1909–10 Primera Fuerza season, Overview
In three fourths of all matches in Mexico’s 1909/10 championship season, one (if not both) sides failed to score. Reforma Athletic Club went unbeaten again and successfully defended their title. Only two players remained of the side which had won in 1909, Charles Butlin and Robert Blackmore. The latter, a win half-back, even finished top scorer. English trainer "Tom" Phillips had built a new team and led them right on to victory.


1909–10 Primera Fuerza season, League standings, Top goalscorers
Players sorted first by goals scored, then by last name.


1909–10 Princeton Tigers men's ice hockey season
The 1909–10 Princeton Tigers men's ice hockey season was the 11th season of play for the program.


1909–10 Princeton Tigers men's ice hockey season, Season
Princeton returned few players from the previous year's team and used its early-season games essentially as live practices for the new players. With mostly inexperienced lineups the Tigers were outmatched against amateur clubs with more veteran rosters. Even in large defeats, however, team captain Clarence Peacock's goaltending was in fine form. The team decided on its starting roster and went into their holiday break with a slate of five games before the IHA season started. Despite the early games Princeton was still sluggish at the start of their trip, losing both games in New York. The team finally began to pull together in their three-game series against Yale, taking two out of three games.


1909–10 Princeton Tigers men's ice hockey season, Season
The Tigers opened their conference schedule with Cornell's first game as a member. The two teams fought a tough match that required two extra periods to decide the winner but it the lone goal came from Kay to give Princeton the win. After defeating Dartmouth the Tigers entered the game against Harvard with a chance to take a commanding lead in the IHA. With a stellar defensive effort, Princeton handed the Crimson just the second shutout in program history and took the match 3–0.


1909–10 Princeton Tigers men's ice hockey season, Season
After dropping Columbia Princeton was one game away from their second championship and while it was their last game, by a quirk of the schedule, Yale had yet to play a conference match. If they lost the game to the Elis it could mean surrendering the crown if Yale were to sweep the remainder of their games. Two goals from Kay provided all the offense the Tigers needed and with the 2–1 victory Princeton was the Intercollegiate Hockey Association champion yet again.


1909–10 Princeton Tigers men's ice hockey season, Season
After the season, eight members of the team were awarded athletic letters by the university, making this the first ice hockey team in school history to have lettermen.


1909–10 RPI men's ice hockey season
The 1909–10 RPI men's ice hockey season was the 7th season of play for the program.


1909–10 RPI men's ice hockey season, Season
Note: Rensselaer's athletic teams were unofficially known as 'Cherry and White' until 1921 when the Engineers moniker debuted for the men's basketball team.


1909–10 Rangers F.C. season
The 1909–10 season was the 36th season of competitive football played by Rangers.


1909–10 Rangers F.C. season, Overview
Rangers played a total of 40 competitive matches during the 1909–10 season. The side finished third in the league, eight points behind champions Celtic, after winning 20 of the 34 matches.


1909–10 Rangers F.C. season, Overview
The Scottish Cup campaign ended in a second round 2–0 defeat away to Clyde, having previously overcame Inverness Thistle in the first.


1909–10 Rugby Union County Championship
The 1909–10 Rugby Union County Championship was the 22nd edition of England's premier rugby union club competition at the time.


1909–10 Rugby Union County Championship
Gloucestershire won the competition for the first time defeating Yorkshire in the final.


1909–10 S.L. Benfica season
The 1909–10 season was Sport Lisboa e Benfica's 6th season in existence and the club's 4th competitive season. Benfica won their first and regional title, the Campeonato de Lisboa.


1909–10 Scottish Cup
The 1909–10 Scottish Cup was the 37th season of Scotland's most prestigious football knockout competition. The Cup was won by Dundee who defeated Clyde 2–0 in the second replay final, after drawing 2–2 and 0–0.


1909–10 Scottish Districts season
The 1909–10 Scottish Districts season is a record of all the rugby union matches for Scotland's district teams.


1909–10 Scottish Division One
The 1909–10 Scottish Division One season was won by Celtic by two points over nearest rival Falkirk.


1909–10 Scottish Division Two
The 1909–10 Scottish Division Two was won by Leith Athletic and Raith Rovers, with Ayr Parkhouse finishing bottom.


1909–10 Seton Hall Pirates men's basketball team
The 1909–10 Seton Hall Pirates men's basketball team represented Seton Hall University during the 1909–10 college men's basketball season. The head coach was Dick McDonough, coaching his first season with the Pirates.


1909–10 Sheffield Shield season
The 1909–10 Sheffield Shield season was the 18th season of the Sheffield Shield, the domestic first-class cricket competition of Australia. South Australia won the championship.


1909–10 South Carolina Gamecocks men's basketball team
The 1909–10 South Carolina men's basketball team represents University of South Carolina during the 1909–10 college men's basketball season. The head coach was F.E. Scofield, coaching the Gamecocks in his first season. The team finished with a final record of 0–1.


1909–10 Southern Football League
The 1909–10 season was the 16th in the history of Southern Football League. Brighton & Hove Albion won Division One for the first time, Stoke and Hastings & St Leonards finished top of the Division Two groups, though they were not promoted to Division One. Stoke were the only club to apply for election to the Football League, but were unsuccessful.


1909–10 Southern Football League, Division One
A total of 22 teams contest the division, including 21 sides from previous season and one new team.


1909–10 Southern Football League, Division Two A
All the clubs in the new Division Two A were new to the Southern League, except Salisbury City participated in league since 1906.


1909–10 Southern Football League, Division Two B
A total of six teams contest the division, including 3 sides from previous season Division Two and three new teams, all of them are newly elected teams.


1909–10 Southern Football League, Football League elections
Stoke were the only Southern League club to apply for election to the Football League, but received only three votes.


1909–10 St Helens RLFC season
The 1909-1910 St Helens R.F.C. season was the club's 15th in the NRFU, the 36th in their history. The club finished 10th out of 28 in the Championship. In the Lancashire League, St Helens finished fifth out of 12. In the Challenge Cup, the club were beaten in the second round by Halifax.


1909–10 St. Louis Soccer League season
Final league standings for the 1909-10 St. Louis Soccer League.


1909–10 St. Louis Soccer League season, Overview
The weeks leading up to the 1909-10 season saw the arrival of the Pilgrims club from England. This team, on a tour of the United States, played several games against local opponents. The season began the first week of November 1909. All games were played at Athletic Park which used to sit at the intersection of Garrison Avenue and Market Street.


1909–10 Stoke F.C. season
The 1909–10 season was Stoke's second in the Birmingham & District League and the first in the Southern Football League.


1909–10 Stoke F.C. season
Stoke decided to enter two league competitions this season with the directors feeling that the Southern Football League represented a better chance to be re-elected into the Football League. Stoke won the Southern Football League Division Two A with ease winning all ten of their matches and the Division Two championship play-off. They scored 48 goals conceding only 9, however unfortunately for Stoke promotion was not gained due to a league reorganization. The Birmingham & District League was a lot harder and Stoke finished in 7th place.


1909–10 Stoke F.C. season, Season review, League
Stoke played in two league competitions during the 1909–10 season, in the Birmingham & District League and in the Southern League Division Two. This meant a total of 44 league fixtures would be played during the season.


1909–10 Stoke F.C. season, Season review, League
The standard of football in the Southern League was of a poor quality and Stoke took the championship with ease, winning all of their 10 matches with a goal-average of 48-9. They started off with an 11–0 home victory over Merthyr Town and never looked back. On 25 April 1910, Stoke met Hastings & St Leonards United (winners of Division Two B) in a 'championship decider' and Stoke easily won 6–0 to claim the title.


1909–10 Stoke F.C. season, Season review, League
The Birmingham league was considerably tougher and it was dominated by Aston Villa's reserve side. Stoke finished in 7th place, never threatening to challenge the leaders throughout the campaign. Arthur Griffiths, who had returned to the club from Oldham Athletic, top scored this season amassing 38 goals in all competitions.


1909–10 Stoke F.C. season, Season review, FA Cup
The biggest crowd of the season at the Victoria Ground (18,000) came in the FA Cup first round against Newcastle United. Stoke having progressed past Ilkeston and Exeter City in the qualifying rounds. Stoke held the Geordies to a 1–1 draw but lost 2–1 in the replay up in the north east and Newcastle went on to lift the cup. Stoke also played in the Birmingham League Cup for the one and only time losing to Aston Villa's second string in the third round. The directors decided that the Birmingham League Cup was not a worthwhile competition to enter.


1909–10 Swiss National Ice Hockey Championship
The 1909–10 Swiss National Ice Hockey Championship was the second edition of the national ice hockey championship in Switzerland. Seven teams participated in the championship, which was won by HC La Villa, who finished first in the standings.


1909–10 Tennessee Volunteers basketball team
The 1909–10 Tennessee Volunteers basketball team represents the University of Tennessee during the 1909–10 college men's basketball season. The Volunteers team captain was Solon S. Kipp.


1909–10 United States collegiate men's ice hockey season
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by PensRule11385 (talk | contribs) at 18:33, 31 March 2020 (→References). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1909–10 United States collegiate men's ice hockey season
The 1909–10 United States collegiate men's ice hockey season was the 15th season of collegiate ice hockey.


1909–10 University of Virginia men's basketball team
The 1909–10 University of Virginia men's basketball team represented the University of Virginia during the 1909–10 IAAUS men's basketball season. The team was led by fifth-year head coach Henry Lannigan, and played their home games at Fayerweather Gymnasium in Charlottesville, Virginia. Now known as the Virginia Cavaliers, the team did not have an official nickname prior to 1923.


1909–10 VMI Keydets basketball team
The 1909–10 VMI Keydets basketball team represented the Virginia Military Institute in their second ever season of basketball. The Keydets were coached by F. J. Pratt and held a 2–5 record by year's end. They played their games out of the Lexington Skating Rink.


1909–10 Welsh Amateur Cup
The 1909–10 Welsh Amateur Cup was the 20th season of the Welsh Amateur Cup. The cup was won by Johnstown Amateurs who defeated Bangor Reserves 2-1 in the final at Sealand Road, Chester.


1909–10 Western Football League
The 1909–10 season was the 18th in the history of the Western Football League.


1909–10 Western Football League
After Division One was scrapped at the end of the previous season, the members clubs all having resigned to concentrate on the Southern League, the Western League became a single-division league for the first time since the inaugural 1892–93 season. The champions were Treharris, the first time that the title had been won by a Welsh team, although they left the league at the end of the season.


