, Defeat
Although they had shut down Paterson and beaten off an attempt by the AFL (American Federation of Labor) to undercut the strike, they were unable to extend the strike to the annexes of the Paterson mills in Pennsylvania. Paterson manufacturers, victorious but frightened, held back for another decade. Strike supporters were torn apart as a result of the defeat, and the IWW never fully recovered in Eastern America.


1913 Paterson silk strike, Legacy
Two were killed in the strike: bystander Valentino Modestino, fatally shot by a private guard on April 17, and striking worker Vincenzo Madonna, fatally shot by a strikebreaker on June 29.


1913 Paterson silk strike, Legacy
The strike was featured in the 1981 film Reds. It is commemorated today at the Pietro and Maria Botto House National Landmark in Haledon, New Jersey, which served as a rallying point during the strike. In 1934, there was another silk strike in Paterson.


1913 Penn Quakers football team
The 1913 Penn Quakers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Pennsylvania in the 1913 college football season. In their first season under head coach George H. Brooke, the Quakers compiled a 6–3–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 169 to 81.


1913 Penn State Nittany Lions football team
The 1913 Penn State Nittany Lions football team represented the Pennsylvania State University in the 1913 college football season. The team was coached by Bill Hollenback and played its home games in New Beaver Field in State College, Pennsylvania. Following a 26-game unbeaten streak for Hollenback (not the program, which had losses in 1910), the Nittany Lions closed out the 1913 season with six straight losses.


1913 Philadelphia Athletics season
The 1913 Philadelphia Athletics season involved the A's finishing first in the American League with a record of 96 wins and 57 losses. The team then defeated the New York Giants in the 1913 World Series, 4 games to 1. In 2001, baseball historian Bill James ranked the 1913 incarnation of the Athletics' famous "$100,000 infield" as the best of all time in major league history (first baseman Stuffy McInnis, second baseman Eddie Collins, third baseman Frank "Home Run" Baker, shortstop Jack Barry).


1913 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1913 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1913 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1913 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1913 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1913 Philadelphia Athletics season, 1913 World Series
AL Philadelphia Athletics (4) vs. NL New York Giants (1)


1913 Philadelphia Phillies season
The 1913 Philadelphia Phillies season was a season in American baseball. It involved the Phillies competing in the National League and finishing in second place.


1913 Philadelphia Phillies season, Regular season
The Phillies started out with high hopes. They led the National League on June 25 with a 38–17 record. As the Athletics were dominating the American League, the 2 teams appeared well on their way to meeting in the World Series. But the Phillies lost 13 of their next 16 games to fall into second place, and never recovered. 1913 would mark the closest that the A's and Phillies ever got to meeting in the World Series before the former team moved west.


1913 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1913 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1913 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1913 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1913 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1913 Philadelphia Phillies season, Post-season
In a postseason exhibition game against the Chicago Leland Giants, Cyclone Joe Williams defeated Grover Cleveland Alexander and the Phillies.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team
The 1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Pittsburgh as an independent during the 1913 college football season. In its first season under head coach Joseph Duff, the team compiled a 6–2–1 record and outscored all opponents by a total of 165 to 46.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Preseason
John "Hube" Wagner was elected Captain for the 1913 season at the 1912 team banquet . Also, Alfred R. Hamilton, noted longtime supporter of the Pitt football program, offered the use of his farm in Windber, PA to the team for the month of September as a training facility. Thanks to Mr. Hamilton's generosity this turned into a yearly event known as "Camp Hamilton."


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Preseason
Laurence Hurst, the Graduate Manager of Athletics since the 1909 season, resigned to devote more time to his law practice. During his tenure, he was instrumental in negotiating the deal with Barney Dreyfuss to play the home games at Forbes Field; he instituted mail order ticket procedures; he managed the payment of the part time employees needed for the games; he set up a schedule of teams that fans wanted to see play; and the athletic department went from being in debt to having a surplus.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Preseason
Karl E. Davis was appointed Graduate Manager of Athletics by the Athletic Committee on December, 11, 1912. Mr. Davis was a 1910 graduate of the University with a Civil Engineering degree. The Pitt Weekly lauded the appointment: "His selection as a graduate manager is a fitting tribute to his energy, loyalty, and value as an athletic manager, and if his past performances indicate anything, he will certainly make good with a vengeance." Mr. Davis appointed Howard Jenkins, a senior in the Engineering Department, student football manager for the 1913 season. Mr. Davis had the full football schedule arranged by mid-February and The Gazette Times touted it as "the hardest card in its history."


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Preseason
The Pitt Athletic Committee met on April 9 and announced that they hired 1911 Princeton All-American lineman Joseph Duff as coach for the 1913 season. His assistant coach was Edwin H. W. Harlan, a 1907 All-American Princeton halfback. In his first week as coach, Mr. Duff called on all the players to report to spring practice. This was the first year spring practice was held at Pitt. It ran from April 14 - April 26. Preseason conditioning began on September 3 when the team gathered on Alfred Hamilton's farm near Windber, PA. for the inaugural session of "Camp Hamilton." The team "worked hard and patiently until the opening game with Ohio Northern on Saturday, September 27."


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Ohio Northern
"Pitt's football warriors opened the season at D. C. & A. C. Park, Wilkinsburg, yesterday by defeating the Ohio Northern University eleven 67-6. The game was closer than the score indicates. Ohio Northern players fought gamely every inch of the way and made Coach Duff's men play the limit for every point they made. A crowd estimated at 5,000 packed the park. It was one of the largest crowds that ever turned out for the opening game of the season."


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Ohio Northern
Pitt's record against the Polar Bears was 6-0 and they outscored the Ohio eleven 179-6. These two teams would not play again until September 24, 1932. Ohio Northern would finish the 1913 season under Coach Carl Peters with a 4-6-1 record.


1913 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Ohio Northern
Pitt scored ten touchdowns and seven goals after. The only mystery was that the local newspapers could not agree on who scored the touchdowns. The consensus seemed to be that Philip Dillon scored five to lead the team in scoring. Hube Wagner scored four and Guy Williamson scored one. Bob Peck converted five goal afters and Guy Williamson added two. Coach Duff was able to play nineteen men and observe the scrubs in game action. The Polar Bears scored their first points ever against Pitt on a thirty-yard pass play from quarterback Stump to his left end Gardner.