1916 Eastern Suburbs season, Season
Eastern Suburbs 14 ( Caples, White tries; Messenger  4 goals ) drew Newtown 14 ( Collins 2, McCue, Larkin tries; McCue goal ) at the Sydney Cricket Ground. Crowd 3, 000. Played at the Sydney Cricket Ground,


1916 Eastern Suburbs season, Season
Following Newton's kick off,  Challis found the line cleverly, and a moment or two latter Messenger  kicked a penalty goal. Eastern Suburbs, 2 point to nil. Newtown's backs then combined nicely, but Bain missed a penalty from an easy position. Newtown continued the attack, but were driven back in turn by Gilbert and Watkins. Once a fine effort by Ryan, from a breaking scrummage looked dangerous but the subsequent faulty combination of Talbot and Brown spoilt the opportunity. Newtown's lack of finish a few minutes later caused a break down just when a score seemed imminent.


1916 Eastern Suburbs season, Season
Rigney then retired with an injured knee’ Bain falling back to the last line whilst Collins was requisitioned for the wing. Even play followed for a while, and then Capless after a splendid pass from Male, made a brilliant fending run and scored. Messenger scored a goal. Eastern Suburbs, 7 points to nil. Ryan, playing, the best forward game on the ground, put in a great effort and with support carried play to the Eastern Suburbs twenty-five. Here Gillespie short kicked over the line, and M Cue following fast scored. Bain failed at goal. Eastern Suburbs 7 point-; Newtown 3 The scores were unaltered at half time.


1916 Eastern Suburbs season, Season
Newtown slightly reorganised their back division. Bain coming back to centre, and Brown acted as fullback, and the result proved the efficiency of this alteration. Eastern Suburbs were very formidable for a while, and only the Alertness of Collins on one occasion saved the situation for Newtown. The Newtown forwards, with Ryan and Townsend very prominent, began to trouble their opponents and after a succession of snappy attacks, Bain kicked for the comer, and Collins made a good try. Brown's kick dropped short Eastern Suburbs 7 points, Newtown 6.


1916 Eastern Suburbs season, Season
Play became highly exciting and both teams put forward great efforts, after many tense moments Newtown came again with an irresistible rush and from the scramble Larkin scored, Bain missed the goal. Newtown 9, Eastern Suburbs 7. A few minutes later Messenger made scores equal with a neat penalty goal - 9 points each. Again the Newtown pack rushed play to their opponents' zone, and Bain again using the cross-kick cleverly, paved the way for Collins to score his second try P. A. McQue  converted, Newtown 14 points to 9.


1916 Eastern Suburbs season, Season
Eastern Suburb’s prospects appeared very poor but In a flash an opportunity came, a scrummage at midfield gave Male possession, and the half-back sent out a lob pass to Cubltt, who took  the ball cleverly and went through the oppositionwith a characteristic dodgy run. Gilbert then joined in, and carried the ball to well within Newtown twenty-five, where a final pass sent White in between 'the posts. A splendid try, Messenger scored a goal. 14 points all This were the full time score.


1916 Eastern Suburbs season, Season
Eastern Suburbs 12 defeated North Sydney 6(G.Green, Deane Tries) at Agricultural Ground.


1916 Eastern Suburbs season, Season
Eastern Suburbs 24 ( Cubbitt 2, Caples, +1 Tries; Messenger 3, +3 Goals) defeated South Sydney ?? ( Rex Norman 2; G.McGowan 2 Goals).


1916 Eastern Suburbs season, Season
South, who were previously unbeaten, led 10-9 with just 15 minutes remaining. The Tricolours finished with two late tries to Les Cubbitt and one to 	fullback Harry Caples, in what was described as "one of the most exciting finishes to a match in years".


1916 Eastern Suburbs season, Season
Eastern Suburbs 53 ( Gilbert 4 ( Cubbitt 4, + 3 Tries; W. Messenger 10 Goals) defeated Western Suburbs 0 at the Sydney Sports Ground. This was the club's biggest ever win against Wests and remained so until passed by the, Phil Gould, coached, Roosters outfit in 1998.


1916 Eastern Suburbs season, Season
Eastern Suburbs 8 ( Pearce, Jonas tries; Barker goal ) defeated Glebe 5 ( Pert try; Bellowski goal ) at Agricultural Ground. crowd 10,000


1916 Eastern Suburbs season, Season
Walter Messenger's absence was keenly felt by Eastern Suburbs, as a moment after A Bolewski's kick-of, the emergency, Barker, missed two penalties, from comparatively easy ranges. Play was taken to Glebe's territory, but a penalty sent tho ball back L. Burge was then conspicuous for Glebe, but his transfer for Frank Burge went astray just as an excellent opening presented itself. The game was good, with both combinations exerting their utmost. The ‘spotting’ of the respective halfbacks and centres was excellent, Caples and Watkins (playing as an extra centre) for Eastern Suburbs, doing some particularly good work. Glebe, however, were playing strongly, and, although frequcntly checked, they tried persistently to break through their clever opponents.


1916 Eastern Suburbs season, Season
At last they were successful! with a neat penalty goal by A. Bollewski. Glebe two pointa to nil. Eastern suburbs then showed wonderful energy, and quickly carried everything before them, Watkins, Williamis, Duffy and Caplés in turn did something for their side, and then from an irresistible rush on Glebe's line Pearce threw himself over, with half a dozen Glebe men endeavouring to check his dive. Barker scored a goal. Eastern Suburbs, 5 Glebe, 2 . A great struggle ensued , the pace being terrific, with the tackling as effective as has ever been exhibited in first class football.


1916 Eastern Suburbs season, Season
Watkins, Henry Bolewski, Gilbert, Caples, and Duffy were very determined in this phase of the play. Man after man were brought down, but still the thrilling attacks continued to the delight the big crowd. Some of  the  movements were so rapid, the ball being handled by so many men on each side, that it was impossible to follow them. But it may be said that the spectacular league gime has never produced so much excitement At half time the scores were. Eastern Suburbs, 5 Glebe, 2.


1916 Eastern Suburbs season, Season
Then Eastern Suburbs went off again vigorously, and a nippy movement by Mckellar, Watkins and Jonas carried play to a handy position, but a little later Proctor, notwithstanding a formidable rush, cleared magnificently. Then Lego followed with a dash along touch, but Just as Glebe appeared likely to score the winger, in endeavouring  to centre, miss kicked into touch.


1916 Eastern Suburbs season, Season
Eastern Suburbs' alertness, a second or two later was completely outwitted by a resourceful movement by J. Butler, from the heels of a scrummage at the Eastern Suburbs twenty-five But1er got the ball and set off round the open side, Eastern Suburbs fanned out to block the way, but the ex South Sydney man gave the ‘dummy’ pass, ran straight ahead, and passed on the ‘blind ' side to L. Burge to Pert, who ran over. It was a brilliant strategy. A. Bolewski's kick hit the post. Five points all.


1916 Eastern Suburbs season, Season
Play afterwards, though even, was still of the highest order with, Eastern Suburbs keeping a tight grip on the game, which a little later again swung in their favour. After attacking continuously for a time Male started a movement in which Csaples, Watkins Mckellar, Gilbert, and Jonnas were prominent. The last named player had an opening to the corner, as the result of Gilbert cleverly 'drawing' the defence before transferring to his flank man. The plan of attack was well conceived, and beautifully executed Watkins failed at goal. Eastern Suburbs 8 points; Glebe 5. Towards the close, Glebe made numerous efforts to equalise the scores but their opponents defence was too sound, and stalled them off. It was a remarkably brilliant and eventful game.


1916 Eastern Suburbs season, Season
Balmain 8 defeated Eastern Suburbs 7 at the Agricultural Ground.


1916 Ecuadorian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Ecuador in 1916. The result was a victory for Alfredo Baquerizo, who received 94% of the vote.


1916 Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities by-election
The Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities by-election of 1916 was held on 29 December 1916. The by-election was held due to the appointment as Lord Chancellor of the incumbent Conservative MP, Sir Robert Finlay. It was won by the Conservative candidate Christopher Nicholson Johnston. who was unopposed due to a War-time electoral pact.


1916 Edmonton municipal election
The 1916 municipal election was held December 11, 1916 to elect a mayor and six aldermen to sit on Edmonton City Council, three trustees to sit on the public school board, and four trustees to sit on the separate school board.


1916 Edmonton municipal election
There were ten aldermen on city council, but four of the positions were already filled: Orlando Bush, Robert Douglas, William Campbell McArthur, and Charles Wilson were all elected to two-year terms in 1915 and were still in office. James Macfie MacDonald was also elected to a two-year term in 1915, but resigned; accordingly, J. A. Kinney was elected to a one-year term.


1916 Edmonton municipal election
There were seven trustees on the public school board, while four of the positions were already filled: Walter Ramsey, Samuel Barnes, Henry Douglas, and J. A. McPherson had all been elected to two-year terms in 1915. There were also seven positions on the separate board, with three of them filled. Because one was vacant by reason of a resignation, O Derome was elected to a one-year term.


1916 Edmonton municipal election, Voter turnout
There were 7745 ballots cast out of 11717 eligible voters, for a voter turnout of 66.1%.


1916 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Aldermen
Under the minimum South Side representation rule, Grant was elected over Picard.


1916 Exeter by-election
The Exeter by-election of 1916 was held on 7 August 1916. The by-election was held due to the incumbent Conservative MP, Henry Duke, becoming Chief Secretary for Ireland. It was retained by Duke, who was unopposed due to the war-time electoral pact.


1916 Faroese general election
Partial general elections were held in the southern part of the Faroe Islands on 28 February 1916. The Union Party remained the largest in the Løgting, with 10 of the 20 seats.


1916 Finnish parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in the Grand Duchy of Finland on 1 and 3 July 1916.


1916 Finnish parliamentary election, Background
The Finnish Parliament had not been in session during the early years of World War I. The Russian army's severe losses to the German army started to awaken among the Finns the hope that they could get regain self-government. The Russian government's plan to totally Russify Finland had been leaked to several Finnish newspapers in 1914, and had been heavily criticized. Its implementation had been suspended for the duration of the war.


1916 Finnish parliamentary election, Campaign
The workers' and tenant farmers' discontent with their social and economic problems was growing; workers still had to work an average of ten hours per day, and the tenant farmers still rented their lands from the landowning peasants, and they could be expelled from those lands if they did not fulfill their contracts' quite strict conditions. The Social Democrats managed to win their first and so far only parliamentary majority in the Finnish elections by promising more effectively than the bourgeois parties to help the poor and underprivileged people among the Finns.


