1911 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
The annual Western Pennsylvania Football Championship game with the Presidents of Washington & Jefferson took place on November 18. Forbes Field was "covered with inches of mud and water, but these conditions did not seem to detract from the immense enthusiasm of the monster crowd that attended the game." Ten thousand students, alumni, and fans of the rival schools were warmed up for action by both student bands. Pitt Cheerleader George Kirk and the Presidents Cheerleader Warren Burchinal "led snappy cheers that echoed across the gridiron."


1911 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
"The rooting duel between the rival student bodies was second only in importance to the game itself." Pitt was healthy but the Presidents' starting quarterback Goodwin did not play. Coach Mor(r)ow bemoaned "We were caught at a time when our backfield was shattered owing to Quarterback Goodwin's absence from the lineup."


1911 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
The field condition predicated a punting duel and Pitt ended up punting fourteen times, while the Presidents opted to punt twenty-two times. The Pitt defense held the Red and Black without a first down and out gained them 98 yards to 16.


1911 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
In the first quarter the Presidents blocked Ralph Galvin's punt and recovered the ball in Pitt territory at the twenty-three yard line. They advanced the ball to the eighteen but the Pitt defense held and took over on downs. “The period was marked by no scoring and much punting.”


1911 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
The rest of the first half was played on W. & J. 's side of the field. Galvin blocked a punt and Ross Feightner recovered on the Red and Black eleven yard line. Three straight running plays placed the ball on the one. A holding penalty backed Pitt up fifteen yards. "Dewar on a fake kick wriggled his way to the five." Another penalty moved the ball back ten yards. W. & J. took over on downs. W. & J. punted and Galvin returned the ball to the fourteen yard line. Chuck Soles gained three yards and “was put out for rough work.”. He was replaced by Roy Kernohan. Pitt was assessed a half the distance penalty back to their own fifty. The half ended 0-0.


1911 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
"In the second half the Pitt team appeared in new uniforms. Neither side made any changes in their lineup." Pitt punted four times in the third quarter and Wash. & Jeff. countered with seven. The third period ended with Pitt in possession on the Presidents forty-five yard line. Pitt failed to make a first down and Wagner punted. Wayne Smith recovered the fumbled punt on the W. & J. thirty-seven yard line. Dewar tried an onside kick that rolled to the two and was pounced on by George Brown. "Dewar took it to within one foot of the goal.


1911 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
Brown, Dewar and Quailey each tried to carry it over and on every play W. & J. was penalized for offside, the penalty each time being measured in inches." On the fifth attempt Tillie Dewar scored the touchdown and Galvin was good on the extra point. Three possessions later Brown recovered an onside kick on W. & J. 's eighteen yard line. The Red and Black defense would not give up as it took another seven running plays for Brown to plough through their staunch defense and score the second Pitt touchdown. Galvin was again perfect with the goal kick. As time ran out, the Pitt offense had the ball on the Presidents' eight yard line.


1911 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
Pitt beat W. & J. for the third straight year. Wash. & Jeff. finished the season with a 6-4 record.


1911 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
The Pitt lineup for the game against Washington & Jefferson was Perry Graves (left end), Ross Feightner (left tackle), William Leahy (left guard), Ralph Galvin (center), Henry Blair (right guard), James Stevenson (right tackle), Hube Wagner (right end), Tillie Dewar (quarterback), George Brown (left halfback), Charles Quailey (right halfback) and Chuck Soles (fullback).


1911 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
Substitutions made during the game were: Roy Kernohan replaced Chuck Soles at fullback; Wayne Smith replaced Henry Blair at right guard; Jack Lindsay replaced Hube Wagner at right end; Hube Wagner replaced Perry Graves at left end; S. V. Dillon replaced Roy Kernohan at fullback; William Connelly replaced Tillie Dewar at quarterback; and George Gehlert replaced William Leahy at left guard. The game consisted of fifteen-minute quarters.


1911 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Penn State
During the twelve days between the W. & J. game and Thanksgiving, Coach Thompson worked the team hard with the assistance of former players “Tex” Richards, Karl Dallenbach, Frank Van Doren and Norman Budd, in addition to his able assistants Floyd Rose and Alexander Stevenson, for their final game of the season versus Penn State.


1911 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Penn State
Unbeaten Penn State under second year coach Bill Hollenback was out for revenge and needed one more win against Pitt to secure the Spalding Trophy permanently.


1911 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Penn State
Graduate Manager Hurst had "six tons of straw scattered over Forbes Field to protect the ground from freezing."


1911 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Penn State
"On a perfect gridiron and on a rare November afternoon the Penn State football team defeated the University of Pittsburgh eleven yesterday afternoon at Forbes Field by a score of 3-0. (Pete) Mauthe, the white and gold's fullback, kicked a goal from placement in the first quarter.... The last act of the annual football drama at the University of Pittsburgh was well staged.


1911 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Penn State
The scenario was the bare hills of Schenley Park as a drop curtain; a dry field, scattered over with straw, was the stage, and the actors were 22 brawny young men, intent on winning for their alma maters the most important game of the year. About 20,000 persons saw the contest, the largest crowd that ever witnessed a collegiate game in western Pennsylvania."


1911 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Penn State
The first quarter was played in Pitt territory. Tillie Dewar fumbled an onside kick and State recovered on Pitt's 35-yard line. State advanced the ball to the twenty-four and the Pitt defense stiffened and forced a 33-yard field goal try that missed. Pitt punted and four plays later the State offense was on the Pitt four yard line. The Pitt defense held and took over possession at their one. Pitt punted and State had possession on the twenty-three. On third down Pete Mauthe kicked a field goal for the only points of the game.


1911 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Penn State
Early in the second quarter, Pitt advanced the ball to the State twenty-three and muffed a field goal try. They kept possession and George Brown gained eight yards to the fifteen, but they could not pick up the first down. After an exchange of punts State end Dexter Very fumbled and James Stevenson recovered for Pitt on State's thirty yard line. Four plays advanced the ball to the five and Jack Lindsay's dropkick was blocked. The Pitt offense got the ball back and Ralph Galvin missed a twenty-five yard field goal. Pitt had the ball on the State twenty-four as the half ended.


1911 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Penn State
Early in the third quarter, Penn State advanced the ball to the Pitt fourteen yard line where George Brown intercepted a "Shorty" Miller pass. After a series of punts, the State offense was on the Pitt nine yard line. State halfback King was given the ball on three straight downs but could not penetrate the goal line. After an exchange of possessions, "(Hube) Wagner intercepted State quarterback Miller's pass on Pitt's thirty-five yard line and ran to State's 36-yard line, being tackled by Very."


1911 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Penn State
The fourth quarter was a punting duel played in the center of the gridiron. Tillie Dewar "had a finger and his knee dislocated, and was carried off the field.”  He was replaced by William Connelly, who had “a small bone in his leg broken but was able to finish the game." State had the ball on their forty-four yard line as time expired. Penn State 3 - Pitt 0. Penn State took possession of the Spalding Trophy.


1911 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Penn State
W. B. McVicker of The Pittsburg Press praised Hube Wagner's performance:


1911 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Penn State
"I just had opportunities and few players overlook them on the gridiron.”   This statement was made by Hube Wagner. Pitt's star left end, who yesterday played the greatest individual game that has ever been seen on Forbes Field, although he and his teammates were defeated by their time honored rivals-Penn State, 3-0. Wagner may have taken advantage of the opportunities that came his way yesterday, but it is the consensus of opinion that most of these were made by the star end and then taken hold of...Defensively, in one period of the game he made seven consecutive tackles... During the last few seconds of the third quarter, Wagner electrified the crowd when he intercepted a State forward pass on his own 35-yard line and after eluding several opposing tacklers ran to State's 36-yard mark before being brought down by Very."


1911 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Penn State
"I am always willing to give a rival what is due, and I am willing to concede that State played great football, but I think the Center County crowd was lucky to win. We played just as well as they did, and I fail to see where they have anything on Pitt in any department. Wagner's work was a revelation even to me, and I think I know  what he can do as well as any man in the world."


1911 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Penn State
The Pitt lineup for the game against Penn State was Hube Wagner (left end), Ross Feightner (left tackle), William Leahy (left guard), Ralph Galvin (center), Wayne Smith (right guard), James Stevenson (right tackle), Jack Lindsay (right end), Tillie Dewar (quarterback), George Brown (left halfback), Charles Quailey (right halfback), and Chuck Soles (fullback).


1911 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Game summaries, Penn State
Substitutions made during the game were: Henry Blair replaced William Leahy at left guard; S. V. Dillon replaced Charles Quailey at right halfback; William Connelly replaced Tillie Dewar at quarterback; Roy Kernohan replaced S. V. Dillon at right halfback; George Gehlert replaced Henry Blair at left guard; and Perry Graves replaced Jack Lindsay at left end. The game consisted of fifteen-minute quarters.


1911 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Postseason
The Joe Thompson and Jack Lindsay led 1911 Pitt football team finished the season 4-3-1. Coach Thompson's three year record was 19-5-2. On December 11, coach Thompson "announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination for the state senate in the Beaver-Lawrence district." The 1913 Owl Yearbook noted: "Joe has recently entered politics, and it is hoped that his new work will not cause him to resign his position as coach."


1911 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Postseason
The football gate receipts totaled nearly $40,000 and more importantly Manager Hurst ended the season with a five thousand dollar surplus. On December 13, the University of Pittsburgh Athletic Committee appointed Charles S. Miller General Director of Athletics. "He will work in conjunction with Graduate manager Laurence B. Hurst, under whose efficient management athletics have prospered at Pitt for the past two years."


1911 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Postseason
Ralph Galvin was elected Captain for the 1912 season at the banquet following the Penn State game.


1911 Pittsburgh Pirates season
The 1911 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the 30th season of the Pittsburgh Pirates franchise; the 25th in the National League. The Pirates finished third in the league standings with a record of 85–69.


1911 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1911 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1911 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1911 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1911 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1911 Portland Beavers season
The 1911 Portland Beavers season was the ninth season in the history of the Portland Beavers baseball team. Under the leadership of manager Walt McCredie, the team compiled a 113–79 record and won the Pacific Coast League (PCL) pennant. The Beavers won five PCL pennants between 1906 and 1914.


1911 Portland Beavers season, Outfielders
Center fielder Buddy Ryan, a Denver native, appeared in 190 games, compiled a .333 batting average, scored 120 runs, and led the PCL with 247 hits and 23 home runs. He also ranked among the league's best defensive outfielders with 309 putouts, 24 assists, five errors, and a .985 fielding percentage.


1911 Portland Beavers season, Outfielders
Right fielder Chet Chadbourne, a Maine native, appeared in 196 games, compiled a .298 batting average, and stole 53 bases. Defensively, Chadbourne tallied 300 putouts, 30 assists, 18 errors, and a .948 fielding percentage.


1911 Portland Beavers season, Outfielders
Left fielder Art Kruger, a Texas native, appeared in 187 games, stole 32 bases, scored 100 runs, and led the league with 57 doubles. Defensively, he led all PCL outfielders with 451 putouts.


