1914 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
ZC = received votes a composite All-SIAA compiled from a total of seven sports writers, coaches, and others by Z. G. Clevenger, University of Tennessee athletic director. The seven were coaches Clevenger and Pontius of Tennessee, Innis Brown, John Heisman, Dick Jemison, Innis Brown, Jack Nye, W. G. Foster, and Bill Streit.


1914 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
C = received selections in a composite of five selectors: Atlanta Constitution, the Atlanta Journal, the Birmingham Ledger, the Birmingham Age-Herald, and the Atlanta Sunday American.


1914 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
IB = selected by Innis Brown, sporting editor for the Atlanta Journal.


1914 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
DJ = selected by Dick Jemison, sporting editor for the Atlanta Constitution. He also had an All-SIAA team, used in the above composite.


1914 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
HC = selected by Harris G. Cope, coach at University of the South.


1914 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
EG = selected by Ewing Gillis of the New Orleans Item.


1914 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
WL = selected by W. A. Lambeth, professor at the University of Virginia, "from the opinion of local observers and critics"


1914 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
H = selected by John Heisman, published in Fuzzy Woodruff's A History of Southern Football 1890-1928.


1914 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
DVG = selected by D. V. Graves, coach at the University of Alabama.


1914 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
UT = selected by coach Clevenger and "Butch" Pontius of the University of Tennessee.


1914 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
WGF = selected by W. G. Foster of the Chattanooga Times.


1914 Colombian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Colombia on 10 February 1914. They were the first direct presidential elections since 1860. The result was a victory for José Vicente Concha of the Conservative Party, who received 89.1% of the vote. Vicente took office on 7 August.


1914 Colorado Agricultural Aggies football team
The 1914 Colorado Agricultural Aggies football team represented Colorado Agricultural College (now known as Colorado State University) in the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) during the 1914 college football season. In their fourth season under head coach Harry W. Hughes, the Aggies compiled a 3–4 record and outscored all opponents by a total of 127 to 106.


1914 Colorado Mines Orediggers football team
The 1914 Colorado Mines Orediggers football team represented the Colorado School of Mines in the 1914 college football season. The team won the Rocky Mountain Conference.


1914 Colorado Silver and Gold football team
The 1914 Colorado Silver and Gold football team was an American football team that represented the University of Colorado during the 1914 college football season. Head coach Fred Folsom led the team to a 4–1 mark in the Rocky Mountain Conference and 5–1 overall.


1914 Colorado gubernatorial election
The 1914 Colorado gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1914. Republican nominee George Alfred Carlson defeated Democratic nominee Thomas M. Patterson with 48.67% of the vote.


1914 Columbus Panhandles season
The 1914 Columbus Panhandles season was their ninth season in existence. The team played in the Ohio League and posted a 7–2 record.


1914 Connecticut Aggies football team
The 1914 Connecticut Aggies football team represented Connecticut Agricultural College, now the University of Connecticut, in the 1914 college football season. The Aggies were led by first year head coach Dave Warner, and completed the season with a record of 3–0.


1914 Connecticut gubernatorial election
The 1914 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1914. Republican nominee Marcus H. Holcomb defeated Democratic nominee Lyman T. Tingier with 50.39% of the vote.


1914 Copa Ibarguren
The 1914 Copa Ibarguren was the 2nd. edition of this National cup of Argentina. It was played by the champions of both leagues, Primera División and Liga Rosarina de Football crowned during 1914.


1914 Copa Ibarguren
Racing (Primera División champion) faced Rosario Central (Liga Rosarina champion) at the stadium of Club Atlético Estudiantes located on Alvear Avenue (current Avenida del Libertador) and Oro in Palermo, on December 6, 1914. Racing won 3–1 with goal by striker Alberto Marcovecchio.


1914 Copa Jockey Club Final
The 1914 Copa de Competencia Jockey Club was the final that decided the champion of the 8th. edition of this National cup of Argentina. In the match, held in Racing Club Stadium in Avellaneda on November 15, 1914, River Plate defeated Rosarian club Newell's Old Boys 4–0.


1914 Copa Jockey Club Final
It was the first official title won by River Plate in the top division of Argentine football.


1914 Copa Jockey Club Final, Overview
The 1914 edition was contested by 15 clubs, 14 within Buenos Aires Province and 1 from Liga Rosarina de Football (Newell's Old Boys) that entered directly to the final. River Plate reached the final after beating Belgrano A.C. (5–1 in group of 16), San Isidro (1–1, 2–1 in playoff), Ferro Carril Oeste (2–1 in quarter final) and Racing (2–1 in semifinal).


1914 Copa del Rey
The Copa del Rey 1914 was the 14th staging of the Copa del Rey, the Spanish football cup competition.


1914 Copa del Rey
The Royal Spanish Football Federation took complete control of the cup tournament and decided that the clubs of the existing regional championship would qualify for the national cup championship; no free entry would be permitted anymore. Apart from some exception, the elimination rounds were played in two matches (home and away) from this season onwards. The competition started on March 29, 1914, and concluded on May 10, 1914, with the Final, held at the Estadio de Costorbe in Irun, in which Athletic Bilbao lifted the trophy for the 5th time ever with a 2–1 victory over España de Barcelona.


1914 Copa del Rey Final
The 1914 Copa del Rey Final was the 14th final of the Spanish cup competition, the Copa del Rey. The final was played at Costorbe in Irun on May 10, 1914. The match was won by Athletic Bilbao, who beat España FC 2–1.


1914 Cork City by-election
The Cork City by-election of 1914 was held on 18 February 1914. The by-election was held due to the incumbent All-for-Ireland MP, William O'Brien resigning the seat in order to recontest it. O'Brien won it unopposed.


1914 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship
The 1914 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship was the sixth staging of the Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board.


1914 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship
Charleville won the championship following a walkover defeat of Shamrocks in the final.


1914 Cork Senior Football Championship
The 1914 Cork Senior Football Championship was the 28th staging of the Cork Senior Football Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887.


1914 Cork Senior Football Championship
On 26 July 1914, Lees won the championship following a 2-05 to 1-02 defeat of Youghal in the final. This was their 10th championship title overall and their first title since 1911.


1914 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
The 1914 Cork Senior Hurling Championship was the 27th staging of the Cork Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887.


1914 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
On 15 November 1914, Midleton won the championship following a walkover by Blackrock in the final. This was their first championship title.


1914 Cornell Big Red football team
The 1914 Cornell Big Red football team represented Cornell University in the 1914 college football season.


1914 Cornell Big Red football team, Gallery
Photo from the George Grantham Bain Collection, Library of Congress


1914 County Championship
The 1914 County Championship was the 25th officially organised running of the County Championship, and began on 2 May 1914. Originally scheduled to run until 9 September, the last two matches of the season (both involving Surrey) were cancelled due to the outbreak of World War I.


1914 County Championship
With the final positions in the table being calculated by the percentage of possible points gained, Surrey were named champions for the seventh time.


1914 County Championship, Table
Five points were awarded for each win, three points were awarded to the team winning on first innings in a drawn match, and one point was awarded to the team losing on first innings in a drawn match. Defeats and abandonments scored no points.


1914 Cuban parliamentary election
Mid -term parliamentary elections were held in Cuba on 1 November 1914 in order to fill half the seats in the House of Representatives, as well as a single seat in the Senate. The National Conservative Party was the biggest winner, taking 22 of the 49 House seats and the sole Senate seat.


1914 Cuban parliamentary election, Results, House of Representatives
The elected members included: Armando del Pino (Liberal), Estanislao Cartana (Liberal), Wilfredo Fernandez (Conservative), Francisco gálatas (Conservative), Jose Baldor (Conservative), Generoso Campos Marquetti (Liberal), Carlos Guas Pagueras (Liberal), Felipe Glez.


1914 Cuban parliamentary election, Results, House of Representatives
Sarrain , Eugenio L. Azpiazo (Liberal), Juan Gualberto Gomez (Liberal), Enrique Roig (Unionist Liberal) Manuel Varona Suarez (Unionist Liberal), Gustavo Pino (Conservative), Raul de Cardenas (Conservative), Miguel Coyula (Conservative), Alfredo Betancourt Manduley (Conservative), Gonzalo Freyre de Andrade (Conservative), Jose D’Strampes, Celso Cuellar (Unionist Liberal), Juan Gronlier (Liberal), Fidel Fundora (Unionist Liberal), Domingo Lecuona (Conservative), Orestes Ferrara (Unionist Liberal), Andres Garcia Santiago (Unionist Liberal), Roberto Mendez Penate (Unionist Liberal), Manuel Rivero (Conservative), Carlos Robau (Conservative), Justo Carrillo (Conservative), Julio C. del Castillo (Liberal), Aurelio Alvarez (Conservative), Sebastian Planas (Liberal), Jose R. Barcelo (Liberal), Enrique Samuel (Liberal), Arturo de Feria (Liberal), Manuel de Leon Valdes (Liberal), Luis Milanes (Conservative), Pablo Menocal (Conservative), Felix del Padro (Conservative), Calixto Enamorado (Conservative), Manuel Giraudy (Conservative), Manuel Diaz Ramirez, Eduardo Beltran Moreno.


1914 Currie Cup
The 1914 Currie Cup was the 11th edition of the Currie Cup, the premier domestic rugby union competition in South Africa.


1914 Currie Cup
The tournament was won by  Western Province for the ninth time, who won all nine of their matches in the competition.


1914 DEI Championship
The 1914 DEI Championship season (known as the Koloniale-Tentoonstellings-Beker for organisation reasons) was the inaugural season of the Dutch East Indies DEI Championship football competition since its establishment in 1914.


1914 DEI Championship
It was contested by 4 teams, and Batavia won the championship.


1914 DEI Championship, Top goalscorers
This a list of top scorers in the 1914 season.


1914 Dartmouth football team
The 1914 Dartmouth football team was an American football team that represented Dartmouth College as an independent during the 1914 college football season. In its fourth season under head coach Frank Cavanaugh, the team compiled an 8–1 record, shut out six of nine opponents, and outscored all opponents by a total of 359 to 25. Lawrence Whitney was the team captain.


1914 Dayton St. Mary's Cadets season
The 1914 Dayton St. Mary's Cadets season was their second season in the Ohio League. The team posted a 5–5 record.


1914 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football team
The 1914 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football team was an American football team that represented Delaware College (later renamed the University of Delaware) as an independent during the 1914 college football season. In its seventh season under head coach William McAvoy, the team compiled a 7–1–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 172 to 66. Victor H. Handy was the team captain. The team played its home games at Frazer Field in Newark, Delaware.


1914 Denver Pioneers football team
The 1914 Denver Pioneers football team represented the University of Denver in the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) during the 1914 college football season. In its first and only season under head coach Harry G. Buckingham, the team compiled a 5–4 record (1–4 against RMC opponents), finished seventh in the conference, and outscored all opponents by a total of 186 to 114.