1916 Florida Gators football team
The 1916 Florida Gators football team represented the University of Florida in the sport of American football during the 1916 college football season. The season was C. J. McCoy's third and last as the head coach of the Florida Gators football team. Depleted of first-string football talent and lacking depth, McCoy's 1916 Florida Gators suffered through a disastrous season in which they posted an overall record of 0–5 and a Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) conference record of 0–4 while scoring a total of three points, leading to the head coach's dismissal.


1916 Florida Gators football team
Florida football's first losing season was notable for the first meetings with future Southeastern Conference rivals Tennessee and Alabama.


1916 Florida Gators football team, Before the season
Florida had posted a 9-5 record over the previous two seasons under Coach McCoy. Believing that he had the makings of a great squad, he arranged the most ambitious and difficult football schedule to date. McCoy's plans were thwarted, however, by a series of injuries and academic ineligibility problems, beginning when the Gators' starting quarterback, Rammy Ramsdell, broke his leg playing on Florida's baseball team and missed the entire football season.


1916 Florida Gators football team, Before the season
The team  suffered the transfer of guard Ham Dowling, and tackle Everett Yon was called by the National Guard to defend the Mexican border. Due to a shortage of men, captain Rex Farrior, previously a center, moved to fullback.


1916 Florida Gators football team, Before the season
Mercer scheduled a game with Florida, but several Mercer linemen were behind in their studies, and the game was canceled.


1916 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Georgia
The season opened with a 21–0 loss to Georgia in Athens. The contest was scoreless in the first half. Georgia had to send in two stars who were resting with dislocated shoulders. Walter Neville scored the game's first touchdown.


1916 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Georgia
The starting lineup was F. Henderson (left end), Baker (left tackle), Duvan (left guard), Robles (center), Golsby (right guard), Perry (right tackle), Wilkinson (right end), Fuller (quarterback), Wilson (left halfback), Hatcher (right halfback), Farrier (fullback).


1916 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Alabama
Led by Cecil Creen, the Crimson Tide beat the Gators 16–0 in the two's first ever meeting. Creen twice tackled Florida's Ward from behind with a clear field ahead. It was the Gators' first loss at University Field.


1916 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Tennessee
The SIAA champion Tennessee Volunteers blanked the Gators  in Tampa 24 to 0 in the two rivals first-ever meeting. Buck Hatcher's punts were the feature of the contest.


1916 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Tennessee
The starting lineup was F. Henderson (left end), Baker (left tackle), Perry (left guard), Robles (center), O. DeVane (right guard), Goldsby (right tackle), Wood (right end), Fuller (quarterback), Sparkman (left halfback), Wilson (right halfback), Farrier (fullback).


1916 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Auburn
The Auburn Plainsmen beat the Gators 20–0. Auburn's fullback Scott was the star of the contest. The second touchdown was a 50-yard interception return by Godwin.


1916 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Auburn
The starting lineup was F. Henderson (left end), Bankston (left tackle), Rosenthal (left guard), Robles (center), Stockton (right guard), Goldsby (right tackle), Wood (right end), Fuller (quarterback), Sparkman (left halfback), Hatcher (right halfback), Farrier (fullback).


1916 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, at Indiana
Captain Rex Farrior broke his leg in the final two minutes of the final game, a 14–3 loss at Indiana, the only game in which the Gators scored when Paul Baker made a field goal. Up at the half 3–0, Florida lineman Orryl Robles was ejected, and Florida never recovered.


1916 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, at Indiana
The starting lineup was F. Henderson (left end), Baker (left tackle), Rosenthal (left guard), Robles (center), Stockton (right guard), Goldsby (right tackle), Wood (right end), Fuller (quarterback), Sparkman (left halfback), Hatcher (right halfback), Farrier (fullback).


1916 Florida Gators football team, Postseason
C. J. McCoy finished his three-year tenure as the Gators' coach with an overall record of 9–10.


1916 Florida gubernatorial election
The 1916 Florida gubernatorial election was held on November 7, 1916 to determine the Governor for the State of Florida. Democratic incumbent Governor Park Trammell was term-limited and could not run for re-election.


1916 Florida gubernatorial election
Sidney J. Catts, a pastor turned insurance salesman, originally entered the Democratic primary as a candidate for Governor. The state Democratic organization was not at all pleased with this challenge from a novice and 'outsider' and the primary campaign was hotly contested. Catts was initially declared the winner of the party's nomination, but the party leadership got the State Supreme Court to authorize a recount—and Catts was 'counted out.' Catts became the first, and so far only, man ever elected to a statewide office as a Prohibitionist. The official Democratic nominee was William V. Knott, the former and future Florida State Treasurer.


1916 Florida gubernatorial election
The 1916 election had a much higher turnout, 82,885 votes compared to 48,465 votes in 1912, due to the chasm in the Democratic Party. This means that even though Trammell and Catts both won nearly similar vote tallies, 569 votes separating the 1912 and 1916 winners, Trammell won by over 80% of the vote in 1912, while Catts got slightly under 48% of the vote. This was the only time a non-Democrat was elected Governor in Florida for the 90 years between the end of Reconstruction in 1877 and the rise of a competitive two party system in the 1960s.


1916 Florida gubernatorial election
Catts proved to be much more of a colorful personality and a better campaigner then both of his major opponents, his hostile attacks on Roman Catholicism and German-Americans winning the support of the state's conservative voters. Catts himself quickly returned to the Democratic Party and failed thrice to win a party primary (Senate in 1920, Governor in 1924 and 1928), while Knott would serve another decade and a half in his office of State Treasurer.


1916 Fordham Maroon football team
The 1916 Fordham Maroon football team was an American football team that represented Fordham University as an independent during the 1916 college football season. Under first-year head coach Frank Gargan, Fordham claims a 25–1–1 record. College Football Data Warehouse (CFDW) lists the team's record at 6–1–1. Opponents recognized by CFDW are displayed in bold in the schedule chart below.


1916 Furman Purple Hurricane football team
The 1916 Furman Purple Hurricane football team represented the Furman Purple Hurricane of Furman University during the 1916 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season.


1916 Geneva Covenanters football team
The 1916 Geneva Covenanters football team was an American football team that represented Geneva College as an independent during the 1916 college football season. Led by C. Brainerd Metheny in his fourth and final year ad head coach, the team compiled a record of 2–5–2.


1916 George Washington Hatchetites football team
The 1916 George Washington Hatchetites Colonials football team was an American football team that represented George Washington University as an independent during the 1916 college football season. In their first season under head coach Thomas Sullivan, the team compiled a 3–3–1 record.


1916 Georgetown Blue and Gray football team
The 1916 Georgetown Blue and Gray football team represented Georgetown University during the 1916 college football season. Led by Albert Exendine in his third year as head coach, the team went 9–1. Georgetown's 464 points was the most among major programs, and Johnny Gilroy led individual scorers with 160 points. The season's highlight was the defeat of Dartmouth.


1916 Georgia Bulldogs football team
The 1916 Georgia Bulldogs football team represented the Georgia Bulldogs of the University of Georgia during the 1916 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The Bulldogs completed the season with a 6–3 record.


1916 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Game summaries, The Citadel
To open the season, Georgia gave The Citadel the team's only loss


1916 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Game summaries, Florida
Georgia beat the winless Florida Gators 21–0 in Athens. The contest was scoreless in the first half. Georgia had to send in two stars who were resting with dislocated shoulders. Walter Neville scored the game's first touchdown.


1916 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Game summaries, Florida
The starting lineup was Pew (left end), Thrash (left tackle), Ferguson (left guard), Garmany (center), Beaseley (right guard), Wingate (right tackle), Tate (right end), Dessendorff (quarterback), Coleman (left halfback), McLaws (right halfback), Neville (fullback).


1916 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Game summaries, Navy
The year's first loss came in Georgia's first game against Navy.


1916 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Game summaries, Auburn
Beginning in 1916 and continuing until 1958, Georgia and Auburn played every game except one in Columbus, Georgia at the A. J. McClung Memorial Stadium. Coach Cunningham was the key to getting this series located at the neutral location in Columbus.


1916 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Game summaries, Georgia Tech
Georgia loss to rival Georgia Tech 21–0 in Tech's only road game. After a scoreless first quarter, Talley Johnston ran for 25 yards around right end, and plunges from Tommy Spence soon got a touchdown. In the third quarter, Spence scored again. Tech was then aided by a half-the-distance-to-the-goal penalty by Georgia. The drive ended with a 15–yard touchdown run from Everett Strupper. The starting lineup was: Tate (left end), Thrash (left tackle), Wingate (left guard), Garmany (center), Beasley (right guard), McConnell (right tackle), Dexendorf (right end), Donnelly (quarterback),  McLaws (left halfback),  Reynolds (right halfback), and Neville (fullback).


1916 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Game summaries, Alabama
Georgia beat Alabama 3–0. William Donnelly made a kick from placement. The starting lineup was Neville (left end), Thrash (left tackle), Garmany (left guard), Pew (center), Wingate (right guard), McConnell (right tackle), Tate (right end), Donnelly (quarterback), Coleman (left halfback), Moore (right halfback), Dezendorff (fullback).


1916 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team
The 1916 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team represented the Georgia Tech Golden Tornado of the Georgia Institute of Technology during the 1916 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. Georgia Tech was a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA). The Tornado was coached by John Heisman in his 13th year as head coach, compiling a record of 8–0–1 (5–0 SIAA) and outscoring opponents 421 to 20. Georgia Tech played its home games at Grant Field. One writer claimed the 1916 team "seemed to personify Heisman." This was the first team to vault Georgia Tech to national prominence.


1916 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team
The season featured the 222–0 defeat of Cumberland, the largest margin of victory in football history. Tech scored the second-most points in the nation, behind Georgetown. Everett Strupper was third in the nation in scoring, including 16 touchdowns.


1916 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team
Several players received post-season honors. Pup Phillips was the first Tech center selected All-Southern, and was selected third-team All-America by Walter Camp. Along with Phillips and Strupper, tackle Walker Carpenter, guard Bob Lang, and fullback Tommy Spence were also All-Southern.


1916 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, Before the season
In 1916 football used a one-platoon system, in which players played both offense and defense. Coach John Heisman's backfield used the pre-snap movement of his "jump shift" offense.


1916 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, Before the season
The team's captain was halfback Talley Johnston. Leading the team was Tech's first great quarterback Froggie Morrison, and providing the punch at fullback was Tommy Spence.


1916 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, Before the season
Star halfback Ev Strupper was partially deaf; because of his deafness, he called the signals instead of the team's quarterback. When "Strupe" tried out for the team, he noticed that the quarterback shouted the signals every time he was to carry the ball. Realizing that the loud signals would be a tip-off to the opposition, Strupper told Heisman: "Coach, those loud signals are absolutely unnecessary. You see when sickness in my kid days brought on this deafness my folks gave me the best instructors obtainable to teach me lip-reading."