1911 Portland Beavers season, Infielders
First baseman Bill Rapps, a Missouri native, appeared in 179 games, compiled a .279 batting average, stole 36 bases, scored 81 runs, and tallied 181 hits, 35 doubles, and six triples. Among the seven PCL first baseman appearing in at least 50 games, Rapps ranked third with a .982 fielding percentage.


1911 Portland Beavers season, Infielders
Second baseman Bill Rodgers, an Ohio native, appeared in 99 games, compiled a .265 batting average and tallied 18 stolen bases, 15 doubles, and six triples. He ranked second among the league's second basemen with a .953 fielding percentage.


1911 Portland Beavers season, Infielders
Shortstop Roger Peckinpaugh, an Ohio native, appeared in 195 games, scored 86 runs, stole 35 bases, and tallied 38 doubles, 15 triples, and seven home runs. Defensively, he ranked second among the PCL's shortstops with 409 putouts and 658 assists.


1911 Portland Beavers season, Infielders
Catching duty was shared by Pittsburgh native Tommy Murray (.241 batting average) and California native Walt Kuhn (.228 batting average).


1911 Portland Beavers season, Pitchers
"Big Bill" Steen, a Pittsburgh native, appeared in 49 games and led the PCL with 30 wins and a .667 winning percentage. He compiled a record of 30–15 with 213 strikeouts.


1911 Portland Beavers season, Pitchers
Elmer Koestner, an Illinois native, appeared in 55 games and compiled a 25–15 record. He led the team and ranked third in the PCL with 237 strikeouts. He also ranked second among the PCL's pitchers with 129 fielding assists.


1911 Portland Beavers season, Pitchers
Tom Seaton, a Nebraska native, appeared in 52 games, compiled a 24–16 record, and led the team with a 1.77 earned run average (ERA).


1911 Portland Beavers season, Statistics, Batting
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; SLG = Slugging percentage; SB = Stolen bases


1911 Portland Beavers season, Statistics, Pitching
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; PCT = Win percentage; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1911 Portuguese Constituent National Assembly election
Constituent Assembly elections were held in Portugal on 28 May 1911, following a coup in October 1910. The result was a victory for the Portuguese Republican Party, which won 229 of the 234 seats.


1911 Portuguese Constituent National Assembly election, Electoral system
The country was divided into 51 constituencies for the election. Lisbon elected 20 members from two 10 member seats using proportional representation and the d'Hondt method, whilst Oporto had one 10 member constituency using the same system. The remaining seats were elected from 48 constituencies with three or four members.


1911 Portuguese Constituent National Assembly election, Electoral system
Property qualifications for voters were abolished and suffrage was extended to all adults who were either literate or heads of their households, as well as soldiers, who had previously been barred from voting. Bankrupts and "vagabonds" were excluded from the electoral roll.


1911 Portuguese Constituent National Assembly election, Electoral system
Candidates for the election had to be literate, and could not run in more than one seat. Party lists had to obtain a certain number of signatures in every constituency (100 in Lisbon and Oporto and 25 in other constituencies) in order to contest the election.


1911 Portuguese Constituent National Assembly election, Parties
The table below lists the parties that contested the elections:


1911 Portuguese Constituent National Assembly election, Aftermath
The 1911 constitution was subsequently drawn up, which provided for a bicameral parliament and a president elected by a two-thirds vote in Parliament.


1911 Portuguese presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Portugal on 24 August 1911. Following the Portuguese revolution in 1910 which saw the overthrow of King Manuel II, a Republican Provisional Government was formed under the leadership of Teófilo Braga. This election was held to elect the first official president of the newly established the First Portuguese Republic. Portugal's 1911 constitution stated that the Congress of the Republic must elect the president in Lisbon instead of the Portuguese people.


1911 Portuguese presidential election
There were a total of 5 candidates, all of whome were from the Republican Party (Portugal). Manuel de Arriaga won against his opponents and he was elected as the first President of the First Portuguese Republic.


1911 Princeton Tigers football team
The 1911 Princeton Tigers football team represented Princeton University in the 1911 college football season. The team finished with an 8–0–2 record and was retroactively named as the national champion by the Billingsley Report, Helms Athletic Foundation, Houlgate System, and Parke H. Davis, and as a co-national champion by the National Championship Foundation. They outscored their opponents 179 to 15.


1911 Purdue Boilermakers football team
The 1911 Purdue Boilermakers football team was an American football team which represented Purdue University during the 1911 college football season. In their second season under head coach Bill Horr, the Boilermakers compiled a 3–4 record, finished in sixth place in the Western Conference with a 1–3 record against conference opponents and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 58 to 48. R. W. Tavey was the team captain.


1911 Queensland Rugby League season
The Queensland Amateur Rugby League conducted four grade competitions during 1911 and in representative football, played three sets of three-match series against New South Wales, New Zealand and the "Northern Districts" on New South Wales. Ipswich fielded two teams in the senior QARL competition and also held two lower grade premierships. Club competitions continued in Maryborough.


1911 Queensland Rugby League season, Season summary, Senior Grade
The QARL Senior premiership began and ended with four teams, but six teams played during the season. From the previous season, East Brisbane did not return. Valley and Toombul fielded a combined senior team, although they fielded separate junior teams.


1911 Queensland Rugby League season, Season summary, Senior Grade
On May 6, "The League officials plumed their feathers yesterday afternoon, and set out in two directions— to Ipswich and the 'Gabba — for the opening of their fixtures." South Brisbane played Valley-Toombul in Brisbane and Ipswich hosted North Brisbane.


1911 Queensland Rugby League season, Season summary, Senior Grade
Two new teams joined the competition whilst the Queensland representative team was in Sydney. On June 3, Ipswich B hosted and defeated Valley-Toombul, by 24 to 2, on the North Ipswich Cricket Reserve. One week later, they met South Brisbane United on the Brisbane Cricket Ground, Woolloongabba. Ipswich B defeated South United, 41 to 3.


1911 Queensland Rugby League season, Season summary, Senior Grade
All six teams played on June 17 before the suspension of the senior competition for a benefit match to the widow and child of Micky Dore and representative matches against New Zealand. Competitions matches were played on July 15 and 22 prior to another break for a trial and matches against the Northern Districts on NSW. The six teams played when the senior competition resumed but just one week later, on August 26, North Brisbane forfeited to Ipswich B and four of their players appeared for South United.


1911 Queensland Rugby League season, Season summary, Senior Grade
In fixtures listed in The Queensland Times, South United were due to play Ipswich A on September 2. There is no newspaper report of that match, nor any further mention of South United, in either the Times, The Brisbane Courier, Truth or The Telegraph.


1911 Queensland Rugby League season, Season summary, Senior Grade
The four remaining teams played on September 9 and 16. Valley-Toombul won both their matches. Ipswich B and South Brisbane each had one win. Ipswich A lost both. On September 23, Valley-Toombul met Ipswich B in, "the final match of the second round of the Queensland Rugby League's fixtures." Scoreless at half-time, Valley-Toombul triumphed 13 to nil as, "The soaked and mud-bespattered players worked with a will along most unorthodox lines, providing fun and plenty for the onlookers, by their scrambles and slips in the mud and splashes in the pools."


1911 Queensland Rugby League season, Season summary, Senior Grade
In sunnier conditions the following Saturday, September 30, Valley-Toombul again met Ipswich B at the 'Gabba. Playing in their maroon and white strip, Ipswich B had a try disallowed early in the match. Later they kicked a goal from a mark. Under the rules of the time, a mark could be claimed when an opponent's kick was caught. At half-time, Ipswich B led two-nil. Superior skills in the scrums secured the Valley-Toombul navy blues a larger share of possession, and they scored three second half tries to win, 13 to 2, and claim the premiership.


1911 Queensland Rugby League season, Season summary, Senior Grade
At the QRFL Annual Meeting in April 1912, it was reported that Valley-Toombul played 11 matches for 9 wins, a draw and one loss.


1911 Queensland Rugby League season, Season summary, Junior Grades
Three junior competitions were held, First Grade, Second Grade and Third Grade. Matches began on May 13, although Third Grade may have started one week later. Whilst results of some junior matches were published in the newspapers most weeks, reporting on these matches was inconsistent.


1911 Queensland Rugby League season, Season summary, Junior Grades
Venues used for junior matches included the Brisbane Cricket Ground (as a curtain-raiser to a senior game), Albert Park, Albion Flats, Balmoral, Bulimba, Kelvin Grove, Land's Paddock, Paddington Reserve, Toombul, Toowong and West End Reserve.


1911 Queensland Rugby League season, Season summary, Junior Grades
Teams in the Junior First Grade competition included Kelvin Gordon, North Brisbane, South Brisbane A, South Brisbane B, St Bridget's, Toowong and Valley.


1911 Queensland Rugby League season, Season summary, Junior Grades
First Grade Semi-finals were played on September 9, with Toowong beating South Brisbane A and St. Bridget's defeating the team "leading on points after the second round", South Brisbane B. On the 16th, St. Bridget's beat Toowong. In a match advertised as a "Junior Challenge Final", South Brisbane B defeated St. Bridget's 12 to nil to claim the premiership. Their record was 10 wins and 3 losses from 13 matches.


1911 Queensland Rugby League season, Season summary, Junior Grades
The Junior Second Grade competition comprised at least four teams: Mildura, St. Bridget’s, Toombul and Violet.


1911 Queensland Rugby League season, Season summary, Junior Grades
In semi-finals held on September 9, Mildura defeated St. Bridget's 18-nil and Toombul 22 beat Violet 9. The result of a final, played on the 16th, was a win to Toombul by 19 points to Mildura's 5. Premiers Toombul were undefeated in their 12 matches.


1911 Queensland Rugby League season, Season summary, Junior Grades
The Junior Third Grade competition comprised at least six teams: Britannia, North Brisbane, South Brisbane A, South Brisbane B, Toombul and Toowong.


1911 Queensland Rugby League season, Season summary, Junior Grades
North Brisbane defeated Toombul in a final on September 9. However, "By virtue of being ahead in points on the second round, the Toombul club hold the right to challenge." In the second final on the following Saturday, Toombul won, but North Brisbane lodged a protest. This must have been dismissed, as Toombul were named as Junior Third Grade premiers in a report given at the QRFL Annual Meeting in April 1912. Toombul's record was 12 matches, 10 wins, 1 drawn, 1 loss. Runner's up North Brisbane played 12 matches for 8 wins, 2 draws and 2 losses.


1911 Queensland Rugby League season, Season summary, Ipswich
Ipswich began the season with the intention of holding a local senior competition as well as two lower grades. Only two of the five clubs that had participated in the 1910 Ipswich Senior premiership nominated for 1911. One senior match was held on May 13, between Belvideres and Starlights, but both sides needed to call upon junior players. At a delegates meeting of the Ipswich Amateur Rugby League on the following Monday, May 15, there was agreement that a second Ipswich team be entered into the QARL senior competition. Senior players not required for either Ipswich team were permitted to play for their junior club.


