1917 Dundee by-election, Candidates opposing Churchill
Scrymgeour's candidature was not however endorsed by the Labour Party, as noted above, with Alexander Wilkie formally announcing there should be no contest and defending Churchill from Scrymgeour's criticisms.


1917 Dundee by-election, The campaign
At an early stage Churchill set out his stall as the government candidate who was putting aside party political argument at a time of national emergency. At a meeting in Lochee on 27 July, Churchill said the sole issue the electors had to consider was “....the prosecution of a righteous war to an unmistakable victory". Despite saying that he refused to be drawn into any kind of electioneering or bickering, he straightway attacked Scrymgeour, who had been formally nominated as the candidate of the Scottish Prohibition Party, for seeking peace with Germany in order to suppress the Scottish liquor trade.


1917 Dundee by-election, The campaign
Later in the campaign Churchill appealed to the voters not to defeat him as the government candidate as this would in effect send a message to Britain's enemies that the country was weakening in its desire to win the war. Scrymgeour was indeed opposed to the war and said so openly, in the same way that he had also spoken out against the Boer War and he also stood up for the rights of conscientious objectors.


1917 Dundee by-election, The campaign
Despite Churchill's patriotic stance and appeals for an absence of party politicking, and no doubt because of the local status and strong opinions of Scrymgeour, the election has been characterised as a stormy campaign. As a minister Churchill was often detained in London on government business, whereas Scrymgeour was able to be a full-time candidate and it often fell to Churchill's wife, Clementine to address meetings which could be rowdy. In contrast however The Times reported that polling day itself was quiet with no vehicles for the conveyance of voters to the polls and very little election literature.


1917 Dundee by-election, The result
The result was a hold for the government party with Churchill taking nearly 80% of the poll and a majority 5,266 votes. Despite this apparently overwhelming endorsement however, one historian has warned against seeing the Dundee result as the clear-cut vindication of government policy it seemed. Churchill won because he got support from all the parties supporting the government, Liberal, Conservative and Labour and he received a personal vote from the Irish/Catholic population.


1917 Dundee by-election, The result
Scrymgeour went on to fight Churchill at Dundee twice more, eventually beating him in 1922. He remains the only person ever to be elected to the House of Commons on a prohibitionist ticket.


1917 Dutch East Indies Volksraad election
Elections to the Volksraad were held in the Dutch East Indies on 16 October 1917. The result was a victory for the Dutch Indies Freethinkers Association, who defeated the Protestant Christian Ethical Party and the Catholic Indian Catholic Party.


1917 Dutch East Indies Volksraad election, Background
The Volksraad was created by a law passed on 16 December 1916 in order to further the possibility of self-government. It had a total of 38 members, half of which were to be elected and half appointed. Seats were also assigned to ethnic groups, with 20 for the Dutch population (nine elected, eleven appointed), 15 for the native population (ten elected, five appointed) and three for the Chinese population (all of which were appointed).


1917 Dutch general election
General elections were held in the Netherlands on 5 and 15 June 1917 to elect members of the House of Representatives of the Dutch Parliament. The elections were held following an agreement between the seven political parties with seats in parliament to allow a change in the constitution to introduce universal male suffrage and proportional representation. Polling was held for 50 constituencies with only one candidate on 5 June, in which 50 MPs were elected. In the other 50 constituencies with opposition candidates, voting was held on 15 July. A second round was required in Amsterdam, where Social Democratic Workers' Party candidate Adriaan Gerhard was re-elected.


1917 Dutch general election
1,078,205 citizens were eligible to vote of which 230,310 cast a vote, representing a turnout of 21.36%.


1917 Ealing by-election
The Ealing by-election of 1917 was held on 30 April 1917. The by-election was held due to the incumbent Conservative MP, Herbert Nield, becoming Recorder of York. It was retained by Nield.


1917 East Clare by-election
The East Clare by-election of 1917 was held on 10 July 1917. It followed the death of the incumbent MP, Willie Redmond of the Irish Parliamentary Party, who was killed in action during the First World War. The seat had been held since its creation in 1885 by constitutional nationalist MPs, and Redmond had been unopposed in every election since 1900. The result was announced on 11 July 1917.


1917 East Clare by-election
It was won by the Sinn Féin candidate Éamon de Valera who had campaigned in military Irish Volunteers uniform. De Valera had recently been released from imprisonment as a result of his involvement in the 1916 Easter Rising and 'made it crystal clear that he stood by the events of Easter Week' and for an independent Irish Republic. Though he said that another armed insurrection was 'not feasible' at the present time. His election posters said a vote for de Valera was, ‘a vote for Ireland a Nation, a vote against Conscription, a vote against partition, a vote for Ireland’s language, and for Ireland’s ideals and civilisation’.


1917 East Clare by-election
Patrick Lynch, his opponent was a barrister and Crown prosecutor. His campaign maintained that he was also against conscription, despite the IPP's support for Irish recruitment into British forces in the First World War. His party's energies were also distracted by another by-election Kilkenny.


1917 East Clare by-election
David McCullough writes, 'There was a lot of violence during the campaign, much of it apparently coming from Lynch's supporters' and 150 British Army soldiers had to be drafted in to help the police maintain order.


1917 East Clare by-election
Daith O Corrain writes, 'The East Clare by-election was a milestone for Sinn Féin because it secured a striking popular mandate which helped the organisation to continue its rapid growth ahead of the 1918 general election.


1917 Eastern Suburbs season
Eastern Suburbs (now known as the Sydney Roosters) competed in the 10th New South Wales Rugby League(NSWRL) premiership in 1917.


1917 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburbs 10 defeated North Sydney 0 at the Agricultural Ground.


1917 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Glebe 5 ( Pert try, A. B. Burge goal ) defeated Eastern Suburbs 4 ( Messenger 2 goals ) at the Sydney Cricket Ground.


1917 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
"Had Glebe been penalised to the full extent for glaring Interference in the flrst half the result muy have been reversed. Wright, the Glebe three-quarter, was the delinquent, and the referee should have awarded Cubitt a penalty try for such a bad breach"


1917 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburbs 9 ( Cubitt try; Messenger 3 Goals ) defeated South Sydney 6 ( Norman, Vaughan Tries ) at Agricultural Ground.


1917 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
The result was said to be in doubt right up until the end


1917 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Newtown 11 defeated Eastern Suburbs 3 at the Sydney Cricket Ground.


1917 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Balmain 13 defeated Eastern Suburbs 2 at the Sydney Cricket Ground.


1917 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Western Suburbs 15 defeated Eastern Suburbs 2 at St Luke's Park.


1917 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburbs 14 defeated Annandale 9( J.Bain 3 tries) at the Agricultural Ground


1917 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburbs 16 defeated North Sydney 11(Deane, Emelhenz, Blinkhorn; Tries; Robetson Goal) at the Sydney Cricket Ground.


1917 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburbs 14 beat Glebe 10 at the Agricultural Ground.


1917 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
South Sydney 18( H. Horder, Moore, Vaughn Tries; Lucas 3 Goals) Defeated Eastern Suburbs 13 at the Sydney Sports Ground.


1917 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Newtown 12 beat Eastern Suburbs 11 at the Sydney Cricket Ground.


1917 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Balmain 18 defeated Eastern Suburbs 0 at the Sydney Cricket Ground.


1917 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburbs 14 beat Western Suburbs 9 at the Sydney Cricket Ground.


1917 Eastern Suburbs season, Results
Eastern Suburbs 19 beat Annandale 8 at the Agricultural Ground.


1917 Edinburgh South by-election
The Edinburgh South by-election, 1917 was a parliamentary by-election held for the House of Commons constituency of Edinburgh South in Scotland on 12 May 1917.


1917 Edinburgh South by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the sitting Liberal MP, Charles Henry Lyell. Lyell, who was formerly MP for East Dorset from 1904–1910, had been MP for Edinburgh South since winning the seat in a by-election in April 1910. He was a serving member of the armed forces during the Great War, having joined the Fife Royal Garrison Artillery on the outbreak of war. He was on active service until 1917 when he was appointed Military Attaché to the USA.


1917 Edinburgh South by-election, Candidates
It was widely believed that the seat was marked out for Sir George McCrae, former MP for Edinburgh East. The Chief Liberal Whip of the Coalition government, Neil Primrose was standing down and if a seat could be found for him the position was to be offered to McCrae. However, on 19 April 1917, the executive committee of South Edinburgh Liberals selected Sir Edward Parrott, the chairman of their Association and of the Edinburgh United Liberal Committee, as their candidate. Parrott was described as a Gladstonian Liberal of the old school with a loyalty to Mr Asquith but his selection ahead of the government's preferred choice was not challenged by the prime minister.


1917 Edinburgh South by-election, Candidates
There was no history of any parties representing the Labour movement intervening in any Edinburgh seats since their creation for the 1885 general election. So it was not surprising that the Labour Party honoured the wartime electoral truce and failed to stand a candidate. The Conservatives, as partners in the wartime coalition, also declined to stand.


1917 Edinburgh South by-election, The result
There being no other candidates putting themselves forward Parrott was returned unopposed. Parrott held the seat just over a year until the 1918 general election. His loyalty to Asquith caused him to stand as an Independent Liberal in Edinburgh West in 1918 but he lost to a Coalition Conservative in a three cornered contest with Labour. The Edinburgh South seat also went to a Coalition Conservative.


1917 Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities by-election
The Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities by-election of 1917 was held on 10 August 1917. The by-election was held due to the incumbent Conservative MP, Sir Christopher Johnston, becoming a Senator of the College of Justice. It was won by the Conservative candidate Watson Cheyne, who was unopposed due to a War-time electoral pact.


1917 Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities by-election
At a meeting of the electors on 10 August 1917, Sir William Watson Cheyne, Professor of Clinical Surgery at King's College, London, was elected in place of Sir Christopher Nicholson Johnston KC, who has been appointed to judicial office.


1917 Edmonton municipal election
The 1917 municipal election was held December 10, 1917, to elect a mayor and seven aldermen to sit on Edmonton City Council and four trustees to sit on each of the public and separate school boards. There were also two plebiscite questions asked.


1917 Edmonton municipal election
There were ten aldermen on city council, but three of the positions were already filled: George Pheasey, William Martin, and Charles Grant were all elected to two-year terms in 1916 and were still in office. Thomas Bellamy and James Macfie MacDonald were also elected to two-year terms in 1916, but both resigned to run for mayor; accordingly, Samuel McCoppen and Henri Martin were elected to one-year terms.