1914 Detroit Heralds season
The 1914 Detroit Heralds season was the 10th season for the Detroit Heralds, an independent American football team. Led by coach Bill Marshall, the team compiled an 8–0–1 record, shut out eight opponents, and allowed only six points during the season. After the season ended, sports writer E. A. Batchelor declared the Heralds to be the state's independent football champion and branded coach Marshall "a real football genius".


1914 Detroit Heralds season
Having gone undefeated in 1913 as well, the Heralds' 1914 season extended the team's unbeaten streak to 16 games. In addition to facing opponents from within the state, the 1914 Heralds also played an Illinois team (Evanston North Ends) to a scoreless tie and defeated one Canadian team and three Ohio teams: Windsor (33–0); Cleveland Erin Braus (13–0); Cincinnati Celts (13–0); and Massillon Tigers (19–0).


1914 Detroit Heralds season, Players
The team's players included the following, those players with at least four starts shown in bold:


1914 Detroit Tigers football team
The 1914 Detroit Tigers football team  was an American football team that represented the University of Detroit in the 1914 college football season. In its second season under head coach George M. Lawton, the team compiled a 2–3–2 record and was outscored by its opponents by a combined total of 106 to 27.


1914 Detroit Tigers season
The 1914 Detroit Tigers season was a season in American baseball. It involved the Detroit Tigers finishing fourth in the American League.


1914 Detroit Tigers season
Ty Cobb won another batting title with a .368 average. Sam Crawford led the league in RBI and was second in MVP voting.


1914 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1914 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1914 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1914 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1914 Dublin Corporation election
An election to Dublin Corporation took place on Thursday 15 January 1914 as part of that year's Irish local elections.


1914 Dublin Corporation election
Prior to the election Dublin had been the scene of a major industrial dispute in the form of the Dublin Lock-out, and the election saw the newly created Labour party emerge as the councils second party. One council seat was left vacant.


1914 Dublin Corporation election, Ward results, New Kilmainham, Councillor
The ward was previously held by Thomas O'Hanlon, a Labour member, however O'Hanlon was unable to be nominated due to not appearing on the electoral register.


1914 Dublin County Council election
The 1914 Dublin County Council election was held on Monday, 8 June 1914.


1914 Dublin County Council election
Following the election P. J. O'Neill was elected Chairman. The election saw Nationalists take both divisions comprising Rathmines for the first time.


1914 Duquesne Dukes football team
The 1914 Duquesne Dukes football team represented Duquesne University during the 1914 college football season. The head coach was Norman "Bill" Budd, coaching his second season with the Dukes.


1914 East Galway by-election
The East Galway by-election of 1914 was held on 4 December 1914. The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Irish Parliamentary MP, John Roche. It was won by the Irish Parliamentary candidate James Cosgrave who was unopposed due to a War-time electoral pact.


1914 East Worcestershire by-election
The East Worcestershire by-election of 1914 was held on 16 July 1914. The by-election was held due to the resignation in order for the incumbent Conservative MP, Austen Chamberlain, to fight a by-election in Birmingham West. It was won by unopposed the Conservative candidate Frederick Leverton Harris.


1914 Eastern Suburbs season
Eastern Suburbs (now known as the Sydney Roosters) competed in the 7th New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL) premiership in 1914.


1914 Eastern Suburbs season, Premiership results
Glebe 14 (2 Tries; 4 Goals) defeated Eastern Suburbs 12 (2 Tries; 3 Goals) at the Wentworth Park ground.


1914 Eastern Suburbs season, Premiership results
Eastern Suburbs 10 (2 Tries; 2 Goals) defeatedWestern Suburbs 2 (Goal) at Pratten Park.


1914 Eastern Suburbs season, Premiership results
Newtown 2 (Goal) defeated Eastern Suburbs 0 at Sydney Cricket Ground.


1914 Eastern Suburbs season, Premiership results
Eastern Suburbs 10 (2 Tries; 2 Goals) defeated South Sydney 4 (Horder 2 Goals) at Sydney Cricket Ground.


1914 Eastern Suburbs season, Premiership results
Eastern Suburbs 17(3 Tries; 4 Goals) defeated North Sydney 7(Try; 2 Goals) at the Sydney Cricket Ground.


1914 Eastern Suburbs season, Premiership results
Eastern Suburbs 15(3 Tries; 3 Goals) defeated Annandale 5(Try; Goal) at the Agricultural Ground.


1914 Eastern Suburbs season, Premiership results
Eastern Suburbs 8(2 Tries; Goal) defeated Balmain 2 (Goal) at the Sydney Cricket Ground.


1914 Eastern Suburbs season, Premiership results
Eastern Suburbs 28(4 Tries; 7 Goals; Field Goal) defeated Glebe 24(F. Burge 2, + 2 Tries; 6 Goals) at the Sydney Cricket Ground.


1914 Eastern Suburbs season, Premiership results
Easts managed to hold on against Glebe after leading at one stage 26–4.


1914 Eastern Suburbs season, Premiership results
Eastern Suburbs 25 (5 Tries; 5 Goals) Defeated Western Suburbs 10( 2 Tries; 2 Goals) at Agricultural Ground.


1914 Eastern Suburbs season, Premiership results
Newtown 6 (1 C. Russell, +1 Goals; 1 Field Goal) Defeated Eastern Suburbs 5(1 Try; 1 Goal) at Sydney Cricket Ground.


1914 Eastern Suburbs season, Premiership results
This was described as a thriller of a match with Newtown sneaking home in the dying minutes thanks to a penalty goal from their winger, Charles 'Boxer' Russell, who kicked a penalty goal from the sideline.


1914 Eastern Suburbs season, Premiership results
South Sydney 10(Horder, McCabe Tries; Horder 2 Goals) Defeated Eastern Suburbs 5 (1 Try; 1 Goal) at the Sydney Cricket Ground.


1914 Eastern Suburbs season, Premiership results
Eastern Suburbs 13(3 Tries 1; Goal 1, Field Goal 1) defeated North Sydney 11(Gosper, King, O'Deane Tries; Gray Goal) at North Sydney Oval.


1914 Eastern Suburbs season, Premiership results
Annandale 16(4 Tries; 2 Goals) Defeated Eastern Suburbs 14(4 Tries; 1 Goal) at Wentworth Park.


1914 Eastern Suburbs season, Premiership results
Balmain 9(1 Try; 1 Goal; 2 Field Goals) Defeated Eastern Suburbs 2(Goal) at the Sydney Cricket Ground.


1914 Eastern Suburbs season, City Cup
City Cup Final; Eastern Suburbs 6 (W. Messenger, L. O'Malley Tries) defeated South Sydney 5 (H. Horder Try; H. Horder Goal).


1914 Eastern Suburbs season, City Cup
Played at the Sydney Cricket Ground before 10,000 spectators, and won by Eastern Suburbs by 6 points to 5. South Sydney kicked off, and quickly had Eastern Suburbs defending. Watkins relieved the (pressure) by kicking out inside half-way, and then an unsuccessful attempt to goal from a [?] by Brown. Eastern Suburbs kept their opponents hemmed in for some time, but South Sydney [?] back to neutral territory, where Lees retired and he was replaced by O’Malley. South Sydney where in a good attacking position when Brown made a poor kick at goal from the field, and Eastern Suburbs forced.


1914 Eastern Suburbs season, City Cup
A little latter Brown was offside near his own line, and Messenger kicked over the (?) strongly. Cubitt being beaten by McCabe, [?] Messenger had made an attempt to goal from a penalty, the half-time whistle sounded with the scores at 0 all. Eastern Suburbs kept South Sydney busy defending their line. Messenger carried play into the opposition sides territory, and immediately afterwards the ball shot out from a ruck over the line, and Messenger dived and scored. He failed to convert. But was then prominent in several rushes which resulted in O’Malley crossing over. Messenger failed to goal. A few minutes later Cann secured and passed to Horder, who evaded several opponents before scoring and also converting. The play was waged at a lively pace until the fulltime whistle with the score 6 points to 5.


1914 Edmonton municipal election
The 1914 municipal election was held December 14, 1914 to elect a mayor and six aldermen to sit on Edmonton City Council and three trustees to sit on each of the public and separate school boards.


1914 Edmonton municipal election
There were ten aldermen on city council, but four of the positions were already filled: Joseph Clarke, Rice Sheppard, J. A. Kinney, and Robert Douglas were all elected to two-year terms in 1913 and were still in office. Alexander Campbell had also been elected to a two-year term, but had resigned. Accordingly, the fifth-place finisher from the north side of the North Saskatchewan River - W C Mcarthur - was elected to a one-year term to replace Campbell.


1914 Edmonton municipal election
There were seven trustees on the public school board, but four of the positions were already filled: Walter Ramsey, Samuel Barnes, A E May, and J S Hill had been elected to two-year terms in 1913. The same was true of the separate board, where D J Gilmurray, J O'Neill, Joseph Henri Picard, and E P O'Donnell were continuing.


1914 Edmonton municipal election, Voter turnout
There were 10220 ballots cast out of 32246 eligible voters, for a voter turnout of 31.4%.


1914 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Public school trustees
Charles Gibbs, J J McKenzie, and William Rea were elected. Detailed information is no longer available.


1914 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Separate (Catholic) school trustees
A H Esch, Joseph Gariépy, and M J O'Farrell were elected. Detailed results are no longer available.


1914 English cricket season
1914 was the 25th season of County Championship cricket in England. It was terminated at the end of August following the outbreak of the First World War. The last four matches to be played all finished on 2 September and the remaining five scheduled fixtures were cancelled.


1914 English cricket season, Leading batsmen
J W Hearne topped the averages with 2116 runs @ 60.45


1914 English cricket season, Leading bowlers
Colin Blythe topped the averages with 170 wickets @ 15.19


1914 European Figure Skating Championships
The 1914 European Figure Skating Championships were held on February 8 in Vienna, Austria. Elite figure skaters competed for the title of European Champion in the category of men's singles. These were the last European Championships in Figure Skating before World War I.


1914 FA Cup Final
The 1914 FA Cup Final was a football match between Burnley and Liverpool on 25 April 1914 at Crystal Palace, London. It was the final match of the 1913–14 FA Cup, the 43rd season of the country's primary cup competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup, better known as the FA Cup. Both teams were appearing in their first final.


1914 FA Cup Final
Both teams entered the competition in the first round. Burnley's matches ranged from comfortable victories to close affairs. They beat Bolton Wanderers 3–0 in the third round, but beat Sheffield United 1–0 in a replay of their semi-final which finished 0–0. Liverpool matches were generally close affairs, two of their five ties went to a replay. Apart from a 5–1 victory in their third round replay against West Ham United, their biggest margin of victory was by two goals.


