1908 Eastern Suburbs season, Inaugural season
S. Carpenter landed a good goal for Newcastle, and then combined play by Eastern Suburbs enabled Messenger to score a try, which he also converted. Walsh, the tall Newcastle forward, was conspicuous in the open play. Patfield passed to M'Guinness close to the Eastern line, and scored a try, which S. Carpenter converted. Hot work followed, both sides being truly extended, but the Eastern Suburbs team was not to be denied. Miller obtaining possession, shot like a rocket for the line and scored a try, and a difficult goal was negotiated by Messenger. The half ended in favour of Eastern Suburbs by 17 points to 7.


1908 Eastern Suburbs season, Inaugural season
The second half had not long started when a Newcastle player, Bartley, was knocked out, and had to leave the field. Bailey put in a great run for Newcastle, but his pass when he was tackled by M'Namara was overrun by his side. Jones showed prominently for Eastern Suburbs, taking the ball as far as M'Namara, but the fullback beat him for it, and got his kick in. From the centre Flegg passed to Brown to D'Alpuget to Messenger, who put in a characteristic corkscrew run, and scored a try, Brackenreg kicked the goal.


1908 Eastern Suburbs season, Inaugural season
Newcastle now shook things up, and had their opponents fully extended. It was hard luck that no score resulted from two of their charges, which were full of merit, but their persistence was rewarded as Cox scored two tries in rapid succession, one of which was converted by S. Carpenter. A magnificent kick by Messenger from 10 yards inside the centre line added 2 more to the Eastern Suburbs' score. It was the fifth goal the three-quarter had kicked, and Carpenter following suit for his side registered his fourth successful shot.


1908 Eastern Suburbs season, Inaugural season
The Newcastle team again attacked and kept the bill on the opposition line for five minutes. Their exhibition was distinctly high class. The only mistake their fullback made was in failing to pick up a rolling ball. He touched it forward, and Brackenreg beating him for possession picked up, and scored a try, which he also converted. From a try secured by Frawley Messenger kicked his sixth goal, and the whistle sounded with Eastern Suburbs in the lead by 34 points to 17.


1908 Eastern Suburbs season, Inaugural season
Eastern Suburbs 24 (Dan Frawley 3, Rosenfeld, D'Alpuget, Flegg tries: Brackenreg 2, Jones goals) defeated Western Suburbs 2 (1 goal)


1908 Eastern Suburbs season, The final series
Premiership Semi-Final - 15 August 1908 at the Agricultural Ground.


1908 Eastern Suburbs season, The final series
Eastern Suburbs  23 (Miller 3, Kelley, Frawley tries; Brackenreg 4 goals) defeated North Sydney 10 (2 tries; 2 goals)


1908 Eastern Suburbs season, The final series
"Notwithstanding the departure of several leading players for England, these clubs put two good teams in the field to contest their semi final engagement. The attendance was small. There was no preliminary second grade match, and some of the second grade Easterern Suburbs' team played with the first.


1908 Eastern Suburbs season, The final series
The pace was very warm from the kick-off, North Sydney showing admirable defenslve tactics when Eastern Suburbs attacked. All the Eastern Suburbs three-quarters moved like one man in attack, but they were beaten back. The first score however, was registered by North Sydney, M'Carthy beating several onponents with a dodgy run, and grounding the ball across the opposition line. No goal was kicked. Kelley scored a try for Eastern Suburbs, and Brackenreg kicked a goal. From an illegal tackle Eastern Suburbs had a free given against them and Glanville kicked a goal.


1908 Eastern Suburbs season, The final series
The teams appeared to be evenly matched, although the Eastern Suburb’s scrummagers were the better. Neat passing by East enabled Miller to secure on the wing and sprint for the line. Beating all opposition he ran round, and scored behind the posts Brackenrigg added two points for a goal. Fast open play, was witnessed at this stage, Brown, for Eastern Suburbs, and M'Carthy, for North Sydney, being particularly reliable. King stopped one dangerous North Sydney rush. At half time the scores were Eastern Suburbs, 10 points, North Sydney, 5 points.


1908 Eastern Suburbs season, The final series
The ground improved during the afternoon under the influence of the wind and sun, but, with the exception of two or three patches was in generally good order, and the men kept their feet well. A flagrant case of shepherding cost Eastern Suburbs a try, for Green would have scored without any assistance from a club mate who warded off a rear tackler. D'Alpuget behind the Easterners scrum was very sure. He fed his five eighth well, and Brown, Brackenreg, and Miller handed passes in turn, and the last man scored a try behind the posts, Brackenreg kicked a goal.


1908 Eastern Suburbs season, The final series
Rochester went into the three-quarter line, and made a strong run into Northern quarters but his pass was along the ground, and North Sydney were beaten back, Glanville went into the forward ranks for Norths. Hot work on the Eastern line found Albert Broomham slow in taking a pass which should have given him a good chance for a try. Ten minutes of give and take play followed. From a scramble on the Eastern line Bollard got across the line and scored a try. No goal was kicked. There was some unpleasant language occasionally, and the play became willing.


1908 Eastern Suburbs season, The final series
Frawley played a great forward game for Eastern Suburbs, especially in the loose. Miller, taking a pass from M'Namara to Smith, scored a try. No goal was kicked. Frawley was the next to score after a passing rush, in which Smith and M'Namara were also prominent Brackenreg kicked a goal. Glanville kicked a penalty goal for North Sydney, although two of his men were off-side being attended to by the ambulance officer. At full time the scores were Eastern Suburbs, 23 points. North Sydney, 10 points. "....Sydney Morning Herald.


1908 Eastern Suburbs season, The final series
Premiership Final - 29 August 1908 at the Agricultural Ground. Crowd was 4000.


1908 Eastern Suburbs season, The final series
"The final match to determine the premiership in the first grade of the Rugby League was played on the Agricultural Society's Ground on Saturday in perfect weather. The match was shorn of much interest on account of prominent members of both teams being absent, on their way to England. In accordance with the League rules, one-third of the profits of the match will be devoted to charity. The game, which was brilliant, and at times rather rough, resulted in a victory for South Sydney by 14 points to 12. The winners deserved their victory.


1908 Eastern Suburbs season, The final series
South Sydney lost the toss, and kicked off from the southern end, an easterly wind blowing across the ground, and the sun shining strongly against them. Play hummed from the beginning. South Sydney having the better of matters, the forwards putting in splendid work. Getting the ball from the scrum repeatedly, South Sydney's backs executed several brilliant bursts, but the tackling of their opponents was very safe. However, they broke through once, Conlin making a beautiful feinting run, and then passing to Senior, on the wing, the latter scoring a pretty try.


1908 Eastern Suburbs season, The final series
Immediately afterwards Herb Brackenreg kicked a penalty goal for Eastern Suburbs. South Sydney now attacked strongly, and appeared likely to score, but Horrie Miller, intercepting a yard or so from his own line, raced the whole length of the ground and scored a beautiful try behind the posts. Brackenreg converted, making the scores 7 points to 6 in favour of Eastern Suburbs.


1908 Eastern Suburbs season, The final series
On resuming South Sydney obtained the upper hand, forwards and backs playing brilliantly. They made repeated dashes, but could not break through for a long time. Once Storie got across, but was tackled. Then the three-quarters made fine dashes on either wing. From the last of these, which ended on the line, Golden scored a try, which Green failed to convert. Just before half time, Edward Fry marked at Eastern Suburb’s 25, and Conlin kicked a fine goal, South Sydney leading by 8 points to 7.


1908 Eastern Suburbs season, The final series
The second half proved exciting from start to finish, Eastern Suburbs at first attacked and South Sydney got out of the difficulty by forcing. South Sydney now became aggressive, the three-quarters combining very neatly. They repeatedly penetrated the defence, but could not put the finishing touch to the movements for some time. At length Levison obtained a scrum and passed to Conlin, on the wing. The latter dashed for the line, and scored. The kick at goal failed. South Sydney 11 points to 7.


1908 Eastern Suburbs season, The final series
Eastern Suburbs put in fine work. Dan Frawley and Brackenreg dribbling almost to the line. Then McNamara dropped a field goal from centre, which reduced South Sydney's lead to 2 points. McNamara almost repeated the performance a few minutes later, South Sydney rallied, and Levison getting from a scrum at the 25 passed in to Butler, who scored. The kick at goal failed.


1908 Eastern Suburbs season, The final series
Play now became very rough, several players being knocked out temporarily, and the referee had to administer cautions. Near time, Eastern Suburbs came with a rush, and Miller scored a good try, which Brackenreg failed to convert.


1908 Eastern Suburbs season, The final series
There was no further scoring, South Sydney winning by 14 points to 12"....Sydney Morning Herald.


1908 Edmonton municipal election
The 1908 municipal election was held December 14, 1908 for the purpose of electing a mayor and six aldermen to sit on the Edmonton City Council, as well as three public school trustees and five separate school trustees. There were also five proposed bylaws put to a vote of the electorate concurrently with the election.


1908 Edmonton municipal election, Positions to be elected
There were eight aldermen on city council, but two of the positions were already filled: George S. Armstrong and Robert Manson had been elected to two-year terms in 1907 and were still in office. Robert Lee and Thomas Bellamy had also been elected to two-year terms in 1907, but had resigned to run for mayor. Accordingly, the fifth and sixth-place finishers in the aldermanic race - Andrew Agar and Daniel Fraser - were elected to one-year terms.


1908 Edmonton municipal election, Positions to be elected
There were five trustees on the public board of trustees, but two of the positions were already occupied: A E May and Alex Taylor had been elected to two-year terms in 1907 and were still in office.


1908 Edmonton municipal election, Campaign
The campaign's major issue was how to best increase the city's water supply. Mayoral candidate Robert Lee supported enhancing the capacity of the existing plant, while his opponent, Thomas Bellamy, favoured constructing a new plant. According to the Edmonton Bulletin, Lee's earlier entry into the race and early success at recruiting prominent citizens as his public supporters was a decisive factor in his defeat of Bellamy, who entered the race later.


1908 Edmonton municipal election, Voter turnout
There were 1942 ballots cast in the 1908 municipal election. The number of eligible voters is no longer available.


1908 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Separate (Catholic) School Trustees
James Collisson, Wilfrid Gariépy, Prosper-Edmond Lessard, J McAllister, and Joseph Henri Picard were elected. Detailed results are no longer available.


1908 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Bylaws
The following bylaws were voted on concurrently with the 1908 election:


1908 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Bylaws, Bylaw 161
A bylaw to raise $42,500 to pay for part of a traffic deck on the C.P.R. Bridge.


1908 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Bylaws, Bylaw 164
A bylaw to raise $30,000 to supplement $49,000 to pay for street railway material.


1908 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Bylaws, Bylaw 165
A bylaw to raise $40,000 for improvement in and extensions to the Municipal Telephone System.


1908 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Bylaws, Bylaw 166
A bylaw to raise the sum of $60,000 for improvement in and extensions to Municipal Electric Plant.