1916 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, Before the season
Heisman recalled how Strupper overcame his deafness: "He couldn't hear anything but a regular shout. But he could read your lips like a flash. No lad that ever stepped on a football field had keener eyes than Everett had. The enemy found this out the minute he began looking for openings through which to run the ball."


1916 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, Before the season
Tech rejoined the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association. Joe Guyon, a transfer from Carlisle, had to sit out the 1916 season in accordance with conference transfer rules.


1916 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, Season summary, Mercer
Tech opened the season with a 61–0 defeat of Mercer using conventional football. Strupper had a 92-yard punt return for a touchdown.


1916 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, Season summary, Cumberland
The 222–0 defeat of Cumberland was the largest margin of victory in football history. Cumberland, a Presbyterian school in Lebanon, Tennessee, had discontinued its football program before the season but was not allowed to cancel its game against the Engineers. The fact that Cumberland's baseball team had crushed Georgia Tech earlier that year 22–0 (amidst allegations that Cumberland used professionals as ringers) probably accounted for Georgia Tech coach John Heisman's running up the score on the Bulldogs. (Heisman was also the Engineers' baseball coach.)


1916 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, Season summary, Cumberland
Another possible reason for Heisman's plan to run up the score was the practice among the sportswriters of the time to rank teams based on how many points they scored. Since this statistic did not account for the strength or weakness of a team's opponent, Heisman disagreed with the amount of weight the writers tended to assign to it, and he may have unleashed his players on Cumberland to make his point.


1916 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, Season summary, Cumberland
Cumberland received the opening kickoff and failed to make a first down. After a punt, the Engineers scored on their first play. Cumberland then fumbled on their next play from scrimmage, and a Tech player returned the fumble for a touchdown. The Bulldogs fumbled again on their next play, and it took Tech two runs to score its third touchdown. Cumberland lost nine yards on its next possession, then gave up a fourth touchdown on another two-play Tech drive.


1916 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, Season summary, Cumberland
With a 42–0 lead midway through the first quarter, Strupper broke clear and could have scored easily, but he intentionally grounded the ball at the one-yard line to allow Georgia Tech tackle J. Cantey Alexander to score the first touchdown of his career. A teammate later recalled the play as follows:


1916 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, Season summary, Cumberland
Strupper swapped positions with Alexander ... The team didn't want to make it too easy for Cantey, though. The other boys wouldn't  block for him or help in any way. As soon as the ball was snapped, they ran away from the line and out of the play completely. Leaving poor Cantey to go it alone. Finally, on fourth down, a bruised and weary Alexander got the ball across while his teammates howled with laughter.


1916 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, Season summary, Cumberland
As a general rule, the only thing necessary for a touchdown was to give a Tech back the ball and holler, 'Here he comes' and 'There he goes.


1916 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, Season summary, Cumberland
The Engineers led 63–0 after the first quarter and 126–0 at halftime. Tech added 54 more points in the third quarter and 42 in the final period. Cumberland's only effective defense was an extra point blocked with a sort of human pyramid.


1916 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, Season summary, Cumberland
Sportswriter Grantland Rice wrote, "Cumberland's greatest individual play of the game occurred when fullback Allen circled right end for a 6–yard loss." At halftime, Heisman reportedly told his players, "You're doing all right, team, we're ahead. But you just can't tell what those Cumberland players have up their sleeves. They may spring a surprise. Be alert, men! Hit 'em clean, but hit 'em hard!" However, even Heisman relented, and shortened the quarters in the second half to 12 minutes each instead of 15.


1916 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, Season summary, Cumberland
The starting lineup was: Preas (left end), Bell (left tackle), West (left guard), Phillips (center), Alexander (right guard), Carpenter (right tackle), Puckett (right end), Guill (quarterback), Strupper (left halfback), Shaver (right halfback), and Spence (fullback).


1916 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, Season summary, Davidson
Tech had a tough game with Davidson, winning 9–0. Davidson had one touchdown brought back by penalty. Tech scored with a touchdown, and a safety on a punt fumbled in the end zone.


1916 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, Season summary, Davidson
The starting lineup was: Dunwoody (left end), Bell (left tackle), Lang (left guard), Phillips (center), Fincher (right guard), Carpenter (right tackle), Senter (right end), Morrison (quarterback), Strupper (left halfback), Johnston (right halfback), and Spence (fullback).


1916 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, Season summary, North Carolina
Tech beat North Carolina 10–6 in a hard-fought contest. Bill Folger starred for the Tar Heels.


1916 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, Season summary, North Carolina
After six minutes of play, Everett Strupper caught a punt and ran 55 yards for a touchdown. Five minutes later, Tommy Spence kicked a goal from the 33–yard line. In the fourth quarter, Carolina scored on a forward pass from Folger to Ramsey which set up a touchdown.


1916 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, Season summary, North Carolina
Jim Senter broke a bone in his left ankle in the second period, and Spence was threatened with a concussion by game's end.


1916 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, Season summary, North Carolina
The starting lineup was: Dunwoody (left end), Mauck (left tackle), Preas (left guard), Phillips (center), Lang (right guard), Carpenter (right tackle), Senter (right end), Morrison (quarterback),  Strupper (left halfback),  Johnston (right halfback), and Spence (fullback).


1916 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, Season summary, Washington & Lee
"In a game filled with thrills", Washington and Lee tied Georgia Tech 7–7 in the season's lone blemish for Tech. Tech had to play without Senter or Spence. All the scoring was done in the first ten minutes. W&L's Hall of Fame captain Harry Young returned a punt to Tech's 37-yard line. After two runs brought the ball to the 30, Adams worked the ball to the score in three plays. Strupper threw a touchdown to Bell for Tech's score. The Generals threatened to score throughout the second period.


1916 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, Season summary, Washington & Lee
The starting lineup was: Dunwoody (left end), Mauck (left tackle), Alexander (left guard), Phillips (center), Lang (right guard), Carpenter (right tackle), Bell (right end), Morrison (quarterback),  Strupper (left halfback),  Johnston (right halfback), and Glover (fullback).


1916 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, Season summary, Tulane
Tech easily beat Tulane 45–0, using its superior weight to advantage. Everett Strupper scored first on a 70-yard touchdown. After the half Tech used its substitutes.


1916 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, Season summary, Tulane
The starting lineup was: Dunwoody (left end), Mauck (left tackle), Alexander (left guard), Fincher (center), Lang (right guard), Carpenter (right tackle), Bell (right end), Morrison (quarterback), Strupper (left halfback), Shaver (right halfback), and Guill (fullback).


1916 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, Season summary, Alabama
Tech's line held Alabama's Cecil Creen in check throughout as it won 13–0. The Tide gained just 60 yards and two first downs, while Tech gained 20 first downs and 270 yards.


1916 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, Season summary, Alabama
After a competitive three quarters, Alabama's Gage fumbled a pass from center, recovered by Bill Fincher, leading to a Guill score. Later, Glover scored on a short fourth down run.


1916 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, Season summary, Alabama
The starting lineup was: Dunwoody (left end), Alexander (left tackle), Fincher (left guard), Phillips (center), Lang (right guard), Carpenter (right tackle), Bell (right end), Guill (quarterback),  Strupper (left halfback),  Shaver (right halfback), and Spence (fullback).


1916 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, Season summary, Georgia
Tech easily beat Georgia 21–0 in the season's only road game. After a scoreless first quarter, Johnston ran for 25 yards around right end, and plunges from Spence soon got a touchdown. In the third quarter, Spence scored again. Tech was then aided by a half-the-distance-to-the-goal penalty by Georgia. The drive ended with a 15-yard touchdown run from Strupper. The starting lineup was: Dunwoody (left end), Alexander (left tackle), Lang (left guard), Phillips (center), Fincher (right guard), Carpenter (right tackle), Bell (right end), Morrison (quarterback),  Strupper (left halfback),  Johnston (right halfback), and Spence (fullback).


1916 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, Season summary, Auburn
Tech overwhelmed rival Auburn 33–7 to clinch a share of the SIAA title. Tech end Dunwoody scored a touchdown when he recovered a fumble and raced 20 yards. Center Pup Phillips also had a score, falling on a punt he blocked. Auburn's star was Moon Ducote.


1916 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, Season summary, Auburn
The starting lineup was: Dunwoody (left end), Alexander (left tackle), Fincher (left guard), Phillips (center), Lang (right guard), Carpenter (right tackle), Bell (right end), Morrison (quarterback),  Strupper (left halfback),  Johnston (right halfback), and Spence (fullback).


1916 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, Postseason
Tech scored the second-most points in the nation, behind Georgetown. Everett Strupper was third in the nation in scoring, including 16 touchdowns. The team was retroactively selected as the national champion for 1916 by the Billingsley Report.


1916 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, Postseason, Awards and honors
Center Pup Phillips was selected for Walter Camp's third-team All-America and was the first Tech center selected All-Southern. Tackle Walker Carpenter, guard Bob Lang, fullback Tommy Spence, and halfback Everett Strupper were selected All-Southern along with Phillips. Spence got Camp's honorable mention.


1916 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, Postseason, First World War
Both Morrison and Spence served in the First World War. Spence was a casualty. He is the namesake of Spence Air Base.


1916 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, Personnel, Depth chart
The following chart provides a visual depiction of Tech's lineup during the 1916 season with games started at the position reflected in parenthesis. The chart mimics the offense after the jump shift has taken place.


1916 Giro di Lombardia
The 1916 Giro di Lombardia was the 12th edition of the Giro di Lombardia cycle race and was held on 5 November 1916. The race started in Milan and finished at Villa Torretta. The race was won by Leopoldo Torricelli of the Maino team.


1916 Grand Prix season
The 1916 Grand Prix season saw Grand Prix motor racing continue in the United States. Racing was suspended in Europe due to the World War I engulfing the continent. Once again European cars dominated Indianapolis with victory going to Briton Dario Resta in a Peugeot. With the organisers wanting to appeal to the spectators, this was the only year that the race was scheduled for a shorter length – to run only 300 miles. The Vanderbilt Cup and the American Grand Prize returned to Santa Monica, California at the end of the year.


1916 Grand Prix season
Resta repeated his victory from the year before, winning the Vanderbilt Cup. Then when he retired in the Grand Prize it was Howdy Wilcox and Johnny Aitken who won in another of the dominant Peugeots. Oval courses now dominated the AAA Championship with these two events being the only road-course races this year. It proved to be the final time these two formative American races were held in this format, as the Great War dragged the country into the global chaos in 1917. With five victories across the season, the AAA national championship would be retroactively awarded to Dario Resta.