1911 Queensland Rugby League season, Season summary, Ipswich
The two lower grade premiership competitions in Ipswich saw teams join after they commenced and teams withdraw before the season ended. The competitions were also disrupted by forfeits, at a rough average of one per week.


1911 Queensland Rugby League season, Season summary, Ipswich
Nine teams competed in what was initially called the Junior competition, but later was known as B Grade. Starlight B were the premiers, winning gold medals and a cup presented by the publican of the Commonwealth Hotel, Mr. W. Hartigan. The nine teams were Belvideres, Blackstone, Harrisville (late entry), Montes (also known as Silkstone), St Paul’s, Starlights A, Starlights B, Western Suburbs A and Western Suburbs B (withdrew).


1911 Queensland Rugby League season, Season summary, Ipswich
The teams that finished second to fifth were invited to compete for a cup donated by the publican of the North Australian Hotel, Mr. Jack Lindsay. This was played as a knock-out in September. On the 16th, St. Paul's defeated Blackstone but Harrisville forfeited to the Belvideres. The following Saturday, Belvideres defeated St. Paul's to claim the Lindsay Cup.


1911 Queensland Rugby League season, Season summary, Ipswich
The minor competition, also referred to as C Grade, was for Under 18 players. The competition began on May 6 with three teams, Belvideres, Starlights and Western Suburbs. They were joined by the Catholic Young Men’s Society (CYMS) on June 3, Silkstone and St. Paul’s on June 17 and Blackstone on July 14. Belvideres won the premiership without a final being played.


1911 Queensland Rugby League season, Season summary, Maryborough
For the second year, Rugby League competitions were held in Maryborough. All three grades commenced on May 6.


1911 Queensland Rugby League season, Season summary, Maryborough
Four teams entered the senior competition. Howard left to play in a Burrum district competition. Christian Brothers switched from Rugby Union to join Glebe, Natives and Wallaroos.


1911 Queensland Rugby League season, Season summary, Maryborough
Seven teams competed in the Junior grade. Wallaroos were premiers, finishing one point ahead of Natives. They were followed by Glebe, Granville, Past Grammars, Present Grammars and Pialba.


1911 Queensland Rugby League season, Season summary, Maryborough
Three teams competed in the Third grade. Wallaroos were premiers, ahead of Glebe and Natives.


1911 Queensland Rugby League season, Representative Season, New South Wales
In early June, a representative Queensland team travelled to Sydney to play three matches in eight days against New South Wales. They were defeated by large margins in each encounter: 65 to 9 on the 3rd, 49 to nil on the 7th and 32 to 8 on June 10.


1911 Queensland Rugby League season, Representative Season, New Zealand
In June and July a New Zealand team toured Australia, playing against New South Wales, Newcastle and Queensland, although they did not play against an Australian team. Queensland won the second of three matches.


1911 Queensland Rugby League season, Representative Season, Northern Districts
A team billed in the newspapers as New South Wales, but composed of players from the Newcastle and Maitland competitions, visited Brisbane in August.


1911 Queensland Rugby League season, Representative Season, Players
Forty-five players represented Queensland in the nine matches played in 1911.


1911 Revolution
The 1911 Revolution, or Xinhai Revolution, ended China's last imperial dynasty, the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, and led to the establishment of the Republic of China. The revolution culminated a decade of agitation, revolts, and uprisings. Its success marked the collapse of the Chinese monarchy, the end of 2,132 years of imperial rule and 276 years of the Qing dynasty, and the beginning of China's early republican era.


1911 Revolution
The Qing dynasty had struggled for a long time to reform the government and resist foreign aggression, but the program of reforms after 1900 was opposed by conservatives in the Qing court as too radical and by reformers as too slow. Several factions, including underground anti-Qing groups, revolutionaries in exile, reformers who wanted to save the monarchy by modernizing it, and activists across the country debated how or whether to overthrow the Manchus. The flash-point came on 10 October 1911, with the Wuchang Uprising, an armed rebellion among members of the New Army. Similar revolts then broke out spontaneously around the country, and revolutionaries in all provinces of the country renounced the Qing dynasty. On 1 November 1911, the Qing court appointed Yuan Shikai (leader of the powerful Beiyang Army) as Prime Minister, and he began negotiations with the revolutionaries.


1911 Revolution
In Nanjing, revolutionary forces created a provisional coalition government. On 1 January 1912, the National Assembly declared the establishment of the Republic of China, with Sun Yat-sen, leader of the Tongmenghui (United League), as President of the Republic. A brief civil war between North and South ended in compromise. Sun would resign in favor of Yuan Shikai, who would became President of the new national government, if Yuan could secure the abdication of the Qing emperor. The edict of abdication of the last Chinese emperor, the six-year-old Puyi, was promulgated on 12 February 1912. Yuan was sworn in as President on 10 March 1912. Yuan's failure to consolidate a legitimate central government before his death in 1916, led to decades of political division and warlordism, including an attempt at imperial restoration.


1911 Revolution
The revolution is named Xinhai because it occurred in 1911, the year of the Xinhai (辛亥) stem-branch in the sexagenary cycle of the traditional Chinese calendar. The Republic of China on the island of Taiwan and the People's Republic of China on the mainland both consider themselves the legitimate successors to the 1911 Revolution and honor the ideals of the revolution including nationalism, republicanism, modernization of China and national unity. In Taiwan, 10 October is commemorated as Double Ten Day, the National Day of the ROC. In mainland China, the day is celebrated as the Anniversary of the 1911 Revolution.


1911 Revolution, Background
After suffering its first defeat by the West in the First Opium War in 1842,  a conservative court culture constrained efforts to reform and did not want to cede authority to local officials. Following defeat in the Second Opium War in 1860, the Qing began efforts to modernize by adopting Western technologies through the Self-Strengthening Movement. In the wars against the Taiping (1851–64), Nian (1851–68), Yunnan (1856–68) and the Northwest (1862–77), the court came to rely on armies raised by local officials.


1911 Revolution, Background
After a generation of relative success in importing Western naval and weapons technology, defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895 was all the more humiliating and convinced many of the need for institutional change. The court established the New Army under Yuan Shikai and many concluded that Chinese society also needed to be modernized if technological and commercial advancements were to succeed.


1911 Revolution, Background
In 1898, the Guangxu Emperor turned to reformers like Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao who offered a program inspired in large part by the reforms in Japan. They proposed basic reform in education, military, and economy in the so-called Hundred Days' Reform. The reform was abruptly canceled by a conservative coup led by Empress Dowager Cixi. The Emperor was put under house arrest in June 1898, where he remained until his death in 1908. Reformers Kang and Liang exiled themselves to avoid being executed. The Empress Dowager controlled policy until her death in 1908, with support from officials such as Yuan. Attacks on foreigners and Chinese Christians in the Boxer Rebellion, encouraged by the Empress Dowager, prompted another foreign invasion of Beijing in 1900.


1911 Revolution, Background
After the Allies imposed a punitive settlement, the Qing court carried out basic fiscal and administrative reforms, including local and provincial elections. These moves did not secure trust or wide support among political activists. Many, like Zou Rong, felt strong anti-Manchu prejudice and blamed them for China's troubles. Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao formed the Emperor Protection Society in an attempt to restore the emperor. but others, such as Sun Yat-sen organized revolutionary groups to overthrow the dynasty rather than reform it.


1911 Revolution, Background
They could operate only in secret societies and underground organizations, in foreign concessions, or exile overseas, but created a following among Chinese in North America and Southeast Asia, and within China, even in the new armies. After the death of the Empress Dowager and the Emperor in 1908, conservative Manchu elements in the court opposed reform and provoked support for revolutionaries.


1911 Revolution, Organization of the Revolution, Earliest groups
Many revolutionaries and groups wanted to overthrow the Qing government to re-establish the Han-led government. The earliest revolutionary organizations were founded outside of China, such as Yeung Ku-wan's Furen Literary Society, created in Hong Kong in 1890. There were 15 members, including Tse Tsan-tai, who did political satire such as "The Situation in the Far East", one of the first-ever Chinese manhua, and who later became one of the core founders of the South China Morning Post.


1911 Revolution, Organization of the Revolution, Earliest groups
Sun Yat-sen's Xingzhonghui (Revive China Society) was established in Honolulu in 1894 with the main purpose of raising funds for revolutions. The two organizations merged in 1894.


1911 Revolution, Organization of the Revolution, Smaller groups
The Huaxinghui (China Revival Society) was founded in 1904 by notables like Huang Xing, Zhang Shizhao, Chen Tianhua and Song Jiaoren, along with 100 others. Their motto was "Take one province by force, and inspire the other provinces to rise".


1911 Revolution, Organization of the Revolution, Smaller groups
The Guangfuhui (Restoration Society) was also founded in 1904, in Shanghai, by Cai Yuanpei. Other notable members include Zhang Binglin and Tao Chengzhang. Despite professing the anti-Qing cause, the Guangfuhui was highly critical of Sun Yat-sen. One of the most famous female revolutionaries was Qiu Jin, who fought for women's rights and was also from Guangfuhui.


1911 Revolution, Organization of the Revolution, Smaller groups
There were also many other minor revolutionary organizations, such as Lizhi Xuehui (勵志學會) in Jiangsu, Gongqianghui (公強會) in Sichuan, Yiwenhui (益聞會) and Hanzudulihui (漢族獨立會) in Fujian, Yizhishe (易知社) in Jiangxi, Yuewanghui (岳王會) in Anhui and Qunzhihui (群智會/群智社) in Guangzhou.


1911 Revolution, Organization of the Revolution, Smaller groups
Criminal organizations also existed that were anti-Manchu, including the Green Gang and Hongmen Zhigongtang (致公堂). Sun Yat-sen himself came in contact with the Hongmen, also known as Tiandihui (Heaven and Earth society).


1911 Revolution, Organization of the Revolution, Smaller groups
Gelaohui (Elder Brother Society) was another group, with Zhu De, Wu Yuzhang, Liu Zhidan (劉志丹) and He Long. This revolutionary group would eventually develop a strong link with the later Communist Party.


1911 Revolution, Organization of the Revolution, Tongmenghui
Sun Yat-sen successfully united the Revive China Society, Huaxinghui and Guangfuhui in the summer of 1905, thereby establishing the unified Tongmenghui (United League) in August 1905 in Tokyo. While it started in Tokyo, it had loose organizations distributed across and outside the country. Sun Yat-sen was the leader of this unified group. Other revolutionaries who worked with the Tongmenghui include Wang Jingwei and Hu Hanmin. When the Tongmenhui was established, more than 90% of the Tongmenhui members were between 17 and 26 years of age. Some of the work in the era includes manhua publications such as the Journal of Current Pictorial.


