1911 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two
Upon making landfall, the storm brought heavy precipitation, peaking at 10 in (250 mm) in Molino, Florida, although the heaviest rainfall was localized from Mississippi to central Alabama. Some washouts occurred during brief episodes of heavy rain as the storm drifted westward after landfall. Strong winds in the Pensacola area downed telecommunication lines and disrupted power, cutting off communication to outside areas for 24 hours. A pavilion on Santa Rosa Island had a third of its roof torn, and some other buildings inland were also unroofed. Offshore, twelve barges were grounded after being swept by the rough surf. Heavy losses were reported to timber after they were swept away when log booms failed. Damage figures from the Pensacola area were conservatively estimated at US$12,600, considered lighter than expected, although there were some deaths.


1911 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
Over a week after the dissipation of the previous hurricane, the third storm of the season developed on August 23 and slowly tracked west-northwestward. After attaining hurricane status, the storm turned more towards the northwest, and several days later reached its peak wind speeds of 100 mph (155 km/h); a barometric pressure of 972 mbar (hPa) was reported. The center passed inland a few miles south of Savannah, Georgia, on August 28; upon making landfall, the hurricane rapidly degenerated. It deteriorated into a tropical depression on August 29 and persisted over land until dissipating a couple of days later.


1911 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
The hurricane, relatively small in size, caused widespread damage between Savannah and Charleston, South Carolina. Savannah itself received only minor damage, although the storm's center passed close by. Along the coast of Georgia, torrential rainfall caused numerous washouts on railroads. Crops, livestock and roads in the area took heavy damage. At Charleston, winds were estimated at 106 mph (171 km/h) after an anemometer, last reporting 94 mph (151 km/h), failed, and 4.90 in (124 mm) of precipitation fell over three days.


1911 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
The storm raged for more than 36 hours, causing severe damage; the winds unroofed hundreds of buildings, demolished many houses and had an extensive impact on power and telephone services. Tides 10.6 ft (3.2 m) above normal left a "confused mass of wrecked vessels and damaged wharfs", according to a local forecaster in Charleston, while six navy torpedo boats were ripped from their moorings and blown ashore. In total, 17 people were killed in the hurricane, and property damage in Charleston was estimated at $1 million (1911 USD, $27.8 million 2014 USD).


1911 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
The next storm formed well to the east of the Lesser Antilles on September 3 and moved westward, attaining tropical storm status about a day later. The storm slowed and curved toward the southwest, nearing the northern coast of Colombia before pulling away from land and strengthening into a hurricane. It further intensified to Category 2 status before striking Nicaragua on September 10. Quickly weakening to a tropical storm, the cyclone continued westward across Central America and briefly entered the eastern Pacific Ocean. It dissipated shortly thereafter.


1911 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
In the town of Corinto, a report indicated the deaths of 10 people and 50 additional injuries. About 250 houses were destroyed, leaving approximately $2 million (1911 USD, $55.6 million 2014 USD) in damage. Data on this storm is extremely scarce; as such, only minor revisions could be made to its chronology in the hurricane database.


1911 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Five
The fifth official tropical cyclone of the year was also previously unknown until contemporary reassessments. It exhibited some hybrid characteristics, and may have qualified for subtropical cyclone status according to the modern classification scheme. On September 15, the storm formed over the central Atlantic and initially moved westward. It gradually intensified as it turned northwestward, and on September 19 it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone southeast of New England. The system was subsequently absorbed by a more powerful frontal boundary approaching from the northwest.


1911 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Six
The final storm was first observed as a disturbance near Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea in late October. The disturbance was the precursor to a tropical depression which developed over the southern Bahamas and headed west-southwestward across Cuba, where, at Havana, winds blew from the southeast at 44 mph (71 km/h). It became a tropical storm on October 27 and drifted southwestward. Near the eastern tip of the Yucatán Peninsula, the storm turned sharply northward.


1911 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Six
An area of high pressure over the United States prevented the cyclone from turning eastward toward Florida, and it continued into the Gulf of Mexico. However, on October 31, the storm curved eastward and moved ashore over northern Florida. The storm decreased in intensity as it passed into the Atlantic. The storm's circulation center remained poorly defined throughout its course. It was long believed to have developed south of Cuba, although a reevaluation of ship data indicated the depression had actually formed east of the island. On October 26, the Weather Bureau hoisted hurricane warnings along the east coast of Florida from Key West to West Palm Beach, and on the west coast up to Tampa.


1911 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical depressions
In addition to the six officially recognized tropical storms and hurricanes, three tropical depressions in the 1911 season have been identified. The first developed in February from a trough of low pressure in the open Atlantic and progressed westward. Although a ship dubiously reported winds of over 50 mph (80 km/h) in association with the system, a lack of supporting evidence precludes its designation as a tropical storm. The cyclone dissipated by February 21. The second depression evolved from an extratropical cyclone in mid- to late May, becoming a tropical cyclone on May 22 northeast of Bermuda.


1911 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical depressions
It persisted for three days as it meandered around the same general area before being absorbed by another non-tropical storm. The modern-day documentation of this system was also hindered by a lack of data. On December 11, the third tropical depression formed near the Turks and Caicos Islands. It progressed westward and was situated just north of eastern Cuba the next day. The system began to weaken on December 13 and dissipated shortly thereafter.


1911 Auburn Tigers football team
The 1911 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 1911 college football season.


1911 Auckland City mayoral election
The 1911 Auckland City mayoral election was part of the New Zealand local elections held that same year. In 1911, elections were held for the Mayor of Auckland plus other local government positions including fifteen city councillors. The polling was conducted using the standard first-past-the-post electoral method.


1911 Auckland City mayoral election, Background
Incumbent mayor Lemuel Bagnall did not seek re-election and was replaced by councillor James Parr.


1911 Auckland Rugby League season
The 1911 Auckland Rugby League season was the second full organised club season in Auckland following the 1910 Auckland Rugby League season. City Rovers won the title again after winning it in the competitions inaugural year.


1911 Auckland Rugby League season
The club season commenced on 20 May, with the start of the competition for the Myers Cup. City Rovers were crowned champions after defeating Ponsonby United in the final 36–15 which was required due to both teams being within 2 points of each other as the competition entered its closing stages. The competition at the time and for decades to come often did not complete full round robins. When a team had an unassailable lead over their nearest rivals the competition was often concluded at that point.


1911 Auckland Rugby League season
Ponsonby and City had already met twice during the season but rather than conclude the round robin with round 10. In round 10 Ponsonby would have had a bye and City would likely have gained an easy win over wooden spooners, Eden Ramblers so the Auckland Rugby League decided to have the two top teams play off for the title a week early rather than prolong the competition.


1911 Auckland Rugby League season
The City side featured Albert Asher, Alex Stanaway, Jim Rukutai, and Bob Mitchell, while Ponsonby had Charlie Savory, Charles Dunning and Arthur Carlaw.


1911 Auckland Rugby League season, Venues
Unlike in 1910 when only two venues were used, there were 5 venues used. They were Victoria Park, Takapuna Racecourse, 'Avondale', Auckland Domain, and Eden Park (which was the venue for the club final between City Rovers and Ponsonby United.


1911 Auckland Rugby League season, Eden Ramblers formed
The senior competition saw the addition of the Eden Ramblers who had been formed in April. A meeting was held at the Avondale Public Hall on Wednesday 26 April with Mr John Bollard, MP presiding over it. He was elected president and chairman, and the name Eden Ramblers was chosen along with the colours or green and gold. The following officers were selected: Hon Secretary, Mr B Boone; Management Committee, W. A. Cummings, J Eddoes, W Fairweather, M Morrow, and J Denyer. The membership was close to 50 and they were to begin their training for the season ahead on 29 April with a joint practice with Ponsonby United at Victoria Park.


1911 Auckland Rugby League season, Rugby union converts
At the start of the season George Gillett, Arthur Francis, Alan Blakey, and Frank Morse all switched codes. Gillett and Francis had both played for the All Blacks for several seasons and were joining the Newton Rangers along with Blakey who was a well known Auckland rugby player. Morse was joining the City Rovers. Gillett, Francis, and Morse would all go on to represent the Kiwi's.


1911 Auckland Rugby League season, Representative season
It featured a representative program in August and September where Auckland played nine matches including two against the New Zealand side. They won eight and lost one. Their first match saw them lose to New Zealand however they rattled off consecutive wins against New Zealand (6 weeks later), Wellington, Lower Waikato, Hawke's Bay, Nelson, Taranaki, Hawke's Bay Māori, and a Country team from Waihi & Rotorua.


1911 Auckland Rugby League season, Myers Cup (first grade championship)
Eighteen regular season matches were played before the final on 16 September where City Rovers defeated Ponsonby United 36 to 15 to retain the title which they had won in 1910.


1911 Auckland Rugby League season, Myers Cup (first grade championship), Myers Cup standings
The second round did not feature the final round of matches hence Ponsonby playing an extra match (when they were due to have a bye), while the table also includes the final played between City and Ponsonby.


1911 Auckland Rugby League season, Myers Cup (first grade championship), Top scorers
The Ponsonby v Eden match in Round 2 had 23 unattributed points for Ponsonby (5 tries and 4 goals) and 5 for Eden (1 try and 1 goal), while the Round 4 match between Newton and Eden saw a try to Newton unattributed. As such the following lists are likely to omit tries and points for players from those sides.


1911 Auckland Rugby League season, Lower grades
Grades were made of the following teams with the winning team in bold:


1911 Auckland Rugby League season, Representative season
The season began with a match against the New Zealand team which was about to depart for its Australian tour. The touring side won by two points but when they returned from their tour they played again only this time Auckland were the victors by 11 points to 3.