1916 Grand Prix season, Regulations and Technical
As the Great War rolled inexorably through its second devastating year across Europe, the only motor-racing of note was the AAA National Championship. Even so, austerity measures limited the American season – with only fifteen events contributing to the championship down from the 27 of the previous year, although there were a number of unofficial events. Organisers of the International Sweepstakes at Indianapolis reduced it to 300 miles for the first and only time in its history, nominally to encourage more entries and incite greater crowd-appeal than the previous 5-6 hour marathons.


1916 Grand Prix season, Regulations and Technical
This year, for the first time, the AAA instituted a points-system for its championship races. Points were awarded to the top ten cars still running at the end, with more points awarded to longer races in a sliding scale. Drivers only got points for a car they started a race in and if they were relieved during the race, they would score a percentage of points based on the percentage of laps they were in their car.


1916 Grand Prix season, Regulations and Technical
Once again, the Grand Prize was sanctioned by the Automobile Club of America (ACA). The engine regulations were left unchanged from 1915 – with the Grand Prize and Vanderbilt Cup running to a limit of 450 cu in (7.38 litres) and Indianapolis at 300 cu in (4.92 litres).


1916 Grand Prix season, Season review
Only 24 entries arrived for the Indianapolis race and 21 cars took the start (the smallest in the race’s history). The Peugeot Auto Racing team had prepared new cars for Dario Resta, Ralph Mulford, Johnny Aitken and veteran Charlie Merz. Shortly after the end of the 1914 French Grand Prix, Carl Fisher had purchased two of the Peugeot EX-5s and gave them to Premier for three replicas to be made. These were ready for the race and the team hired former Stutz drivers  Howdy Wilcox and Norwegian-American Gil Anderson, as well as Tom Rooney. The cars looked identical to the Peugeots but were noticeably slower. The Premiers and the American Peugeot drivers were all entered by the Indianapolis Speedway Team to bolster the entry numbers.


1916 Grand Prix season, Season review
Duesenberg had cars for Eddie O'Donnell and Wilbur D'Alene although only the latter qualified. Duesenberg also provided the engines for the new Crawford chassis. Eddie Rickenbacker was team leader for Maxwell along with Canadian Pete Henderson. Along with several specials, a new entry were the Frontenacs of the three Chevrolet brothers, Louis and Arthur. Gaston’s car did not qualify for the race. French manufacturer Delage arranged for cars for French driver Jules de Vigne as well as Barney Oldfield and Jack LeCain. The international field was rounded out with Belgian Josef Christiaens running a British Sunbeam and Aldo Franchi in a Peugeot with a Sunbeam engine.


1916 Grand Prix season, Season review
A significant absentee was Ralph DePalma, the 1915 race-winner. He was to run with the new Hudson team but they had submitted their team entries too late while DePalma was haggling with the organisers to get paid appearance money. It was also without Bob Burman, as he and his mechanic had been killed in April when his Peugeot lost a wheel and crashed while leading a non-championship event at Corona, Los Angeles.


1916 Grand Prix season, Season review
Fastest car in qualifying was Johnny Aitken’s Peugeot, with the front row filled out with Rickenbacker and Andersen. From the start it was Rickenbacker who took the lead, holding it for the first nine laps until his steering gave out. Aitken then took the lead for eight laps until he was passed by Resta. From there on the Briton stayed in the front with a trouble-free run after Aitken retired, winning by two minutes from d’Alene’s Duesenberg with Mulford’s Peugeot in third. The race was marred by a serious accident on lap 61 to Jack LeCain that left him critically injured. He had not qualified but was driving as relief for de Vigne when the Delage crashed. His mechanic and a spectator also suffered lesser injuries.


1916 Grand Prix season, Season review
DePalma was present a fortnight later, in his Mercedes GP, at the next event at Maywood oval, Chicago. In a tight wheel-to-wheel battle he duelled with Resta for almost three hours until a sparkplug failed on his engine, giving Resta the win by two minutes. DePalma won the next two rounds with Resta not racing though the British driver then won at the Omaha speedway in an event overshadowed by the deaths of Aldo Franchi and his mechanic. Johnnie Aitken then won four of the next six races to leap into title contention.


1916 Grand Prix season, Season review
This year the Vanderbilt Cup and Grand Prize were held in November, back at Santa Monica where they had been held previously in 1914. They were the only road-races in the championship. Going into the weekend, Aitken (3440 pts) had a 240-point lead over Resta (3200 pts), with Rickenbacker a distant third with 2210 pts. Resta, Aitken and their Peugeots were entered, along with Rickenbacker in Bill Weightman’s Duesenberg but not DePalma. Ira Vail led a trio of Hudsons, Earl Cooper was in his Stutz and Lewis Jackson in a Marmon. Practice was marred by a fatal accident to Harry Horstman, an unofficial entry, on the track without permission. Mike Moosie was fastest in practice in a Duesenberg with Jackson second.


1916 Grand Prix season, Season review
Rickenbacker retired early with a ruined gearbox, while Aitken was out just after the halfway mark with engine problems. This left Resta to win the race comfortably by eight minutes, repeating his victory from the year before. After 200 gruelling miles he was content to drink a pint of milk to celebrate. Second was Earl Cooper’s Stutz with Weightman third and the three Hudsons the only other finishers.


1916 Grand Prix season, Season review
Two days later, most of the same drivers met again for the Grand Prize. Howdy Wilcox was also entered in another Peugeot EX5 along with Cliff Durant in a Stutz (entered by the Chevrolet Motor Company). The 900 points Resta had got for his Vanderbilt Cup victory now put him in front of the points-table, ahead of Aitken who had scored none.


1916 Grand Prix season, Season review
Once again, Mike Moosie was on pole position, and in a sensation Aitken retired after only one lap with a broken piston. On lap 13, there was a tragic accident. Lew Jackson lost control of his Marmon after the bend on the fast back straight. He veered off the road, hitting a palm tree then ploughed into an ice-cream stand. Jackson and three of the public were killed outright, while his mechanic and two other spectators were injured. Six laps later, Resta’s car also broke down when its ignition failed.


1916 Grand Prix season, Season review
Then Aitken joined Howdy Wilcox, leading the race, as a relief driver. Unaware of the rule that only the starting driver would score any points (a precedent set with Rickenbacker at the Indianapolis race earlier in the year) Resta was alarmed that he would now lose the championship. He approached Earl Cooper, running second, offering to buy and drive his Stutz “at any price”. But Cooper refused and carried on to finish second behind the Wilcox/Aitken Peugeot. When the officials confirmed that Aitken would not score any points, Resta was relieved.


1916 Grand Prix season, Season review
The final event of the season was held at the end of November. The Ascot Derby was a short 150-mile race held at Ascot, Los Angeles, and with only 700 points for the winner, neither Resta nor Aitken showed up. It was won by Rickenbacker who cemented third place in the points’ standings ahead of DePalma.


1916 Grand Prix season, Season review
In 1917, the United States entered the war and all racing ceased there as well. The AAA season was cancelled halfway through and the Indianapolis speedway was turned over to the government to use. Eddie Rickenbacker would go on to become the United States’ top-scoring flying ace of the war. Johnny Aitken died in 1918, a victim of the influenza epidemic. When racing resumed in 1919 after the Armistice, the world had changed, and it would be without the Vanderbilt Cup and the American Grand Prize. Road-racing faded into obsolescence in the United States for nearly twenty years.


1916 Guatemalan presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Guatemala on 17 January 1916. For the second successive election, Manuel Estrada Cabrera was re-elected unopposed. Despite there only being one candidate, voters were rounded up by the military and taken to polling stations, where they could only vote for Cabrera. Cabrera assumed the presidency on 15 March 1911.


1916 Gulf Coast hurricane
The 1916 Gulf Coast hurricane was a destructive tropical cyclone that struck the central Gulf Coast of the United States in early July 1916. It generated the highest storm surge on record in Mobile, Alabama, wrought widespread havoc on shipping, and dropped torrential rainfall exceeding 2 ft (0.6 m). The second tropical cyclone, first hurricane, and first major hurricane – Category 3 or stronger on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson scale – of the highly active 1916 Atlantic hurricane season, the system originated in the southwestern Caribbean Sea on June 28 and moved generally toward the north-northwest.


1916 Gulf Coast hurricane
Crossing the Yucatán Channel on July 3 as a strengthening hurricane and brushing Cuba with gusty winds, the cyclone reached its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 120 mph (195 km/h) prior to making landfall near Pascagoula, Mississippi, at 20:00 UTC on July 5. Over land, the hurricane rapidly weakened to a tropical storm, but then retained much of its remaining strength as it meandered across interior Mississippi and Alabama for several days, its northward progress impeded by a sprawling high-pressure area to the north. The system weakened into a tropical depression on July 9 and dissipated late the next day over southern Tennessee.


1916 Gulf Coast hurricane
The United States Weather Bureau first took notice of the developing storm on July 2, issuing tropical cyclone watches and warnings for much of the central Gulf Coast on July 4 and 5. Upon moving ashore, the cyclone produced sustained Category 3 winds over coastal Mississippi and Alabama, with the worst damage mainly confined to east of the storm's center. In Mobile, an 11.6 ft (3.5 m) storm surge destroyed wharves and severely flooded the business district, while high winds unroofed or otherwise damaged many buildings.


1916 Gulf Coast hurricane
Boats of all sizes in Mobile Bay were sunk or blown ashore, and despite efforts to prepare warehouses for the tidal flooding, $500,000 in merchandise was lost. Farther east, Pensacola, Florida, endured several days of gale-force winds after the initial passage of the storm's core; though wind damage to homes, businesses, and trees was extensive, the worst damage resulted from storm tides along the immediate coast. Throughout the region, the hurricane severed telephone and telegraph communications. Numerous ships were lost in the Gulf of Mexico, some with their entire crews.


1916 Gulf Coast hurricane
As the storm slowly proceeded inland, days of downpours caused rivers to rise precipitously from Mississippi to Georgia, overflowing their banks for several miles in each direction; the Chattahoochee River exceeded flood stage by 23.7 ft (7.2 m). In Alabama alone, 350,000 acres (140,000 ha) of farmland was submerged, leading to millions of dollars in crop damage. Railroads were flooded, washed out, or blocked by debris, and many sawmills and other industrial facilities were disrupted. In addition, the hurricane's outer bands spawned multiple tornadoes that each caused severe but localized damage to residential areas.


1916 Gulf Coast hurricane
Steady rainfall in western North Carolina primed the French Broad River watershed for a catastrophic flooding event when another hurricane from the Atlantic coast moved over the same area just days later. The resulting disaster, the worst in Asheville, North Carolina's history, killed 80 people. Including property damage, shipping losses, and crop failures, the hurricane cost the Gulf Coast about $12.5 million, and at least 34 people died in the region.