1911 Revolution, Organization of the Revolution, Later groups
In February 1906, Rizhihui (日知會) also had many revolutionaries, including Sun Wu (孫武), Zhang Nanxian (張難先), He Jiwei and Feng Mumin. A nucleus of attendees at this conference evolved into the Tongmenhui's establishment in Hubei.


1911 Revolution, Organization of the Revolution, Later groups
In July 1907, several members of Tongmenhui in Tokyo advocated a revolution in the area of the Yangtze River. Liu Quiyi (劉揆一), Jiao Dafeng (焦達峰), Zhang Boxiang (張伯祥) and Sun Wu (孫武) established Gongjinhui (Progressive Association) (共進會). In January 1911, the revolutionary group Zhengwu Xueshe (振武學社) was renamed as Wenxueshe (Literary Society) (文學社). Jiang Yiwu (蔣翊武) was chosen as the leader. These two organizations would play a big role in the Wuchang Uprising.


1911 Revolution, Organization of the Revolution, Later groups
Many young revolutionaries adopted the anarchist program. In Tokyo, Liu Shipei proposed to overthrow the Manchus and return to Chinese classical values. In Paris, well-connected young intellectuals, Li Shizhen, Wu Zhihui and Zhang Renjie, agreed with Sun's revolutionary program and joined the Tongmenghui, but argued that simply replacing one government with another would not be progress; fundamental cultural change, a revolution in family, gender and social values, would remove the need for government and coercion.


1911 Revolution, Organization of the Revolution, Later groups
Zhang Ji and Wang Jingwei were among the anarchists who defended assassination and terrorism as means to awaken the people to revolution, but others insisted that education was the only justifiable strategy. Important anarchists included Cai Yuanpei. Zhang Renjie gave Sun major financial help. Many of these anarchists would later assume high positions in the Kuomintang (KMT).


1911 Revolution, Organization of the Revolution, Views
Many revolutionaries promoted anti-Qing/anti-Manchu sentiments and revived memories of conflict between the ethnic minority Manchu and the ethnic majority Han Chinese from the late Ming dynasty (1368–1644). Leading intellectuals were influenced by books that had survived from the final years of the Ming dynasty, the last dynasty of Han Chinese. In 1904, Sun Yat-sen announced that his organization's goal was "to expel the Tatar barbarians, to revive Zhonghua, to establish a Republic, and to distribute land equally among the people." (驅除韃虜, 恢復中華, 創立民國, 平均地權). Many underground groups promoted the ideas of "Resist Qing and restore Ming" (反清復明) that had been around since the days of the Taiping Rebellion. Others, such as Zhang Binglin, supported straight-up lines like "slay the Manchus" and concepts like "Anti- Manchuism" (興漢滅胡 / 排滿主義).


1911 Revolution, Strata and groups
Many groups supported the 1911 Revolution, including students and intellectuals returning from abroad, as well as participants of revolutionary organizations, overseas Chinese, soldiers of the new army, local gentry, farmers, and others.


1911 Revolution, Strata and groups, Overseas Chinese
Assistance from overseas Chinese was important in the 1911 Revolution. In 1894, the first year of the Revive China Society, the first meeting ever held by the group was held in the home of Ho Fon, an overseas Chinese who was the leader of the first Chinese Church of Christ. Overseas Chinese supported and actively participated in funding revolutionary activities, especially the Southeast Asian Chinese of Malaya (Singapore and Malaysia). Many of these groups were reorganized by Sun, who was referred to as the "father of the Chinese revolution".


1911 Revolution, Strata and groups, Newly-Emerged intellectuals
In 1906, after the abolition of the imperial examinations, the Qing government established many new schools and encouraged students to study abroad. Many young people attended the new schools or went abroad to study in places like Japan. A new class of intellectuals emerged from those students, who contributed immensely to the 1911 Revolution. Besides Sun Yat-sen, key figures in the revolution, such as Huang Xing, Song Jiaoren, Hu Hanmin, Liao Zhongkai, Zhu Zhixin and Wang Jingwei, were all Chinese students in Japan. Some were young students like Zou Rong, known for writing  Revolutionary Army, a book in which he talked about the extermination of the Manchus for the 260 years of oppression, sorrow, cruelty, and tyranny, and turning the sons and grandsons of Yellow Emperor into George Washingtons.


1911 Revolution, Strata and groups, Newly-Emerged intellectuals
Before 1908, revolutionaries focused on coordinating these organizations in preparation for uprisings they would launch; hence, these groups would provide most of the manpower needed for the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty. After the 1911 Revolution, Sun Yat-sen recalled the days of recruiting support for the revolution and said, "The literati were deeply into the search for honors and profits, so they were regarded as having only secondary importance. By contrast, organizations like Sanhehui were able to sow widely the ideas of resisting the Qing and restoring the Ming."


1911 Revolution, Strata and groups, Gentry and businessmen
The gentry's strength in local politics became apparent. From December 1908, the Qing government created some apparatus to allow the gentry and businessmen to participate in politics. These middle-class people were originally supporters of constitutionalism. However, they became disenchanted when the Qing government created a cabinet with Prince Qing as prime minister. By early 1911, an experimental cabinet had thirteen members, nine of whom were Manchus selected from the imperial family.


1911 Revolution, Strata and groups, Foreign supporters
Besides Chinese and overseas Chinese, some supporters and participants of the 1911 Revolution were foreigners; among them, the Japanese were the most active group. Some Japanese even became members of Tongmenghui. Miyazaki Touten was the closest Japanese supporter; others included Heiyama Shu and Ryōhei Uchida. Homer Lea, an American, who became Sun Yat-sen's closest foreign advisor in 1910, supported Sun Yat-sen's military ambitions. British soldier Rowland J. Mulkern also took part in the revolution. Some foreigners, such as English explorer Arthur de Carle Sowerby, led expeditions to rescue foreign missionaries in 1911 and 1912.


1911 Revolution, Strata and groups, Foreign supporters
The far right-wing Japanese ultra-nationalist Black Dragon Society supported Sun Yat-sen's activities against the Manchus, believing that overthrowing the Qing would help the Japanese take over the Manchu homeland and that Han Chinese would not oppose the takeover. Toyama believed that the Japanese could easily take over Manchuria and that Sun Yat-sen and other anti-Qing revolutionaries would not resist and help the Japanese take over and enlarge the opium trade in China, while the Qing was trying to destroy the opium trade. The Japanese Black Dragons supported Sun Yat-sen and anti-Manchu revolutionaries until the Qing collapsed. The far right-wing Japanese ultranationalist Gen'yōsha leader Tōyama Mitsuru supported anti-Manchu, anti-Qing revolutionary activities including the ones organized by Sun Yat-sen and supported Japanese taking over Manchuria. The anti-Qing Tongmenghui was founded and based in exile in Japan where many anti-Qing revolutionaries gathered.


1911 Revolution, Strata and groups, Foreign supporters
The Japanese had been trying to unite anti-Manchu groups made out of Han people to take down the Qing. Japanese were the ones who helped Sun Yat-sen unite all anti-Qing, anti-Manchu revolutionary groups together, and there were Japanese like Tōten Miyazaki inside of the anti-Manchu Tongmenghui revolutionary alliance. The Black Dragon Society hosted the Tongmenghui in its first meeting. The Black Dragon Society had very intimate, long term and influential relations with Sun Yat-sen who sometimes passed himself off as Japanese. According to an American military historian, Japanese military officers were part of the Black Dragon Society.


1911 Revolution, Strata and groups, Foreign supporters
The Yakuza and Black Dragon Society helped arrange in Tokyo for Sun Yat-sen to hold the first Kuomintang meetings, and were hoping to flood China with opium and overthrow the Qing and deceive the Chinese into overthrowing the Qing to Japan's benefit. After the revolution was successful, the Japanese Black Dragons started infiltrating China and spreading opium. The Black Dragons pushed for the takeover of Manchuria by Japan in 1932. Sun Yat-sen was married to a Japanese, Kaoru Otsuki.


1911 Revolution, Strata and groups, Soldiers of the New Armies
The New Army was formed in 1901 after the defeat of the Qings in the First Sino-Japanese War. They were launched by a decree from eight provinces. New Army troops were by far the best trained and equipped. Recruits were of a higher quality than the old army and received regular promotions. Beginning in 1908, the revolutionaries began to shift their call to the new armies. Sun Yat-sen and the revolutionaries infiltrated the New Army.


1911 Revolution, Uprisings and incidents
The central foci of the uprisings were mostly connected with the Tongmenghui and Sun Yat-sen, including subgroups. Some uprisings involved groups that never merged with the Tongmenghui. Sun Yat-sen may have participated in 8–10 uprisings; all uprisings failed before the Wuchang Uprising.


1911 Revolution, Uprisings and incidents, First Guangzhou Uprising
In the spring of 1895, the Revive China Society, based in Hong Kong, planned the First Guangzhou Uprising (廣州起義). Lu Haodong was tasked with designing the revolutionaries' Blue Sky with a White Sun flag. On 26 October 1895, Yeung Ku-wan and Sun Yat-sen led Zheng Shiliang and Lu Haodong to Guangzhou, preparing to capture Guangzhou in one strike. However, the details of their plans were leaked to the Qing government. The government began to arrest revolutionaries, including Lu Haodong, who was later executed. The First Guangzhou Uprising was a failure.


1911 Revolution, Uprisings and incidents, First Guangzhou Uprising
Under pressure from the Qing government, the government of Hong Kong banned the two men from the territory for five years. Sun Yat-sen went into exile, promoting the Chinese revolution and raising funds in Japan, the United States, Canada, and Britain. In 1901, following the Huizhou Uprising, Yeung Ku-wan was assassinated by Qing agents in Hong Kong. After his death, his family protected his identity by not putting his name on his tomb, just a number: 6348.


1911 Revolution, Uprisings and incidents, Independence Army Uprising
In 1900, after the Boxer Rebellion started, Tang Caichang (唐才常) and Tan Sitong of the previous Foot Emancipation Society organized the Independence Army. The Independence Army Uprising (自立軍起義) was planned to occur on 23 August 1900. Their goal was to overthrow Empress Dowager Cixi to establish a constitutional monarchy under the Guangxu Emperor. Their plot was discovered by the governors-general of Hunan and Hubei. About twenty conspirators were arrested and executed.


1911 Revolution, Uprisings and incidents, Huizhou Uprising
On 8 October 1900, Sun Yat-sen ordered the launch of the Huizhou Uprising (惠州起義). The revolutionary army was led by Zheng Shiliang and initially included 20,000 men, who fought for half a month. However, after the Japanese Prime Minister prohibited Sun Yat-sen from carrying out revolutionary activities on Taiwan, Zheng Shiliang had no choice but to order the army to disperse. Accordingly, this uprising also failed. British soldier Rowland J. Mulkern participated in this uprising.


1911 Revolution, Uprisings and incidents, Great Ming Uprising
A very short uprising occurred from 25 to 28 January 1903, to establish a "Great Ming Heavenly Kingdom" (大明順天國). This involved Tse Tsan-tai, Li Jitang (李紀堂), Liang Muguang (梁慕光) and Hong Quanfu (洪全福), who formerly took part in the Jintian uprising during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom era.


