1909 Franklin & Marshall football team
The 1909 Franklin & Marshall football team was an American football team that represented Franklin & Marshall College during the 1909 college football season. The team compiled a 9–1 record. Jack Hollenback, a former Penn player, was the team's head coach. O. Webster Saylor was the team captain and played at the tackle position.


1909 Geneva Covenanters football team
The 1909 Geneva Covenanters football team was an American football team that represented Geneva College as an independent during the 1909 college football season. Led by third-year head coach, Arthur McKean, the team compiled a record of 4–2.


1909 George Washington Hatchetites football team
The 1909 George Washington Hatchetites Colonials football team was an American football team that represented George Washington University as an independent during the 1909 college football season. In their first season under head coach B. J. Dougherty, the team compiled a 3–4–1 record.


1909 Georgetown Blue and Gray football team
The 1909 Georgetown Blue and Gray football team represented Georgetown University during the 1909 college football season. Led by William Newman in his second year as head coach, the team went 3–2–1.


1909 Georgia Bulldogs football team
The 1909 Georgia Bulldogs football team represented the Georgia Bulldogs of the University of Georgia during the 1909 college football season. The Bulldogs completed the season with a 1–4–2 record. The offensive production was quite low, with only 14 points being scored over the course of seven games. The only victory was over Tennessee. Georgia suffered its fifth straight loss to Georgia Tech and also lost to rivals Clemson and Auburn. In 1909, the team had an unusual situation with the first-ever co-head coaches at Georgia, James Coulter & Frank Dobson. 1909 was the only year either of them served as head coach at Georgia.


1909 Georgia Bulldogs football team
The first decade of the 1900s was not kind to Georgia. The Bulldogs played 70 games and had a losing record of 24–38–8, a winning percentage of just .400. This decade was the worst decade in Georgia football history. There were also seven different head coaches during the ten-year period.


1909 Georgia Railroad strike
The Georgia Railroad strike of 1909, also known as the Georgia race strike, was a labor strike that involved white firemen working for the Georgia Railroad that lasted from May 17 to May 29. White firemen, organized under the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen (B of LF&E), resented the hiring of African American firemen by the railroad and accompanying policies regarding seniority. The labor dispute ended in Federal mediation under the terms of the Erdman Act, with the mediators deciding in favor of the railroad on all major issues.


1909 Georgia Railroad strike, Background
In Fall 1902, the Georgia Railroad began hiring African Americans as firemen for some of their longer routes. They were hired at considerably lower wages than white firemen, and their hiring increased during the depression of 1907. By April 1909, African Americans made up about 42% of the total firemen working for the railroad. The average pay for a white firemen was $1.75 per day, while African American firemen were paid $1.25 per day. Furthermore, the railroad allowed full seniority rights to the African American firemen, but denied them the opportunity to be promoted to the position of railroad engineer. The effect of this was that many of the African American workers accumulated more seniority than their white firemen counterparts, allowing them the choice of more profitable runs.


1909 Georgia Railroad strike, Background
By early 1909, tensions began to rise among the white firemen of the Georgia Railroad, many of whom were members of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen (B of LF&E), an all-white labor union. In April, Eugene A. Ball, the union's vice president, visited Georgia and urged the railroad to change its policies. A critical development occurred on April 10, as ten white firemen had been fired by the Atlanta Terminal Company and replaced by African American workers at lower wages.


1909 Georgia Railroad strike, Background
Ball mistakenly believed that the general manager of Georgia Railroad was also a board member of the Atlanta Terminal Company, and as such believed the firings constituted a significant enough event to warrant further action. On May 13 and 14, Ball oversaw near unanimous voting in favor of a labor strike.


1909 Georgia Railroad strike, Course of the strike
On May 17, eighty firemen, all white members of the brotherhood, went on strike against the Georgia Railroad. As part of the strikers' demands, they called for the ten white workers to be rehired by the Atlanta Terminal Company and for the railroad to cease its replacement of white workers with African Americans. The Georgia Railroad was open about its policy of hiring African Americans for lower wages and attacked the union for attempting to remove African Americans from employment on railroads. Early on, the railroad attempted to attack Ball as an instigating outsider, highlighting the fact that he was Canadian. Ball responded that he was both a Canadian and a white man who stood "for a white man's country".


1909 Georgia Railroad strike, Course of the strike
Attempting to break the strike, the railroad ran freight trains fired entirely by black workers, many of whom faced violence from mobs along the line. Shortly after the outbreak of the strike, Ball published an open letter in The Atlanta Constitution attacking Georgia Railroad's policies. Several days later, on May 19, mobs in Dearing and Thomson, both near Augusta, stopped Georgia Railroad trains and attacked the black firemen on board. The following days saw mob activity in other places through the state, including in Covington and Lithonia. Georgia Railroad asked Governor M. Hoke Smith for militia protection, but Smith, who sympathized with the strikers, refused. Smith also feared that his political opponent Thomas E. Watson would exploit any perceived intervention on the behalf of African Americans.


1909 Georgia Railroad strike, Course of the strike
With the governor unwilling to help, Georgia Railroad sent telegrams to Federal officials Charles P. Neill and Martin Augustine Knapp asking them to serve as mediators under the terms of the Erdman Act, which had been passed several years earlier as a response to the Pullman Strike, another railroad strike. However, following the mob activity, on May 22 the governor sent John C. Hart, the Attorney General of Georgia to meet with railroad officials and review the situation.


1909 Georgia Railroad strike, Course of the strike
Hart recommended that both sides seek arbitration, though initially there were disagreements between the railroad and union on how this should be done. The Georgia Railroad turned down the offer to have the arbitration be done locally, most likely due to mistrust of Governor Smith, and the union rejected the proposal from Neill and Knapp to have Federal arbitration, calling the dispute "purely local". Meanwhile, mob activity increased as trains were now being detained in Union Point and Georgia Railroad began to bring in white strikebreakers from outside the state.


1909 Georgia Railroad strike, Course of the strike
On May 23, following attacks on two engineers, the engineers of the Georgia Railroad left their post. The following day, Neill announced he would be coming to Atlanta to work on a settlement between the two parties, though the union was quick to dismiss this as "outside interference". According to The New York Times, which had been covering the incident, President William Howard Taft was considering the use of Federal troops to address the situation, but ultimately decided against that, as he felt it would hurt the Republican Party's image in the Southern United States.


1909 Georgia Railroad strike, Course of the strike
On May 27, Ball, fearful of further Federal involvement in the strike, allowed for two mail trains to run between Augusta and Atlanta daily, which started the following day. That same day, Knapp joined Neill in Atlanta. On May 29, the strike was called off as the two parties entered into discussions.


1909 Georgia Railroad strike, Course of the strike, Mediation
Following Knapp's arrival, the railroad and union came to an agreement that the ten white firemen whose firings had triggered the strike would be rehired, but the railroad rejected the union's proposal to fire all African American firemen. Additionally, the railroad and the brotherhood agreed to allow a team of three mediators to resolve the remaining issues under the terms of the Erdman Act. The three men selected as arbitrators were Thomas W. Hardwick (the union's pick), Hilary A. Herbert (the railroad's pick), and University of Georgia chancellor David Crenshaw Barrow Jr. (Hardwick and Herbert's pick). On June 21, the three mediators began to hear testimony.


1909 Georgia Railroad strike, Course of the strike, Mediation
On June 26, the arbitrators released their decision, wherein they decided against the union on every major point. However, the arbitrators did rule that the railroad would be required to pay African American and white firemen the same wage. Hardwick had been a dissenting vote on several of the issues, and he opposed allowing the railroad to employ African Americans, but supported the requirement for equal pay. The decision, while unpopular among Ball and other union officials, was not appealed.