1916 Gulf Coast hurricane, Meteorological history
The second tropical cyclone of the 1916 season formed as a tropical depression in the southwestern Caribbean Sea around 12:00 UTC on June 28. The depression drifted northwestward, and on June 30 it passed just east of Cabo Gracias a Dios. The system swept across the Swan Islands beginning on the morning of July 1, punctuating two days of unsettled weather there. Operationally, this was the first confirmation of the storm's existence. Around 00:00 UTC on July 2, the depression intensified into a tropical storm while centered just west of the Swan Islands.


1916 Gulf Coast hurricane, Meteorological history
On the afternoon of July 3, USCGC Itasca encountered easterly gale-force winds while located 25 mi (40 km) south of Cape San Antonio, Cuba; late that night, USS Monterey also endured gales generally from the east while situated roughly 90 mi (140 km) northwest of the cape. As a result, it was determined that the system, after intensifying into a hurricane at 18:00 UTC on July 3, passed west of the ships through the Yucatán Channel and into the Gulf of Mexico. No further radio reports were received from ships near the hurricane, apparently because of effective shipping advisories. Upon entering the Gulf of Mexico, the hurricane began to strengthen more quickly and accelerated toward the north-northwest.


1916 Gulf Coast hurricane, Meteorological history
As the storm approached the central Gulf Coast of the United States, it possessed maximum sustained winds of 120 mph (195 km/h), making it a Category 3 major hurricane on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson scale. This is officially listed as its peak intensity, but because observations of the storm over the open Gulf of Mexico were sparse, it may have previously been stronger. At 20:00 UTC on July 5, the hurricane made landfall near Pascagoula, Mississippi, while at its strongest known intensity. At the time, this represented the earliest recorded U.S. major hurricane landfall in any season.


1916 Gulf Coast hurricane, Meteorological history
While the eye passed overhead, Pascagoula experienced a 20-minute lull in the storm's force. At landfall, the radius of maximum wind was likely 17 to 23 mi (27 to 37 km) and minimum central barometric pressure was estimated at 950 hPa (28.05 inHg), the latter of which was used to derive the storm's peak winds.


1916 Gulf Coast hurricane, Meteorological history
Moving inland, the hurricane weakened to a tropical storm by the morning of July 6, and it rapidly slowed as its northward progress was suppressed by a large high-pressure area over the Great Lakes. For several days the storm meandered across Mississippi and Alabama, and it continued to produce tropical storm-force winds through July 8. It finally deteriorated into a tropical depression around 00:00 UTC on July 9, while centered over central Alabama. The depression persisted for nearly two more days before losing its characteristics as a tropical cyclone over southern Tennessee, late on July 10. By the next morning, the disturbance had become indistinct. Recent reanalysis efforts have produced multiple changes to the hurricane's track in the Atlantic hurricane database, including an earlier formation and a slower initial intensification rate.


1916 Gulf Coast hurricane, Preparations
Notice of the burgeoning hurricane was first telegraphed to United States Weather Bureau offices on July 2, and advisories were disseminated to the public over the following days. Late on July 4, the Weather Bureau hoisted storm warnings along the coast from Louisiana to the Florida Panhandle, and the stretch between New Orleans, Louisiana, and Mobile, Alabama, was upgraded to a hurricane warning early the next day. In Mobile, the advance notice of the storm was credited with saving lives and $100,000 in wares. Railroads along the Gulf Coast suspended operations as the storm approached, and many small craft sought shelter in ports. In New Orleans, women and children working in factories and department stores were sent home early on July 5 to avoid being caught in the worst conditions.


1916 Gulf Coast hurricane, Impact
As the storm passed west of Cuba, its effects extended as far east as Havana, where winds reached 56 mph (90 km/h). Across the Florida Straits, Key West, Florida, recorded 36 mph (58 km/h) winds.


1916 Gulf Coast hurricane, Impact
The strongest sustained winds measured in association with the storm were 107 mph (172 km/h) in Mobile, Alabama, corresponding to a one-minute average of 87 mph (140 km/h) adjusted for modern recording techniques. Although not directly recorded, sustained winds of Category 3 intensity probably affected coastal Mississippi and Alabama, with Category 2 winds affecting Florida. Throughout the affected region, telephone and telegraph infrastructure was blown down, crippling communications.


1916 Gulf Coast hurricane, Impact
The storm continued to drop flooding rains as it drifted around the Deep South for five days, resulting in significant damage to agricultural sectors of southeastern Mississippi, southern to central Alabama, and southwestern Georgia. As waterways were at seasonably low levels prior to the tropical cyclone, the prolonged downpours caused some rivers to rise by more than 50 ft (15 m). Vast fields of cotton and corn were submerged, and in areas where the cotton crop survived intact, the abundant moisture was expected to result in an outbreak of harmful boll weevils. Numerous lumber companies suffered damage or interruptions to business resulting from the storm.


1916 Gulf Coast hurricane, Impact
Along the Gulf Coast of the United States, the hurricane wrought more than $1.5 million in losses to shipping, including approximately $800,000 to vessels based in Pensacola, Florida, and $750,000 in Mobile. Numerous ships fell victim to the hurricane, some being lost with all crew members and passengers. Several ships went down off Ship Island, including the three-masted schooner Mary G. Dantzler, which sank with her crew of around 12. The ship, owned by a Gulfport, Mississippi, lumber company, was loaded with phosphate rock when the hurricane struck. The Bay St. Louis-based Champion, crewed by four, the Norwegian schooner Ancenis, worth $150,000, and an unidentified ship were also lost near Ship Island; only the crew of the Ancenis was rescued. The four-masted barquentine John W. Myers was blown aground on Ship Island and severely damaged.


1916 Gulf Coast hurricane, Impact
"Probably a score" of small vessels were wrecked or heavily damaged, including the schooner Emma Harvey, which dragged anchor across the Chandeleur Islands and drifted eastward at the height of the storm. She was found floating upside-down off Pensacola on August 12, with no trace of her captain and five crewmen. After being towed into port and salvaged, the schooner survived for decades more until it was likely destroyed during Hurricane Frederic in 1979.


1916 Gulf Coast hurricane, Impact
The Beulah D. was dismasted and heavily damaged, but her crew survived, and the vessel was towed into port along with the wrecked Lagoda on July 14. Another small schooner, the Cambria, was blown out to sea from Deer Island and overturned, eventually being recovered near the Dog Keys. Her sole occupant was reportedly saved. The total death toll from the hurricane is unknown, with estimates ranging from as low as 34 to "into the hundreds".


1916 Gulf Coast hurricane, Impact, Louisiana and Mississippi
Burrwood, Louisiana, near the southern end of the Mississippi River Delta, endured gale-force winds and tides 2.2 ft (0.67 m) above normal. Winds and rain were both light in New Orleans.


1916 Gulf Coast hurricane, Impact, Louisiana and Mississippi
The storm's winds damaged roughly half of the buildings in Pascagoula, Mississippi, where multiple industrial facilities were destroyed. Similarly extensive damage occurred just to the north in Moss Point. The storm's effects diminished to the west of Pascagoula, though significant property damage was still reported in Biloxi and Gulfport; one person was killed by the storm in the former city, and a handful of homes along that stretch of coast were destroyed. Property damage in Mississippi coastal towns was estimated at around $130,000, and generally proved less severe than initially feared.


1916 Gulf Coast hurricane, Impact, Louisiana and Mississippi
By one estimation, potentially $3 million worth of standing timber in southeastern Mississippi was destroyed, though sources in Hattiesburg suggested the damage to timber locally was less severe than initially feared. In particular, it was reported that most of the trees toppled by the storm were weak and of little value. Regardless, many sawmills lost their stock or were otherwise damaged, with fires breaking out in several plants. Lumber processing companies in Laurel alone sustained around $200,000 in damage, and in that town, "not more than a dozen" out of 2,400 houses in Laurel escaped the storm unscathed. Greater than 5 in (130 mm) of rain fell over most of eastern Mississippi, peaking at 21.53 in (547 mm) in Leakesville. The entire length of the Pascagoula River in Mississippi overflowed to an average of 3 mi (4.8 km) from each bank.


1916 Gulf Coast hurricane, Impact, Alabama
As the first telegraph line out of Mobile was not restored to service until late on July 7, initial damage reports were scarce. The winds unroofed or destroyed numerous buildings in the city, and the storm there was accompanied by torrential precipitation arriving in two main batches; the first from the morning of July 5 to the early afternoon of July 6 dropped 8.56 in (217 mm) of rain, while an additional 4.99 in (127 mm) fell on July 7 as the storm lingered in the region.


1916 Gulf Coast hurricane, Impact, Alabama
The rainfall intensity peaked in the early afternoon on July 7, when 2.17 in (55 mm) of precipitation fell in just 25 minutes. The heavy rainfall triggered some street flooding where rivers were obstructed by debris, and with many homes partially or fully unroofed, interior water damage was common. Precipitation totals exceeded 20 in (510 mm) just east of the storm's center in parts of southern Alabama.


1916 Gulf Coast hurricane, Impact, Alabama
The Mobile waterfront was subjected to a storm surge of 11.6 ft (3.5 m), which still stands as the second-highest in the state's history, just short of the record set in Gulf Shores by the 1906 Mississippi hurricane, and the highest ever recorded at Mobile. The tides severely flooded Mobile's business district up to four blocks inland, and it took until the late afternoon of July 6 for floodwaters to recede. Some streets were submerged to a depth of up to 10 ft (3.0 m), and many residents fled to the Battle House Hotel on relatively higher ground.


1916 Gulf Coast hurricane, Impact, Alabama
Ultimately, waters still reached the hotel, flooding its lobby to a depth of just over 1 ft (0.30 m). In advance of the storm, most wholesale merchants stacked their goods above the high water mark of the 1906 hurricane, but this proved inadequate; tides locally ran nearly 2 ft (0.6 m) higher than in 1906, ruining merchandise closest to the ground at a cost of around $500,000. Many miles of railroads were covered by floodwaters and debris, and the tidal action ravaged wharves. At a Mobile and Ohio Railroad cargo storage shed, approximately 11,000 bales of cotton were washed away.


1916 Gulf Coast hurricane, Impact, Alabama
Shipping interests in Mobile Bay suffered extensively, with numerous vessels, including small boats, large yachts, schooners, and steamships, being sunk or driven aground. Fifteen barges in the bay were destroyed and a similar number of sailing ships sank or sustained substantial damage. In one case, a floating dry dock carrying a tugboat was deposited on the municipal docks. Damage to ships was generally worsened by their owners' complacency stemming from the widespread belief that it was too early in the season for severe hurricanes.