1911 Revolution, Uprisings and incidents, Ping-liu-li Uprising
Ma Fuyi (馬福益) and Huaxinghui was involved in an uprising in the three areas of Pingxiang, Liuyang and Liling, called "Ping-liu-li Uprising", (萍瀏醴起義) in 1905. The uprising recruited miners as early as 1903 to rise against the Qing ruling class. After the uprising failed, Ma Fuyi was executed.


1911 Revolution, Uprisings and incidents, Beijing Zhengyangmen East Railway assassination attempt
Wu Yue (吳樾) of Guangfuhui carried out an assassination attempt at the Beijing Zhengyangmen East Railway station (正陽門車站) in an attack on five Qing officials on 24 September 1905.


1911 Revolution, Uprisings and incidents, Huanggang Uprising
The Huanggang Uprising (黃岡起義) was launched on 22 May 1907, in Chaozhou. The revolutionary party, along with Xu Xueqiu (許雪秋), Chen Yongpo (陳湧波) and Yu Tongshi (余通實), launched the uprising and captured Huanggang city. Other Japanese that followed include 萱野長知 and 池亨吉. After the uprising began, the Qing government quickly and forcefully suppressed it. Around 200 revolutionaries were killed.


1911 Revolution, Uprisings and incidents, Huizhou Qinühu Uprising
In the same year, Sun Yat-sen sent more revolutionaries to Huizhou to launch the "Huizhou Qinühu Uprising" (惠州七女湖起義). On 2 June, Deng Zhiyu (鄧子瑜) and Chen Chuan (陳純) gathered some followers, and together they seized Qing arms in the lake, 20 km (12 mi) from Huizhou. They killed several Qing soldiers and attacked Taiwei (泰尾) on 5 June. The Qing army fled in disorder, and the revolutionaries exploited the opportunity, capturing several towns. They defeated the Qing army once again in Bazhiyie. Many organizations voiced their support after the uprising, and the number of revolutionary forces increased to two hundred men at its height. The uprising, however, ultimately failed.


1911 Revolution, Uprisings and incidents, Anqing Uprising
On 6 July 1907, Xu Xilin of Guangfuhui led an uprising in Anqing, Anhui, which became known as the Anqing Uprising (安慶起義). Xu Xilin at the time was the police commissioner as well as the supervisor of the police academy. He led an uprising that aimed to assassinate the provincial governor of Anhui, En Ming (恩銘). They were defeated after four hours of fighting. Xu was captured, and En Ming's bodyguards cut out his heart and liver and ate them. His cousin Qiu Jin was executed a few days later.


1911 Revolution, Uprisings and incidents, Qinzhou Uprising
From August to September 1907, the Qinzhou Uprising occurred (欽州防城起義), to protest against heavy taxation from the government. Sun Yat-sen sent Wang Heshun (王和順) there to assist the revolutionary army and captured the county in September. After that, they attempted to besiege and capture Qinzhou but were unsuccessful. They eventually retreated to the area of Shiwandashan, while Wang Heshun returned to Vietnam.


1911 Revolution, Uprisings and incidents, Zhennanguan Uprising
On 1 December 1907, the Zhennanguan Uprising (鎮南關起事) took place at Zhennanguan along the Chinese-Vietnamese border. Sun Yat-sen sent Huang Mintang (黃明堂) to monitor the pass, which was guarded by a fort. With the assistance of supporters among the fort's defenders, the revolutionaries captured the cannon tower in Zhennanguan. Sun Yat-sen, Huang Xing and Hu Hanmin personally went to the tower to command the battle. The Qing government sent troops led by Long Jiguang and Lu Rongting to counterattack, and the revolutionaries were forced to retreat into the mountainous areas. After this uprising's failure, Sun was forced to move to Singapore due to anti-Sun sentiments within the revolutionary groups. He would not return to the mainland until after the Wuchang Uprising.


1911 Revolution, Uprisings and incidents, Qin-lian Uprising
On 27 March 1908, Huang Xing launched a raid, later known as the Qin-lian Uprising (欽廉上思起義), from a base in Vietnam and attacked the cities of Qinzhou and Lianzhou in Guangdong. The struggle continued for fourteen days but was forced to stop after the revolutionaries ran out of supplies.


1911 Revolution, Uprisings and incidents, Hekou Uprising
In April 1908, another uprising was launched in Yunnan, Hekou, called the Hekou Uprising (雲南河口起義). Huang Mingtang (黃明堂) led two hundred men from Vietnam and attacked Hekou on 30 April. Other participating revolutionaries included Wang Heshun (王和順) and Guan Renfu (關仁甫). They were outnumbered and defeated by government troops, however, and the uprising failed.


1911 Revolution, Uprisings and incidents, Mapaoying Uprising
On 19 November 1908, the Mapaoying Uprising (馬炮營起義) was launched by revolutionary group Yuewanghui (岳王會) member Xiong Chenggei (熊成基) at Anhui. Yuewanghui, at this time, was a subset of Tongmenghui. This uprising also failed.


1911 Revolution, Uprisings and incidents, Gengxu New Army Uprising
In February 1910, the Gengxu New Army Uprising (庚戌新軍起義), also known as the Guangzhou New Army Uprising (廣州新軍起義), took place. This involved a conflict between the citizens and local police against the New Army. After revolutionary leader Ni Yingdian was killed by Qing forces, the remaining revolutionaries were quickly defeated, causing the uprising to fail.


1911 Revolution, Uprisings and incidents, Second Guangzhou Uprising
On 27 April 1911, an uprising occurred in Guangzhou, known as the Second Guangzhou Uprising (辛亥廣州起義) or Yellow Flower Mound Revolt (黃花岡之役). It ended in disaster, as 86 bodies were found (only 72 could be identified). The 72 revolutionaries were remembered as martyrs. Revolutionary Lin Juemin (林覺民) was one of the 72. On the eve of battle, he wrote "A Letter to My Wife" (與妻訣別書), later to be considered a masterpiece in Chinese literature.


1911 Revolution, Uprisings and incidents, Wuchang Uprising
The Literary Society (文學社) and the Progressive Association (共進會) were revolutionary organizations involved in the uprising that mainly began with a Railway Protection Movement protest. In the late summer, some Hubei New Army units were ordered to neighboring Sichuan to quell the Railway Protection Movement, a mass protest against the Qing government's seizure and handover of local railway development ventures to foreign powers. Banner officers like Duanfang, the railroad superintendent, and Zhao Erfeng led the New Army against the Railway Protection Movement.


1911 Revolution, Uprisings and incidents, Wuchang Uprising
The New Army units of Hubei had originally been the Hubei Army, which had been trained by Qing official Zhang Zhidong. On 24 September, the Literary Society and Progressive Association convened a conference in Wuchang, along with sixty representatives from local New Army units. During the conference, they established a headquarters for the uprising. The leaders of the two organizations, Jiang Yiwu (蔣翊武) and Sun Wu (孫武), were elected as commander and chief of staff. Initially, the date of the uprising was to be 6 October 1911. It was postponed to a later date due to insufficient preparations.


1911 Revolution, Uprisings and incidents, Wuchang Uprising
Revolutionaries intent on overthrowing the Qing dynasty had built bombs, and on 9 October, one accidentally exploded. Sun Yat-sen himself had no direct part in the uprising and was traveling in the United States at the time to recruit more support from among overseas Chinese. The Qing Viceroy of Huguang, Rui Cheng (瑞澂), tried to track down and arrest the revolutionaries. Squad leader Xiong Bingkun (熊秉坤) and others decided not to delay the uprising any longer and launched the revolt on 10 October 1911, at 7:00 p.m.


1911 Revolution, Uprisings and incidents, Wuchang Uprising
The revolt was a success; the entire city of Wuchang was captured by the revolutionaries on the morning of 11 October. That evening, they established a tactical headquarters and announced the establishment of the "Military Government of Hubei of Republic of China". The conference chose Li Yuanhong as the governor of the temporary government. Qing officers like the bannermen Duanfang and Zhao Erfeng were killed by the revolutionary forces.


1911 Revolution, Provincial uprisings
After the success of the Wuchang Uprising, many other protests occurred throughout the country for various reasons. Some uprisings declared restoration (光復) of the Han Chinese rule. Other uprisings were a step toward independence, and some were protests or rebellions against the local authorities. Regardless of the reason for the uprising the outcome was that all provinces in the country renounced the Qing dynasty and joined the ROC.


1911 Revolution, Provincial uprisings, Changsha Restoration
On 22 October 1911, the Hunan Tongmenghui were led by Jiao Dafeng (焦達嶧) and Chen Zuoxin (陳作新). They headed an armed group, consisting partly of revolutionaries from Hongjiang and partly of defecting New Army units, in a campaign to extend the uprising into Changsha. They captured the city and killed the local Imperial general. Then they announced the establishment of the Hunan Military Government of the Republic of China and announced their opposition to the Qing Empire.


1911 Revolution, Provincial uprisings, Shaanxi Uprising
On the same day, Shaanxi's Tongmenghui, led by Jing Dingcheng (景定成) and Qian Ding (錢鼎) as well as Jing Wumu (井勿幕) and others including Gelaohui, launched an uprising and captured Xi'an after two days of struggle. The Hui Muslim community was divided in its support for the revolution. The Hui Muslims of Shaanxi supported the revolutionaries, while the Hui Muslims of Gansu supported the Qing. The native Hui Muslims (Mohammedans) of Xi'an (Shaanxi province) joined the Han Chinese revolutionaries in slaughtering the Manchus.


1911 Revolution, Provincial uprisings, Shaanxi Uprising
The native Hui Muslims of Gansu province led by general Ma Anliang led more than twenty battalions of Hui Muslim troops to defend the Qing imperials and attacked Shaanxi, held by revolutionary Zhang Fenghui (張鳳翽). The attack was successful, and after news arrived that Puyi was about to abdicate, Ma agreed to join the new Republic. The revolutionaries established the "Qinlong Fuhan Military Government" and elected Zhang Fenghui, a member of the Yuanrizhi Society (原日知會), as new governor.


1911 Revolution, Provincial uprisings, Shaanxi Uprising
After the Xi'an Manchu quarter fell on 24 October, Xinhai forces killed all the Manchus in the city, about 20,000 Manchus were killed in the massacre. Many of its Manchu defenders committed suicide, including Qing general Wenrui (文瑞), who threw himself down a well. Only some wealthy Manchus who were ransomed and Manchu females survived. Wealthy Han Chinese seized Manchu girls to become their slaves and poor Han Chinese troops seized young Manchu women to be their wives. Young Manchu girls were also seized by Hui Muslims of Xi'an during the massacre and brought up as Muslims.


1911 Revolution, Provincial uprisings, Jiujiang Uprising
On 23 October, Lin Sen, Jiang Qun (蔣群), Cai Hui (蔡蕙) and other members of the Tongmenghui in the province of Jiangxi plotted a revolt of New Army units. After they achieved victory, they announced their independence. The Jiujiang Military Government was then established.