1909 Georgia Railroad strike, Aftermath and legacy
In an article published concurrently to the strike, African American newspaper the Atlanta Independent, noted that the strike was "nothing less than a cowardly subterfuge … for the purpose of oppressing black working men because they are black." Furthermore, Benjamin Davis, editor of the Independent and father of civil rights activist Benjamin J. Davis Jr., called the strike an act of "coercion and violence" against African American workers. American historian Darlene Clark Hine said the strike was the most widely covered labor and race-related incident prior to the East St. Louis riots of 1917.


1909 Georgia Railroad strike, Aftermath and legacy
The arbitration's decisions were popularly received by many in the African American community, especially the ruling of equal pay for both whites and African Americans. While there were initially concerns that this ruling would result in whites being selected over African Americans, railroads retained African American firemen at pre-strike levels. Many saw the decision as a vindication of Booker T. Washington's ideas of racial progress through economic development. Washington personally thanked Herbert for the decision, which he said would have a far-reaching positive impact on the African American community.


1909 Georgia Railroad strike, Aftermath and legacy
However, Hubert Harrison would cite the strike in his arguments against Booker T. Washington. According to Harvey, the strike highlighted the issue of industrial training for African Americans in the absence of political rights, as, according to Harrison, "any training which makes black men more efficient will bring them into keener competition with white men. … Their jobs will be taken away."


1909 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team
The 1909 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team represented the Georgia Institute of Technology during the 1909 college football season.


1909 German football championship
The 1909 German football championship, the seventh edition of the competition, was won by Phönix Karlsruhe, defeating Viktoria 89 Berlin 4–2 in the final.


1909 German football championship
For Phönix Karlsruhe it was the club's only appearance in the German championship final. Phönix would later merge with VfB Mühlburg to form Karlsruher SC, with the latter making a losing appearance in the 1956 final. Viktoria 89 Berlin, the defending champions, played its third consecutive final in 1909, having lost in 1907 and won it in 1908. Viktoria would go on to make one more final appearance, winning the competition for a second time in 1911.


1909 German football championship
Viktoria's Willy Worpitzky was the top scorer of the 1909 championship with seven goals.


1909 German football championship
Eight clubs qualified for the competition played in knock-out format, the champions of each of the eight regional football championships, Berlin sending the champions of two rival competitions to the finals.


1909 Giro d'Italia
The 1909 Giro d'Italia was the inaugural running of the Giro d'Italia, a cycling race organized and sponsored by the newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport. The event began in Milan on 13 May with a 397 km (247 mi) first stage to Bologna, finishing back in Milan on 30 May after a final stage of 206 km (128 mi) and a total distance covered of 2,447.9 km (1,521 mi). The race was won by the Italian rider Luigi Ganna of the Atala team, with fellow Italians Carlo Galetti and Giovanni Rossignoli coming in second and third respectively.


1909 Giro d'Italia
Conceived by La Gazzetta to boost its circulation at the expense of its rival Corriere della Sera, the 1909 Giro was the first stage road race. Its eight stages, although relatively few compared to modern Grand Tours, were each much longer than those raced today. The event began with a long primarily flat stage that was won by Dario Beni. He lost the lead after the next stage to the eventual winner Luigi Ganna, who in turn lost it to Carlo Galetti after the mountainous third stage. Ganna regained the lead after the fourth stage and successfully defended it all the way to the finish in Milan, winning three stages en route. Atala won the team classification.


1909 Giro d'Italia, Origin
The idea of holding a bicycle race around Italy was first suggested in a telegram sent by Tullo Margagni, editor of La Gazzetta dello Sport, to the paper's owner Emilio Costamagna and cycling editor Armando Cougnet. La Gazzetta's rival, Corriere della Sera was planning to hold a bicycle race of its own, flushed with the success of its automobile race. Morgagni decided to try and hold the race before Corriere della Sera could hold theirs, and following La Gazzetta's success in creating the Giro di Lombardia and Milan–San Remo, Costamagna decided to back the idea. The inaugural Giro d'Italia bicycle race was announced on 7 August 1908 in the first page of that day's edition of La Gazzetta, to be held in May 1909. The idea of the race was influenced by the success of the French magazine L'Auto's organization of the Tour de France.


1909 Giro d'Italia, Origin
Since the newspaper lacked the necessary 25,000 lire to sponsor the race, the organizers consulted Primo Bongrani, a sympathetic accountant at the bank Cassa di Risparmio. He proceeded to solicit donations from all over Italy, and succeeded in raising sufficient money to cover the operating costs. The prize money came from a casino in San Remo after Francesco Sghirla, a former Gazzetta employee, encouraged them to contribute to the race. Even Corriere, La Gazzetta's rival, donated 3,000 lire.


1909 Giro d'Italia, Rules and course
Both teams and individual riders were allowed to enter the race, which was run in eight stages with two to three rest days between each stage. Compared to modern races the stages were extraordinarily long, with an average distance of more than 300 km (190 mi), compared to the 165 km (103 mi) average stage length in the 2012 Giro d'Italia.


1909 Giro d'Italia, Rules and course
The route was primarily flat, although it did contain a few major ascents. The third stage contained ascents to Macerone, Rionero Sannitico, and Roccaraso. The Giro's sixth stage contained only one pass, the Passo Bracco. The seventh stage was the last to contain any major ascents: the climbs of the Colle di Nava and the ascent to San Bartolomeo.


1909 Giro d'Italia, Rules and course
Riders were required to sign in at checkpoints during each stage to minimize the opportunities for cheating; they were also photographed at the beginning and end of each stage, and the images compared by the judges. Riders could receive assistance when repairing their bicycles, but were not allowed to replace their machines if they became damaged during the course of the stage.


1909 Giro d'Italia, Rules and course
The inaugural Giro used a points system to determine the race winner. The organizers chose to have a points system over a system based around elapsed time after the scandal that engulfed the 1904 Tour de France. Another factor in the organizer's decision was that it would be cheaper to count the placings of the riders rather than clocking their times during each stage. The race leader was determined by adding up each rider's placing in each stage.


1909 Giro d'Italia, Rules and course
Thus if a rider placed second in the first stage and third in the second stage he would have a total of five points, and whoever had the lowest points total was the leader. Under this system Luigi Ganna was declared the winner, but had the Giro been a time-based event he would have lost to the third-place finisher Giovanni Rossignoli by 37 minutes.


1909 Giro d'Italia, Rules and course
The winner of the general classification received a grand prize of 5,325 lire. Every rider who finished the race with more than 100 points without winning any prizes in any of the stages was given 100 lire.


1909 Giro d'Italia, Participants
A total of 166 riders signed up to participate in the event. Twenty of the riders who  entered were non-Italians: fifteen were French, two were German, one was Argentinian, one was Belgian, and one was from Trieste, which at the time was not a part of Italy. Only 127 riders started the first stage of the race, all but five of Italian descent, of whom only 49 reached the finish in Milan on 30 May. Riders were allowed to enter the race as independents or as a member of a team.


1909 Giro d'Italia, Participants
The two best-known Italians taking part in the race were Luigi Ganna and Giovanni Gerbi. Gerbi was the more successful of the two, having won the Giro di Lombardia, the Milano–Torino, and several other one-day races. Ganna had won Milan–San Remo earlier the same year – notably the first Italian winner of the race. The peloton also featured two Tour de France winners, Louis Trousselier and Lucien Petit-Breton, as well as two future Giro d'Italia winners: Carlo Galetti and Carlo Oriani.


1909 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
The inaugural Giro d'Italia's first stage, 397 km (247 mi) from Milan to Bologna, began on 13 May 1909 at 2:53 am in front of a large crowd. 127 riders set off from the starting line outside La Gazzetta's headquarters in the Piazzale Loreto. The stage was marred by mechanical issues and crashes owing to bad weather, the first mass crash occurring before dawn less than 2 km (1 mi) from the start.


