1914–15 in English football
The 1914–15 season was the 44th season of competitive football in England.


1914–15 in English football, Overview
The 1914 Charity Shield was not contested due to suspension of football during World War I.


1914–15 in English football, Honours
Notes = Number in parentheses is the times that club has won that honour. * indicates new record for competition


1914–15 in Scottish football
The 1914–15 season was the 42nd season of competitive football in Scotland and the 25th season of the Scottish Football League. The addition of Lochgelly United and Clydebank meant that there were fourteen teams in Division Two.


1914–15 in Scottish football, Junior Cup
Parkhead were winners of the Junior Cup after a 2–0 win over Port Glasgow Athletic Juniors.


1914–15 in Scottish football, Scotland national team
There were no Scotland matches played with the British Home Championship suspended due to World War I.


1914–15 in Swedish football
The 1914-15 season in Swedish football, starting August 1914 and ending July 1915:


1914–15 in Swedish football, National team results
Sweden: Erik Bergqvist - Theodor Malm, Erik Runeborg - Bertil Nordenskjöld, Ragnar Wicksell, David Spångberg - Gottfrid Johansson, Sten Söderberg, Iwar Swensson, Helge Ekroth, Karl Ansén.


1914–15 in Swedish football, National team results
Sweden: John Karlsson-Nottorp - Albert Andersson, Valdus Lund - Sven Friberg, Ragnar Wicksell, Josef Appelgren - Bror Hagard, Caleb Schylander, Erik Börjesson, Erik Hjelm, Rolf Borssén.


1914–15 in Swedish football, National team results
Sweden: Erik Bergqvist - Theodor Malm, Erik Runeborg - Bertil Nordenskjöld, Bruno Lindström, Gustaf Ekberg - Marcus Dantowitch, Walfrid Gunnarsson, Iwar Swensson, Sten Söderberg, Karl Ansén.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike
The 1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike was a labor strike involving several hundred textile workers from the Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. The strike, which involved about 500 millworkers, began on May 20, 1914 and ended almost a year later on May 15, 1915 in failure for the strikers.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike
The Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills was a cotton mill facility located in Atlanta's Cabbagetown neighborhood that began operations in the late 1800s. By the early 1900s, it was one of the largest mills in the American South and the largest industrial employer in the city. However, workers criticized many aspects of the mills, including several unpopular company policies, unsafe working conditions, and the use of child labor in the mills. In 1897, the mills saw two labor strikes that contributed to a greater push for unionization within the mills.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike
In October 1913, following another brief strike, workers organized as Local 886 of the United Textile Workers of America (UTW). In response, the company hired private investigators to infiltrate the mills and report union activity back to the supervisors. On May 20, 1914, in response to the company firing over 100 union members, several hundred millworkers went on strike.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike
Shortly after the outset of the strike, the company evicted striking families from their company-owned houses. Many found shelter in a boarding house rented out by the UTW. In addition to this, the UTW and the American Federation of Labor (AFL) provided abundant financial and organizational support for the strike, as they saw the success of this strike as an important gateway to further textile organizing in the southern states. The strike attracted many noted labor activists, including Sara Agnes Mclaughlin Conboy and Ola Delight Smith, and many public organizations in the city supported the strike.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike
These groups included the Social Gospel-oriented Men and Religion Forward Movement and the Atlanta Federation of Trades. The former petitioned for federal intervention to arbitrate an end to the strike, while the latter provided several thousand dollars in financial support. However, despite the public support, the company took a hardline stance against the strike and refused to negotiate. Due to the labor surplus in the city at that time, striking workers were easily replaced and production levels quickly returned to pre-strike levels.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike
Additionally, the company hired a private investigation firm to spy on the union, with one spy rising in the ranks of the union and corresponding regularly with the strike leaders. By August, with finances dwindling, the union opened a tent city in lieu of its rented boardinghouse. Several months later, however, the UTW and AFL restated their commitment to the strike and UTW President John Golden even traveled to Atlanta to lead the strike himself. However, by February 1915, Golden had returned to UTW headquarters and many strikers were pessimistic about their chances of securing a favorable outcome. While efforts persisted for several more months, on May 15, the strike was officially called off and the tent city was dismantled. Many of the strikers never worked for Fulton Bag and Cotton again.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike
Historians contend that the strike was among the first major textile strikes in the Southern United States, with historian Gary M. Fink referring to it as "[t]he southern equivalent of the great 1912 "Bread and Roses" textile strike". Historian Jacquelyn Dowd Hall stated that it was the first strike in the region that received significant support from the AFL and UTW, while historian Joseph B. Atkins considers it a precursor to other textile strike action in the region, including the 1929 Loray Mill strike and the 1934 Textile workers strike.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike
Historians have also discussed reasons for the strike's failure, which they commonly attribute to the labor surplus caused by mass migration to Atlanta from the surrounding area, an emphasis on racial rather than class solidarity among the mills' white workers, a hardline anti-union stance from the company, and a lack of participation from rank and file strikers in strike decision-making.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Background, Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills
In 1868, businessman Jacob Elsas formed the Elsas, May and Company in Atlanta in order to produce paper bags for use in carrying dry goods, such as flour and sugar. By 1870, the company was also producing cotton bags, and in 1876, in an act of vertical integration, Elsas chartered his own textile mill in Atlanta. This mill began operations in 1881, and in 1889, Elsas rechristened his business ventures the Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills, Inc. By this time, the company was the single largest industrial employer in the city.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Background, Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills
By the early 1900s, the mills were one of the largest in the Southern United States, with the company's facility including four textile factories and several warehouse and machine shops. According to historian Mark K. Bauman, Elsas employed industrial paternalism within his company and the mills. In the Factory Lot neighborhood where the mills were located (later renamed Factory Town and now known as Cabbagetown), the company operated a clinic while Elsas supported a settlement house in the area and offered to build a school near the mills if the government of Atlanta agreed to maintain it. In addition, jobs at the mills offered above-average wages while rent for lodging near the facilities were fairly low.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Background, Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills
However, many workers worked long shifts in unsafe working conditions, and child labor was prevalent, with many children employed in the mills. Additionally, the company leveled fines against employees for a number of rules violations, further reducing their take-home pay, while the comparatively high cost of living further reduced employees' purchasing power, and while other mills offered employees land to grow crops or raise livestock, Fulton Bag and Cotton did not, requiring employees to purchase all of their food.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Background, Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills
Factory Town was also notorious for its poor living conditions, with a general lack of sanitation and overcrowding, and outbreaks of diseases such as pellagra and tuberculosis were common. The town had been condemned as a health hazard by the Atlanta Sanitary Department. Elsas also employed industrial espionage in order to maintain control over the mills' operations. Some workers in the late 1800s and early 1900s complained about a general lack of privacy within the mills and an abundance of workplace rules to follow.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Background, Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills
In addition, workers who had called out sick were sometimes visited by a company doctor to ensure that the worker was not lying about their illness. As part of a labor contract signed between the employees and the mills, Fulton Bag and Cotton took no responsibility for occupational injuries and reserved the right to fire and evict workers without notice, as well as to withhold the employee's last week of pay for quitting without giving the company a five-day notice before leaving.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Background, Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills
At the time, no other mill in Georgia had such a provision, and while it was disliked by the workers, a 1909 ruling from the Georgia Court of Appeals affirmed its legality. These conditions, among others, all contributed to a high rate of turnover, and the mills were regarded by workers in Atlanta as a "hobo mill".