1914 FA Cup Final
Watched by a crowd of 72,778, including King George V, who became the first reigning monarch to attend a FA Cup Final and to present the trophy to the winners, the first half was goalless. Burnley opened the scoring the 57th minute, when ex-Evertonian Bert Freeman scored. Liverpool could not find an equaliser in the remaining minutes and Burnley won the match 1–0 to win their first and to date only FA Cup.


1914 FA Cup Final
The match was the last FA Cup Final to be played at Crystal Palace.


1914 Faroese general election
Partial general elections were held in the southern part of the Faroe Islands on 2 February 1914. The Union Party remained the largest in the Løgting, with 12 of the 20 seats.


1914 Fijian general election
General elections were held in Fiji between 19 May and 20 June 1914.


1914 Fijian general election, Electoral system
The Legislative Council included seven elected Europeans who were elected from six constituencies created as a result of amendments to the constitution made on 31 January 1914, which increased the number of elected Europeans from six to seven and the number of constituencies from five to six. The new constituencies were Eastern, Northern, Southern, Suva, Vanua Levu & Taveuni and Western.


1914 Fijian general election, Aftermath
Further changes were made to the constitution in 1916, increasing the number of nominated members from 10 to 12; eleven were civil servants and the other had to be a British subject not holding public office. Badri Maharaj was chosen as the twelfth nominated member, becoming the first Indo-Fijian member of the Legislative Council.


1914 Finnish championships in aquatics
From 1906 to 1926, the Finnish Swimming Federation did not arrange a dedicated national competition, but spread out the hosting duties of the championship events to multiple clubs.


1914 Finnish championships in aquatics
Few of the championship events were held before the opening of the World War I prompted the federation to cancel them.


1914 Fitzgibbon Cup
The 1914 Fitzgibbon Cup was the third staging of the Fitzgibbon Cup since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1912. University College Cork hosted the cup from 20 February to 22 February 1914.


1914 Fitzgibbon Cup
On 22 February 1914, University College Cork won the Fitzgibbon Cup after topping the group with four points after recording two wins. University College Dublin were runners-up.


1914 Five Nations Championship
The 1914 Five Nations Championship was the fifth series of the rugby union Five Nations Championship following the inclusion of France into the Home Nations Championship. Including the previous Home Nations Championships, this was the thirty-second series of the annual northern hemisphere rugby union championship. Ten matches were played between 1 January and 13 April. It was contested by England, France, Ireland, Scotland and Wales.


1914 Five Nations Championship, The matches, England vs. Wales
England: WR Johnston (Bristol Rugby), Cyril Lowe (Cambridge U), FE Chapman (Hartlepool Rovers), Ronald Poulton (Liverpool) (capt. ), JHD Watson (Blackheath), FM Taylor (Leicester), GW Wood (Leicester), AG Bull (Northampton), AF Maynard (Cambridge U), John Eric Greenwood (Cambridge U), LG Brown (The London H.), J Brunton (North Durham), S Smart (Gloucester), G Ward (Leicester), Charles Pillman (Blackheath)


1914 Five Nations Championship, The matches, England vs. Wales
Wales: Bancroft (Swansea), Howell Lewis (Swansea), WH Evans (Llwynypia), W Watts (Llanelli), George Hirst (Newport), Clem Lewis (Cardiff), Bobby Lloyd (Pontypool), Jenkin Alban Davies (Llanelli) (capt. ), David Watts (Maesteg), Jack Jones (Abertillery), Thomas Lloyd (Neath), Percy Jones (Pontypool), T Williams (Swansea), Edgar Morgan (Swansea), Harry Uzzell (Newport)


1914 Five Nations Championship, The matches, Ireland vs. Wales
Wales: Bobbie Williams (Cardiff), George Hirst (Newport), Jack Wetter (Newport), WH Evans (Llwynypia), Ivor Davies (Llanelli), (Newport), Clem Lewis (Cardiff), Bobby Lloyd (Pontypool), Jenkin Alban Davies (Llanelli) capt., David Watts (Maesteg), Jack Jones (Abertillery), Thomas Lloyd (Neath), Percy Jones (Pontypool), T Williams (Swansea), Edgar Morgan (Swansea), Harry Uzzell (Newport)


1914 Florida Gators football team
The 1914 Florida Gators football team represented the University of Florida during the 1914 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The season was C. J. McCoy's first year of three as the head coach of the Gators team. McCoy's 1914 Florida Gators completed their ninth varsity football season on a four-game winning streak, with an overall record of 5–2  and an SIAA conference record of 3–2.


1914 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Auburn
Coach Mike Donahue's Auburn team was nearly as strong as the season before, and beat Florida 20–0  en route to another SIAA title. In contrast to last year, the Gators held Auburn scoreless in the first half, and the loss was seen as a moral victory and sign of progress. However, the Gators also lost their captain. John Sutton left the game feeling poorly, and further examination revealed a weak heart. Roy "Puss" Hancock took over for Sutton as captain.


1914 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Auburn
Auburn's backfield played well and  fullback Bedie Bidez scored two touchdowns. Florida gave way to Auburn's superior weight by the second half.


1914 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, King College
In the second week of play, Florida enjoyed a first-time victory against the King College Tornado, 36–0.


1914 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Sewanee
Florida suffered a shutout loss to the Sewanee Tigers, 26–0. Florida was outplayed in the first half. In the final period, Sewanee quarterback Lee Tolley had an 85-yard touchdown run.


1914 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Sewanee
The starting lineup was Henderson (left end), Lotspeich (left tackle), Goldsby (left guard), Farrior (center), Yon (right guard), Hancock (right tackle), Freeman (right end), Oates (quarterback), Fuller (left halfback), Sparkman (right halfback), Swanson (fullback).


1914 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Florida Southern
In Tampa, Florida extended the winning streak over Florida Southern 59–0.


1914 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, The Citadel
In Charleston, the Gators defeated The Citadel 7–0 in a heavy rain and a field saturated with inches of mud. Rammy Ramsdell returned the opening kickoff back 40 yards, and Jim Sparkman eventually carried it over for the decisive touchdown, "before the ball was wet."


1914 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Mercer
Florida closed the season with a 14–0 win over the Mercer Baptists on Thanksgiving.


1914 Florida Gators football team, Postseason
Florida ranked in the top half of the SIAA. The yearbook remarked that a Gator squad had never had more "guts".


1914 Fordham Maroon football team
The 1914 Fordham Maroon football team was an American football team that represented Fordham University as an independent during the 1914 college football season. Fordham claims an 18–4–1 record. College Football Data Warehouse (CFDW) lists the team's record at 6–3–1.


1914 Fordham Maroon football team
Skip Wymard was the head coach, and Charles Wymard was the captain. The team played its home games at Fordham Field in The Bronx.


1914 Fordham Maroon football team, Schedule
The following 10 games are reported in Fordham's media guide, CFDW and contemporaneous press coverage.


1914 Fordham Maroon football team, Schedule
The following are 13 additional games reported in the Fordham media guide.


1914 Franklin & Marshall football team
The 1914 Franklin & Marshall football team was an American football team that represented Franklin & Marshall College during the 1914 college football season. The team compiled a 6–2–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 103 to 56. Charles Mayser was the head coach.


1914 French Grand Prix
The 1914 French Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at Lyon on 4 July 1914. Hailed as one of the greatest races of the twentieth century, it was a contest between the French Peugeots and the German Mercedes. For the first time the Grand Prix was run to an engine limitation – of 4.5L maximum capacity. was won by the Mercedes of Christian Lautenschlager won at an average speed of 105.7 km/h (65.7 mph) after a tense seven-hour contest with the Peugeot of Georges Boillot.


1914 French Grand Prix, Regulations and Circuit
For several years, the Automobile Club de France (ACF) had been trying to reduce engine sizes in racing which it saw as increasingly dangerous with their higher speeds. This year, for the first time, it mandated a maximum engine size of 4.5-litres along with an allowable weight range of 800–1,100 kg (1,764–2,425 lb) (excluding fluids and tools). This obviously benefited the leading French racing manufacturers of Peugeot and Delage, that had dominated the recent years of voiturette racing along with Sunbeam, at the expense of the big-engined cars of Italy and Germany. There was also an entry limit of five cars per manufacturer, and no privateer entries were permitted.


1914 French Grand Prix, Regulations and Circuit
The city of Lyon promised large subsidies to host and the race was held on a 37.6 km road circuit to the south of the city. It ran from Les Ronzières to the town of Givors. It then took the Route Nationale 88 winding along beside the Gier (a tributary of the Rhône) to Châteauneuf. It returned on a long, undulating 12 km (7.5 mi) straight before coming to a steep downhill right-left switchback (nicknamed le piege de la mort – the Death trap) and a hairpin at Les Sept Chemins to complete the lap. At the end of June the two hairpin turns were concreted and the course was re-laid with granite chips to prevent its break-up and coated with calcium chloride to reduce the dust raised. The Grand Prix was to be twenty laps of the circuit, totalling 752.6 km.


1914 French Grand Prix, Entries
On 28 June, the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian empire was assassinated in Sarajevo. A week later, the French Grand Prix was held under an increasingly tense political situation across Europe.


1914 French Grand Prix, Entries
The race attracted one of the highest-quality fields hitherto assembled, of 37 starters from 13 manufacturers and 6 countries. Peugeot were the strong favourites to repeat their victories in 1912 and 1913. They arrived with the new EX-5 (or ‘L-45’, after its engine size) for team drivers Georges Boillot, Jules Goux and Victor Rigal. The 4.5-litre four-cylinder engine had a twin-overhead cam and generated 112 bhp. Now fitted with four-wheel brakes it also sported a streamlined extended tail. Boillot had tested it at Brooklands and found it lifted the top speed by 8%. The tail also accommodated two spare tyres.


1914 French Grand Prix, Entries
Louis Delâge bought the new 5-speed Type S for Albert Guyot, Arthur Duray and Paul Bablot. Like the Peugeots and FIATs, it was sporting four-wheel brakes. New French company Alva convinced Ferenc Szisz, winner of the inaugural Grand Prix in 1906, out of retirement to lead their team.


1914 French Grand Prix, Entries
The most serious opposition to the French teams would come from Mercedes, returning to the Grand Prix for the first time since winning in 1908. The company had not made a racing engine before that revved over 1500rpm so Paul Daimler engaged the aero-engine division to assist with engine development. The new 4.5-litre unit had innovative single-cast cylinders with four valves each and a single overhead camshaft, giving 106 bhp at 3100rpm. Gone was the chain-drive, instead a lighter live rear-axle was used. However, they did persist with rear brakes only. Five of the six 18/100 cars built were entered, with a strong team of drivers led by Christian Lautenschlager, victor in 1908. Alongside him were Otto Salzer, young Mercedes director Max Sailer, French veteran Louis Wagner and Belgian Mercedes-agent Théodore Pilette.


1914 French Grand Prix, Entries
The new Opel was a development of the 4.0-litre 1913 model, retaining its single-overhead camshaft, with four valves per cylinder and a live rear axle like the Mercedes. They were the lightest cars in the field, well over 100kg lighter than most others. Regular works driver Carl Jörns led a team of three cars.