1909–10 Western Football League, Final table
The old Division Two became the only division for this season, and two new clubs joined, increasing the number of clubs from 12 to 13 clubs, after Staple Hill disbanded.


1909–10 William & Mary Indians men's basketball team
The 1909–10 William & Mary Indians men's basketball team represented the College of William & Mary in intercollegiate basketball during the 1909–10 season. The team finished the season with a 1–3 record. This was the fifth season in program history for William & Mary, whose nickname is now "Tribe."


1909–10 Williams Ephs men's ice hockey season
The 1909–10 Williams Ephs men's ice hockey season was the 7th season of play for the program.


1909–10 Williams Ephs men's ice hockey season, Season
After the mostly unsuccessful challenge to the IHA the year before, Williams only played one team from the top conference and surprisingly won the match. The Ephs continued to perform well over the course of the season, winning six of their seven games while playing only once at home. At the end of the season William's victory over Princeton could have given them a claim to the intercollegiate championship, however, Princeton played most of their games against top competition while Williams did not.


1909–10 Williams Ephs men's ice hockey season, Season
The win also came in the preliminary time of the schedule when most teams weren't fully ready for play and thus was not given the same weight that a game later in the season would receive. In any event, Williams was able to claim a win over the 1910 Intercollegiate hockey champion, something very few small schools could even hope to accomplish.


1909–10 Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball team
The 1909–1910 Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball team represented University of Wisconsin–Madison. The head coach was Haskell Noyes, coaching his second season with the Badgers. The team played their home games at the Red Gym in Madison, Wisconsin and was a member of the Western Conference.


1909–10 Yale Bulldogs men's ice hockey season
The 1909–10 Yale Bulldogs men's ice hockey season was the 15th season of play for the program.


1909–10 Yale Bulldogs men's ice hockey season, Season
Yale recovered from a dismal season the year before but suffered from a lack of consistency, losing after nearly every win.


1909–10 Yale Bulldogs men's ice hockey season, Season
The team did not have a coach, however, Reginald Roome served as team manager.


1909–10 Yorkshire Cup
The 1909–10 Yorkshire Cup was the fifth occasion on which the Yorkshire Cup competition, a Rugby league tournament, was held. This year's final was between two clubs who had not previously played in the final and Huddersfield won the trophy by beating Batley by the score of 21–0. The match was played at Headingley, Leeds, now in West Yorkshire. The attendance was 22,000 and receipts were £778. This was Huddersfield's first appearance in what would be seven appearances in eight consecutive finals between 1909 and 1919 (which included four successive victories and six in total.)


1909–10 Yorkshire Cup, Background
This season there were again no junior/amateur clubs taking part and so the total of entries remained the  same at thirteen. This, in turn, resulted in three byes in the first round.


1909–10 Yorkshire Cup, Competition and Results, Final, Teams and Scorers
Scoring - Try = three (3) points - Goal = two (2) points - Drop goal = two (2) points


1909–10 Yorkshire Cup, Notes and comments
1 * Headingley, Leeds, is the home ground of Leeds RLFC with a capacity of 21,000. The record attendance was  40,175 for a league match between Leeds and Bradford Northern on 21 May 1947.


1909–10 Yorkshire Cup, Notes and comments, General information for those unfamiliar
The Rugby League Yorkshire Cup competition was a knock-out competition between (mainly professional) rugby league clubs from  the  county of Yorkshire. The actual area was at times increased to encompass other teams from  outside the  county such as Newcastle, Mansfield, Coventry, and even London (in the form of Acton & Willesden.


1909–10 Yorkshire Cup, Notes and comments, General information for those unfamiliar
The Rugby League season always (until the onset of "Summer Rugby" in 1996) ran from around August-time through to around May-time and this competition always took place early in the season, in the Autumn, with the final taking place in (or just before) December (The only exception to this was when disruption of the fixture list was caused during, and immediately after, the two World Wars)


1909–10 in Belgian football
The 1909–10 season was the 15th competitive season in Belgian football.


1909–10 in Belgian football, Overview
Union Saint-Gilloise and F.C. Brugeois finished with the same number of points in the first division. A final game was thus organised to determine the champion, won by Union. FC Liégeois finished 12th and was relegated to the second division, and replaced by second division winner RC de Malines. Standard FC Liégeois played their first ever season in the top division of Belgian football.


1909–10 in English football
The 1909–10 season was the 39th season of competitive football in England.


1909–10 in English football, Events
Lincoln City were re-admitted to the Football League after a season away, at the expense of Chesterfield.


1909–10 in English football, Honours
Notes = Number in parentheses is the times that club has won that honour. * indicates new record for competition


1909–10 in Scottish football
The 1909–10 season was the 37th season of competitive football in Scotland and the 20th season of the Scottish Football League.


1909–10 in Scottish football, Overview
Celtic extended their record run of consecutive league titles to six, while Dundee were Scottish Cup winners for the first time. On the international front, Scotland were outright British champions for the first time in eight years.


1909–1910 Costa Rican general election
The 1910 Costa Rican general election was held during the presidency of Cleto González Víquez. This was the last time that indirect elections were held in Costa Rica as for the next one in 1913 the direct vote was implemented. Liberal lawyer Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno was elected for the first time (he will be re-elected two more times, the only person in Costa Rica's history who has been democratically elected three times). Jiménez was very popular in part because of his struggles against the United Fruit Company's abusive operations in the country. Jiménez was proclaimed candidate in the Teatro Variedades during the first Republican National Convention, Costa Rica's first primary election. Jiménez won easily over the other candidate, former president Rafael Yglesias who ruled an authoritarian, though short-lived, regime.


190s
The 190s decade ran from January 1, 190, to December 31, 199.


190s BC
This article concerns the period 199 BC – 190 BC.


190th (2nd Durham Light Infantry) Brigade
The 190th (2nd Durham Light Infantry) Brigade was a 2nd Line Territorial Force formation of the British Army during World War I. Formed from battalions of the Durham Light Infantry, it served in home defence without ever going overseas as a complete formation.


190th (2nd Durham Light Infantry) Brigade, Origin
The Durham Light Infantry Brigade had been formed in 1902 to command the part-time Volunteer battalions of the Durham Light Infantry (DLI). After the Volunteers were subsumed into the Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the 6th–9th Battalions of the DLI constituted the DLI Brigade in the TF's Northumbrian Division.


190th (2nd Durham Light Infantry) Brigade, Origin
When World War I broke out in 1914, the TF units were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service. On 15 August 1914, the War Office issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and on 31 August the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each TF unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service.


190th (2nd Durham Light Infantry) Brigade, Origin
The Northumbrian Division and its components began training for deployment overseas while a cadre of officers and men who were unfit or who had not volunteered for overseas service remained at the units' headquarters to begin the task of raising 2nd Line battalions from the mass of volunteers who were coming forward. The titles of these 2nd-Line units were the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. In this way duplicate battalions, brigades and divisions were created, mirroring those TF formations being sent overseas.


190th (2nd Durham Light Infantry) Brigade, Service
The 2nd DLI Brigade Headquarters was formed at Durham on 18 January 1915 and the 2nd Northumbrian Division began to assemble round Newcastle upon Tyne later that month. While under training the division was also responsible for coast defence in North East England, from Seaham Harbour, through Sunderland to Newcastle. The 2nd DLI Brigade manned trenches between Seaham and Roker, with Brigade HQ at Leam Camp, Heworth.


190th (2nd Durham Light Infantry) Brigade, Service
The 1st Line embarked for France during April 1915 (where they received the designations 50th (Northumbrian) Division and 151st (Durham Light Infantry) Brigade). They joined the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) and were immediately thrown into action at the Second Battle of Ypres, suffering heavy casualties. The division's 2nd Line units had been providing reinforcement drafts to the 1st Line since January, now this became an important role.


190th (2nd Durham Light Infantry) Brigade, Service
By May 1915, all the 2nd DLI Brigade's Home Service men had been transferred to form 23rd Provisional Bn (later 26th DLI) serving in coast defence, and thenceforth the 2nd Line units concentrated on training drafts for the 1st Line serving in France. The 2nd Northumbrian Division was numbered 63rd (2nd Northumbrian) Division and the 2nd DLI Brigade became 190th (2nd Durham Light Infantry) Brigade on 16 August. In November 1915 the brigade moved into winter quarters at Doncaster.


190th (2nd Durham Light Infantry) Brigade, Service
Early in 1916, the 63rd Division was seriously under strength, and the decision was made to break it up. Its number and ancillary units were transferred to the Royal Naval Division, veterans of Antwerp and Gallipoli, then arriving on the Western Front. 190th Brigade remained in existence, supplying drafts to the 1st Line in France, and moved to Catterick Camp on 22 July 1916.


190th (2nd Durham Light Infantry) Brigade, Order of Battle
The brigade's composition during World War I was as follows:


190th (2nd Durham Light Infantry) Brigade, Disbandment
On 1 November 1916 the 2/9th DLI left the brigade and embarked for the Macedonian front, where it served as a garrison battalion. Then on 29 November 1916, the 2/6th, 2/7th and 2/8th DLI left to form the 214th Brigade in the 71st Division, a new home service division forming in southern England. With no troops remaining to command, 190th (2nd DLI) Brigade HQ was broken up at Catterick on 4 December 1916.


190th (2nd Durham Light Infantry) Brigade, Commander
The 190th (2nd DLI) Brigade only had one commander during its existence: Colonel Edward Thomas Le Marchant was appointed on 18 January 1915. He was promoted to Brigadier-General on 1 September on 1916, and on 11 October took over command of the 189th (2nd York and Durham) Brigade in addition, until it was disbanded on 11 November that year.


190th Air Refueling Wing
The 190th Air Refueling Wing (190 ARW) is a unit of the Kansas Air National Guard, stationed at Forbes Field Air National Guard Base, Topeka, Kansas. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.


190th Air Refueling Wing, Overview
The 190th Air Refueling Wing (ARW) provides in-flight refueling of fighters, bombers and other aircraft using Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers.


190th Air Refueling Wing, Units
The 190th ARW comprises four main organizations as well as the Wing Headquarters:


190th Air Refueling Wing, History
On 15 October 1962, the Kansas Air National Guard 117th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 190th Tactical Reconnaissance Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 117th TRS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 190th Headquarters, 190th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 190th Combat Support Squadron, and the 190th USAF Dispensary.