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Background, Early labor disputes and unionization at the mills
In 1885, workers at the Fulton Cotton and Spinning Company (a precursor to the Fulton Bag and Cotton Company) organized as Local Assembly 4455 of the Knights of Labor. In November of that year, 50 weavers went on strike due to a dispute with management over their wages. The strike affected a total of 150 workers and saw the destruction of some mill machinery, which caused the Knights of Labor to disavow the strike within a week of its beginning. By 1888, Local 4455, having suffered from financial difficulties, ceased to exist.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Background, Early labor disputes and unionization at the mills
In 1897, two labor strikes occurred at the mills. The first was caused by the hiring of twenty African American women to work in the mills' folding department in jobs that had traditionally been held by white Americans. Elsas had announced their hiring to the rest of the workers in the mills' folding department on August 3. The new hires would be physically segregated from the rest of the employees in the facility and were not hired to replace any existing jobs.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Background, Early labor disputes and unionization at the mills
The following day, he had the new hires arrive early, but when the white folding workers arrived at 6 a.m., they performed a walkout and were joined by the remainder of the white workers at the mills by 11:00 a.m., causing the mills to shut down. A group of about 1,400 workers gathered outside of the mills, with the police called to maintain order as the situation grew violent. By 3:00 p.m., a mass meeting was held where many of these strikers signed up to join the Textile Workers' Union.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Background, Early labor disputes and unionization at the mills
Elsas, worried about the escalating situation, agreed to negotiate with the strikers, with former U.S. Secretary of the Interior M. Hoke Smith brought in as an arbitrator. On August 5, Elsas agreed to fire the new African American hires, and the strikers returned to work, with some working increased hours as overtime. However, Elsas denied the strikers' demands to fire all African American employees at the mills, instead leaving them employed only in certain departments within the mills.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Background, Early labor disputes and unionization at the mills
Additionally, Elsas refused a demand that "no member of the Textile Workers' Union or anyone who participated in the strike should be discharged because of their union affiliation, or because they participated in the strike; and that all former employees should be reinstated in their positions". Despite the refusals, the white workers at the mills considered the strike a success, and the white women who had started the walkout were honored by being at the front of that September's Labor Day parade. Additionally, the union began to strengthen its position and affiliated itself with the Atlanta Federation of Trades (AFT), the city's organization of local unions.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Background, Early labor disputes and unionization at the mills
Several months after the first strike, management at the mills fired several workers who had acted as strike leaders that August, triggering another strike from the workers. In addition to the firings, the workers were also afraid that their wages were in danger of being decreased and that management might replace them with African American workers. On December 7, with support from the AFT, approximately 1,000 of the 1,200 millworkers went on strike. After a brief meeting with some representatives of the striking workers, Elsas stated his refusal to rehire the fired workers.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Background, Early labor disputes and unionization at the mills
Starting on the second day of the strike, the company began evicting strikers from company-owned houses, and Elsas performed a lockout. After reopening, non-striking employees were allowed back to work, as were strikers who had abandoned the strike. Additionally, strikebreakers were brought in to replace the strikers. The strike lasted for over a month, but ultimately ended in failure for the strikers by early January, with many of them losing their jobs. The union later dissolved the following year after another attempted strike action by weavers received little support from the rest of the millworkers.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Background, Early labor disputes and unionization at the mills
Despite the failure for the strikers, the workers at the mills became more active in pushing for labor union representation, with historian Ileen A. DeVault stating that the "workers subsequently became some of Atlanta's most ardent unionists". This was during a time when the labor movement in the United States was experiencing a massive growth, with the American Federation of Labor (AFL) growing from 260,000 members in 1897 to 1,676,200 members by 1904. In Atlanta during this time, many workers joined unions, with the percentage of workers who were unionized in the city greater than the national average.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Background, Early labor disputes and unionization at the mills
Also, between 1900 and 1910, the mills resumed hiring of African American women, and by 1914, they accounted for 11 percent of the mills' entire workforce. By 1918, Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills was the largest employer of African American women in Atlanta. However, racial violence continued to serve as a major social issue in Atlanta, reaching a peak less than a decade after the initial strike action with the 1906 Atlanta race riot.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Background, Prelude to strike action
On October 23, 1913, workers at the mills performed a work stoppage. The event involved about 350 loom fixers and weavers protesting against the firing of a loom fixer and a change in company policy earlier that year that saw an extension in the time needed to state one's intent to quit from five days to six days. The stoppage lasted four days and succeeded in reducing the time needed to give your notice from six days to five days, but failed to get the fired workers rehired.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Background, Prelude to strike action
Following the strike, the United Textile Workers of America (UTW), an affiliate union of the AFL, organized a union drive at the mills, and on October 31, the union chartered a local union for the workers, UTW Local 886. At the time, the UTW was attempting to expand their union efforts into the Southern United States, driven primarily by a growth in the textile industry in the area and increased competition in textile organizing in the Northern United States from the more radical Industrial Workers of the World (IWW).


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Background, Prelude to strike action
They viewed Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills as a good starting place for these efforts based on the location of the mills in the regionally important city of Atlanta as well as the size and militancy of the workforce at the mills. In addition to Atlanta, the UTW was pursuing organizing efforts in several southern cities, while the IWW, in a much smaller scope, was attempting to organize workers in Greenville, South Carolina. The UTW assigned union organizer Charles A. Miles to the union efforts at the mills.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Background, Prelude to strike action
Miles had previously been involved in unionization efforts throughout the Midwest and Northeastern United States, but this was his first involvement in organizing in the American South. By early 1914, several hundred millworkers had joined the new local union, but as with previous union organizing at the mills, the company refused to recognize this union.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Background, Prelude to strike action
Through 1913 and into 1914, tensions continued to grow between the workers and management, with many voicing displeasure with new contract policies and increased fines levied by the company. Additionally, several historians note that a wave of antisemitism that had emerged in Atlanta following the 1913 trial of Leo Frank for the murder of Mary Phagan may have contributed to the increased tensions. Speaking about this, historian Joseph B. Atkins stated that "[i]n Atlanta, anti-Semitism contributed to a fetid atmosphere" and that "[m]any Fulton millworkers likely saw in Jacob Elsas what they had come to hate in Leo Frank".


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Background, Prelude to strike action
However, according to historian Jacquelyn Dowd Hall, while "resentment against Elsas spilled over into the outcry against Leo Frank", "there is no indication that the Fulton Mills walkout was sparked by anti-Semitism". By 1914, there were approximately 1,300 people were employed at the mills, 12 percent of whom were children under the age of 16 and 35 percent of whom were women. By that time, Jacob Elsas had been succeeded as president of the mills by his son, Oscar Elsas.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Background, Prelude to strike action
In light of the formation of the union, Elsas contracted the Philadelphia-based Railway Audit and Inspection Company (RA & I, a private investigation firm) to plant undercover agents within the mills to keep tabs on union activities. Additionally, between October 1913 and May 1914, officials within the union alleged that Elsas had fired 104 union members, many of whom had been employed by the mills for a long time beforehand. While Elsas countered that over 300 employees had been fired during that time and that it was irrelevant to him whether they were union members or not, though this statement was challenged by union members. While Miles attempted to discuss these issues with Elsas, Elsas declined.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Background, Prelude to strike action
On May 5, union members met to discuss possible industrial action, but Miles asked the members to postpone any action until after he had met and discussed the situation with UTW officials in Washington, D.C. On May 9, the union met again and voted to approve strike action against the company, but also decided to wait until after Miles had returned to act.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Background, Prelude to strike action
On May 15, President S. B. Marks of the Georgia Federation of Labor (a statewide federation of unions that typically represented unions of skilled workers) offered to act as an intermediary between the union and the company, and on May 19, in a secret ballot, union members voted to go on strike at 10 a.m. the next day. Following this, President Marks sent a letter to Elsas requesting a meeting, which was ignored. The following day, a representative of the AFT also sought an audience with Elsas, but was also refused. Following this, several hundred millworkers commenced strike action.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Course of the strike, Beginning of the strike and the union's demands
The walkout on May 20 consisted primarily of loom fixers and weavers. Picketing commenced shortly thereafter, and several strikers went to the Atlanta Union Station and Terminal Station to inform new arrivals into the city of the strike. Pickets were also staged at an underpass on Boulevard that served as an entryway from the north to the mills. Additionally, strikers visited the homes of other workers to try to convince them to join.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Course of the strike, Beginning of the strike and the union's demands
Elsas took a hardline stance against the strikers from the beginning, and in some cases even refused to acknowledge the strike, referring to it at one point as a "little disturbance". While the initial cause of the strike concerned the reinstatement of fired union members, the strikers' demands also included reduced workhours, increased pay, improved living conditions in the company-owned housing, and end to both child labor and the employment contract at the mills. With regards to the employment contract, the strikers especially took issue with the required notice in order to receive their last week of pay.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Course of the strike, Beginning of the strike and the union's demands
Elsas was unwilling to change this policy, and even later stated that that requirement was what had kept more workers from joining the strike. At the time of the strike, the company saved approximately $2,500 annually by keeping wages from employees who had quit without properly notifying the company ahead of time. Additionally, Elsas was unwilling to compromise on the system of fines, arguing that it incentivized workers from making mistakes and promoted productivity. Between 1913 and 1914, the company had collected over $1,500 in fines, compared to the $90.35 that the Atlanta-based Exposition Cotton Mills had collected.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Course of the strike, Beginning of the strike and the union's demands
Concerning the workhours, union leaders pushed for a reduction from 60 to 54 hours per week, though they were pessimistic about the chances of this being implemented, as the 60-hour workweek was considered fairly standard in the textile industry at that time. However, they considered that it could be a useful bargaining tool in negotiations. On the issue of child labor, state law prohibited anyone under ten years old from working and had certain restrictions on children under the age of fourteen working. However, enforcement of these laws were lax, and many loopholes existed that allowed children to work illegally.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Course of the strike, Beginning of the strike and the union's demands
Fulton Bag and Cotton, compared to other mills, had a fairly decent reputation in abiding by the law, and Elsas was actually supportive of more stringent child labor laws in the state. However, the union sought to generate more public support for the strike by tying it to the issue of child labor, as the strike coincided with increased activism for the issue. At the time of the strike, there were 144 children working at the Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills, constituting 12 percent of the workforce.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Course of the strike, Beginning of the strike and the union's demands
On May 28, the AFT held a meeting to discuss the strike, wherein they arranged for the local government to not intervene in the strike, which was accomplished because union members held several positions in the local government, Atlanta Chief of Police James Beavers was a friend of one of the strike organizers, and the mayor of Atlanta at the time (James G. Woodward) was also a union member. Additionally, the group agreed to levy a weekly $0.15 due on every member of the organization for the duration of the strike to build up its strike fund.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Course of the strike, Beginning of the strike and the union's demands
These dues generated approximately $525 per week for the AFT. In addition to these payments, that UTW agreed to provide $500 per week to the strike fund, and additional funds were solicited from local organizations and donors both in Atlanta and nationwide. During the initial months of the strike, the strikers' fund received over $1,500 a week, a large sum for strikes at that time. Shortly after the start of the strike, the UTW sent two more union organizers to help orchestrate the strike: Sara Agnes Mclaughlin Conboy and Mary Kelleher.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Course of the strike, Beginning of the strike and the union's demands
Conboy had been an activist for the Women's Trade Union League in Boston and was the highest-ranking woman within the UTW's leadership. Miles also convinced the union to hire Ola Delight Smith to help with the strike effort. Smith, known as the "Mother Jones of Atlanta", was a labor activist who had moved to Atlanta several years prior, and served as both an editor for the AFT's Journal of Labor publication and the president of the ladies' auxiliary of the Order of Railroad Telegraphers.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Course of the strike, Beginning of the strike and the union's demands
Hall referred to her as "a boundary-crossing New Woman" and "the most prominent female member of Atlanta's white labor community", while Fink states that Smith "quickly became the driving force in the strike" and names Miles and Smith as the primary strike leaders. In addition to the UTW representatives, strike leadership also included H. Newborn Mullinax, the president of Local 886 and the only millworker serving as a strike leader.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Course of the strike, Company evicts strikers
Within the first week of striking, Elsas ordered that striking workers and their families be evicted from their company-owned houses. In total, this affected about 218 workers making up 78 families in Factory Town. Deputies from the Fulton County Sheriff's Office, with African American workers hired by the company, began evicting families en masse. Of note, singer Fiddlin' John Carson, who at the time was working at the mills, was evicted along with the rest of his family, who were also millworkers. Carson would later serve as something of a minstrel for the strikers.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Course of the strike, Company evicts strikers
Led by Smith, strikers and union representatives took ample photographs of the evictions, and these photos and testimonials from evicted strikers were used to generate public sympathy for the strike. Local publications such as The Atlanta Georgian and The Atlanta Journal published many of these images in pro-child labor law articles. Additionally, strikers created and showed movies showcasing their living and working conditions. Photographs of African American men evicting the strikers were widely circulated in an effort, as Hall later stated, to "[appeal] to white racial solidarity".