1911 Auckland Rugby League season, Representative season, Auckland v Lower Waikato
J Kay had the distinction of playing for Auckland one week, and then turning out against them the following week for Waikato. Occasionally players from the Waikato and Bay of Plenty regions would represent Auckland. Kay played 3 matches for Auckland in this season. The Auckland Star credited a conversion to Jim Griffen while the New Zealand Herald reported that Charles Dunning kicked all 3 goals. As the Auckland Star's match report was more detailed that is the record reported below.


1911 Auckland Rugby League season, Representative season, Auckland v Nelson (Northern Union C.C.)
For Nelson Dave Mason scored a try, while Oscar Cederman who was later killed in action in Belgium during World War I scored a try and kicked a conversion.


1911 Auckland Rugby League season, Representative season, Auckland v Country (Waihi & Rotorua)
A month after Auckland's match with Hawke's Bay Māori an exhibition game was arranged in Waihi against a 'Country' team from that area, including Rotorua players. It was the first ever rugby league match and was played on the Waihi Domain in front of a "fairly large crowd". Despite a few regular forwards not making the trip Auckland still took a strong side to Waihi and ran out winners 20-10. For the Country side Rukingi Reke kicked 2 conversions.


1911 Australasian Championships
The 1911 Australasian Championships was a tennis tournament that took place on outdoor grass courts at the Warehouseman's Cricket Ground, Melbourne, Australia. It was the 7th edition of the Australian Championships (now known as the Australian Open), the second held in Melbourne and the third Grand Slam tournament of the year.


1911 Australasian Championships, Finals, Doubles
Rodney Heath /  Randolph Lycett defeated  John Addison /  Norman Brookes 6–2, 7–5, 6–0


1911 Australasian Championships – Singles
Norman Brookes won in the final 6–1, 6–2, 6–3 against Horace Rice to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1911 Australasian Championships.


1911 Australasian Championships – Singles
Rodney Heath was the defending champion, but lost in the quarterfinals to Norman Brookes.


1911 Australian census
The 1911 Australian census was the first national population census held in Australia. The day used for the census, was taken for the night between 2 and 3 April 1911. The total population of the Commonwealth of Australia was counted as 4,455,005 - an increase of 681,204 people, 18.05% over the 1901 "Federation" Census.


1911 Australian census
The Census Volumes II and III were published on 30 September 1914. At that time it was intended to issueshortly thereafter Volume 1.


1911 Australian census, Collection method
The first Commonwealth Statistician was George Handley Knibbs. He began his career as a licensed surveyor in government service. On Monday 3 April 1911, census collectors set out all over Australia under mostly clear skies to begin gathering in Australia's first national census forms. They covered suburbs to rural towns and the outback. They travelled by bike or horse where they had the transport that was needed to cover large areas, however, most travelled by foot. Some in Northern Queensland had to find their way through a flooded landscape while others in South Australia had difficulties finding water and fodder for their horses due to droughts. They had distributed the forms prior to the census day.


1911 Australian census, Collection method
There was a permanent staff of the ‘Bureau of Census and Statistics’ which consisted of the Statistician (Knibbs) and many assistants, some young men working as clerks as well as a couple of messenger boys. A female typist had joined soon after. They worked in the old Rialto Building in Collins Street, Melbourne.


1911 Australian census, Collection method
Collectors had to supply their own transport and cover any associated costs such as fodder and petrol. They were paid according to their method of transport. Collectors on foot were paid ten shilling a day, those on bicycle fifteens shillings a day and those on horse 20 shillings a day. Police were  used in the days immediately following the census to get travellers, swagmen and campers to provide their information. Train conductors and ships' captains were also used as collectors in the 1911 census and several subsequent censuses, to cover people travelling overnight on census night.


1911 Australian census, Census questions
"For Every Person present in the Night from 2 to 3 April 1911, or returning on 3rd April (if not included elsewhere).


1911 Australian census, Population and dwellings
Population counts for Australian states and territories had 4,455,005 and 19,939 full-Aboriginals (counted separately) for a total population of 4,474,944. Note: All figures are for the census usually resident population count.


1911 Australian census, Population and dwellings, Birthplace
At the Census of 3 April 1911, each person was asked to state on a "personal" card, the "Country or Australian State where born," and to state on a "personal" card, the "Country or Australian State where born," and from the replies to this query, taken in conjunction with the other data furnished, the tables contained in Part II.


1911 Australian census, Population and dwellings, Race
At the first Australian census in 1911 only those "aboriginal natives" living near European settlements were enumerated, and the main population tables included only those of half or less Aboriginal descent. Details of those "full-blood" Aborigines enumerated were included in separate tables.


1911 Australian census, Population and dwellings, Religion
According to these figures it appears that of the 4,455,005 people in Australia on census day (3 April. 1911) 4,274,414 were Christians, 36,785 non-Christians, 14,673 are described as indefinite, 10,016 were of no religion, 83,003 objected to state to what faith, if any, they belonged, and the remaining 36,114 were unspecified.


1911 Australian referendum
The 1911 Australian Referendum was held on 26 April 1911. It contained two referendum questions.


1911 Australian referendum (Monopolies)
The Constitution Alteration (Monopolies) Bill 1910, was an Australian referendum held in the 1911 referendums which sought to  alter the Australian Constitution to give the Commonwealth power to nationalise any corporation deemed by both houses of parliament to be a monopoly.


1911 Australian referendum (Monopolies), Question
Do you approve of the proposed law for the alteration of the Constitution entitled 'Constitution Alteration (Monopolies) 1910'?


1911 Australian referendum (Monopolies), Question
The proposal was to add section 51a to the Constitution to read as follows:


1911 Australian referendum (Monopolies), Question
51a. When each House of the Parliament, in the same session, has by Resolution declared that the industry or business of producing manufacturing or supplying any specified goods, or of supplying any specified services, is the subject of a monopoly, the Parliament shall have power to make laws for carrying on the industry or business by or under the control of the Commonwealth, and acquiring for that purpose on just terms any property used in connexion with the industry or business.


1911 Australian referendum (Monopolies), Results
The referendum was not approved by a majority of voters, and a majority of the voters was achieved in only one state, Western Australia.


1911 Australian referendum (Monopolies), Discussion
This was the first of many times that similar questions were asked at a referendum. On every occasion the public decided not to vest power in the government over monopolies.


1911 Australian referendum (Trade and Commerce)
The Constitution Alteration (Legislative Powers) Bill 1910,  was an unsuccessful Australian referendum held in the 1911 referendums which sought to alter the Australian Constitution to extend the Commonwealth power in respect of trade and commerce, the control of corporations, labour and employment and combinations and monopolies. All of the proposed changes were contained within the one question.


1911 Australian referendum (Trade and Commerce), Question
Do you approve of the proposed law for the alteration of the Constitution entitled 'Constitution Alteration (Legislative Powers) 1910'?


1911 Australian referendum (Trade and Commerce), Question
The proposal was to alter the text of section 51 of the Constitution to read as follows:


1911 Australian referendum (Trade and Commerce), Question
51. The Parliament shall, subject to this Constitution, have Legislative power to make laws for the peace, order, and good government of the Commonwealth with respect to:


1911 Australian referendum (Trade and Commerce), Results
The referendum was not approved by a majority of voters, and a majority of the voters was achieved in only one state, Western Australia.


1911 Australian referendum (Trade and Commerce), Discussion
This was the first of many times that similar questions were asked at a referendum. On every occasion the public decided not to vest power in the Commonwealth over these matters.


1911 Baltimore mayoral election
The 1911 Baltimore mayoral election saw the election of James H. Preston.


1911 Baltimore mayoral election, Nominations
Incumbent Democratic mayor J. Barry Mahool lost reelection in the Democratic primary to James H. Preston.


1911 Barcelona City Council election
The 1911 Barcelona City Council election was held on Sunday, 12 November 1911, to elect half of the Barcelona City Council. 28 out of 50 seats were up for election (3 were vacant seats).


1911 Barcelona City Council election, Electoral system
The number of seats of each council was determined by the population count, according to the 1877 Municipal Law. As Barcelona had more than 200,000 inhabitants, the number of seats composing the city council was 50. The municipal law also established that half of the seats had to be renewed every two years. Therefore, in these elections 25 seats had to be renewed. Additionally, any vacant seat would also be renewed. The municipality was divided in 10 multi-member constituencies, corresponding to the city districts. Seats were elected using limited partial block voting. Candidates winning a plurality in each constituency were elected. In districts electing. Voting was on the basis of universal manhood suffrage, which comprised all national males over twenty-five, having at least a two-year residency in a municipality and in full enjoyment of their civil rights.


1911 Barcelona City Council election, Electoral system
The Municipal Law allowed the King of Spain to elect directly the Mayor of Barcelona.


1911 Barnstaple by-election
The Barnstaple by-election was a Parliamentary by-election. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP)  to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.


1911 Barnstaple by-election, Candidates
The Liberal candidate was Sir Godfrey Baring, a 40-year-old Eton educated former Liberal MP from the Isle of Wight. He had sat for the Isle of Wight from 1906 until his defeat in January 1910. At the December 1910 general election he had contested Devonport . He was the chairman of the Isle of Wight County Council.


1911 Barnstaple by-election, Candidates
The Unionist candidate was Charles Sandbach Parker, an Ayrshire-based 47-year-old Chairman and Managing Director of Demerara Co. who had been educated at Eton and Oxford. He had contested Barnstaple at the December 1910 general election.


1911 Barnstaple by-election, Aftermath
Baring chose not to defend his seat and instead sought re-election for his old Isle of Wight seat.


1911 Batman by-election
A by-election was held for the Australian House of Representatives seat of Batman on 8 February 1911. This was triggered by the death of Labour MP Henry Beard.