1908 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Bylaws, Bylaw 167
A bylaw to raise $5,000 to supplement previous amounts for an Isolation Hospital.


1908 English cricket season
1908 was the 19th season of County Championship cricket in England. American John Barton "Bart" King topped the bowling averages as a member of the touring Philadelphian cricket team.


1908 European Figure Skating Championships
The 1908 European Figure Skating Championships were held on January 18 in Warsaw. Warsaw was part of the Russian Empire at this time. Elite figure skaters competed for the title of European Champion in the category of men's singles.


1908 European Rowing Championships
The 1908 European Rowing Championships were rowing championships held in the Swizz city of Lucerne. The competition, held on 30 August, was for men only and they competed in five boat classes (M1x, M2x, M2+, M4+, M8+). Many of the rowers had a month earlier competed at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London.


1908 European Rowing Championships, Medal summary
Four nations (Belgium, France, Italy, and Switzerland) competed in five events.


1908 FA Charity Shield
The 1908 FA Charity Shield was the first Charity Shield, a football match contested by the winners of the previous season's Football League and Southern League competitions. It was intended as a replacement for the Sheriff of London Charity Shield, after The Football Association declined to provide a professional club to the organisers of that event for the annual amateurs vs. professionals match. The new match was subsequently arranged to take place at Chelsea F.C. 's home ground, Stamford Bridge. Following the conclusion of the respective leagues, 1907–08 Football League winners Manchester United were scheduled to play against 1907–08 Southern League champions Queens Park Rangers.


1908 FA Charity Shield
The first match was played on a very damp pitch in poor weather and ended in a 1–1 draw between the two sides, with the QPR goalkeeper Charlie Shaw also saving a penalty struck by George Stacey. Following the match it was thought that the two sides would share the honours, but instead at the suggestion of Arthur Kinnaird, 11th Lord Kinnaird, the match was replayed in late August. It was once again played at Stamford Bridge and the two teams fielded most of the same players with only a few exceptions. On this occasion the weather was far improved and the attendance by spectators was far higher with 50,000 fans attending. Manchester United won the game by four goals, and between the two matches more than £1000 was raised for charity.


1908 FA Charity Shield, Match, Background
The Charity Shield was originally designed to be a game between professionals and amateurs. It had evolved from the Sheriff of London Charity Shield, a similar earlier competition which also pitted an amateur club versus a professional one. As late as February 1908, there were yet no plans to change the competition and the organisers of the Sheriff of London match were seeking to have the Football Association nominate a professional club to play either Corinthians or Queen's Park of Scotland.


1908 FA Charity Shield, Match, Background
In response the FA told all their clubs to refuse to compete in the match and not allow the organisation to use their facilities for it either. This was as a result of the formation of the Amateur Football Association the previous year, who had broken away from the FA as they felt that it was for the good of amateur football.


1908 FA Charity Shield, Match, Background
An informal discussion between the organisers and the FA took place on 10 February, but they could not come to an agreement. In protest the organisers of the Sheriff of London Charity Shield wrote a public letter to Arthur Balfour, the leader of the Conservative Party and the Opposition. Balfour wrote back publicly to say that he was unhappy about the situation but did not feel qualify to intervene. It was subsequently announced in mid April that the match had been cancelled for the year.


1908 FA Charity Shield, Match, Background
Meanwhile, the Football Association organised their own Charity Shield, and on 22 February it was announced that the intention was to invite the winners of the 1907–08 Football League to play the champions of the 1907–08 Southern League at a location in London. It was proposed to play at the game at Stamford Bridge, home of Chelsea F.C., on 2 May but as the stadium was busy it was instead organised for 27 April. A week prior to the scheduled match, Queens Park Rangers were named the winners of the Southern League, qualifying them for the game.


1908 FA Charity Shield, Match, Background
Around the same time, Manchester United won the Football League, pushing Aston Villa into second place. This meant that Manchester United were due to play Queens Park Rangers for the first FA Charity Shield. Both clubs agreed to take part in the match without charging any expenses, and likewise Chelsea F.C. allowed the match to take place at their Stamford Bridge ground for free. The rain prior to the match had made the pitch quite boggy, but reduced to drizzle by match time at 5:30 pm.


1908 FA Charity Shield, Match, First half
Manchester United were initially surprised by the abilities of the Queens Park Rangers players, in particular the two full backs. They had the majority of the early play and in the eleventh minute Alfred Gittins and P. Skilton took the ball past the United half backs before passing it onto Frank Cannon. He dribbled it towards goal and scored past Moger. After the goal, the United team improved but Skilton nearly scored twice more for Rangers.


1908 FA Charity Shield, Match, First half
Just before half time, United had a chance when Billy Meredith played a ball on for Jimmy Turnbull but an injury to a QPR player stopped play. Charlie Roberts took the ball for United immediately afterwards and took it into the area, but was fouled with a penalty awarded. George Stacey stepped up to take the shot, but Charlie Shaw in goal for Rangers got a hand to the ball and saved it.


1908 FA Charity Shield, Match, Second half
United were improved once more following half-time with Meredith switched to the right side. He was receiving far more of the ball than in the first half and his ability to dribble the ball down the wing was causing problems for the QPR defence. On the 60th minute, Jimmy Bannister passed the ball out to Meredith once again who took the ball on towards Filder, the Rangers left-back. As he approached the defender he shot from outside the area past the QPR keeper to equalise for United. Manchester continued to keep the advantage after this, but the QPR defence was stubborn and Shaw in goal saved three more shots on target. The game ended in a 1–1 draw.


1908 FA Charity Shield, Replay, Background
Following the initial draw, it was expected that QPR and Manchester United would share the honours. However Arthur Kinnaird, 11th Lord Kinnaird suggested that it would be suitable to run a replay of the match in the autumn. It was eventually arranged to take place on 29 August, once again at Chelsea's Stamford Bridge stadium. Fred Pentland requested to play for QPR in the replay, despite having transferred to Middlesbrough following the first match; his request was declined by the directors of the club.


1908 FA Charity Shield, Replay, Background
It was the first professional match for former England international amateur player Evelyn Lintott, who had joined Rangers. Meanwhile, Manchester United had made a change from the first game with Jack Picken replacing Sandy Turnbull to partner George Wall on the left side of the attack. Unlike the first match, the weather was fine for the replay.


1908 FA Charity Shield, Replay, First half
The match was played at a speedy pace with Queens Park Rangers starting strong, holding the ball in the centre of the pitch. But they were soon in trouble from the combined work of Wall and Picken, who took a shot at goal which deflected off John MacDonald in the Rangers defence. Manchester United kept pressing the attack against their London opponents who were kept on the defensive for most of the first half. But MacNaught made a mistake for Rangers which led to Manchester forcing a corner.


1908 FA Charity Shield, Replay, First half
It was crossed in by Dick Duckworth, but the ball passed in front of an open goalmouth before being cleared. After 23 minutes Meredith crossed for Turnbull who headed the ball past Shaw to put Manchester United a goal up. Moments later, Picken took the ball into the QPR box and Shaw ran out to collect; but slipped, allowing Turnbull score another goal. Following a brief QPR counterattack, Bannister for Manchester drove in a powerful shot but Shaw punched the ball onto the underside of the crossbar and clear.


1908 FA Charity Shield, Replay, First half
Again Manchester attacked, with Turnbull firing in a shot which once again came off the crossbar; he attempted to convert the rebound but it ended up in the hands of Shaw. Just prior to half time, Manchester United drew a corner which resulted in a shot being sent over the bar by Cannon.


1908 FA Charity Shield, Replay, Second half
The second half saw most of the action once again taking place in the QPR half of the field. At one point Shaw was forced to run ten yards off his goal line and throw himself onto the ball, with Picken falling on top of him. Manchester United attacked once again straight away afterwards after Picken passed to Wall who struck the ball past the QPR keeper for his side's third goal. Rangers tried a few attacks but they were mostly uncoordinated, although one shot struck the crossbar.


1908 FA Charity Shield, Replay, Second half
The fourth goal for Manchester United came late in the game when Roberts passed forward to Meredith who sent it into the area for Meredith to strike it into the net once more. Before the match finished, Bannister was taken off injured with United ending the game a player down. A trophy was awarded to the Manchester United players by Sir William Treloar.


1908 FA Charity Shield, Post match
Following the matches it was announced by the Benevolent Fund and Charity Committee of the Football Association that the proceeds from both games after expenses amounted to £1,104 5s. 2d. Of this, Manchester United were allowed to allocate £300 to charities of their choice, and Queens Park Rangers could nominate which charities would receive £100. The Football Association chose to donate their portion of the money to a number of hospitals and children's homes. It is the only Charity or Community Shield to date to have required a replay.


1908 FA Cup Final
The 1908 FA Cup Final was contested by Wolverhampton Wanderers and Newcastle United at Crystal Palace Park. Newcastle had just finished fourth in the First Division during this season, after winning the league in 1906–07. This was their third FA Cup final appearance in four years (although they had yet to win). Their 6–0 thrashing of Fulham in the semi-final is a record win for a semi-final. By contrast, Wolves had finished ninth in the Second Division.


1908 FA Cup Final
Nevertheless, Wolves upset the odds by winning the match 3–1, with goals by Kenneth Hunt, George Hedley and Billy Harrison. James Howey scored the Magpies' reply. The Lord Mayor of London, Sir John Bell, then handed the trophy to Wolves' Billy Wooldridge.


1908 FA Cup Final, Match summary
Newcastle began the more composed side and launched several early attacks. They had the majority of the possession, but Wolves managed to stand resolute. On the 40-minute mark, a hurried clearance from a scramble in the Newcastle penalty area fell to Kenneth Hunt, who hit the ball back ferociously from distance, which Lawrence in the Magpies' goal could only help into the net. This was the first goal Hunt had ever scored for the club. Wolves grew in confidence with this strike and George Hedley quickly doubled their advantage with swift shot into the far corner after eluding two tackles.


1908 FA Cup Final, Match summary
James Howie gave Newcastle hope as he scored after a corner in the 73rd minute, their first Cup Final goal in three attempts, and they pushed for the equaliser. However, Wolves managed to break away and winger Billy Harrison sealed the victory to clinch the cup for a second time for the Molineux men.


1908 FHL season
The 1908 Federal Hockey League (FHL) season was the fifth season of the league. After the death of Bud McCourt, and the resignations of teams from the league, the league had only three teams. The Ottawa Victorias and Cornwall Hockey Club returned from the previous year's teams. The league, previously amateur, was now composed of only professional teams, and billed itself as the 'Federal League.' The Renfrew Creamery Kings of the Upper Ottawa Valley Hockey League would play in the league with home games in Brockville, Ontario, playing as the Brockville team. This situation eventually caused the league to cease operations. Renfrew would return to the FAHL the following season, playing in Renfrew.


1908 FHL season, Season
The season would not last a month. The league suspended play on January 22, 1908. Brockville, which employed the Renfrew team to play, notified the Cornwall club that they would not play a game on January 23. The reason given was the refusal of the Ottawa Victorias to play against Renfrew wearing Brockville jerseys. The Renfrew club would continue in the Upper Ottawa Valley League, until it folded as well, then play exhibitions to finish the hockey season.