190th Air Refueling Wing, History
The unit continued to operate its RB-57A/B Canberra photo-reconnaissance aircraft at Hutchinson ANGB until 1967, when the 190th TRG and its personnel, aircraft and equipment permanently relocated to Forbes AFB, near Topeka after Strategic Air Command vacated its facilities and transferred Forbes AFB to the Tactical Air Command. The 117th continued to operate the RB-57s until 1972 when the aged aircraft were retired and sent to AMARC at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona.


190th Air Refueling Wing, History
In return the 190th began to receive the Martin B-57G variant that were modified as night intruders for use in the Vietnam War under a project known as Tropic Moon. B-57Bs were modified with a low light level television camera plus a forward-looking infrared (FLIR) set and a laser guidance system. The laser guidance system now made it possible to carry four 500-lb "smart bombs" on the underwing pylons. With the receipt of the B-57Gs from their combat service in Thailand, the unit was redesignated as the 190th Tactical Bombardment Group on 12 June 1972. The service of the B-57Gs was short, as operation of these B-57Gs proved to be expensive, and the aircraft were hard to maintain in the field. They served until 1974, when they were consigned to storage at Davis Monthan AFB.


190th Air Refueling Wing, History
Forbes AFB was ordered closed by the Department of Defense as part of a post-Vietnam reduction in force on 17 April 1973. Most of the facility was turned over for civilian use, however the 190th TBG retained a small portion of the base, being renamed Forbes Field Air National Guard Base.


190th Air Refueling Wing, History
In April 1974, the unit converted to EB-57B Canberra electronic countermeasures aircraft and became the 190th Defense Systems Evaluation Group. The 190th deployed aircraft to bases throughout the US, Canada, and Europe providing Electronic Counter-Measure (ECM) training and evaluation services to the various Aircraft Control and Warning (Radar) Squadrons. The 117th also used the EB-57 as faker target aircraft against F-102 Delta Dagger and F-106 Delta Dart interceptors. The 190th operated the aircraft until 1978 when they were retired as part of the draw-down of Aerospace Defense Command.


190th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling
In 1978, the 190th was transferred to Strategic Air Command, being equipped with the KC-135A Stratotanker and began an air refueling mission; one it retains to the present day. In 1984 the 117th was upgraded to the KC-135E and in 1990, the 190th was the first unit to arrive in Saudi Arabia in August 1990 for service during the 1991 Gulf Crisis, being assigned to the 1709th Air Refueling Wing (Provisional) at King Abdul Aziz Air Base, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The 117th flew air refueling missions in support of Operation Desert Shield and later Operation Desert Storm; remaining in the middle east until returning to Forbes AGB in March 1991.


190th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling
The 190th gaining command shifted to the Air Mobility Command (AMC) with the disestablishment of SAC in 1992, and in 1995 the Group's status was expanded to a Wing. During 1999, the 190th deployed twice to Incirlik Air Base, Turkey, in support of Operation Northern Watch, refueling Allied aircraft over the northern No-Fly Zone in Iraq.


190th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling
In its 2005 BRAC Recommendations, DoD recommended to realign McConnell Air National Guard (ANG) Base by relocating the 184th Air Refueling Wing (ANG) nine KC-135R aircraft to the 190th Air Refueling Wing at Forbes Field AGS, which would retire its eight assigned KC-135E aircraft. The 184th Air Refueling Wing's operations and maintenance manpower would transfer with the aircraft to Forbes. Realigning ANG KC-135R aircraft from McConnell to Forbes would replace the 190th's aging, higher maintenance KC-135E aircraft with newer models while retaining the experienced personnel from one of the highest-ranking reserve component tanker bases.


190th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling
In June 2007, the 190 ARW gained custody of all KC-135R aircraft from the 184th ARW. This action consolidated all of the Kansas ANG's KC-135R assets into a single wing located at Forbes Field. The 184 ARW was subsequently redesignated as the 184th Intelligence Wing (184 IW), a non-flying unit at McConnell AFB.


190th Battalion (Winnipeg Rifles), CEF
The 190th (Winnipeg Rifles) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Winnipeg, Manitoba, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 in that city and surrounding district. After sailing to England in May 1917, the battalion was absorbed into the 18th Reserve Battalion on May 14, 1917. The 190th (Winnipeg Rifles) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. G. K. Watson.


190th Brigade (United Kingdom)
The 190th Brigade was a brigade of the British Army during the First World War. It was formed in France in 1916, and assigned to the 63rd (Royal Naval) Division and served on the Western Front.


190th Brigade (United Kingdom), Formation
The infantry battalions did not all serve at once, but all were assigned to the brigade during the war.


190th Division (2nd Formation) (People's Republic of China)
The 21st Public Security Division(Chinese: 公安第21师) was created in January 1951 from 3 security regiments of Shandong Military District and a regiment from Shangqiu Military Sub-district.


190th Division (2nd Formation) (People's Republic of China)
The division was composed of three regiments, with a total of 7221 personnel:


190th Division (2nd Formation) (People's Republic of China)
The division was a part of Railway Public Security Forces, guarding the railway lines and complexes in northern China area.


190th Division (2nd Formation) (People's Republic of China)
In January 1955, the division moved to Pulandian, Liaoning. In March the division was attached to 64th Corps and renamed as 190th Infantry Division(Chinese: 步兵第190师) following the 1st formation of 190th Infantry Division's re-designation.


190th Division (2nd Formation) (People's Republic of China)
In 1960, the division was disbanded following 1st Mechanized Division's re-attachment to the Army Corps.


190th Fighter Squadron
The 190th Fighter Squadron is a unit of the Idaho Air National Guard 124th Fighter Wing located at Gowen Field Air National Guard Base, Boise, Idaho. The 190th is equipped with the A-10 Thunderbolt II. The 190th Fighter Squadron is known as the "Skull Bangers"


190th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II
The 405th Fighter Squadron was activated at Richmond Army Air Base, Virginia in the summer of 1943 as one of the three original squadrons of the 371st Fighter Group. The squadron trained in the northeastern United States with Republic P-47 Thunderbolts under First Air Force before moving overseas in the spring of 1944.


190th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II
Upon arriving in England, the squadron became an element of Ninth Air Force at Bisterne Close, England. The squadron's first combat operation was a fighter sweep over Occupied France. Prior to Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy, the 405th flew fighter sweeps, dive bombing and escort missions.


190th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II
On D-Day the 405th patrolled the beachhead. attacking railroads, trains, vehicles. gun emplacements and other targets. Soon after the invasion, the squadron moved to France and participated in the air interdiction that preceded the Allied breakout at St Lo in late July and supported the following drive across northern France. It continued to operate in northeastern France and southwestern Germany through the winter of 1945, attacking storage dumps, marshalling yard, factories, bridges, roads, and vehicles. In December 1944 it provided close air support for ground forces engaged in the Battle of the Bulge.


190th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II
The squadron was awarded a Distinguished Unit Citation for its attacks between 15 and 21 March 1945 that contributed to the defeat of Axis forces in southern Germany. It continued combat operations until the Surrender of Germany in May. The squadron remained with the occupation forces in Germany and Austria until October 1945 when it returned to the United States and was inactivated.


190th Fighter Squadron, History, Idaho Air National Guard
The wartime 405th Fighter Squadron was re-activated and re-designated as the 190th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Idaho Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Gowen Field, south of Boise. It was extended federal recognition on 13 October 1946. The 190th Fighter Squadron was bestowed with the history, honors, and colors of the 405th Fighter Squadron.


190th Fighter Squadron, History, Idaho Air National Guard
During World War II Gowen Field was used as Army Air Forces B-17 Flying Fortress training airfield, and the organization moved into several buildings and hangars vacated just a few months previously by the 402d Army Air Force Base Unit. The squadron was equipped with F-51D Mustangs and was allocated to the Fourth Air Force, Continental Air Command (ConAC) by the National Guard Bureau. As part of the ConAC, the unit trained for tactical bombing missions and air-to-air combat.


190th Fighter Squadron, History, Idaho Air National Guard
Most of the 190th's early airmen were veterans of World War II. The volunteers – 23 officers and 44 enlisted men – met one night each week in a small building on Fort Street in downtown Boise. On 1 April 1951, the unit was activated for duty during the Korean War. It remains the only full‑scale mobilization in the Idaho Air Guard's history. Personnel were sent to Moody AFB, Georgia to replace active-duty airmen sent to Korea, and the squadron became a F-51D Fighter-Bomber training unit. The 190th was returned to Idaho State control in November 1952 and on 1 January 1953, the squadron was reformed at Gowen Field.


190th Fighter Squadron, History, Idaho Air National Guard, Air Defense
After the Korean War, the squadron was equipped with the long-range F-51H Mustang and became a part of Air Defense Command. In early 1953 it was equipped with F-86A Sabre daylight jet interceptors, and the squadron was redesignated the 190th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron on 1 January 1953.


190th Fighter Squadron, History, Idaho Air National Guard, Air Defense
On 1 July 1955, the 190th was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 124th Fighter Group (Air Defense) was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 190th FIS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 124th Headquarters, 124th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 124th Combat Support Squadron, and the 124th USAF Dispensary. Also in 1955, the F-86A day interceptors were replaced by the F-94A Starfire all-weather interceptor. The 190th changed aircraft four more times over the next 23 years to fly the F-89C Scorpion, F-86L Sabre Interceptor and the F-102 Delta Dagger.


190th Fighter Squadron, History, Idaho Air National Guard, Air Defense
In 1958, the 190th implemented the ADC Runway Alert Program, in which interceptors of the 190th FIS were committed to a five-minute runway alert, a task that would last until 1974. In 1968 Air Defense Command was re-designated as Aerospace Defense Command (ADCOM).


190th Fighter Squadron, History, Idaho Air National Guard, Tactical Reconnaissance
In 1975, the 190th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron changed its name and mission to join the newly‑formed 124th Tactical Reconnaissance Group as the 190th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron. It was re-equipped by Tactical Air Command with the RF-4C Phantom II Mach 2 high speed reconnaissance aircraft. F-4 Phantom jets would eventually spend 20 years on Gowen Field, longer than any other aircraft in the history of Idaho's Air National Guard.