1914 French Grand Prix, Entries
From Italy came FIAT (including veteran Alessandro Cagno), Felice Nazzaro’s own team and a single entry from Aquila Italiana. Great Britain was represented by Sunbeam (Resta, Lee Guinness and Chassagne) and Vauxhall who included American Ralph DePalma in their squad.


1914 French Grand Prix, Practice
Mercedes knew that meticulous preparation would be needed if they were to beat the French cars. In January, the company had sent its team to France to reconnoitre the track to calculate gearing ratios. Two cars were ready in April for testing where two changes were noted. The extended tail was cut off to save weight and, from the long straights and winding corners, the engineers recommended changing to a five-speed gearbox. However, there was no time to arrange the latter.


1914 French Grand Prix, Practice
The ACF organised a practice period on the new circuit three weeks before the event. However, because they were public roads all that could be arranged were a couple of 90-minute pre-dawn sessions, which left most teams disgruntled. The Vauxhall cars were not even ready by then.


1914 French Grand Prix, Practice
The Peugeot team was confident that their 4-wheel brakes would allow better cornering and the higher top-end speed from the Peugeot’s streamlined rear-end would be decisive. In contrast,  the Mercedes’ lower centre-of-gravity would provide better road-holding to give it an edge over the French cars. They were also running on more durable Continental tyres. While the French cars were on Dunlops. Thus, the Mercedes team calculated they would only need to make a single tyre-stop for each car during the race.


1914 French Grand Prix, Practice
During practice though the Peugeot drivers found their cars handled badly, with the poor weight distribution having the spare tyres stowed in the tail. The only disruption for Mercedes was when Pilette missed a gear-change and over-revved his engine badly.


1914 French Grand Prix, The Race
Race-day was hot and fine, and about 300,000 spectators lined the roads. So many were coming out on the trains from the city that many missed the 8am start. For the first time, cars were flagged off in pairs at 30-second intervals, in numerical order. First away were Szisz and Jörns, but Boillot was the first to arrive back at the finish-line. However, Sailer was ahead on elapsed-time with an 18-second lead and from the beginning he forced the pace, drawing Boillot into a speed-contest. Jörns had to stop on the first lap for radiator repairs, dropping his Opel out of the reckoning.


1914 French Grand Prix, The Race
When Boillot had to pit unexpectedly after an hour, on the third lap, it allowed Sailer to take the lead on the road. Pilette’s Mercedes retired at the same time, the gearbox damage in practice proving terminal. Sailer pressed on setting the fastest lap of the race on lap four and extending his lead over Boillot to almost three minutes. Whether it was racing inexperience, or internal rivalry with team-leader Lautenschlager to prove a point, Sailer had pushed his car too hard and stopped with a broken conrod along the Gier River on the sixth lap. (Sailer and no one else at Mercedes had said there was a deliberate plan to use a “hare” to break the Peugeots.)


1914 French Grand Prix, The Race
After seven laps Boillot had the lead over Lautenschlager, while Goux had just overtaken Duray’s Delage to move into third. On the tenth lap at the halfway point, Wagner, Salzer, and Resta’s Sunbeam, had also overtaken the Delage. Boillot led by a minute and the German team started coming in for their scheduled stops. Lautenschlager was running out of brakes and his stop became a bit of a shambles as the normally well-drilled Mercedes team cost him 2-3 minutes in the pits. But the Peugeot Dunlops were wearing far quicker – Boillot had to make six pitstops for tyre changes to the single ones for the Mercedes cars.


1914 French Grand Prix, The Race
But despite that, Boillot’s skill and all-or-nothing driving kept him with a 2-3 minute lead. By the 11th lap with the pitstops done, Wagner had passed Goux and Lautenschlager to move into second. Then a dangerous accident happened. Szisz had pulled over on the roadside to change a wheel, when he was struck by Breckheimer’s Opel when it was obscured by the dust. His arm broken, it fell to his less injured mechanic to slowly get the car back to the pits where Szisz could get attention.


1914 French Grand Prix, The Race
The Peugeots’ stops lost their advantage and the Mercedes’ pursuit was relentless. Although Wagner had to pit on lap 15 to replace tyres, Salzer overtook Goux to move up to fourth. When Boillot then had to pit for tyres on the 17th lap Lautenschlager reduced the lead from 2 minutes to just 14 seconds. He overtook the Peugeot as they approached Givors. Boillot’s car had been thrashed to its limits and was now falling apart, down to three cylinders. By the end of the 18th lap he was 30 seconds behind. Boillot kept pushing regardless but on the last lap his engine finally expired when he over-revved it on the climb out of the Gier valley. Boillot was distraught, hunched over the steering wheel weeping at his failure.


1914 French Grand Prix, The Race
So after seven hours of racing, Mercedes took a crushing 1-2-3 victory with Lautenschlager repeating his 1908 win ahead of Wagner and Salzer. The French crowd was silent, with Goux’s fourth place nearly ten minutes back ahead of Resta’s Sunbeam being scant consolation.


1914 French Grand Prix, The Race, Post-race
And so it was that perhaps the greatest race of the early period of motor-racing was also the last. Within a month, Europe had descended into total war and racing ceased there for four years.


1914 French Grand Prix, The Race, Post-race
With his 25000 franc prizemoney, Lautenschlager retired from racing and was able to build himself a house. Georges Boillot was initially the personal driver for Marshal Joffre, but then transferred to the French Air Force (Armée de l'Air) as a fighter pilot. He was shot down over Verdun in April 1916 in a dogfight and died in the wreckage.


1914 French Grand Prix, The Race, Post-race
Fagnano had throttled back on his FIAT and finished 11th and last, well over an hour after the winner. It was postulated that, as the sole finisher for FIAT, it had been a prudent move by the team. This was in light of the fact that the scrutineers had found the total engine cylinder-volume was over the 4500cc limit. This would disqualify the team but FIAT’s strong support of the race in the past allowed them to race.


1914 French Grand Prix, The Race, Post-race
After being driven back to celebrations in Berlin, one of the Mercedes (probably Lautenschlager’s) was sent on display in London with two of the Opels. War broke out just afterward, and it was commandeered and turned over to Rolls-Royce where it was carefully pulled apart. The engine was developed and a version ended up in the Bristol fighter planes. American driver Ralph DePalma bought Wagner’s car at the race conclusion and took it back to the USA (there is still considerable conjecture and confusion as to which Mercedes chassis ended up in London and the USA). Carl Fisher, on the Indianapolis 500 organising committee, purchased two of the Peugeot EX-5s. When they landed in the United States he handed them over to the Premier Motor Corporation for three replicas to be made.


1914 French Grand Prix, The Race, Post-race
In the 1915 Indianapolis 500, DePalma drove the Mercedes to beat Dario Resta, in a Peugeot EX-5, by three and a half minutes. Resta got his revenge the year after with a victory and a Peugeot won again in the 1919 race.


1914 French legislative election
The 1914 general elections were held on 26 April and 10 May 1914, three months before the outbreak of World War I. The Radical Party, a radical and increasingly centre-right party, won a landslide victory, though, with the outbreak of the First World War, many in the Chamber, ranging from Catholics to socialists, united to form the Union sacrée.


1914 French legislative election
Excluding one seat in Martinique that was not proclaimed, of the 602 seats up for election 192 returned new members.


1914 French legislative election
Alexandre Ribot, a member of the Republican Democratic Party, negotiated a government on 9 June 1914, but its perceived overly-centrist leanings lead much of the left-wing of the Radical Party to rebel against it, bringing it down on the day it was presented to the chamber. Ribot was quickly succeeded by René Viviani of the Republican-Socialist Party, who formed a centre-left government on 13 June, only four days later.


1914 Furman Purple Hurricane football team
The 1914 Furman Purple Hurricane football team represented the Furman Purple Hurricane of Furman University during the 1914 college football season. The team's coach was W. B. Bible, brother of Dana X. Bible.


1914 Geneva Covenanters football team
The 1914 Geneva Covenanters football team was an American football team that represented Geneva College as an independent during the 1914 college football season. Led by second-year head coach C. Brainerd Metheny, the team compiled a record of 5–3.


1914 Georgetown Blue and Gray football team
The 1914 Georgetown Blue and Gray football team represented Georgetown University during the 1914 college football season. Led by Albert Exendine in his first year as head coach, the team went 2–4–2.


1914 Georgia Bulldogs baseball team
The 1914 Georgia Bulldogs baseball team represented the Georgia Bulldogs of the University of Georgia in the 1914 NCAA baseball season, winning the SIAA championship.


1914 Georgia Bulldogs football team
The 1914 Georgia Bulldogs football team represented the Georgia Bulldogs of the University of Georgia during the 1914 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The Bulldogs completed the season with a 3–5–1 record. In addition to losing four-year letterman and All-American Bob McWhorter, Georgia also lost more than ten experienced players. The inexperience showed in lopsided losses to North Carolina, Virginia and Clemson. The season ended on a positive note with a tie between Georgia and undefeated Auburn. Quarterback David Paddock was also selected as an All-American in 1914.


1914 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team
The 1914 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team represented the Georgia Tech Golden Tornado of the Georgia Institute of Technology during the 1914 college football season. The Tornado was coached by John Heisman in his 11th year as head coach, compiling a record of 6–2. Georgia Tech played its home games at Grant Field.


1914 German Ice Hockey Championship
The 1914 German Ice Hockey Championship was the third season of the German Ice Hockey Championship, the national championship of Germany. Berliner Schlittschuhclub won the championship by defeating MTV Munchen 1879 in the final.


1914 German football championship
The 1914 German football championship, the 12th edition of the competition, was won by SpVgg Fürth, defeating VfB Leipzig 3–2 after extra time in the final. It was the last edition of the championship before the First World War, with the next edition not held until after the war in 1920.


1914 German football championship
For SpVgg Fürth it was the first national championship won with two more to follow in 1926 and 1929 as well as a losing appearance in the 1920 final. VfB Leipzig, the first-ever German champions in 1903, had also won the 1906 and 1913 editions as well as making a losing appearance in 1911 and was the most successful club in the pre-First World War era of the competition.


1914 German football championship
Fürth's Karl Franz was the top scorer of the 1914 championship with five goals.


1914 German football championship
Eight clubs qualified for the competition played in knock-out format, the champions of each of the seven regional football championships as well as the defending German champions.


1914 German football championship, Overview
The German championship final was contested by SpVgg Fürth and VfB Leipzig with the former winning its first national championship. The final lasted for an historic 153 minutes, until SpVgg scored the winning goal, the longest game in German football history. Fürth took an early lead and Leipzig lost a player through a broken leg just before half time, unable to bring on a substitute as substitutions were not allowed in those days. Nevertheless, Leipzig equalised in the 83rd minute, forcing extra time. Fürth once more took the lead but Leipzig equalised again four minutes later.