1908 FHL season, Season, Results
‡ Victorias refused to play Brockville team composed of Renfrew players.


1908 FHL season, Stanley Cup challenge
During the season, as champions in 1907, the Victorias challenged the Stanley Cup champion Montreal Wanderers. The Victorias were no match for the Wanderers, losing two straight games in poor fashion.


1908 Fairmount Wheatshockers football team
The 1908 Fairmount Wheatshockers football team was an American football team that represented Fairmount College (now known as Wichita State University) as an independent during the 1908 college football season. In its fourth season under head coach Willis Bates, the team compiled an 8–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 256 to 32. Its only loss was to Oklahoma.


1908 Faroese general election
Partial general elections were held in the southern part of the Faroe Islands on 2 February 1908. The Union Party remained the largest in the Løgting, with 13 of the 20 seats.


1908 Fijian general election
General elections were held in Fiji on 23 March and 10 April 1908.


1908 Fijian general election, Electoral system
The Legislative Council consisted of ten civil servants, six elected Europeans and two appointed Fijians. The six Europeans were elected from three constituencies; Levuka (one seat), Suva (two seats) and a "Planters" constituency covering the rest of the colony (three seats). Voting was restricted to European men aged 21 or over who were British subjects and earned at least £120 a year or owned property with a yearly value of £20.


1908 Fijian general election, Electoral system
Voting was held in Levuka and Suva on 23 March, and in the Planters constituency on 10 April.


1908 Finnish championships in aquatics
From 1906 to 1926, the Finnish Swimming Federation did not arrange a dedicated national competition, but spread out the hosting duties of the championship events to multiple clubs.


1908 Finnish championships in aquatics, Swimming, Men, 100 metre freestyle
Competed in Helsinki on 8 (heats) and 9 (final) August 1908.


1908 Finnish championships in aquatics, Water polo, Men
Competed in Helsinki on 9 August 1908. Championship was decided by a single match, won by Helsingfors Simsällskap 7–1 (3–1, 4–0).


1908 Finnish football championship
The 1908 Finnish football championship was the first edition of the Finnish football championship. Four teams participated in the final tournament, which was won by Unitas Sports Club.


1908 Finnish parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in the Grand Duchy of Finland on 1 and 2 July 1908.


1908 Finnish parliamentary election, Background
The Russian Tsar Nicholas II dissolved the first modern and democratic Finnish Parliament after its Speaker, Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, refused, in the Tsar's opinion, to show enough respect for him when speaking at the parliamentary session's opening. In 1908, the Russian government restarted its Russification policy in Finland, limiting Finnish self-government.


1908 Finnish parliamentary election, Campaign
Most Finns, including most Finnish parliamentarians, opposed the Russification, but disagreed on the means to effectively oppose it. The Social Democratic Party's supporters hoped for positive results from their party's work in Parliament, such as the growing prosperity of workers and tenant farmers, but would be disappointed during the next several elections. The other parliamentary parties, with the partial exception of the Agrarians, considered the Social Democrats' demands, such as an eight-hour workday, too radical to be implemented while Finland was trying to save its self-government. Parliament had no official control over the government, which was responsible only to the Tsar and to the Governor-General. Parliament's legislative power was also limited by the Tsar's ability to veto its laws, without a time limit on his consideration whether to veto the laws or not.


1908 Florida football team
The 1908 Florida football team represented the University of Florida during the 1908 college football season. The season was Jack Forsythe's third and last as the head coach of the University of Florida football team. Forsythe's 1908 Florida football team posted a record of 5–2–1 in their third varsity season.


1908 Florida football team, Before the season
The team was captained by veteran transfer William Gibbs. It was the first season for a talented Gainesville product, Dummy Taylor. The backfield also included Charlie Bartleson Jim Vidal, and William A. Shands, future state senator and namesake of Shands Hospital.


1908 Florida football team, Before the season
One story of Florida becoming the "Florida Gators" originates in 1908. Gainesville shop owner ordered orange and blue pennants with a gator emblem from the Michie Company, drawing inspiration from the University of Virginia.


1908 Florida football team, Season summary, Mercer
The Florida football team opened the season with a loss to the Mercer Baptists for the third consecutive season, 24–0. Mercer outweighed Florida by 20 pounds.


1908 Florida football team, Season summary, Mercer
The starting lineup was Malhorton (left end), Rader (left tackle), Vanfleet (left guard), Parker (center), Videll (right guard), J. Taylor (right tackle), Shands (right end), Thompson (quarterback), Bartleson (left halfback), E. Taylor (right halfback), Gibbs (fullback).


1908 Florida football team, Season summary, Riverside A. C.
Florida beat the Riverside Athletic Club of Jacksonville twice. The first win was 4–0. Former Gator Roy Corbett coached and played right halfback for Riverside.


1908 Florida football team, Season summary, Rollins
Florida lost to the state champion Rollins Tars 5–0. Rollins' Harman broke away for a 30-yard touchdown in the second half.


1908 Florida football team, Season summary, Stetson
Florida also played the Stetson Hatters for the first time, beating them 6–5 on the Orange and Blue's home field in Gainesville. Dummy Taylor's extra point decided the win over Stetson, after a Charlie Bartleson touchdown run.


1908 Florida football team, Season summary, Stetson
Florida tied Stetson 0–0 in a rematch on the Hatters' home field in DeLand, Florida.


1908 Florida football team, Season summary, Stetson
The starting lineup was Moody (left end), Taylor (left tackle), Shands (left guard), Parker (center), McMillan (right guard), Rader (right tackle), Haughton (right end), Bartleson (quarterback), Gibbs (left halfback), E. Taylor (right halfback), Vidal (fullback).


1908 Florida football team, Postseason
Forsythe finished his three-year tenure as Florida's football coach with an overall record of 14–6–2.


1908 Florida gubernatorial election
The 1908 Florida gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1908. Incumbent Governor Napoleon B. Broward was term-limited. Democratic nominee Albert W. Gilchrist was elected with 78.82% of the vote.


1908 Florida gubernatorial election, Democratic primary
Primary elections were held on May 19, 1908, with the Democratic runoff held on June 16, 1908.


1908 Fordham Maroon football team
The 1908 Fordham Maroon football team was an American football team that represented Fordham University as an independent during the 1908 college football season. Fordham claims a 17–3–1 record, and College Football Data Warehouse (CFDW) lists the team's record at 5–1.


1908 Fordham Maroon football team
Howard Gargan, who was the captain and quarterback of Fordham's 1907 team, served as the team's head coach. Leo Fitzpatrick was the 1908 team captain.


1908 Fordham Maroon football team
The team played its home games at Fordham Field on the school's campus in The Bronx and at the American League Park in the Washington Park neighborhood of Manhattan.


1908 Fordham Maroon football team, Schedule
The following six games are reported in Fordham's media guide, CFDW, and contemporaneous press coverage.


1908 Fordham Maroon football team, Schedule
The following are 13 additional games reported in the Fordham media guide.


1908 Franklin & Marshall football team
The 1908 Franklin & Marshall football team was an American football team that represented Franklin & Marshall College during the 1908 college football season. The team compiled a 4–6–1 record. Jack Hollenback, a former Penn player, was the team's head coach.


1908 Franklin Baptists football team
The 1908 Franklin Baptists football team represented the Franklin College of Indiana during the 1908 college football season. The Baptists lost a school record nine games (the record was tied in 1992 with another 0–9–1 season), and scored a combined 19 points, compared to their opponent's combined total of 263.


1908 French Grand Prix
The 1908 French Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at Dieppe on 7 July 1908.


1908 French Grand Prix, Formula Changes
The race was run under a new formula agreed in Ostend in 1907. There was no fuel consumption limit, but the cars had a minimum weight of 1100 kilograms, and a maximum cylinder bore of 155 millimetres. This formula differed from the regulations in place for the American Vanderbilt Cup series, which discouraged American manufacturers from entering the race. Lewis Strang drove the single American entrant, the Thomas Flyer. D. Napier & Son cars were disqualified from the race due to their use of Rudge-Whitworth center locking hubs, which the organizers believed were unsafe.


1908 French Grand Prix, The Race
Christian Lautenschlager won the race in his Mercedes finishing nearly nine minutes ahead of Victor Hémery's Benz. Lautenschlager's average speed for the race was 69.045 mph (111.117 km/h). Otto Salzer set fastest lap in his Mercedes, with an average speed of over 78 mph (126 km/h). The race was notable for tragic reasons. Henri Cissac's car lost a tyre and rolled, killing Cissac and Jules Schaube, his riding mechanic. This was the first fatal accident in Grand Prix history.


1908 Geneva Covenanters football team
The 1908 Geneva Covenanters football team was an American football team that represented Geneva College as an independent during the 1908 college football season. Led by second-year head coach, Arthur McKean, the team compiled a record of 1–6–2.


1908 George Washington Hatchetites football team
The 1908 George Washington Hatchetites football team represented George Washington University in the 1908 college football season. Led by second year coach Fred K. Nielsen, the team went 8–1–1 and were one of two teams given the mythical title of Southern champion. The Colonials outscored opponents 297 to 28. Curley Byrd was a member of the team.


1908 Georgetown Blue and Gray football team
The 1908 Georgetown Blue and Gray football team represented Georgetown University during the 1908 college football season. Led by William Newman in his first year as head coach, the team went 2–4–1.


1908 Georgia Bulldogs baseball team
The 1908 Georgia Bulldogs baseball team represented the Georgia Bulldogs of the University of Georgia in the 1908 IAAUS baseball season, winning the SIAA championship.


1908 Georgia Bulldogs football team
The 1908 Georgia Bulldogs football team represented the Georgia Bulldogs of the University of Georgia during the 1908 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The Bulldogs completed the season with a 5–2–1 record. Georgia had victories against Clemson and South Carolina, but lost to one of its main rivals, Auburn. This was the team's first and only season under the guidance of head coach Branch Bocock, although he had coached three games in 1907 for head coach Bull Whitney. One of the players on the 1908 team was quarterback George "Kid" Woodruff. After a successful season, Woodruff traveled abroad in 1909 and returned to the University in 1910 and 1911 and eventually became the head coach of the Bulldogs in 1923.


1908 Georgia Bulldogs football team
The game against Alabama on November 14, 1908 was the 100th game played by the football team since starting in 1892. Georgia tied Alabama in that game, bringing Georgia's record in the first 100 games to 45–47–8, .490 winning percentage.


1908 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team
The 1908 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team represented the Georgia Institute of Technology during the 1908 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. J. R. Davis was selected All-Southern. Vanderbilt coach Dan McGugin wrote, "He has one glaring fault—a tendency to tackle around the eyebrows. Otherwise he is a splendid foot ball man. He weighs two hundred pounds, is never hurt, never fumbles, bucks a line hard and furnishes excellent interference. He was the strength and stay of Tech."