190th Fighter Squadron, History, Idaho Air National Guard, Tactical Reconnaissance
The unarmed RF-4C carried high resolution cameras and electronic sensors, which soon proved their worth to thousands of people in Idaho. RF-4C jets tracked flood waters pouring from the ruptured Teton Dam within hours of the dam's collapse in 1976 to show officials where flood waters were headed in time to warn people living in endangered areas. Aerial photographs were also taken immediately after the 1983 Borah Peak earthquake near Challis. The Challis-Mackay region experienced rather thorough damage, with 11 commercial buildings and 39 homes with major damage; while another 200 houses were damaged, minor to moderate. The reconnaissance photos helped emergency response crews locate and evaluate the damage.


190th Fighter Squadron, History, Idaho Air National Guard, Tactical Reconnaissance
Idaho aircrews excelled in their military mission as well. Two Idaho fliers were named "Best Aerial Reconnaissance Aircrew" at an international competition. The 190th TRS was named "Best Flying Unit in the Air National Guard" and received the prestigious Spaatz Trophy from the National Guard Association. Idaho airmen and Phantom jets went to Canada and Norway to provide critical tactical reconnaissance capabilities to U.S. and NATO forces.


190th Fighter Squadron, History, Idaho Air National Guard, Electronic Warfare
In 1991, Idaho's Air Guard changed aircraft and mission again. The unarmed RF-4C Phantom jets were replaced by F‑4G Phantom II "Wild Weasel" Electronic Warfare aircraft received from the 37th Tactical Fighter Wing at George AFB, California. The F-4G was designed as an anti-Surface to Air Missile aircraft to jam and attack enemy radars when they were activated. "Wild Weasel" tactics and techniques were first developed in 1965 during the Vietnam War, and were later integrated into the Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD) a plan used by US air forces to establish immediate air control, prior to possible full-scale conflict.


190th Fighter Squadron, History, Idaho Air National Guard, Electronic Warfare
The 190th TRS began its conversion from the RF-4C to the F-4G in June 1991, and the Idaho ANG was to be the only ANG unit to operate the F-4G. The squadron was re-designated as the 190th Fighter Squadron with the changeover of its parent 124th to the Air Force Objective Wing organization. In 1992, the parent 124th Fighter Group became part of the new Air Combat Command.


190th Fighter Squadron, History, Idaho Air National Guard, Electronic Warfare
In April 1993 the squadron's Wild Weasel jets were sent to Southwest Asia to support Operation Southern Watch, enforcing the no‑fly zone over southern Iraq. Twice 190th airmen were challenged by illegal Iraqi air defense radar near Basra. The threats were answered – and silenced – with AGM-88 High-Speed Anti- Radiation Missile (HARM) anti-radiation missiles. Less than six months after ending its first Southwest Asia tour, the squadron began a second Southern Watch deployment, followed by two back‑to‑back tours in support of Operation Provide Comfort, enforcing the northern no‑fly zone and protecting Kurds from Iraqi aggression. From 1993 to 1995 there were a total of four deployments to the Gulf. The last such deployment returned to Boise in December 1995. Idaho's airmen served longer in Southwest Asia than any other flying unit in the Air National Guard.


190th Fighter Squadron, History, Idaho Air National Guard, A-10 era
On 20 April 1996, the last F-4Gs were withdrawn by the 124th FW and were consigned to storage at Davis Monthan AFB, Arizona. This marked the final departure of the F-4 Phantom II from active service with any American military unit, and after 20 years of service with the Idaho Air National Guard.


190th Fighter Squadron, History, Idaho Air National Guard, A-10 era
The Phantoms were replaced by the A-10 Thunderbolt II air-ground support aircraft, better known as the "Warthog". Idaho's A-10s were deployed during Operation Allied Force in 1999 when they flew combat missions over Kosovo and again in Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003. Already deployed to Kuwait in support of Operation Southern Watch, more than 250 personnel were mobilized in place. Idaho's A-10s led combat search and rescue and close air support missions in the initial weeks and months of the war. Two 190th pilots received the Distinguished Flying Cross for their efforts. The 190th Fighter Squadron also deployed in 2007 to Iraq and 2008 to Afghanistan.


190th Fighter Squadron, History, Idaho Air National Guard, 2003 friendly fire incident
As part of the invasion of Iraq and supporting the British portion of that operation called Operation Telic, on 28 March 2003 two 190th A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft, flown by an unidentified Major and Lieutenant Colonel Gus Kohntopp, flew a mission to destroy artillery and rocket launchers from Iraq's 6th Armor Division, dug in 25 miles (40 km) north of Basra. During the mission, the two A-10 aircraft mistakenly attacked a patrol of four armored vehicles from D Squadron of the British Blues and Royals of the Household Cavalry that were supporting the 16 Air Assault Brigade in Operation Telic. As a result of the attack by the 190th A-10 aircraft, British Lance-Corporal of Horse (L/CoH) Matty Hull was killed, and five of his colleagues were injured, four seriously.


190th Fighter Squadron, History, Idaho Air National Guard, 2003 friendly fire incident
The aftermath of the attack caused controversy, especially in the United Kingdom (UK), as some, including Hull's family, complained of a lack of cooperation with the British inquest into the death of L/CoH Hull by the United States government and the UK's Ministry of Defense (MoD). The United States and UK MoD denied for a period of time that a video existed of the incident and then later admitted that a video existed but couldn't be released because it was "classified."


190th Fighter Squadron, History, Idaho Air National Guard, 2003 friendly fire incident
In a statement, Lt. Tony Vincelli, spokesman for the 190th Fighter Squadron said the U.S. Air Force had conducted its own investigation into the incident in 2003, but the results of that investigation or the names of the two 190th pilots involved were not publicly released. He added that the investigation, "did not result in a court-martial." In a further statement, Vincelli apologized for the incident and stated that no adverse action was taken against either pilot involved. On 6 February 2007 the Sun named one of the 190th pilots involved as "Colonel" Gus Kohntopp.


190th Fighter Squadron, History, Idaho Air National Guard, 2003 friendly fire incident
On 16 March 2007, the inquest coroner, Andrew Walker, returned a narrative verdict, stating that the killing of L/CoH Hull was "unlawful". Walker said: "The attack on the convoy amounted to an assault. It was unlawful because there was no lawful reason for it and in that respect it was criminal."


190th Fighter Squadron, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


190th Fighter Squadron, Blues and Royals friendly fire incident
The 190th Fighter Squadron, Blues and Royals friendly fire incident was a friendly fire incident involving two United States Air Force (USAF) Air National Guard 190th Fighter Squadron A-10, and vehicles from the United Kingdom's D Squadron, The Blues and Royals of the Household Cavalry, and took place on 28 March 2003 during the invasion of Iraq by armed forces of the United States and United Kingdom. In the incident, the two USAF A-10s fired on and destroyed two Blues and Royals armored vehicles, killing one British soldier, and wounding five others.


190th Fighter Squadron, Blues and Royals friendly fire incident
Although not the only fratricide incident during the invasion, the circumstances of the inquest into the death of British lance-corporal of horse Matty Hull – and the subsequent verdict of unlawful killing – led to much media scrutiny in the UK. This was related to the release of video evidence from the attacking aircraft, and perceived levels of cooperation by government agencies of both the United States and United Kingdom with the British inquest.


190th Fighter Squadron, Blues and Royals friendly fire incident, Operation Telic – 28 March 2003
The Blues and Royals were serving as an armoured reconnaissance element for 16th Air Assault Brigade. Four vehicles from D Squadron, two FV107 Scimitars and two FV103 Spartans, were moving north of the main force, patrolling the Forward Edge of Battle Area. The area of the patrol had been declared as a no engagement zone to the allied forces and the vehicles were marked with the agreed coalition Combat Identification markings including orange overhead canvas panels, thermal reflectors and Union Flags.


190th Fighter Squadron, Blues and Royals friendly fire incident, Operation Telic – 28 March 2003
Two A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft of the Idaho Air National Guard, 190th Fighter Squadron were completing a two-hour mission; engaging artillery and rocket launchers of Iraq's 6th Armoured Division, dug in 25 miles (40 km) north of Basra. The aircraft were guided to their targets by US Marine Corps forward air controllers, embedded with British ground units, and flown by a major and lieutenant colonel on their first operational flight of the invasion. According to media reporting of the subsequent investigation, the flight was commanded by the major.


190th Fighter Squadron, Blues and Royals friendly fire incident, Operation Telic – 28 March 2003
From an altitude of 12,000 ft (3,700 m), the aircraft spotted Iraqi vehicles 800 yards north, and the British patrol less than three miles (5 km) west. Following dialogue with the Forward Air Controller (FAC) and between the aircrew, the British convoy was engaged by the A-10s in a gun and rocket attack which left the vehicles disabled. The British soldiers exited the vehicles, taking cover underneath the hulls. The aircraft conducted a second attack, resulting in the death of L/CoH Hull, still within his Scimitar.


190th Fighter Squadron, Blues and Royals friendly fire incident, Operation Telic – 28 March 2003
Trooper Christopher Finney, 18, driving the lead Scimitar, re-entered his burning vehicle calling a Mayday report on his still-functional radio. Trooper Finney then dragged a badly wounded L/Cpl Tudball from the burning vehicle before attempting to recover Hull in the second Scimitar, but being beaten back by exploding munitions and heat. For his actions, Trooper Finney was later awarded the George Cross, the highest award for gallantry "not in the face of the enemy."


190th Fighter Squadron, Blues and Royals friendly fire incident, Operation Telic – 28 March 2003
As well as the death of Hull, a further five soldiers were injured.


190th Fighter Squadron, Blues and Royals friendly fire incident, Boards of inquiry
The US Air Force conducted an investigation into the incident in 2003, but the results of that investigation were not publicly released, and did not result in a court-martial. Subsequent reporting of the US Air Force investigation states that the investigation found fault with both pilots' actions in the incident, including, "findings of cognitive and physical task overload, ineffective communication and failure to recognise identification panels by the two pilots." The investigation report recommended administrative or disciplinary action against both pilots. Higher United States Department of Defense officials, however, cleared both pilots of any wrongdoing.


190th Fighter Squadron, Blues and Royals friendly fire incident, Boards of inquiry
A British Army Board of Inquiry (BoI) was held in 2004, the findings of which, among others, stated that the major authorised the lieutenant colonel to attack, but no authorisation was given by controllers on the ground. The report was released to the family of Lance Corporal Hull and later to the public. It has been alleged that certain classified material available to the BoI was withheld from the family.