1909 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
Luigi Ganna, leading after the first real climb near Lake Garda, was delayed by a puncture with about 70 km (43 mi) to go and the other racers attacked, but he caught them again after they were stopped by a train crossing. The leading riders then made their way into Bologna, where Dario Beni won the stage. The second stage, 378.5 km (235 mi) long, saw the first uphill finish, into Chieti, where Giovanni Cuniolo edged out Ganna for the stage win. Ganna's second place was nevertheless high enough to make him the new race leader.


1909 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
The third stage, to Naples, was 242.8 km (151 mi). Before the start, three riders were disqualified and subsequently removed from the race for taking a train during the second stage. They were caught after failing to pass through an unexpected checkpoint set up by the organizers. The start of the third stage was moved downhill after the opening descent was found to be too dangerous for the participants' brakes. The stage featured three major climbs.


1909 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
After the mountains Giovanni Rossignoli pursued the leader, Carlo Galetti, eventually catching him and going on to win the stage, while Galetti took the race lead away from Ganna. On the fourth stage, 228.1 km (142 mi) from Naples to the Italian capital Rome, French rider Louis Trousselier was doing well until he ran over tacks strewn on the road by spectators, and the other riders left him behind. Galetti and Ganna formed a group at the front and Ganna went on to win the stage in front of thousands of spectators, retaking the race lead by a single point.


1909 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
The fifth stage was 346.5 km (215 mi) to Florence. Like the fourth, it was plagued by punctures. Luigi Ganna led until he had a flat tyre with about 10 km (6 mi) to go. A few riders passed him as he repaired it but he chased them down and won the stage. On the sixth stage, 294.4 km (183 mi) from Florence to Genoa, Carlo Galetti and Giovanni Rossignoli broke away from the leading group of seven as they neared the downhill finish, with Rossignoli winning the stage in front of a large crowd. Race leader Ganna had suffered more punctures but managed to fight his way back to finish third.


1909 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
The seventh stage, 357 km (222 mi), was scheduled to run from Genoa to Turin. Massive crowds at the start led Armando Cougnet to introduce a rule forbidding riders to attack over the first few kilometers until the peloton was outside the city and the race proper could begin. There was also rumored to be close to 50,000 spectators and a bakers' strike in Turin, so Cougnet switched the finish to the city of Beinasco, about 6 km (4 mi) short of Turin. Ganna and Rossignoli led for most of the stage until about 6 km (4 mi) before the finish, when Ganna attacked and Rossignoli could not counter. Ganna's win extended his race lead over Carlo Galetti.


1909 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
The eighth and final stage started in Turin, covered 206 km (128 mi), and finished in Milan in front of a crowd of more than 30,000. Ganna was amongst the leading group until he suffered a flat tyre. He managed to fight his way back until, with the leaders in sight,  he had another puncture. The leading group pulled away until the race directors stopped them to let Ganna catch up. Escorted by mounted police, the riders then made their way into Milan's Arena Civica stadium for the finish.


1909 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
As the racers geared up for the sprint finish a police horse fell, causing a few riders to crash. Dario Beni avoided the incident and edged out Galetti for the stage win, with Ganna coming in third. Thus Ganna became the first winner of the Giro d'Italia. He and his team, Atala, also won the team classification.


1909 Giro d'Italia, Results, General classification
Forty-nine cyclists completed all eight stages. The points each received from their stage placings were added up for the general classification, and the winner was the rider with the fewest accumulated points. Ernesto Azzini won the prize for best ranked isolati rider in the general classification.


1909 Giro d'Italia, Aftermath
The first Giro d'Italia was a great success, prompting organizers to arrange a second one for 1910. The race substantially increased La Gazzetta's circulation, and the starts and finishes were attended by large audiences. Ganna's prize money helped him start his own bike factory in 1912. The newspaper ran the event through 1988, when the RCS Organizzazzioni Sportivi company was created to run it.


1909 Giro d'Italia, Stage 1 to Stage 4
The 1909 Giro d'Italia was the inaugural edition of the Giro d'Italia, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Giro began in Milan on 13 May, and Stage 4 occurred on 20 May with a stage to Rome. The race finished in Milan on 30 May.


1909 Giro d'Italia, Stage 1 to Stage 4, Stage 1
13 May 1909 — Milan to Bologna, 397 km (247 mi)


1909 Giro d'Italia, Stage 1 to Stage 4, Stage 2
16 May 1909 — Bologna to Chieti, 375.8 km (233.5 mi)


1909 Giro d'Italia, Stage 1 to Stage 4, Stage 3
18 May 1909 — Chieti to Naples, 242.8 km (150.9 mi)


1909 Giro d'Italia, Stage 1 to Stage 4, Stage 4
20 May 1909 — Naples to Rome, 228.1 km (141.7 mi)


1909 Giro d'Italia, Stage 5 to Stage 8
The 1909 Giro d'Italia was the inaugural edition of the Giro d'Italia, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Giro began in Milan on 13 May, and Stage 5 occurred on 23 May with a stage from Rome. The race finished in Milan on 30 May.


1909 Giro d'Italia, Stage 5 to Stage 8, Stage 5
23 May 1909 — Rome to Florence, 346.4 km (215.2 mi)


1909 Giro d'Italia, Stage 5 to Stage 8, Stage 6
25 May 1909 — Florence to Genoa, 294.4 km (182.9 mi)


1909 Giro d'Italia, Stage 5 to Stage 8, Stage 7
27 May 1909 — Genoa to Turin, 357.9 km (222.4 mi)


1909 Giro d'Italia, Stage 5 to Stage 8, Stage 8
30 May 1909 — Turin to Milan, 206.1 km (128.1 mi)


1909 Giro di Lombardia
The 1909 Giro di Lombardia was the fifth edition of the Giro di Lombardia cycle race and was held on 7 November 1909. The race started in Milan and finished in Sesto San Giovanni. The race was won by Giovanni Cuniolo.


1909 Glasgow Central by-election
The Glasgow Central by-election was a Parliamentary by-election. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP)  to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.


1909 Glasgow Central by-election, Vacancy
Sir Andrew Torrance had been Liberal MP for the seat of Glasgow Central since the 1906 general election. He died on 4 February 1909 at the age of 64.


1909 Glasgow Central by-election, Electoral history
The seat had been Liberal since they gained it in 1906;


1909 Glasgow Central by-election, Candidates
The local Liberal Association selected 68-year-old Tommy Bowles to defend the seat. At the 1892 general election, he was elected as Conservative Party Member of Parliament for King's Lynn and served in the House of Commons until losing his seat at the 1906 election. He was a Free trade supporter and left the Conservatives when they adopted a policy of Trade tariffs.


1909 Glasgow Central by-election, Candidates
The Conservatives selected 59-year-old Rt Hon. Charles Dickson as their candidate. Educated at the High School of Glasgow, the University of Glasgow and the University of Edinburgh he served as the Solicitor General for Scotland from 14 May 1896 to 1903 and as Lord Advocate from 1903 to 1905. He was appointed a Privy Counsellor in 1903. He was Member of Parliament for Glasgow Bridgeton from 1900 to 1906 when he was defeated.


1909 Glasgow Central by-election, Campaign
Polling Day was fixed for 2 March 1909, 26 days after the death of Torrance.


1909 Glasgow Central by-election, Campaign
The constituency included Glasgow's business district. The Liberals concentrated on fiscal issues. The Conservatives successfully raised the Irish problem. Bowles tried to win free trade Conservative votes by qualifying his support for Home Rule, favouring it only within a United Kingdom framework. There were about 2,000 Irish in the district. The United Irish League did not give Bowles their support until 27 February. The Conservative Chief Whip apparently had some fear of Dickson 'wobbling' over tariff reform but steadied him with a warning letter.


1909 Glasgow Central by-election, Result
Bowles reaction to the result: "The Irish injured me, the Unemployed deserted to the enemy and biggest and worst defection of all, the determining elector, the businessman, who last time voted against Balfour and protection, this time voted against the Government and the Budget."