1911 Baylor football team
The 1911 Baylor football team was an American football team that represented Baylor University as an independent during the 1911 college football season. In its second season under head coach Ralph Glaze, the team compiled a 2–4–2 record and was outscored by their opponents by a total of 53 to 40.


1911 Bethnal Green South West by-election
The Bethnal Green South West by-election was a Parliamentary by-election. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP)  to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.


1911 Bethnal Green South West by-election, Vacancy
Edward Pickersgill, the sitting Liberal MP for Bethnal Green South West, resigned from the House of Commons in July 1911; in order to take up a post as a stipendary magistrate.


1911 Bethnal Green South West by-election, Electoral history
Pickersgill had been the MP for Bethnal Green South West since 1906, having previously represented the seat from its creation in 1885 until 1900. During the six-year period where Pickersgill did not represent the seat, it was represented by a Conservative. At the previous general election in December 1910, Pickersgill had been comfortably re-elected with a majority of 682 votes.


1911 Bethnal Green South West by-election, Candidates
Following Pickersgill's re-election in December 1910, he had informed his local Liberal Association that he planned to leave politics to become a magistrate. In anticipation of Pickersgill's resignation, the local association selected Percy Harris as their candidate. Harris had previously stood as a Liberal Party candidate for parliament elsewhere on two occasions. However, he was a local man who had represented the constituency on the London County Council since 1907. Charles Masterman had been Liberal MP for West Ham North until he was forced out by the courts early in 1911 when his December 1910 victory was declared void.


1911 Bethnal Green South West by-election, Candidates
Despite this disruption to his parliamentary status, he had continued in the government post of Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department. During this period, he was responsible for the passage through parliament of the National Insurance Act 1911. The Liberal Party leadership was keen to get Masterman back into parliament as soon as possible. They told Pickersgill that his appointment as a magistrate was conditional upon him supporting Masterman rather than Harris as his successor. The party leadership and Pickergill put pressure on Harris to withdraw as candidate in favour of Masterman, which he did.


1911 Bethnal Green South West by-election, Candidates
Eric Hoffgaard, who had been the Conservative Party candidate at the previous general election, was again selected to contest the seat. An Australian-born socialist John Scurr made it a three-way fight. When Masterman was selected as the official Liberal candidate, some of Harris' supporters decided to campaign in support of Scurr.


1911 Bethnal Green South West by-election, Result
The Liberals retained the seat and managed to gain a slightly increased majority:


1911 Bethnal Green South West by-election, Aftermath
In February 1914, Masterman was appointed Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, and required to resign and fight another by-election and this time was defeated.


1911 Birmingham South by-election
The Birmingham South by-election of 1911 was held on 3 May 1911. The by-election was held due to the incumbent Liberal Unionist MP, Charles Howard, becoming the tenth Earl of Carlisle. It was won by the Liberal Unionist candidate (who quickly became a Conservative) Leo Amery, who was unopposed.


1911 Boothby by-election
A by-election was held for the Australian House of Representatives seat of Boothby on 11 November 1911. This was triggered by the death of Labour MP Lee Batchelor.


1911 Bootle by-election
The Bootle by-election, 1911 was a by-election held for the British House of Commons constituency of Bootle in Merseyside on 27 March 1911. It was won by the Conservative Party candidate Bonar Law.


1911 Bootle by-election, Vacancy
The seat had become vacant on 13 March 1911 when the sitting Conservative Member of Parliament (MP), 73-year-old Thomas Myles Sandys had resigned from the House of Commons by the procedural device of accepting the office of Steward of the Manor of Northstead, a notional 'office of profit under the crown'. He had held the seat since the 1885 general election, and died on 18 October 1911.


1911 Bootle by-election, Previous results
At the previous December 1910 general election, Conservative MP Thomas Sandys was elected unopposed. However, there was a previous contest at the General election in January:


1911 Bootle by-election, Result
The result was a victory for the Conservative candidate, Bonar Law, who won the seat with 56% of the votes. He did not contest Bootle in 1918, and was instead elected in the Glasgow Central constituency.


1911 Bootle by-election, Result
Bonar Law was later elected Leader of the Conservative Party in the House of Commons, and went on to hold a series of ministerial positions before becoming Prime Minister for seven months from 1922 to 1923


1911 Boston College football team
The 1911 Boston College football team was an American football team that represented Boston College during the 1911 college football season.


1911 Boston Red Sox season
The 1911 Boston Red Sox season was the 11th season in the franchise's Major League Baseball history. The Red Sox finished fourth in the American League (AL) with a record of 78 wins and 75 losses, 24 games behind the Philadelphia Athletics, who went on to win the 1911 World Series. This was the final season that the Red Sox played their home games at Huntington Avenue Grounds, before moving to Fenway Park.


1911 Boston Red Sox season, Regular season
Prior to the regular season, the team held spring training in Redondo Beach, California.


1911 Boston Red Sox season, Regular season
The team's longest games of the season were 12 innings; a May 19 road win at Chicago, and an August 3 home win against Detroit.


1911 Boston Red Sox season, Regular season, Statistical leaders
The offense was led by center fielder Tris Speaker, who had eight home runs, 70 RBIs, and a .334 batting average. Boston's two regular corner outfielders, Duffy Lewis and Harry Hooper, hit .307 and .311, respectively. Collectively, they were known as the Golden Outfield. The pitching staff was led by Smoky Joe Wood with a 23–17 record, 2.02 ERA, and 231 strikeouts.


1911 Boston Red Sox season, Regular season, Season standings
The team played no games that ended in a tie, for the first time in franchise history.


1911 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Batting
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1911 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Pitching
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1911 Boston Rustlers season
The 1911 Boston Rustlers season was the 41st season of the franchise. With George Dovey having died in 1909, John Dovey sold the Boston Doves team after the 1910 season to John P. Harris. One month after purchasing the team, Harris sold it to William Hepburn Russell, who changed the team name to the Boston Rustlers and brought back former manager Fred Tenney. Tenney's retirement at the end of the season marked the end of an era, as he was the last player to have been a part of the 1890s dynasty teams.


1911 Boston Rustlers season
In spite of their 44-107 record, four players managed to hit over .300 for the season (Buck Herzog and Mike Donlin hit over .300 in part-time roles) led by Doc Miller, who hit .333. Bill Sweeney was the other full-time regular besides Miller to hit over .300, finishing at .314 for the season.


1911 Boston Rustlers season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1911 Boston Rustlers season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1911 Boston Rustlers season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1911 Boston Rustlers season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1911 Boston Rustlers season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1911 Brentford by-election
The Brentford by-election was a Parliamentary by-election. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP)  to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.


1911 Brigham Young University modernism controversy
The 1911 modernism controversy at Brigham Young University was an episode involving four professors at Brigham Young University (BYU), who between 1908 and 1911 widely taught evolution and higher criticism of the Bible, arguing that modern scientific thought was compatible with Christian and Mormon theology.


1911 Brigham Young University modernism controversy
The professors were popular among students and the community but their teachings concerned administrators, and drew complaints from stake presidents, eventually resulting in the resignation of all four faculty members, an event that "leveled a serious blow to the academic reputation of Brigham Young University—one from which the Mormon school did not fully recover until successive presidential administrations."


1911 Brigham Young University modernism controversy, History
In 1907, BYU president George H. Brimhall began hiring a new group of faculty to increase the academic reputation of his school. Joseph Peterson was hired to teach psychology, and his brother Henry Peterson hired as the director of the College of Education. Joseph Peterson was the first Ph.D on the faculty of BYU. In 1908 and 1909 Brimhall hired Ralph Vary Chamberlin and his brother William Henry Chamberlin, to teach biology and philosophy, respectively.


1911 Brigham Young University modernism controversy, History
The Chamberlin and Peterson brothers, while devout Mormons, actively sought to increase the intellectual atmosphere of the university and community, facilitating discussion and debates on evolution and the Bible, and sought to convey that evolutionary ideas and Mormon theology were not mutually exclusive, but rather complementary. Horace H. Cummings, the superintendent of the church schools, felt especially that teaching religion from non-Mormon sources and teaching evolution was contrary to Latter-day Saint teachings.


1911 Brigham Young University modernism controversy, History
The four instructors' courses were popular among students and other faculty, but university and church officials accused the professors of promoting heretical views, and in 1911 offered the Petersons and Ralph Chamberlin a choice: alter their teachings or lose their jobs. Privately, Joseph B. Keeler told Ralph Chamberlin he could stay, but he refused, as the Petersons weren't given the same offer.


1911 Brigham Young University modernism controversy, History
This ignited a great deal of controversy in the school and surrounding community. The students of BYU overwhelmingly supported the professors, and a petition of support signed by at least 80% of the student body was submitted to BYU officials and reprinted in the Salt Lake Tribune, Salt Lake City's largest secular newspaper. Unwilling to change their teachings, the Petersons and Ralph Chamberlin left the university in 1911, while William remained for another 5 years, resigning in 1916.


1911 Brigham Young University modernism controversy, History
The loss of the faculty represented an intellectual loss to the university, and a stifling effect on students as well as faculty. Milton Bennion, writing in March 1911, called the conflict the most significant event in Utah's recent educational history. Ann Weaver Hart wrote that the 1911 BYU controversy made Utah comparatively less emotional and reactionary than other parts of the country during the 1925 Scopes Monkey Trial.


1911 Brigham Young University modernism controversy, History
At the University of Utah in Salt Lake City a similar controversy — what some at the time described as 'a tempest in a teapot' — erupted four years later in February 1915. There, the dismissals of two professors and two instructors by President Joseph T. Kingsbury — and the subsequent resignations of 14 faculty members in protest — launched the American Association of University Professors' first institutional academic freedom inquest, spearheaded by AAUP founders Arthur O. Lovejoy and John Dewey. The 1911 BYU controversy — involving some of the same professors, including the Peterson brothers and the Chamberlins — led in part to the University of Utah debacle.