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Course of the strike, Company evicts strikers
Similar appeals were repeated by the UTW in publications released to other labor unions requesting assistance in the strike, and strike supporters framed the strike as a fight against "white slavery". Many of the evicted workers found lodging at the Textile Hotel, a boarding house the union had rented for strikers in preparation for the evictions. In addition, the union also operated a commissary.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Course of the strike, Strike continues
While the strikers had planned to shut down operations at the factory, this proved unattainable. Within several days, Elsas had leased skilled workers from other mills in the area and Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills was operating at or near the levels it had been operating at before the strike. As a result, the strikers instead pushed to pressure Elsas to bargain with them by garnering public support for their cause. In doing so, strike organizers urged the strikers to remain peaceful and not resort to violence, which could jeopardize their public support.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Course of the strike, Strike continues
Undercover agents hired by Elsas attempted to counter this public support by gathering unsavory information on strikers and union leaders, painting them as immoral and in the wrong. Within the first few weeks of the strike, the company had ten undercover agents, and both the union hall and Miles's hotel room had been bugged by the RA & I. However, on June 9, the bug at the union hall was discovered, raising suspicions about spies within the union.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Course of the strike, Strike continues
Additionally, on June 9, Smith discovered two spies who had been active within the union and, while she had intended to have them arrested, both returned to Philadelphia before that could happen. One of the agency's more successful operatives, Harry Preston, managed to stay hidden for much longer and even rose the ranks within the local union, at one point serving as the union's song leader, opening meeting sessions with a singing of "Onward, Christian Soldiers" and leading a rally at the Georgia State Capitol. Preston was so successful in his covert operations that UTW President John Golden once met with him and asked him for his opinion on the strike, and the Massachusetts Federation of Labor treated him as a delegate and guest of honor at one of their meetings.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Course of the strike, Strike continues
Despite the spies' efforts, the strike received support from the Men and Religion Forward Movement, a progressive Social Gospel group led by the Evangelical Minsters' Association, which represented the clergy in roughly one hundred Protestant churches in Atlanta. The group criticized Fulton Bag and Cotton for its unsanitary living conditions and poor working conditions and on June 28, strikers and strike supporters held a mass meeting at DeGive's Grand Opera House that saw speakers from the Evangelical Ministers' Association.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Course of the strike, Strike continues
The event helped renew enthusiasm for the strike, and strikers continued to organize parades through the city to rally additional public support for their cause, often prominently featuring striking women and children in the events. In an attempt to foster arbitration between the union and the company, on July 7, the ministers petitioned the Commission on Industrial Relations (CIR) and the U.S. Department of Labor to send representatives to Atlanta.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Course of the strike, Strike continues
Both the commission (headed by Frank P. Walsh) and the department (headed by William Bauchop Wilson) were considered fairly sympathetic to organized labor, with Wilson having previously served as a leader of the United Mine Workers of America. Ultimately, the U.S. Federal Government obliged and sent two individuals to Atlanta in an attempt to hold conciliation services between the union and company: W. W. Husband and Herman Robinson of the Department of Labor, with Robinson leading the efforts. The two spent a week in Atlanta and met with Elsas on both July 16 and July 21.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Course of the strike, Strike continues
In both meetings, they urged him to submit to arbitration, but Elsas steadfastly refused, arguing that the mills were operating fine and that there was nothing he needed to arbitrate with the strikers. The two would later submit a report to Labor Secretary Wilson that was sympathetic to the strike, but stated that there was little the agency could do. Shortly before leaving Atlanta, two representatives of CIR arrived: Alexander M. Daly and Inis Weed.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Course of the strike, Strike continues
Weed (a progressive labor activist) interviewed with Elsas on July 24, during which Elsas stated that he would be open to arbitration when he felt he might lose the strike, referred to the Men and Religion Forward Movement as being composed of fanatics, and expressed interest in using violence to end the strike, though he said he would not do so because of the women and children on strike. These statements were later widely published in the Atlanta press. Meanwhile, Daly had composed a 49-page report on the strike and conditions at the mills, which, in addition to criticisms of the company's policies and working and living conditions, questioned the legality of the employment contract on the grounds that it lacked mutuality.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Course of the strike, Trouble within the union
However, around the same time that these federal representatives were meeting with Elsas, the union was facing its own issues. Local 886 had continued to accept new members into its ranks, many of whom were transient workers who joined in order to take advantage of the union's benefits. According to Preston, "not a quarter" of the total members of Local 886 had ever worked for the mills.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Course of the strike, Trouble within the union
By mid-July, the union had made changes to its acceptance policy in order to screen out these freeloaders, as at the time, over 1,600 people were using the union commissary, costing the union $1,000 per week. Additionally, around the time that Daly and Weed had arrived in Atlanta, Conboy and Kelleher were recalled to New York City by UTW President Golden, which weakened the leadership in the local union. Conboy and Kelleher had recently become at odds with fellow strike leaders Miles and Smith, causing a division amongst the strike's leadership.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Course of the strike, Trouble within the union
At the advice of one of the RA & I agents, the company announced that after July 25, no person involved in the strike would ever be employed at the mills again. Also around this time, the UTW feared that the IWW were planning to send operatives to try to take over the strike, as had occurred during the 1912 Lawrence textile strike, but this never occurred.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Course of the strike, Trouble within the union
By August, with production levels matching those before the strike, Elsas defiantly claimed that the strike was over. Also around that same time, citing financial difficulties and a lack of optimism with the strike's progress, the AFT pulled their support. With reduced financial support, the union shifted to housing striking workers in a tent city near the mills, on property owned by a police officer who was sympathetic to the strikers. These tents had been purchased from the Georgia National Guard, which had previously condemned them.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Course of the strike, Trouble within the union
While images and stories from the tent city generated increased support and elicited donations from several unions around the country, reports of immoral and illegal activities within the camp generated some negative publicity in the local media. On September 2, a large thunderstorm struck Atlanta and flooded the tent city, but afterwards, the strikers made repairs and cleaned up the area, showing that despite the difficult situation and Preston's predictions, the workers were determined to the continue the strike.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Course of the strike, Trouble within the union
On October 21, the UTW held their national convention in Scranton, Pennsylvania, where the labor union planned to enact some changes to the leadership within the Atlanta strike. While Miles was widely criticized for reimbursement agreements he had made with the AFT (which had gone in debt over the course of supporting the strike), the strike itself still garnered wide support from the union, with many still seeing a successful resolution there as the gateway for further unionizing efforts in the region.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Course of the strike, Trouble within the union
Following the AFL's convention, (which was held November 9–21 in Philadelphia) UTW President Golden arrived in Atlanta to take charge of the strike and improve the relationship within the strike leadership. To this end, he also sought to squash rumors of a romantic relationship between Miles and Smith. Smith had been the subject of an intense smear campaign during the strike, with company officials attempting repeatedly to catch her in a compromising situation with another man (at the time, Smith was married). During the strike, Smith's husband initiated a divorce, which further damaged the organizer's public reputation.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Course of the strike, Trouble within the union
Golden hoped to reinvigorate the strike and carried out several reforms, including banning alcohol in the tent city, spending hundreds of dollars purchasing shoes for the strikers, covertly sending union agents into the mills to recruit more strikers, and evicting non-strikers. By December, only slightly over 200 people lived in the tent city, of which about 35 were part of the original group of strikers. Additionally, company spies reported rumors that Golden was planning a walkout in January 1915 to coincide with action from the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen. That union's labor contract with Southern Railroad was set to expire on January 1, and the plan was that they would refuse to handle business for the mills until a conclusion to the strike was reached.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Course of the strike, End of the strike
Despite the actions taken by Golden, the next several months saw no real progress in winning the strike. An inability to effectively organize within the mills, combined with a labor surplus and a failure with organizing efforts at the nearby Exposition Cotton Mills, led to many seeing the strike as a hopeless situation. On February 1, 1915, Golden returned to UTW's headquarters in Fall River, Massachusetts and was replaced by Conboy and Thomas Reagan, a noted union organizer.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Course of the strike, End of the strike
Reagan attempted to boost morale and held several rallies, but as time went on, the situation became increasingly hopeless, and on May 15, 1915, 360 days after it had started, the strike ended. The tent city was taken apart, the commissary closed, and the union provided transportation fare for remaining strikers to either return to their homes or to where they had found new employment. Many of the strikers never worked for the mills again, while many workers who had gone on strike had by this time already moved on to new jobs.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Aftermath and analysis
Discussing the aftermath of the strike, Historian Gary M. Fink stated, "the first volley in the American labor movement's campaign to organize the South's major industry did surprisingly little damage to the seemingly impregnable industrial fortress that was southern textiles". Further stressing the size and importance of this strike, he refers to it as "[t]he southern equivalent of the great 1912 "Bread and Roses" textile strike", which had been a watershed moment for organized labor in northern textiles.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Aftermath and analysis
Offering a slightly different take on the strike, historian Jacquelyn Dowd Hall contends that while the strike was not the "first big strike" for southern textile mills, it was the first such strike in which the UTW and AFL significantly contributed. Historian Joseph B. Atkins considered the strike a forerunner to later textile strikes in the south, including the 1929 Loray Mill strike and the 1934 Textile workers strike, both primarily taking place in North Carolina. While the 1934 strike did see some workers at the Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills participate, there is no clear link between the two.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Aftermath and analysis
In discussing the failure of the strike, Fink compares the social and economic environment of the textile industry in the American South to that of the northern states. In particular, Fink notes that, while government authorities and public groups were either neutral or supportive of the strike effort and that national union groups such as the UTW and AFL provided an abundant amount of resources and support, several factors made the strike difficult to win from the start.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Aftermath and analysis
Notably, he stated that the millworkers were more concerned with racial rather than class solidarity, as evidenced in the successful 1897 strike action, and that this played to undermine the overall solidarity of the strikers. Knowing this, Elsas made no effort at using African American strikebreakers during the strike, for fear of stoking solidarity among their ranks. This sentiment is shared by historian Mark K. Bauman, who stated that "[t]he company successfully used race to counteract class", something that would also occur in the 1916 Atlanta streetcar strike. Bauman, referencing both the Fulton Bag strikes and the 1906 Atlanta race riot, further states that "both the riot and the strikes have been viewed in part as attempts by whites … to put African Americans "in their places"".