1909 Glasgow Central by-election, Aftermath
Bowles was re-elected for King's Lynn at the January 1910 as a Liberal. Dickson was re-elected here;


1909 Grand Isle hurricane
The 1909 Grand Isle hurricane was a large and deadly Category 3 hurricane that caused severe damage and killed more than 400 people throughout Cuba and the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Forming out of a tropical disturbance just south of Hispaniola on September 13, 1909, the initial depression slowly intensified as it moved west-northwest towards Jamaica. Two days later, the system attained tropical storm intensity and turned northwestward towards Cuba.


1909 Grand Isle hurricane
On September 16, it attained the equivalent of a modern-day Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale and further strengthened to attain winds of 100 mph (160 km/h) before making landfall in Pinar del Río Province, Cuba on September 18. After a briefly weakening over land, the system regained strength over the Gulf of Mexico, with peak winds reaching 120 mph (195 km/h) the following day. After only slightly weakening, the hurricane increased in forward motion and made landfall near Grand Isle, Louisiana on September 21. The system quickly lost strength after moving over land, dissipating the following day over Missouri.


1909 Grand Isle hurricane
In the Caribbean, little impact was known to have been caused by the storm outside of Cuba where rough seas killed 29 people. In the United States, the hurricane wrought catastrophic damage across Louisiana and Mississippi. Throughout these states, 371 people are known to have been killed, making it the sixth deadliest hurricane in United States history at the time; however, it has since been surpassed by five other cyclones. Along the Louisiana coastline, a powerful storm surge penetrated 2 mi (3.2 km) inland, destroying the homes of 5,000 people. Thousands of other homes throughout the affected region lost their roofs and telegraph communication was crippled. In terms of monetary losses, the storm wrought $11 million (1909 USD; $265 million 2010 USD) in damage throughout its path.


1909 Grand Isle hurricane, Meteorological history
The origins of the Grand Isle hurricane were in a tropical disturbance over the western Atlantic Ocean in early September 1909. Enhanced by a strong area of high pressure over the Azores and British Isles, the system was able to gradually intensify as it neared the Lesser Antilles. On September 10, barometric pressures across several of the islands in the eastern Caribbean fell, indicating that a disturbance was moving through the region. According to the Atlantic hurricane database, maintained by the National Hurricane Center, the system developed into a tropical depression south of Hispaniola in the Caribbean on September 13. However, meteorologist José Fernández Partagás stated that there was no evidence of a closed circulation, a key component of tropical cyclones, until September 14. Tracking west-northwestward, the depression brushed the coast of Haiti before attaining tropical storm intensity off the northwestern coast of Jamaica on September 15.


1909 Grand Isle hurricane, Meteorological history
After reaching this strength, the storm slowed and gradually took a more northwesterly course, heading towards Pinar del Río Province in western Cuba. On September 16, the system attained winds of 75 mph (120 km/h), what would now be considered a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale. Moving at a slow pace of 4 to 6 mph (6.4 to 9.7 km/h), the system gradually intensified.


1909 Grand Isle hurricane, Meteorological history
Late on September 18, the center of the storm was estimated to have made landfall in Pinar del Río Province with winds of 100 mph (160 km/h); an atmospheric pressure of 976 mbar (hPa; 28.82 inHg) was recorded during its passage. The storm's eye passed over the town of Manta for four hours, between 3:00 pm and 7:00 pm on September 17.


1909 Grand Isle hurricane, Meteorological history
Slight weakening took place after moving over western Cuba; however, once over the Gulf of Mexico, the storm steadily regained its strength. By September 19, the system re-attained the equivalent intensity of a Category 2 hurricane and the forward motion increased. Early that morning, the storm further intensified to attain its peak winds of 120 mph (195 km/h), equivalent to a mid-range Category 3 cyclone. By the afternoon of September 19, reports from the Louisiana and Mississippi coastline indicated that the outer bands of the hurricane were producing scattered rainfall.


1909 Grand Isle hurricane, Meteorological history
Early on September 21, it was estimated that the center of the hurricane made landfall near Grand Isle, Louisiana with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). A pressure of 952 mbar (hPa; 28.11 inHg) was recorded around this time, the lowest in relation to the storm. Operational analysis of the storm indicated that it attained the equivalent intensity of a Category 4 hurricane as it made landfall. The storm's lowest pressure was also operationally listed as 931 mbar (hPa; 27.49 inHg). This pressure was based on operational estimates in relation to the system's storm surge and was not directly measured.


1909 Grand Isle hurricane, Meteorological history
However, later research of the storm determined that its winds had not exceeded 120 mph (195 km/h). At this time, the hurricane's radius of maximum wind was roughly 32 mi (51 km) and the overall size of the storm was estimated to be 374 mi (602 km) wide. Once overland, the system quickly weakened, losing hurricane status within 12 hours and later to a tropical depression over southern Missouri. The remnants of the system were last noted on September 22 as it merged with a trough over the Midwestern United States.


1909 Grand Isle hurricane, Impact
In western Cuba, the hurricane brought strong winds and heavy rains to several areas. A maximum of 7.88 in (200 mm) of rain fell in a 24‑hour span. The strongest recorded winds reached 60 mph (95 km/h). Numerous buildings in western Cuba sustained extensive damage and a large portion of the orange crop was lost. Ships were pushed onshore by the hurricane's large swells. Throughout Pinar del Río Province, damage was estimated at $1 million (1909 USD). Amidst rough seas produced by the hurricane, the steamship Nicholas Castina sank off the coast of Cuba, near the Isle of Pines. At least 29 people drowned in the wreck. Of the fatalities, 27 were crew members and two were passengers.


1909 Grand Isle hurricane, Impact, United States
Prior to the hurricane's arrival in the United States, the National Weather Bureau issued several hurricane warnings. As the storm passed over western Cuba, warnings were declared for much of the Gulf Coast of Florida and all ships in the Gulf or planning to set sail were advised return and remain at port. Warnings were then issued for the northern Gulf Coast, allowing residents time to evacuate before the storm struck.


1909 Grand Isle hurricane, Impact, United States
In the United States, the storm wrought extensive damage along the Gulf Coast. At least 371 people were killed by the storm; however, this is considered a conservative estimate and the true death toll may never be known. Of the known fatalities, 353 took place in Louisiana and 18 in Mississippi. This makes the 1909 Grand Isle hurricane the eleventh deadliest hurricane in United States history. However, at the time of its occurrence, it was the sixth deadliest storm in the country. Damage throughout Louisiana and Mississippi was estimated to be at least $10 million (1909 USD).


1909 Grand Isle hurricane, Impact, United States, Louisiana
In New Orleans, the storm caused substantial damage, with many homes destroyed and ships wrecked. Communication with the city was completely lost after most of the telegraph wires were downed. Around 3:00 pm on September 21, advisories from the New Orleans Weather Bureau ceased, leading to concerns over the state of the city. Prior to the communication loss, the Weather Bureau reported that waves along the Mississippi River banks were surpassing 3 ft (0.91 m) and water rise in New Orleans itself could reach unprecedented levels.


1909 Grand Isle hurricane, Impact, United States, Louisiana
Several lakes overflowed their banks as water from the Mississippi River back-flowed into them, flooding nearby lowlands. The resulting floods, which inundated areas with upwards of 10 ft (3.0 m) of water, were similar in scale to the flooding caused by Hurricane Katrina in 2005, nearly 100 years later. However, due to the lack of residential buildings in the area at the time, the flooding caused far less destruction than that of Katrina. A report falsely claimed that the city's French Quarter was  "swept away". A total of 306 coal barges sank off the coast of New Orleans and Lobdell (West Baton Rouge Parish), incurring over $1 million in losses. Nearly every sugar cane plantation between New Orleans and Baton Rouge sustained damage, resulting in at least $1 million in losses.