1911 Brigham Young University modernism controversy, History
As a result of these intertwined academic storms, the AAUP published the document now known as the 1915 Declaration of Principles on Academic Freedom and Academic Tenure. Appearing in the inaugural December 1915 volume of the Bulletin of the American Association of University Professors, this became the AAUP's foundational statement on the rights and corresponding obligations of members of the academic profession.


1911 Brighton by-election
The Brighton by-election of 1911 was held on 26 June 1911. The by-election was held due to the succession of the incumbent Conservative MP, Walter Rice as seventh Baron Dynevor. It was won by the Conservative candidate John Gordon, who was unopposed.


1911 Bristol East by-election
A by-election was held in Bristol East constituency in 1911 to fill a vacancy in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.


1911 Bristol East by-election, Vacancy
Rt Hon. Charles Hobhouse had been Liberal MP for Bristol East since 1900. In October 1911 he was made a member of Asquith's cabinet as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and in accordance with the practice at the time, was required to resign his seat and seek re-election.


1911 Bristol East by-election, Candidates
Given that this seat had been Liberal since it was created in 1885, it was not surprising that the Conservatives did not contest the seat. Walter Moore stood as an Independent.


1911 Bristol East by-election, Result
There was a collapse in voter turnout, perhaps due to the absence of an official Unionist candidate. Despite this, the Liberal share of the vote remained static;


1911 Bristol East by-election, Aftermath
A General Election was due to take place by the end of 1915. By the autumn of 1914, the following candidates had been adopted to contest that election;


1911 Bristol East by-election, Aftermath
Due to the outbreak of war, the election did not take place until 1918;


1911 British Guiana general election, Electoral system
The elections were held under the 1891 constitution, which provided for a 16-member Court of Policy, half of which was elected. The Court included the Governor, seven government officials (the Attorney General, the Government Secretary, the Immigration Agent General and the Receiver General, together with three other appointees). The eight elected members were elected from seven constituencies; Demerara East, Demerara West, Essequebo North Western, Essequebo South Eastern, Berbice, City of Georgetown (2 members) and New Amsterdam.


1911 British Guiana general election, Electoral system
In addition, six "Financial Representatives" were also elected in six single member constituencies; Demerara, Essequebo North Western, Essequebo South Eastern, Berbice, Georgetown and New Amsterdam. Together with the Court of Policy, the two groups formed the Combined Court.


1911 British Guiana general election, Electoral system
The franchise was restricted on the basis of a minimum income level, and women could not vote; as a result, only 1.37% of the population were entitled to vote. Although the minimum monthly income level had been reduced from £40 to £25 since the 1906 elections, only 251 of the 126,517 Indo-Guyanese population was on the voter roll, largely due to a lack of command of English.


1911 Brooklyn Trolley Dodgers season
With the 1911 season, the Superbas changed the team name to the Brooklyn Trolley Dodgers. However, the team still struggled, finishing in seventh place.


1911 Brooklyn Trolley Dodgers season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1911 Brooklyn Trolley Dodgers season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1911 Brooklyn Trolley Dodgers season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1911 Brooklyn Trolley Dodgers season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1911 Brooklyn Trolley Dodgers season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1911 Brown Bears football team
The 1911 Brown Bears football team represented Brown University during the 1911 college football season.


1911 Brussels Ice Hockey Tournament
The 1911 Brussels Tournament was an international ice hockey tournament held in Brussels, Belgium from December 21–23, 1911. Four teams participated in the tournament, which was won by the Oxford Canadians.


1911 Buchtel football team
The 1911 Buchtel football team represented Buchtel College in the 1911 college football season. The team was led by head coach Frank Haggerty, in his second season. Buchtel outscored their opponents by a total of 80–24.


1911 Bucknell football team
The 1911 Bucknell football team was an American football team that represented Bucknell University as an independent during the 1911 college football season. In its second season under head coach Byron W. Dickson, the team compiled a 6–3–1 record.


1911 Bulgarian Constitutional Assembly election
Constitutional Assembly elections were held in Bulgaria on 5 June 1911. The result was a victory for the People's Party–Progressive Liberal Party alliance, which won 342 of the 410 seats. Voter turnout was 54.0%.


1911 Bulgarian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Bulgaria on 4 September 1911. The result was a victory for the People's Party–Progressive Liberal Party alliance, which won 190 of the 213 seats. Voter turnout was 47.2%.


1911 Butler Christians football team
The 1911 Butler Christians football team represented Butler University during the 1911 college football season.


1911 Calgary municipal election
The 1911 Calgary municipal election was held on December 11, 1911 to elect a Mayor and twelve Aldermen to sit on the twenty-eighth Calgary City Council from January 2, 1912 to January 2, 1913.


1911 Calgary municipal election, Background
The election was held under multiple non-transferable vote where each elector was able to cast a ballot for the mayor and up to three ballots for separate councillors with a voter's designated ward. Mayor John William Mitchell and Commissioner Simon John Clarke was acclaimed as the only candidate for Mayor on December 4, 1911.


1911 California Proposition 4
Proposition 4 of 1911 (or Senate Constitutional Amendment No. 8) was an amendment of the Constitution of California that granted women the right to vote in the state for the first time. Senate Constitutional Amendment No. 8 was sponsored by Republican State Senator Charles W. Bell from Pasadena, California. It was adopted by the California State Legislature and approved by voters in a referendum held as part of a special election on October 10, 1911. More details about the history of how this amendment was passed are available on the page detailing the timeline of the California women's suffrage movement. A list of California suffragists documents organizations as well as individuals who participated in the 1911 campaign.


1911 California Proposition 4
An earlier attempt to enfranchise women had been rejected by California voters in 1896, but in 1911 California became the sixth U.S. state to adopt the reform. Nine years later in 1920, women's suffrage was constitutionally recognized at the federal level by the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This amendment prohibited both the federal government and all of the states from denying women the right to vote.


1911 California Proposition 4, Proposition 4 Election
Proposition 4 was narrowly approved by California voters with 50.7 percent support. Election evening results appeared to indicate that Proposition 4 would be defeated as there was strong opposition from the San Francisco Bay Area. However, late returns from the agricultural and rural parts of the state overcame majority opposition from Bay Area cities such as San Francisco and Oakland.


1911 California Proposition 4, Proposition 4 Election
The county with the highest level of support for Proposition 4 was the rural Modoc County (70.5% support). The county with the lowest level of support for Proposition 4 was San Francisco County (38.1% support). Other notable counties voting against giving women the right to vote included Marin County (41.6% support), San Mateo County (44.5% support), and Alameda County (45.4% support).


1911 California Proposition 4, Proposition 4 Election
The ballot argument in favor of Proposition 4 was written by Republican State Senator C.W. Bell and Republican Assemblyman H.G. Cattell, both from southern California. The ballot argument against Proposition 4 was written by Democratic State Senator J.B. Sanford from northern California.


1911 California Proposition 4, Proposition 4 Election, Controversial Editorials and Opinion Pieces Against Women’s Suffrage
In 1911, there were several controversial editorials and opinion pieces published by the Los Angeles Times against women’s suffrage, including Proposition 4.


1911 California Proposition 4, Proposition 4 Election, Controversial Editorials and Opinion Pieces Against Women’s Suffrage
A Los Angeles Times editorial dated January 21, 1911, stated that “women are incapable of physically dominating men. By their inferior physical strength they are unable to compete on an equal basis in any line of endeavor where ability is determined by sheer bodily prowess. All positions of physical power - such as in our police forces, our armies and our navies - will necessarily be filled by men. In other words the enforcement of all law must inevitably rest with men. No law or ordinance could be effectually upheld except through the willingness of men to uphold it.


1911 California Proposition 4, Proposition 4 Election, Controversial Editorials and Opinion Pieces Against Women’s Suffrage
And no matter what words were written on the statute books of any State, if the physical power (which is the masculine power) behind it were withdrawn, the law would immediately become void and impotent. Therefore in equal suffrage we have the spectacle of women desiring to pass laws which they are physically incapable of upholding, and laws which they admit the men do not want.”


1911 California Proposition 4, Proposition 4 Election, Controversial Editorials and Opinion Pieces Against Women’s Suffrage
A Los Angeles Times editorial dated August 19, 1911, stated that: “Possession of the ballot will not help woman, socially or industrially. It will make exactions upon her time and strength. It will invade the home and destroy its charm. It will not result in wiser laws or better government.”


1911 California Proposition 4, Proposition 4 Election, Controversial Editorials and Opinion Pieces Against Women’s Suffrage
A Los Angeles Times editorial dated September 22, 1911, stated that:  “The working man - whether he be a Republican, a Democrat or a Socialist - who walks along Broadway or Spring Street on Saturday afternoon and sees thousands of fashionably-attired girls and women of mature age parading in autos and making woman-suffrage speeches says to himself, ‘Are these butterflies to be entrusted with the task of making laws for me?’”  The editorial also stated that “[t]he Times opposes woman suffrage because it does not believe in either the justice or the expediency of burdening the women of California with the duty of voting.”


1911 California Proposition 4, Proposition 4 Election, Controversial Editorials and Opinion Pieces Against Women’s Suffrage
In a Los Angeles Times opinion piece dated October 1, 1911, Democratic State Senator J.B. Sanford, who was Chairman of the Democratic Caucus of California at the time, called women’s suffrage a “disease,” a “political hysteria,”  a “cruel and intolerable burden,” and a “backward step in the progress of civilization.”  In the same opinion piece published by the Los Angeles Times, Democratic State Senator Sanford also used homophobic language in writing the following about certain classes of people who advocate women’s suffrage:  “It is the mannish female politician and the little effeminate, sissy man, and the woman who is dissatisfied with her lot and sorry that she was born a woman.”