1908 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, Before the season
The University of Georgia attacked Tech's recruitment tactics in football. UGA alumni incited a Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association investigation into Tech's recruitment of a player UGA had recruited as well. The Georgia Alumni claimed that Tech had created a fraudulent scholarship fund, which they used to persuade the player to attend Tech rather than UGA. The SIAA ruled in favor of Tech, but the 1908 game was canceled that season due to bad blood between the rivals.


1908 German football championship
The 1908 German football championship, the sixth edition of the competition, was won by Viktoria 89 Berlin, defeating Stuttgarter Kickers 3–1 in the final.


1908 German football championship
For Viktoria 89 Berlin it was the first national title, having lost the previous season's final to Freiburger FC. The club would make another losing appearance in the final in the following season before winning its second title in 1911. For the Stuttgarter Kickers it was the club's sole appearance in the championship final.


1908 German football championship
Viktoria's Willi Worpitzky was the top scorers of the 1908 championship with six goals.


1908 German football championship
Eight clubs qualified for the competition played in knock-out format, the champions of each of the seven regional football championships and the defending German champions.


1908 German football championship, Competition, Quarter-finals
The quarter-finals, played on 3 May 1908, with the replay played on 17 May:


1908 Giro di Lombardia
The 1908 Giro di Lombardia was the fourth edition of the Giro di Lombardia cycle race and was held on 8 November 1908. The race started in Milan and finished in Sesto San Giovanni. The race was won by François Faber of the Peugeot team.


1908 Goldey College football team
The 1908 Goldey College football team represented Goldey College (now known as Goldey–Beacom College) in the 1908 college football season as an independent. In three games played, Goldey compiled a record of 0–2–1, being outscored 0–45.


1908 Grand National
The 1908 Grand National was the 70th renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 27 March 1908.


1908 Grand Prix season
The 1908 Grand Prix season was the third Grand Prix racing season. An international economic recession affected motor-racing with fewer races and smaller fields. However, in consequence, it also saw an increase in the number of smaller cars and voiturette racing. This gave close racing between the teams from Lion-Peugeot, Sizaire-Naudin and Delage. Both the major races in Europe, the Targa Florio and French Grand Prix, had precursor voiturette races, and along with the Coupe des Voiturettes, the honours were shared between those three manufacturers. This year’s Targa Florio had a small, but quality, field. Vincenzo Trucco won for Isotta-Fraschini with better mechanical reliability, after a close duel with the FIATs of Felice Nazzaro and Vincenzo Lancia.


1908 Grand Prix season
The French Grand Prix had a big field and this time Christian Lautenschlager in a Mercedes again denied the French a victory in their own race. Felice Nazzaro won the Coppa Florio for FIAT


1908 Grand Prix season, Racing regulations
At the end of 1907, at a meeting in Ostend, the AIACR (forerunner of the FIA) had set down new regulations for motor-racing. In barely 10 years, top speeds had dramatically increased fourfold. More power had usually come from bigger and bigger engines – now approaching 20 litres, on chassis getting dangerously light and flimsy. So, the AIACR derived an international racing formula based on a maximum cylinder bore: 155mm for 4-cylinder engines and 127mm for 6-cylinders. A minimum weight of 1100kg (not including tyres, tools and liquids) was also applied to enforce structural integrity. They also opened the voiturette class up to 4-cylinder engines to further encourage development of smaller cars. For the voiturettes, the corresponding cylinder bore limitations were 65mm (4-cyl), 80mm (2-cyl) and 100mm (1-cyl) respectively.


1908 Grand Prix season, Season review
The Targa Florio opened the season with a small field of 9 entrants. In a close race across the rough Sicilian roads, the FIATs of Nazzaro and Lancia led initially, but when they had to stop at the pits it was Vincenzo Trucco close behind who took the lead. He held it to the finish to give Isotta-Fraschini its first major victory.


1908 Grand Prix season, Season review
The French Grand Prix was once again held on the 77km circuit on the northern French coast at Dieppe. Although this was only the third annual Grand Prix, the organising body, the ACF, numbered it the 11th French Grand Prix – by retroactively including the earlier inter-city races to add more faux-prestige. The track was well-provided for. Teams had service places built in a divided trench, from whence, subsequently, came the term “pits”. A big field of 48 cars arrived, of which half were French manufacturers.


1908 Grand Prix season, Season review
Challenging the established Renault, Richard-Brasier, Clément-Bayard and Mors were FIAT and Itala from Italy, and Benz, Mercedes and Opel from Germany. Otto Salzer, in his Mercedes, led the first lap. Then as he fell back with engine issues it was Nazzaro and Wagner (FIATs), Lautenschlager (Mercedes) and Hémery (Benz) who diced for the lead. The French cars dropped out with mechanical problems, as did the FIATs. Hémery was caught by a stone thrown up that smashed his goggles and put glass splinters in his eye. Despite the injury, he pressed on, closing in on the Mercedes. Even though Lautenschlager had to ease off to save his tyres he took the victory from Hémery, with René Hanriot third in another Benz. The partisan French crowd was left very disgruntled.


1908 Grand Prix season, Season review
The day before, a huge field of 64 mostly French cars had entered for the inaugural Grand Prix des Voiturettes. Albert Guyot had enough fuel in his Delage to run the near 6-hour race without stopping. So when the leading pair of Sizaire-Naudins had to pit he could carry on to a comfortable 16-minute victory. Naudin was second followed by the Lion-Peugeots of Jules Goux and Georges Boillot. Later in the year, at the Coupe des Voiturettes run at Compiègne, the Sizaire-Naudins had bigger fuel-tanks so now they could also run non-stop. Naudin won ahead of his co-owner Sizaire, with Goux coming third.


1908 Grand Prix season, Season review
A major meeting was held in on a high speed circuit in Bologna consisting of two races over two days, around two months after the French Grand Prix. The first was the Coppa Florio over 10 laps, and was this year held for Grand Prix cars, with every car having appeared at the Grand Prix. Notable was the absence of the German entries.


1908 Grand Prix season, Season review
Ferdinando Minoia lead the first lap in a Lorraine-Dietrich but then ran into trouble on the second, giving the lead to Vincenzo Lancia in a FIAT, but he would lose time around the halfway mark, eventually finishing fifth, with fellow FIAT driver Nazzaro taking the lead and holding it to the end. On the following day was the Targa Bologna over 8 laps, for Targa Florio cars. It attracted mostly Italian drivers.


1908 Grand Prix season, Season review
Nino Franchini (in a Bianchi) lead the first few two laps but retired on his third, with second placed Enrico Maggioni (in a Zust) heavily delayed on his third lap, giving the lead to Jean Porporato in his Berliet who drove steadily to win. Both races had high attrition and many drivers experienced delays, mostly due to tyre trouble on the high speed circuit.


1908 Grand Prix season, Season review
In the United States, there had been a schism between the Automobile Association of America (AAA) and the Automobile Club of America (ACA). The former ran the Vanderbilt Cup races, but these had been plagued by poor crowd control, and the 1907 race had been cancelled accordingly. It was reinstated in 1908 to the AAA’s own rules. This upset the European teams, who boycotted the race, and so the ACA took the opportunity to launch their own race: the American Grand Prize run to the AIACR regulations and held on Thanksgiving Day, a month after the Vanderbilt Cup.


1908 Grand Prix season, Season review
The race was held on a 25-mile course outside of Savannah, Georgia. The roads were in good condition and on race-day were lined with armed police and soldiers to maintain crowd control. The twenty entrants included the best European drivers. FIAT had Nazzaro and Wagner, with a third car for Italian-American Ralph DePalma. Hémery and Hanriot were sent by Benz, as was Ferenc Szisz (Renault), Arthur Duray (Lorraine-Dietrich) and Alessandro Cagno (Itala). DePalma thrilled the local crowd by taking the initial lead. The French and American cars lost ground leaving it to be a contest between FIAT and Benz. Hémery crossed the line first but it was Wagner who won by a minute on corrected time.


1908 Grand Prix season, Season review
After the American Grand Prize, Henry Ford (on the ACA committee) declared that American manufacturers could not compete with European cars unless they also started building specialist racing cars. However, he could not do so himself, as he had just started tooling up for mass-production of the Model T.


1908 Grand Prix season, Season review
Although French cars dominated voiturette racing, they did not win a single race in the larger grade this year. With the economic downturn and seeing the writing on the wall, Renault had decided to quit motor-racing. At the end of the year, a dozen other French and German manufacturers followed, in a letter pledging to abstain from motor-racing for the next three years because of the rising costs. It was enforced with a FFr100,000 bond on each, forfeited for those that broke the agreement. So, at the start of 1909, with only nine entrants the ACF was forced to cancel the Grand Prix.


1908 Grand Prix season, Season review, Other events
Following its sponsorship of the great race from Peking to Paris in 1907, this year French newspaper Le Matin organised an even longer one from New York to Paris – travelling across the United States to Alaska before getting a boat to Japan, and Vladivostok. Six cars started in Times Square on February 12th. After much controversy, the American team in a Thomas Flyer was declared the winner.


1908 Haggerston by-election
The Haggerston by-election was a Parliamentary by-election. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP)  to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.


1908 Haggerston by-election, Vacancy
Sir Randal Cremer the sitting member died on 22 July 1908. He had been Liberal MP for the seat of Haggerston since the 1900 general election.


1908 Haggerston by-election, Electoral history
The seat had been Liberal since they gained it in 1900. They easily held the seat at the last election, with an increased majority;


1908 Haggerston by-election, Electoral history
No Labour Party or Socialist candidate had ever stood. At the 1907 London County Council election The Conservative backed Municipal Reform Party had gained Haggerston from the Liberal backed Progressive Party.


1908 Haggerston by-election, Result
The Conservatives gained the seat on a swing of 10.25%;


1908 Haggerston by-election, Result
The result was seen as a victory for Tariff Reform and a disappointment to the third party Social Democratic Federation.


1908 Haggerston by-election, Aftermath
Warren sought election to parliament at the next General Election at the Conservative seat of Wandsworth, without success. Guinness once again faced Burrows and a new Liberal candidate who defeated him;


1908 Haggerston by-election, Aftermath
Warren switched his attention to municipal politics and in March 1910, standing for the Liberal backed Progressive Party, he gained a seat from the Conservative backed Municipal Reform Party at Battersea in the 1910 London County Council election.


1908 Harvard Crimson football team
The 1908 Harvard Crimson football team represented Harvard University in the 1908 college football season. The team finished with a 9–0–1 record and was retroactively named as the national champion by the Billingsley Report. They outscored their opponents 132 to 8.


1908 Haskell Indians football team
The 1908 Haskell Indians football team was an American football team that represented the Haskell Indian Institute  (now known as Haskell Indian Nations University) as an independent during the 1908 college football season. In its first season under head coach John R. Bender, Haskell compiled a 3–5–1 record and was outscored by a total of 79 to 65.


1908 Haskell Indians football team
The teams played games against five teams that now play in Power Five conferences: a victory over Texas A&M and losses to Arkansas, Nebraska, LSU, and Alabama.