1909 Grand Isle hurricane, Impact, United States, Louisiana
Strong winds from the hurricane lifted homes off their foundations and in some cases, the homes were blown away from where they originally stood. Many towns in Louisiana were isolated immediately after the storm as telegraph communication was lost. Along a 25 mi (40 km) stretch of coastline near where the storm made landfall, a 15 ft (4.6 m) storm surge destroyed the homes of 5,000 people and traveled 2 mi (3.2 km) inland. At least 300 of the fatalities took place in southeastern Louisiana, the hardest hit region.


1909 Grand Isle hurricane, Impact, United States, Louisiana
Many people who were boating on the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico were caught in the storm's 80 mph (130 km/h) winds and officials presumed that all who were caught in this perished. Near the Texas border, it was estimated that two-thirds of the unharvested rice crop was ruined by the hurricane. In Baton Rouge alone, damage from the hurricane was estimated at $2.9 million (1909 USD). Throughout Louisiana, a total of 353 people were killed by the hurricane according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. A maximum of 13.5 in (340 mm) of rain fell in the state during the passage of the hurricane.


1909 Grand Isle hurricane, Impact, United States, Elsewhere
At least 18 fatalities also took place in Mississippi where many towns and cities were flooded. The cities of Natchez and Greenville were mostly destroyed by the hurricane. In Natchez, winds up to 50 mph (80 km/h) blew roofs off homes and shut down the local power station, leaving the city in darkness. Telegraph wires were also downed, cutting communication with the surrounding area. The Biloxi Bay Bridge was swamped by large waves and it was thought that it would be destroyed by the storm at one point.


1909 Grand Isle hurricane, Impact, United States, Elsewhere
Although the bridge held through the storm, one person died after being washed away while crossing it. Initial estimates stated that damage in Biloxi was between $40,000 and $50,000 (1909 USD). Along a 4 mi (6.4 km) stretch of beach in Mississippi, all of the homes and 300 ft (91 m) of the electric car line were destroyed by the hurricane's storm surge. Further north in Jackson, communication in the city was lost and the dome of the newly constructed capital building was destroyed by high winds. Two people were killed in the city after being crushed by falling walls. A maximum of 7.02 in (178 mm) of rain fell in Mississippi during the passage of the hurricane.


1909 Grand Isle hurricane, Impact, United States, Elsewhere
In areas in and around Pensacola, Florida, 60 mph (97 km/h) winds caused some damage. At the local pier, a ship, named Romanoff, toppled over onto a wharf due to large waves produced by the hurricane. Two barges carrying lumber sank near the western beach of Pensacola and several others lost their cargo. Many small ships were destroyed by large swells and according to The New York Times, some of these were "...swamped and pounded into pieces". Further inland, the remnants of the hurricane brought light to moderate rainfall to portions of the central United States.


1909 Grand Isle hurricane, Impact, United States, Elsewhere
A maximum of 3.2 in (81 mm) of rain fell in Arkansas; 3.35 in (85 mm) in Missouri; 2.54 in (65 mm) in Tennessee; and 2.29 in (58 mm) in Kentucky. A 25 mi (40 km) section of the Louisville and Nashville railroad and an 8 mi (13 km) section of the Illinois central railroad were washed out by floods caused by the storm's remnants.


1909 Grand Isle hurricane, Aftermath
Although the storm killed more than 370 people in the United States, the National Weather Bureau was credited for "invaluable warnings" prior to the hurricane's arrival, saving many lives. Following the hurricane's landfall on September 21, rescue and relief efforts began taking place on September 22 near Houma, Louisiana. By September 25, thousands of dollars worth of supplies had been sent to survivors of the storm. However, more than four days after the passage of the storm, many other areas devastated by the hurricane had yet to receive aid from either the government or United States Army.


1909 Grand Isle hurricane, Aftermath
Congressman Robert F. Broussard sent a telegraph to the war department requesting aid; however, he had not received a response by September 27. Initially, news reports focused on the large loss of life from the storm but, once the lack of aid was noticed, their attention shifted to the hundreds of survivors who were left homeless and in dire need of basic necessities. Within days of the storm's passage, there were fears that the storm ruined the cotton crop in southern Louisiana and would cause a spike in prices.


1909 Grand Isle hurricane, Aftermath
However, in a report released on October 4, 1909, it was stated that the losses were much less than previously thought and as a result, there would be no change in the cotton price. According to a report in 2009, the rice and cotton crops sustained 35% and 20% losses respectively in the wake of the hurricane.


1909 Grand Isle hurricane, Aftermath
In 2002, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration added the storm surge from the hurricane to the Global Tsunami Database based on newspaper reports referring to the event as a tidal wave. However, four years later, a more detailed study of possible tsunamis in the past resulted in this event being "flagged" as suspect. After further review of the news articles indicating that the wave came after the hurricane, it was determined that there was a misinterpretation of the publishing date since the article was archived by telegraph on September 22, 1909, the day after the hurricane made landfall. In light of this research, the possibility of the wave being a tsunami was denied; however, it remains in the database as a "debunked" event.


1909 Grand National
The 1909 Grand National was the 71st renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 26 March 1909.


1909 Grand Prix season
The 1909 Grand Prix season was the fourth Grand Prix racing season. There were no Grandes Épreuves that year, as the economic recession of the previous year continued on. Renault had withdrawn from motor-racing and a number of French manufacturers, falling behind the success of their German and Italian rivals, followed suit. The French Grand Prix was cancelled, leaving the Targa Florio in Italy and Vanderbilt Cup in the United States as the only major races this season. With so little competition and financial incentive, technological advances ground to a halt.


1909 Grand Prix season
Emphasis shifted from racing to setting speed and endurance records. Benz & Cie built a new 12.4-litre racing-engine, and its 200 bhp derivative was put into the Blitzen Benz. This 21.5-litre monster held the Land speed record from 1909 to 1922, with various drivers starting with Victor Hémery in November, 1909 at Brooklands.


1909 Grand Prix season, Racing regulations
The AIACR (forerunner of the FIA) had modified its racing regulations for the 1909 season. A car's minimum dry weight was reduced from 1100 kg down to 900 kg. Bore limits were also changed: for 4-cylinder cars it became 130mm (was 155mm) and 106mm for 6-cylinder cars (from 127mm). However, as manufacturers boycotted Grand Prix racing, the regulations they were never enforced. The French Grand Prix had to be cancelled and instead a Formula Libre (literally 'free formula', or open rules) was used to the few events that were held for the larger racing cars.


1909 Grand Prix season, Racing regulations
Despite the economic restrictions, the voiturette class for smaller cars did continue to thrive. For the voiturettes, the bore limitations were 65mm (4-cyl), 80mm (2-cyl) and 100mm (1-cyl) respectively. But with no limitation on the stroke length it led to rather strange chassis shapes: metre-tall cylinders in line in a narrow engine case, necessitating the drivers to peer around the side of the engine when racing.


1909 Grand Prix season, Season review
The abbreviated season started in Sicily firstly with the Madonie Voiturette race, and then the Targa Florio - this year held to a free formula. Just four months earlier, in December 1908, a catastrophic earthquake (the largest in recent European history) had virtually destroyed the city of Messina and killed over 100000 people. To keep a tradition going, the two races were still held. But in consequence, the junior race only had six entrants: three works-team Lion-Peugeots versus three privateer De Dion-Boutons. The Targa itself was only held over a single lap of the Madonie course.


1909 Grand Prix season, Season review
Eleven cars entered and the race was won by Barone Francesco Ciuppa in a SPA (another Ceirano family offshoot), finishing just a minute ahead of the young race organiser Conde Vincenzo Florio in a FIAT, with Guido Airoldi a further ten minutes back in third. Airoldi was driving a Lancia – a new car built by former FIAT-team driver Vincenzo Lancia .


1909 Grand Prix season, Season review
Over the season the trio of Lion-Peugeot works drivers dominated the podiums winning five of the six voiturette races. Jules Goux opened with the wins in Sicily and Catalonia, Georges Boillot won his first in Caen, while Giosué Giuppone had victory at the Coupe de l’Auto and the inaugural Ostend Cup in Belgium. The only gap was the minor event run by Vincenzo Florio at Palermo, won by Florio himself in a De Dion-Bouton, but as there were only three De Dions entered, it was not a contest.