1911 California Proposition 4, 1896 Rejection of Women’s Suffrage by California Voters
During the November 3, 1896 General Election, California voters rejected Constitutional Amendment No. 6 which would have given women the right to vote. The suffrage amendment was defeated by a double-digit margin with 44.6 percent support. Notable counties voting against giving women the right to vote included San Francisco County (26.1% support), San Mateo County (29.9% support), Marin County (30.8% support), Contra Costa County (37.7% support), Sacramento County (40.0% support), Sonoma County (40.4% support), Alameda County (40.7% support), and Santa Clara County (49.0% support).


1911 California Proposition 4, 1896 Rejection of Women’s Suffrage by California Voters
Both the Los Angeles Times and the San Francisco Chronicle opposed Constitutional Amendment No. 6 which would have given women the right to vote.


1911 California Proposition 4, Progressive Era of Reforms
Women's suffrage was a part of the Progressive Era of reforms. On the same election day that Proposition 4 was approved, voters enacted the modern system of direct democracy in California, by approving Proposition 7, which introduced the initiative and the optional referendum powers, and Proposition 8, which introduced the recall of public officials.


1911 California Proposition 4, Progressive Era of Reforms, Constitutional Suffrage Reforms Excluded
While Proposition 4 gave women the right to vote in California, the proposition did not alter the existing discriminatory provisions in the California Constitution limiting the right to vote, including prohibiting natives of China from voting, prohibiting the mentally disabled from voting, and prohibiting persons from voting who were unable to read the Constitution in the English language and write their name.


1911 California Proposition 7
Proposition 7 of 1911 (or Senate Constitutional Amendment No. 22) was an amendment of the Constitution of California that introduced, for the first time, the initiative and the optional referendum. Prior to 1911 the only form of direct democracy in California was the compulsory referendum.


1911 California Proposition 7
Since the first state constitution was enacted in 1849, it has been obligatory for constitutional amendments and certain other measures to be approved by voters in a referendum in order to become law. Proposition 7 introduced a form of optional (or facultative) referendum on ordinary statutes. This means that a proposed law passed by the state legislature must be put before the electorate if a specific number of voters sign a petition requesting a referendum. The amendment also introduced the more powerful initiative procedure. This means that a certain number of voters can propose an entirely new statute or constitutional amendment, which then must be put to a vote of the people.


1911 California Proposition 7
Proposition 7 was part of the Progressive Era of reforms. On the same day voters approved Proposition 4, which granted women the vote, and Proposition 8, which introduced another instrument of direct democracy, the recall of elected representatives.


1911 California Proposition 7, Provisions
Proposition 7 was approved by the California Legislature on 20 February 1911. It was ratified by voters in a referendum held as part of a special election on 10 October. The amendment altered the state constitution by rewriting and adding a long set of provisions to Article 4, Section 1, which dealt with the legislature. As amended, the section began,


1911 California Proposition 7, Provisions
The legislative power of this state shall be vested  in a senate and assembly which shall be designated "The legislature of the State of California," but the people reserve to themselves the power to propose laws and amendments to the constitution, and to adopt or reject the same, at the polls independent of the legislature, and also reserve the power, at their own option, to so adopt or reject any act, or section or part of any act, passed by the legislature.


1911 California Proposition 7, Provisions
It continued, "the first power reserved to the people shall be known as the initiative" and "the second power reserved to the people shall be known as the referendum". The provisions on direct democracy have since been moved, and reworded somewhat. Today they are contained in Article 2.


1911 California Proposition 8
Proposition 8 of 1911 (or Senate Constitutional Amendment No. 23) was an amendment of the Constitution of California that introduced, for the first time, the recall of public officials. This allows the governor, state senators and assemblymen, and other elected officials to be removed from office early by a public vote. It was approved by voters in a referendum held as part of a special election on 10 October. On the same day voters approved two other major political reforms, Proposition 4, which granted women the vote, and Proposition 7, which introduced the initiative and the optional referendum.


1911 California Proposition 8
Proposition 8 added Article 23 of the Constitution of California. This began: "Every elective public officer of the State of California may be removed from office at any time by the electors entitled to vote for a successor of such incumbent". Article 23 has since been repealed, but today a modified version of the recall procedure is contained in Article 2.


1911 California Proposition 8
This measure was used to successfully recall Governor Gray Davis in 2003 and unsuccessfully used in an attempt to recall Governor Gavin Newsom in 2021.


1911 California Proposition 8, Full Text of the Proposition and Amendment
Source: Charles A. Beard and Birl E. Shultz (eds. ),  (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1912), 264-270.


1911 Cambridge University by-election
The Cambridge University by-election was a Parliamentary by-election. It returned two Member of Parliament to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.


1911 Cambridge University by-election, Vacancy
Samuel Butcher had been Unionist MP for the seat of Cambridge University since the 1906 general elections. He died on 29 December 1910 at the age of 60.


1911 Cambridge University by-election, Electoral history
This was a safe Conservative constituency in which challenger rarely appeared. At both the General Elections in 1910, the two Conservative candidates were returned unopposed. The last contested election was in 1906 when one of the sitting Conservative MPs stood on a platform of Free Trade in opposition to the Unionist tariff reform policies:


1911 Cambridge University by-election, Campaign
Polling took place over a five-day period from 11–16 February 1911.


1911 Campeonato Carioca
The 1911 Campeonato Carioca, the sixth edition of that championship, kicked off on May 7, 1911 and ended on October 22, 1911. It was organized by LMSA (Liga Metropolitana de Sports Athleticos, or Metropolitan Athletic Sports League). Nine teams participated. Fluminense won the title for the 5th time. No teams were relegated.


1911 Campeonato Carioca, System
The tournament would be disputed in a double round-robin format, with the team with the most points winning the title. The team with the fewest points would be relegated.


1911 Campeonato Paulista
The 1911 Campeonato Paulista, organized by the LPF (Liga Paulista de Football), was the 10th season of São Paulo's top association football league. São Paulo Athletic won the title for the 4th time. no teams were relegated and the top scorer was Americano's Décio Viccari with 9 goals.


1911 Campeonato Paulista, System
The championship was disputed in a double-round robin system, with the team with the most points winning the title.


1911 Canadian census
The 1911 Canadian census was a detailed enumeration of the Canadian population. The census was started on June 1, 1911. All reports had been received by February 26, 1912. The total population count of Canada was 7,206,643. This was an increase of 34% over the 1901 census of 5,371,315.


1911 Canadian census
The previous census was the Northwest Provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba 1906 census and the following census was the Northwest Provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba 1916 census.


1911 Canadian census, Census summary
Information was collected on the following subjects, with a separate "schedule" or census data collection form associated with each subject:


1911 Canadian census, Census summary
The 1911 Census was the last census to include questions about "infirmities". In 1911, 28,611 people were identified as "infirm":


1911 Canadian census, Census summary
People who were deaf but able to speak were not classified as infirm.


1911 Canadian census, Methodology
The census was conducted by the Canadian Ministry of Agriculture under the authority of the Census and Statistics Act of 1905. 9,703 enumerators visited homes across the country, asked the required questions and recorded the responses from each household onto paper forms. For the census, each province or territory was subdivided into districts, usually based on electoral districts, cities or counties, which were in turn divided into sub-districts, which were towns, townships, city wards or parishes. One handwritten line in English or French was entered for each person enumerated. The responses were collected, tabulated and summary statistics were produced. In 1955, the paper records of responses were microfilmed and the original paper forms were destroyed. The microfilm has since been scanned and converted into a series of images which are now available online at the Library and Archives Canada web site.


1911 Canadian federal election
The 1911 Canadian federal election was held on September 21, 1911 to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 12th Parliament of Canada.


1911 Canadian federal election
The central issue was Liberal support for a proposed agreement with the United States to lower tariffs. The Conservative Party denounced it because it threatened to weaken ties with Britain, submerge the Canadian economy and Canadian identity with the US, and lead to American annexation of Canada. The idea of a Canadian Navy was also an issue.


1911 Canadian federal election
The Conservatives won, and Robert Borden became prime minister. The election ended 15 years of government by the Liberal Party of Wilfrid Laurier.


1911 Canadian federal election, Navy
The Liberal government was caught up in a debate over the naval arms race between the British Empire and Germany. Laurier attempted a compromise by starting up the Canadian Navy (now the Royal Canadian Navy) but failed to appease either the French-Canadians or English-Canadians: the former refused giving any aid, and the latter suggested sending money directly to Britain. After the election, the Conservatives drew up a bill for naval contributions to the British, but it was held up by a lengthy Liberal filibuster before it was passed in the House of Commons by invoking closure, only to be defeated by the Liberal-controlled Senate.


1911 Canadian federal election, Ties to Britain
Many English Canadians in British Columbia and the Maritimes felt that Laurier was abandoning Canada's traditional links to their mother country, Great Britain. On the other side, the Quebec nationalist Henri Bourassa, who had earlier quit the Liberal Party over what he considered the government's pro-British policies, campaigned against Laurier in the province. Ironically, Bourassa's attacks on Laurier in Quebec aided in the election of the Conservatives, who held policies that were more staunchly imperialist than those of the Liberals.


1911 Canadian federal election, Ties to Britain
In mid-1910, Laurier had attempted to kill the naval issue, which was settling English-Canadians against French-Canadians by opening talks for a reciprocity treaty with the United States. He believed that an economically-favourable treaty would appeal to most Canadians and have the additional benefit of dividing the Conservatives between the western wing of the party, which had long wanted free trade with the United States, and the eastern wing, which was more hostile to Continentalism.