190th Fighter Squadron, Blues and Royals friendly fire incident, Inquest into the death of L/CoH Hull
At the time, the bodies of those service personnel dying overseas were repatriated to the UK via RAF Brize Norton, leading to the responsibility for inquests being under the civilian jurisdiction of the Oxfordshire coroner. An inquest into the death of L/CoH Hull was convened in 2006, presided over by Assistant Deputy Coroner Andrew Walker.


190th Fighter Squadron, Blues and Royals friendly fire incident, Inquest into the death of L/CoH Hull, Discussion prior to the inquest
The stated position of the United States government is that US servicemen do not attend non-US courts, with written statements normally being provided.


190th Fighter Squadron, Blues and Royals friendly fire incident, Inquest into the death of L/CoH Hull, Discussion prior to the inquest
British media reported that the UK government had pressured the US government, via the US embassy in London, to release all evidence related to the incident. A meeting between Constitutional Affairs Minister Harriet Harman and Deputy Head of Mission, David Johnson, was reported on 20 November 2006 where assurances were given that concerns of the UK government over the US policy on attendance were to be relayed to Washington.


190th Fighter Squadron, Blues and Royals friendly fire incident, Inquest into the death of L/CoH Hull, Discussion prior to the inquest
Harman reiterated this position on 1 February 2007, highlighting the request for evidence and indicating that the US personnel could not be compelled to attend the inquest.


190th Fighter Squadron, Blues and Royals friendly fire incident, Inquest into the death of L/CoH Hull, Conduct of the inquest
The inquest took oral testimony from the various British personnel associated with the incident, including those in the convoy, and a FAC who expressed the opinion that the aircrew were acting independently. Walker commented on the actions of L/Cpl Finney GC, stating: "You are a brave man. You are to be commended for what you did."


190th Fighter Squadron, Blues and Royals friendly fire incident, Inquest into the death of L/CoH Hull, Conduct of the inquest
It was publicly acknowledged during the inquest that a cockpit video of the head-up display from one of the aircraft existed, which media reports indicated had been shown to the BoI, but not released to Hull's family with the findings.


190th Fighter Squadron, Blues and Royals friendly fire incident, Inquest into the death of L/CoH Hull, Conduct of the inquest
The video was shown to the coroner in private, although permission to use it in public was refused by the Ministry of Defence, citing international agreements related to the release of classified information, and the US classification of the tape as secret. This adherence to international protocols led to significant criticism in the British media, leading to a public statement by Armed Forces Minister Adam Ingram which reiterated the requirement for US de-classification of the video and highlighting ongoing engagement to achieve that.


190th Fighter Squadron, Blues and Royals friendly fire incident, Inquest into the death of L/CoH Hull, Conduct of the inquest
Media reporting indicated that the MOD had previously denied the existence of the video.


190th Fighter Squadron, Blues and Royals friendly fire incident, Inquest into the death of L/CoH Hull, Conduct of the inquest
On 2 February 2007 Walker opted to adjourn the inquest until the video could be displayed in open court.


190th Fighter Squadron, Blues and Royals friendly fire incident, Inquest into the death of L/CoH Hull, Unauthorised leak and subsequent de-classification of video evidence
The video was leaked to The Sun tabloid newspaper, and reported on 6 February 2007, as well as published on the newspaper's website. The newspaper indicated that the leak had come from a US military source. The US government subsequently announced that the video would be declassified, but noted that the leak was likely to be a criminal offence.


190th Fighter Squadron, Blues and Royals friendly fire incident, Inquest into the death of L/CoH Hull, Unauthorised leak and subsequent de-classification of video evidence
The video released was 19 minutes long, and was accompanied with recordings of cockpit audio and radio communications.


190th Fighter Squadron, Blues and Royals friendly fire incident, Inquest into the death of L/CoH Hull, Unauthorised leak and subsequent de-classification of video evidence
British media allege six errors on the part of the aircrew:


190th Fighter Squadron, Blues and Royals friendly fire incident, Inquest into the death of L/CoH Hull, Unauthorised leak and subsequent de-classification of video evidence
The audio track includes debate over the identity of the targets and the order, from the FAC, to disengage identifying a likely "blue-on-blue" incident. The audio track also includes notification of one death and several injuries with the order to return to base. Subsequent audio indicates the pilots crying and their frustration.


190th Fighter Squadron, Blues and Royals friendly fire incident, Inquest into the death of L/CoH Hull, Unauthorised leak and subsequent de-classification of video evidence
A statement released by the Oxfordshire coroner's office later confirmed that Walker was of the view that, being in the public domain, the video could now be presented as evidence without the approval of the US government, and that the inquest would resume on 12 March 2007.


190th Fighter Squadron, Blues and Royals friendly fire incident, Inquest into the death of L/CoH Hull, Unauthorised leak and subsequent de-classification of video evidence
On 6 February 2007 the Sun named POPOV36 as Colonel Gus Kohntopp, a commercial pilot for Southwest Airlines and member of the Idaho Air National Guard. The British inquest was set to resume on 12 March 2007.


190th Fighter Squadron, Blues and Royals friendly fire incident, Inquest into the death of L/CoH Hull, Inquest reconvened
The Oxfordshire inquest resumed as scheduled on 12 March with testimony from a British FAC involved in the incident, who stated that the incident would not have happened if the two U.S. pilots involved had followed the same procedures that UK pilots must follow in the same type of situation. On 13 March, the same British FAC testified that POPOV36 committed a "catalogue of serious failures" when he shot at the British vehicles in the incident, including "ignoring crucial warning signs, attacking without permission, and failing to wait for an artillery shell marker on a proposed target."


190th Fighter Squadron, Blues and Royals friendly fire incident, Inquest into the death of L/CoH Hull, Inquest reconvened
After the inquest revealed that portions of relevant evidence from the U.S. investigation into the incident were blacked out in the copy of the report given to the inquest, Matty Hull's widow made a personal appeal to U.S. president George W. Bush for the information to be released to the inquest.


190th Fighter Squadron, Blues and Royals friendly fire incident, Inquest into the death of L/CoH Hull, Inquest verdict
On 16 March, coroner Andrew Walker returned a narrative verdict, stating that the killing of Hull was "unlawful". Walker said: "The attack on the convoy amounted to an assault. It was unlawful because there was no lawful reason for it and in that respect it was criminal." Neither of the two U.S. pilots involved nor any other representative from the U.S. government appeared at the inquest, despite numerous requests from Walker, Harman, and Hull's family to do so.


190th Fighter Squadron, Blues and Royals friendly fire incident, Inquest into the death of L/CoH Hull, Research focused on the incident
As the only case where video of an incident of fratricide or 'friendly fire' has become publicly available, the case has attracted a great deal of interest among researchers interested in exploring the question of why such incidents occur and what might be done about them. Drawing on the sociological research traditions of ethnomethodology and conversation analysis, the work of Nevile and the work of Elsey, Mair, Smith and Watson, among these, has offered detailed accounts of how the incident unfolded in real-time as well as how it was subsequently investigated by the various military and non-military inquiries after-the-fact. In the course of their research, Elsey, Mair, Smith and Watson developed an alternative version of the transcript, based in part on the detailed information released in the USAF Friendly Fire Investigation Board Report, to make it easier to follow the incident's interactional dynamics. The transcript is available open access.


190th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery
190th Heavy Anti- Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, was an air defence unit of Britain's Territorial Army formed in Birmingham before World War II. It defended the West Midlands against attack during the Battle of Britain and the early part of the Blitz, and was then shipped to Malta, where it served through most of the long siege when the island fortress was bombed incessantly.


190th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, Origin
In the 1930s the increasing need for anti-aircraft (AA) defence for Britain's cities was addressed by converting a number of Territorial Army (TA) infantry units into AA gun units of the Royal Artillery (RA). The Birmingham-based 6th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment was one unit selected for this role, becoming 69th (Royal Warwickshire Regiment) Anti - Aircraft Brigade, Royal Artillery on 10 December 1936, consisting of four batteries, including 190 AA Battery. The brigade continued to wear its Royal Warwicks cap badge, together with RA collar badges. The newly converted 190 AA Bty established Battery Headquarters (BHQ) at Fernbank House, Alum Rock Road, under the command of Major E.V.M. Hughes. (From 1 January 1939, RA gun 'brigades' (such as the 69th) were termed regiments.)


190th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, World War II, Mobilisation
The TA's AA units were mobilised on 23 September 1938 during the Munich Crisis, with units manning their emergency positions within 24 hours, even though many did not yet have their full complement of men or equipment. The emergency lasted three weeks, and they were stood down on 13 October. In June 1939, as the international situation deteriorated, a partial mobilisation of TA units was begun in a process known as 'couverture', whereby each AA unit did a month's tour of duty in rotation to man selected gun positions.


190th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, World War II, Mobilisation
On 24 August, ahead of the declaration of war, the units of Anti- Aircraft Command were fully mobilised at their war stations. 69th (Royal Warwickshire) AA Rgt was under the command of 34th (South Midland) Anti - Aircraft Brigade, which controlled the Gun Defended Areas (GDAs) of Birmingham and Coventry. 190 AA Battery was manning three sites at Coventry: Site A at Western Lawn Farm, Bedworth, and Site G at Tile Hill, each with two 3.7-inch guns, which were emplaced and considered 'in action' by 10.15 on 27 August, and Site L where there were two pre-positioned 3-inch guns.


190th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, World War II, Phoney War
Once war was declared there was a period known as the Phoney War where there was little to do. The regiment handed over its gunsites to 95th (Birmingham) AA Rgt and sent parties to help Warwickshire farmers with the harvest. On 24 September 190 AA Bty was temporarily broken up among the other three batteries of 69th (RWR) AA Rgt, and BHQ became the cadre for training recruits. A group of officers from the regiment volunteered to join the Regular 4th AA Rgt for service with the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in France.


190th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, World War II, Phoney War
190 AA Battery was recruited back up to full strength by 19 October and took over Sites A and G once more, as well as providing detachments manning Light machine guns (LMGs) at the Ryton aircraft factory, which was designated a Vulnerable Point (VP). In the new year the regiment was manning L and T sites at Birmingham, together with the Ryton VP until the LMG detachments were relieved by another unit in February 1940. In late March the battery attended a practice camp at Tŷ Croes on Anglesey, returning in April to take over L, P and T sites in Birmingham.