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Aftermath and analysis
Additionally, the divide between long-term millworkers and the more transient employees created an irreparable rift between the strikers, which was further damaged as more people joined the union despite having never worked at the mills before. The mills' location in Atlanta also meant that there was an abundance of new workers to be hired to replace the strikers. Union efforts were also hurt by a noticeable separation between the union organizers and the rank and file union members, with actual employees not having too much say in the strike's operations compared to organizers like Miles and Smith. Over the course of the strike, the local union had four different presidents, with the first president ultimately resigning after becoming disillusioned with the strike and finding employment at another mill.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Aftermath and analysis
While the CIR had collected extensive testimony from many individuals involved in the strike, the U.S. Congress, at the urging of then-Congressman M. Hoke Smith, voted to restrict the publication of this testimony and limit the publication solely to the CIR's final report on the strike. Smith stated that he had "not the slightest respect for anything the Commission did" and criticized the reliability of the testimony, calling it "so much junk". As a result, despite efforts from organized labor groups, only the final report was ever published.


1914–1915 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills strike, Aftermath and analysis
Oscar Elsas, who died in 1924, kept an extensive collection of records relating to the strike in a vault at the mills. In late 1985, historians found these company records, including reports from the hired undercover agents, in the basement of the abandoned mills, prompting renewed historical interest and analysis in the strike. Prior to this, reflecting on the legacy of the strike, historian Clifford M. Kuhn said there had been a collective "amnesia" regarding the strike, due in part to the transient nature of the textile workers. Smith, however, later called the strike a pivotal moment in her history as a labor activist while speaking about the event in 1950.


1914–1918 Commemorative war medal (France)
The 1914–1918 Commemorative war medal (French: "Médaille commémorative de la guerre 1914–1918") was awarded to soldiers and sailors for service in World War I. It was also awarded to civilians who met certain requirements. Created by Act of June 23, 1920, is awarded to any military member for service between 2 August 1914 and November 11, 1918. It is also given to civilians who served in the same period in the army or the Interior.


1914–1918 Commemorative war medal (France)
An open contest was held which invited many engravers of the time, and 73 models were presented to the jury. The model of Pierre-Alexandre Morlon was ultimately adopted. The event had a certain impact since L'Illustration, a prestigious magazine, illustrated in an article of January 29, 1921, pictures of the six models selected.


1914–1918 Commemorative war medal (France), Award statute
The 1914–1918 Commemorative war medal was awarded to those who served in the following conditions between August 2, 1914, and November 11, 1918:


1914–1918 Commemorative war medal (France), Award description
The medal is round with a diameter of 33 mm. It is bronze. On the obverse, is an effigy of a youthful Minerva in profile, wearing the helmet of 1915, representing France. She is crowned with laurels and holding a sword in her left hand. There are bay leaves mixed with oak leaves at the top to join the medal pendant ring that attaches the medal to the ribbon.


1914–1918 Commemorative war medal (France), Award description
On the reverse is the legend: GRANDE GUERRE 1914-1918, surrounded by the inscription REPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE.


1914–1918 Commemorative war medal (France), Award description
There was originally a clasp "Engagés Volontaires" for volunteer enlistees. It was replaced when the Croix du combattant volontaire 1914-1918 was established in 1935.


1914–1918 Inter-Allied Victory medal (France)
The 1914–1918 Inter-Allied Victory medal (French: "Médaille Interalliée de la Victoire 1914–1918") was a French commemorative medal established on 20 July 1922. It was the French version of a common allied campaign medal where each allied nation issued a Victory Medal to their own nationals, all issues having certain common features, including the same ribbon, a winged figure of victory on the obverse and a similar inscription on the reverse, the French version reading "LA GRANDE GVERRE POUR CIVILISATION 1914-1919".


1914–1918 Inter-Allied Victory medal (France)
It was awarded to all soldiers who served three months, consecutive or not, between 2 August 1914 and 11 November 1918 in the war zone. It was also awarded to civilian nurses, aliens (civilian or military) who served directly under French command, Marshals and generals who had a command for at least three months, prisoners of war from Alsace and Lorraine who then served in the French forces.


1914–1918 Inter-Allied Victory medal (France)
Article 10 of the establishing law states: "The right to the medal is also granted to soldiers who were killed by the enemy or died from wounds of war and those (....) who died of disease or injury incurred in service." The next of kin of those killed or died were required to procure the medal at their own expense.


1914–1918 Inter-Allied Victory medal (France), International award
In response to a  proposal first made by the French Marshal Ferdinand Foch, supreme commander of the Allied Forces during the First World War, most allied nations issued a Victory Medal following a common design, thereby avoiding any need for countries to exchange campaign medals. Each country produced their own version, following certain common criteria. The medal was to be in bronze with a 36 mm diameter, having a winged figure of victory on the obverse, a common inscription on the reverse and suspension by a double rainbow design ribbon. Japan and Siam replaced the figure of victory, since a winged victory symbol was not culturally relevant.


1914–1918 Inter-Allied Victory medal (France), International award
The following versions were finally awarded: At the start of the war in 1914, the countries of Poland and Czechoslovakia were parts of the Russian and Austro-Hungarian Empires respectively.


1914–1918 Inter-Allied Victory medal (France), International award
(Main source : The interallied victory medals of world war I by Alexander J. Laslo, Dorado Publishing, Albuquerque. 1986 Edition )


1914–1918 Inter-Allied Victory medal (France), Award certificate
A certificate confirming the award was given to each recipient confirming his right to wear the medal.


1915
1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1915th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 915th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 15th  year of the 20th century, and the  6th   year of the 1910s decade. As of the start of 1915, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1915, Events
Below, the events of World War I have the "WWI" prefix.


1915 (film)
1915 is a 2015 American psychological thriller film written and directed by Garin Hovannisian and Alec Mouhibian. The film stars Simon Abkarian, Angela Sarafyan, Nikolai Kinski, Debra Christofferson, Jim Piddock, and Samuel Page. It follows a mysterious director staging a play to bring the ghosts of a forgotten tragedy back to life on the 100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide.


1915 (film)
The film was released in theaters on April 17, 2015 and through video on demand on April 22, 2015.


1915 (film), Plot
Exactly 100 years after the Armenian genocide committed within Ottoman Empire, a director (Simon Abkarian) is staging a play at the historic Los Angeles Theatre to honor the victims of the massacre. The play stars his enigmatic wife (Angela Sarafyan) as an Armenian woman in 1915 who must make a tragic and controversial decision that will change the course of history. This will not be an ordinary performance. As protesters surround the theater before showtime, and a series of strange accidents spread panic among its actors (Sam Page, Nikolai Kinski) and producer (Jim Piddock), it appears that Simon's mission is far more dangerous than we think—and the ghosts of the past are everywhere.


1915 (film), Themes
The film explores many themes, especially that of denial—referring not only to the 100-year denial of the Armenian Genocide by the Republic of Turkey, but also the many forms of individual denial among the characters in the story.


1915 (film), Themes
Critic Martin Tsai, in his Los Angeles Times review, identified 1915 as contemplating "personal tragedy versus collective grief, artistic license versus historical responsibility, revisionist history versus corrective narrative, forgetting versus moving on," and praised the film as "one creative way to do justice to such a monumental topic."


1915 (film), Themes
In an interview, co-writer/director Alec Mouhibian said, "How can the past have such power over us in the present, and what are the secret ways in which we deal with it? The target of 1915 is you, the viewer, whoever you are, whatever your background. Everyone who steps into the mystery will experience it in one's own way. We hope you come out of it with a richer connection to your past -- a new way of feeling history."