1914 German football championship, Overview
After 120 minutes the game stood at two all and the rules stipulated that the game was to be continued in 10-minute blocks of extra time until a winner was determined. A red card for Fürth player Hans Schmidt in the 138 minute put both clubs at an equal number of ten players again. The game was finally decided in the 153rd minute when Karl Franz scored the winning goal for SpVgg Fürth.


1914 Giro d'Italia
The 1914 Giro d'Italia was the 6th Giro d'Italia cycling race; it was organised and sponsored by the newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport. The race began on 24 May in Milan with a stage that stretched 420 km (261 mi) to Cuneo, finishing back in Milan on 6 June after a 420.3 km (261 mi) stage and a total distance covered of 3,162 km (1,965 mi). The race was won by the Italian rider Alfonso Calzolari of the Stucchi team. Second and third respectively were the Italian riders Pierino Albini and Luigi Lucotti.


1914 Giro d'Italia
It was the last Giro before the Great War and the first one with a final classification based on time rather than points.


1914 Giro d'Italia
It is remembered as the hardest Giro of the heroic period of bicycle racing. Besides five stages of over 400 km (and the longest ever average stage length), it included the longest stage ever in the history of the Giro: the Lucca-Rome stage won by Costante Girardengo. This edition of the Giro was run at the lowest average speed (23.374 km/h); marked the highest gap between the first and the second (1 hour, 55 minutes and 26 seconds); saw the longest ever stage by time taken (the Bari-L'Aquila). Only 8 riders (of 81 participants) finished the race.


1914 Giro d'Italia
The sixth stage (Bari-L'Aquila) is remembered as the hardest stage in the history of the Giro, with many riders forced to retire, including the first of the general classification Giuseppe Azzini, who was found the next day resting in a country house.


1914 Giro d'Italia
The Giro organisation declared Calzolari winner after the race, but a legal battle started between the Giro organisation and the Italian Cycling Union, who thought Calzolari should have been removed from the race for taking help from a car, making Albini the winner. After 14 months in court, the final decision was in favor of the Giro organisation, thus making Calzolari the definitive winner.


1914 Giro d'Italia, Participants
Before the race started, 98 cyclists had entered themselves in the race, of which 35 were professional cyclists in a team, 41 were professional cyclists without a team, and 22 were amateurs (Italian: aspiranti). Favorites for the race were Lucien Petit-Breton from France, and Ganna, Galetti, Girardengo, Giuseppe Santhià and Azzini from Italy. Race director Cougnet decided to allow amateurs due to the low number of cyclists and teams that had registered in the weeks prior to the start. Many of these riders were unemployed and borrowed bikes in order to participate. Umberto Ripamonti was the youngest to enter the race at age nineteen.


1914 Giro d'Italia, Participants
At 24 May, when the Giro began, 81 of them started the race; only eight of them made it to the finish in Milan on 7 June. Riders were allowed to ride on their own or as a member of a team. There were eight teams that competed in the race: Alcyon, Atala, Bianchi, Ganna, Gerbi, Globo, Maino, and Stucchi. The field featured three former Giro d'Italia champions in the 1909 winner Luigi Ganna, three-time winner Carlo Galetti, Eberardo Pavesi who was a member of the 1912 Atala winning team, and returning champion Carlo Oriani. Other notable Italian riders that started the race included Costante Girardengo, Angelo Gremo, Alfonso Calzolari, and Giovanni Gerbi.


1914 Giro d'Italia, Race summary
The race itself began at midnight. Angelo Gremo won the stage ahead of Carlo Durando and Alfonso Calzolari who finished over thirteen minutes in arrears. After those three finishers, 34 more crossed the line with the last rider finishing 7 hours after Calzolari. Only three aspiranti riders remained.


1914 Giro d'Italia, Final standings
The race compared to the previous year's edition featured fewer stages and a longer total distance. The route covered the whole stretch of the country from northwest to southeast in Bari. Race director Armando Cougnet decided to abandon the points system for calculating the general classification in favor of a purely time based approached where the leader was the rider with the lowest total time raced for all stages – a decision the Tour de France director Henri Desgrange did in 1913. The prize for winning the race in 1914 was 3,000 lire.


1914 Giro d'Italia, Final standings, General classification
There were eight cyclists who had completed all eight stages. For these cyclists, the times they had needed in each stage was added up for the general classification. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the winner. Enrico Sala won the prize for best ranked isolati rider in the general classification.


1914 Giro d'Italia, Final standings, General classification
Of the two cyclists without a team, Sala rode as a professional Italian: isolato and Ripamonti as an amateur Italian: aspirante.


1914 Giro d'Italia, Aftermath
During the race, Calzolari, Canepari and Durando had been given a penalty of 3 hours, for taking help from a car. After the race, the Italian Cycling Union said that the Giro jury had made a wrong decision, and that the three cyclists should have been removed from the race, declaring Albini the winner. The Giro organisation did not agree, and declared that Calzolari stayed the winner. The two parties went to court, and in February the Giro organisation won, and again after an appeal in July 1915, making Calzolari the definitive winner.


1914 Giro d'Italia, Aftermath
The race has since been regarded as the hardest Grand Tour of all-time. The route featured the longest average stage length at 395.25 km (246 mi) , the longest individual stage which was stage five covering 430 km (267 mi) from Lucca to Rome, the smallest number of finishers at 8 riders, the highest percentage of retirements at 90%, and the longest individual stage time at 19h 34’ 47” which was the sixth stage from Bari-L’Aquila. Due to the race's reputation, British author Tim Moore rode the route in autumn of 2012. Moore elected to ride the course in period attire and on a period bicycle. He then published a book where he detailed his exploits entitled Gironimo! : Riding the Very Terrible 1914 Tour of Italy.


1914 Giro di Lombardia
The 1914 Giro di Lombardia was the tenth edition of the Giro di Lombardia cycle race and was held on 25 October 1914, over a course of 235 km (146 mi). The race was won by the Italian Lauro Bordin, who reached the finish line at an average speed of 32.290 km/h (20.064 mph), preceding his fellow countrymen Giuseppe Azzini and Pierino Piacco.


1914 Giro di Lombardia
44 cyclists departed from Milan and 29 finished the race.


1914 Grand National
The 1914 Grand National was the 76th renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 27 March 1914.


1914 Grand Prix season
The 1914 Grand Prix season consisted of Grand Prix races across Europe and the United States until abbreviated by the outbreak of World War I.


1914 Grand Prix season
The Vanderbilt Cup and the American Grand Prize were held again after a year’s abeyance, this time raced at Santa Monica, California. European cars arrived in force to contest the Indianapolis 500. French cars dominated the race taking the top four places with victory going to René Thomas in a Delage. The unofficial AAA national championship would be awarded to Ralph DePalma.


1914 Grand Prix season
The French Grand Prix was in Lyon, this time with a maximum engine size of 4.5-litres. Held in the shadow of political crisis in Europe, it was hailed as the greatest race to date, after an epic battle between the Peugeot and Mercedes. After Georges Boillot had engine problems on the last lap, it left the German team with a dominating 1-2-3 finish, led by Christian Lautenschlager who had won the race before, in 1908.


1914 Grand Prix season
It proved to be the last major race before war overtook Europe in August 1914.


1914 Grand Prix season, Regulations and Technical
The three main American races all ran to different regulations: the Vanderbilt Cup’s engine limits were 301 – 600 cu in, Indianapolis had a maximum engine size of 450 cu in, while the Grand Prize had an open formula.


1914 Grand Prix season, Regulations and Technical
Hoping to minimise the impact of the big-engined cars of foreign manufacturers, the ACF changed its regulations again for the first time to impose a maximum engine size – of 4.5-litres, along with an allowable weight range of 800-1100kg (excluding fluids and tools). This tended to favour those companies that had invested in voiturette racing, Peugeot, Delage and Sunbeam. There was also an entry limit of five cars per manufacturer.


1914 Grand Prix season, Regulations and Technical
For this, Peugeot unveiled its new EX-5 from Ernest Henry, with a twin-overhead cam 4.5-litre four-cylinder engine. Both the Delages and Peugeots had four-wheel brakes for the first time, along with FIAT. In response, the Mercedes 18/100 GP, designed by Paul Daimler, developed 115 bhp. The 4.5-litre engine had four valves per cylinder and a single overhead camshaft. Gone was the chain-drive, instead a lighter live rear-axle was used. However, they did persist with rear brakes only. Despite a better top-end speed from the Peugeot’s streamlined rear-end, the Mercedes’ lower centre-of-gravity and better road-holding gave it an edge over the French cars.


1914 Grand Prix season, Season review
The Vanderbilt Cup and American Grand Prize were revived this year and once again held as a combined meeting, this time on an 8-mile road circuit at Santa Monica, California. The press touted the Cup as a grudge match between rivals Ralph DePalma and Barney Oldfield. DePalma had walked out from his role as team leader at Mercer when they hired Oldfield without asking him first. DePalma retrieved the Mercedes with which he had won the 1912 race. From the start Oldfield’s teammate Eddie Pullen took the lead until he lost a wheel. Then Oldfield and DePalma ran wheel to wheel until DePalma sold a dummy on stopping for a tyre change. Oldfield took the bait and pitted, allowing the older Mercedes to race onto victory.


1914 Grand Prix season, Season review
Two days later, 250000 spectators and most of the same cars returned for the Grand Prize. Spencer Wishart led in his Mercer for most of the first half of the race until stopped by engine problems. DePalma took over but this time his engine gave out as well. Pullen got to the front and carried on to win – his Mercer being the first American car to win the Grand Prize delighting the crowd.


1914 Grand Prix season, Season review
After Peugeot’s success at Indianapolis in 1913, more European teams returned for the 1914 race and the race promised to be a great showdown between the best drivers from both sides of the Atlantic with most of the best teams present. Peugeot sent its new EX-5 with regular team drivers Georges Boillot and Jules Goux (returning 1913 winner) along with a 3-litre EX-3 for Belgian Arthur Duray. Delage sent its 7.0-litre Type Y for René Thomas and Albert Guyot. Peugeot engineer Ettore Bugatti had Ernest Friderich in one of his own cars.


1914 Grand Prix season, Season review
As well as an Italian Isotta Fraschini and a Belgian Excelsior, Ralph Mulford returned with his Mercedes. Sunbeam came from England with Jean Chassagne and another car for Harry Grant. The American teams from Mercer, Stutz and Mason entered, with much the same driver line-ups from Santa Monica. Barney Oldfield however had switched to Stutz. Inaugural winner Ray Harroun designed the Maxwell car for Teddy Tetzlaff and Billy Carlson.


1914 Grand Prix season, Season review
Boillot was the fastest in the elimination trials, setting a lap record of 99.9 mph. Second was team-mate Goux with Tetzlaff third. In a big surprise, Ralph DePalma failed to qualify in his privateer Mercedes. In the random draw it was Chassagne’s Sunbeam that got the pole position, while Boillot got the second-to-last position of the 30 qualifiers.