1909 Grand Prix season, Season review
In May, the voiturettes held the first significant motor-race in Spain – the Copa de Cataluña – at the Sitges circuit near Barcelona. This auspicious event was attended by the young Spanish King Alfonso XIII. The three Lion-Peugeots were challenged by Georges Sizaire. Dominant the previous year, the Sizaire-Naudin company was struggling in the recession and this was their sole outing in 1909. Local interest was in a trio of locally manufactured Hispano-Suiza 4-cylinder cars, led by Paolo Zuccarelli.


1909 Grand Prix season, Season review
Goux and Boillot initially took the lead, but the crowd was thrilled when Zuccarelli overtook them and led for several laps until his clutch broke. When Boillot and another Hispano both rolled and Sizaire was delayed with a broken wheel, it left Goux with an easy win, by an hour, from Sizaire.


1909 Grand Prix season, Season review
In lieu of the cancelled French Grand Prix, the Coupe des Voiturettes (promoted by L’Auto newspaper), held at Boulogne was the main race in France. Goux arrived with a new twin-cylinder version, while his team-mates stayed on their single-cylinder Lion-Peugeots. Zuccarelli returned with the Hispano-Suiza team. Once again, he challenged and led early on, but the Spanish cars faded and when Boillot lost 20 minutes changing spark-plugs, Guippone had a comfortable victory from Goux.


1909 Grand Prix season, Season review
1907 had seen the opening of the first purpose-built racetrack at Brooklands, England. This year a consortium of Indiana businessmen headed by Carl G. Fisher started building a new 2.5-mile rectangular track at Indianapolis. In a three-day opening meeting, the first race (a 2-lap 5-mile sprint) was held on 19 August. However, the new surface of crushed gravel and asphalt broke up causing several major crashes, killing five people. The owners set about repaving the track with 3.2 million bricks before the 1910 season, earning its famous nickname: "The Brickyard".


1909 Grand Prix season, Season review
The AAA (Automobile Association of America) changed its regulations for the Vanderbilt Cup race. It was now open to stock production cars of 300-600ci (4.9 – 9.8 litres) This removed the interest of the European manufacturers, as did the costs getting to the US in hard economic times. Thus the race became a national event; won by Harry Grant in an ALCO-Berliet. His steady-speed race strategy succeeded after Billy Knipper in his Chalmers had bolted from the start, only to retire with oil-pressure problems with three laps to go. In 1926 the race was retrospectively added to the AAA National Championship


1909 Greater Antilles hurricane
The 1909 Greater Antilles hurricane was a rare, late-season tropical cyclone that caused extensive damage and loss of life in Jamaica and Haiti, and the wettest Atlantic hurricane on record. Forming out of a large disturbance in early November, the hurricane began as a minimal tropical storm over the southwestern Caribbean on November 8. Slowly tracking northeastward, the system gradually intensified. Late on November 11, the storm brushed the eastern tip of Jamaica before attaining hurricane status. The following afternoon, the storm made landfall in northwest Haiti with winds of 85 mph (135 km/h). After moving over the Atlantic Ocean, the hurricane further intensified and attained its peak winds of 105 mph (170 km/h) on November 13. The system rapidly transitioned into an extratropical cyclone the following day before being absorbed by a frontal system northeast of the Lesser Antilles.


1909 Greater Antilles hurricane
Including rainfall from the precursor to the hurricane, rainfall in Jamaica peaked at 114.50 in (2,908 mm) Silver Hill Plantation, making it the wettest tropical cyclone on record in the Atlantic Basin. These extreme rains led to widespread flooding that killed 30 people and left $7 million in damage throughout the country. The worst damage in Haiti was caused by rains exceeding 24 in (610 mm) that led to catastrophic flooding. At least 166 people are known to have been killed in the country; however, reports indicate that hundreds likely died during the storm.


1909 Greater Antilles hurricane, Meteorological history
The origins of the 1909 Greater Antilles hurricane are unclear, but are believed to have begun with a large, slow-moving storm system near Jamaica in early November. By November 8, it was classified as a tropical storm and was situated over the southwestern Caribbean, north of Panama. A ship in the vicinity of the system recorded an atmospheric pressure of 1004 mbar (hPa; 29.65 inHg). Slowly moving northeastward, an unusual direction for a Caribbean cyclone, the storm gradually intensified. The forward motion of the system steadily increased on November 10 as it headed towards Jamaica.


1909 Greater Antilles hurricane, Meteorological history
Late on November 11, the system brushed the eastern tip of Jamaica as a strong tropical storm, with maximum winds estimated at 70 mph (115 km/h). Several hours later, the storm intensified into what would now be classified a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale. During the afternoon of November 12, the hurricane made landfall in northern Haiti, in Nord-Ouest, with winds of 85 mph (135 km/h). After briefly moving over land, the storm entered the Atlantic Ocean and turned east-northeast and further accelerated.


1909 Greater Antilles hurricane, Meteorological history
Early on November 13, the hurricane further intensified to the equivalent of a Category 2 system and attained peak winds of 105 mph (170 km/h). No barometric pressure was recorded at the time of peak intensity since it occurred over water and away from any ships. In an initial analysis of the storm made by meteorologist José Fernández Partagás in 1999, he wrote that at the storm's peak, it was a strong tropical storm, not a hurricane.


1909 Greater Antilles hurricane, Meteorological history
In a report, it was stated that "It was a difficult case for the author [Partagás] to decide whether or not to upgrade to a hurricane". It was not until the Atlantic hurricane database re-analysis reached 1909 in February 2004 that the storm was designated as a hurricane. By November 14, the storm began to weaken as it turned nearly due east. Later that day, it quickly transitioned into an extratropical cyclone before being absorbed by a frontal system northeast of the Lesser Antilles.


1909 Greater Antilles hurricane, Impact, Jamaica
Prior to becoming a tropical storm, the precursor low had been producing heavy rainfall across Jamaica since November 5. Further rains fell as the system intensified and neared the country. Between November 5 and 11, the system produced 30.45 in (773 mm) of rain in Kingston. More extreme rains fell upon the Silver Hill Plantation, where 114.50 inches (2,908 mm) of rain accumulated in the five-day period of November 5–9, with eight-day totals from November 4–11 reaching 135.00 inches (3,429 mm). This rainfall triggered severe flooding.


1909 Greater Antilles hurricane, Impact, Jamaica
Roughly 500,000 banana plants were lost as a result of the floods, about 20% of the entire country's yield. Around Kingston, the waterworks was destroyed and several tunnels and railways were blocked by landslides. Many bridges and roads were also damaged or destroyed. This led to many towns being isolated and hampered rescue efforts. Flood waters in the town of Annott Bay reached 3 ft (0.91 m). Throughout Jamaica, the flooding killed 30 people and damage was estimated at $7 million (1909 USD). Following the severe flooding, the Jamaican government allocated about $150,000 in funds for damage repair. Communication cables were partly repaired and connection with Kingston was re-established by November 15, and communications across the Caribbean were repaired by November 25.


1909 Greater Antilles hurricane, Impact, Haiti
In nearby Haiti, the damage from the hurricane was catastrophic as torrential rains triggered widespread flooding and landslides throughout the country. Rainfall in the first half of November reached 29 in (740 mm) in Cap-Haïtien, while totals in interior Haiti reached 38 in (970 mm). Initial reports from Haiti were slow to reach the news media as most roads were flooded or destroyed. Several days after the hurricane's passage, reports began to indicate that immense damage had taken place due to the storm. The Tonazeau River near Port-au-Prince also topped its banks, inundating nearby areas.