1915 (film), Production
1915 is the first feature film by Garin Hovannisian and Alec Mouhibian. Hovannisian is the author of Family of Shadows and has written for the Los Angeles Times, The New York Times, and other publications. Mouhibian is a writer and comedian whose work has appeared in Slate, The Weekly Standard, and a variety of other publications. He has also been a Media Fellow of the Hoover Institution at Stanford University.


1915 (film), Production
Hovannisian and Mouhibian have been collaborating on film and literary projects for more than ten years.


1915 (film), Production
The film was produced by Bloodvine Media, in conjunction with Strongman and mTuckman Media.


1915 (film), Production, Location
Filming took place almost entirely on location at the historic Los Angeles Theatre, in downtown LA. Long believed to be haunted, the theater is its own character in the story, and the deleted scenes include references to one of its founders, Charlie Chaplin.


1915 (film), Production, Music
The original score of the film was composed by System of a Down's lead singer, Serj Tankian. It is his first film score.


1915 (film), Release
The theatrical release of 1915 in the United States took place on April 17, 2015, with the film's premiere taking place on April 13 at the Egyptian Theatre in conjunction with the American Cinematheque. It released widely in Russia on April 23, 2015, and in Armenia on April 25, 2015. Its first international preview was at the Maxim Gorky Theatre in Berlin, Germany on April 5, 2015. It released in Australia in June, 2015.


1915 (film), Release
On May 26, 2016, the film was released in the UK. On June 4 it was released in France.


1915 (film), Release
In 2015 it was featured selection in the Golden Apricot International Film Festival, Romanian International Film Festival, and Lake Van International Film Festival in Turkey, where it won the Special Jury Prize. It was also awarded "Best Film" by the World Entertainment Armenian Awards.


1915 (miniseries)
1915 is an Australian historical drama television miniseries written by Peter Yeldham, based on Roger McDonald's 1979 novel 1915: A Novel of Gallipoli, that premiered on ABC TV on 27 June 1982, and concluded on 8 August 1982. The miniseries stars Scott McGregor, Scott Burgess, Sigrid Thornton, Jackie Woodburne, Ilona Rodgers, Richard Moir, Serge Lazareff, Damon Sanders, and Andrew McFarlane. It deals the friendship between two young mates during the outbreak of World War I.


1915 AAA Championship Car season
The 1915 AAA Championship Car season consisted of 27 races, beginning in San Diego, California on January 9 and concluding in San Francisco, California on November 25. The de facto National Champion as poled by the American automobile journal Motor Age was Earl Cooper and the winner of the Indianapolis 500 was Ralph DePalma. Points were not awarded by the AAA Contest Board during the 1915 season. Champions of the day were decided by Chris G. Sinsabaugh, an editor at Motor Age, based on merit and on track performance. The points table was created retroactively in 1927 – all championship results should be considered unofficial.


1915 AAA Championship Car season, Leading National Championship standings
The points paying system for the 1909–1915 and 1917–1919 season were retroactively applied in 1927 and revised in 1951 using the points system from 1920.


1915 Akron Indians season
The 1915 Akron Indians season was their eight season in existence. The team played in the Ohio League and posted a 1–3–1 record.


1915 Akron Indians season, Schedule
The table below was compiled using the information from The Pro Football Archives, which used various contemporary newspapers. For the results column, the winning team's score is posted first followed by the result for the Indians. If a cell is greyed out and has "N/A", then that means there is an unknown figure for that game. Green-colored rows indicate a win; yellow-colored rows indicate a tie; and red-colored rows indicate a loss.


1915 Alabama Crimson Tide baseball team
The 1915 Alabama Crimson Tide baseball team represented the Alabama Crimson Tide of the University of Alabama in the 1915 NCAA baseball season, winning the SIAA championship.


1915 Alabama Crimson Tide football team
The 1915 Alabama Crimson Tide football team (variously "Alabama", "UA" or "Bama") represented the University of Alabama in the 1915 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. It was the Crimson Tide's 23rd overall and 20th season as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA). The team was led by head coach Thomas Kelley, in his first year.


1915 Alabama Crimson Tide football team
It was in 1915 Alabama moved its on campus home games from The Quad, where all on-campus home games had been played since 1893, and to a new location, University Field (later renamed Denny Field in honor of school president George Denny in 1920). Home games were also played at Rickwood Field in Birmingham, Alabama. They finished the season with a 6-2 record, 5-0 in the SIAA.


1915 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries
William T. "Bully" Van de Graaff, who punted, kicked, and played tackle, was named Alabama's first All-American in 1915, when was selected second-team All-America by Walter Camp.


1915 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries
Alabama opened the season 5-0 with four shutout victories and a 23-10 win over Sewanee. Against Mississippi College Van de Graaff kicked four field goals and missed a fifth from 54 yards out when the ball hit the upright. The victory over Sewanee was the first for Alabama in that series since 1894. Alabama led the Tigers 10–0 at the half and continued to lead by that score after Sewanee marched inside the Alabama 20 four times in the third but came away with no points.


1915 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries
The Tigers finally scored a touchdown on the first play of the fourth quarter, then blocked a punt and kicked a field goal to tie the game 10–10. However, Van de Graff knocked the ball out of a Sewanee player's hand and ran it back 65 yards for a touchdown, then tacked on two more field goals as the Tide beat the Tigers for only the second time in 12 meetings.


1915 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries
Coach Kelley was hospitalized with typhoid fever two days prior to the Tulane game, and as a result missed the last five games of the season. Athletic director B. L. Noojin and former quarterback Farley Moody then served as co-head coaches for the remainder of the season. The 1915 season in its entirety is still officially credited to Kelley.


1915 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Awards
William T. Van de Graaff was selected to the 1915 College Football All-America Team. His selection was the first ever for an Alabama football player.


1915 Alberta liquor plebiscite
The 1915 Alberta liquor plebiscite was a plebiscite held on July 21, 1915 to ask Alberta voters whether the Government of Alberta should ratify the proposed Liquor Act. Once ratified, the Liquor Act enforced prohibition in Alberta.


1915 Alberta liquor plebiscite
The vote was the first province wide referendum held under the Direct Plebiscite Act. The 1915 plebiscite was the first of three province wide plebiscites related to liquor in Alberta.


1915 Alberta liquor plebiscite, Background, Prohibition in the North-West Territories
Prohibition was not a new concept for Albertans, prior to the creation of the province prohibition had been law in the North-West Territories from 1873–1891. Prohibition at this time was a federal policy intended to prevent the Territories' Indigenous population from purchasing liquor from American whiskey traders, and white settlers were permitted to import liquor with easily available approval from the Lieutenant Governor.


1915 Alberta liquor plebiscite, Background, Prohibition in the North-West Territories
In 1891, prohibition was repealed in the North-West Territories with the Liquor License Ordinance which was administered by the Board of License Commissioners, rather than the local government, following the model already in place in Ontario and Manitoba. The Liquor License Ordinance allowed a hotels in communities to be issued a license to serve liquor. A community with less than 500 people was limited to two licensed establishments, and each additional 500 persons increased the maximum number of licensed establishments by one. Licensed hotels were also required to provide food and lodging. Liquor laws were enforced by liquor inspectors, and an order by two concurring justices of the peace could prevent a person from buying liquor for one year if the person excessively drank.


1915 Alberta liquor plebiscite, Background, Prohibition in the North-West Territories
Prohibition remained a significant national issue, and during the 1896 Canadian federal election Wilfrid Laurier promised a Liberal government would provide Canadians with the opportunity to register their opinion on the sale of liquor. In the non-binding 1898 Canadian prohibition plebiscite a slim majority of the country approved prohibition with 51.26 per cent in favour with 44 per cent of the electorate participating. In the North-West Territories which included present day Saskatchewan and parts of Manitoba, prohibition had a clear majority of 68.8 per cent of voters. Despite the slim majority, Laurier's government chose not to introduce a federal bill on prohibition.


1915 Alberta liquor plebiscite, Background, Direct legislation
Following confederation of Alberta in 1905 the movement for direct legislation took form. The Grain Growers Guide published articles about the benefits of direct legislation, and the growing United Farmers of Alberta pressured the Liberal government starting in 1909, and promoted by the Conservative Party, in March 1912, and finally came to fruition with the Direct Legislation Act in 1913.


1915 Alberta liquor plebiscite, Background, Direct legislation
The minority Conservative Party also sought to capitalize on the prohibition issue prior to the 1913 election, with the party convention in March 1912 committing to holding a plebiscite on prohibition. The Liberal government was less willing to commit to prohibition, recognizing the revenue generated through licensing. The Liberals instead advocated for incremental changes through reform to improve conditions related to liquor.


1915 Alberta liquor plebiscite, Background, Direct legislation
The temperance movement quickly responded to the new tool of direct legislation, providing a petition signed by 23,656 persons for a "Prohibitory Liquor Act" to Premier Arthur Sifton, who under the law had to either pass such a law or hold a referendum on the issue.


1915 Alberta liquor plebiscite, Background, Direct legislation
The premier tabled the petition in the Legislature on October 13, 1914. Sifton created a special committee to study the petition consisting of Members Messrs, George P. Smith, John M. Glendenning, and Albert Ewing. A week later on October 19, the special committee declared the petition to conform with the requirements of the Direct Legislation Act, and the Legislature moved that the Liquor Act be submitted to a vote of the electors.