1914 Grand Prix season, Season review
The three Peugeots soon got to the front and were setting the pace until thwarted by tyre problems. One delaminated on Boillot’s car spinning him off the track and Goux lost time with a number of stops. On lap 42 Ray Gilhooley crashed his Isotta on the back straight. As his mechanic was escaping the wreck Joe Dawson had to take drastic avoiding action and rolled his Marmon in an accident that ended his career.


1914 Grand Prix season, Season review
In the end it was dominant victory for René Thomas and Delage, who led for over half the race winning with over a 6-minute, four-lap margin from Arthur Duray in the 3-litre Peugeot. Thomas’ teammate Guyot was third with Goux coming in fourth. First American home was Barney Oldfield, fifth in the Stutz.


1914 Grand Prix season, Season review
After another dozen rounds at eight other circuits, the AAA national championship would be unofficially awarded to Ralph DePalma. On 4th July at the Sioux City race, Eddie Rickenbacker had scored the first victory for Fred Duesenberg’s new team (formerly Mason). Sadly, top driver Spencer Wishart, second at the previous year’s Indianapolis race, was killed when his Mercer crashed during the Elgin Trophy races.


1914 Grand Prix season, Season review
Two other racing events returned, both last held in 1908. The Coppa Florio was won that year by Felice Nazzaro in a FIAT. This time it ran over three laps on the Madonie course in Sicily. It was won again by Nazzaro, this time in his own car repeating his triumph from the 1913 Targa Florio. Second was Ernesto Ceirano in his company’s SCAT. Six weeks later the Targa Florio again ran as the Giro di Sicilia around the coastal roads of Sicily. A two-day event, this time it stopped overnight in Syracuse. Ceirano won in 17 hours, at a record speed of 62 km/h and a comfortable 2-hour margin.


1914 Grand Prix season, Season review
Similarly, the RAC Tourist Trophy was held after a hiatus of six years. Raced on the Isle of Man, it was staged over two days with eight laps on each day, and for the first time offered a cash prize – the considerable sum of £1000. Kenelm Lee Guinness, of the famous brewing family, won in a 3.4-litre Sunbeam from a pair of Belgian Minervas.


1914 Grand Prix season, Season review
On 28 June, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian empire was assassinated in Sarajevo. By co-incidence, one of the royal chauffeurs was former Mercedes works-driver Otto Merz. A week later, the French Grand Prix was held under an increasingly tense political situation across Europe. The city of Lyon promised large subsidies and the race was held on a 38 km road circuit to the south of the city. It ran from Les Ronzières to Givors, then along the bank of the Gier (a tributary of the Rhône) to Châteauneuf before taking an undulating 15km straight back to a steep downhill right-left and a hairpin to complete the lap.


1914 Grand Prix season, Season review
The race attracted a high-quality field of 37 starters from 13 manufacturers. Peugeot were the favourites to repeat their victories in 1912 and 1913. They arrived with three of their new L-45 cars for Boillot, Goux and Victor Rigal. Louis Delâge bought the new 5-speed Type S for Guyot, Duray and Paul Bablot. New French company Alva convinced Ferenc Szisz, winner of the inaugural Grand Prix in 1906, out of retirement to lead their team. Their most serious opposition to the French teams would come from Mercedes, returning to the Grand Prix for the first time since winning in 1908.


1914 Grand Prix season, Season review
Five of the six 18/100 cars built were entered with a strong team of drivers led by Christian Lautenschlager, victor in 1908, along with Otto Salzer, Mercedes director Max Sailer, French veteran Louis Wagner and Belgian agent Théodore Pilette. In January, as part of its meticulous preparation, Mercedes had sent its team to France to go over the track. Opel arrived with the lightest cars in the field, well over 100kg lighter than most others. Carl Jörns led a team of three cars. From Italy came FIAT (including veteran Alessandro Cagno), Felice Nazzaro’s own team and a single entry from Aquila Italiana. Great Britain was represented by Sunbeam (Resta, Lee Guinness and Chassagne) and Vauxhall who included American Ralph DePalma in their squad.


1914 Grand Prix season, Season review
Race-day was hot and fine, and about 300,000 spectators lined the roads. The cars started the 20-lap race in pairs in numerical order, at 30-second intervals. First away were Szisz and Jörns, but Boillot was the first to arrive back at the finish-line. However, Sailer was ahead on elapsed-time and from the beginning he forced the pace, drawing Boillot into a speed-contest to try and break the Peugeot. On the sixth lap though his Mercedes stopped with engine problems letting Boillot take over the lead. By the 11th lap, just after the halfway mark, Wagner had passed Goux then Lautenschlager to move into second. Szisz had pulled over to replace a wheel, when he was struck by an Opel, that broke his arm.


1914 Grand Prix season, Season review
At the three-quarter mark, Lautenschlager retook second place and started closing on the Peugeot only two and a half minutes ahead. In an epic drive under relentless pressure, Boillot pushed his car to its limit but to no avail. On the eighteenth lap the German took the lead and set about building the gap. Now down to three cylinders, Boillot kept pushing regardless but on the last lap his engine expired leaving Mercedes, after seven hours, to take a crushing 1-2-3 victory with Lautenschlager repeating his 1908 win ahead of Wagner and Salzer. The French crowd was silent, with Goux’s fourth place nearly ten minutes back ahead of Resta’s Sunbeam being scant consolation. With his 25000 franc prizemoney, Lautenschlager was able to build himself a house.


1914 Grand Prix season, Season review
And so it was that perhaps the greatest race of the early period of motor-racing was also the last. Within a month, Europe had descended into total war and racing ceased there for four years. A number of racers served in the war. Georges Boillot was initially the personal driver for Marshal Joffre, but then transferred to the French Air Force (Armée de l'Air) as a fighter pilot. He was killed in a dogfight over Verdun in 1916. Eddie Rickenbacker became the highest scoring ace in the American Air Service. Awarded the Distinguished Service Cross eight times and Medal of Honor (in 1930), he survived the war to take up racing again.


1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand
The 1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand was the second ever British national rugby league team or 'Lions' tour of Australasia, where it was winter and matches were played against the Australian and New Zealand national sides, as well as several local teams. The tour repeated the promotional and financial success of the 1910 Great Britain Lions tour of Australasia and became famous for the third and deciding Ashes test, known as the "Rorke's Drift Test" due to a backs-to-the wall British victory against all odds.


1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, Touring squad
At the 1913–14 Northern Rugby Football Union season's conclusion, the following Great Britain squad was assembled by the Northern Rugby Football Union to represent it on the tour of Australasia. The Union's tour manager was John Clifford.


1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, Australia
The first leg of the tour was Australia, where the game of rugby league football was in its seventh year since splitting away from rugby union in 1908. the tourists ventured to Adelaide, Melbourne, Ipswich and Bathurst, as well as Sydney, Brisbane and Newcastle.


1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, Australia
The Australian team was captained in all three Ashes Tests by North Sydney skipper Sid Deane.


1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, Australia, Test venues
The three Ashes series tests took place at the following venues. All three tests took place in Sydney.


1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, Australia, Test venues
South Australia: J. Lawson, R. Cooksley, O. Howard, E. Dutton, P. Knowles, W. Oldfield, M. Moran, C. Fincham, J. Sorensen, F. Stewart, J. Carr, A. Shuttleworth, P. Jackson. Res – L. Scott


1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, Australia, Test venues
Northern Union: Alf Wood (c), Jack Robinson, William Davies, Bert Jenkins, Frank Williams, Fred Smith, Jack O'Garra, James Clampitt, Billy Jarman, Arthur Johnson, Dave Holland, Percy Coldrick, John Smales


1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, Australia, Test venues
Metropolis: Howard Hallett, Harold Horder, Sid Deane (c), Bill Kelly, Wally Messenger, Ray Norman, Arthur Halloway, Jack Watkins, Sid Pearce, Con Sullivan, Paddy McCue, Ed Courtney, Frank Burge


1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, Australia, Test venues
Northern Union: Alf Wood, Frank Williams, William Davies (c), Bert Jenkins, Jack Robinson, Stuart Prosser, Johnny Rogers, Joseph Guerin, James Clampitt, Walter Roman, Billy Jarman, Dave Holland, John Smales


1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, Australia, Test venues
NSW: Howard Hallett, Harold Horder, Sid Deane (c), Bill Kelly, Wally Messenger, Ray Norman, Arthur Halloway, Jack Watkins, Sid Pearce, Con Sullivan, Paddy McCue, Ed Courtney, Frank Burge. Res – Charles Fraser


1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, Australia, Test venues
Northern Union: Gwyn Thomas, William Davies, Harold Wagstaff (c), Bert Jenkins, Stan Moorhouse, Billy Hall, Johnny Rogers, Percy Coldrick, Douglas Clark, Arthur Johnson, Billy Jarman, Dave Holland, Jack Chilcott


1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, Australia, Test venues
Queensland: Mick Bolewski (c), Herbert McCabe, Walter Bolewski, Henry Bolewski, William Beavis, Daniel Rowley, Evan Lewis, Jack Egan, Thomas Dean, Harold Bawden, Charles Scott, William Pritchard, James Adams


1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, Australia, Test venues
Northern Union: Gwyn Thomas, Frank Williams, Harold Wagstaff (c), William Davies, Alfred Francis, Fred Smith, Jack O'Garra, Joseph Guerin, Douglas Clark, Fred Longstaff, Dick Ramsdale, John Smales, Jack Chilcott


1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, Australia, Test venues
Northern Union: Billy Jarman, Stan Moorhouse, Harold Wagstaff (c), Billy Hall, Alfred Francis, Stuart Prosser, Fred Smith, Arthur Johnson, Joseph Guerin, James Clampitt, Walter Roman, Percy Coldrick, Fred Longstaff


1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, Australia, Test venues
Queensland: Mick Bolewski (c), Herbert McCabe, John Birkett, Henry Bolewski, William Beavis, Thomas Hennessy, Evan Lewis, Jack Egan, Thomas Dean, Peter Olsen, Charles Scott, William Pritchard, Don Jeffrey


1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, Australia, Test venues
Northern Union: Gwyn Thomas, Frank Williams, Harold Wagstaff (c), Bert Jenkins, Stan Moorhouse, Billy Hall, Johnny Rogers, Percy Coldrick, Douglas Clark, Fred Longstaff, Dick Ramsdale, Billy Jarman, Jack Chilcott


1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, Australia, Test venues
Newcastle: J. Maloney (c), P. Scully, W. Coleman, E. Brien, G. Johns, J. Coleman, F. Bell, F. Grahame, H. Williams, Stan Carpenter, J. Quinn, Arthur Baber, C. Perkins


1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, Australia, Test venues
Northern Union: Alf Wood, Alfred Francis, Harold Wagstaff (c), William Davies, Jack Robinson, Fred Smith, Jack O'Garra, Walter Roman, James Clampitt, Joseph Guerin, Dave Holland, John Smales, Arthur Johnson


1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, Australia, First test
Future Australian Rugby League Hall of Fame inductee Harold Horder was selected to make his Test debut for this match. On the other wing was the only Queenslander selected in the home side, Henry Bolewski. Also selected to debut for his adopted country was New Zealander, Bill Kelly, after whom the trophy contested in the ANZAC Test would be named.