1911 Canadian federal election, Ties to Britain
In January 1911, Laurier and US President William Howard Taft announced that they signed a reciprocity agreement, which they decided to pass by concurrent legislation rather than a formal treaty, as would normally have been the case. As such, the reciprocity agreement had to be ratified by both houses of the US Congress rather than just the US Senate, which Laurier would later regret.


1911 Canadian federal election, Ties to United States
The base of Liberal support shifted to Western Canada, which sought markets for its agricultural products. The party had long been a proponent of free trade with the United States. The protected manufacturing businesses of Central Canada were strongly against the idea. The Liberals, who by ideology and history had strongly supported free trade, decided to make the issue the central plank of their re-election strategy, and they negotiated a free trade agreement in natural products with the United States.


1911 Canadian federal election, Ties to United States
Allen argues that two speeches by American politicians gave the Conservatives the ammunition needed to arouse anti-American, pro-British sentiments, which provided the winning votes. The Speaker of the US House of Representatives was a Democrat, Champ Clark, and he declared, on the floor of the House, "I look forward to the time when the American flag will fly over every square foot of British North America up to the North Pole. The people of Canada are of our blood and language."


1911 Canadian federal election, Ties to United States
Clark went on to suggest in his speech that reciprocity agreement was the first step towards the end of Canada, a speech that was greeted with "prolonged applause" according to the Congressional Record. The Washington Post reported, "Evidently, then, the Democrats generally approved of Mr. Clark's annexation sentiments and voted for the reciprocity bill because, among other things, it improves the prospect of annexation."


1911 Canadian federal election, Ties to United States
The Chicago Tribune, in an editorial, condemned Clark and warned that Clark's speech might have fatally damaged the reciprocity agreement in Canada and stated, "He lets his imagination run wild like a Missouri mule on a rampage. Remarks about the absorption of one country by another grate harshly on the ears of the smaller."


1911 Canadian federal election, Ties to United States
A Republican Representative, William M. Bennett, a member of the House Foreign Relations Committee, introduced a resolution that asked the Taft administration to begin talks with Britain on how the United States might best annex Canada. Taft rejected the proposal and asked the committee to take a vote on the resolution, which only Bennett supported, but the Conservatives now had more ammunition. Since Bennett, a strong protectionist, had been an opponent of the reciprocity agreement, the Canadian historian Chantal Allen suggested that Bennett had introduced his resolution deliberately inflame Canadian opinion against the reciprocity agreement. Clark's speech had already provoked massive outrage in Canada. Bennett's resolution was taken by many Canadians as more proof that the Conservatives were right that the reciprocity agreement would result in the US annexing Canada.


1911 Canadian federal election, Ties to United States
The Washington Post noted that the effect of Clark's speech and Bennett's resolution in Canada had "roused the opponents of reciprocity in and out of Parliament to the highest pitch of excitement they have yet reached". The Montreal Daily Star, English Canada's most widely read newspaper and had supported the Liberals and reciprocity, now did a volte-face and turned against the reciprocity agreement. In an editorial, it wrote, "None of us realized the inward meaning of the shrewdly framed offer of the long headed American government when we first saw it. It was as cunning a trap as ever laid. The master bargainers of Washington have not lost their skill."


1911 Canadian federal election, Ties to United States
Contemporary accounts mentioned in the aftermath of Clark's speech that anti-Americanism was at an all-time high in Canada. Many American newspapers advised their readers that if they visited Canada, they should not identify themselves as American, or they could become the objects of abuse and hatred from the Canadians. The New York Times, in a July 1911 report stated that Laurier was "having the fight of his career to carry reciprocity at all". One Conservative MP compared the relationship of Finance Minister William Stevens Fielding and Taft to Samson and Delilah, with Fielding having "succumbed to the Presidential blandishments."


1911 Canadian federal election, Ties to United States
When the reciprocity agreement was submitted by Laurier to the House of Commons for ratification by Parliament, the Conservatives waged a vigorous filibuster against the reciprocity agreement on the floor of the House. Although the Liberals still had two years left in their mandate, they decided to call an election to settle the issue after it had aroused controversy, and Laurier was unable to break the filibuster.


1911 Canadian federal election, Ties to United States
Borden largely ran on a platform of opposing the reciprocity agreement under the grounds that it would "Americanize" Canada and claimed that there was a secret plan on the part of the Taft administration to annex Canada, with the reciprocity agreement being only the first step. In his first speech given in London, Borden declared, "It is beyond doubt that the leading public men of the United States, its leading press, and the mass of its people believe annexation of the Dominion to be the ultimate, inevitable, and desirable result of this proposition, and for that reason support it."


1911 Canadian federal election, Ties to United States
To support his claims, the Conservatives produced thousands of pamphlets reproducing the speeches of Clark and Bennett, which encouraged a massive burst of anti-Americanism that was sweeping across English Canada in 1911.


1911 Canadian federal election, Ties to United States
One American newspaper wrote that the Conservatives were portraying the Americans as "a corrupt, bragging, boodle-hunting and negro lynching crowd from which Canadian workingmen and the Canadian land of milk and honey must be saved." On 7 September 1911, the Montreal Star published a front-page appeal to all Canadians by the popular British poet Rudyard Kipling, who had been asked by his friend, Max Aitken, to write something for the Conservatives. Kipling wrote in his appeal to Canadians, "It is her own soul that Canada risks today.


1911 Canadian federal election, Ties to United States
Once that soul is pawned for any consideration, Canada must inevitably conform to the commercial, legal, financial, social and ethical standards which will be imposed on her by the sheer admitted weight of the United States." Kipling's appeal attracted much media attention in English Canada and was reprinted over the next week, in every English newspaper in Canada.


1911 Canadian federal election, Immigration
In British Columbia, the Conservative Party ran on the slogan "A White Canada" by playing to the fears of British Columbians who resented the increasing presence of cheap Asian labour and the resulting depression in wages.


1911 Canadian federal election, Results
The campaign went badly for the Liberals, however. The powerful manufacturing interests of Toronto and Montreal switched their allegiance and financing to the Conservatives, who argued that free trade would undermine Canadian sovereignty and lead to a slow annexation of Canada by the US. In an editorial after Borden's victory, the Los Angeles Times wrote: "Their ballots have consigned to everlasting flames the bogy of annexation by the United States which Champ Clark called from the deeps. It was not really a wraith of anything that existed on this side of the line. It was a pumpkin scarehead with blazing eyes, a crooked slit for a nose, and a hideous grinning mouth which the fun-loving Champ placed upon a pole along with the Stars and Stripes, the while he carried terror to loyal Canuck hearts by his derisive shout of annexation."


1911 Canadian federal election, Results
The election is often compared to the 1988 federal election, which was also fought over free trade, but the positions of the two parties were now reversed, with the Liberals against the Conservatives' trade proposals.


1911 Canadian federal election, Results
The Conservatives dominated in Ontario, British Columbia and Manitoba. They also made significant gains in Quebec and Atlantic Canada, although the Liberals still won pluralities in both regions. The Liberals continued to dominate in Alberta and Saskatchewan, where free trade was extremely popular. Notably, this remains the most recent federal election where the Liberals would win the most seats in Alberta (although most Albertan Liberals supported the Borden-led Unionist government during the First World War).


1911 Canadian federal election, Results, National results
* Party did not nominate candidates in the previous election.


1911 Canadian federal election, Results, National results
2 One Liberal candidate was acclaimed in Ontario, and two Liberals were acclaimed in Quebec.


1911 Canton Professionals season
The 1911 Canton Professionals season was their third season in the Ohio League, and their first since 1906. The team finished 8–1.


1911 Carlisle Indians football team
The 1911 Carlisle Indians football team represented the Carlisle Indians football team of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School during the 1911 college football season. The Indians were coached by Pop Warner in his 10th year as head coach. The team compiled a record of 11–1 , outscored opponents 298 to 49. The season included one of the greatest upsets in college football history. Against Harvard, Jim Thorpe scored all of the Indians' points in a shocking upset over the period powerhouse, 18–15. The only loss for Carlisle came at the hands of Syracuse the following week, 12–11. Walter Camp selected Thorpe first-team All-American. One source claims Thorpe was "recognized as the greatest player of the year and a man whose kicking is likely to revolutionize the game." College Football Hall of Fame members on the team include Thorpe, Gus Welch, and  William "Lone Star" Dietz.


1911 Central Michigan Normalites football team
The 1911 Central Michigan Normalites football team represented Central Michigan Normal School, later renamed Central Michigan University, as an independent during the 1911 college football season. In their third season under head coach Harry Helmer, the Central Michigan football team compiled a 3–3 record and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 29 to 26. The team won its first three games, all against high school teams, and lost its final three games against the Michigan School for the Deaf (0-6), Ferris State (0-11), and the Michigan Agricultural freshman team (0-6).


1911 Ceylonese Legislative Council election
Legislative Council elections were held in Ceylon in 1911.   elect the four mentioned above for the following four electorates - two for European electorates (European urban and European rural) one for the Burgher electorate and one for the Ceylonese electorate. Four unofficial members were to be selected through an election and the remainder would be appointed by the Governor. The two European seats for registered European rural and urban inhabitants (previously the Governor had appointed three members to represent these areas) were filled without any election as there was only one nomination for each. The Burgher seat was contested by three candidates, whilst the seat for "educated" Ceylonese was contested by two candidates, with both winning candidates elected by large winning margins.