1916 Gulf Coast hurricane, Impact, Alabama
In the southern part of the bay, several vessels foundered—among them the schooners Emma Lord and J. C. Smith and the barge Harry T. Morse—resulting in the deaths of about a dozen people. Overall damage in Mobile was estimated at $2–3 million, and four drowning deaths were reported in and around the city. To the south, the storm produced severe property damage in Fort Morgan.


1916 Gulf Coast hurricane, Impact, Alabama
Days of downpours in the state flooded approximately 350,000 acres (140,000 ha) of land; the most prolific freshwater flooding followed the Cahaba and Alabama rivers through Perry, Dallas, Wilcox, and Monroe counties, where collectively 250,000 acres (100,000 ha) of farmlands was inundated and $2.5 million worth of crops were destroyed, contributing to an estimated statewide total of $5 million in lost crops. In the same area, at least 2,000 families were forced to evacuate their homes. Residents along the Coosa River faced destitution and fears of famine, resulting in a rush to slaughter cattle for food.


1916 Gulf Coast hurricane, Impact, Alabama
For 170 mi (270 km) of its course, the Tombigbee River flooded 1.25 mi (2.01 km) of land on both sides. Multiple people drowned in floodwaters in Birmingham and Tuscaloosa, and in some communities, residents clung to treetops to escape raging floodwaters. In Birmingham, the flooding closed manufacturing plants. Railways and train trestles were washed out or blocked by landslides, with one railroad in particular, the Southern Railway, having service interrupted on a total 140 mi (230 km) of track, mostly south and west of Birmingham.


1916 Gulf Coast hurricane, Impact, Alabama
In addition to the flooding, strong winds persisted over land; around Montgomery, numerous houses were destroyed by strong winds and many individuals were injured. Nearby, more than 100 convicts became stranded on a prison farm after it was flooded by the Tallapoosa River. While moving inland on July 6, the hurricane spawned at least four damaging tornadoes in Alabama, including one in Dallas County that leveled five small houses, injuring eight people, and toppled hundreds of trees on a plantation west of Selma. Two tornadoes in Lowndesboro and Clanton destroyed some buildings and each caused two injuries, and one in western Tallapoosa County destroyed a church and a barn.


1916 Gulf Coast hurricane, Impact, Florida
In Florida, Tampa was first to feel the storm in the form of a "slight blow". Later, gusts were measured as high as 110 mph (180 km/h) in Pensacola, and average hourly winds reached 83.5 mph (134.4 km/h) for a six-hour period on July 5. At their strongest, the winds overturned automobiles and made standing impossible. As the storm slowly progressed inland, southwesterly gale-force winds continued through July 8. In addition to the exceptionally long duration, the winds were abnormally steady, not dominated by gusts as in most tropical cyclones.


1916 Gulf Coast hurricane, Impact, Florida
Numerous homes were unroofed, smokestacks toppled, and sheds torn apart, while damage to trees and other vegetation was extensive, leaving some roads impassable with debris. However, as most weaker buildings had already been demolished by the 1906 hurricane, structural damage was relatively light. Wind-inflicted property damage was estimated at $150,000. A relatively modest 6.57 in (167 mm) of rain fell in Pensacola, but Bonifay to the northeast recorded the storm-maximum amount of 24.5 in (620 mm), making the hurricane the wettest on record in northwestern Florida and one of the rainiest in the state as a whole.


1916 Gulf Coast hurricane, Impact, Florida
Along the coast, a 5 ft (1.5 m) storm surge and accompanying high waves did $850,000 in damage to shipping, wharves, and coastal structures at Pensacola. The city lost electricity when the Pensacola Electric Company's engine room was flooded by the rising tide. In Pensacola Harbor, two schooners carrying 70 Gulf Coast Military Academy cadets on their annual cruise were beached and severely damaged, but no passengers were harmed. At a seaplane base, seven canvass seaplane hangars collapsed in the storm, and four seaplanes were battered. No storm-related deaths occurred reported in Pensacola, though four lives were lost elsewhere in the state.


1916 Gulf Coast hurricane, Impact, Elsewhere
As rainfall decreased over Alabama on July 9 and 10, precipitation overspread the southern Appalachian Mountains, primarily in Georgia and South Carolina. At Alaga, Alabama, the Chattahoochee River (which constitutes the southern portion of the Georgia–Alabama border) rose from 3.3 ft (1.0 m) on July 5 to 43.7 ft (13.3 m) – 23.7 ft (7.2 m) above flood stage – on July 9 in response to 22.79 in (579 mm) of rainfall at that location. Other major rivers in Georgia exceeded flood stage, but generally to a lesser extent than the Chattahoochee.


1916 Gulf Coast hurricane, Impact, Elsewhere
Nonetheless, the widespread loss of crops and livestock was reported. In Georgia, Decatur County bore the brunt of the flooding, with the entire tobacco crop there ruined and many bridges washed out. In neighboring Miller County, a dam at the Babcock Lumber Company plant failed, flooding the community of Babcock. The flooding inflicted at least $1 million in damage in southwestern Georgia. North of Cairo, a tornado cut a swath of damage 450 ft (140 m) wide on the night of July 5–6, killing a farmer and injuring his wife and son. Their home was blown 150 ft (45 m) afield and then its debris strewn across a wide area. Later on July 6, another tornado in the same area destroyed two more houses. In Early County, a tornado demolished two small houses and uprooted multiple trees just south of Blakely.


1916 Gulf Coast hurricane, Impact, Elsewhere
Heavy rainfall extended into southern Tennessee, amounting to nearly 12 in (300 mm) in Chattanooga from July 5–13. Flooding on the Tennessee River left 400 people homeless in Dayton. A general 3 to 6 in (75 to 150 mm) of rain fell over the French Broad River watershed of western North Carolina, causing the river to rise 4 ft (1.2 m) above flood stage at Asheville on July 11.


1916 Gulf Coast hurricane, Impact, Elsewhere
The resulting damage to crops, homes, and industrial plants was severe, costing an estimated $500,000, and although water levels quickly receded, saturated soil and swollen waterways set the stage for a catastrophic flooding event when a second hurricane moved inland from the Atlantic Coast and dropped exceptionally heavy rain over the same area on July 15 and 16. The French Broad River crested at an estimated 23.1 ft (7.0 m), 19.1 ft (5.8 m) above flood stage, contributing to the worst flood in western North Carolina's history; some 80 people died in the catastrophe and total damage reached $21 million.


1916 Harborough by-election
The Harborough by-election was a Parliamentary by-election held on 23 March 1916. Harborough returned one Member of Parliament (MP)  to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system. The by-election was due to the resignation of the Liberal MP, John William Logan. It was won by the Liberal candidate Percy Harris.


1916 Harborough by-election, Vacancy
John William Logan had been Liberal MP for the seat of Harborough since the December 1910 General Elections. His health was poor following a hunting accident. In 1910 he returned to House but by 1916 the strain proved too great, forcing him to retire permanently from public life.


1916 Harborough by-election, Electoral history
Harborough had been won by a Liberal candidate at every election since its 1885 creation, apart from 1886 when the Conservative won. Logan had represented the division from 1891-1904 and again since December 1910.


1916 Harborough by-election, Candidates
Logan's long-standing poor health had meant that the local Liberal Association were advanced in selecting his replacement. In anticipation of a 1915 General Election, they had already selected Percy Harris. Harris was a London County Councillor, who had stood twice for parliament elsewhere. He had no links with the constituency but his candidacy was officially endorsed by both the Unionist and Labour parties, due to the wartime electoral truce.


1916 Harborough by-election, Campaign
The campaign took place against a national backdrop of a war that was not going well for Britain. The Coalition Government led by H. H. Asquith was being criticised by the Northcliffe Press. Its newspapers got behind the Independent candidate Tommy Bowles who campaigned on the issue of married men who had attested under the Derby Scheme. Advertising hoardings in the constituency were bought up by Northcliffe and carried slogans like "Buy the Daily Mail and vote for Bowles". A special pro-Bowles local edition of the Daily Mirror was produced and delivered free to homes in the constituency. Although the local Unionist association formally supported Harris, in line with the national all-party agreement, a number of local Unionists chose to support and actively campaign for Bowles.


1916 Harborough by-election, Result
Despite the activities of the Northcliffe papers and local Unionists, the Liberals held the seat with an increased share of the vote.


1916 Harborough by-election, Aftermath
In 1918, Harris's Unionist opponent was endorsed by the Coalition Government and gained the seat.


1916 Harvard Crimson football team
The 1916 Harvard Crimson football team represented Harvard University in the 1916 college football season. The Crimson finished with a 7–3 record under ninth-year head coach Percy Haughton. Walter Camp selected only one Harvard player, guard Harrie Dadmun, as a first-team member of his 1916 College Football All-America Team.


1916 Haskell Indians football team
The 1916 Haskell Indians football team was an American football team that represented the Haskell Indian Institute  (now known as Haskell Indian Nations University) as an independent during the 1916 college football season. In its first and only season under head coach A. M. Venne, Haskell compiled a 3–6 record and was outscored by a total of 130 to 63.


1916 Hertford by-election
The Hertford by-election of 1916 was held on 9 March 1916. The by-election was held due to the resignation of the incumbent Conservative MP, Sir John Rolleston. It was won by the Independent candidate Noel Pemberton Billing.


1916 Holy Cross football team
The 1916 Holy Cross football team was an American football team that represented the College of the Holy Cross in the 1916 college football season.


1916 Holy Cross football team
In its third year under head coach Luke J. Kelly, the team compiled a 4–5 record. Raymond Lynch was the team captain.


1916 Holy Cross football team
Holy Cross played its home games at Fitton Field on the college campus in Worcester, Massachusetts.


1916 Hong Kong sanitary board election
The Hong Kong Sanitary Board Election of 1916 was held on 18 February 1916 for an elected seat in the Sanitary Board of Hong Kong.


1916 Hong Kong sanitary board election
The election was held for the two of the elected seats in the board due to the resignation of Dr. G. H. L. Fitzwilliams who resigned in January.


1916 Hong Kong sanitary board election
There were eight spoilt papers and only 323 of the Jury List of between 1,100 and 1,200 votes. Dr. F. M. G. Ozorio returned to the office by large majority over Dr. H. G. Earle, a professor at the University of Hong Kong.


1916 Hornsey by-election
The Hornsey by-election of 1916 was held on 6 December 1916. The by-election was held due to the incumbent Conservative MP, Lawrence Dundas, becoming Governor of Bengal. It was won by the Conservative candidate Kennedy Jones.


1916 Hyde by-election
The Hyde by-election was a Parliamentary by-election. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP)  to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system. The by-election was held on 30 March 1916.