1908 Hastings by-election
The Hastings by-election 1908 was a Parliamentary by-election. Hastings returned one Member of Parliament (MP)  to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.


1908 Hastings by-election, Vacancy
The seat had become vacant following the resignation of the sitting Unionist MP, Harvey Du Cros, on grounds of ill health. He had been the MP for the seat of Hastings since the 1906 general election.


1908 Hastings by-election, Electoral history
The seat had been Conservative since they gained it in 1906 against the national swing, having surprisingly lost it to the Liberals in 1900.


1908 Hastings by-election, Candidates
The Conservatives quickly adopted 37-year-old Arthur Du Cros, son of the former MP, as their new candidate. He had been born and raised in Dublin before entering the family rubber tyre manufacturing business in the Birmingham area. In 1906 Du Cros unsuccessfully contested the London seat of Bow & Bromley as a Conservative candidate.


1908 Hastings by-election, Candidates
The Liberals had no local candidate because their previous candidate Freeman Freeman-Thomas had since been elected at a by-election. There was a delay in selecting 30-year-old Robert Vernon Harcourt, the son of Sir William Harcourt as their man. Harcourt was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge where he took honours in the History Tripos. At Cambridge, he was a committee member of Cambridge University Liberal Club from 1899 to 1900. Harcourt went into the Foreign Service, serving as a clerk on the diplomatic establishment of the Foreign Office from 1900 to 1906. He was then briefly engaged in journalism, being parliamentary correspondent of the magazine Tribune. He stood unsuccessfully for the London County Council seat of Mile End in 1907, as a Progressive. He was standing for parliament for the first time.


1908 Hastings by-election, Campaign
Polling Day was fixed for 3 March 1908. The themes raised in the by-election ranged over many issues of the day and the clash between what was seen as the local man (Du Cros) versus the government incomer (Harcourt), even though they were both outsiders to the area.


1908 Hastings by-election, Campaign
Harcourt promoted his candidacy as that of a strong supporter of free trade.


1908 Hastings by-election, Campaign
Members of the militant Women's Social and Political Union were in Hastings campaigning for the Conservative candidate, even though he was an opponent of women's suffrage, while the Liberal candidate was a supporter.


1908 Hastings by-election, Result
The Conservatives held the seat and managed an increased majority;


1908 Hastings by-election, Result
Both the Sussex Express and The Times newspapers were agreed that the Unionist victory was "first and foremost [due] to Tariff Reform and particularly to the colonial preference side of the question".


1908 Hastings by-election, Aftermath
Harcourt had to wait only a few more weeks to get into Parliament. He was adopted as Liberal candidate at a by-election at Montrose Burghs following the elevation to the peerage of the sitting member there, the veteran Liberal John Morley, was elected on 12 May 1908, and served as Member for Montrose until 1918. Du Cros held Hastings at the subsequent General Election.


1908 Hastings by-election, Aftermath
Du Cros held the seat until 1918 when he transferred to stand as a Coalition Conservative in Clapham, a seat he held until 1922.


1908 Hillsdale Dales football team
The 1908 Hillsdale Dales football team represented Hillsdale College during the 1908 college football season.


1908 Holy Cross football team
The 1908 Holy Cross football team was an American football team that represented the College of the Holy Cross in the 1908 college football season.


1908 Holy Cross football team
In their second year under head coach Timothy F. Larkin, the team compiled a 4–4 record. Daniel J. Triggs was the team captain.


1908 Holy Cross football team
After three years of sharing its home field with the college's baseball team, Holy Cross' football team moved its home games to a new stadium, also called Fitton Field, beyond the baseball team's right-field fence.


1908 Holy Cross football team
Mayor James Logan was present to blow the first whistle at the September 25 debut of the new football stadium on the college campus in Worcester, Massachusetts.


1908 Home Nations Championship
The 1908 Home Nations Championship was the twenty-sixth series of the rugby union Home Nations Championship. Six matches were played between 18 January and 21 March. It was contested by England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales.


1908 Home Nations Championship
Although not officially part of the tournament until 1910, matches were arranged with the French national team which were played during the Championship. During the 1908 Championship, two Home Nations faced France, England and Wales. As Wales beat all three Home Nation opponents and France, they not only took the Triple Crown but were the winners of the Championship's first Grand Slam.


1908 Home Nations Championship, Table, Scoring system
The matches for this season were decided on points scored. A try was worth three points, while converting a kicked goal from the try gave an additional two points. A dropped goal was worth four points, while a goal from mark and penalty goals were worth three points.


1908 Home Nations Championship, The matches, England vs. Wales
England: AE Wood (Gloucester), WN Lapage (United Services), JGG Birkett (Harlequins) capt., D Lambert (Harlequins), A Hudson (Gloucester), J Peters (Plymouth), RH Williamson (Oxford University), R Gilbert (Devonport Albion), F Boylen (Hartlepool Rovers), GD Roberts (Harlequins), CEL Hammond (Harlequins), LAN Slocock (Liverpool), WA Mills (Devonport Albion), H Havelock (Hartlepool Rovers), Robert Dibble (Bridgwater & Albion)


1908 Home Nations Championship, The matches, England vs. Wales
Wales: Bert Winfield (Cardiff), Johnnie Williams (Cardiff), Billy Trew (Swansea), Rhys Gabe (Cardiff), Reggie Gibbs (Cardiff), Percy Bush (Cardiff), Tommy Vile (Newport), James Watts (Llanelli), George Travers (Pill Harriers), Charlie Pritchard (Newport), John Alf Brown (Cardiff), Billy O'Neill (Cardiff), Jim Webb (Abertillery), William Dowell (Newport), Arthur Harding (Swansea) capt.


1908 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Wales vs. Scotland
Wales: Bert Winfield (Cardiff), Johnnie Williams (Cardiff), Billy Trew (Swansea), Rhys Gabe (Cardiff), Reggie Gibbs (Cardiff), Percy Bush (Cardiff), Tommy Vile (Newport), James Watts (Llanelli), George Travers (Pill Harriers) capt., George Hayward (Swansea), John Alf Brown (Cardiff), Billy O'Neill (Cardiff), Jim Webb (Abertillery), William Dowell (Newport), Arthur Harding (Swansea)


1908 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Wales vs. Scotland
Scotland: DG Schulze (Royal Navy College, Dartmouth), T Sloan (London Scottish), H Martin (Oxford University), MW Walter (London Scottish), ABHL Purves (London Scottish), LL Greig (US Portsmouth) capt., George Cunningham (Oxford University), IC Geddes (London Scottish), JA Brown (Glasgow Acads), GM Frew (Glasgow HSFP), JC MacCallum (Watsonians), LM Speirs (Watsonians), GC Gowlland (London Scottish), Bedell-Sivright (Edinburgh University), JMB Scott (Edinburgh Acads.)


1908 Home Nations Championship, The matches, England vs. Ireland
England: AE Wood (Gloucester), WN Lapage (United Services), JGG Birkett (Harlequins), Henry Vassall (Oxford University), A Hudson (Gloucester), GV Portus (Blackheath), RH Williamson (Oxford University), R Gilbert (Devonport Albion), F Boylen (Hartlepool Rovers), TS Kelly (Exeter), CEL Hammond (Harlequins) capt., LAN Slocock (Liverpool), John Hopley (Blackheath), H Havelock (Hartlepool Rovers), Robert Dibble (Bridgwater & Albion)


1908 Home Nations Championship, The matches, England vs. Ireland
Ireland: WP Hinton (Old Wesley), GGP Beckett (Dublin University), C Thompson (Belfast Collegians), James Cecil Parke (Dublin University), HB Thrift (Dublin University) capt., Herbert Aston (Dublin University), FNB Smartt (Dublin University), Bethel Solomons (Dublin University), Tommy Smyth (Malone), C Adams (Old Wesley), A Tedford (Malone), HG Wilson (Malone), E McG Morphy (Dublin University), TG Harpur (Dublin University), GT Hamlet (Old Wesley)


1908 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Ireland vs. Scotland
Ireland: WP Hinton (Old Wesley), GGP Beckett (Dublin University), C Thompson (Belfast Collegians), James Cecil Parke (Dublin University) capt., HB Thrift (Dublin University), ED Caddell (Wanderers), FNB Smartt (Dublin University), Bethel Solomons (Dublin University), Tommy Smyth (Malone), F Gardiner (NIFC), A Tedford (Malone), HG Wilson (Malone), EHJ Knox (Lansdowne), TG Harpur (Dublin University), GT Hamlet (Old Wesley)


1908 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Ireland vs. Scotland
Scotland: DG Schulze (Royal Navy College, Dartmouth), KG McLeod (Cambridge University), H Martin (Oxford University), MW Walter (London Scottish), ABHL Purves (London Scottish), LL Greig (US Portsmouth) capt., George Cunningham (Oxford University), JS Wilson (London Scottish), JA Brown (Glasgow Acads), GM Frew (Glasgow HSFP), JC MacCallum (Watsonians), LM Speirs (Watsonians), GA Sanderson (Royal HSFP), Bedell-Sivright (Edinburgh University), JMB Scott (Edinburgh Acads.)


1908 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Ireland vs. Wales
Ireland: WP Hinton (Old Wesley), GGP Beckett (Dublin University), C Thompson (Belfast Collegians), James Cecil Parke (Dublin University) capt., HB Thrift (Dublin University), ED Caddell (Wanderers), Herbert Aston (Dublin University), Bethel Solomons (Dublin University), Tommy Smyth (Malone), F Gardiner (NIFC), A Tedford (Malone), HG Wilson (Malone), JJ Coffey (Lansdowne), TG Harpur (Dublin University), GT Hamlet (Old Wesley)


1908 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Ireland vs. Wales
Wales: Bert Winfield (Cardiff) capt., Johnnie Williams (Cardiff), Billy Trew (Swansea), Rhys Gabe (Cardiff), Reggie Gibbs (Cardiff), Dick Jones (Swansea), Dicky Owen (Swansea), James Watts (Llanelli), George Travers (Pill Harriers), George Hayward (Swansea), Tom Evans (Llanelli), Billy O'Neill (Cardiff), Jim Webb (Abertillery), William Dowell (Newport), Dick Thomas (Mountain Ash)


1908 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Scotland vs. England
Scotland: DG Schulze (Royal Navy College, Dartmouth), KG McLeod (Cambridge University), H Martin (Oxford University), CM Gilray (London Scottish), ABHL Purves (London Scottish), AL Wade (London Scottish), J Robertson (Clydesdale), IC Geddes (London Scottish) capt., AL Robertson (London Scottish), GM Frew (Glasgow HSFP), JC MacCallum (Watsonians), LM Speirs (Watsonians), HG Monteith (London Scottish), WE Kyle (Hawick), JMB Scott (Edinburgh Acads.)