1917 Edmonton municipal election
There were seven trustees on the public school board, but three of the positions were already filled: Joseph Duggan, C. Frost, and William Rea had all been elected to two-year terms in 1915. The same was true of the separate board, where Joseph Gariépy, M. J. O'Farrell, and G. W. Curtis were all continuing.


1917 Edmonton municipal election
The five mayoral candidates were the most in Edmonton's history up to that point.


1917 Edmonton municipal election, Voter turnout
There were 7895 ballots cast out of 11271 eligible voters, for a voter turnout of 70.0%.


1917 Epping by-election
The Epping by-election of 1917 was held on 28 June 1917. The by-election was held due to the elevation of the incumbent Conservative MP, Amelius Lockwood. The only candidate was the Conservative Richard Colvin, who was elected unopposed.


1917 Far Eastern Championship Games
The 1917 Far Eastern Championship Games was the third edition of the regional multi-sport event, contested between China, Japan and the Philippines, and was held from 8–12 May 1917 in Tokyo, Empire of Japan. A total of eight sports were contested, following the dropping of cycling from the programme after the 1915 games.


1917 Far Eastern Championship Games
In the football competition, China was represented by South China AA, a Hong Kong-based team, while Japan was represented by a team from the Tokyo Higher Normal School.


1917 Far Eastern Championship Games
Japan was the overall champion of the Games following the Philippines, and China.


1917 Fijian general election
General elections were held in Fiji in June and July 1917.


1917 Fijian general election, Electoral system
Changes were made to the constitution on 20 July 1916, increasing the number of nominated members in the Legislative Council from 10 to 12; eleven were civil servants and the other had to be a British subject not holding public office. The number of elected Europeans remained at seven and the number of appointed Fijians at two. The Governor served as President of the Council.


1917 Fijian general election, Electoral system
The Europeans were elected from six constituencies; Eastern, Northern, Southern, Suva, Vanua Levu & Taveuni and Western. Voting was restricted to men aged 21 or over who had been born to European parents (or a European father and was able to read, speak and write English) who were British subjects and had been continuously resident in Fiji for 12 months, either owning at least £20 of freehold or leasehold property or having an annual income of at least £120, and were not on the public payroll.


1917 Fijian general election, Aftermath
The results of the Vanua Levu and Taveuni seat were later annulled by the Supreme Court. As a result, a by-election was held in November 1917 which Joseph MacKay was again elected, receiving 84 votes to the 50  of J. Harper received 50 votes and three for James McConnell. However, MacKay died on 6 December. John Francis Dyer was subsequently elected in the constituency in another by-election in 1919.


1917 Finnish parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in the Grand Duchy of Finland on 1 and 2 October 1917. The general voter turnout was higher than in previous elections. The Social Democrats lost the absolute majority that they had had in the previous two elections (although they, like the other parties, had increased their number of votes in absolute terms). In other words, the "bourgeois" (non-socialist) parties taken together now had more than half the seats.


1917 Finnish parliamentary election, Background
The elections were the result of the constitutional crisis in Finland caused by the Russian revolution. As Russian Tsar Nicholas, head of state in Finland, had abdicated without a successor, the Finnish Parliament stated that it would become the highest power in internal matters. The Russian Provisional Government did not accept this, but ordered premature parliamentary elections, which was thought illegal by the Socialists.


1917 Finnish parliamentary election, Campaign
The Social Democrats demanded the quick implementation of eight-hour work day and the quick freeing of tenant farmers. The bourgeois parties, on average, wanted first to ensure that Finland would become fully independent, and only then to implement such social and economic reforms.


1917 Finnish parliamentary election, Results
The Finnish Party won 32 seats, the Young Finnish Party 24 and the People's Party five.


1917 Florida Gators football team
The 1917 Florida Gators football team represented the University of Florida during the 1917 college football season. The season was Alfred L. Buser's first of three as the head coach of the Florida Gators football team. The 1917 season was a disappointment; the team completed their football season with an SIAA conference record of 1–3 and an overall record of 2–4.


1917 Florida Gators football team, Before the season
Coach Buser was a former All-American lineman for the Wisconsin Badgers, and promised to bring a Midwestern power football style of play to revive the Gators after the winless 1916 season. Captain "Rowdy Bill" Wilkinson was the team's only returning letterman.


1917 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, South Carolina
On opening day, Florida came from behind with three touchdowns in the third quarter to beat South Carolina 21–13.


1917 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, South Carolina
The starting lineup was Clemmons (left end), Wurtrich (left tackle), Connell (left guard), Wells (center), Swink (right guard), Brannon (right tackle), Thomas (right end), Fuller (quarterback), Wilkinson (left halfback), Ball (right halfback), Lightsey (fullback).


1917 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Tulane
Tulane overwhelmed the Gators 52–0, several times skirting the ends for long gains. The  Gators were frequently penalized for offsides and hurdling.


1917 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Tulane
The starting lineup was Clemmons (left end), Wurtrich (left tackle), Connell (left guard), Wells (center), Otto (right guard), Brannon (right tackle), Thomas (right end), Fuller (quarterback), Wilkinson (left halfback), Ball (right halfback), Lightsey (fullback).


1917 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Florida Southern
The Gators extended their winning streak over the Florida Southern Moccasins to four games, winning 19–7. After the first ten minutes, Florida replaced its backfield with second-string men.


1917 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Florida Southern
The starting lineup was Clemmons (left end), Wutrich (left tackle), Swink (left guard), Dye (center), Cornell (right guard), Brannon (right tackle), Thomas (right end), Fuller (quarterback), Marshall (left halfback), Leifeste (right halfback), Lightsey (fullback).


1917 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Auburn
Florida endured its sixth-straight loss to coach Mike Donahue's Auburn team. The Plainsmen had their biggest win on the season over Florida, 68–0.


1917 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Auburn
The starting lineup was Clemmons (left end), Wutrich (left tackle), Connell (left guard), Dye (center), Otto (right guard), Brannon (right tackle), Thomas (right end), Fuller (quarterback), Wilkinson (left halfback), Ball (right halfback), Fernald (fullback).


1917 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Clemson
Clemson defeated the Gators 55–7. Florida's only score came on a forward pass, Loomis to Thomas.


1917 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Clemson
The starting lineup was Clemmons (left end), Wutrich (left tackle), Connell (left guard), Dye (center), Otto (right guard), Brannon (right tackle), Thomas (right end), Loomis (quarterback), Wilkinson (left halfback), Ball (right halfback), Lightsey (fullback).


1917 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Kentucky
On Thanksgiving, in the school's first-ever game against the Kentucky Wildcats, Florida lost 52–0. Kentucky used its substitutes by the second half.


1917 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Kentucky
The starting lineup was Clemmons (left end), Wuthrich (left tackle), Connell (left guard), Dye (center), Gunn (right guard), Brannon (right tackle), Thomas (right end), Loomis (quarterback), Wilkinson (left halfback), Ball (right halfback), Fernald (fullback).


1917 Fordham Maroon football team
The 1917 Fordham Maroon football team was an American football team that represented Fordham University as an independent during the 1917 college football season. Fordham claims a 22–3 record. College Football Data Warehouse (CFDW) lists the team's record at 7–2. Opponents recognized by CFDW are displayed in bold in the schedule chart below.


1917 Fordham Maroon football team
Frank Gargan and Frank McCaffrey were the team's coaches. Left halfback Frankie Frisch, known as "The Fordham Flash", led the team on offense. He later played for 19 years in Major League Baseball from 1919 to 1937 and was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame. George Lowe played his only season with the University as a tackle and was one of the team captains, becoming the first player from the school to play pro-football when in 1920, he was drafted.


1917 Fort Sheridan football team
The 1917 Fort Sheridan football team represented Officers Reserve Training Camp at Fort Sheridan located north of Chicago during the 1917 college football season. The team included former Michigan Wolvereines stars Albert Benbrook and Ernest Allmendinger, and former Chicago Maroons star Paul Des Jardien.


1917 French Army mutinies
The 1917 French Army mutinies took place amongst French Army troops on the Western Front in Northern France during World War I. They started just after the unsuccessful and costly Second Battle of the Aisne, the main action in the Nivelle Offensive in April 1917. The new French commander of the armies in France, General Robert Nivelle had promised a decisive victory over the Germans in 48 hours; morale in French armies rose to a great height and the shock of failure soured their mood overnight.


1917 French Army mutinies
The mutinies and associated disruptions involved, to various degrees, nearly half of the French infantry divisions stationed on the Western Front. The term "mutiny" does not precisely describe events; soldiers remained in trenches and were willing to defend but refused orders to attack. Nivelle was sacked and replaced by General Philippe Pétain, who restored morale by talking to the men, promising no more suicidal attacks, providing rest and leave for exhausted units and moderating discipline. He held 3,400 courts martial in which 554 mutineers were sentenced to death and 26 were executed.


1917 French Army mutinies
The catalyst for the mutinies was the extreme optimism and dashed hopes of the Nivelle Offensive, pacifism (stimulated by the Russian Revolution and the trade union movement) and disappointment at the non-arrival of American troops. French soldiers on the front had unrealistically been expecting to arrive within days of the U.S. declaration of war. The mutinies were kept secret from the Germans and their full extent was not revealed until decades later. The German failure to detect the mutinies has been described as one of the most serious intelligence failures of the war.


1917 French Army mutinies, Background
More than one million French soldiers (306,000 in 1914, 334,000 in 1915, 287,000 in 1916, 121,000 in early 1917), out of a population of twenty million French males of all ages, had been killed in fighting by early 1917. The losses had weakened the French will to attack. In April 1917, French General Nivelle promised a war-winning decisive victory.


1917 French Army mutinies, Background
He proposed to work closely with the British Army to break through the German lines on the Western Front by a great attack against the German-occupied Chemin des Dames, a long and prominent ridge that runs east to west, just north of the Aisne River. Nivelle applied a tactic that he had used with success at the  First and Second Offensive Battles of Verdun in October and December 1916, a creeping barrage in which French artillery fired its shells to land just in front of the advancing infantry to keep the Germans under cover until they had been overrun.


1917 French Army mutinies, Background
Nivelle's attack (the Second Battle of the Aisne) failed to achieve its main war-winning objective. At the cost of very high casualties, the offensive exhausted the German reserves and conquered some tactically important positions. A French tank attack had also been launched near Berry-au-Bac but half of the Schneider CA1 tanks engaged were knocked out. Nivelle was removed from his command on 15 May 1917 and was replaced by General Philippe Pétain.