1911 Revolution, Provincial uprisings, Shanxi Taiyuan Uprising
On 29 October, Yan Xishan of the New Army led an uprising in Taiyuan, the capital city of the province of Shanxi, along with Yao Yijie (姚以價), Huang Guoliang (黃國梁), Wen Shouquan (溫壽泉), Li Chenglin (李成林), Zhang Shuzhi (張樹幟) and Qiao Xi (喬煦).


1911 Revolution, Provincial uprisings, Shanxi Taiyuan Uprising
The rebels in Taiyuan bombarded the streets where Banner people resided and killed all the Manchu. They managed to kill the Qing Governor of Shanxi, Lu Zhongqi (陸鍾琦). They then announced the establishment of Shanxi Military Government with Yan Xishan as the military governor. Yan Xishan would later become one of the warlords that plagued China during what was known as "the warlord era".


1911 Revolution, Provincial uprisings, Kunming Double Ninth Uprising
On 30 October, Li Genyuan (李根源) of the Tongmenghui in Yunnan joined with Cai E, Luo Peijin (羅佩金), Tang Jiyao, and other officers of the New Army to launch the Double Ninth Uprising (重九起義). They captured Kunming the next day and established the Yunnan Military Government, electing Cai E as the military governor.


1911 Revolution, Provincial uprisings, Nanchang Restoration
On 31 October, the Nanchang branch of the Tongmenghui led New Army units in a successful uprising. They established the Jiangxi Military Government. Li Liejun was elected as the military governor. Li declared Jiangxi as independent and launched an expedition against Qing official Yuan Shikai.


1911 Revolution, Provincial uprisings, Shanghai Armed Uprising
On 3 November, Shanghai's Tongmenghui, Guangfuhui and merchants led by Chen Qimei (陳其美), Li Pingsu (李平書), Zhang Chengyou (張承槱), Li Yingshi (李英石), Li Xiehe (李燮和) and Song Jiaoren organized an armed rebellion in Shanghai. They received support from local police officers. The rebels captured the Jiangnan Workshop on the 4th and captured Shanghai soon after. On 8 November, they established the Shanghai Military Government and elected Chen Qimei as the military governor. He would eventually become one of the founders of the ROC four big families, along with some of the most well-known families of the era.


1911 Revolution, Provincial uprisings, Guizhou Uprising
On 4 November, Zhang Bailin (張百麟) of the revolutionary party in Guizhou led an uprising along with New Army units and students from the military academy. They immediately captured Guiyang and established the Great Han Guizhou Military Government, electing Yang Jincheng (楊藎誠) and Zhao Dequan (趙德全) as the chief and vice governor respectively.


1911 Revolution, Provincial uprisings, Zhejiang Uprising
Also on 4 November, revolutionaries in Zhejiang urged the New Army units in Hangzhou to launch an uprising. Zhu Rui (朱瑞), Wu Siyu (吳思豫), Lu Gongwang (吕公望) and others of the New Army captured the military supplies workshop. Other units, led by Chiang Kai-shek and Yin Zhirei (尹銳志), captured most of the government offices. Eventually, Hangzhou was under the control of the revolutionaries, and the constitutionalist Tang Shouqian (湯壽潛) was elected as the military governor.


1911 Revolution, Provincial uprisings, Jiangsu Restoration
On 5 November, Jiangsu constitutionalists and gentry urged Qing governor Cheng Dequan (程德全) to announce independence and established the Jiangsu Revolutionary Military Government with Cheng himself as the governor. Unlike some other cities, anti-Manchu violence began after the restoration on 7 November in Zhenjiang. Qing general Zaimu (載穆) agreed to surrender, but because of a misunderstanding, the revolutionaries were unaware that their safety was guaranteed. The Manchu quarters were ransacked, and an unknown number of Manchus were killed. Zaimu, feeling betrayed, committed suicide. This is regarded as the Zhenjiang Uprising (鎮江起義).


1911 Revolution, Provincial uprisings, Anhui Uprising
Members of Anhui's Tongmenghui also launched an uprising on that day and laid siege to the provincial capital. The constitutionalists persuaded Zhu Jiabao (朱家寶), the Qing Governor of Anhui, to announce independence.


1911 Revolution, Provincial uprisings, Guangxi Uprising
On 7 November, the Guangxi politics department decided to secede from the Qing government, announcing Guangxi's independence. Qing Governor Shen Bingkun (沈秉堃) was allowed to remain governor, but Lu Rongting would soon become the new governor. Lu Rongting would later rise to prominence during the "warlord era" as one of the warlords, and his bandits controlled Guangxi for more than a decade. Under leadership of Huang Shaohong, the Muslim law student Bai Chongxi was enlisted into a Dare to Die unit to fight as a revolutionary.


1911 Revolution, Provincial uprisings, Fujian Independence
In November, members of Fujian's branch of the Tongmenghui, along with Sun Daoren (孫道仁) of the New Army, launched an uprising against the Qing army. The Qing viceroy, Song Shou (松壽), committed suicide. On 11 November, the entire Fujian province declared independence. The Fujian Military Government was established, and Sun Daoren was elected as the military governor.


1911 Revolution, Provincial uprisings, Guangdong Independence
Near the end of October, Chen Jiongming, Deng Keng (鄧鏗), Peng Reihai (彭瑞海) and other members of Guangdong's Tongmenghui organized local militias to launch the uprising in Huazhou, Nanhai, Sunde and Sanshui in Guangdong Province. On 8 November, after being persuaded by Hu Hanmin, General Li Zhun (李準) and Long Jiguang (龍濟光) of the Guangdong Navy agreed to support the revolution. The Qing viceroy of Liangguang, Zhang Mingqi (張鳴岐), was forced to discuss with local representatives a proposal for Guangdong's independence. They decided to announce it the next day. Chen Jiongming then captured Huizhou.


1911 Revolution, Provincial uprisings, Guangdong Independence
On 9 November, Guangdong announced its independence and established a military government. They elected Hu Hanmin and Chen Jiongming as Chief and Vice-Governor. Qiu Fengjia is known to have helped make the independence declaration more peaceful. It was unknown at the time if representatives from the European colonies of Hong Kong and Macau would be ceded to the new government.


1911 Revolution, Provincial uprisings, Shandong Independence
On 13 November, after being persuaded by revolutionary Ding Weifen and several other officers of the New Army, the Qing governor of Shandong, Sun Baoqi, agreed to secede from the Qing government and announced Shandong's independence.


1911 Revolution, Provincial uprisings, Ningxia Uprising
On 17 November, Ningxia Tongmenghui launched the Ningxia Uprising (寧夏會黨起義). The revolutionaries sent Yu Youren to Zhangjiachuan to meet Dungan Sufi Master Ma Yuanzhang to persuade him not to support the Qing. However, Ma did not want to endanger his relationship with the Qings. He sent the eastern Gansu Muslim militia under the command of one of his sons to help Ma Qi crush the Ningxia Gelaohui. However, the Ningxia Revolutionary Military Government was established on 23 November. Some  revolutionaries involved included Huang Yue (黃鉞) and Xiang Shen (向燊), who gathered New Army forces at Qinzhou (秦州).


1911 Revolution, Provincial uprisings, Sichuan Independence
On 21 November, Guang'an organized the Great Han Shu Northern Military Government.


1911 Revolution, Provincial uprisings, Sichuan Independence
On 22 November, Chengdu and Sichuan began to declare independence. By the 27th, the Great Han Sichuan Military Government was established, headed by revolutionary Pu Dianzun (蒲殿俊). Qing official Duan Fang (端方) would also be killed.


1911 Revolution, Provincial uprisings, Nanking Uprising
On 8 November, supported by the Tongmenghui, Xu Shaozhen (徐紹楨) of the New Army announced an uprising in Molin Pass (秣陵關), 30 km (19 mi) away from Nanking City. Xu Shaozhen, Chen Qimei and other generals decided to form a united army under Xu to strike Nanking together. On 11 November, the united army headquarters was established in Zhenjiang. Between 24 November and 1 December, under the command of Xu Shaozhen, the united army captured Wulongshan (烏龍山), Mufushan (幕府山), Yuhuatai (雨花臺), Tianbao City (天保城) and many other strongholds of the Qing army. On 2 December, Nanking City was captured by the revolutionaries after the Battle of Nanking, 1911. On 3 December, revolutionary Su Liangbi led troops in a massacre of a large number of Manchus (the exact number is not known). Shortly afterward he was arrested and his troops disbanded.


1911 Revolution, Provincial uprisings, Dihua and Yili Uprising
In Xinjiang on 28 December, Liu Xianzun (劉先俊) and revolutionaries started the Dihua Uprising (迪化起義). This was led by more than 100 members of Geilaohui. This uprising failed. On 7 January 1912, the Yili Uprising (伊犁起義) with Feng Temin (馮特民) began. Qing governor Yuan Dahua (袁大化) fled and submitted his resignation to Yang Zengxin, because he could not handle fighting the revolutionaries.


1911 Revolution, Provincial uprisings, Dihua and Yili Uprising
In the morning of 8 January, a new Yili government was established for the revolutionaries, but the revolutionaries would be defeated at Jinghe in January and February. Eventually, because of the abdication to come, Yuan Shikai recognized Yang Zengxin's rule, appointed him Governor of Xinjiang and had the province join the Republic. Eleven more former Qing officials would be assassinated in Zhenxi, Karashahr, Aksu, Kucha, Luntai and Kashgar in April and May 1912.


1911 Revolution, Provincial uprisings, Taiwan Uprising
In 1911, the Tongmenghui sent Luo Fu-xing (羅福星) to the island of Taiwan to wrest it from Japanese control. The goal was to bring Taiwan island into the Chinese Republic by inciting the Taiwan Uprising (台灣起義). Luo was caught and killed on 3 March 1914. What was left was known as the "Miaoli Incident" (苗栗事件), with the name referring to Miaoli County, where more than 1,000 Taiwanese were executed by Japanese police. Luo's sacrifice is commemorated in Miaoli.


1911 Revolution, Uprisings in territories, Tibetan Independence
In 1905, the Qing sent Zhao Erfeng to Tibet to retaliate against rebellions. By 1908, Zhao was appointed imperial resident in Lhasa. Zhao was beheaded in December 1911 by pro-Republican forces. The bulk of the area historically known as Kham was now claimed to be the Xikang Administrative District, created by the Republican revolutionaries. By the end of 1912, the last Manchu troops were forced out of Tibet through India. Thubten Gyatso, the 13th Dalai Lama, returned to Tibet in January 1913 from Sikkim, where he had been residing.


1911 Revolution, Uprisings in territories, Tibetan Independence
When the new ROC government apologized for the actions of the Qing and offered to restore the Dalai Lama to his former position, he replied he was not interested in Chinese ranks, that Tibet had never been subordinated to China, that Tibet was an independent country, and that he was assuming the spiritual and political leadership of Tibet. Because of this, many have read this reply as a formal declaration of independence. The Chinese side ignored the response, and Tibet had thirty years free of interference from China.