1911 Ceylonese Legislative Council election
Elections were held on 12 December for the Burgher seat and 13 December for the Ceylonese seat, with the results formally released on 18 December. Hector William van Cuylenburg (later Sir) was elected with 829 votes, with H Geo Thomas and Arthur Alvis receiving 466 votes and 273 votes respectively. A total of 1,568 Burghers (72.9%) of the total 2,149 registered voters casting their vote. Ponnampalam Ramanathan (later Sir) was elected with 1,645 votes with Dr. H. Marcus Fernando (later Sir), receiving 981 votes. A total of 2,626 (89.5%) of the total 2,934 registered voters casting their vote.


1911 Ceylonese Legislative Council election
The election results were formalised in the Government Gazette on 22 December. The first meeting of the new Legislative Council was held in the afternoon of 16 January 1912.


1911 Challenge Cup
The 1910–11 Challenge Cup was the 15th staging of rugby league's oldest knockout competition, the Challenge Cup.


1911 Challenge Cup
The final was contested by the Broughton Rangers and Wigan at the Willows in Salford.


1911 Challenge Cup
The final was played on Saturday 29 April 1911, where Broughton beat Wigan 4-0 at the Willows in front of a crowd of 8,000.


1911 Challenge Cup
Broughton won their second, and to date, last Challenge Cup.


1911 Challenge Cup
The scoreline set a record for the lowest winning score and lowest aggregate score in a Challenge Cup Final.


1911 Championship of Australia
The 1911 Championship of Australia was an Australian rules football match that took place on 11 October 1911.


1911 Championship of Australia
The championship was contested by the premiers of the VFL, Essendon and the premiers of the SAFL, West Adelaide.


1911 Championship of Australia
The match was played at Adelaide Oval in Adelaide, South Australia.


1911 Championship of Australia
The match, played in front of 6,000, was won by West Adelaide by a margin of 3 points, giving West Adelaide its 2nd Championship of Australia Title.


1911 Chattanooga Moccasins football team
The 1911 Chattanooga Moccasins football team represented the University of Chattanooga as an independent during the 1911 college football season. It completed its five-game schedule with a record of 3–2.


1911 Cheltenham by-election
The Cheltenham by-election was a Parliamentary by-election. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP)  to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.


1911 Cheltenham by-election, Aftermath
A General Election was due to take place by the end of 1915. By the autumn of 1914, the following candidates had been adopted to contest that election. Due to the outbreak of war, the election never took place.


1911 Chicago Cubs season
The 1911 Chicago Cubs season was the 40th season of the Chicago Cubs franchise, the 36th in the National League and the 19th at West Side Park. The Cubs finished second in the National League with a record of 92–62.


1911 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1911 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1911 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1911 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1911 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1911 Chicago International Aviation Meet
The 1911 Chicago International Aviation Meet (August 12 to August 20, 1911) was major aviation show held at Grant Park in Chicago, Illinois, United States in August 1911.


1911 Chicago International Aviation Meet
Lincoln Beachey set a world altitude record of 11,642 feet at the meet.


1911 Chicago International Aviation Meet
William R. Badger and St. Croix Johnstone both died in aviation accidents at the meet. The wings on Badger's biplane collapsed when he tried to pull out of dive too late, and Johnstone crashed into Lake Michigan after his engine failed.


1911 Chicago Maroons football team
The 1911 Chicago Maroons football team was an American football team that represented the University of Chicago during the 1911 college football season. In their 20th season under head coach Amos Alonzo Stagg, the Maroons compiled a 6–1 record, finished in second place in the Western Conference with a 5–1 record against conference opponents, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 78 to 42.


1911 Chicago Maroons football team
The team included the future University of Chicago head basketball coach Nelson Norgren as well as Clark G. Sauer and Horace Frank Scruby, consensus all-conference players.


1911 Chicago White Sox season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1911 Chicago White Sox season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1911 Chicago White Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1911 Chicago White Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1911 Chicago White Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1911 Chicago mayoral election
In the Chicago mayoral election of 1911, Democrat Carter Harrison Jr. was elected to his fifth non-consecutive term as mayor, tying the then-record set by his father Carter Harrison Sr. for the most Chicago mayoral election victories. Harrison defeated Republican Charles E. Merriam and Socialist William E. Rodriguez.


1911 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations
In the years between the 1907 and 1911 elections, Illinois had implemented a law which scheduled Chicago's mayoral primaries for the last Tuesday of February. These were also the first direct primaries in the history of Chicago mayoral elections. The primaries were incredibly tenuous, and even elicited incidents of election-day violence.


1911 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Democratic primary
Carter Harrison Jr., who had previously served four terms as mayor, defeated former mayor Edward F. Dunne as well as Andrew J. Graham (a wealthy banker) in the Democratic primary on February 28. Harrison's margin of victory in the primary was very narrow.


1911 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Democratic primary
Harrison had, in late 1910, formed a political alliance with William Randolph Hearst. Their mutual interest was that they both sought to oust political boss Roger Charles Sullivan and his network.


1911 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Democratic primary
Dunne announced his candidacy on November 19, 1910. His candidacy came as somewhat of a surprise, as his chances of winning appeared unrealistic. However, he had a few factors that were still to his advantage. One was that he had strong support among the city's Irish middle class. Another was that he was a reform-minded politician in an election year in which reform seemed important to voters.


1911 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Democratic primary
Shortly after he announced his candidacy, he received backing from reformist figures such as alderman John J. Bradley (who would serve as manager of his campaign), William Emmett Dever, Margaret Haley, Clarence Darrow, and Raymond Robins. Dunne's platform called for improving service and lowering the prices of gas and electricity, nighttime waste collection, universal transfers, the construction of city-owned subways, a consolidation of Chicago and Cook County, and the creation of parks administrations. He also pledged to root out graft, bomb throwing.


1911 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Democratic primary
He pledged to instill a government which emphasized, "decency towards and fair treatment of the citizen from public officials". He would adopt "wet" stance, opposing prohibition of alcohol. While Dunne's campaign had an invigorated launch, receiving the support many reformist endorsers, most of the press and political professionals still disregarded his prospects.


1911 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Democratic primary
Andrew J. Graham announce his candidacy on December 9, 1910. was backed by Roger Charles Sullivan. He, in essence, ran as Sullivan's hand-picked candidate. Graham was a prominent banker from the city's West Side, who was a longtime friend and associate of Sullivan's. Graham was known for acts of philanthropy which had earned him popularity in his locality of the city. With no political record, it was difficult for opponents to make political attacks on him. Graham's platform placed a focus on eliminating graft, pointing specifically to kinds of graft which incumbent mayor Busse's administration had been disgraced by.


1911 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Democratic primary
He also advocated a consolidation of Chicago and Cook County (something that would have served the political interests of Sullivan). He wanted subways and universal transfers. He supported "personal liberty", which was a euphemistic way of saying that he supported protecting access to alcoholic drinks. Less than a week after he declared his candidacy, Graham received the formal endorsement of the Democratic Party of Cook County Committee. He received 63 votes from the 84 members who were present at the vote (former Cook County sheriff John E. Traeger had received two votes and Harrison received no votes, and fourteen abstentions were made). Graham's official campaign manager was Thomas F. Flynn.


1911 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Democratic primary
Other individuals that had been speculated as potential candidates for the Democratic nomination included Fred W. Blocki, John T. Connery, Henry Gibbons, Charles F. Gunther, Lockwood Honoré, Ernst Hummel, James Hamilton Lewis, Charles J. Vopicka, and Charles H. Wacker.


1911 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Democratic primary
The platforms of candidates did not heavily differ on substance. The primary was heavily centered upon personal attacks between opponents. In its (biased) coverage, Hearst's Examiner emphasized Graham's connection with Sullivan, who the paper caricatured and portrayed as a villain. The Examiner reported on and exaggerated Sullivan's involvement with the local utility trust People's Gas Light & Coke Company, and claimed that Graham was running to simply keep gas prices high. Harrison used this narrative too, calling Sullivan the "gas dictator". Harrison declared himself to be the "Anti- Roger C. Sullivan and Anti-Gas candidate".


1911 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Democratic primary
He proclaimed that "Roger Sullivan is not a Democrat" and that neither was Graham. Roger's supporters went to great lengths to describe Sullivan as an immense villain. In an attempt to directly counter these attacks, for the first time in two decades, Sullivan delivered stump speeches, breaking his longtime policy of not delivering public speeches.


1911 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Democratic primary
Graham ran an extensive billboard advertising campaign, utilizing as many as 3,000 billboards. At first, most of his billboards used simple slogans such as "No Graft at the City Hall" and "A Seat for Every Pupil in the Public Schools". Eventually, the campaign began using former Hearst quotes and cartoons from 1904 (when Harrison had opposed Hearst's presidential campaign) that vilified Harrison.


1911 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Democratic primary
Graham received a celebrity endorsement from world heavyweight boxing champion Jack Johnson.


1911 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Democratic primary
Dunne, while for much of the race having not been widely covered by the press and largely ignored by his opponents, attacked both Harrison and Graham. He accused Harrison of sabotaging his reelection campaign in 1907, and called Graham a puppet of Sullivan, who he claimed had also for sabotaged his reelection campaign in 1907 . After weeks of the press and both of his opponents largely disregarding him, Dunne's candidacy had begun to gain momentum, and the race began to move in his favor. Dunne secured the endorsement of the Chicago Federation of Labor. The betting odds at James Patrick O'Leary's betting house, which had originally been 4-5 for Graham, 8-5 for Harrison, and 5-2 for Dunne, had changed to 3-5 for Graham, 9-5 for Harrison and 7-7 for Dunne.


1911 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Democratic primary
By the closing weeks of the race, Graham's odds of winning had subsided. There were even some reports that members of Sullivan's own coalition were quietly changing their support over to Dunne's campaign. In the closing weeks of the race, Dunne had ceased attacks on Graham and Roger Sullivan in his stump. He focused his campaign on appealing to reformist sentiments that had been strengthened by the scandals of Busse's administration and the scandals of William Lorimer.