1917 French Army mutinies, Background
A similar battle would have been considered a draw in 1915 but in 1917, after the huge losses at the Battle of Verdun and the Battle of the Somme, the psychology of the soldiers was fragile. The strategic failure and the casualties caused a collapse in the morale of the French infantrymen, who had been so enthusiastic just a few days before. The U.S. entry into the war in early April 1917 was met with euphoria in France.


1917 French Army mutinies, Mutinies
The Nivelle Offensive failed to achieve its strategic objectives and by 25 April, most of the fighting had ended. On 3 May, the French 2nd Division refused to follow orders to attack and the mutiny soon spread throughout the army. For most of the time events were independent and were focused on specific demands, more liberty, more time with families and better conditions in cantonments.


1917 French Army mutinies, Mutinies
From 16 to 17 May, there were disturbances in a Chasseur battalion of the 127th Division and a regiment of the 18th Division. Two days later, a battalion of the 166th Division staged a demonstration and on 20 May, the 128th Regiment of the 3rd Division and the 66th Regiment of the 18th Division refused orders. Individual incidents of insubordination occurred in the 17th Division. Over the next two days, spokesmen were elected in two regiments of the 69th Division to petition for an end to the offensive.


1917 French Army mutinies, Mutinies
By 28 May, mutinies broke out in the 9th Division, 158th Division, 5th Division and 1st Cavalry Division. By the end of May more units of the 5th, 6th, 13th, 35th, 43rd, 62nd, 77th and 170th Divisions mutinied and revolts occurred in 21 divisions in May. A record 27,000 French soldiers deserted in 1917; the offensive was suspended on 9 May.


1917 French Army mutinies, Mutinies
Even in regiments in which there was direct confrontation, such as the 74th Infantry Regiment, the men did not harm their officers but simply refused to attack. Most mutineers were veterans who did not refuse to fight but wanted the military authorities to be more attentive to the realities of modern war. The soldiers had come to believe that the attacks they were ordered to make were futile. News on the February Revolution in Russia was being published in French socialist newspapers and anonymous pacifist propaganda leaflets were very widely distributed.


1917 French Army mutinies, Mutinies
In Soissons, Villers-Cotterêts, Fère-en-Tardenois and Cœuvres-et-Valsery, troops refused orders or to go to the front. On 1 June, a French infantry regiment took over the town of Missy-aux-Bois. Ashworth wrote that the mutinies were "widespread and persistent" and involved more than half the divisions in the French army. On 7 June, Pétain told British commander Sir Douglas Haig that two French divisions had refused to relieve two divisions in the front line.


1917 French Army mutinies, Mutinies
In 1967, Guy Pedroncini examined French military archives and discovered that 49 infantry divisions were destabilised and experienced repeated episodes of mutiny. Of the 49, 9 divisions were gravely affected by mutinous behavior, 15 were seriously affected, and 25 divisions were affected by isolated but repeated instances of mutinous behavior. As the French Army comprised 113 infantry divisions by the end of 1917, 43 per cent had been affected.


1917 French Army mutinies, Mutinies
The crisis of morale occurred mainly in the infantry, which had borne the overwhelming brunt of casualties since the beginning of the war. Branches such as the heavy artillery, which was located far behind the front lines, and those cavalry regiments that were still mounted, remained unaffected by the mutinies and provided detachments to round up deserters and restore order. Only 12 field artillery regiments were affected by the crisis of indiscipline.


1917 French Army mutinies, Repression
From 8 June, the military authorities took swift and decisive action: mass arrests were followed by mass trials. Those arrested were selected by their own officers and NCOs, with the implicit consent of the rank and file. There were 3,427 conseils de guerre (courts-martial). In 1967, research by Pedroncini found 2,878 sentences of hard labour and 629 death sentences, but only 49 executions were carried out. The relative lack of rigour in repressing the mutinies provoked adverse reactions among some French divisional commanders. Pétain and French President Raymond Poincaré, on the other hand, made it their policy to mend the French Army's morale and to avoid acting in a way that could aggravate the loss.


1917 French Army mutinies, Repression
When the news of the revolution in Russia and the abdication of the Tsar reached France there were some demonstrations amongst Russian units in France. When an order from Russia to elect soviets was received on 16 April, the French Army whisked the Russians away from the front and moved them to central France. The Russians put on a big May Day parade and then mutinied. The First Russian Brigade was encircled by loyal Russian troops in September 1917 at Camp de La Courtine and bombarded with artillery, killing eight men and wounding 28. That episode became the basis of widespread false rumours that the French had bombarded French units. The Russian troops (about 10,000 men) were demobilised, transferred to labor battalions and the ringleaders were sent to North Africa in penal servitude.


1917 French Army mutinies, Repression
Along with the deterrent of military justice, Pétain offered two incentives: more regular and longer leave and an end to grand offensives "until the arrival of tanks and Americans on the front". Pétain launched limited attacks with massed artillery, on the northern flank of the 3rd Battle of Ypres (31 July to 10 November), at Verdun (20–26 August), on the Chemin des Dames during the Battle of the Observatories and the Battle of La Malmaison (23–27 October). They were taken with minimal French casualties.


1917 French Army mutinies, Repression
As to the mutinous soldiers, they were motivated by despair, not by politics or pacifism. They feared that infantry offensives could never prevail over the fire of machine guns and artillery. Pétain restored morale by a combination of rest periods, frequent rotations of the front-line units and regular home furloughs.


1917 French Army mutinies, Aftermath, Analysis
The most persistent episodes of collective indiscipline involved a relatively small number of French divisions and so the mutinies did not threaten a complete military collapse. Because of the low morale in more than half of the French Army, it took until the early months of 1918 for the French Army fully to recover. Because of the mutinies, the French high command became reluctant to begin another offensive.


1917 French Army mutinies, Aftermath, Analysis
Pétain's strategy in late 1917 was to wait for the deployment of the American Expeditionary Forces and the introduction in battle of the new and highly effective Renault FT tanks, J'attends les chars et les américains ("I am waiting for the tanks and the Americans"). He had the support of Prime Minister Clemenceau, who told President Woodrow Wilson in June 1917 that France planned "to wait for the Americans & meanwhile not lose more.... I like Pétain... just because he won't attack". Martin Evans rote "the French army would sit tight and wait for the Americans". Christopher Andrew and Kanya-Forster wrote in 1981 "Even after Petain's skilful mixture of tact and firmness had restored military discipline, the French army could only remain on the defensive and wait for the Americans".


1917 French Army mutinies, Aftermath, Analysis
When the Americans arrived in France in spring 1917, they were inexperienced and US generals had orders not to accept responsibility for military zones. The US generals were ordered to "understudy" the British. This meant that for summer and autumn 1917, British troops had to both reinforce the zones that the French had disappeared from, and also teach American troops. The British tried to reinvigorate French morale by launching the Third Battle of Ypres, with varied success but pertinently relieving pressure on the French to the south.


1917 French Army mutinies, Aftermath, Analysis
It was not until early 1918, when the US troops had completed their preparations for war, that French morale improved. The Allies withstood the German spring offensive and held their ground until November 1918, when the Hundred Days Offensive and the British naval blockade of Germany paid dividends. Starved of food, Germany collapsed on the home front. Their leadership was compelled to sue for peace, as the army and the front were quickly pushed back.


1917 French Army mutinies, Aftermath, Historiography
The French government suppressed news of the mutinies to avoid alerting the Germans or harming morale on the home front. The extent and the intensity of the mutinies were disclosed for the first time in 1967 by Guy Pedroncini, in Les Mutineries de 1917. His project had been made possible by the opening of most of the military archives, fifty years after the events, a delay that was in conformity with French War Ministry procedure. There are still undisclosed archives on the mutinies, which are believed to contain documents mostly of a political nature; they will not be opened to researchers until 100 years after the mutinies, in 2017.


1917 French Army mutinies, Aftermath, Historiography
Leonard Smith has argued that the mutinies were akin to labour strikes and could be considered, at least partly, political in nature. The soldiers demanded more leave, better food and objected to the use of colonial workers on the home front. They were also deeply concerned about the welfare of their families. The rather subdued repression, according to Smith, was part of the Pétain policy of appeasement. Concurrently, that policy saved the appearance of absolute authority exercised by the Grand Quartier Général, the French high command. Smith placed the mutinies into their wider ideological context and demonstrated the extent to which French soldiers and mutineers had internalised the main tenets of Republican ideology.


1917 Fulham by-election
The Fulham by-election of 1917 was held on 3 July 1917. The by-election was held due to the incumbent Conservative MP, William Hayes Fisher, becoming President of the Local Government Board. It was retained by Fisher who was unopposed.


1917 Furman Purple Hurricane football team
The 1917 Furman Purple Hurricane football team represented the Furman Purple Hurricane of Furman University during the 1917 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season.


1917 Geneva Covenanters football team
The 1917 Geneva Covenanters football team was an American football team that represented Geneva College as an independent during the 1917 college football season. Led by first-year head coach Philip Henry Bridenbaugh, the team compiled a record of 5–3–1.


1917 Georgetown Blue and Gray football team
The 1917 Georgetown Blue and Gray football team represented Georgetown University during the 1917 college football season. Led by Albert Exendine in his fourth year as head coach, the team went 7–1 and won the South Atlantic Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SAIAA) championship.


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team
The 1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team represented the Georgia Institute of Technology (commonly known as Georgia Tech) in American football during the 1917 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The Golden Tornado, coached by John Heisman in his 14th year as head coach, compiled a 9–0 record (4–0 SIAA) and outscored opponents 491 to 17 on the way to its first national championship. Heisman considered the 1917 team his best, and for many years it was considered "the greatest football team the South had ever produced". The team was named national champion by Billingsley, Helms, Houlgate, and NCF


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team
The backfield of Albert Hill, Everett Strupper, Joe Guyon, and Judy Harlan led the Golden Tornado, and all four rushed for more than 100 yards in a 48–0 victory over Tulane. During the regular season Georgia Tech defeated strong opponents by large margins, and its 41–0 victory over eastern power Penn shocked many. Davidson, with Buck Flowers (a future Tech star), was defeated 32–10. Tech's 83–0 victory over Vanderbilt is the worst loss in Vanderbilt history, and its 63–0 defeat of Washington and Lee was the worst loss in W&L history at the time. Tech finished the season by defeating Auburn 68–7, clinching the conference title. Davidson and Auburn were the only teams to score points against Georgia Tech.