1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, Australia, First test
The first test of the 1914 Ashes series was played in Sydney before a crowd of around 40,000. Leeds forward Billy Jarman, making his debut for Great Britain missed a conversion attempt from in front of the posts. Henry Bolewski was the only Queensland player selected in the Australian side.


1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, Australia, Second test
After being humiliated in the first Test, the Australians bounced back to narrowly win the second 12–7 at the Sydney Cricket Ground with Charles Fraser and Frank Burge scoring and Wally Messenger kicking 3 goals.


1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, Australia, Second test
Newcastle: E. Hawke, A. Bassett, A. Dawson, H. Gunn, E. Lockhard, R. Trefrey, Edward Coyne, D. Gander, Arch Moncreiff (c), D. Reece, P. Smith, R. Murphy, D. Haynes


1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, Australia, Second test
Northern Union: Alf Wood (c), Frank Williams, Billy Hall, William Davies, Jack O'Garra, Stuart Prosser, Johnny Rogers, Walter Roman, James Clampitt, Joseph Guerin, John Smales, Billy Jarman, Arthur Johnson


1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, Australia, Third test
The third and deciding Ashes test had originally been scheduled for Melbourne in August, but the New South Wales Rugby Football League unilaterally rescheduled it for Sydney on 4 July to maximise profits. Melbourne had to wait another 78 years until they hosted their first test, in the Ashes Series of 1992. The British protested that it would be their third test match in seven days and several of their first team were out with injuries, but the NSWRFL got its way. The tourists were instructed by the Northern Union officials to play and do their duty for England.


1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, Australia, Third test
Within the first minutes of the match, Great Britain were down a man due to an injury to Frank Williams. Forward Arthur 'Chick' Johnson, the Widnes club's first international representative, was shifted to the wing to take Williams' place. At half time the British were leading 9–3. Ten minutes into the second half, they had lost Douglas Clark and Billy Hall to injuries so were reduced to ten men. 'Chick' Johnson, playing out of position on the wing, then used the unorthodox method of dribbling the ball ahead with his feet to score a try. This lifted his teammates in defence and the British managed to win 14–6.


1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, Australia, Third test
NSW: George Challis, Tom Leggo, Bob Tidyman, Charles Fraser, George Bain, Les Cubitt, Arthur Halloway (c), Bob Williams, Sid Pearce, Ed Courtney, Bob Craig, Albert Burge, Frank Burge. Res –


1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, Australia, Third test
Northern Union: Alf Wood, Stan Moorhouse, Harold Wagstaff (c), Bert Jenkins, William Davies, Billy Hall, Johnny Rogers, Percy Coldrick, James Clampitt, Dick Ramsdale, Fred Longstaff, Jack Chilcott, Arthur Johnson


1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, Australia, Third test
This game was played on the return leg from New Zealand


1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, New Zealand
Originally scheduled to take place during the Ashes series, the New Zealand leg was postponed until afterwards.


1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, New Zealand
Northern Union: Gwyn Thomas, Joseph Houghton, Billy Hall, William Davies, Jack O'Garra, Stuart Prosser, Fred Smith, Joseph Guerin, Billy Jarman, Jack Chilcott, John Smales, Walter Roman, James Clampitt


1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, New Zealand
Auckland: Tom Cross, Charles Woolley, Karl Ifwersen, Edward Fox, Thomas McClymont, Arthur Hardgrave, Charles Webb, Charlie Savory, Joe Bennett, Stan Walters, Bob Mitchell, Harold Hayward, Jim Clark


1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, New Zealand
Northern Union: Alf Wood, Stan Moorhouse, Billy Hall, Bert Jenkins, William Davies, Johnny Rogers, Fred Smith, Dick Ramsdale, Arthur Johnson, Jack Chilcott, Fred Longstaff, Percy Coldrick, Dave Holland


1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, New Zealand
Northern Union defeated Auckland 34–12 in front of 13,000 fans. The gate earned the Auckland Rugby League NZ£650.


1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, New Zealand
Northern Union: Alf Wood, Stan Moorhouse, Harold Wagstaff (c), Bert Jenkins, William Davies, Jack O'Garra, Stuart Prosser, Dick Ramsdale, Joseph Guerin, James Clampitt, Fred Longstaff, Percy Coldrick, Walter Roman


1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, New Zealand
New Zealand lost the sole Test match 13–16. Billy Wilson scored two tries, Vic Banks scored one and Karl Ifwersen kicked two goals.


1914 Great Grimsby by-election
The Great Grimsby by-election was a Parliamentary by-election. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP)  to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system. It was one of the last by-election contests to take place before the outbreak of the Great War, and provided a good indicator of how the main parties would have performed at an anticipated general election for 1914 or 1915.


1914 Great Grimsby by-election, Vacancy
Sir George Doughty had been the MP for Great Grimsby since 1895, apart from the period from January–December 1910. Doughty was first elected as a Liberal before switching to the Liberal Unionists in 1898. He died suddenly, at the age of 60, of a heart seizure on 27 April 1914.


1914 Great Grimsby by-election, Campaign
The Unionists moved the writ to get polling day fixed for 12 May, a Tuesday. This was expected to be of benefit to them as Tuesdays tended to be days when large numbers of fisherman, who would have been likely to vote for the Liberal candidate, were going to be away at sea. The Liberal candidate's direct links to the local fishing industry were expected to help him pick up a few votes who had previously voted for Doughty.


1914 Great Grimsby by-election, Campaign
The Tariff Reform League, the Unionist Association of Ireland and the Unionist Defence League all opened campaign offices in Cleethorpes in support of the Unionist candidates campaign. The debate between Tariff Reform and Free trade did not play much of a part in the campaign but the issue of Irish Unionism versus Irish Nationalism did.


1914 Great Grimsby by-election, Campaign, Irish Home Rule
The Liberal government was in the process of steering through parliament the Third Irish Home Rule Bill with the support of the Irish Nationalists. The bill was opposed by the Unionist opposition and most infamously by the Irish Unionist Leader Sir Edward Carson who in 1912 had urged those who disagreed with the government to use any means to oppose the measure. This was meant as a call for Ulstermen to take up arms. Furthermore, Unionist politicians had been encouraging British Army officers to disobey orders to quell any Ulster uprising.


1914 Great Grimsby by-election, Campaign, Irish Home Rule
At a Liberal campaign meeting on 2 May, three MPs spoke in support of Bannister. Tom Wing the former Grimsby Liberal MP, Francis Neilson and Irish Nationalist Richard McGhee. McGhee attacked the Unionist leader Sir Edward Carson for his treasonous position. Bannister added that "If he were King, he would chop off Sir Edward Carson's head." Unionist leaders Carson and Bonar Law responded to criticisms that they had deliberately stirred up unrest in Ulster by sending letters of support to the Unionist candidate in which they blamed the resulting unrest on the Liberal government for introducing its Home Rule policies.


1914 Great Grimsby by-election, Campaign, Irish Home Rule
Both H. H. Asquith and Lloyd George sent letters of support to the Liberal candidate. Lloyd George reminding him of Unionist Party attempts to create civil war in Ireland and mutiny in the British Army. On 9 May, leading Irish Nationalist MP T.P. O'Connor visited Grimsby in support of the Liberal campaign. He highlighted the activities of Unionist politicians who sought to encourage British army officers to mutiny. Carson, who had been widely criticised for his utterances on Ulster went to the extent of posting a letter to Grimsby electors, defending his militant position on Ireland. The Unionist campaign decision to focus on Irish Home Rule might have seemed difficult to understand. However, in past Grimsby elections, the issue had seemed to be the one that had served them best.


1914 Great Grimsby by-election, Campaign, National Insurance Act
As with previous by-elections, the Unionist campaign sought to attack the Liberal government's National Insurance Act. However, this idea backfired on them early on; with the issue subsequently dropped from their campaign. At a Unionist campaign meeting on 4 May Lord Robert Cecil attacked the National Insurance Act, arguing that employers should not be made to contribute. The following day, a deputation of local insurance agents met with Tickler to point out that without employer compulsion, the scheme would not work. Tickler's response was one of support for Cecil. The deputation of insurance agents then met with Bannister who assured them of his support for the act and his opposition to any voluntary system. This resulted in Tickler changing his position to one of support for the act.


1914 Great Grimsby by-election, Result
There was a small swing of 1.5% to the Liberal Party, but was not quite enough to regain the seat from the Unionists.


1914 Great Grimsby by-election, Result
The result would have given a great deal of confidence to Liberal Prime Minister H. H. Asquith about his party's prospects of winning the next general election. It would also have re-assured him about implementing Irish Home Rule.


1914 Great Grimsby by-election, Aftermath
The Irish Home Rule was passed in parliament later that month. However, Asquith delayed its implementation due to the outbreak of war a few months later. A general election was due to take place by the end of 1915. By the autumn of 1914, the following candidates had been adopted to contest that election.


1914 Great Grimsby by-election, Aftermath
Due to the outbreak of war, the election never took place.


1914 Greek deportations
The 1914 Greek deportations was the forcible expulsion of around 150,000 to 300,000 Ottoman Greeks from Eastern Thrace and the Aegean coast of Anatolia by the Committee of Union and Progress that culminated in May and June 1914. The deportations almost caused war between Greece and the Ottoman Empire and were an important precursor to the Armenian genocide.


1914 Greek deportations, Background
In the aftermath of the 1909 Greek annexation of Crete, the Ottoman boycott movement began to form, initially targeting citizens of Greece but also affecting Ottoman Greeks with Greek citizenship as well as eventually all Ottoman Greeks. Violence and looting were soon reported. The aim of the boycott was to make it impossible for Greeks to live in Anatolia, as well as to displace Christians from the economy to create a national economy dominated by Muslim Turks.


1914 Greek deportations, Background
This new economic class was perceived to be more loyal to the state, not just because of its ethnoreligious characteristics but because it owed its place to the removal of the competition by the state. Many Ottoman Greeks were economically ruined by the boycott but they were reluctant to leave. Some left temporarily and returned when the boycott died down. In the aftermath of the Balkan Wars the boycott continued to intensify and was directly organized by the ruling party, Committee of Union and Progress (CUP). Historian Matthias Bjørnlund sees the Greek deportation as "an extension of the policy of economic and cultural boycott".