1908 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Scotland vs. England
England: GH D'O Lyon (US Portsmouth), D Lambert (Harlequins), JGG Birkett (Harlequins), WN Lapage (United Services), A Hudson (Gloucester), J Davey (Redruth), RH Williamson (Oxford University), R Gilbert (Devonport Albion), F Boylen (Hartlepool Rovers), TS Kelly (Exeter), Tommy Woods (Bridgwater & Albion), LAN Slocock (Liverpool) capt., WL Oldham (Coventry), FB Watson (US Portsmouth), Robert Dibble (Bridgwater & Albion)


1908 Home Nations Championship, French matches, France vs. England
France: H Issac (Racing Club de France), C Varseilles (Stade Français), R Sagot (Stade Français), E Lesieur (Stade Français), Gaston Lane (Racing Club de France), A Hubert (Association Sportive Français), A Mayssonnie (Toulouse), G Borchard (Racing Club de France, P Guillemin (Racing Club de France), P Mauriat (Lyon), H Moure (Universite de France), R de Malmann (Racing Club de France), Marcel Communeau (Stade Français) capt., C Beaurin (Stade Français), R Duval (Racing Club de France)


1908 Home Nations Championship, French matches, France vs. England
England: AE Wood (Gloucester), WN Lapage (United Services), JGG Birkett (Harlequins), D Lambert (Harlequins), A Hudson (Gloucester), GV Portus (Blackheath), HJH Sibree (Harlequins), EL Chambers (Bedford), F Boylen (Hartlepool Rovers), GD Roberts (Harlequins), TS Kelly (Exeter) capt., LAN Slocock (Liverpool), WA Mills (Devonport Albion), H Havelock (Hartlepool Rovers), Robert Dibble (Bridgwater & Albion)


1908 Home Nations Championship, French matches, Wales vs. France
Wales: Bert Winfield (Cardiff), Teddy Morgan (London Welsh) capt., Billy Trew (Swansea), Rhys Gabe (Cardiff), Reggie Gibbs (Cardiff), Dick Jones (Swansea), Dicky Owen (Swansea), James Watts (Llanelli), George Travers (Pill Harriers), George Hayward (Swansea), John Alf Brown (Cardiff), Billy O'Neill (Cardiff), Jim Webb (Abertillery), William Dowell (Newport), Dick Thomas (Mountain Ash)


1908 Home Nations Championship, French matches, Wales vs. France
France: H Martin (Stade Bordelais Universitaire), C Varseilles (Stade Français), Maurice Leuvielle (Stade Bordelais), E Lesieur (Stade Français), Gaston Lane (Racing Club de France), A Hubert (Association Sportive Français), A Mayssonnie (Toulouse), A Masse (Stade Bordelais Universitaire), P Guillemin (Racing Club de France), P Mauriat (Lyon), A Branlat (Racing Club de France), R de Malmann (Racing Club de France), Marcel Communeau (Stade Français) capt., J Dufourcq (Stade Bordelais Universitaire), R Duval (Racing Club de France)


1908 Hong Kong typhoon
The 1908 Hong Kong Typhoon which occurred on the night of 27 to 28 July 1908 had caused substantial loss of life and property damage. The most notable occurrences of the event was the loss of the SS Ying King (英京號), a steamship, which sank while trying to seek shelter from the storm; 421 people onboard died when the ship sank as well as the tremendous property damages and drowning cases on land flooding.


1908 Hong Kong typhoon
In the initial reports, about one thousand people were estimated to have drowned, more than 20 houses collapsed, and most of the Hong Kong wharf facilities were damaged. As a result of this catastrophe, additional safety and shelter measures were undertaken, which includes the construction of a second typhoon shelter in Hong Kong harbour.


1908 Hong Kong typhoon, Newspaper reports
At 8:30 pm on the evening of 27 July 1908 (Monday), there was a night signal of Green-Red-Green at the Tamar naval base to indicate a possible typhoon approaching less than 300 miles from the Colony.


1908 Hong Kong typhoon, Newspaper reports
At 9:30 pm the Hong Kong Observatory reported that the typhoon seemed to be moving in the direction of the Hong Kong coast. Ships anchoring in the harbour took the usual safety precautions, as small native vessels swarmed to the typhoon shelter at Causeway Bay. The weather signals continued to escalate after that.


1908 Hong Kong typhoon, Newspaper reports
The rain started falling and at 11:15 pm the Observatory was ordered to fire an urgent alarm of three explosive rockets at 10-second intervals, and the night alarm signal on the Tamar changed to Red-Green-Red signalling the risk of hurricane-force winds expected at any moment to strike Hong Kong, equivalent to the hurricane signal number 10 in modern-day Hong Kong SAR.


1908 Hong Kong typhoon, Newspaper reports
The typhoon reached its peak strength after midnight. The typhoon blew over trees, felled chimneys, cracked walls, and caused substantial damage to property. For four hours, streets were difficult if not impossible to use, owing to many falling and blown objects such as hanging signboards, roof tiles, window glass, and debris of all sorts. Strong winds kept blowing until 6:00 am on the next morning (28 July).


1908 Hong Kong typhoon, Newspaper reports
In the morning light it became clear that many if not nearly all properties in the Colony would need some repair. Many parallel blinds and shutters had been stripped from windows, glass was broken, roof tiles had been blown away, and walls were stripped of plaster.


1908 Hong Kong typhoon, Newspaper reports
The July 1908 Typhoon was frequently compared to the typhoon in September 1906. It is said that the two typhoons were similar in terms of magnitude, movement directions as well as strength. On shore, the July 1908 Typhoon caused more damage and more deaths, although in the harbour the number of deaths were less severe, due to an advanced warning alert from the Hong Kong Observatory. The availability of the typhoon shelters for evacuation further reduced the fatality numbers of the typhoon. Additionally, the movement of the July 1908 Typhoon did actually play a part in reducing the number of casualties; it came from the north-east and not from the north-west, unlike the September 1906 Typhoon.


1908 Hong Kong typhoon, Hong Kong Government report
There was a summary report by the Hong Kong Government dated 17 September 1908 presented to Governor Frederick Lugard, and laid before the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. Information from this report stated that no less than seven hundred people were drowned in the harbour during the July 1908 typhoon and more than one hundred native vessels were sunk.


1908 Hong Kong typhoon, Maritime damage and loss, Loss of the SS Ying King
The SS Ying King (英京號) was a Hong Kong-based passenger steamer of 768 tons, built in 1903. Her owner was the Sing On Steamship Company. The steamer departed from Canton at 6:00 pm on the evening of 27 July, heading towards Hong Kong with 33 crew members and 430 passengers. The Ying King was one of three steamers coming from Canton, and as the wind was gaining force, was making her way to anchor and shelter in the lee of The Brothers (大小磨刀洲) with the intent to weather the storm north of Lantau Island. Eventually the Ying King foundered and only 42 people survived.


1908 Hong Kong typhoon, Maritime damage and loss, Loss of the SS Ying King
The SS Fatshan was said to be second to arrive at The Brothers, and the third steamer, SS Kwong Sai soon followed. Capt . Crowe from the Kwong Sai reported that shortly after his steamer dropped anchor, there was a sudden and fierce strong wind squall, and the Ying King was said to be gone and disappeared after that.


1908 Hong Kong typhoon, Maritime damage and loss, Loss of the SS Ying King
Subsequently, there was a rescue effort from Hong Kong on 28 July at about 9:30 pm regarding a party of 42 survivors from the Ying King. They were rescued at Pillar Point and the Castle Peak by the customs cruising launch Kowloon Sai. Captain Hewett from the Kowloon Sai said that he heard a gun fired, and saw people waving. He had the launch go towards the shore, and found the people to be the survivors from the Ying King.


1908 Hong Kong typhoon, Maritime damage and loss, Loss of the SS Ying King
The survivors consisted of Mr Ferguson (the chief mate), an Indian watchman, two quartermasters, a tallyman, three firemen, one sailor, and 33 Chinese passengers. Mr Ferguson reported that Ying King was a total wreck, and nothing was known about the fate of the other ship officers, including Capt. Page, Mr Fotheringham and Mr Newman.


1908 Hong Kong typhoon, Maritime damage and loss, Loss of the SS Ying King
The report from the survivors was that the Ying King had sunk in the early morning of 28 July. The report was that the Ying King developed a leak, and while the pumps were working they failed to pump out enough water. The steamer continued to list more and at about 2:50 am she foundered. Witness reported that they could not provide enough lifebelts to the passengers, as more lifebelts were stowed on the lowest decks of the steamer. Just before Ying King went down, Captain Page gave the word, every man for himself. From what was gathered from the survivors, there was chaos and confusion. Two lifeboats were lowered, but no one was able to get in them.


1908 Hong Kong typhoon, Maritime damage and loss, Loss of the SS Ying King
As the Ying King was sinking, Mr Fergusson, the chief mate, remained on board until she had almost sunk. Then he joined eight crew members and 33 passengers to get ashore close to Castle Peak Farm. The survivors were floating with the aid of wreckage and lifebuoys, and they reported that all the others were likely lost. When last seen Captain Page had a lifebelt on, and was entering the water.


1908 Hong Kong typhoon, Maritime damage and loss, Loss of the SS Ying King
Eventually, the police recovered the dead body of a European off Castle Peak on 31 July, which was washed up presumably from the wreck of the Ying King, but no one was able to recognise him. The following morning four fishermen were charged before the local magistracy for stealing a gold watch and chain from the dead body of a European. Detective Sgt. Terrett, who was in Court recognised the stolen items as belonging to Capt. Page, who had purchased them at Messrs. Ullman's, in Queen's Road Central. A cigar cutter attached to the chain, was another source of his identification.


1908 Hong Kong typhoon, Maritime damage and loss, Loss of the SS Ying King
The Court found that the Ying King was lost through the typhoon, and that all reasonable precautions had been taken. Captain Page, an Australian, and together with three European passengers were all drowned. Captain Page's wife had sailed for Sydney with their little child three months earlier.


1908 Hong Kong typhoon, Maritime damage and loss, The SS Eastern and other steamers
Capt. McArthur, of the SS Eastern, after his 1908 Hong Kong typhoon saga, stated that every one had experienced the very strong force of the wind. At the height of the typhoon, the Eastern was resting at anchor, and the crew had to crawl on their hands and knees to the bow of the vessel, apparently no one could stand up against the powerful wind. There was a second buoy beside her. The steamer Chihli was also seen having difficulties. The Eastern was lucky to go through the challenging ordeal without much damage, even though at one point of time, it risked being hit by another drifting vessel.


1908 Hong Kong typhoon, Maritime damage and loss, The SS Eastern and other steamers
The Juteopolis sailing vessel had two of her masts blown overboard and the top gallant mast was hanging over the stern. On the southern part of Stonecutters Island, the Pocahontas and Lai-Sang were ashore, and on the eastern side of the Island the Schuylkill had grounded. Quite a few vessels were also blown ashore, including the seagoing steamer Aeolus. Also a river steamer Sunon sank at the wharf.