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Before the season
Because of the American entry into World War I in April, several SIAA schools did not field football teams. However, Georgia Tech had an increasing enrollment and bright prospects for its football team after its undefeated 1916 season. Losses from the previous season's team included guard Bob Lang and fullback Tommy Spence.


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Before the season
In 1917 football used a one-platoon system, in which players played both offense and defense. Fifteen of the 21 players on the 1917 roster were from the state of Georgia, and 10 of its 11 starters came from Georgia high schools. The team's captain was tackle Walker "Big Six" Carpenter. Its renowned backfield consisted of quarterback Al Hill, halfback Everett Strupper, halfback Joe Guyon, and freshman fullback Judy Harlan.


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Before the season
Coach John Heisman's swift backfield used the pre-snap movement of his "jump shift" offense, and Al Hill led the team in carries. Ev Strupper, arguably the best of the four, was partially deaf; because of his deafness, he called the signals instead of the team's quarterback. When "Strupe" tried out for the team, he noticed that the quarterback shouted the signals every time he was to carry the ball. Realizing that the loud signals would be a tip-off to the opposition, Strupper told Heisman: "Coach, those loud signals are absolutely unnecessary.


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Before the season
You see when sickness in my kid days brought on this deafness my folks gave me the best instructors obtainable to teach me lip-reading." Heisman recalled how Strupper overcame his deafness: "He couldn't hear anything but a regular shout. But he could read your lips like a flash. No lad that ever stepped on a football field had keener eyes than Everett had. The enemy found this out the minute he began looking for openings through which to run the ball."


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Before the season
Joe Guyon, the team's best passer, was a Chippewa Indian who was born on the White Earth Indian Reservation; his brother, Charles "Wahoo" Guyon, was the assistant coach. Guyon had played for Pop Warner at Carlisle, and had to sit out the 1916 season in accordance with conference transfer rules. He ran through (and over) opponents, in contrast to Strupper's dodging style. Judy Harlan said about Guyon, "Once in a while the Indian would come out in Joe, such as the nights Heisman gave us a white football and had us working out under the lights. That's when Guyon would give out the blood curdling war whoops."


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Game summaries, Week 1: Furman and Wake Forest
The Golden Tornado opened its season on September 29 with a doubleheader in three inches of mud.


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Game summaries, Week 1: Furman and Wake Forest, Furman
In the first game Georgia Tech defeated Furman 25–0, playing mainly substitutes. Hay was spread on the field in an attempt to counteract the steady downpour. Tech quarterback Al Hill scored two touchdowns, and Dan Whelchel (called Walthall) scored a third when he recovered a fumble by Theodore Shaver after crossing the goal line. Although Furman's lineup included future South Carolina Hall-of-Famer Speedy Speer, there was little Speer could do to affect the outcome. Tech's starting lineup was Ulrich (left end), Higgins (left tackle), Whelchel (left guard), Johnson (center), Wright (right guard), Doyle (right tackle), Colcord (right end), Hill (quarterback), Smith (left halfback), Shaver (right halfback), and Harlan (fullback).


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Game summaries, Week 1: Furman and Wake Forest, Wake Forest
After the Furman game, the rain subsided and Tech defeated the Wake Forest Baptists 33–0. Ev Strupper and Joe Guyon had sat out the previous game. The first touchdown was on the play after Strupper dashed around end for a 17-yard gain; Guyon's first carry from scrimmage for Tech was a 75-yard run.


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Game summaries, Week 1: Furman and Wake Forest, Wake Forest
Strupper scored the second touchdown on a short drive set up by his 40-yard punt return. Early in the second quarter, Strupper shot through the line for 70 yards and the third touchdown. Tech's fourth touchdown required considerable effort and a methodical drive, ending in a 15-yard dive for a touchdown by Strupper. End runs by Guyon and Simpson's line plunging set up the fifth (and final) touchdown with Guyon's 6-yard run. Strupper ran for 198 yards and three touchdowns on nine carries. Tech's starting lineup was Bell (left end), Fincher (left tackle), Thweatt (left guard), Phillips (center), Dowling (right guard), Rogers (right tackle), Carpenter (right end), Hill (quarterback), Strupper (left halfback), Guyon (right halfback), and Armsley (fullback).


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Game summaries, Week 2: Penn
In the second week of play, Georgia Tech beat Penn 41–0. Bernie McCarty called it "Strupper's finest hour, coming through against powerful Penn in the contest that shocked the East." In comparison, Pop Warner's undefeated Pittsburgh defeated Penn 14–6. Penn was the first northeastern powerhouse to lose to a team from the South. Both Strupper and Hill rushed for more than 100 yards. Tech outgained Penn 276 yards to 11 at halftime. According to the Florida Times-Union, "The result ... demonstrates that the large Eastern colleges will have to reckon with some of those of Dixieland in future."


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Game summaries, Week 2: Penn
Tech baffled Penn by playing conventionally instead of using its regular shift. On its second play from scrimmage less than two minutes into the game Strupper ran around his end, "winding and twisting out of a mass of Red and Blue players" for a 68-yard touchdown. Walker Carpenter brushed two tacklers out of the way, and Strupped side-stepped Penn safety Joe Berry before running the last 30 yards. Tech "scored again in this period before Pennsylvania had recovered from its bewilderment", a touchdown by Hill. For the last score of the half, Strupper made a short run behind guard.


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Game summaries, Week 2: Penn
Penn did not have a first down in the first half, as the Tech defense played well. Hill scored a touchdown in the third quarter on a 27-yard run through the line. Penn's only scoring opportunity was in the third quarter. After another Al Hill touchdown and the kickoff return, Penn worked five complete forward passes in quick succession (one 23 yards) to reach Tech's 6-yard line. The Tech defense responded, and Penn turned the ball over on downs. On first down, Carpenter threw Penn back for a 6-yard loss and a pass was incomplete on second down.


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Game summaries, Week 2: Penn
On third down, Penn's quarterback dropped back to pass Carpenter and William Higgins tackled him on the 25-yard line. On fourth down, Penn came out in a "freak formation" and its pass was incomplete. In the fourth quarter, Judy Harlan had a 65-yard interception return for a touchdown. Tech's starting lineup was Guill (left end), Whelchel (left tackle), Fincher (left guard), Phillips (center), Dowling (right guard), Thweatt (right tackle), Carpenter (right end), Hill (quarterback), Strupper (left halfback), Guyon (right halfback), and Harlan (fullback).


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Game summaries, Week 3: Davidson
The Davidson Wildcats, which scored the most points against Tech (10), included future Tech running back Buck Flowers in his freshman year. Unlike Tech's other 1917 opponents, Davidson held its backs to less than 100 yards rushing. Writer Bernie McCarty considered Davidson the second-best southern team that year.


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Game summaries, Week 3: Davidson
The game's first score came in the second quarter when Davidson's Buck Flowers converted a 28-yard drop kick field goal for a 3–0 lead. Set up by a 27-yard run around end by Davidson fullback R. C. Burns,  Al Hill prevented Burns from scoring a touchdown by tackling him from behind. Strupper and Guyon then worked the ball close to the goal; Strupper was forced out of bounds, and Hill scored a touchdown.


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Game summaries, Week 3: Davidson
Tech led 6–3 when Strupper broke the game open in the second half. After a fumble by Strupper, Hill caught a pass from the 22-yard line and ran in for a touchdown. Strupper made the next touchdown after Tech ran through Davidson's right guard. Strupper then recovered a punt fumbled by Flowers on Davidson's 30-yard line, leading to a score by Hill from 18 yards out on a criss-cross run. Davidson scored its only touchdown on a forward pass. From midfield, quarterback Henry Spann hit end Georgie King on a 50-yard touchdown pass that went 30 yards in the air, catching Tech by surprise. For Tech's last score, Judy Harlan returned an interception 40 yards for a touchdown.


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Game summaries, Week 3: Davidson
The defense of Walker Carpenter and William Thweatt was the game's highlight. Tech made 16 first downs and Davidson 13. Neither Pup Phillips nor Ham Dowling played in this game, with Bill Fincher replacing Phillips at center. The umpire was Fay Wood, and Boozer Pitts was the head linesman. Davidson captain Georgie King said, "I consider Georgia Tech the best football team I have ever played against or ever expect to play against." Tech's starting lineup was Guill (left end), Whelchel (left tackle), Higgins (left guard), Fincher (center), Rogers (right guard), Thweatt (right tackle), Carpenter (right end), Hill (quarterback), Strupper (left halfback), Guyon (right halfback), and Harlan (fullback).


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Game summaries, Week 4: Washington and Lee
In a 63–0 victory against the Washington and Lee Generals, Tech made 35 first downs to Washington and Lee's five. At the time, it was the Generals' worst loss. According to Judy Harlan, Joe Guyon knocked a Washington and Lee player out of the game by "wearing an old horse collar shaped into a shoulder pad but reinforced with a little steel". The player may have been Turner Bethel, who was knocked out of the game and taken to a local hospital.


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Game summaries, Week 4: Washington and Lee
"The game was never in doubt after 'Strup' got away for his first long run", a 35-yarder followed a few minutes later by his 16-yard touchdown run. Although Strupper only played in the first half because of a leg injury, he gained 128 yards in addition to scoring the touchdown. Al Hill scored four touchdowns, Guyon three, and Pup Phillips also had one with a 30-yard interception return. Tech's starting lineup was Ulrich (left end), Fincher (left tackle), Whelchel (left guard), Phillips (center), Dowling (right guard), Carpenter (right tackle), Bell (right end), Hill (quarterback), Strupper (left halfback), Guyon (right halfback), and Harlan (fullback).


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Game summaries, Week 5: Vanderbilt
Tech's 83–0 defeat of the Vanderbilt Commodores was the worst in Vanderbilt history. "It was not until 1917 that a Southern team really avenged long-time torment at McGugin's hands. And it took one of history's top backfields–Joe Guyon, Ev Strupper, Al Hill, and Judy Harlan of Georgia Tech–to do it," writes Edwin Pope. The team was not the Commodores' worst, and had defeated Alabama.


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Game summaries, Week 5: Vanderbilt
Joe Guyon was the game's star; according to Morgan Blake, "Guyon has been great in all games this year. But Saturday he was the superman". Guyon ran nine times for 124 yards, with kick returns for 95 yards and 80 yards passing. He scored on 48- and one-yard runs, had a 75-yard kick return to set up a touchdown, and threw a pass to Shorty Guill for a score. Ev Strupper ran for four touchdowns and 147 yards in 14 carries, returning five punts for 111 yards. Al Hill ran 169 yards in 25 carries, scoring three touchdowns,  and Judy Harlan carried 15 times for 132 yards and two touchdowns.