1914 Greek deportations, Background
The 1912 First Balkan War resulted in the loss of almost all of the empire's European territory and the mass expulsion of Muslims from the Balkans; around 350,000 to 400,000 Muslims fled to the Ottoman Empire between 1912 and the Ottoman entry into World War I. Ottoman Muslim society was incensed by the atrocities committed against Balkan Muslims, intensifying anti-Christian sentiment and leading to a desire for revenge.


1914 Greek deportations, Background
Contemporary historian Arnold Toynbee, in The Western Question in Greece and Turkey (1922), emphasizes the similarities of the expulsion of Ottoman Greeks to that of Balkan Muslims, stating: "the Balkan War[s] had two harvests of victims: first, the Rumili Turks on the one side, and... the Anatolian Greeks on the other". During the Second Balkan War in 1913, Greece seized the Greek-populated islands of Chios, Lesvos, and Limnos near the Anatolian coast. The European powers allowed Greece to keep the islands despite Ottoman protests that they threatened the mainland, as they were located adjacent to areas where many Ottoman Greeks lived.


1914 Greek deportations, Background
In January 1913, the CUP launched another coup, installed a one-party state, and strictly repressed all real or perceived internal enemies. After the 1913 coup, the CUP escalated anti-Greek and anti-Armenian violence and pursued a policy of changing the demographic balance of border areas by resettling Muslim immigrants while coercing Christians to leave; immigrants were promised property that had belonged to Christians. As a consequence of the war, Muslim/Turkish nationalism became the strongest ideological current in the remaining Ottoman Empire. The deportations of Greeks were "informed by [this] radically exclusionist political ideology". Another concern was the concentration of a population whose loyalty was doubted by the CUP in a strategically important location.


1914 Greek deportations, Eastern Thrace
When parts of Eastern Thrace were reoccupied by the Ottoman Empire during the Second Balkan War in mid-1913, local Greeks as well as Armenians were subjected to looting and intimidation especially in Malkara and Rodosto. Beginning in March 1914, Special Organization units began to systematically attack Greek villages, conscripting the men into labor battalions and forcing other residents to leave; Greek-owned businesses were confiscated and given to Muslims. The aim was to persuade or, failing that, force Greeks to leave, by preventing them from accessing their farmland, levying disproportionately high taxation, confiscation, forcible conscription, and murders. The Ottoman government specifically controlled which enterprises should fire Christian workers  and paid the passage of all emigrants to Greece.


1914 Greek deportations, Western Anatolia
Danish consul Alfred van der Zee believed that due to the relatively low population density in the area, it would have been possible to resettle Muslim refugees without expelling the Greek population. Special Organization leader Eşref Sencer Kuşçubaşı said that the population movement was organized by the state, and that in February 1914 Enver Pasha had insisted on doing away with the non-Muslim population due to its perceived disloyalty—such an action was deemed necessary to preserve the empire. Russian consul Andrew D. Kalmykow wrote that Talat Bey (later Talat Pasha) told him "the Greeks cannot remain. They are forced to leave. They must go." Halil Menteşe stated that "Talât Bey suggested that the country be cleansed of those elements that were seen as capable of betraying the state".


1914 Greek deportations, Western Anatolia
Attacks on Greeks began in March and April 1913, as attested by many complaints sent by the Ecumenical Patriarchate to the Ottoman authorities of looting, seizure of property, arbitrary arrest, and expulsion. The government closely observed the process, collecting information on the villages to be cleared and planning the resettlement of Muslims there. However, it maintained plausible deniability by employing a dual-track system—sending incriminating orders through unofficial channels—and denying responsibility for the ensuing attacks. The government ordered that empty villages be guarded to prevent looting so that the property of the Greeks could be allocated to the intended recipients, Muslim immigrants to be resettled there.


1914 Greek deportations, Western Anatolia
One of the most severe attacks in Western Anatolia was the massacre of Phocaea beginning 12 June; several thousand Greeks were forced to flee after the systematic destruction and plundering of their town by bashi-bazouk irregulars. Prior to this attack many Greeks from around Çakmaklı, Aliağa had fled to Phocaea while others emigrated to Partheni. Those from inland areas such as Kozbeyli, Gerenköy, and Söğütcük came under threat and also fled to Phocaea. This concentration of refugees, exceeding the capacity of the harbor, led to the village being surrounded and higher intensity violence occurring than elsewhere in Western Anatolia. The American Consulate in Salonica estimated that some five hundred to six hundred people had been killed in the broader area around Smyrna.


1914 Greek deportations, Western Anatolia
In some cases the violent anti-Greek campaigns were directly coordinated with the landing of Muslim refugees, who were tasked with driving out the Greek population and taking over their properties. Tens of thousands of Greeks escaped to the nearby Aegean islands, often in the same boats that had brought Muslim refugees. For the most part the Greeks did not engage in armed resistance, but in Saraköy some Greeks defended themselves until they ran out of ammunition and were killed; only a few were able to escape to nearby Menemen, too large of a town for the irregulars to attack. The later Turkish president Celal Bayar coordinated the expulsion. The local economy and standard of living declined significantly, as most of the immigrants were peasants who lacked the skills to cultivate local crops and much property was looted or destroyed by them.


1914 Greek deportations, International politics
On 29 September 1913, 14 October 1913, and 14 November 1913, the Ottoman Empire concluded agreements on voluntary population exchange with Bulgaria, Serbia, and Greece respectively. Based on negotiations in May between Eleftherios Venizelos and Galip Kemali Bey, an agreement was signed on 1 July 1914 "On the mutual, voluntary exchange of Turks in Macedonia for Greeks in the provinces of Eastern Thrace and Macedonia". This agreement was never ratified. The Ottoman government moved ahead with its expulsions of Christian citizens without waiting for international agreements or negotiations to proceed.


1914 Greek deportations, International politics
The Ottoman authorities tried to maintain secrecy around the operation, and the responsibility of the CUP for organizing the campaign, in order to stave off international outrage. Akçam states that "Maximum effort was expended to create the impression that none of these actions by agents of the CUP were ever connected to the state." Emigrants had to sign papers asserting that they left voluntarily and willing their property to Ottoman institutions.


1914 Greek deportations, International politics
Foreign consuls, contrary to Ottoman denials, reported that the campaign of terror and expulsion was systematic and coordinated by the Ottoman government, noting that in some cases official gendarmes conducted the attacks. The Ottoman Embassy in Paris reported that information about the anti-Greek campaign was harming the empire in European public opinion, and suggested that the attacks be stopped at once if the reports were true.


1914 Greek deportations, International politics
The Ottoman authorities tried to leverage the threat of ethnic cleansing to pressure Greece to renounce its claims to the islands that it seized during the Second Balkan War. Many observers believed at the time that persecution would lead to war between Greece and the Ottoman Empire. Venizelos stated that Greece would remain neutral in the upcoming World War I if Ottoman Greeks were not deported and the Ottoman Empire did not attack Greek islands in the Aegean. The CUP agreed to this and ceased their ethnic cleansing campaign. On 2 November 1914, Talat announced the official end of the policy, as he had come to an understanding with Germany, which did not want Greece to join the Entente. This cable stated that no further attacks on Greeks would be tolerated.


1914 Greek deportations, Total number of people deported
The total number of Greeks expelled from the Ottoman Empire is not known with certainty. Historian Taner Akçam estimates it at "roughly three hundred thousand", while Bjørnlund writes that "some 150–200,000 Ottoman Greeks" left either forcibly or after being threatened with violence. Vasileios Meichanetsidis estimates that at least 115,000 people were deported from Eastern Thrace to Greece, 85,000 from Eastern Thrace to central Anatolia, and another 150,000 from western Anatolia to Greece.


1914 Greek deportations, Connection to the Armenian genocide
In his memoirs, United States ambassador Henry Morgenthau, Sr. states that "the Turks had expelled the Greeks so successfully that they had decided to apply the same method to all the other races in the empire". On 6 July 1914, Ottoman Greek deputy Emmanouil Emmanouilidis raised the matter of the deportation in the Ottoman Parliament. Talat explained that the Muslim migrants were resettled in the depopulated villages because they would have died if sent to the deserts of Syria and Iraq—exactly where he sent Armenian deportees a year later.


1914 Greek deportations, Connection to the Armenian genocide
Historian Hans-Lukas Kieser writes that the success achieved by "the CUP men of action... exceeded all expectations" and they "could savor a crushing victory achieved in a secret war along domestic ethnoreligious lines". Bjørnlund states that the perceived "success" of the Greek deportation "meant that even more radical measures could be seen as not only possible, but as yet another extension of a policy of social engineering through Turkification". Historian Tessa Hofmann argues that "the deportations in Eastern Thrace appear as the prototype of all subsequent deportations of Christians".


1914 Greek deportations, Connection to the Armenian genocide
Many of the same CUP operatives, including Şükrü Kaya, Nâzım Bey, and Mehmed Reshid, were involved in both persecutions. Akçam describes the Greek deportation as "a trial run for the Armenian genocide". He notes that both operations were "ostensibly under the legal umbrella of Ottoman population policy", yet "an unofficial plan was implemented by a shadow organization that attacked and terrorized the Ottoman Christians".


1914 Greek deportations, Connection to the Armenian genocide
Bjørnlund states that "the official reactions to the 1914 events point toward aspects of" Armenian genocide denial as developed by the CUP and continuing into the present day: "the claim that the government, when it came to killings and persecution, had no control of local officials or of the designated killer gangs, and the attempts to apply damage control through cover-ups, shifting of blame, and propaganda".


1914 Greek deportations, Connection to the Armenian genocide
Talat blamed all excesses on the local government of Rahmi Bey, while the Ottoman government claimed that only 1,000 Greeks had left, against the will of the authorities, and the "incidents" were caused equally by Greeks and rogue Ottoman elements. Major deportations of Anatolian Greeks from the coast to the interior occurred during World War I from 1915 due to belief that they were a fifth column, although they were not subjected to systematic killing as were the Armenians.


1914 Harvard Crimson football team
The 1914 Harvard Crimson football team represented Harvard University in the 1914 college football season. The Crimson finished with an undefeated 7–0–2 record under seventh-year head coach Percy Haughton. Harvard outscored its opponents by a combined score of 187–28, but tied Penn State and Brown.


1914 Harvard Crimson football team
Walter Camp selected four Harvard players (end Huntington "Tack" Hardwick, tackle Walter Trumbull, guard Stan Pennock, and halfback Eddie Mahan) as first-team members of his All-American Team.


1914 Harvard Crimson football team
The Crimson played in the inaugural game at the Yale Bowl on November 21; Harvard defeated rival Yale, 36–0, with over 68,000 in attendance.


1914 Haskell Indians football team
The 1914 Haskell Indians football team was an American football team that represented the Haskell Indian Institute  (now known as Haskell Indian Nations University) as an independent during the 1914 college football season. In its fourth season under head coach A. R. Kennedy, Haskell compiled a 5–4 record and outscored opponents by a total of 200 to 89. Its victories included games against Texas A&M and LSU; its losses included games against Notre Dame, Texas, and Oklahoma.