1908 Hong Kong typhoon, Maritime damage and loss, The SS Eastern and other steamers
The steamer Asia was listing, and the Persia was ashore near Hung Hom Bay, lying on a mud shoal. The Tai Wan steamer was damaged by a collision with the Aeolus. Also the steamer Neil McLeod was reported to have crashed into the Tai Wan steamer and her sixteen crew members went on board the Tai Wan before the Neil McLeod drifted away, and eventually went ashore at Capsuimun.


1908 Hong Kong typhoon, Maritime damage and loss, The SS Eastern and other steamers
The Katherine Park, a British steamer, broke away from Kowloon Bay and drifted off North Point, and her anchors got entangled with the telegraph cables which held her until the storm had ceased. At Kowloon Docks eleven launches and three junks had foundered, and a few lighters belonging to the Cement Works had also gone to the bottom. The torpedo boat destroyer Whiting was ashore at Lyemun, but was able to be refloated after the storm.


1908 Hong Kong typhoon, Maritime damage and loss, The SS Eastern and other steamers
The low wall at Arsenal Street was nearly washed away, and 14 cargo boats and sampans that did not get to the Causeway Bay Typhoon Shelter, were smashed on the Praya promenade wall. A number of police and civilians were present at the time, and through their joint efforts, were able to save fifty people from this cargo fleet.


1908 Hong Kong typhoon, Maritime damage and loss, The SS Eastern and other steamers
At the Tung Tai Tseung Kee shipyard (a local firm of engineers and shipbuilders), a small steamer under construction was smashed against the Praya wall and badly damaged. It was first lifted bodily onto the Praya promenade, but later carried back into the water again by the terrific waves.


1908 Hong Kong typhoon, Maritime damage and loss, The SS Eastern and other steamers
The Naval Yard was fully loaded and filled with police and marine launches. There was an accident when Police Sergeant Boole entered the Naval Yard with his No. 1 police launch. The shelter space was not sufficient, in consequence of which much damage was done upon his entry. A sudden lurch to port sent the police sergeant and his crew overboard, and they had to swim for their lives and luckily they all made it to land safely.


1908 Hong Kong typhoon, Maritime damage and loss, The SS Eastern and other steamers
There were 70 native craft wrecked when they could not get to the shelter in time. Seven steam launches sank, and seven were blown onto shore. Ten cargo lighters sank, several went aground, and seven were damaged before the typhoon went on to Canton, where massive destruction was also caused.


1908 Hong Kong typhoon, Heroes of the storm, the "Gallant Bluejackets"
Among the many heroic actions reported, a crew member of HMS Astraea noticed a nearby junk in peril at about 11:40 pm, and after a quick consultation a cutter was promptly lowered with twelve rowers and a steersman, under Torpedo Officer McLaughlin. When the battleship kept its searchlight going in the dark and with an effort of about twenty minutes they succeeded in reaching the junk in distress. Their further efforts to rescue the six Chinese boatmen there were done with success. But the remaining task to come back to shore was a difficult one, and a continuous effort of 45 minutes was required to take them back to the pier.


1908 Hong Kong typhoon, Heroes of the storm, the "Gallant Bluejackets"
Upon their approach to Douglas Pier a rope was thrown to them, and the rescued boatmen and the crew were hauled safely ashore – however a small Chinese boy who lay unconscious at the bottom of the cutter had been left behind. When the young lad was discovered to be missing a bluejacket determined to return to the cutter and rescue him. Right after both were safely on shore, the cutter crashed into the pier and sank. All the rescued and rescuers were then brought to St George's Club after 1:15 am where everything possible was provided for their comfort.


1908 Hong Kong typhoon, Property damage
The property damage in the City was not generally not large in individual cases, yet the aggregate would be very extensive and the total loss was viewed as very considerable. In the week of 18–25 July, Hong Kong posted a record of 16.2 inches rainfall. The continued wet weather in July 1908 being combined with the fury of a storm, was possibly responsible for some building collapses in the Colony.


1908 Hong Kong typhoon, Property damage
The greatest damage to property was done at Kingsclere private hotel, where a portion of the beautiful building was in ruins. A tall chimney fell with an alarming noise at Kingsclere, in Kennedy Road, carrying with it all the roof over three rooms on the top floor and part of the walls. The resident of the room, Mr Hunt, of Messrs. Shewan, Tomes, and Company, who was in the Colony for about three months, apparently rose from the bed to look out, but hearing the big noise overhead.


1908 Hong Kong typhoon, Property damage
He reckoned that something was wrong and immediately sought refuge under the bed. Then the crash came. The debris fell on the bed and filled the room, but luckily enough, the bed legs stood the strain and gave Mr Hunt a chance to breathe. But the weight on his body and legs was great, and he suffered in pain. A rescue team was early on the scene under the command of Police Chief Inspector Baker, and it took the fire brigade no less than four hours to rescue Mr Hunt. They worked with no little danger by reason of the unsupported wall which risked falling at any time. They rescued the unfortunate young man and sent him to the Government Civil Hospital to treat his internal injuries.


1908 Hong Kong typhoon, Property damage
Another serious collapse was at the offices of the King's Buildings after a chimney broke in the roof and forced its way through four floors. The place was completely wrecked, but fortunately there was no loss of life. The upper floor, occupied by Messrs. Jebsen and Company, collapsed, and the whole floor fell through into Meyer and Company's office, the accumulation descending into the lower floor office of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company.


1908 Hong Kong typhoon, Property damage
Queen's College also had its roof of the assembly hall partly carried away, with their center wooden beams being thrown away like matches. The roof of their north-west classrooms were severely damaged.


1908 Hong Kong typhoon, Property damage
In addition to the accident which happened to Mr Hunt at Kingsclere, there were numerous instances of injuries to people during the storm. One of the firemen proceeding to Kingsclere rescue had a narrow escape, nearly hit by a branch of a tree falling on his head, only with his helmet saving him from serious head injury. Police Sgt. Clark was injured by a falling door and Police Sgt. Devney hurt his hand and foot by falling. Mr F. Wills, chief engineer of the SS Barra fell off a wharf at Kennedytown and received back injuries, and being treated in the Government Civil Hospital.


1908 Hong Kong typhoon, Weather reports from ships received by wireless telegraphy
The new time-ball tower on Signal Hill (also known as Blackhead Point) had been set up in 1908 at Tsim Sha Tsui to replace the previous time-ball tower at the Marine Police Station at Tsim Sha Tsui. In 1908, there was an introduction and wider use of wireless signals on radio broadcasting for Hong Kong vessel weather reports.


1908 Hong Kong typhoon, Tax imposed on Hong Kong shipping for a second typhoon shelter
Hong Kong sources stated that the government proposed in the Legislative Council meeting on 6 August 1908 to impose on all river steamers a tax of five-sixths of a cent, per ton register, and two cents per registered tonnage on all other ships (excluding British and other warships) entering the Hong Kong waters to contribute to a construction fund for this second typhoon shelter.


1908 Hong Kong typhoon, Tax imposed on Hong Kong shipping for a second typhoon shelter
Upon the recommendation of the Typhoon Refuge Committee (including the six shipping representatives from the P&O Company; Jardine, Matheson & Co.; Butterfield and Swire, Gibb, Livingston & Co.; David Sassoon & Co.; and Shewan, Tomes & Co.) who recorded their opinion that this new typhoon refuge was necessary and that it should be constructed at Mongkoktsui (Yau Ma Tei), in case the craft from the west could not get to Causeway Bay shelter in time of a strong gale.


1908 Hong Kong typhoon, Tax imposed on Hong Kong shipping for a second typhoon shelter
According to the report, the number of vessels counted outside the Causeway Bay shelter on the morning of 28 July, included 98 junks, 38 European lighters in Kowloon Bay, Hung Hom Bay, off Yaumati and behind Stonecutters, and 200 sampans were also counted off Yaumati. There were also 112 native craft and four European lighters in Chinwan Bay. The report concluded that had there been a second typhoon shelter at Mongkoktsui, all these 452 vessels as well as a large number of sampans could have found safe refuge there.


1908 Hong Kong typhoon, Tax imposed on Hong Kong shipping for a second typhoon shelter
Apparently, some shipping firms staged strong protest against this proposed tax. The aggregate tonnage of British shipping in Hong Kong in 1907 was about 6 million tons, and those of foreign ships were about 5.5 million tons. The proposed construction cost of the second typhoon shelter was HK$1.5 million. However, the Hong Kong Legislative Council eventually approved the construction of the second typhoon shelter in Mongkoktsui in 1909.


1908 Hong Kong–Shanghai Cup
1908 Hong Kong–Shanghai Cup was the 1st staging of Hong Kong-Shanghai Cup. The host team Hong Kong captured the trophy by winning 3-0. Both Hong Kong and Shanghai teams were formed by non-Chinese players.


1908 IAAUS baseball season
The 1908 IAAUS baseball season, play of college baseball in the United States organized by the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States (IAAUS), a forerunner of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), began in the spring of 1908. Play largely consisted of regional matchups, some organized by conferences, and ended in June. No national championship event was held until 1947.


1908 IAAUS baseball season, Conference winners
This is a partial list of conference champions from the 1908 season.


1908 Icelandic parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Iceland on 10 September 1908, alongside a referendum on prohibition.


1908 Icelandic parliamentary election, Background
The Althing was dissolved by King Frederick VIII in the early spring in order to elect a new parliament that would vote on a draft status law that would define the position of Iceland in the Danish realm. The election campaign was one of the acrimonious in Icelandic political history due to the controversial nature of the draft. The opposition was led by Skúli Thoroddsen, a member of the Independence Party.


1908 Icelandic parliamentary election, Electoral system
The 36 members of the Althing were elected from a mix of single-member and two-member constituencies. The elections were the first to take place since changes to the electoral system in 1904; they were the first to be held using the secret ballot, and also saw the three-round majoritarian system replaced by plurality voting as multiple rounds of voting on the same day were no longer possible. The tax qualification for voting was also reduced, increasing the proportion of people able to vote to around 14% of the population, up from 7,786 in 1903 to 11,726.


1908 Icelandic parliamentary election, Results
Candidates opposed to the draft law won a landslide majority, whilst voter turnout was 72.4%, nearly 20% more than the 1903 elections. As a result, the law was voted down in 1909, resulting in the resignation of Minister for Iceland Hannes Hafstein.


1908 Icelandic prohibition referendum
A referendum on the prohibition of alcohol was held in Iceland on 10 September 1908, alongside parliamentary elections. In the first referendum to be held in the country, voters were asked whether they approved of a ban on importing alcohol. It was approved by 60.1% of voters but was overturned by a second referendum in 1933.


1908 Idaho football team
The 1908 Idaho football team represented the University of Idaho in the 1908 college football season. Idaho was led by second-year head coach John R. Middleton, and played as an independent.


1908 Idaho football team
Idaho met Utah for the first time, in Salt Lake City on Thanksgiving. The field was covered by two feet (60 cm) of snow and the game was scoreless.


1908 Idaho gubernatorial election
The 1908 Idaho gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1908. Republican nominee James H. Brady defeated Democratic nominee Moses Alexander with 49.61% of the vote.