1911 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Democratic primary
Cater Harrison, meanwhile, was focusing his campaign on convincing Democrats that he had strong electability for the general election, as well as using promises of patronage to his advantage. Harrison seized on reports that part of Sullivan's coalition was shifting their support to Dunne, painting Dunne as being tied to Sullivan.


1911 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Democratic primary, Results
The initial result was so narrow, with a 1,420 vote margin of victory of Harrison, that Dunne requested a recount. A recount was held, with Sullivan remaining the victor.


1911 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Republican primary
Incumbent mayor Fred A. Busse did not seek a second term. Despite the high hopes some supporters had for him, Busse's term had been rather uneventful in regards to achievements. Additionally, Busse's administration was plagued by allegations of graft. Busse reportedly believed that he would be able to defeat Merriam in the primary, but did not believe that he could beat a Democratic opponent in the general election.


1911 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Republican primary
Educator and politician Charles E. Merriam (a strong proponent of progressivism) defeated a number of candidates, including restaurateur John R. Thompson and former Illinois Treasurer John F. Smulski.


1911 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Republican primary
Smulski was considered to be a leader in the city's Polish community. He received the backing of Governor Charles Deneen and noted businessman John R. Thomspon. He was seen as a natural heir to receive the support of Busse's political base. He ran on a campaign calling for clean and efficient government rooted in "Progressive Republicanism" based on "the value of conservation as applied to municipal affairs as in the relation to state and national interests". He aimed to launch "a straight challenge to the graft system, spoils system, and the special privilege system". Some of Dunne's reformist colleagues backed this Republican candidate over their Dunne, including Raymond Robins who campaigned extensively won Smulski's behalf. The Chicago Federation of Labor endorsed him for the Republican nomination.


1911 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Republican primary
Merriam benefited from a reformist sentiment that had been fed by revelations of municipal corruption that he had played a large role in originally uncovering.


1911 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Prohibition nomination
The Prohibition Party nominated William A. Brubaker, its 1907 mayoral nominee and the chairman of the Prohibition Central Committee of Cook County.


1911 Chicago mayoral election, General election
Both the Democratic and Republican Party had been divided by their contentious primaries.


1911 Chicago mayoral election, General election
For his 1911 campaign, Harrison adopted many progressive policies. The reform proposals which Harrison put forth were easily understood. "We plan to wage this fight on the theory that public utility corporations should be our servants instead of our masters. I believe that the gas company can sell its products not more than 70 cents for 1000 cubic feet." He also championed the Burnham Plan of Chicago. He portrayed himself as a pragmatic and experienced change-maker and Merriam as an overly-idealistic and bookish professor.


1911 Chicago mayoral election, General election
To ward off potential immigrant support for Merriam, Harrison accused him of being a prohibitionist (a stance that was unpopular in the city's immigrant communities). While Merriam was well connected to the "dry" side of the debate over alcohol, as a mayoral candidate he tried to frame his position on the matter as being more about home rule and democracy than an outright support of implementing such laws. He claimed to be opposed to blue laws, and said that he would respect the will of the people of Chicago as mayor, which he recognized as being overwhelmingly opposed to prohibition.


1911 Chicago mayoral election, General election
Allegations surfaced that Merriam had been a member of the Hyde Park Protective Association, which was anti saloons and had also earned a strongly anti-African American reputation. Merriam denied these allegations.


1911 Chicago mayoral election, General election
Due to Merriam's strong reformist views, many Republican machine operatives of political boss Lorimer had worked to strengthen Harrison's bid, sabotaging their own party's nominee.


1911 Chicago mayoral election, General election
Socialist candidate William E. Rodgriguez pledged that as mayor, he would focus on, “the problems of theworking class,” which he stated included, “comfortable and sanitary dwellings at low cost” and “adequate street car service in the working-class districts.” He also pledged to pursue and an efficient health department, fair pay, and for the public schools to be open for public meetings.


1911 Chicago mayoral election, General election, Results
According to polls, Harrison received 68.91% of the Polish-American vote, while Merriam received 24.40% and Rodriguez received 5.60%.


1911 Chinese provisional presidential election
The 1911 Chinese provisional presidential election was the election held on 29 December 1911 during the Xinhai Revolution for the First Provisional President and Vice President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China. Sun Yat-sen and Li Yuan-hung were elected as President and Vice-President respectively. Sun sworn in at midnight on 1 January 1912 and declared the official establishment of the Republic of China.


1911 Chinese provisional presidential election, Electors
One vote was given to each of the seventeen provinces presented in the assembly, including


1911 Chinese provisional presidential election, Electors
Five other provinces were still under Qing control. The protectorates in Outer Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, Tsinghai and Tibet were semi-independent. They did not participate this election.


1911 Christchurch North by-election
The 1911 Christchurch North by-election was a by-election during the 17th New Zealand Parliament held on 17 August that year in the Christchurch North electorate. It was triggered by the death of sitting member Tommy Taylor on 27 July and was won by his close friend and political ally, Leonard Isitt.


1911 Christchurch North by-election, Background
Taylor had come to national prominence over prohibition even before he was first elected to parliament in the 1896 election. A radical politician, he was interested in a variety of labour and liberal issues, but was a staunch opponent of Richard Seddon and always maintained his independence, going as far as refusing company ownership or joining cabinet. On a personal level, he was deeply popular with the population, and when he died aged 49 only months after having been elected Mayor of Christchurch, 50,000 people lined the streets during his funeral procession.


1911 Christchurch North by-election, Candidates and campaign
At the time, Taylor had been one of New Zealand's most colourful politicians. Naturally, when it came to discussions around his succession in the Christchurch North electorate, a focus was on people who could advance some of the causes that had been important to Taylor. The two politicians mentioned in this context were Leonard Isitt and James McCombs. The next general election was not too far away and McCombs had already committed himself to contest Christchurch East, and he thus declined. He also stated that he was too busy during the by-election campaign period, as he had committed himself to organise the Taylor memorial fund, for which he was secretary.


1911 Christchurch North by-election, Candidates and campaign
Isitt accepted the nomination. Also a prohibitionist and a close friend of Taylor's, Isitt was at his bedside when he died. Labour interests did not stand a candidate against Isitt out of respect for Taylor. The conservative candidate was John Dryden Hall, the second son of a former premier, John Hall.


1911 Christchurch North by-election, Results
Commentators attributed the win of successful candidate Leonard Isitt to floods of sympathy votes. Isitt held the Christchurch North electorate until he retired at the 1925 election. Hall contested the Christchurch North electorate in the 1911 general election a few months after the by-election, but was beaten by Isitt in the second ballot.


1911 Cincinnati Reds season
The 1911 Cincinnati Reds season was a season in American baseball. The team finished sixth in the National League with a record of 70–83, 29 games behind the New York Giants.


1911 Cincinnati Reds season, Offseason
The Reds were involved in an eight player trade with the Philadelphia Phillies on November 12, as Cincinnati traded away pitchers Fred Beebe and Jack Rowan, third baseman Hans Lobert, and outfielder Dode Paskert to Philadelphia, and received outfielder Johnny Bates, third baseman Eddie Grant, and pitchers George McQuillan and Lew Moren.


1911 Cincinnati Reds season, Offseason
Bates batted .305 with three home runs and 61 RBI in 135 games for the Phillies in 1910, while Grant hit .268 with one home run and 67 RBI in 152 games. Grant led the National League in at bats in both 1908 and 1909. McQullan missed some time in 1910 due to injuries, however, he had a 9-6 record with a  1.60 ERA in 24 games. In 1908, McQuillan posted a 23-17 record with a 1.53 ERA in 48 games, pitching 359.2 innings, and throwing 32 complete games. Moren was 13-14 with a 3.55 ERA in 34 games with the Phillies in 1910.


1911 Cincinnati Reds season, Offseason
On February 6, the Reds purchased outfielder Fred Beck from the Boston Rustlers. Beck hit .275 with a league leading 10 home runs and had 64 RBI in 154 games in 1910.


1911 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season
The Reds continued to make moves in the regular season, acquiring Frank Smith from the Boston Red Sox for $5000 on May 11. Smith, who split the 1910 season with the Red Sox and the Chicago White Sox and dealt with injuries, had a poor start with Boston in 1911. He had a great 1909 season with the White Sox, going 25-17 with a 1.80 ERA, and led the American League with 51 games pitched, 40 starts, 37 complete games, 365 innings pitched and struck out 177 batters.


1911 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season
Midway through the season, in June, the Reds purchased outfielder Armando Marsans from New Britain Perfectos of the Connecticut State League for $6000. Shortly after, on July 9, Cincinnati traded away outfielder Fred Beck to the Philadelphia Phillies for pitcher Bert Humphries. Beck struggled in his time with Cincinnati, batting only .184 with two home runs and 20 RBI in 41 games.


1911 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season
Offensively, the club was led by first baseman Dick Hoblitzell, who hit .289 with 11 home runs and 91 RBI in 158 games. Outfielder Bob Bescher led the National League with 81 stolen bases, and hit .275 with one home run, 45 RBI, had 102 walks, and scored a team high 106 runs. Newly acquired Johnny Bates hit a team high .292 with one home run, 61 RBI, 33 stolen bases in his first season with the club. Mike Mitchell had another solid season, batting .291 with two home runs and 84 RBI.


1911 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season
George Suggs led the pitching staff, as he had a 15-13 record and a 3.00 ERA in 36 games, leading Cincinnati with 260.2 innings pitched and 17 complete games. Art Fromme had a 10-12 record with a 3.46 ERA, and led the Reds by striking out 107 batters.