1911 Revolution, Uprisings in territories, Mongolian Independence
At the end of 1911, the Mongols took action with an armed revolt against Manchu authorities but were unsuccessful. The independence movement that took place was not limited to just North (outer) Mongolia but was also a pan-Mongolian phenomenon. On 29 December 1911, Bogd Khan became the leader of the Mongol empire. Inner Mongolia became a contested terrain between Khan and the Republic. In general, Russia supported the Independence of Outer Mongolia (including Tannu Uriankhai) during the time of the 1911 Revolution. Tibet and Mongolia then recognized each other in a treaty.


1911 Revolution, Change of government, North: Qing Court final transformation attempt
On 1 November 1911, the Qing government appointed Yuan Shikai as Prime Minister of the imperial cabinet, replacing Prince Qing. On 3 November, after a proposition by Cen Chunxuan from the Constitutional Monarchy Movement (立憲運動), in 1903, the Qing court passed the Nineteen Articles (憲法重大信條十九條), which turned the Qing from an autocratic system with the emperor having unlimited power to a constitutional monarchy. On 9 November, Huang Xing even cabled Yuan Shikai and invited him to join the Republic. The court changes were too late, and the emperor was about to have to step down.


1911 Revolution, Change of government, South: Provisional Government in Nanking
On 28 November 1911, Wuchang and Hanyang had fallen back to the Qing army. So for safety, the revolutionaries convened their first conference at the British Concession in Hankou on 30 November. By 2 December, the revolutionary forces were able to capture Nanking in the uprising; and the revolutionaries decided to make it the site of the new provisional government. At the time, Beijing was still the Qing capital.


1911 Revolution, Change of government, North–South Conference
On 18 December, the North–South Conference (南北議和) was held in Shanghai to discuss the north and south issues. The reluctance of foreign financiers to give financial support to the Qing government or the revolutionaries contributed to both sides agreeing to start negotiations. Yuan Shikai selected Tang Shaoyi as his representative. Tang left Beijing for Wuhan to negotiate with the revolutionaries. The revolutionaries chose Wu Tingfang. With the intervention of six foreign powers, the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, Russia, Japan, and France, Tang Shaoyi and Wu Tingfang began to negotiate a settlement at the British concession.


1911 Revolution, Change of government, North–South Conference
Foreign businessman Edward Selby Little (李德立) acted as the negotiator and facilitated the peace agreement. They agreed that Yuan Shikai would force the Qing emperor to abdicate in exchange for the southern provinces' support of Yuan as President of the Republic. After considering the possibility that the new republic might be defeated in a civil war or by foreign invasion, Sun Yat-sen agreed to Yuan's proposal to unify China under Yuan Shikai's Beijing government. Further decisions were made to let the emperor rule over his little court in the New Summer Palace. He would be treated as a ruler of a separate country and have expenses of several million taels in silver.


1911 Revolution, Establishment of the Republic, Republic of China declared and national flag issued
On 29 December 1911, Sun Yat-sen was elected as the first provisional president. 1 January 1912 was set as the first day of the First Year of the ROC. On 3 January, the representatives recommended Li Yuanhong as the Provisional Vice-President.


1911 Revolution, Establishment of the Republic, Republic of China declared and national flag issued
During and after the 1911 Revolution, many groups that participated wanted their own pennant as the national flag. During the Wuchang Uprising, the military units of Wuchang wanted the nine-star flag with Taijitu. Others in competition included Lu Haodong's Blue Sky with a White Sun flag. Huang Xing favored a flag bearing the mythical "well-field" system of village agriculture. In the end, the assembly compromised: the national flag would be the banner of Five Races Under One Union. The Five Races Under One Union flag with horizontal stripes represented the five major nationalities of the republic.


1911 Revolution, Establishment of the Republic, Republic of China declared and national flag issued
The red represented Han, the yellow represented Manchus, the blue for Mongols, the white for Muslims, and the black for Tibetans. Despite the general target of the uprisings to be the Manchus, Sun Yat-sen, Song Jiaoren and Huang Xing unanimously advocated racial integration to be carried out from the mainland to the frontiers.


1911 Revolution, Establishment of the Republic, Donghuamen Incident
On 16 January, while returning to his residence, Yuan Shikai was ambushed in a bomb attack organized by the Tongmenghui in Donghuamen (東華門), Beijing. Eighteen revolutionaries were involved. About ten guards died, but Yuan himself was not seriously injured. He sent a message to the revolutionaries the next day pledging his loyalty and asking them not to organize any more assassination attempts against him.


1911 Revolution, Establishment of the Republic, Abdication of the Emperor
Zhang Jian drafted an abdication proposal that was approved by the Provisional Senate. On 20 January, Wu Tingfang of the Nanking Provisional Government officially delivered the Imperial Edict of Abdication to Yuan Shikai for the abdication of Puyi. On 22 January, Sun Yat-sen announced that he would resign the presidency in favor of Yuan Shikai if the latter supported the emperor's abdication. Yuan then pressured Empress Dowager Longyu with the threat that the imperial family's lives would not be spared if abdication did not come before the revolutionaries reached Beijing, but if they agreed to abdicate, the provisional government would honor the terms proposed by the imperial family.


1911 Revolution, Establishment of the Republic, Abdication of the Emperor
On 3 February, Empress Dowager Longyu gave Yuan full permission to negotiate the abdication terms of the Qing emperor. Yuan then drew up his own version and forwarded it to the revolutionaries on 3 February. His version consisted of three sections instead of two. On 12 February 1912, after being pressured by Yuan and other ministers, Puyi (age six) and Empress Dowager Longyu accepted Yuan's terms of abdication.


1911 Revolution, Establishment of the Republic, Debate over the capital
As a condition for ceding leadership to Yuan Shikai, Sun Yat-sen insisted that the provisional government remain in Nanjing. On 14 February, the Provisional Senate initially voted 20–5 in favor of making Beijing the capital over Nanjing, with two votes going for Wuhan and one for Tianjin. The Senate majority wanted to secure the peace agreement by taking power in Beijing. Zhang Jian and others reasoned that having the capital in Beijing would check against Manchu restoration and Mongol secession. But Sun and Huang Xing argued in favor of Nanjing to balance against Yuan's power base in the north.


1911 Revolution, Establishment of the Republic, Debate over the capital
Li Yuanhong presented Wuhan as a compromise. The next day, the Provisional Senate voted again, this time, 19–6 in favor of Nanjing with two votes for Wuhan. Sun sent a delegation led by Cai Yuanpei and Wang Jingwei to persuade Yuan to move to Nanjing. Yuan welcomed the delegation and agreed to accompany the delegates back to the south. Then on the evening of 29 February, riots and fires broke out all over the city. They were allegedly started by disobedient troops of Cao Kun, a loyal officer of Yuan.


1911 Revolution, Establishment of the Republic, Debate over the capital
The disorder gave Yuan the pretext to stay in the north to guard against unrest. On 10 March, Yuan was inaugurated in Beijing as the Provisional President of the Republic of China. On 5 April, the Provisional Senate in Nanjing voted to make Beijing the capital of the Republic and convened in Beijing at the end of the month.


1911 Revolution, Republican Government in Beijing
On 10 March 1912, Yuan Shikai was sworn as the second Provisional President of the Republic of China in Beijing. The government based in Beijing, known as the Beiyang Government, was not internationally recognized as the legitimate government until 1928, so the period from 1912 to 1928 was known simply as the "Beiyang Period". The first National Assembly election took place according to the Provisional Constitution. While in Beijing, the Kuomintang was formed on 25 August 1912. The KMT held the majority of seats after the election. Song Jiaoren was elected as premier. However, Song was assassinated in Shanghai on 20 March 1913, under the secret order of Yuan Shikai.


1911 Revolution, Proposed Han monarchs and retention of noble titles
Some advocated that a Han be installed as Emperor, either the descendant of Confucius, who was the Duke Yansheng, or the Ming dynasty imperial family descendant, the Marquis of Extended Grace. The Duke Yansheng was proposed for replacing the Qing dynasty as Emperor by Liang Qichao.


1911 Revolution, Proposed Han monarchs and retention of noble titles
The Han hereditary aristocratic nobility like the Duke Yansheng, Marquis of Extended Grace, and the title of the Wujing Boshi (changed to "Dacheng Zhisheng Xianshi Nanzong Fengsi Guan" 大成至聖先師南宗奉祀官) and the titles held by the descendants of Mencius, Zengzi, and Yan Hui were retained by the new Republic of China and the title holders continued to receive their pensions.


1911 Revolution, Legacy, Social influence
After the revolution, there was a huge outpouring of anti-Manchu sentiment through China, but particularly in Beijing where thousands died in anti-Manchu violence. Imperial restrictions on Han residency and behavior within the city crumbled as Manchu imperial power crumbled. Anti -Manchu sentiment is recorded in books like A Short History of Slaves (奴才小史) and The Biographies of Avaricious Officials and Corrupt Personnel (貪官污吏傳) by Laoli (老吏).


1911 Revolution, Legacy, Social influence
During the abdication of the last emperor, Empress Dowager Longyu, Yuan Shikai and Sun Yat-sen both tried to adopt the concept of "Manchu and Han as one family" (滿漢一家). People started exploring and debating with themselves on the root cause of their national weakness. This new search of identity was the New Culture Movement. Manchu culture and language, on the contrary, had become virtually extinct by 2007.


1911 Revolution, Legacy, Social influence
Unlike revolutions in the West, the 1911 Revolution did not restructure society. The participants in the 1911 Revolution were mostly military personnel, old-type bureaucrats, and local gentries. These people still held regional power after the 1911 Revolution. Some became warlords. There were no major improvements in the standard of living. The writer Lu Xun commented in 1921 during the publishing of The True Story of Ah Q, ten years after the 1911 Revolution, that basically nothing changed except "the Manchus have left the kitchen". Economic problems were not addressed until the governance of Chiang Ching-kuo in Taiwan and Mao Zedong on the mainland.


1911 Revolution, Legacy, Social influence
The 1911 Revolution mainly got rid of feudalism (fengjian) from Late Imperial China. In the usual view of historians, there are two restorations of feudal power after the revolution: the first was Yuan Shikai; the second was Zhang Xun. Both were unsuccessful, but the "feudal remnants" returned to China with the Cultural Revolution in a concept called guanxi, where people relied not on feudal relationships, but personal relationships, for survival. While guanxi is helpful in Taiwan, on the mainland, guanxi is necessary to get anything done.


1911 Revolution, Legacy, Social influence
Due to the effects of anti-Manchu sentiment after the revolution, the Manchus of the Metropolitan Banners were driven into deep poverty, with Manchu men too impoverished to marry, so Han men married Manchu women, Manchus stopped dressing in Manchu clothing and stopped practicing Manchu traditions.