1908 Illinois Fighting Illini football team
The 1908 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois during the 1908 college football season. In their third non-consecutive season under head coach Arthur R. Hall, the Illini compiled a 5–1–1 record and finished in second place in the Western Conference. Guard F. C. Van Hook was the team captain.


1908 Illinois gubernatorial election
The 1908 Illinois gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1908.


1908 Illinois gubernatorial election
Incumbent Republican Governor Charles S. Deneen defeated Democratic nominee and former Vice President of the United States Adlai E. Stevenson I with 47.64% of the vote.


1908 Illinois lieutenant gubernatorial election
The 1908 Illinois gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1908. It saw the election of Republican nominee John G. Oglesby.


1908 Indiana Hoosiers football team
The 1908 Indiana Hoosiers football team was an American football team that represented Indiana University Bloomington during the 1908 college football season. In their fourth season under head coach James M. Sheldon, the Hoosiers compiled a 3–4 record, finished in a tie for fourth place in the Big Nine Conference, and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 70 to 43.


1908 Indiana gubernatorial election
The 1908 Indiana gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1908. Democratic nominee Thomas R. Marshall defeated Republican nominee James Eli Watson with 48.95% of the vote.


1908 International Cross Country Championships
The 1908 International Cross Country Championships was held in Colombes, France, at the Stade de Matin on March 26, 1908. A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald.


1908 International Cross Country Championships
Complete results, medallists,  and the results of British athletes were published.


1908 International Cross Country Championships, Participation
An unofficial count yields the participation of 54 athletes from 5 countries.


1908 International Lawn Tennis Challenge
The 1908 International Lawn Tennis Challenge was the eighth edition of what is now known as the Davis Cup. For the first time, ties were held in different countries and at different times, rather than all the matches being played in the same venue, as before. It also marked the first time that a tie was played in Australia.


1908 International Lawn Tennis Challenge
After Australasia's victory in 1907, the United States and the British Isles tried to re-claim the cup, however the Australasia team prevailed again. The final was played at the Albert Ground in Melbourne, Australia on 27–30 November.


1908 Interstate rugby league series
The 1908 Interstate rugby league series was the first series of matches between the then newly formed New South Wales and Queensland rugby league football teams. In what was rugby league in Australia's first year, three matches were played in July and all were won by New South Wales. These matches began the tradition of annual series between New South Wales and Queensland that would go on to form the basis of the State of Origin series.


1908 Interstate rugby league series
Following the success of the 1907–08 All Golds tour, the Queensland rugby league team went on to arrange three games against New South Wales at the Sydney Agricultural Ground. Although remaining winless, thrashed 43-0 and 37-8 in the first two games, the tight 12-3 result in the third match gave Queensland its first-ever rugby league stars, with Mick Bolewski, Bill Hardcastle, Bill Heidke and Jack Fihelly all being selected for the first-ever Kangaroo tour to England.


1908 Interstate rugby league series, Game 1
Still some months away from having their own competition, Queensland traveled to Sydney to play rugby league football against New South Wales for the first time.


1908 Interstate rugby league series, Game 1
Queensland: 1. E Baird, 2. W Abrahams, 3. W Heidke, 4. M Bolewski, 5. A O'Brien, 6. O Olsen, 7. M Dore (c), 8. W Hardcastle, 9. J Fihelly, 10. V Anderson, 11. R Tubman, 12. E Cartmill, 13. J Thompson


1908 Interstate rugby league series, Game 1
New South Wales: 1. C Hedley, 2. F Cheadle, 3. H Mssenger, 4. A Morton, 5. T Anderson, 6. S Deane, 7. A Butler, 8. L O'Malley, 9. W Cann, 10. T McCabe, 11. L Jones, 12. R Graves, 13. A Hennessy (c)


1908 Interstate rugby league series, Game 1
With the likes of the great Dally Messenger, Billy Cann, Jersey O'Malley and skipper Arthur Hennessy in their ranks the Blues represented the cream of the newly established NSWRFL, whilst Queensland had done well to assemble a team as they had not yet established a club competition. It was no surprise, then, that NSW proved far superior in this inaugural meeting, with South Sydney winger Tommy Anderson posting four tries as the Blues raced to a 43-0 win.


1908 Interstate rugby league series, Game 2
New South Wales selected a completely new team for the second match. This is regarded as an exhibition match and is not included in official interstate rugby league totals.


1908 Interstate rugby league series, Game 2
Queensland: 1. M Bolewski, 2. A O'Brien, 3. W Evans, 4. O Olsen, 5. W Abrahams, 6. E Anlezark, 7. M Dore (c), 8. J Fihelly, 9. V Anderson, 10. W Hardcastle, 11. P Dwyer, 12. E Cartmill, 13. J Thompson


1908 Interstate rugby league series, Game 2
New South Wales: 1. H Bloomfield, 2. A Broomham, 3. E Fry, 4. A Conlon (c), 5. D Frawley, 6. J Leveson, 7. L Hansen, 8. E Courtney, 9. J Abercrombie, 10. S Carpenter, 11. V Harris, 12. P Moir, 13. H Brackenreg


1908 Interstate rugby league series, Game 3
Queensland: 1. M Bolewski, 2. W Abrahams, 3. A O'Brien, 4. W Evans, 5. O Olsen, 6. J Baird, 7. W Heidke (c), 8. J Fihelly, 9. V Anderson, 10. R Tubman, 11. E Cartmill, 12. J Thompson, 13. P Walsh


1908 Interstate rugby league series, Game 3
New South Wales: 1. H Bloomfield, 2. A Broomham, 3. E Fry, 4. A Conlon (c), 5. B McCarthy, 6. J Leveson, 7. L Hansen, 8. H Glanville, 9. H Brackenreg, 10. L Jones, 11. P Moir, 12. D Green, 13. E Courtney


1908 Interstate rugby league series, Game 3
The last game of the series was played on a slippery Royal Agricultural Ground before approximately 6,000. In what was described as a fast match, New South Wales led 5-3 at half time, keeping the Queenslanders out eventually winning 12-3.


1908 Invercargill mayoral election
The 1908 Invercargill mayoral election was held on 29 April 1908 as part of that years local elections.


1908 Invercargill mayoral election
Incumbent mayor William Benjamin Scandrett was re-elected for his fifth consecutive term, with a reduced majority. He defeated former mayor Duncan McFarlane.


1908 Iowa Hawkeyes football team
The 1908 Iowa Hawkeyes football team represented the University of Iowa in the 1908 college football season. This was Mark Catlin Sr.'s third and final season as head coach of the Hawkeyes.


1908 Iowa Senate election
The 1908 Iowa Senate elections took place as part of the biennial 1908 United States elections. Iowa voters elected state senators in 29 of the senate's 50 districts. State senators serve four-year terms in the Iowa Senate.


1908 Iowa Senate election
A statewide map of the 50 state Senate districts in the 1908 elections is provided by the Iowa General Assembly


1908 Iowa Senate election
The 1908 elections were the first in Iowa with primary elections due to the enactment of the Primary Election Law by the General Assembly in 1907. The primary election on June 2, 1908, determined which candidates appeared on the November 3, 1908 general election ballot.


1908 Iowa Senate election
Following the previous election, Republicans had control of the Iowa Senate with 36 seats to Democrats' 14 seats.


1908 Iowa Senate election
To claim control of the chamber from Republicans, the Democrats needed to net 12 Senate seats.


1908 Iowa Senate election
Republicans maintained control of the Iowa State Senate following the 1908 general election with the balance of power shifting to Republicans holding 34 seats and Democrats having 16 seats (a net gain of 2 seats for Democrats).


1908 Iowa State Cyclones football team
The 1908 Iowa State Cyclones football team represented Iowa State College of Agricultural and Mechanic Arts (later renamed Iowa State University) in the Missouri Valley Conference during the 1908 college football season. In their second season under head coach Clyde Williams, the Cyclones compiled a 6–3 record (2–1 against conference opponents), tied for second place in the conference, shut out five of nine opponents, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 186 to 50. E. W. Law was the team captain.


1908 Iowa State Cyclones football team
Between 1892 and 1913, the football team played on a field that later became the site of the university's Parks Library. The field was known as State Field; when the new field opened in 1914, it became known as "New State Field".


1908 Iowa State Normals football team
The 1908 Iowa State Normals football team represented Iowa State Normal School (later renamed University of Northern Iowa) as an independent during the 1908 college football season. In its first season under head coach Clayton B. Simmons, the team compiled a 5–0 record, shut out four of five opponents, and outscored all opponents by a total of 94 to 5.


1908 Iowa gubernatorial election
The 1908 Iowa gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1908. Republican nominee Beryl F. Carroll defeated Democratic nominee Frederick Edward White with 54.60% of the vote.


1908 Isle of Man TT
The second Isle of Man Tourist Trophy motorcycle race was held on 22 September 1908 on the St John's Short Course, Isle of Man.


1908 Isle of Man TT, 1908 The International Motorcycle Tourist Trophy
Tuesday 22 September 1908 – 10 laps (approx 158 ¼ miles) St. John's Short Course.


1908 Italian Athletics Championships
The 1908 Italian Athletics Championships  were held in Rome. it was the 3rd edition of the Italian Athletics Championships.


1908 Italian Federal Football Championship
The Federal Championship was a secondary football tournament in 1908 Italy where foreign players (if they lived in Italy) were also allowed to play; the winners would be proclaimed Campioni Federali (Federal Champions).


1908 Italian Federal Football Championship
It was boycotted by all major clubs, and consequently later annulled by the Italian Football Federation.


1908 Italian Federal Football Championship, Federal Championship
Genoa and Torino didn't enter in the competition. Milan withdrew from the tournament on January 1, 1908, in order to protest against FIF.


1908 Italian Federal Football Championship, Federal Championship
Cancelled and repeated for a mistake made by the referee during the match


1908 Italian Federal Football Championship, Federal Championship
Juventus didn't receive Coppa Spensley as prize because Milan, the club who won the Cup in 1906 and 1907, refused to give the Cup to Juventus and gave it to Spensley and Genoa in order to protest against FIF. In the Federal Assembly of 1908 FIF decided to assign permanently Spensley Cup to Milan.


1908 Italian Football Championship
The 1908 Italian Football Championship season was won by Pro Vercelli.


1908 Italian Football Championship
In this season, two championships of Prima Categoria were played:


1908 Italian Football Championship
The winner of Italian Championship was Pro Vercelli. They won as prize Coppa Buni.


1908 Italian Football Championship
The winner of Federal Championship was Juventus. They did not receive the Spensley Cup after the general boycott of the tournament.


1908 Italian Football Championship
In fact, only Pro Vercelli's title is officially recognized by the Italian Football Federation, while the Federal Championship won by Juventus was later annulled by FIGC, due to the boycott made by the "spurious international teams" (the clubs composed mostly of foreign players).


1908 Japanese general election
General elections were held in Japan on 15 May 1908. The result was a victory for the Rikken Seiyūkai party, which won 187 of the 379 seats.