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Game summaries, Week 5: Vanderbilt
Vanderbilt captain Alf Adams praised the Tech team: "Tech's magnificent machine won easily over Vanderbilt. It was simply the matter of a splendid eleven winning over an unseasoned, inexperienced team. Tech played hard, clean football, and we were somewhat surprised to meet such a fair, aggressive team, after the reports we had heard. I think that Vanderbilt could have broken that Tech shift if we had had last year's eleven. Being outweighed, Vanderbilt could not check the heavy forwards, or open up the line. Thereby hangs the tale." Tech's starting lineup was Guill (left end), Fincher (left tackle), Whelchel (left guard), Phillips (center), Dowling (right guard), Carpenter (right tackle), Bell (right end), Hill (quarterback), Strupper (left halfback), Guyon (right halfback), and Harlan (fullback).


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Game summaries, Week 6: at Tulane
Tech played coach Clark Shaughnessy's Tulane Olive and Blue for its only road game, winning 48–0. Against a solid foe with a 5–3 record, all four Tech backs ran over 100 yards. According to the Times-Picayune, "Strupper, Guyon, Hill, and Harlan form a backfield with no superiors and few equals in football history". Joe Guyon threw two touchdowns and ran for one, passing 91 yards and running 112: "Guyon's passing was so accurate it suggest possibilities yet undeveloped in the Tech offense". Al Hill ran for 140 yards on 24 carries, including a 48-yard touchdown.


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Game summaries, Week 6: at Tulane
Ev Strupper scored twice (one on a 33-yard pass from Guyon) and ran for 118 yards; Harlan ran for 111. Missing an extra point in the third quarter, Bill Fincher ended his streak at 31. The game was called with six minutes left because of darkness. Tech's starting lineup was Guill (left end), Fincher (left tackle), Whelchel (left guard), Phillips (center), Thweatt (right guard), Carpenter (right tackle), Bell (right end), Hill (quarterback), Strupper (left halfback), Guyon (right halfback), and Harlan (fullback).


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Game summaries, Week 7: Carlisle
In a 98–0 win against the Carlisle Indians, Strupper's performance was praised. Morgan Blake of the Atlanta Journal wrote, "Everett Strupper played like a veritable demon. At one time four Carlisle men pounced on him from all directions, and yet through some superhuman witchery he broke loose and dashed 10 yards further. On another occasion he attempted a wide end run, found that he was completely blocked, then suddenly whirled and ran the other way, gaining something like 25 yards before he was downed."


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Game summaries, Week 7: Carlisle
Hill and Strupper each scored five touchdowns; Shorty Guill had two touchdowns and 108 yards rushing. Billy Sunday wrote, "That jump shift is about the slickest offense I ever saw." One of Strupper's touchdowns was a 32-yard fumble return. This was Carlisle's last season before the school closed. Guyon asked to be substituted midway through the game against his former school, perhaps for sentimental reasons. Tech's starting lineup was Fincher (left end), Higgins (left tackle), Whelchel (left guard), Phillips (center), Dowling (right guard), Carpenter (right tackle), Bell (right end), Hill (quarterback), Strupper (left halfback), Guyon (right halfback), and Guill (fullback).


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Game summaries, Week 8: Auburn
In the season's final game, Tech defeated the Auburn Tigers 68–7. Coach Mike Donahue's Tigers had lost only to Davidson in an upset, and held undefeated Big Ten champion Ohio State to a scoreless tie less than a week before the Tech game. Ohio State, led by Chic Harley, had been favored 4 or 5 to 1. Coach Heisman (who previously coached at Auburn) and his players were at the game, rooting for the Tigers.


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Game summaries, Week 8: Auburn
In the game with Auburn, Tech piled up 472 yards on the ground in 84 rushes and 145 yards in the air. Guyon scored four touchdowns, and Strupper had a 65-yard touchdown run. According to the Atlanta Journal,


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Game summaries, Week 8: Auburn
It was not the length of the run that featured it was the brilliance of it. After getting through the first line, Stroop was tackled squarely by two secondary men, and yet he squirmed and jerked loosed from them, only to face the safety man and another Tiger, coming at him from different angles. Without checking his speed Everett knifed the two men completely, running between them and dashing on to a touchdown.


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Game summaries, Week 8: Auburn
In the second quarter, Auburn's Moon Ducote broke through the line toward the goal with blocking by Pete Bonner and William Donahue. After Guyon dove at Ducote and missed, Guyon gave chase and tackled him at the 26-yard line. For Auburn's only score Ducote circled around end for 17 yards and lateraled to Donahue, who ran down the sideline for a six-yard touchdown. Guyon was the star of the game, accounting for four touchdowns and having his best day passing. Strupper had touchdown runs of 62 and 50 yards.


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Game summaries, Week 8: Auburn
Auburn was considered a strong team, despite the lopsided score; Ducote and Bonner were the only non-Tech, unanimous All-Southern selections. Tech's starting lineup was Fincher (left end), Higgins (left tackle), Mathes (left guard), Phillips (center), Dowling (right guard), Carpenter (right tackle), Bell (right end), Hill (quarterback), Strupper (left halfback), Guyon (right halfback), and Guill (fullback).


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, After the season, Awards and honors
The Golden Tornado led the nation in scoring, with 491 points. Quarterback Al Hill led the nation in touchdowns with 23, and tackle Bill Fincher kicked 49 extra points.


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, After the season, Awards and honors
A number of Georgia Tech players received post-season honors. Walker Carpenter, Everett Strupper, and Joe Guyon were All-America selections, with Carpenter and Strupper the first two players from the Deep South selected for a first-team. In addition to Carpenter, Strupper, and Guyon, Bill Fincher, Pup Phillips, Si Bell, Shorty Guill, and Al Hill were selected to the All-Southern Team by sportswriters. Phillips also received the Hal Nowell trophy for the most efficient play during the season.


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, After the season, Awards and honors, National champions
On December 8, the Golden Tornado celebrated its national-championship season at a team dinner at the Druid Hills Golf Club in Atlanta. Each member was presented with a gold football inscribed with the words, "National Champions". Clarke Mathes, William Thweatt, Dan Whelchel, Theodore Shaver, and William Higgins had already enlisted in the U. S. Marines for the First World War; a week later, Si Bell, Jim Fellers, Pup Phillips, and Charles Johnson also left for the Marines.


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, After the season, Awards and honors, National champions
Heisman challenged Pop Warner's Pittsburgh team to a postseason game to determine a national champion, but since they did not play until the following season, Tech was named national champion. Although the Golden Tornado was invited to play the 4–3 Oregon team in the Rose Bowl, by then many players had joined the war effort.


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, After the season, Legacy
"I consider the 1917 Tech team the best football I have ever coached", Heisman said. "It's the best team I have seen in my long career as a coach. I was lucky in having under me a team whose members possessed much natural ability and who played the game intelligently. I have never seen a team that, as a whole, was so fast in the composite." For many years, it was considered "the greatest football team the South had ever produced". According to a contemporary New York Sun account, "Georgia Tech looms up as one of the truly great teams of all time."


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Personnel, Depth chart
The following chart provides a visual depiction of Tech's lineup during the 1917 season with games started at the position reflected in parenthesis. The chart mimics the offense after the jump shift has taken place.


1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team, Personnel, Stats and scoring leaders
The following is an incomplete list of statistics and scores, largely dependent on newspaper summaries.


1917 Giro di Lombardia
The 1917 Giro di Lombardia was the 13th edition of the Giro di Lombardia cycle race and was held on 4 November 1917. The race started and finished in Milan. The race was won by Philippe Thys of the Peugeot team.


1917 Gloucester state by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Gloucester on 10 November 1917 because Richard Price (Independent) was expelled from Parliament for abusing parliamentary privilege by making baseless allegations against William Ashford, the Secretary for Lands.


1917 Gloucester state by-election, Background
Price made an allegation in Parliament in December 1916 that Ashford acted corruptly in relation to £80,000 spent on a deviation of the railway line between Dubbo and Werris Creek. The following year Price made further allegations against Ashford, including that saw mills were being bought at excess values, salaries were being paid that were not authorised by Parliament and that the government had sold land at £4 per acre and then later resumed it for returned soldiers at a price of £8 5s, an excess cost of £36,000. John Storey (Labor), the Leader of the Opposition, stated that he did not take much notice of statements made by Price, but that if the Minister did not take action against Price "the public will have a right to assume that something wrong is going on".


1917 Gloucester state by-election, Background
The response of the government was to appoint Montgomerie Hamilton, a Judge of the District Court, to conduct a Royal Commission into Price's allegations. The Royal Commission concluded that "the charges made by Mr Price against Mr Ashford were made wantonly and recklessly, and without any foundation whatsoever".


1917 Gloucester state by-election, Background
The report of the Royal Commission was read in the Legislative Assembly and the contents published in Hansard, which then held, by a vote of 46 to 11, that Price was "guilty of conduct unworthy of a member of Parliament and seriously reflecting upon the honor and dignity of this House". The house then resolved, by a vote of 35 to 20, that Price be expelled from the Legislative Assembly.


1917 Gloucester state by-election, Background
Being expelled from Parliament however was not a barrier to re-election and Price re-contested the seat. The Labor Party did not nominate a candidate and the Taree Branch of the Labor Party supported Price to embarrass the government.


1917 Grampians by-election
A by-election was held for the Australian House of Representatives seat of Grampians on 27 October 1917. This was triggered by the death of Nationalist MP and former Speaker Carty Salmon.


1917 Grampians by-election
The by-election was won by Nationalist candidate Edmund Jowett, who was also endorsed by the Victorian Farmers' Union and who would defect to them before the 1919 election.


1917 Great Ankara Fire
The 1917 Great Ankara Fire caused extensive damage to the Turkish city of Ankara on September 15, 1917. Areas affected included the Hisarönü, Çıkrıkçılar Yokuşu, Bedesten, Saraçlar Bazaar and Atpazarı. It is estimated that up to 1,900 people lost their lives in the fire. The 1917 fire was part of successive fires which occurred in 20 provinces of Turkey in the span of three years. After the fire, only two mosques and seven churches remained in Ankara.