1916 Hyde by-election, Vacancy
Francis Neilson had been Liberal MP for the seat of Hyde since the January 1910 general elections. He was a pacifist and had written the anti-war How Diplomats Make War in 1915. He resigned from parliament when his pacifist beliefs conflicted with the First World War.


1916 Hyde by-election, Candidates
The Hyde Liberal Association chose Thomas Owen Jacobsen to defend the seat. Fifty-two-year-old Jacobsen was a locally based businessman who was born in Liverpool, and was the son of a naturalised Dane. He was a master printer and the senior partner in the stationery company of Jacobsen, Welch and Company, whose paper mills were at Hyde, Cheshire. In 1914 the Hyde Unionist Association had selected James Leadbitter Knott as their prospective parliamentary candidate in anticipation of a 1914/15 general election. Knott was a son of James Knott a former Conservative MP for Sunderland.


1916 Hyde by-election, Candidates
When the election was called Knott was on active service. Due to the wartime party truce, the Unionists chose not to oppose the Liberal candidate and Jacobsen was endorsed by the Asquith led Coalition Government. DP Davies came forward as an Independent candidate. Davies was the nominee of the National Union of Attested Married Men, an organisation opposed to the government's policy on conscription.


1916 Hyde by-election, Aftermath
In 1916 the prospective Unionist candidate, Leadbitter Knott was killed in action. Following boundary changes the Hyde constituency was abolished and merged with Unionist held Stalybridge. The Lloyd George led Coalition Government chose not to endorse Jacobsen but his Unionist opponent, the sitting MP for Stalybridge. This helped ensure Jacobsen's defeat;


1916 Icelandic community service referendum
A referendum on community service was held in Iceland on 21 October 1916. Voters were asked whether they approved of introduction of compulsory community service. It was rejected by 91.8% of voters.


1916 Idaho football team
The 1916 Idaho football team represented the University of Idaho in the 1916 college football season. Idaho was led by first-year head coach Wilfred Bleamaster and played as an independent; they joined the Pacific Coast Conference six years later in 1922. Idaho had three home games in Moscow on campus at MacLean Field, with none in Boise.


1916 Idaho football team
Idaho dropped a third consecutive shutout to Washington State in the Battle of the Palouse, falling 0–31 at Rogers Field in Pullman. Seven years later, the Vandals won the first of three consecutive, their only three-peat in the rivalry series.


1916 Idaho football team
Idaho opened with five losses, then won three road games in six days for a 3–5 record.


1916 Idaho gubernatorial election
The 1916 Idaho gubernatorial election was held on November 7, 1916. Incumbent Democrat Moses Alexander defeated Republican nominee D. W. Davis with 47.49% of the vote.


1916 Illinois Fighting Illini football team
The 1916 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois during the 1916 college football season. In their fourth season under head coach Robert Zuppke, the Illini compiled a 3–3–1 record and finished in fifth place in the Western Conference. Quarterback Bart Macomber was the team captain.


1916 Illinois gubernatorial election
The 1916 Illinois gubernatorial election was held on November 7, 1916. Incumbent Democratic Governor Edward Fitzsimmons Dunne was defeated by Republican nominee Frank Orren Lowden.


1916 Illinois gubernatorial election, Progressive primary
No candidates stood in the Progressiveprimary, and the Progressive Party did not put forward a candidate in the general election.


1916 Illinois lieutenant gubernatorial election
The 1916 Illinois lieutenant gubernatorial election was held on November 7, 1916. It saw the election of  Republican former governor John G. Oglesby to a second nonconsecutive term.


1916 Illinois lieutenant gubernatorial election, Primary elections, Progressive primary
No candidates stood in the Progressive Party'sprimary, and the Progressive Party did not field a candidate in the general election.


1916 Indiana Hoosiers football team
The 1916 Indiana Hoosiers football team was an American football team that represented Indiana University Bloomington during the 1916 college football season. In their first season under head coach Ewald O. Stiehm, the Hoosiers compiled a 2–4–1 record and finished in eighth place in the Western Conference. They won games against DePauw (20-0) and Florida (14-3), played Purdue to a scoreless tie, and lost to Chicago (0–22), Tufts (10–12), Northwestern (0–7), and Ohio State (7–46).


1916 Indiana gubernatorial election
The 1916 Indiana gubernatorial election was held on November 7, 1916. Republican nominee James P. Goodrich defeated Democratic nominee John A. M. Adair with 47.80% of the vote.


1916 Indianapolis 500
The 6th International 300-Mile Sweepstakes Race was the sixth running of the Indianapolis 500. It was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway on Tuesday, May 30, 1916. The management scheduled the race for 120 laps, 300 miles (480 km), the only Indianapolis 500 scheduled for less than 500 miles (800 km).


1916 Indianapolis 500
Although the common belief is that the race distance was changed due to the onset of World War I, it was in fact Speedway management that changed the distance in order to make the race shorter and more appealing to fans. Despite the one-time altered distance, the race is still considered part of the continuous lineage of the Memorial Day classic, known as the Indianapolis 500. In addition to the altered distance, the start time was moved from 10:00 a.m. to the early afternoon (1:30 p.m.)


1916 Indianapolis 500
Eddie Rickenbacker took the lead at the start, and led the first nine laps until dropping out with steering problems. Dario Resta led 103 of the 120 laps, and claimed the victory. Resta was accompanied by riding mechanic Bob Dahnke.


1916 Indianapolis 500
Seven of the cars were entered by the Speedway or its owners, in order to ensure a strong field during the war. None of them finished in the top five. Despite the promoter's entries, the field consisted of only 21 cars, the smallest in Indy history.


1916 Indianapolis 500, World War I
Three months after the 1916 race, on Labor Day weekend of 1916, the Speedway held a second event, the Harvest Auto Racing Classic. The 1917 race was scheduled to return to 500 miles, but a dispute with the local hoteliers and the escalation of World War I intervened. On March 23, 1917, Speedway management cancelled the 1917 Indianapolis 500, and halted racing at the facility for both 1917 and 1918.


1916 Indianapolis 500, World War I
The track was offered as a landing strip and maintenance/refueling station for military aircraft traveling between Wilbur Wright Field and Chanute Air Force Base. It was referred to as the Speedway Aviation Repair Depot, and the 821st Aero Repair Squadron was stationed there. In addition, several experimental aircraft were tested at the grounds. At least one test pilot was fatally injured in a plane crash at the track.


1916 Indianapolis 500, World War I
No racing of any kind took place at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in 1917-1918. Likewise, the National Championship was suspended in both 1917 and 1918. There were, however, AAA races (non-championship races) conducted during the war years at other tracks. On Memorial Day 1917, a 250-mile race was held at Cincinnati.


1916 Iowa Hawkeyes football team
The 1916 Iowa Hawkeyes football team represented the University of Iowa in the 1916 college football season. This was Howard Jones's first season as head coach of the Hawkeyes.


1916 Iowa Senate election
The 1916 Iowa Senate elections took place as part of the biennial 1916 United States elections. Iowa voters elected state senators in 30 of the senate's 50 districts. State senators serve four-year terms in the Iowa Senate.


1916 Iowa Senate election
A statewide map of the 50 state Senate districts in the 1916 elections is provided by the Iowa General Assembly


1916 Iowa Senate election
The primary election on June 5, 1916, determined which candidates appeared on the November 7, 1916 general election ballot.


1916 Iowa Senate election
Following the previous election, Republicans had control of the Iowa Senate with 35 seats to Democrats' 15 seats.


1916 Iowa Senate election
To claim control of the chamber from Republicans, the Democrats needed to net 11 Senate seats.


1916 Iowa Senate election
Republicans maintained control of the Iowa State Senate following the 1916 general election with the balance of power shifting to Republicans holding 40 seats and Democrats having 10 seats (a net gain of 5 seats for Republicans).


1916 Iowa State Cyclones football team
The 1916 Iowa State Cyclones football team represented Iowa State College of Agricultural and Mechanic Arts (later renamed Iowa State University) in the Missouri Valley Conference during the 1916 college football season. In their second season under head coach Charles Mayser, the Cyclones compiled a 5–2–1 record (2–1–1 against conference opponents), finished in third place in the conference, shut out five of eight opponents, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 107 to 36. They played their home games at State Field in Ames, Iowa. Dury Moss was the team captain.


1916 Iowa gubernatorial election
The 1916 Iowa gubernatorial election was held on November 7, 1916. Republican nominee William L. Harding defeated Democratic nominee Edwin T. Meredith with 61.03% of the vote.


1916 Irondale earthquake
The 1916 Irondale earthquake struck in the north–central region of the U.S. state of Alabama on October 18. The strongest earthquake in state history, it registered an estimated Richter scale magnitude of 5.1 and resulted in extensive, but minor damage. This damage, limited to Shelby and Jefferson counties, reached its maximum severity near the epicenter in the city of Irondale, including cracked windows, fallen chimneys, and dried-up wells. While there were no fatalities, the earthquake spawned widespread panic, sending alarmed workers from tall buildings.


1916 Irondale earthquake
The earthquake originated in the Eastern Tennessee Seismic Zone, a fault noted for earthquakes of moderate magnitude. Faulting in the area is strike-slip-oriented, probably because of the Alabama-New York Lineament, which runs adjacent to the seismic zone. Several scientists believe that small earthquakes from the zone indicate the reactivation of deep, ancient faults. Alabama has seen roughly 20 earthquakes since the beginning of the 20th century. The earthquakes have been moderate, never reaching above magnitude 5.1, and they tend to cause damage only near their epicenters while reaching areas much further away.


1916 Irondale earthquake
Major events include those in 1916, 1997, and 2003. Despite the lack of powerful seismic events in Alabama, earthquakes from nearby fault zones, including the New Madrid Seismic Zone, pose a serious threat to infrastructure. Even an earthquake similar in size to the 1916 Irondale event today could damage thousands of buildings and cause up to $1 billion in damage.


1916 Irondale earthquake, Background, Regional
Seismicity in the south–central United States is moderately powerful. The energy from a mid-continent earthquake extends over as much as ten times area of a similarly sized earthquake in the western United States. A magnitude 4.0 earthquake west of the Rocky Mountains reaches up to 60 miles (97 km) from its epicenter, while a magnitude 5.5 earthquake in the eastern US can be felt 300 miles (483 km) from its epicenter. Science failed to explain the phenomena until 1978, when geologists discovered a massive fault line running from the middle of the continent to its eastern coast.


1916 Irondale earthquake, Background, Regional
More recent magnetic surveys show that the structure is a 500-million year-old strike-slip fault, which starts under the Eastern Tennessee Seismic Zone and runs to the eastern coast. This corresponds to the strike-slip faulting exhibited in the Eastern Tennessee Zone, and explains the presence of mid-continent earthquakes in the United States. Still, it is not clear if the fault is definitely related to mid-continental seismicity.