1909 Greater Antilles hurricane, Impact, Haiti
The city of Gonaïves was completely flooded for two days after a nearby river overflowed its banks. All of the city's roads were damaged or destroyed. Residents sought safety from the flood waters in the upper floors and roofs of their homes. Sixteen people were killed in the city after a bridge was destroyed by the swollen river. Bodies were unearthed from cemeteries and floated through the city. At least 19 people died in Port-de-Paix. Cap-Haïtien was devastated by what press reports described as a "tidal wave".


1909 Greater Antilles hurricane, Impact, Haiti
Along the Yaqui River, unprecedented flooding led to the creation of a large lake, estimated to be 30 mi (48 km) long and up to 80 ft (24 m) deep. Many villages were destroyed by the floods, with hundreds of fatalities expected to result from the storm. Monetary losses for Haiti following the disaster are scarce, with the only known damage estimate being $3 million. However, the true damage cost from the hurricane is likely much higher. At least 166 fatalities are known as a result of the storm in Haiti; however, many reports state that several hundred people likely perished during the storm. Most of the fatalities took place in the Nord-Ouest, where 150 victims were identified.


1909 Greater Antilles hurricane, Impact, Elsewhere
Seven days of rain affected parts of the Dominican Republic, with at least 48 in (1,200 mm) falling in a four day period in Puerto Plata. Floods and landslides caused extensive damage. The railway connecting Santiago de los Caballeros and Moca was severed and two bridges near Puerto Plata was destroyed. Communications with interior communities was cut off. Heavy rain and hurricane-force winds were reported across the Turks and Caicos.


1909 Harvard Crimson football team
The 1909 Harvard Crimson football team represented Harvard University  The Crimson were led by second year head coach Percy Haughton and played their home games at Harvard Stadium. They finished the season with a 9–1 record.


1909 Haskell Indians football team
The 1909 Haskell Indians football team was an American football team that represented the Haskell Indian Institute  (now known as Haskell Indian Nations University) as an independent during the 1909 college football season. In its second and final season under head coach John R. Bender, Haskell compiled a 7–2 record and outscored opponents by a total of 142 to 73. Its victories included games against Texas (12–11) and Nebraska (16–5); its losses were to Baylor (0–12) and Texas A&M (0–15).


1909 Hawick Burghs by-election
The Hawick Burghs by-election of 1909 was held on 5 March 1909. The by-election was held due to the resignation  of the incumbent Liberal MP, Thomas Shaw. It was won by the Liberal candidate John Barran.


1909 High Peak by-election
The High Peak by-election was a Parliamentary by-election. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP)  to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.


1909 High Peak by-election, Vacancy
Oswald Partington had been Liberal MP for the seat of High Peak since the 1900 general election. On 5 July 1909, he was appointed as a Junior Lord of the Treasury, which meant, in accordance with the times, that he was required to resign his seat and seek re-election to parliament.


1909 High Peak by-election, Electoral history
The seat had been Liberal since Partington gained it from the Conservatives in 1900. He easily held the seat at the last election, with an increased majority;


1909 High Peak by-election, Candidates
The local Liberal Association re-selected 37-year-old Oswald Partington to defend the seat. The Conservatives retained 30-year-old barrister Albert Profumo as their candidate. He had unsuccessfully tried to re-gain the seat from Partington at the last election.


1909 High Peak by-election, Campaign
Polling Day was fixed for 22 July, allowing for a short 17-day campaign.


1909 High Peak by-election, Campaign
On 9 July the Liberals retained a by-election in Cleveland, Yorkshire. On 15 July, the Liberals retained a by-election in nearby Mid Derbyshire. On 20 July, the Liberals retained a by-election in Dumfries Burghs.


1909 High Peak by-election, Campaign
The major incident of the campaign was Partington's challenge to fight a reporter of the Sheffield Daily Telegraph. The presses of that paper had been used to print the High Peak Elector, a campaign newspaper published by the Conservatives, which Partington claimed had slighted his wife, Clara.


1909 High Peak by-election, Result
The Liberals held the seat and managed a slightly reduced majority;


1909 Holy Cross football team
The 1909 Holy Cross football team was an American football team that represented the College of the Holy Cross in the 1909 college football season.


1909 Holy Cross football team
In its third year under head coach Timothy F. Larkin, the team compiled a 2–4–2 record. Edward F. Sweeney was the team captain.


1909 Holy Cross football team
Holy Cross played its home games at Fitton Field on the college campus in Worcester, Massachusetts.


1909 Holy Trinity Hilltoppers football team
The 1909 Holy Trinity Hilltoppers football team represented the Holy Trinity College during the 1909 college football season. The team posted a 7–3 record and won the North Texas Interscholastic Association.


1909 Home Nations Championship
The 1909 Home Nations Championship was the twenty-seventh series of the rugby union Home Nations Championship. Six matches were played between 16 January and 20 March. It was contested by England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales.


1909 Home Nations Championship
Although not officially part of the tournament until 1910, matches were arranged with the French national team which were played during the Championship. During the 1909 Championship, three Home Nations faced France; England, Wales and Ireland. As they had done in the 1908 Championship, Wales beat all three Home Nation opponents and France, taking the Championship title, the Triple Crown and the Grand Slam.


1909 Home Nations Championship, Table, Scoring system
The matches for this season were decided on points scored. A try was worth three points, while converting a kicked goal from the try gave an additional two points. A dropped goal was worth four points, while a goal from mark and penalty goals were worth three points.


1909 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Wales vs. England
Wales: Jack Bancroft (Swansea), Phil Hopkins (Swansea), Billy Trew (Swansea) capt., Johnnie Williams (Cardiff), Jack Jones (Newport), Dick Jones (Swansea), Dicky Owen (Swansea), Jake Blackmore (Abertillery), George Travers (Pill Harriers), George Hayward (Swansea), John Alf Brown (Cardiff), Billy O'Neill (Cardiff), Jim Webb (Abertillery), Tom Evans (Llanelli), Ivor Morgan (Swansea)


1909 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Wales vs. England
England: John Jackett (Leicester), Edgar Mobbs (Northampton), Frank Tarr (Oxford University), EW Assinder (Old Edwardians), BB Bennetts (Penzance), J Davey (Redruth) TG Wedge (St. Ives), JG Cooper (Moseley), Robert Dibble (Bridgwater & Albion) capt., WA Johns (Gloucester), AL Kewney (Leicester), AD Warrington-Morris (US Portsmouth), FG Handford (Manchester), H Archer (Guy's Hospital), ET Ibbitson (Headingley)


1909 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Scotland vs. Wales
Scotland: DG Schulze (Royal Navy College, Dartmouth), AW Angus (Watsonians), H Martin (Edinburgh Acads), CM Gilray (London Scottish), JT Simson (Watsonians), George Cunnigham (Oxford University), JM Tennant (West of Scotland), A Ross (Royal HSFP), GM Frew (Glasgow HSFP), JC MacCallum (Watsonians), JS Wilson (London Scottish), GC Gowlland (London Scottish), JM MacKenzie (Edinburgh University), JMB Scott (Edinburgh Acads.) capt., WE Kyle (Hawick)


1909 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Scotland vs. Wales
Wales: Jack Bancroft (Swansea), Mel Baker (Newport), Billy Trew (Swansea) capt., Johnnie Williams (Cardiff), Jack Jones (Newport), Dick Jones (Swansea), Dicky Owen (Swansea), Edwin Thomas Maynard (Newport), George Travers (Pill Harriers), Dick Thomas (Mountain Ash), John Alf Brown (Cardiff), Jim Webb (Abertillery), Tom Evans (Llanelli), Ivor Morgan (Swansea), James Watts (Llanelli)


1909 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Ireland vs. England
Ireland: WP Hinton (Old Wesley), HB Thrift (Wanderers), James Cecil Parke (Monkstown), C Thompson (Collegians), EC Deane (Monkstown), FNB Smartt (Dublin University), G Pinion (Monkstown), GT Hamlet (Old Wesley), T Smyth (Malone), OJS Piper (Cork Constitution), F Gardiner (NIFC) capt., C Adams (Old Wesley), BA Solomons (Dublin University), HG Wilson (Malone), MG Garry (Bective Rangers)