1917 Great Lakes Navy Bluejackets football team
The 1917 Great Lakes Navy Bluejackets football team represented the Great Lakes Naval Station, the United States Navy's boot camp located near North Chicago, Illinois, during the 1917 college football season. Led by head coach, Lieutenant E. D. Angell, the team compiled a 4–3 record.


1917 Great Lakes Navy Bluejackets football team
Several former Michigan Wolverines played for the Great Lakes team, including fullback Cedric "Pat" Smith, guards Albert Benbrook and Alvin Loucks, and halfback Philip Raymond. Minnesota native Hal Erickson also starred at halfback for Great Lakes.


1917 Great Lakes Navy Bluejackets football team
John Philip Sousa was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Navy in 1917 and assigned to the Great Lakes Naval Station where he led the Great Lakes Band. Prior to kickoff of the Thanksgiving Day game at Stagg Field, Sousa led the band of 400 men in renditions of Sousa's "El Capitan" march and "The Star-Spangled Banner". At halftime, the band followed with "America, Here's My Boy" and "Joan of Arc". When the crowd called out for "Over There", the band complied, and the Great Lakes sailors responded with a snake dance on the field. At the end of the game, a 27–0 victory for Great Lakes, the band played "Chopin's Funeral March" for the Fort Sheridan team.


1917 Grey by-election
The Grey by-election of 1917 was a by-election held during the 18th New Zealand Parliament.


1917 Grey by-election, Background
After the outbreak of World War I, Grey MP Paddy Webb became a leading critic of the Reform government of William Massey's policy of conscription, leading him to be briefly jailed for sedition in April 1917. In October the same year, Webb was called up for the military himself though he refused to co-operate. To back up his decision, he resigned from his seat in Parliament and challenged the government to fight a by-election on the issue in the hopes of gaining a public mandate for his decision. However, Massey's government declined, refusing to make the episode a public one. As a result, Webb was returned to his seat in Parliament unopposed.


1917 Guatemala earthquake
The 1917 Guatemala earthquake was a sequence of tremors that lasted from 17 November 1917 through 24 January 1918. They gradually increased in intensity until they almost completely destroyed Guatemala City and severely damaged the ruins in Antigua Guatemala that had survived the 1773 Guatemala earthquakes.


1917 Guatemala earthquake, History
The seismic activity started on 17 November 1917 and ruined several settlements around Amatitlán. On 25 and 29 December of the same year, and on 3 and 24 January of the next, there were stronger earthquakes felt on the rest of the country, which destroyed a number of buildings and homes in both Guatemala City and Antigua Guatemala. Sometimes the movement was up and down, then sideways. At every new shock a handful of houses went down. In most of the houses, walls cracked in two and then roofs fell in; in churches, bell towers crashed down, burying adjacent buildings and their occupants.


1917 Guatemala earthquake, History
Among those buildings destroyed by the earthquakes were a lot of the infrastructure built by general José María Reyna Barrios and president Manuel Estrada Cabrera, whose legacy has been forgotten by Guatemalans. The Diario de Centro América, a semi-official newspaper owned in part by President Estrada Cabrera, spent more than two months issuing two numbers a day reporting on the damage, but after a while, started criticizing the central government after the slow and inefficient recovery efforts.


1917 Guatemala earthquake, History
One of its articles said that some holy Jesus images from the city had been saved because they had been taken away from their churches after the first earthquake as they "did not want to stay anymore in a city where excessive luxury, impunity and terror were rampant". Likewise, the newspaper reported that the National Assembly was issuing "excellent" laws, but nobody was "going by the law". Finally, on its front page of May 1918, it said that there was "still debris all over the city". The Diario de Centro América itself was print in the rubble, in spite of which it was able to issue its two daily numbers.


1917 Guatemala earthquake, History
The French magazine L'Illustration on its 12 January 1918 issue reported on a telegraph cable from 31 December 1917 that Guatemala city had been completely destroyed: two hundred thousand people were left homeless and there were about two thousand deaths. The city's monuments were lost. In 1920, Prince Wilhelm of Sweden arrived to Guatemala on a trip along Central America; his journey took him to Antigua Guatemala and Guatemala City where he saw that the recovery efforts were still not done and the city still lay in ruins. There was still dust whirling in thick clouds, penetrating everywhere – clothes, mouth and nostrils, eyes and skin pores – visitors got sick until they got used to the dust; the streets were not paved and only one in three houses was occupied, as the others were still in ruins.


1917 Guatemala earthquake, History
Public buildings, schools, churches, the theater, and museums were all in the hopeless state of desolation in which they were left by the earthquake. Bits of roof hung down the outsides of the walls and the footway was littered with heaps of stucco ornaments and shattered cornices. A payment of some hundred dollars would ensure that a house that had been marked as insecure with a black cross was then deemed as done with its necessary repairs, allowing the owners to leave the houses empty and in ruins.


1917 Guatemala earthquake, History
It was at the Guatemala City General Cemetery that the devastation was most evident: all was demolished on the night of the earthquake and it was said that about eight thousand dead were shaken from their graves, threatening pestilence to the city and forcing the authorities to burn all of them in a gigantic bonfire. The empty tombs were still open in 1920 and no attempt had been made to restore the cemetery to its original condition.


1917 Guatemala earthquake, History
Finally, Prince Wilhelm, pointed out that the world had sent help in the form of money and goods, which arrived by shipload in Puerto Barrios, but neither helped the city because millions found their way to the President's treasury and his ministers sent provisions to Honduras and sold them there for a good profit.


1917 Guatemala earthquake, Aftermath
The earthquakes marked the beginning of the end of the long presidency of lawyer Manuel Estrada Cabrera, who had been ruling in the country since 1898; firm opposition to his regime started after it became evident that the President was incapable of leading the recovery efforts. For instance, in an interview done in 1970, German literary critic Günter W. Lorenz asked 1967 Literature Nobel Laureate Miguel Ángel Asturias why he started writing; to his question, Asturias replied: "Yes, at 10:25 p.m of 25 December 1917, an earthquake destroyed my city.


1917 Guatemala earthquake, Aftermath
I remember seeing something like an immense cloud covering the moon. I was in a cellar, a hole in the ground or a cave, or something like that. Right there and then I wrote my first poem, a goodbye song to Guatemala. Later on I was really mad by the circumstances under which the rubble was removed and by the social injustice that became really apparent then." This experience prompted Asturias to start writing when he was 18 years old; he wrote a tale called The political beggars (Los mendigos políticos), which eventually became his most famous novel: El Señor Presidente.


1917 Guatemala earthquake, Aftermath
Bishop of Facelli, Piñol y Batres from the Aycinena family, began preaching against the government policies in the San Francisco Church in 1919, instructed by his cousin, Manuel Cobos Batres. For the first time, the Catholic Church opposed the President; additionally, Cobos Batres was able to inflame the nationality sentiment of conservative criollo leaders José Azmitia, Tácito Molina, Eduardo Camacho, Julio Bianchi and Emilio Escamilla into forming a Central America Unionist party and oppose the strong regime of Estrada Cabrera.


1917 Guatemala earthquake, Aftermath
The Unionist party began its activities with the support of several sectors of the Guatemala City society, among them the Universidad Estrada Cabrera students and the labor associations, who under the leadership of Silverio Ortiz founded the Patriotic Labor Committee. After a long struggle, Estrada Cabrera was finally overthrown on 14 April 1920.


1917 Harvard Crimson football team
The 1917 Harvard Crimson football team, also known as the Harvard Informals, represented Harvard University in the 1917 college football season. The Crimson finished with a 3–1–3 record under first-year head coach Wingate Rollins. Walter Camp did not select any Harvard players as first-team members of his 1917 College Football All-America Team.


1917 Harvard Crimson football team
The team was known as the "Informals" for legal reasons. Prior to the United States' entry into World War I, the team had signed binding contracts to play games with various universities and colleges. When war was declared, the team cancelled its season and cancelled the contracts. When students decide to play football after all, the team was denoted as an "informal" team to fulfill the desire for football without opening the team up to suits for breach of contract.


1917 Haskell Indians football team
The 1917 Haskell Indians football team was an American football team that represented the Haskell Indian Institute  (now known as Haskell Indian Nations University) as an independent during the 1917 college football season. In its first and only season under head coach Antonio Lubo, Haskell compiled a 6–5 record. "Pep" Black was the team captain.


1917 Hawkes Bay by-election
The 1917 Hawkes Bay by-election was a by-election held in the eastern North Island electorate of Hawkes Bay during the 19th New Zealand Parliament, on 8 March 1917.


1917 Hawkes Bay by-election
It was caused by the death of incumbent MP Robert McNab, and was won by fellow party Liberal Party member Sir John Findlay with a majority of 471 votes.


1917 Hawkes Bay by-election, Background
Under the terms of the coalition agreement between Reform and the Liberals a condition was made not to oppose each other in by-elections for deceased or retiring MPs from their own parties. As the deceased MP for this electorate was a Liberal the Reform Party did not contest the seat, and endorsed the Liberal's official candidate as a sign of goodwill and wartime unity. The newly formed Labour Party chose not to stand a candidate, but there was rumour that former MP for Nelson, Harry Atmore was considering standing in "Labour" interests. This did not eventuate.


1917 Hawkes Bay by-election, Background
Sir John Findlay was chosen by the Liberal Party to contest the seat, he was a former Legislative Councillor and served in Sir Joseph Ward's cabinet from 1906 to 1911 as Attorney-General and later as Minister of Justice. Former Napier MP Alfred Fraser previously sought the Liberal nomination, however he retired from the contest, yet 9 votes were still cast for him.


1917 Hawkes Bay by-election, Background
H. Ian Simpson also stood in support of the National Government and was Findlay's only real competition for the seat.


1917 Hawkes Bay by-election, Results
Findlay held the seat until the next general election and then retired.


1917 Henley by-election
The Henley by-election of  1917 was a by-election in Henley caused by the death of Major Valentine Fleming during World War I. The Conservative candidate Robert Hermon-Hodge won the subsequent by-election on 20 June 1917. He was unopposed due to a War-time electoral pact.


1917 Holy Cross football team
The 1917 Holy Cross football team was an American football team that represented the College of the Holy Cross in the 1917 college football season.


1917 Holy Cross football team
In its fourth and final year under head coach Luke J. Kelly, the team compiled a 3–4 record. Raymond Lynch was the team captain for the second consecutive year.


1917 Holy Cross football team
Holy Cross played its home games at Fitton Field on the college campus in Worcester, Massachusetts.