1915 Alberta liquor plebiscite, Background, Arguments on prohibition
Prohibition was pushed forward primarily by two temperance groups, the Women's Christian Temperance Movement (WCTM) and the Temperance and Moral Reform League (TMRL), as well as the United Farmers of Alberta. The TMRL shared many of the same ideals as the WCTM, but was structured to mirror a political party, with a central executive and local organizations in each electoral district. The president of the TMRL during the leadup to the plebiscite was T. H. Miller.


1915 Alberta liquor plebiscite, Background, Arguments on prohibition
Both the WCTM and the TMRL sought to ensure temperance MLAs were elected irrespective of party, and strong representation existed politically in Alberta with temperance values being shared by Lieutenant Governor George H. V. Bulyea, Premier Alexander Cameron Rutherford, Crown Minister William Henry Cushing, and Conservative leader R. B. Bennett. Additional arguments for prohibition were printed in William McCartney Davidson's Calgary Albertan.


1915 Alberta liquor plebiscite, Background, Arguments on prohibition
Louise McKinney was named President of the Alberta-Saskatchewan Union of the WTCM in 1908 and led the organization through the liquor plebiscite. Two years later in 1917, McKinney was elected as a Member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta, becoming the first woman legislator in the British Empire.


1915 Alberta liquor plebiscite, Background, Arguments on prohibition
Arguments made for prohibition came from preachers and newspapers, drawing a comparison to the struggle of soldiers in the First World War fighting against "evil" and the temperance campaign's battle against the evil of liquor. One major surprise was Bob Edwards public support for the yes vote in his newspaper the Calgary Eye-Opener, despite his reputation as an alcoholic. The prohibition arguments were strong, noting the better use of grains for the war effort, rather than alcohol; and showing alcoholics as wasteful with money and neglectful of family obligations.


1915 Alberta liquor plebiscite, Background, Arguments on prohibition
The TMRL released a statement estimating that liquor sales in Alberta cost the public $12,292,215 per year, and prepared a $30,000 budget to campaign on the issue. The TMRL brought speakers in from across Canada and the United States to discuss the issue, including the leader of the Ontario Liberal Party Newton Rowell.


1915 Alberta liquor plebiscite, Background, Arguments on prohibition
Arguments against prohibition were made primarily by Ukrainian voters, French Canadians and a portion of the soldier vote. These groups often brought in American speakers to discuss the failures of prohibition, and were subsequently branded as unpatriotic as the United States had yet to enter the First World War. Opposition by men aged 18 to 40 was limited as many were shipped overseas for the war effort.


1915 Alberta liquor plebiscite, Background, Arguments on prohibition
Other arguments included that the Liquor Act was ineffective at closing liquor channels, government vendors were a potential source for corruption, drug stores would become liquor stores and physicians would become salesmen, and liquor would still be accessible by the rich while the workers would not have the same access. Arguments against prohibition included that many American States had repealed their prohibition laws. The anti-prohibition groups brought in speaker A. C. Windle who vividly described the issues that would arise from prohibition, including lost economic activity and jobs for bartenders, hotels, trucks and others.


1915 Alberta liquor plebiscite, Background, Arguments on prohibition
Two major newspapers, the Calgary Herald and Edmonton Journal argued against prohibition, instead favoring the idea of temperance without legal consequences.


1915 Alberta liquor plebiscite, Aftermath
The province voted by a large majority in favor of the new Liquor Act which enforced prohibition on the province effective July 1, 1916, eleven months after the vote. The results of the plebiscite were binding.


1915 Alberta liquor plebiscite, Aftermath
The aftermath for hotels and clubs was challenging, many closed down or sold out prior to the Liquor Act coming into force. A large number flocked to the hotels and bars on June 30, 1916 on the last day of liquor service, however liquor supplies were difficult to estimate for bar owners who did not want surplus inventory. Red Deer bars ran dry on June 29, and Calgary bars ran out of beer by noon of June 30. Reporters in Edmonton observed patrons lining up to purchase liquor to take home, rather than consume the alcohol in the bar. Overall the last day before prohibition was a celebration across Alberta, with minimal disruption or arrests by prepared police officers.


1915 Alberta liquor plebiscite, Aftermath
Prohibition proved to be difficult for the government to administer, with the North-West Mounted Police (NWMP) refusing to enforce the law, which proved to be resource intensive. Prohibition, combined with manpower pressure from the war, and additional wartime responsibilities resulted in an agreement to withdraw the NWMP and form the Alberta Provincial Police in March 1917. Furthermore, Albertans found numerous ways around the law, including drinking spirts under 2.5 per cent alcohol, private importation (which were barred under federal law during WWI and then again after 1920), and medicinal purposes. The law also did not prohibit the manufacturing of liquor in Alberta.


1915 Alberta liquor plebiscite, Aftermath
The financial consequence of the prohibition vote to the Government of Alberta was significant. Revenue from government controlled liquor sales dropped to nearly zero in 1916, and did not start to recover until 1919 when doctors began writing wholesale prescriptions in the wake of the Spanish flu. It was estimated that the population rejecting the plebiscite would have resulted in the government deficit reduced by at least $1 million annually. The Government of Alberta had previously reported an income from liquor licenses in 2014 of $251,575.


1915 Alberta liquor plebiscite, Aftermath
In the 1920 Canadian liquor plebiscite, Albertans voted in favour of continuing prohibition and in favour of banning importation of liquor across provincial borders (a resumption of the federal WWI prohibition law), but by a decidedly smaller margin, with 60.55 per cent in favour.


1915 Alberta liquor plebiscite, Aftermath
Another referendum was held in 1923. This time the electorate overwhelming approved government controlled liquor sales, ending prohibition in Alberta seven years after it had begun.


1915 Alberta liquor plebiscite, Tabulation of results, Turnout
The Government of Alberta did not provide an official turnout for the 1915 Alberta liquor plebiscite, however the estimated turnout would have been around 70 per cent of eligible voters. A total of 95,804 people voted in the plebiscite, while the population of the province in 1911 was 374,000, with a voting population of approximately 107,487, which is estimated to have increased to between 136,000 to 140,000 by 1915.


1915 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship
The 1915 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship was the 29th staging of Ireland's premier Gaelic football knock-out competition. Wexford won the first title of their four-in-a-row.


1915 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final
The 1915 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final was the 28th All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 1915 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, an inter-county Gaelic football tournament for the top teams in Ireland.


1915 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final
Wexford won by three points; their goals were scored by Jim and Aidan Byrne, while Dick Fitzgerald and Denis Doyle got Kerry's goals.


1915 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final
It was the first of four consecutive All-Ireland football titles won by Wexford between 1915 and 1918.


1915 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final
Wexford were captained by Seán O'Kennedy, whose brother Gus played at corner-forward.


1915 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
The 1915 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the 29th staging of the All-Ireland hurling championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1887. The championship began on 25 April 1915 and ended on 24 October 1915.


1915 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
Clare were the defending champions, however, they were defeated in the provincial series. Laois won the championship after defeating Cork by 6-2 to 4-1 in the final.


1915 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final
The 1915 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final was the twenty-eighth All-Ireland Final and the culmination of the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, an inter-county hurling tournament for the top teams in Ireland. Ballygeehan representing Laois defeated Redmonds from Cork in the final to record Laois's first All-Ireland title.


1915 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final
According to the book "Twenty Years of the GAA 1910-1930" compiled by Phil O'Neill "the game was well up to final standard, although heavy rain fell in the second period, which marred the display to some extent and made it difficult for the players to keep their feet and their hurleys".


1915 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final
At half time Cork led by 3-0 to 2-2 with goals from 'Major' Kennedy, Paddy O'Halloran and Larry Flaherty but four second half goals from Laois, which included three goals by Jim Hiney, secured their win.


1915 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final
Leix wore black and amber hoops while Cork wore yellow jerseys.


1915 All-Western college football team
The 1915 All-Western college football team consists of American football players selected to the All-Western teams chosen by various selectors for the 1915 college football season.


1915 All-Western college football team, Key
Bold = consensus choice by a majority of the selectors


1915 All-Western college football team, Key
FM = Frank G. Menke of the International News Service


1915 All-Western college football team, Key
Bold = Consensus first-team selection by at least three of the selectors listed


1915 Allan Cup
The 1915 Allan Cup was the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA) championship for senior ice hockey in the 1914–15 season. CAHA president W. F. Taylor determined the playoffs format by having names drawn out of a hat by Winnipeg mayor Richard Deans Waugh.


1915 Allan Cup
The title was first held by the Melville Millionaires as champions of their league and two challenge wins. The Millionaires then lost the final Allan Cup challenge to the Winnipeg Monarchs. The 1915 playoff marked the eighth time the Allan Cup had a champion.


1915 Allan Cup, Southern Saskatchewan Hockey League
The defending 1914 Allan Cup champions, Regina Victorias, failed to win the Southern Saskatchewan Hockey League. The SSHL champion Melville Millionaires became the Allan Cup champions.


1915 Allan Cup, First challenge
The Melville Millionaires received a challenge from the Prince Albert Mintos, Northern Saskatchewan Hockey League champions. The series was a home-and-home.


1915 Allan Cup, First challenge, Results
Melville Millionaires win the series 15-13 and retain the Allan Cup.


1915 Allan Cup, Second challenge
The Melville Millionaires received a challenge from the Toronto Victorias, OHA Senior champions. Played in Melville, Saskatchewan.


1915 Allan Cup, Second challenge, Results
Melville Millionaires win the series 15-11 and retain the Allan Cup.


1915 Allan Cup, Third challenge
The Melville Millionaires received a challenge from the Winnipeg Monarchs who won the Western Canada senior playoffs. The Monarchs were led by Fred Marples as team president and repeated as champions of the Winnipeg Amateur Hockey League. In the 1915 playoffs, the Monarchs defeated the Winnipeg Falcons by a total score of 27–14, defeated Fort William by a total score of 16–10, the defeated Edmonton by a total score of 17–8 to reach the final series.