190th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of Britain and Blitz
The Phoney War ended with the German invasion of the Low Countries on 10 May, and all gunsites were put on high alert, with ammunition ready, and all crews armed with rifles to deal with German paratroops. There was no immediate attack, and the battery was switched to Wolverhampton, with A Site at Coven, and C Site at Merry Hill (each with 4 x static 3.7-inch guns that needed to be mounted), and BHQ at Bromley House. On 1 June 1940, along with other units equipped with 3-inch or heavier guns, 69th (RWR) was designated a Heavy AA (HAA) Regiment and its batteries were similarly retitled. Captain D. Bromilow was promoted to Acting Major and succeeded Maj Evans in command of 190 HAA Bty.


190th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of Britain and Blitz
The first enemy night intruders were heard over the gunsites in late June, but were not picked up by searchlights. However, the battery received its first GL Mk I gun-laying radar the following month. Although most of the Luftwaffe air raids during the Battle of Britain concentrated on South and South East England, the West Midlands also suffered badly, with Birmingham and Coventry experiencing heavy raids in August. The battery was in action on the nights of 12/13, 16/17 and 19/20 August, and then on three successive nights 23–26 August. Birmingham and Coventry experienced further heavy raids in October, with C Site's guns in action on the night of 15/16 and both sites on 20/21 and 21/22 October.


190th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, World War II, Battle of Britain and Blitz
Then on 4 November the regiment received the order to mobilise for overseas service. 190 and the other two batteries (191 HAA Bty had preceded them a month before) arrived at the mobilisation centre at Southend-on-Sea on 14 November, and therefore missed the notorious bombing raid that destroyed Coventry that night.


190th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, World War II, Siege of Malta
190 HAA Battery under Maj Bromilow completed its mobilisation and embarked on MV Northern Prince at Birkenhead on 17 December, when it was struck off the strength of 69th (RWR) HAA Rgt. (The move overseas was cancelled for the rest of the regiment, which eventually sailed round Africa to Egypt and took part in the Siege of Tobruk and other engagements in the Western Desert Campaign.)


190th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, World War II, Siege of Malta
Northern Prince sailed on 19 December as part of Convoy WS 5, which was attacked and scattered by the German cruiser Admiral Hipper on 25 December, but docked safely at Gibraltar on 29 December, when the men were allowed ashore while a resupply convoy to Malta was assembled for Operation Excess.


190th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, World War II, Siege of Malta
On 1 January 1941, the Northern Prince broke her moorings and was damaged, so on 6 January the battery was distributed among other ships: BHQ and No 2 Section aboard the MV Essex, Nos 1 & 3 Sections aboard MV Clan MacDonald and No 2 Section aboard MV Empire Song (even though the latter two ships were bound for Greece). The convoy was attacked by Luftwaffe Junkers Ju 88s on 10 and 11 January, but the ships were not hit. The Essex arrived in Grand Harbour, Valletta, on 12 January and BHQ and No 2 Section disembarked.


190th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, World War II, Siege of Malta
The ship also carried vitally needed AA guns, including 24 3.7-inch, but these were stowed under a cargo of potatoes, and there was some delay before they could be landed. The other two ships arrived at Piraeus on 13 January where the battery personnel landed and then re-embarked on the fast cruiser HMS Orion, arriving at Malta the next day.


190th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, World War II, Siege of Malta
Now complete, 190 HAA Bty came under the command of 10th HAA Rgt, alongside 191 HAA Bty which had arrived in a previous convoy. Malta had been under air attack since the day Italy entered the war (11 June 1940) and in January 1941 the German Luftwaffe joined the Regia Aeronautica in attacks on the island, which urgently needed these AA reinforcements. Just before 190 HAA Bty arrived, the aircraft carrier HMS Illustrious put into Grand Harbour to repair damage sustained during Operation Excess and all the available AA guns concentrated to protect her during furious air attacks. She put to sea again on 23 January. Meanwhile the gunners of 190 HAA Bty busied themselves with assembling the guns unloaded from the Essex and some training. On 24 January working parties went to a gunsite at Ħaġar Qim to emplace four of the static 3.7-inch guns.


190th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, World War II, Siege of Malta
In February the Luftwaffe 's Fliegerkorps X was ordered to neutralise Malta, and it began a series of heavy bombing raids, mainly at night, accompanied by mine-dropping in and around the harbour, and daylight sweeps by Messerschmitt Bf 109 single-engined fighters. In March there was dive-bombing against the Royal Air Force (RAF) airfields, defended by 10th HAA Rgt, and attacks on a supply convoy on 23 March. The HAA guns were engaged almost every day, taking a steady toll of the bombers, but the ammunition expenditure was very great. By the beginning of June the depleted Fliegerkorps X handed responsibility back to the Italians.


190th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, World War II, Siege of Malta
Malta was largely left alone during the summer of 1941, but attacks resumed in November 1941 after Fliegerkorps II arrived in Sicily. Air raids were increasingly common during November and December, and rations and supplies began to run short. At the turn of the year headquarters instituted a policy of rotating HAA units to maintain freshness. 10th HAA Regiment exchanged with 7th HAA Rgt and took responsibility for defending Fort Manoel and Grand Harbour with a mixture of 4.5-inch, 3.7-inch and 3-inch guns.


190th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, World War II, Siege of Malta, 1942
The Luftwaffe continued to pound the island, concentrating on the harbour and airfields, usually with raids of 15 Ju 88s escorted by 50 or more fighters. By now the RAF fighter strength had been reduced to a handful of aircraft, and the AA guns were the main defence. March and April 1942 were the period of the heaviest air raids on Malta, with well over 250 sorties a day on occasions. In April 1942 the Luftwaffe switched tactics to Flak suppression, with particular attention being paid to the HAA gunsites.


190th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, World War II, Siege of Malta, 1942
On the last day of April the Regia Aeronautica rejoined the attack – which the AA gunners took as a sign that the Luftwaffe was suffering badly. By now each HAA regiment on Malta was rationed to 300 rounds per day and replacement gun barrels were scarce. When the fast minelayer HMS Welshman ran in ammunition supplies on 10 May (part of Operation Bowery), the most intense AA barrage yet fired was provided to protect her while unloading. After that, Axis air raids tailed off during the summer, apart from a flare-up in July. Only a few high-flying fighters or night bombers were engaged.


190th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, World War II, Siege of Malta, 1942
By October the Luftwaffe had reinforced Fliegerkorps II, and a new round of heavy raids began, using new low-level fighter-bomber tactics, particularly against Luqa airfield, and sometimes machine-gunning the HAA positions. HAA guns had difficulty engaging these raids, but assisted the defending fighters by firing single 'pointer' rounds to conserve ammunition. This form of fighter-bomber sweep also lost heavily to the AA guns and RAF fighters. At this stage 190 HAA Bty, with seven officers, 210 other ranks, and 24 attached Maltese Auxiliaries, was billeted in Christian Brothers Street, Gzira, and the two Troops manned gunsites XHE26 (Tal-Qroqq) and XHE 27 (Naxxar), each with 4 x 3.7-inch guns.


190th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, World War II, Siege of Malta, 1942
Shortages of food and supplies on the island were now becoming serious. At last, in November Welshman and her sister ship HMS Manxman appeared, followed by a supply convoy. With the Axis defeat at Alamein and the Allied North Africa landings the same month, the siege of Malta was ended. The only enemy air activity for the rest of the year was occasional high-flying reconnaissances and one raid on Luqa in December.


190th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, World War II, Siege of Malta, 1943
With the worst now over, the AA units on Malta could get down to refresher training. In April, A Troop exchanged gunsite XHE27 with 222 HAA Bty and took over the three static 4.5-inch Mk I guns and GL Mk II radar at XHE25 (Fleur-de-Lys or 'Flurry'). By June/July 1943 the battery formed part of a large AA concentration protecting the build-up of forces in Malta for the Allied invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky).


190th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, World War II, 68th (North Midland) HAA Rgt
RHQ of 68th (North Midland) HAA Rgt had been captured at the fall of Tobruk on 21 June 1942. However, its 222 HAA Bty remained, now forming part of 10th HAA Rgt on Malta. On 17 June 1943, RHQ 10th HAA Rgt was officially disbanded and reformed as RHQ 68th (North Midland) HAA Rgt, with the same batteries:190 and 191 from Birmingham, and 222 from Derby.


190th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, World War II, 68th (North Midland) HAA Rgt
Although the AA defences of Malta were progressively run down as units returned home or joined the campaigns in Sicily and later in mainland Italy, 68th HAA Regiment remained part of the permanent garrison of the island until the end of the war and beyond. Before then all the original members of the TA battery would have left under the 'Python' home leave scheme.


190th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, Postwar
68th HAA Regiment was placed in suspended animation in Malta in December 1946 so that it could be officially reformed in the TA in the UK on 1 January 1947. The personnel remaining at Tigne Camp in Malta were then considered to be a war-formed regiment in the Regular RA.


190th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, Postwar, 56 HAA Battery
The war-formed 68th HAA Rgt was redesignated 36th Coast Artillery/AA Rgt on 1 April 1947. Simultaneously, 190 HAA Bty was disbanded and its personnel used to resuscitate 252 Medium Bty (from 17th Med Rgt) of the Regular RA as 56 HAA Bty. The regiment became a pure HAA unit in 1948 and in 1959 it was converted into an AA guided weapons regiment. In 1968 56 Bty transferred to 50 Missile Rgt where it remained until it was placed in suspended animation in 1993.


190th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, Postwar, 469th (Royal Warwicks) HAA Rgt
Meanwhile the 69th (RWR) HAA Rgt, which had been placed in suspended animation in Italy in January 1945, reformed in the TA at Kings Heath, Birmingham, on 1 January 1947 as 469th (Royal Warwickshire Regiment) (Mixed) HAA Rgt ('Mixed' indicating that members of the Women's Royal Army Corps were integrated into the unit). However, all TA batteries were now lettered P, Q, R, S within their regiments and lost their previous distinctive numbers.


190th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, Postwar, 469th (Royal Warwicks) HAA Rgt
When AA Command was disbanded on 10 March 1955, 469 (RWR) HAA Rgt with three other West Midland regiments was amalgamated into 442 Light AA Rgt, in which the regimental and battery lineage was maintained by P (5th/6th Royal Warwicks) Bty. This regiment was broken up in 1961, when P Bty became C Company, 7th Bn Royal Warwickshire Regiment.