1911 Revolution, Legacy, Historical significance
The 1911 Revolution overthrew the Qing government and four thousand years of monarchy. Throughout Chinese history, old dynasties had always been replaced by new dynasties. The 1911 Revolution, however, was the first to overthrow a monarchy completely and attempt to establish a republic to spread democratic ideas throughout China. Though in 1911 at the provisional government proclamation ceremony, Sun Yat-sen said, "The revolution is not yet successful, the comrades still need to strive for the future." (革命尚未成功，同志仍需努力).


1911 Revolution, Legacy, Historical significance
Since the 1920s, the two dominant parties –the ROC and PRC– see the 1911 Revolution quite differently. Both Chinas recognize Sun Yat-sen as the Father of the Nation, but in Taiwan, they mean "Father of the Republic of China". On the mainland, Sun Yat-sen was seen as the man who helped bring down the Qing, a pre-condition for the Communist state founded in 1949. The PRC (Mainland) views Sun's work as the first step toward the real revolution in 1949, when the communists set up a truly independent state that expelled foreigners and built a military and industrial power.


1911 Revolution, Legacy, Historical significance
The father of New China is seen as Mao Zedong. In 1954, Liu Shaoqi was quoted as saying that the "1911 Revolution inserted the concept of a republic into common people". Zhou Enlai pointed out that the "1911 Revolution overthrew the Qing rule, ended 4,000 years of monarchy, and liberated the mind of people to a great extent, and opened up the path for the development of future revolution. This is a great victory."


1911 Revolution, Legacy, Modern evaluation
A change in the belief that the revolution had been a generally positive change began in the late 1980s and 1990s, but Zhang Shizhao was quoted as arguing that "When talking about the 1911 Revolution, the theorist these days tends to overemphasize. The word 'success' was way overused."


1911 Revolution, Legacy, Modern evaluation
The degree of success of democracy gained by the revolution can vary depending on one's view. Even after Sun Yat-sen died in 1925, for sixty years, the KMT controlled all five branches of the government; none were independent. Yan Jiaqi, founder of the Federation for a Democratic China, has said that Sun Yat-sen is to be credited as founding China's first republic in 1912, and the second republic is the people of Taiwan and the political parties there now democratizing the region.


1911 Revolution, Legacy, Modern evaluation
Meanwhile, the ideals of democracy are far from realised on the mainland Chinese side. For example, former Chinese premier Wen Jiabao once said in a speech that without real democracy, there is no guarantee of economic and political rights; but he led a 2011 crackdown against the peaceful Chinese jasmine protests. Liu Xiaobo, a pro-democracy activist who received the global 2010 Nobel Peace Prize died in prison. Others, such as Qin Yongmin (秦永敏) of the Democracy Party of China, who was only released from prison after twelve years, do not praise the 1911 Revolution. Qin Yongmin said the revolution only replaced one dictator with another, that Mao Zedong was not an emperor, but he is worse than the emperor.


1911 Revolution, Notes
^ a: Many of the Qing soldiers with Han background turned to support the revolution during the uprisings, so the actual casualties are hard to trace. ^ b: Clipping from Min Bao (People's Papers). Originally the publishing of Hua Xin Hui and named China of the Twentieth Century, it was renamed after the establishment of Tongmenhui.


1911 Revolution (TV series)
1911 Revolution is a Chinese television series based on the events of the Xinhai Revolution, which brought an end to imperial rule in China in 1911. It was first broadcast on CCTV-1 during prime time on 27 September 2011. It was specially produced to mark the 100th anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution.


1911 Revolution (TV series), Plot
The series follows a chronology of the major events that happened throughout the life of Sun Yat-sen. It includes, among other events, the formation of the Tongmenghui, the Wuchang Uprising, the fall of the Qing dynasty, the establishment of the Republic of China, Yuan Shikai's rise and fall from power, and the National Protection War.


1911 Revolution (TV series), Production
The Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China marketed 1911 Revolution as an important tribute to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the 1911 Revolution. Produced by Tianjin Television and the Publicity Department of the CPC Tianjin Municipal Committee, the series started its planning work in 2008 and completed its preparations by the second half of 2009. A press conference was held on 24 October 2010 at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing to announce the series. Shooting began on the following day in Tianjin and wrapped up on 15 March 2011. Li Wei, the director for the series, mentioned that the plot would be as historically accurate as possible, and that there is historical evidence to support how the historical figures (over 200 of them) in the series are portrayed.


1911 Rhode Island State Rams football team
The 1911 Rhode Island State Rams football team was an American football team that represented Rhode Island State College (later renamed the University of Rhode Island) as an independent during the 1911 college football season. In its third year under head coach George Cobb, the team compiled a 5–2–1 record.


1911 Rhode Island gubernatorial election
The 1911 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was held on November 7, 1911. Incumbent Republican Aram J. Pothier defeated Democratic nominee Lewis A. Waterman with 53.36% of the vote.


1911 Richmond Spiders football team
The 1911 Richmond Spiders football team was an American football team that represented Richmond College—now known as the University of Richmond—as a member of the Eastern Virginia Intercollegiate Athletic Association (EVIAA) during the 1911 college football season. Led by Sam Honaker in his first and only year as head coach, compiled an overall record of 0–6–2 with a mark of 0–3 in conference play, placing last out of four teams in the EVIAA.


1911 Romanian general election
General elections were held in the Kingdom of Romania from March 1 to March 14, 1911, confirming a majority for the Conservative Party (PC) under Petre P. Carp. The united opposition was constituted of the National Liberal (PNL) and Conservative-Democratic (PCD) parties, with Ion I. C. Brătianu and Take Ionescu as the leaders. The PCD, founded in 1908 from a middle-class Conservative splinter group, was making its first appearance nationally. A quickly rising third-party, its alliance with the PNL helped the latter survive and consolidate. The elections were also contested by two other new political actors: the right-wing Democratic Nationalist Party, and the left-wing Social Democratic Party. Both failed to win any seats.


1911 Romanian general election
The elections were held under census suffrage with all-male electors—although both the smaller parties and a left-wing faction of the PNL had begun pressing for universal male suffrage. The PC countered these demands, and the PNL's expected return to power, by running on a platform of sweeping social and economic reforms, including support for labor rights. The campaign and ballot count were touched by controversy, with Minister of the Interior Alexandru Marghiloman being widely accused of intimidation and fraud.


1911 Romanian general election
The Conservatives' surprisingly large win was counterbalanced by their inner factionalism, with major disputes taking place before, during, and after the campaign. Once reconfirmed, Prime Minister Carp was repeatedly pressured by King Carol I into resuming talks with the PCD, in order to achieve stability and secure popular backing. That project was hampered by Carp's refusal to compromise over larger issues of policy, and more particularly by scandals such as the "Tramcar Affair", which helped solidify the opposition to Carp. Carp resigned in early 1912, and the king appointed Titu Maiorescu to lead a new Conservative cabinet, which sealed a deal with the PCD and held new elections in November.


1911 Romanian general election, Context
Following the 1907 election, Romania had been under a PNL administration, with Ion I. C. Brătianu as Prime Minister. The cabinet had been formed shortly after the large-scale peasants' revolt, and saw the Conservatives and the National Liberals entangled in a debate about land reform. Carp, as the PC doctrinaire, was against giving land and voting rights to the peasants, and favored tax cut for activities of self-improvement. The negotiations, also involving landowner advocate Ioan Lahovary on the Conservative side, stalled. Under Carp, the Conservatives blocked out their democratizing wing, by expelling Take Ionescu from the party in January 1908. This clash led to the creation of the PCD, as Ionescu's own party. The new group rose rapidly on the political scene, earning pledges from an intellectual and political class that included Alexandru and Nicolae Xenopol, Ion Luca Caragiale, Ovid Densusianu, and Constantin Rădulescu-Motru.


1911 Romanian general election, Context
The PCD had a good electoral record, having won 9 of 18 by-elections held from 1907 to 1911—the PNL had 8 such victories, and the PC only one. Ionescu's rise worried Carp and his supporters. Carp reportedly authorized his right-hand man, Alexandru Marghiloman, to use any means necessary in preventing the PCD from winning more electoral advantages. At the time, Carp counted not on electoral gains, but on the graces of King Carol I. He explained to his followers that it was enough for the monarch to appoint him Prime Minister, and "the number [of electors] would follow suit."


1911 Romanian general election, Context
The immediate cause of the 1911 election was a prolonged campaign against Brătianu, accused by the Conservatives of running a spoils system. These accusations were backed by the Conservative-Democrats, who expected that King Carol would call upon them, the third force, to form government. On December 22, Brătianu announced his cabinet's resignation to Parliament, despite criticism from his own ranks; he thus forfeited his chance of organizing recall elections on his terms. Brătianu reassured his constituents that he felt confident the PNL would win under any scenario.


1911 Romanian general election, Context
As he put it at the time, the withdrawal was one of both moral high ground and electoral tactics: "we decided that, as higher politics dictate, we would retire in such manner as to make our adversaries witness [it] not just with a feeling of respect, but also with fear. Others may hold government, but power belongs to us still."


1911 Romanian general election, Context
Also in December, the king appointed Carp to form a Conservative cabinet, bypassing the PCD altogether. He insisted, however, that Carp would not overturn the PNL's agrarian legislation, and (less categorically) that Carp and Ionescu begin reconciliation talks. The controversial appointment pushed the PCD into an alliance with the PNL. However, it may have been intended by Carol as a subtle attack on Carp: although he favored the PC, he felt that Carp was arrogant and incapable of forging a governing coalition. He may also have believed that Carp would lose his own elections.


1911 Romanian general election, Context
Nevertheless, the new administration reflected an understanding between the various factions of the party. Carp represented the Junimea club, as did his ministers Marghiloman, Constantin C. Arion and Titu Maiorescu. Mihail G. Cantacuzino and Dimitrie S. Nenițescu were followers of the aristocrat Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino, while Nicolae Filipescu and Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea stood for the PC's national-conservative pole. Lahovary, the Minister of Agriculture, represented traditional conservatism.


1911 Romanian general election, Campaign
Brătianu and the PCD's Take Ionescu sealed a pact to form the united opposition. This tactic was highly advantageous to the then-waning PNL: Ionescu agreed to allow the National Liberals an equal share of the eligible positions, including in areas that voted all-PCD. Immediately after being appointed, Carp visited Brătianu and Ionescu. He promised not to overuse his power to influence the election, allowing the PNL and PCD together a total of 55 parliamentary seats, 35 of them in Chamber (from 295 and 183 respectively). Both of his opponents refused.


1911 Romanian general election, Campaign
While striking a deal with the PCD, the PNL leadership was challenged by the party's own democratizing wing, unsatisfied with the pace of post-1907 reforms. Coalesced around by Spiru Haret, it comprised agrarian "Poporanists" and former socialists such as the anthropologist George Diamandy. The latter produced timid calls for the introduction of universal (male) suffrage, and openly proposed a merger with the PCD. Brătianu was able to reassert control over this tendency, for instance by not putting Diamandy up for reelection in Chamber.