1916 Irondale earthquake, Background, Local
The earthquake happened at daybreak [...] and was preceded by a rumbling noise like the discharge of a heavy cannon in the distance [...] First came the explosion, then the heaving of the earth, the swaying of the trees, the creaking of the trees and the crash of falling things. Report in Press-Register, February 1886


1916 Irondale earthquake, Background, Local
Earthquakes in Alabama are sporadic, and tend to cause little to no damage. During a 91-year period, there were 19 earthquakes, varying from near-imperceptible to damaging. The first known activity in Alabama, the New Madrid earthquakes of 1812, registered Mercalli intensities of VII (Very strong) throughout the northern and central portions of the state. On February 4, 1886, the first recorded earthquake from Alabama hit the western part of the state, jolting people in Sumter and Marengo counties.


1916 Irondale earthquake, Background, Local
Following minor events in 1917, 1927, 1931, and 1939, threatening activity resumed in the late 1950s, when, in 1957, an earthquake near Birmingham extended from northern Alabama to Georgia and Tennessee, cracking and displacing small objects. A 1959 event in Huntsville, although smaller, damaged chimneys, wrecked plaster, and threw objects from shelves and tables. More recently, events occurred in Escambia County in 1997 and in 2003 in Fort Payne, registering magnitudes of 4.9 and spawning shaking. The Fort Payne earthquake spread over 13 states and wrought structural cracks.


1916 Irondale earthquake, Geology
While earthquakes have taken place throughout Alabama, the northern part of the state is associated with the greatest number of earthquakes because it lies near the Appalachian Mountains. Three major fault zones lie near Alabama: the New Madrid, Eastern Tennessee, and South Carolina seismic zones.


1916 Irondale earthquake, Geology
The New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ) lies particularly close and has produced large earthquakes, such as those in 1811 and 1812. Because the fault zone lies in a densely populated area, a major earthquake from the zone could be catastrophic. The Geological Survey of Alabama predicts a 90 percent chance of an earthquake of 6.0 or greater in the area by 2040. The shaking from such an earthquake would spread again into the northern segment of Alabama.


1916 Irondale earthquake, Geology
The Southern Appalachian system, which extends into Alabama, poses a moderate threat to eastern and central Alabama and is responsible for most of the state's earthquakes. The South Carolina seismic zone has produced earthquakes as powerful as 7.3 on the Richter scale, and a large earthquake originating from it could easily reach Alabama. The 1886 Charleston earthquake, for example, was felt as far as 750 miles (1,207 km) from its epicenter. Another more recently active zone in eastern Tennessee has produced small earthquakes, including one in Alabama in 1997.


1916 Irondale earthquake, Geology
The earthquake originated in the Eastern Tennessee Seismic Zone, among the most active seismic areas in the Southeastern United States and one capable of producing moderately strong earthquakes, a few of which have caused damage. The frequency for non-damaging earthquakes from this zone measures out to about one per year, and it has produced many faint earthquakes recorded on seismographs. Such earthquakes have been helpful in highlighting the activity of faults below the Paleozoic detachment. Fault-plane solutions of multiple earthquakes throughout the area confirmed strike-slip faulting between two steeply declining planes.


1916 Irondale earthquake, Geology
Both right and left-lateral movement occurs in the area, most movement being associated with north-to-south planes (right-lateral) and east-to-west planes (left-lateral). All of these mechanisms indicate reactivation of basement faults below more-recent faults. These basement faults probably converge on one another, and one being strong and the other being weak, produce earthquakes.


1916 Irondale earthquake, Geology
Near its epicenter, the 1916 Irondale earthquake produced intensities measuring VI (Strong) and VII (Very strong) on the Mercalli intensity scale. Further away, its intensities ranged from III (Weak) to IV (Light).


1916 Irondale earthquake, Damage
The earthquake originated near the city of Irondale, 3 miles (5 km) north of Birmingham, striking just after 4 P.M. local time. Because the earthquake took place before Alabama had a seismograph network, its Richter scale magnitude of 5.1 is an estimate, but it is still considered the most powerful earthquake in state history, affecting seven other states.


1916 Irondale earthquake, Damage
Although there were no deaths, structural damage, including cracked windows, occurred. The most serious damage was in Irondale, where chimneys were toppled. In a two-block area, shaking wrecked fourteen chimneys, including six chimneys at one brick store which collapsed. Throughout the city, oscillation collapsed many other chimneys or damaged them beyond repair. In other cities, chimneys lost bricks and light damage occurred. In Birmingham, a few "poorly built" chimneys sustained damage. Other damage reports included extensive damage to wells; five wells in Irondale were cut off from their underground supplies. Lower water levels were common in both Irondale and Pell City, where one well was lowered by as much as 12 inches (30 cm).


1916 Irondale earthquake, Damage
In Birmingham, the shaking prompted the evacuation of office buildings. A news article at the time reported that "The sensation on the upper floors of buildings was similar to that of standing on the deck of a vessel in a slight sea. There was the slight pitch, with the suggestion of a roll".


1916 Irondale earthquake, Threat
The United States Geological Survey at the Center for Earthquake Research and Information (CERI) at the University of Memphis, along with a seismic station in Birmingham which is part of the Advanced National Seismic System facilitate monitoring of inter-state earthquakes, which tend to be moderate and often originate in the NMSZ and other, smaller fault zones.


1916 Irondale earthquake, Threat
Andrew Goodlife, a professor of geological sciences at the University of Alabama, believes the state is at "high" risk from earthquakes. He claims that "If there is an earthquake in one of the zone areas, North Alabama is certainly going to feel it. There's going to be damage and some perhaps major. If one occurred in the zone close to Memphis, it would be devastating because buildings are not made to withstand earthquakes. Places like San Francisco are aware of earthquake risks and structures are built to withstand them." By his definition, the state's earthquakes are "insignificant".


1916 Irondale earthquake, Threat
Emergency planner Bill Thomison feels skeptical about a major earthquake, stating, "I don't believe there are any major faults (interface of rocks) here. It depends on the magnitude of the earthquake and the Richter scale. You could have a No. 4 (magnitude) earthquake in California and not damage anything, but the same type in New York could be devastating because the building codes don't factor in earthquakes."


1916 Irondale earthquake, Threat
The impact of the 1916 earthquake was minor, but if a similarly sized earthquake were to occur, damage could be extensive. A 2007 United States Geological Survey study estimates that up to $1 billion in damage might result should a fairly powerful earthquake occur in a heavily populated area. Considering building codes, soil types, and population numbers from the 2000 United States Census, it estimates 26 buildings destroyed, 3,300 structures damaged, and several deaths.


1916 Kansas Jayhawks football team
The 1916 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the Missouri Valley Conference during the 1916 college football season. In their second season under head coach Herman Olcott, the Jayhawks compiled a 4–3–1 record (1–2–1 against conference opponents), finished in fifth place in the conference, and were outscored by opponents by a combined total of 72 to 68. The team's November 18 victory over Nebraska snapped a 34-game unbeaten streak for the Cornhuskers. The Jayhawks played their home games at McCook Field in Lawrence, Kansas. Adrian Lindsey was the team captain.


1916 Kansas State Farmers football team
The 1916 Kansas State Farmers football team represented Kansas State Agricultural College in the 1916 college football season.


1916 Kansas gubernatorial election
The 1916 Kansas gubernatorial election was held on November 7, 1916. Incumbent Republican Arthur Capper defeated Democratic nominee W. C. Lansdon with 60.77% of the vote.


1916 Kendall Orange and Black football team
The 1916 Kendall Orange and Black football team represented Henry Kendall College, which was later renamed the University of Tulsa, during the 1916 college football season. In their fourth year under head coach Sam P. McBirney, the Orange and Black compiled a 10–0 record, won the Oklahoma Intercollegiate Conference championship, shut out five of ten opponents, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 566 to 40, including high-scoring wins against Missouri Mines (117–0), St. Gregory's (82–0), Arkansas Cumberland (81–0), and Haskell (46–0).


1916 Kendall Orange and Black football team
In 1916, Kendall College's enrollment increased to 400 students, and McBirney petitioned the school to hire a full-time physical education teacher and assistant football coach. McBirney recommended that the school hire Arkansas City, Kansas, high school coach Francis Schmidt, who would later be inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame.


1916 Kendall Orange and Black football team
With McBirney as head coach and Schmidt as his assistant coach, the 1916 Tulsa team became the highest scoring college football team during the 1916 college football season. The 1916 team featured John Young, who had played for McBirney at Tulsa High School and who had been recruited by Fielding H. Yost to play for the University of Michigan, and Ivan Grove, who had played for Schmidt at Arkansas City High School and became the top scoring player in college football in 1916 with 196 points.


1916 Kendall Orange and Black football team
The 1916 team gained renown for its short passing offense and for the deceptive and unique play calling of McBirney and Schmidt. In one game, Ivan Grove completed 12 consecutive passes on a single scoring drive. In another game, the team successfully executed a play the called the "tower play." Ivan Grove threw a pass to Vergil Jones as he sat on the shoulders of Puny Blevins. The play resulted in a touchdown and was declared illegal the following year. Schmidt's biographer, Brett Perkins, has suggested that the short-passing game developed by McBirney and Schmidt in 1916 was later absorbed and perfected at TCU by Dutch Meyer and Sammy Baugh.


1916 Kendall Orange and Black football team
In the lowest scoring game of the 1916 season, Kendall College defeated the Oklahoma Sooners by a score of 16 to 0 at the Sooners' home field in Norman, Oklahoma. The victory at Norman broke an 18-game winning streak for Oklahoma, and was the first time that the Sooners were beaten in football by another school from Oklahoma. In the three games preceding the 1916 Oklahoma-Kendall game, Oklahoma had outscored its opponents 27–0, 107–0, and 140–0. The 1916 victory over the undefeated Sooners put Tulsa football on the map.


1916 Kendall Orange and Black football team
Historian and Tulsa journalist Jenk Jones recalled, "In 1916, there was a lot of agitation here to declare Tulsa the Champion of Mid America."


1916 Kendall Orange and Black football team
After the 1916 season, McBirney retired as Kendall's football coach to devote his full-time to the National Bank of Commerce where he served as vice president. McBirney had hand-picked Francis Schmidt as his successor, but Schmidt enlisted in the U.S. Army after the United States entered World War I in April 1917. After two years of military service, Schmidt led the team to back-to-back undefeated seasons in 1919 and 1920 before moving on to a successful coaching career with Arkansas, TCU and Ohio State.


1916 Kentucky Derby
The 1916 Kentucky Derby was the 42nd running of the Kentucky Derby. The race took place on May 13, 1916. Horses St. Isidore, Bulse, and Huffaker  scratched before the race.