1915 Allan Cup, Third challenge, Results
Winnipeg Monarchs conquer the Allan Cup, winning the series 7-goals-to-6. There were no further challenges.


1915 Alma Maroon and Cream football team
The 1915 Alma Maroon and Cream football team represented Alma College during the 1915 college football season. In Wilfred C. Bleamaster's 3rd year at Alma, the Maroon and Cream compiled a 1–3–2 record and were outscored 208 to 46 by their opponents, yet still managed to finish as co-champion of the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MIAA), after defeating Hillsdale and tying Albion and Olivet.


1915 American Cup
The 1915 American Cup was the annual open cup held by the American Football Association. The Scottish-Americans, after two previous final appearances, won their first American Cup by overcoming the Brooklyn Celtics 1-0 in the championship game.


1915 American Cup, Final
Lineups:Scots- GK Joe Knowles, DF Mike Toman(c), Barry, MF Tom Stark, George P Rogers Sr, Alex Montieth, FW Joe Hemmesley, Archie Stark, Angus Whiston, Eddie Holt, Bunt Forlar. Celts- GK Mather, DF Robertson, McWilliams, MF Flanigan, McElroy, McGreevey, FW Campton, Lonie, O'Halloran, Mike King, McQueen.


1915 American Grand Prize
The 1915 American Grand Prize was the first race of the 1915 Grand Prix season and was held February 27, 1915, at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition, sometimes mistakenly referred to as the San Francisco World's Fair. Unlike the previous American Grand Prize races that saw few entrants, 39 cars entered the 1915 race, 35 appeared, and 30 took the start. Rain began mid-race and 11 cars pulled off course and withdrew. Dario Resta won the race by over six minutes over Howdy Wilcox. His average speed was 56.13 mph (90.33 km/h), slowed by the rain.


1915 Appleby by-election
The Appleby by-election of 1915 was held on 27 October 1915. The by-election was held due to the incumbent Conservative MP, Sir Lancelot Sanderson, becoming a judge on the High Court of Justice. It was won by the Conservative candidate Cecil Lowther who was unopposed due to a War-time electoral pact.


1915 Arfon by-election
The Arfon by-election, 1915 was a parliamentary by-election held on 6 July 1915 for the Arfon division of Caernarvonshire in North Wales, a constituency of the British House of Commons.


1915 Arfon by-election
The by-election was caused by death at the age of 55 of the Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) William Jones, a Junior Lord of the Treasury in H. H. Asquith's Liberal government, who had held the seat since the 1895 general election.


1915 Arfon by-election
The only candidate nominated to contest the by-election was the Liberal Caradoc Rees, who was therefore elected unopposed. Rees, who was a solicitor, held the seat until the constituency was abolished at the general election in December 1918 and was later appointed as a judge.


1915 Argentine Primera División
The 1915 Argentine Primera División was the 24th season of top-flight football in Argentina. The season began on April 4 and ended on January 1916. The reunification of the "Asociación Argentina de Football" and the "Federación Argentina de Football" brought the creation of a championship of 25 teams. The tournament took a league format with each team playing the others once.


1915 Argentine Primera División
Clubs that made their debuts in Primera were San Lorenzo de Almagro (Segunda División (AFA) champion) and Defensores de Belgrano (División Intermedia (FAF) champion). The coming of San Lorenzo caused all the "big five" to meet in an official tournament for the first time. Racing achieved its 3° consecutive championship.


1915 Argentine Primera División
For the first time in Primera División history, four teams were relegated: Kimberley, Defensores de Belgrano, Comercio and Floresta.


1915 Argentine Primera División, Final table, Championship playoff
Racing and San Isidro finished level on points at the top of the table, necessitating a championship playoff, where Racing won its 3rd. consecutive title.


1915 Arizona Wildcats football team
The 1915 Arizona Wildcats football team was an American football team that represented the University of Arizona as an independent during the 1915 college football season. In its second season under head coach Pop McKale, the team compiled a 5–3 record and outscored opponents, 152 to 34. The team captain was William Asa Porter.


1915 Arkansas Razorbacks football team
The 1915 Arkansas Razorbacks football team represented the University of Arkansas in the Southwest Conference (SWC) during the 1915 college football season. In their first year under head coach T. T. McConnell, the Razorbacks compiled a 4–2–1 record (1–1 against SWC opponents), finished in fifth place in the SWC, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 121 to 55.


1915 Armidale state by-election
A by-election was to be held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Armidale on 18 September 1915 because of the death of Liberal Reform member George Braund who was killed in action at Gallipoli.


1915 Army Cadets football team
The 1915 Army Cadets football team represented the United States Military Academy in the 1915 college football season. In their third season under head coach Charles Dudley Daly, the Cadets compiled a 5–3–1 record, shut out four of their nine opponents, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 114 to 57. In the annual Army–Navy Game, the Cadets won 14–0.


1915 Army Cadets football team
Three Army players were recognized on the All-America team. Fullback Elmer Oliphant was selected as a first-team player by Walter Camp, Monty, and Damon Runyon. Center John McEwan was selected as a first-team All-American by Damon Runyon and a second-team player by Monty. Tackle Alex Weyand was selected as a second-team player by Monty and a third-team player by Walter Camp.


1915 Asmara earthquake
The 1915 Asmara earthquake took place outside Asmara, Eritrea on September 23 with an Mw  of 6.2 and a maximum perceived intensity of VI (Strong) on the Mercalli intensity scale.


1915 Asmara earthquake, Effects
The event caused panic among the inhabitants and minor damage. The earthquake is described by experts as being of relatively large magnitude.


1915 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1915 Atlantic hurricane season featured the strongest tropical cyclone to make landfall in the United States since the 1900 Galveston hurricane. The first storm, which remained a tropical depression, appeared on April 29 near the Bahamas, while the final system, also a tropical depression, was absorbed by an extratropical cyclone well south of Newfoundland on October 22. Of the six tropical storms, five intensified into a hurricane, of which three further strengthened into a major hurricane. Four of the hurricanes made landfall in the United States. The early 20th century lacked modern forecasting and documentation, and thus, the hurricane database from these years may be incomplete.


1915 Atlantic hurricane season
One of the strongest and most significant storms of the season was the Galveston hurricane. This storm caused devastation across the Greater Antilles, before making landfall in Texas as a Category 4 hurricane on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson scale, the first system to strike the United States at that intensity since the 1900 Galveston hurricane. Throughout its path, the hurricane caused at least 403 fatalities and approximately $30 million (1915 USD) in damage. Another powerful and devastating storm was the New Orleans hurricane. This system caused extensive impacts along the central Gulf Coast of the United States, especially in southeastern Louisiana. Damage in the United States totaled $13 million, while 279 deaths occurred. Overall, the tropical cyclones of the 1915 Atlantic hurricane season collectively resulted in at least 708 fatalities and more than $43.35 million in damage.


1915 Atlantic hurricane season, Season summary
Tropical cyclogenesis began on April 29, when a tropical depression formed near the eastern Bahamas. The depression dissipated on May 2. No further activity occurred for nearly three months, until the next system developed near the northern Bahamas on July 31. Three tropical cyclones developed in August, all of which intensified into hurricanes. September featured a hurricane, a tropical storm, and a tropical depression.


1915 Atlantic hurricane season, Season summary
The hurricane which developed in that month was the New Orleans hurricane, the strongest tropical cyclone of the season, peaking with maximum sustained winds of 145 mph (230 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 931 mbar (27.5 inHg). Two systems formed in October, both of which remained below tropical storm intensity. The latter was absorbed by an extratropical cyclone well south of Newfoundland on October 22, ending seasonal activity.


1915 Atlantic hurricane season, Season summary
Overall, the season featured 10 known tropical cyclones, 6 of which became tropical storms, while 5 of those intensified into hurricanes. Further, 3 out of the 5 hurricanes reached major hurricane status according to the Saffir–Simpson scale. However, because the early 20th century lacked modern forecasting and documentation, the official hurricane database may be incomplete. The Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project in 2008 uncovered evidence for a tropical cyclone not previously in the database, Tropical Storm Five. Additionally, Hurricane One had previously been classified as a tropical storm, though the project resulted in it being upgraded to hurricane status.


1915 Atlantic hurricane season, Season summary
The season proved to be devastating despite having only six systems reaching at least tropical storm intensity, with four out of the five hurricanes striking the United States. The Galveston hurricane was the strongest and first Category 4 hurricane to make landfall in the United States since the 1900 Galveston hurricane. Collectively, the tropical cyclones of the season caused at least 708 fatalities and more than $43.35 million in damage.


1915 Atlantic hurricane season, Season summary
The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 130, the highest total since 1906 and far above the 1911–1920 average of 58.7. ACE is a metric used to express the energy used by a tropical cyclone during its lifetime. Therefore, a storm with a longer duration will have high values of ACE. It is only calculated at six-hour increments in which specific tropical and subtropical systems are either at or above sustained wind speeds of 39 mph (63 km/h), which is the threshold for tropical storm intensity. Thus, tropical depressions are not included here.


1915 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One
The first storm of the season developed quickly, beginning as a tropical storm early on July 31 about 70 mi (115 km) northeast of the Abaco Islands in the Bahamas. The storm reached hurricane intensity the following day as it approached Florida. At 18:00 UTC on August 1, the small hurricane made landfall near Titusville, Florida, at peak strength with winds of 75 mph (120 km/h) and a minimum atmospheric pressure of 990 mbar (29 inHg). It then weakened and curved towards the northeast, taking a track across the Appalachian Mountains as a tropical storm. Slight reintensification occurred as it approached the Mid-Atlantic states, perhaps aided by baroclinic influences. Late on August 4, the system became extratropical upon merging with a frontal boundary, and later dissipated the following day.