1917 Hong Kong sanitary board election
The Hong Kong Sanitary Board Election of 1917 was supposed to be held on 30 March 1917 for an elected seat in the Sanitary Board of Hong Kong.


1917 Hong Kong sanitary board election
The election was held for the two of the elected seats in the board due to the resignation of P. W. Goldring who resigned early in the month. C. G. Alabaster, nominated by Henry Pollock and Montague Ede was elected unopposed.


1917 Idaho football team
The 1917 Idaho football team represented the University of Idaho in the 1917 college football season. Idaho was led by second-year head coach Wilfred Bleamaster and played as an independent; they joined the Pacific Coast Conference five years later in 1922. Idaho had two home games in Moscow on campus at MacLean Field, with none in Boise.


1917 Idaho football team
Idaho dropped a fourth consecutive shutout to Washington State in the Battle of the Palouse, falling 0–19 at home. Six years later, the Vandals won the first of three consecutive, their only three-peat in the rivalry series.


1917 Idaho football team
Idaho opened with three losses, then won twice for a 2–3 record. They did not play Gonzaga this season.


1917 Idaho football team, 1918
The following year in 1918, Idaho's football team was non-varsity, composed of Student Army Training Corps (SATC) players. After the Armistice ending World War I, they played a limited schedule and defeated Washington State's SATC team 7–6 in Moscow in December.


1917 Idaho football team, 1918
Idaho's first two games were against Gonzaga; the opener in Moscow on November 16 was a 13–7 Idaho win, and they tied the next week in Spokane at seven points each. Idaho played another in Spokane on November 30, a 0–68 loss to a team of U.S. Marines from Mare Island Naval Shipyard in California.


1917 Illinois Fighting Illini football team
The 1917 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois during the 1917 college football season. In their fifth season under head coach Robert Zuppke, the Illini compiled a 5–2–1 record and finished in a tie for fifth place in the Big Ten Conference. This team included Chicago Bears founder and coach, George Halas. End Reynold R. Kraft was the team captain.


1917 Indiana Hoosiers football team
The 1917 Indiana Hoosiers football team was an American football team that represented Indiana University Bloomington during the 1917 college football season. In their second season under head coach Ewald O. Stiehm, the Hoosiers compiled a 5–2 record and finished in seventh place in the Big Ten Conference. They won games against Franklin (50–0), Wabash (51–0), Saint Louis (40–0), DePauw (35–0), and Purdue (37–0), and lost to Minnesota (33–9), and Ohio State (26–3).


1917 Invercargill mayoral election
The 1917 Invercargill mayoral election was held on 25 April 1917 as part of that years local elections.


1917 Inverness-shire by-election
The Inverness-shire by-election, 1917 was a parliamentary by-election held for the House of Commons constituency of Inverness-shire in the Scottish Highlands on 2 January 1917.


1917 Inverness-shire by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the elevation to the peerage of the sitting Liberal MP, John Dewar. Dewar had held the seat since 1900 and had been unopposed at the previous election in December 1910.


1917 Inverness-shire by-election, Candidates
The Inverness-shire Liberals adopted Thomas Brash Morison KC as their new candidate. Morison was a barrister who had been serving as Solicitor General for Scotland since 1913.


1917 Inverness-shire by-election, Candidates
There was at this time no tradition of candidates from organised labour contesting Parliamentary elections in this constituency. No nominations were received from the Conservatives who were partners in the wartime Coalition and were presumably content to honour the wartime electoral truce. Morison was therefore returned unopposed.


1917 Iowa Hawkeyes football team
The 1917 Iowa Hawkeyes football team represented the University of Iowa in the 1917 college football season.


1917 Iowa State Cyclones football team
The 1917 Iowa State Cyclones football team represented Iowa State College of Agricultural and Mechanic Arts (later renamed Iowa State University) in the Missouri Valley Conference during the 1917 college football season. In their third season under head coach Charles Mayser, the Cyclones compiled a 5–2 record (3–1 against conference opponents), finished in third place in the conference, shut out four of seven opponents, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 129 to 20. They played their home games at State Field in Ames, Iowa. Howard Aldrich was the team captain.


1917 Islington East by-election
The  Islington East by-election, 1917 was a parliamentary by-election for the British House of Commons constituency of Islington East held on 23 October 1917.


1917 Islington East by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the death of the sitting Liberal MP, Sir George Radford at the age of 66. Radford had won the seat at the 1906 general election and held it since then but Islington East was not a safe Liberal seat. It was created in 1885 and won for the Liberals in that year's general election by Henry Bret Ince. But Ince lost to the Conservatives in 1886 and the Tories held it until Radford's victory in 1906. However, during the First World War there was an electoral truce between the main political parties by which it was agreed that all by-election vacancies would be filled unopposed. The Liberal Party could therefore expect their chosen candidate to face no Conservative or Labour opponent.


1917 Islington East by-election, Candidates, Liberals
Three names were put to the Islington East Liberals for consideration as candidate; Sir J Benn who was leader of the Progressives on the London County Council and a former Liberal MP, D S Waterlow, who was Liberal MP for Islington North from 1906-December 1910 and Edward Smallwood a coal manufacturer who represented the area on the London County Council and who was the successful applicant.


1917 Islington East by-election, Candidates, Conservatives
The local Conservatives voted to honour to electoral truce and support Smallwood, albeit reluctantly as in normal times they would have hopes of re-capturing the seat, as long as he pledged to fight the election as a supporter of the prime minister and government in all measures necessary for the victorious prosecution of the war. Smallwood gave this pledge and the Tories, including two former candidates for the seat, campaigned for his return.


1917 Islington East by-election, Candidates, Labour
Neither the Labour Party, nor indeed any candidate representing organised labour, had contested Islington East since its creation in 1885  and no Labour candidate was nominated.


1917 Islington East by-election, Candidates, Others
However Smallwood was to face a contested election as two other candidates came forward. The newly formed National Party announced it would nominate E B Barnard, the former Liberal MP for Kidderminster. At the time of the by-election Barnard was the Chairman of the Metropolitan Water Board. The National Party announced their intention to campaign in the election against the government practice of ‘peerage-mongering’ and ‘seat-selling’ and urged electors to join their crusade against the scandal of the sale of honours.


1917 Islington East by-election, Candidates, Others
The other candidate nominated was Alfred Baker, the Town Clerk and former Mayor of Hertford who stood as an Independent but was backed by the organisation known as the ‘Vigilantes’ led by the extreme right-winger Noel Pemberton Billing, who was MP for Hertford. Two other possible ‘patriotic’ candidates, Allen Clark and Robert Forsyth decided not to seek nomination once they knew that a ‘Vigilante’ was in the field and supported Baker's campaign.


1917 Islington East by-election, Zeppelin attack
A noteworthy feature of the by-election was a raid on the area by a German airship  on the Friday before polling day. A number of Zeppelins dropped bombs on England killing 27 and injuring 53. The ships then seem to have got lost in the fog and drifted over France where eight of the eleven airships were reported to have been brought down or so disabled they were forced to land.


1917 Islington East by-election, Zeppelin attack
The news that it had been left to French airmen to destroy the fleet which had attacked London caused resentment in England and was said to have given a considerable impetus to Baker's campaign. It was reported on the day before polling that questions relating to air operations, both defensive and offensive, were now dominating the East Islington contest.


1917 Islington East by-election, The result
The result was a hold for the government party with Smallwood taking 57% of the poll. The election was held using the old register of electors and many voters were absent from the area. As a result, the turnout was only 36.9% as compared with 79.9% at the previous general election in December 1910. The result was entirely satisfactory from the point of view of the government and showed it retained the confidence of the electorate to prosecute the war effectively and remained representative of people's patriotic emotions during the war.


1917 Islington East by-election, The result
But Baker's showing, with 32.2% of the poll, put heart into the ‘Vigilante’ camp. The National Party was not deterred by Barnard's 10.8% of the poll. They quickly re-stated their aim to be the ‘patriotic’ party of the nation and to cooperate with Labour, as the party of the future, best able to promote reform, union and defence – the National Party watchwords.


1917 Jaffa deportation
Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation was the forcible deportation on April 6, 1917, of the entire Jewish civilian population of Jaffa, including Tel Aviv, by the authorities of the Ottoman Empire in Palestine.


1917 Jaffa deportation
Jews who were affected by the deportation were unable to return to their homes until the British conquest, in the summer of 1918. 14% of the Jewish population left the area for Egypt, and 18% died as a result.


1917 Jaffa deportation, History, Before World War I
Unlike the Armenians, Greeks and Assyrians, the Jews were treated comparatively leniently by the Ottoman Empire, because Jews had sought refuge in the empire due to Bayezid II's welcoming policy. The Zionist leader Theodor Herzl even asked the then-Ottoman Sultan, Abdul Hamid II, to acquire Palestine and fulfil the promise of returning the Jews to Zion. The Sultan declined Herzl's request, but he agreed to allow the Jews to establish settlements in Palestine, where they would pay taxes to the Ottoman authorities.


1917 Jaffa deportation, History, Before World War I
However, as Turkish nationalism began to rise in the late 19th century, the Jewish position in the empire came into question. The Young Turks, who came to power in 1908, openly espoused the idea that all non-Turkish subjects had to be Turkified. Even though the Ottoman leaders did not target the Jews for Turkification, their skepticism of Jewish motives increased and as a result of it, they became increasingly hostile towards the Jews.


1917 Jaffa deportation, History, World War I
In November 1914, the Ottoman Empire entered World War I on the side of the Central Powers. Many people from the opposing Allied countries lived in Palestine, and its Turkish officials considered them a threat to military security. Two waves of expulsion occurred as part of Turkish failed defence of their fading empire.


1917 Jaffa deportation, History, World War I
In December 1914, the Turks expelled up to 6,000 Jews who resided in Jaffa. They were resettled in Alexandria, Egypt. The Ottoman Empire then issued forcible draft of Jews into the army, demanding Jews to take Ottoman citizenship or either getting expelled from the region before 15 May 1915. Following the devastating effect of the Lebanese famine, situation worsened. Aharon Aharonson described the situation,


1917 Jaffa deportation, History, World War I
"Meanwhile, people are literally starving. Horrified sights have seen our eyes: old women and children wandering, hunger and nightmare-madness in their dying eyes, no food falling under them and dying."


1917 Jaffa deportation, History, World War I
"Even wealthy people in Jerusalem are becoming recipients (of alms) and even courting the remaining."