190th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
The 190th Infantry Division (German: 190. Infanterie-Division), initially known as Division No. 190 (German: Division Nr. 190), was an infantry division of the German Heer during World War II.


190th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History
On 15 May 1940, the Replacement Division Hamburg (German: Ersatz-Division Hamburg) was formed to organize the parts of Division No. 160 that stayed behind in Wehrkreis X in Germany as most of the 160th was moved to occupied Denmark. The Replacement Division Hamburg was renamed to become Division No. 190 on 10 June 1940. The initial commander, appointed on 17 May 1940, was Kurt Wolff.


190th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Division No. 190
In June 1940, Division No. 190 consisted of the following elements:


190th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Division No. 190
On 15 October 1940, the divisional staff headquarters were deployed to Neumünster. On 1 December 1941, having passed th 225th Regiment to the 160th Division, Division No. 190 consisted of the following elements:


190th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Division No. 190
On 15 April 1942, Wolff was replaced as divisional commander by Emil Markgraf. Markgraf was then replaced by Justin von Obernitz on 22 June 1942, who was in turn replaced by Albert Newiger on 1 November 1942. Also on 1 November 1942, as part of the reorganization of the Replacement Army, the replacement battalions of the 160th Division were formed into the 520th Regiment and transferred to Division No. 190. Newiger was replaced as divisional commander by Ernst Hammer on 10 November 1942. Hammer would command the 190th Division until the end of the war.


190th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Division No. 190
On 1 April 1943, the 20th Motorized Regiment was taken out of Division No. 190 and put directly under the supervision of the Wehrkreis as Commander of Panzer Troops X.


190th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Division No. 190
In December 1943, Division No. 190 consisted of the following elements:


190th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Division No. 190
In response to the British paratrooper landings near Arnhem that were part of the Allied Operation Market Garden, the codeword "Alarm Küste" was given out to all replacement units of Wehrkreis X, including Division No. 190 on 18 September 1944. These forces were hurriedly deployed to the Netherlands for combat. The combat strength of the division, which had been reinforced by the Commander of Panzer Troops X, was as follows, for a total of 9607 personnel:


190th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Division No. 190
Near Nijmegen, Division No. 190 clashed with Allied forces including the American 82nd Airborne Division.


190th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 190th Infantry Division
On 4 November 1944, Division No. 190 was restructured into the 190th Infantry Division. Its divisional structure was as follows, with each of the three Grenadier Regiments consisting of two battalions each:


190th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 190th Infantry Division
This promotion made the 190th Infantry Division one of the few units to be restructured directly from a replacement division into a full infantry division, whereas most comparable formations first had to go through the stage of reserve divisions.


190th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, 190th Infantry Division
In March 1945, the division's strength was refreshed in the Hilversum-Utrecht area. Following an order on 4 April 1945, the division was dissolved and most of its soldiers used to reinforce the newly formed Infantry Division Ulrich von Hutten. The divisional staff of the 190th Division continued to exist until 13 April 1945, when the division's commanding general, Ernst Hammer, was captured in the Ruhr Pocket.


190th Mechanized Infantry Brigade
The '190th Heavy Combined Arms Brigade is a military formation of the People's Liberation Army of the People's Republic of China. It is famous for being the first mechanized PLA division.


190th Mechanized Infantry Brigade
The 190th Division (Chinese: 第190师) was created in January 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 10th Brigade, 4th Column of Jinchaji Military Region. Its history can be traced to the 4th Military Sub-district of Jinchaji Military Region formed in November 1937. Under the command of 64th Corps it took part in many major battles during the Chinese civil war.


190th Mechanized Infantry Brigade
In February 1951 it moved into Korea to take part in the Korean War under the command of the Corps. Since then it became a part of the People's Volunteer Army until August 1953.


190th Mechanized Infantry Brigade
In January 1953 the 395th Tank Self-propelled Artillery Regiment was formed and attached to the division.


190th Mechanized Infantry Brigade
In February 1955, when the 39th Army of Soviet Union pulled out from Lüda region, 190th division was ordered to take over the equipment left by Soviet 7th Mechanized Division and renamed the 1st Mechanized Division (Chinese: 第1机械化师) and detached from the 64th Corps.


190th Mechanized Infantry Brigade
The division received 137 medium tanks (mainly T-34/85s, with some T-54s), 22 IS-2 heavy tanks, 24 SU-100, 45 ISU-152, 23 Armored vehicles, 110 artillery pieces and 878 motor vehicles.


190th Mechanized Infantry Brigade
In August 1961 32nd Tank Regiment and 1st Howitzer Artillery Regiment detached from the division. All tank battalions in mechanized regiments maintained, and mechanized regiments were renamed motorized regiments. The 1st Mechanized Division was renamed as the 190th Army Division (Chinese: 陆军第190师) and returned to the 64th Army Corps's control. After that, the division maintained as a motorized army division.


190th Mechanized Infantry Brigade
From November 1968 to May 1970, Reconnaissance Company, 190th Army Division moved to Zhenbao Island for up-coming border conflict with the Soviet Army. However, the company did not take part in direct engagement.


190th Mechanized Infantry Brigade
In August 1969 395th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment was renamed Tank Regiment, 190th Division. 570th Artillery Regiment was renamed as Artillery Regiment, 190th Army Division. The division was not further affected in the re-designation during December 1969.


190th Mechanized Infantry Brigade
In 1985 the division was renamed the 190th Motorized Infantry Division (Chinese: 摩托化步兵第190师), as a northern motorized infantry division, category A, while its 568th Regiment became mechanized infantry.


190th Mechanized Infantry Brigade
The division took part in the enforced martial law and the crackdown on protests in Beijing, June 1989.


190th Mechanized Infantry Brigade
In 1992, tank battalions of the 569th and 570th infantry regiments were disbanded.


190th Mechanized Infantry Brigade
In 1998 the division was reorganized as a motorized division: its 569th Motorized Infantry Regiment was disbanded. The Tank Regiment was renamed Armored Regiment. As 64th Army was disbanded, the division was transferred to the 39th Army.


190th Mechanized Infantry Brigade
In 2003 the division was reduced to brigade-size and renamed as the 190th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Chinese: 机械化步兵第190旅).


190th Mechanized Infantry Brigade
In 2017 the brigade was reorganized as the 190th Heavy Combined Arms Brigade (Chinese: 重型合成第190旅).


190th New York State Legislature
The 190th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 6, 1993, to December 31, 1994, during the eleventh and twelfth years of Mario Cuomo's governorship, in Albany.


190th New York State Legislature, Background
Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1938 and the U.S. Supreme Court decision to follow the One man, one vote rule, re-apportioned in 1992 by the Legislature, 61 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. Senate and Assembly districts consisted of approximately the same number of inhabitants, the area being apportioned contiguously without restrictions regarding county boundaries.


190th New York State Legislature, Background
At this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The Conservative Party, the Right to Life Party, the Liberal Party, the Libertarian Party, the New Alliance Party, the Natural Law Party, and the Socialist Workers Party also nominated tickets.


190th New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1992, was held on November 3. The only statewide elective office up for election was a U.S. Senator from New York. Republican Al D'Amato was re-elected with Conservative and Right-to-Life endorsement. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for U.S. Senator, was: Democrats 2,943,000; Republicans 2,653,000; Conservatives 289,000; Right to Life 225,000; Liberals 143,000; Libertarians 109,000; New Alliance 57,000; and Socialist Workers 17,000.


190th New York State Legislature, Elections
25 of the sitting 28 women members of the legislature—State Senators Nancy Larraine Hoffmann (Dem. ), of Syracuse; Olga A. Méndez (Dem. ), of East Harlem; Velmanette Montgomery (Dem. ), of Brooklyn; Suzi Oppenheimer (Dem. ), of Mamaroneck; and Ada L. Smith (Dem. ), of Queens; and Assemblywomen Nancy Calhoun (Rep.), of Blooming Grove; Joan Christensen (Dem. ), of Syracuse; Barbara M. Clark (Dem. ), of Queens; Elizabeth Connelly (Dem. ), of Staten Island; Vivian E. Cook (Dem.) of Queens; Gloria Davis (Dem. ), of the Bronx; Eileen C. Dugan (Dem. ), of Brooklyn; Deborah J. Glick (Dem. ), of Manhattan; Aurelia Greene (Dem. ), of the Bronx; Earlene Hill Hooper (Dem. ), of Hempstead; Rhoda S. Jacobs (Dem. ), of Brooklyn; Cynthia Jenkins (Dem. ), a librarian of Queens; Susan V. John (Dem. ), of Rochester; Nettie Mayersohn (Dem. ), of Queens; Patricia McGee (Rep.), of Franklinville; Catherine Nolan (Dem. ), of Queens; Audrey Pheffer (Dem. ), of Queens; Cecile D. Singer (Rep.), of Yonkers; Frances T. Sullivan (Rep.), of Fulton; and Helene Weinstein (Dem. ), a lawyer of Brooklyn—were re-elected.


190th New York State Legislature, Elections
Nellie R. Santiago (Dem. ), of Brooklyn; and Mary Ellen Jones (Dem. ), of Irondequoit, were also elected to the State Senate. RoAnn Destito (Dem. ), of Rome; Donna Ferrara (Rep.), a lawyer of Westbury; Sandy Galef (Dem. ), of Ossining; Eileen Hickey (Dem. ), a registered nurse of Rhinebeck; Audrey Hochberg (Dem. ), of Scarsdale; Elizabeth C. Hoffman (Rep.), of North Tonawanda; and Naomi C. Matusow (Dem. ), a lawyer of Armonk; were also elected to the Assembly.


190th New York State Legislature, Elections
On February 16, 1993, Chloe Ann O'Neil (Rep.), an elementary school teacher of Parishville, was elected to fill a vacancy in the Assembly.


190th New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1993, was held on November 2. Two vacancies in the State Senate and two vacancies in the Assembly were filled. Mary Lou Rath (Rep.), of Williamsville, was elected to fill one of the vacancies in the Senate; and Patricia Acampora (Rep.), of Mattituck, was elected to fill one of the vacancies in the Assembly.


190th New York State Legislature, Elections
On February 15, 1994, Melinda Katz (Lib. ), a lawyer of Queens; and Carmen E. Arroyo (Dem. ), of the Bronx; were elected to fill vacancies in the Assembly. Thus the 190th Legislature ended having 39 women members, surpassing the previous record of 28 in the 189th New York State Legislature (1991–1992).