1915 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One
Ahead of the hurricane's landfall, storm warnings were issued by the Weather Bureau from Jacksonville, Florida, to Fort Monroe, Virginia, and were later extended north to Boston, Massachusetts, once the storm began progressing along the U.S. East Coast. At landfall, the strongest winds occurred east of the Suwannee River, reaching 45 mph (72 km/h) in Jacksonville. Bridges, highways, and railways were damaged by the hurricane, and some buildings were toppled. The Florida East Coast Railway between Titusville and Miami was significantly damaged.


1915 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One
The system also dropped heavy rainfall across portions of Florida, with a maximum of 16.61 inches (422 mm) recorded at St. Petersburg. Combined with the strong winds, the rain caused severe damage to crops. The damage toll was estimated to be at least $250,000. Gusty winds accompanied the storm along coastal regions of the northeastern United States, including a 53 mph (85 km/h) wind recorded in New York City. The remnants of this storm brought rainfall to Ontario, causing heavy crop losses, including 40 percent of grain in Scarborough. Five deaths occurred when an automobile slid off a bridge in Utterson.


1915 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two
The Galveston Hurricane of 1915 or Hurricane San Triburcio of 1915


1915 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two
A tropical depression developed near Cabo Verde on August 5. The system gradually strengthened into a hurricane as it tracked westward. On August 10, the hurricane passed between Barbados and Dominica and then entered the Caribbean Sea. Three days later, the storm passed north of Jamaica as it intensified from a Category 2 hurricane to Category 3 status. Moving northwestward, the cyclone intensified into a Category 4 hurricane on August 14 and peaked with maximum sustained winds of 145 mph (230 km/h) as it made landfall on Cuba's Guanahacabibes Peninsula.


1915 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two
The hurricane weakened slightly while moving across the Gulf of Mexico, but remained a Category 4 through its landfall in Texas near San Luis Pass with winds of 130 mph (215 km/h) at 07:00 UTC on August 17. A barometric pressure of 940 mbar (28 inHg) was observed, the lowest known pressure in relation to the storm. After moving inland, the system rapidly weakened, falling to tropical storm intensity just 11 hours later. The cyclone then curved northeastward and deteriorated to a tropical depression near Tyler, Texas, early on August 19. Later that day, the storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone over Arkansas. The extratropical remnants trekked across the Midwestern United States and into Canada before dissipating over Quebec on August 23.


1915 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two
In Dominica and Martinique, the storm caused damage to the shipping industry. As the storm passed north of Jamaica, it produced winds of 80–90 mph (130–140 km/h), causing major losses to the island's banana, beet, and sugar plantations. Additionally, storm surge washed out roads and destroyed wharves. A total of 15 fatalities and about $10 million in damage occurred in Jamaica. Strong winds in the Cayman Islands caused substantial damage, including the destruction of most houses and coconut trees on Cayman Brac, while all buildings on Little Cayman were demolished.


1915 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two
Ten people died after the schooner Curaçao sank just offshore Grand Cayman. In the western extremity of Cuba, the hurricane destroyed all homes at Cape San Antonio and caused 14 deaths throughout the country. The hurricane also caused 101 deaths over the Gulf of Mexico, with most being a result of the steamer Marowjine capsizing in the Yucatán Channel. Storm surge inundated many cities along Galveston Bay, in some cases destroying entire towns. Galveston itself was mostly protected by a seawall, aside from 200 outlying homes that were undermined by erosion.


1915 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two
Overall, about 90 percent of homes on Galveston Island not protected by the seawall were demolished. Most buildings suffered some degree of impact in Houston, with damage totaling $1 million. Elsewhere in East Texas, the storm produced strong winds and rainfall up to 19.83 in (505 mm) at San Augustine, causing extensive losses to cotton crops and infrastructure. At least 275 fatalities were reported in Texas, with most along the coast or at sea. Later in its duration and as an extratropical cyclone, the storm caused heavy precipitation and river flooding.


1915 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two
In Arkansas, levees breaches along the White River, as did the Mississippi River in Illinois, submerging entire towns. In Missouri, the city of St. Louis observed its rainiest 24-hour period on record. Flooding along River des Peres and Meramec River killed 20 people and destroyed more than 1,000 homes. Damage throughout the United States totaled approximately $20 million. The hurricane was responsible for at least 403 fatalities throughout its path.


1915 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
Historical weather maps indicate that a trough became a tropical storm by August 27 about 1,115 mi (1,795 km) east-northeast of Guadeloupe. Moving northwestward and slowly strengthening, the storm became a hurricane early on August 30. After reaching Category 2 intensity at 00:00 UTC on September 1, the cyclone turned west-northwestward. About 24 hours later, the storm intensified into a Category 3 hurricane and soon peaked with winds of 120 mph (195 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 985 mbar (29.1 inHg).


1915 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
The hurricane then meandered slowly around Bermuda, passing just 25 mi (40 km) north of the island around 06:00 UTC September 3. Thereafter, the system turned southeastward and passed roughly the same distance west of Bermuda about 18 hours later. On September 6, the cyclone weakened to a Category 2 hurricane and curved to the west. Veering north-northeastward on September 7, the storm fell to Category 1 intensity about two days later. A northeastward motion commenced, and the system weakened to a tropical storm on September 10. The storm became extratropical several hours later while being absorbed by a frontal system about 345 mi (555 km) south of Sable Island.


1915 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
Bermuda observed gale-force winds from nearly all directions, while sustained winds on the island peaked at nearly 96 mph (154 km/h). Many roofs leaked due to heavy rainfall, while several buildings were partially or completely deroofed, including the Commissioner's House and St. George Hotel. A cathedral also suffered substantial damage. High winds downed trees and disrupted electrical and telephone services on the island. Damage was extensive overall. Large waves generated by the hurricane wrecked many boats. One cargo ship, the SS Pollockshields, aground on at a reef off Elbow Beach. The captain drowned while attempting to procure a life jacket for a crew member, though the other men aboard were eventually rescued.


1915 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
A tropical depression developed over the western Caribbean about 240 mi (385 km) south-southwest of Negril, Jamaica, on August 31. The depression moved north-northwestward and quickly intensified into a tropical storm later that day. Early on September 2, the storm strengthened into a hurricane. Several hours later, the cyclone intensified into a Category 2 hurricane and peaked with maximum sustained winds of 100 mph (155 km/h). A brief jog to the northwest caused the storm to strike Isla de la Juventud and Pinar del Río Province, Cuba, at the same intensity early on September 3.


1915 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
The storm resumed its north-northwestward course and weakened to a Category 1 hurricane before emerging into the Gulf of Mexico. Around 11:00 UTC on September 4, the hurricane made landfall near Apalachicola, Florida, with winds of 90 mph (150 km/h). A barometric pressure of 982 mbar (29.0 inHg) was observed, the lowest known pressure in relation to the storm. The cyclone weakened to a tropical storm as it crossed southeastern Alabama later that day and deteriorated to tropical depression intensity over Tennessee early on September 5. The system persisted until dissipating over central Michigan late the next day.


1915 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
In Cuba, the city of Havana observed wind gusts up to 64 mph (105 km/h). The crew of the schooner Roncador reported that at least eight vessels were wrecked along the Guanahacabibes Peninsula, including a hulk swept about 1 mi (1.6 km) inland. Storm surge and abnormally high tides in Florida caused damage as far south as Manatee County. Tides in St. Petersburg exceeded by the previous record height by nearly 5 ft (1.5 m). Nearby, the seawall at Pass-a-Grille suffered substantial damage.


1915 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
In the Florida Panhandle, Apalachicola recorded sustained wind speeds up to 70 mph (110 km/h), downing about half of electrical and telephone poles and wires, toppling hundreds of trees, unroofing several buildings, and destroying many small homes. Rough seas wrecked many boats and wharves. Damage in Apalachicola reached $100,000. Tides reached 7 ft (2.1 m) above normal at Carrabelle, washing away piers and grounding several barges and boats. The storm also toppled some chimneys, fences, and telephone poles. Strong winds in Marianna uprooted several trees and downed many large tree limbs. Overall, 21 deaths occurred in Florida, with several attributed to storm-related maritime incidents. The system also brought heavy rains and high winds to portions of Georgia, causing losses to cotton crops. A tornado in Marshallville caused property damage and four deaths.


1915 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Five
A surface trough developed into a tropical depression about 475 mi (765 km) south-southeast of Bermuda on September 19. The depression moved east-northeastward and intensified into a tropical storm early the next day. Later on September 20, the cyclone curved northeastward and accelerated. By September 22, however, the storm decelerated and peaked with maximum sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h). The system transitioned into an extratropical cyclone several hours later about 695 mi (1,120 km) southeast of Cape Race, Newfoundland. The extratropical remnant low was absorbed by a frontal boundary on September 23.


1915 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six
A tropical storm was first observed about 45 mi (70 km) east-northeast of Grenada on September 21. The storm initially moved northwestward as it entered the Caribbean, before turning west-northwestward by late on the following day. Early on September 23, the cyclone intensified into a hurricane over the eastern Caribbean. Upon reaching the central Caribbean, the storm underwent rapid intensification between September 24 and September 25, and peaked as a Category 4 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 145 mph (230 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure pf 931 mbar (27.5 inHg).