1917 Jaffa deportation, Beginning of the expulsion
By January 1917, British forces had crossed the Sinai Desert and were about to invade Palestine, which alarmed the Turkish authorities. The Ottoman Empire began to become skeptical of the residents in the region, mostly Jews, as the Ottomans disdained them for alleged collaboration with the British.


1917 Jaffa deportation, Beginning of the expulsion
At the start of March, all the inhabitants of Gaza were expelled, a town of 35,000–40,000 people, mostly Arabs. They had 48 hours to leave "even if crawling on their knees". Many of the men were conscripted and the rest scattered around Palestine and Syria, first to nearby villages and then further afield as those villages were also evacuated. Death from exposure or starvation was widespread. Gaza did not recover its pre-war population until the 1940s.


1917 Jaffa deportation, Beginning of the expulsion
On 28 March 1917, Djemal Pasha ordered the evacuation of the inhabitants of Jaffa. They could go wherever they liked except Jerusalem or Haifa. Farmers with crops in their fields, the workers of the winery in Rishon Lezion, and the teachers and students of the Mikveh Israel school and the Latrun estate were excluded. Djemal Pasha, who was in charge of the Greater Syrian Theatre of the war, was forced to provide explanations.


1917 Jaffa deportation, Beginning of the expulsion
Over 40,000 Jews had been forcibly deported, many would not return until after the British conquest and some died on their way, but many Arabs did. Friedman holds that this was a deliberate decision on the part of the Ottoman authorities. Sheffy regards that it is more reflective of cultural and behavioral differences: the Arabs had no central organization, and with their experience of how government decrees were enforced, just remained nearby until the storm had passed, whereas the Jews obeyed the evacuation decree as a group. In any case, when New Zealand troops entered Jaffa in November 1917, only an estimated 8,000 of the previous population of 40,000 was present.


1917 Jaffa deportation, Beginning of the expulsion, Response from Yishuv
The Jews of Jaffa and Tel Aviv organized a migration committee, headed by Meir Dizengoff and Rabbi Menachem Itzhak Kelioner. The committee arranged the transportation of the Jewish deportees to safety, with the assistance of Jews from the Galilee, who arrived in Tel Aviv with carts. The exiles were driven to Jerusalem, to cities in central Palestine (such as Petah Tikva and Kfar Saba) and to the north of Palestine, where they were scattered among the different Jewish settlements in the Lower Galilee, in Zichron Yaacov, Tiberias, and Safed. Up to 16,000 deportees were evacuated from Tel Aviv, which was left with almost no residents.


1917 Jaffa deportation, Beginning of the expulsion, Response from Yishuv
The homes and property of the Jews of Jaffa and Tel Aviv were kept in the possession of the Ottoman authorities, and they were guarded by a handful of Jewish guards. Djemal Pasha also released two Jewish doctors to join the deportees. Nonetheless, many deportees had perished during the harsh winter of 1917–1918 from hunger and contagious diseases due to negligence by the Ottoman authorities: 224 deportees are buried in Kfar Saba, 15 in Haifa, 321 in Tiberias, 104 in Safed, and 75 in Damascus.


1917 Jaffa deportation, Beginning of the expulsion, Destination
Many Jewish deportees ended up in Zichron Yaacov, Hadera, Petah Tikva and Kfar Saba, with few choosing to go to Jerusalem despite being forbidden by the Ottoman authorities. Sympathizing with the situation, some members of the population decided to provide needed medical and financial support. But when winter 1917–1918 arrived, the situation worsened for many deportees and many died by hunger, famine, starvation and maltreatment, as several Yishuvs didn't receive them and thought they could be Ottoman spies. Deterioration of condition had prompted many Jews to flee and several of them had migrated to Egypt, or Europe and the United States.


1917 Jaffa deportation, Aftermath and memorials
The deportation and subsequent deaths of so many Jewish deportees were not properly documented.


1917 Jaffa deportation, Aftermath and memorials
After Shragai's address, the Kfar Saba City Council voted to change the name "Pilots Street" in the city to "Tel Aviv-Jaffa" Street in October 2009 to commemorate the victims of the deportation. The Tel Aviv Founders' Families Association has been working for years with a burial society to establish a gilad in the Trumpeldor Cemetery in Tel Aviv in memory of those who perished among the deportees from Tel Aviv.


1917 Jaffa deportation, Aftermath and memorials, In literature
Deborah Barun's book, "The Exiles", published in 1970 after her death, centered around the deportation.


1917 Jaffa deportation, Aftermath and memorials, In literature
Two of Nahum Guttman's books mentioned the deportation, both when it began and after the deportation.


1917 Jaffa deportation, Aftermath and memorials, In literature
Israeli writer Yosef Chaim Brenner, who was deported and survived, wrote "The Origin" about the deportation which he experienced.


1917 Japanese general election
General elections were held in Japan on 20 April 1917. The Rikken Seiyūkai party led by Hara Takashi emerged as the largest party in the House of Representatives, winning 165 of the 381 seats.


1917 Japanese general election, Electoral system
The 381 members of the House of Representatives were elected in 51 multi-member constituencies based on prefectures and cities. Voting was restricted to men aged over 25 who paid at least 10 yen a year in direct taxation.


1917 Kalamazoo football team
The 1917 Kalamazoo football team represented Kalamazoo College during the 1917 college football season. In Ralph H. Young's 5th year as head coach, Kalamazoo regressed from their undefeated record the year prior to a 5–5 record, and was outscored 225 to 184 by their opponents.


1917 Kansas Jayhawks football team
The 1917 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the Missouri Valley Conference during the 1917 college football season. In their third and final season under head coach Herman Olcott, the Jayhawks compiled a 6–2 record (3–1 against conference opponents), tied for second place in the conference, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 126 to 46. They played their home games at McCook Field in Lawrence, Kansas. Harry Neilson was the team captain.


1917 Kansas State Farmers football team
The 1917 Kansas State Farmers football team represented Kansas State Agricultural College in the 1917 college football season.


1917 Kazan Gunpowder Plant fire
The 1917 Kazan Gunpowder Plant fire began on 14 August 1917 in the city  of Kazan, which was then center of governorate within the Russian Empire, destroying the plant and spreading panic in the city on 14–16 August, which lasted at least until 24 August. Fire resulted in minor detonations of the shells in depots, scattered over the industrial part of the city. However, most of the explosives were flooded by water from emergency reservoirs; that prevented a major explosion. 13 were killed by the blast and fire, 8 died of wounds, and 172, including 30 children, were injured. The fire destroyed 12,000 machine guns and one million shells in depots (78,500 poods), and 542 buildings were destroyed, 152 of them totally. In addition, 1.8 million poods (29.5 tonnes) of oil were lost to the fire.


1917 Kazan Gunpowder Plant fire, Plant
The Kazan Gunpowder Plant was founded several kilometres west from Kazan in 1786 by order of Catherine the Great. Workers lived in the nearby Porokhovoy settlement, which was so big that it had its own church and mosque. In the beginning of the 20th century settlements were absorbed by Kazan. The plant had its own horse railway. It was one of Russia's best powder plants, one of the first started to produce smokeless powder in the Empire in 1893. In 1884 a minor fire occurred in the plant.


1917 Kazan Gunpowder Plant fire, Plant
After this first fire Vsevolod Luknitsky, an officer who had already worked for 11 years at the plant, was appointed director. He worked at the plant as director for 32 years, until the second tragedy occurred. In 1888 The Red Gates were constructed during an anniversary celebration, the only construction of the original plant preserved till today.


1917 Kazan Gunpowder Plant fire, Plant
In 1915-1916 new workshops were built to the west of the old plant, and during the fire and explosion they also were damaged, but were soon restored. The original plant, except for the Red Gates was totally destroyed in 1917.


1917 Kazan Gunpowder Plant fire, Plant
In 1917, 11,600 people, including 2,500 soldiers worked at the plant.


1917 Kazan Gunpowder Plant fire, Fire
The fire began from a negligent guard's cigar stub at Porokhovaya (now Lagernaya) railway station, the nearest to the plant. Shells, detonated at the station, set fire to the nearest depots and workshops. Oil tanks, placed on the bank of the Kazanka River, also caught fire. Workers from the plant fled to the opposite suburb of the city, spreading panic over the city. Many soldiers deserted the city, setting panic in the neighboring villages. The rumors said that over 500 were already killed, and Kazan Kremlin as well as the industrial area was totally destroyed. According to rumors, it would be a major explosion and toxic gassing as far as 80 kilometers from the city, as a wind blew from the plant to the city. Many of Kazan's 200,000 population fled, afoot and by trains. Ships were driven 20 km away from Kazan.


1917 Kazan Gunpowder Plant fire, Explosions
After the plant caught fire, shells scattered all over the industrial part of the city, Zarechye and some of them reached the banks of the Kazanka River and Kazan Kremlin, i.e. Kazan's downtown.


1917 Kazan Gunpowder Plant fire, Explosions
Just after the beginning of the fire Luknitsky arrived at the plant and personally unlocked a sluice to douse dangerous depots and workshops. However he was wounded by a shell detonation and died of loss of blood that night, on 14 August. The next two days fire devastated most of the plant, but no major detonation followed, possibly due to Luknitsky's personal heroism. After that he was referred to as a "person who saved the city". As contemporaries wrote, "a half of the city's population joined his funeral procession".


1917 Kazan Gunpowder Plant fire, Explosions
Martial law was declared in the city on the next day, as criminals marauded in deserted quarters. Militia cordoned off unexploded shells to protect civilians. After 16 August the small fires remaining were extinguished in the industrial areas.


1917 Kazan Gunpowder Plant fire, Consequences
The original plant was totally destroyed and later its lot was covered by a housing estate. The workshops built in 1915-1916 developed into the modern Kazan Gunpowder Plant.


1917 Kazan Gunpowder Plant fire, Consequences
During Soviet rule the official explanation of the explosion was based not on negligence, but on a diversion of counter-revolutionary movements. Allegedly they destroyed a plant to blame the proletariat in collaboration with Germany and vindicate terror against the workers.


1917 Kazan Gunpowder Plant fire, Consequences
To this day some unexploded shells are found on the banks of the Volga; however, some of them could be attributed to 1918 warfare.


1917 Kendall Orange and Black football team
The 1917 Kendall Orange and Black football team represented Henry Kendall College (later renamed the University of Tulsa) during the 1917 college football season. In their first and only year under head coach Hal Mefford, the Orange and Black compiled a 0–8–1 record and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 221 to 61.