190th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the first regular session (the 216th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 6, 1993; and recessed indefinitely on July 8.


190th New York State Legislature, Sessions
Ralph J. Marino (Rep.) was re-elected Temporary President of the Senate.


190th New York State Legislature, Sessions
On February 18, 1993, State Comptroller Edward Regan (Rep.) tendered his resignation, effective April 30. On May 5, the Legislature elected Carl McCall (Dem.) to fill the vacancy, with a vote of 121 to 2, the Republicans boycotting the election.


190th New York State Legislature, Sessions
On September 8, 1993, Attorney General Robert Abrams (Dem.) tendered his resignation, effective December 31. The Legislature met again in November and December. On December 16, 1993, Assemblyman G. Oliver Koppell was elected by the Legislature to fill the vacancy.


190th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the second regular session (the 217th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 5, 1994; and recessed indefinitely on July 3.


190th New York State Legislature, Sessions
On January 19, Speaker Weprin suffered a stroke, and was hospitalized. On January 24, 1994, Sheldon Silver (Dem.) was elected as Interim Speaker. Weprin died on February 11, and Silver was subsequently elected as Speaker.


190th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. George E. Pataki and Michael F. Nozzolio changed from the Assembly to the Senate.


190th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


190th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assembly members
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.


190th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assembly members
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


190th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment
The 190th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


190th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service
The 190th Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at while in the field from veterans and recruits of the Pennsylvania Reserves and mustered in May 31, 1864 under the command of Colonel William Ross Hartshorne.


190th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, V Corps, Army of the Potomac, to August 1864. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, V Corps, to September 1864. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, V Corps, to June 1865.


190th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service
The 190th Pennsylvania Infantry mustered out of service on June 28, 1865.


190th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Battles about Cold Harbor, Va., June 1–12, 1864. Bethesda Church June 1–3. White Oak Swamp Bridge June 13. Before Petersburg June 16–18. Siege of Petersburg June 16, 1864 to April 2, 1865. Weldon Railroad June 21–23, 1864. Mine Explosion, Petersburg, July 30 (reserve). Weldon Railroad August 18–21. Poplar Springs Church September 29 – October 2. Boydton Plank Road, Hatcher's Run, October 27–28. Warren's Expedition to Weldon Railroad December 7–12. Dabney's Mills, Hatcher's Run, February 5–7, 1865. Appomattox Campaign March 28 – April 9. Lewis Farm, near Gravelly Run, March 29. White Oak Road March 31. Five Forks April 1. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. Marched to Washington, D.C., May 1–12. Grand Review of the Armies May 23.


190th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 214 men during service; 3 officers and 43 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 168 enlisted men died of disease.


190th Street station
190th Street (originally 190th Street–Overlook Terrace) is a station on the IND Eighth Avenue Line of the New York City Subway, served by the A train at all times. It is located on Fort Washington Avenue in the Hudson Heights section of Manhattan's Washington Heights neighborhood, near the avenue's intersection with Cabrini Boulevard at Margaret Corbin Circle, about three blocks north of 190th Street.


190th Street station
The 190th Street station opened in 1932 and has two tracks and two side platforms. It is close to Fort Tryon Park with the Cloisters medieval art museum, and the Mother Cabrini Shrine. An additional exit through the side of the hill leads to Bennett Avenue and provides access to the Broadway Valley area of Washington Heights. The station is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.


190th Street station, History
The New York City Board of Transportation began constructing a station at 190th Street in 1928 as part of a subway expansion. Squire J. Vickers, the chief architect of the Dual System, helped design the 190th Street station. He was responsible for most stations on the Independent Subway System (IND), and being a painter, he did tile work for the station. Robert Ridgway was hired as the chief engineer.


190th Street station, History
The station opened on September 10, 1932, as part of the city-operated IND's initial segment, the Eighth Avenue Line between Chambers Street and 207th Street. Construction of the whole line cost $191.2 million. Service at this station was provided with express service from its onset. While the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line already provided service to Washington Heights, the new subway via Fort Washington Avenue made subway service more readily accessible. Its opening resulted in the development of residential apartment buildings south of the station.


190th Street station, History
On December 28, 1950, the Board of Transportation issued a report concerning the construction of bomb shelters in the subway system. Five deep stations in Washington Heights, including the 190th Street station, were considered to be ideal for being used as bomb-proof shelters. The program was expected to cost $104 million. These shelters were expected to provide limited protection against conventional bombs, while providing protection against shock waves and air blast, as well as from the heat and radiation from an atomic bomb. To become suitable as shelters, the stations would require water-supply facilities, first-aid rooms, and additional bathrooms. However, the program, which required federal funding, was never completed.


190th Street station, History
In 1951, researchers from New York University concluded that in the event of a nuclear attack, the 190th Street station would provide adequate shelter from fallout. This was ascertained after the researchers conducted tests on cosmic rays inside deep subway stations in the area.


190th Street station, History
The 190th Street station is mostly unchanged from its original design. On March 30, 2005, the 190th Street station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The station was considered historically and architecturally significant as an early IND station that retained many of its original features.


190th Street station, History, Elevator modifications
From 1932 until 1957, pedestrians had to pay a fare to use the elevators. Though the elevators were intended for subway riders, local residents paid the subway fare to avoid climbing about eight stories up Fort Washington Hill. Bills were proposed in the New York State Legislature to put the elevators out of fare control, but these failed in committee. On September 5, 1957, the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) began allowing free public access to the elevators at the 181st and 190th Street stations. The NYCTA agreed once Joseph Zaretzki, the local State Senator, requested the change.


190th Street station, History, Elevator modifications
In July 2003, to reduce costs, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) announced that as part of its 2004 budget it would eliminate 22 elevator operator positions at this station and four others in Washington Heights, leaving one full-time operator per station. The agency had intended removing all the attendants at these stops, but kept one in each station after many riders protested. The change took effect on January 20, 2004 and saved $1.2 million a year. In November 2007, the MTA proposed savings cuts to help reduce the agency's deficit.


190th Street station, History, Elevator modifications
As part of the plan, all elevator operators at 190th Street, along with those in four other stations in Washington Heights, would have been cut. MTA employees had joined riders in worrying about an increase in crime as a result of the cuts after an elevator operator at 181st Street on the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line helped save a stabbed passenger. The move was intended to save $1.7 million a year.


190th Street station, History, Elevator modifications
However, on December 7, 2007, the MTA announced that it would not remove the remaining elevator operators at these stations, due to pushback from elected officials and residents from the area. In October 2018, the MTA once again proposed removing the elevator operators at the five stations, but this decision was reversed after dissent from the Transport Workers' Union.


190th Street station, History, Elevator modifications
The elevator attendants serve as a way to reassure passengers as the elevators are the only entrance to the platforms, and passengers often wait for the elevators with an attendant. The attendants at the five stations are primarily maintenance and cleaning workers who suffered injuries that made it hard for them to continue doing their original jobs.


190th Street station, History, Elevator modifications
This station's elevators were closed for elevator replacement on August 29, 2020 and was scheduled to reopen in September 2021, though the station will remain open via the exit to Bennett Avenue. However, due to unexpected structural issues, the reopening date has been pushed back to November 2021. It is unclear whether the elevator operators will keep their jobs after their replacement.


190th Street station, Station layout
The station has two tracks and two side platforms. It is the third-to-last station on the IND Eighth Avenue Line proceeding northbound. The station's platforms are 660 feet (200 m) long, a typical length of station platforms built by the Independent Subway System, and the station itself is 50 feet (15 m) wide. The platform level contains a double-barrel-vaulted ceiling supported by an arcade in the center. The ceiling is relatively low, in contrast to other nearby deep-level stations such as 181st Street or 168th Street stations on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line, where the vaults are larger.


190th Street station, Station layout
The outer walls of the platform level consist of tiled alcoves, slightly recessed within concrete arches. The station's tiles are colored maroon to help riders identify their station more easily, part of a color-coded tile system for the entire Independent Subway System. Maroon-and-black plaques with white sans-serif lettering reading "190-OVERLOOK TER." are located on the walls nearest the stairways to the mezzanine. Smaller maroon, black, and white mosaics with the number "190" are located within some of the alcoves. Within the alcoves that do not contain the "190" mosaic, there are black tiles with white numerals reading "190". The remaining tiling in the alcoves is white. A ramp leads from the northbound platform to an exit passageway leading to Bennett Avenue.


190th Street station, Station layout
A small concrete-floored mezzanine is located above the platforms toward the northern end of the station. The portion of the mezzanine above the platforms has metal railings on its northern and southern sides, from which the platforms can be seen. The rest of the mezzanine has white tiled walls. Two stairs descend from the mezzanine to each platform. There is also a station-agent booth on the northern wall.


190th Street station, Station layout
Located 140 feet (43 m) below ground level, it is one of the deepest stations in the entire system by distance to ground level; it is even deeper than the 34th Street–Hudson Yards station, the deepest station in the system by elevation below sea level. Although this is an extremely deep station, the Bennett Avenue entrance is at a lower elevation than the platforms, so the ramp slopes down. Additionally, Dyckman Street, the next station north, is only one level below the surface, in contrast to the 190th Street station.


190th Street station, Station layout, Entrances and exits
Contrary to the station's name, there are no exits to either 190th Street or Overlook Terrace. However, the station has entrances both to Hudson Heights, on top of the ridge, and to Bennett Avenue in the valley of Washington Heights, on the bottom.


190th Street station, Station layout, Entrances and exits
A tunnel leading eastward from the station provides access to Bennett Avenue, midblock between Broadway and 192nd Street, with an entrance built right into the rock face. The 207th Street-bound platform contains an exit-only (one turnstile and one gate) ramp that bypasses fare control and leads to the passageway to the Bennett Avenue entrance. Passengers used to be able to enter the station from the ramp, which is evidenced by tiled mosaics.


190th Street station, Station layout, Entrances and exits
The entrance at the top of the ridge is a head house located at the end of Fort Washington Avenue, at Margaret Corbin Circle. The station was built while the Cloisters in Fort Tryon Park were under construction, making it possible for the head house to have a stone facade to harmonize it with the entrance to the Cloisters several hundred feet north of the station's entrance. The head house is a single-story rectangular stone building with a black hip roof. The longer sides are on the western and eastern elevations, and each contain three bays.