1909 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Ireland vs. England
England: John Jackett (Leicester), Edgar Mobbs (Northampton), Cyril Wright (Cambridge University), Ronnie Poulton-Palmer (Oxford University), AC Palmer (London H.), F Hutchinson (Headingley) HJH Sibree (Harlequins), HJS Morton (Cambridge University), Robert Dibble (Bridgwater & Albion) capt., WA Johns (Gloucester), AL Kewney (Leicester), AJ Wilson (Camborne School of Mines), FG Handford (Manchester), H Archer (Guy's Hospital), ET Ibbitson (Headingley)


1909 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Scotland vs. Ireland
Scotland: DG Schulze (Royal Navy College, Dartmouth), J Pearson (Watsonians), T Sloan (London Scottish), RH Lindsay-Watson (Hawick), JT Simson (Watsonians), JR McGregor (Edinburgh University), JM Tennant (West of Scotland), A Ross (Royal HSFP), GM Frew (Glasgow HSFP), JC MacCallum (Watsonians), CD Stuart (West of Scotland), WE Lely (London Scottish), JM MacKenzie (Edinburgh University), JMB Scott (Edinburgh Acads.) capt., WE Kyle (Hawick)


1909 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Scotland vs. Ireland
Ireland: WP Hinton (Old Wesley), HB Thrift (Wanderers), James Cecil Parke (Monkstown), C Thompson (Collegians), RM Magrath (Cork Constitution), F Gardiner (NIFC) capt., G Pinion (Monkstown), GT Hamlet (Old Wesley), T Smyth (Malone), OJS Piper (Cork Constitution), T Helpin (Garryowen), JC Blackham (Queens College, Cork), BA Solomons (Dublin University), HG Wilson (Malone), MG Garry (Bective Rangers)


1909 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Wales vs. Ireland
Wales: Jack Bancroft (Swansea), Phil Hopkins (Swansea), Billy Trew (Swansea) capt., Johnnie Williams (Cardiff), Jack Jones (Newport), Dick Jones (Swansea), Dicky Owen (Swansea), Edwin Thomas Maynard (Newport), George Travers (Pill Harriers), Rees Thomas (Pontypool), Phil Waller (Newport), Jim Webb (Abertillery), Tom Evans (Llanelli), Ivor Morgan (Swansea), James Watts (Llanelli)


1909 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Wales vs. Ireland
Ireland: GJ Henebrey (Garryowen), HB Thrift (Wanderers), James Cecil Parke (Monkstown), C Thompson (Collegians), TJ Greeves (NIFC), FM McCormac (Wanderers), G Pinion (Monkstown), GT Hamlet (Old Wesley) capt., T Smyth (Malone), OJS Piper (Cork Constitution), T Helpin (Garryowen), JC Blackham (Queens College, Cork), BA Solomons (Dublin University), HG Wilson (Malone), MG Garry (Bective Rangers)


1909 Home Nations Championship, The matches, England vs. Scotland
England: John Jackett (Leicester), Edgar Mobbs (Northampton), Cyril Wright (Cambridge University), Ronnie Poulton-Palmer (Oxford University), AC Palmer (London H.), F Hutchinson (Headingley) HJH Sibree (Harlequins), HJS Morton (Cambridge University), Robert Dibble (Bridgwater & Albion) capt., WA Johns (Gloucester), AL Kewney (Leicester), Harold Harrison (Royal Marines), FG Handford (Manchester), FB Watson (US Portsmouth), ET Ibbitson (Headingley)


1909 Home Nations Championship, The matches, England vs. Scotland
Scotland: DG Schulze (Royal Navy College, Dartmouth), J Pearson (Watsonians), H Martin (Edinburgh Acads), CM Gilray (London Scottish), JT Simson (Watsonians), George Cunningham (Oxford University) capt., JM Tennant (West of Scotland), James Reid Kerr (Greenock Wanderers), GM Frew (Glasgow HSFP), JC MacCallum (Watsonians), AR Moodie (St Andrews Uni), GC Gowlland (London Scottish), JM MacKenzie (Edinburgh University), JMB Scott (Edinburgh Acads. ), WE Kyle (Hawick)


1909 Home Nations Championship, French matches, England vs. France
England: John Jackett (Leicester), Edgar Mobbs (Northampton), Frank Tarr (Leicester), Ronnie Poulton-Palmer (Oxford University), T Simpson, F Hutchinson (Headingley) RH Williamson, CA Bolton, Robert Dibble (Bridgwater & Albion) capt., WA Johns (Gloucester), AL Kewney (Leicester), AD Warrington-Morris, FG Handford (Manchester), H Archer (Guy's Hospital), ET Ibbitson (Headingley)


1909 Home Nations Championship, French matches, England vs. France
France:  J Caujolle, T Varvier (Stade Français), H Houblain, E Lesieur (Stade Français), Gaston Lane (Racing Club de France), A Hubert (Association Sportive Français), A Theuriet, A Masse (Stade Bordelais Universitaire), R Duval, P Guillemin, J Icard, R de Malmann (Racing Club de France), Marcel Communeau (Stade Français) capt., G Borchard, G Fourcade


1909 Home Nations Championship, French matches, France vs. Wales
France:  E de Jouvencel, T Varvier (Stade Français), P Sagot, E Lesieur (Stade Français), Gaston Lane (Racing Club de France), A Hubert (Association Sportive Français), A Theuriet, A Masse (Stade Bordelais Universitaire), P Dupre, P Mauriat (Lyon), J Icard, R de Malmann (Racing Club de France), Marcel Communeau (Stade Français) capt., G Borchard, G Fourcade


1909 Home Nations Championship, French matches, France vs. Wales
Wales: Jack Bancroft (Swansea), Mel Baker (Newport), Billy Trew (Swansea) capt., Johnnie Williams (Cardiff), Jack Jones (Newport), Dick Jones (Swansea), Dicky Owen (Swansea), Edwin Thomas Maynard (Newport), Thomas Lloyd (Neath), Rees Thomas (Pontypool), Phil Waller (Newport), Jim Webb (Abertillery), Tom Evans (Llanelli), Ivor Morgan (Swansea), James Watts (Llanelli)


1909 Home Nations Championship, French matches, Ireland vs. France
Ireland: GJ Henebrey (Garryowen), HB Thrift (Wanderers), James Cecil Parke (Monkstown), C Thompson (Collegians), TJ Greeves (NIFC), JJ O'Connor, G Pinion (Monkstown), GT Hamlet (Old Wesley), C Adams (Old Wesley), OJS Piper (Cork Constitution), T Helpin (Garryowen), JC Blackham (Queens College, Cork), BA Solomons (Dublin University), F Gardiner (NIFC) capt., MG Garry (Bective Rangers)


1909 Home Nations Championship, French matches, Ireland vs. France
France:  E de Jouvencel, M Burgun, F Mouronval, E Lesieur (Stade Français), Gaston Lane (Racing Club de France), A Hubert (Association Sportive Français), C Martin, M Legraine, P Guillemin, P Mauriat (Lyon), M Hourdebaigt, R de Malmann (Racing Club de France), Marcel Communeau (Stade Français) capt., G Borchard, J Gommes


1909 Hong Kong sanitary board election
The 1909 Sanitary Board Election was held on 20 January 1909 was the second election for the 2 unofficial seats in the Sanitary Board of Hong Kong. It was the first election with more than two contestants since 1903.


1909 Hong Kong sanitary board election
An Amendment of the Public Health and Buildings Ordinance passed in 1908 by the Legislative Council slightly extended the electorate, reorganised the powers of the Board and officially defined the jurisdictions of the Board were Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and New Kowloon.


1909 Hong Kong sanitary board election
It was the first election with more than two contestants since the 1903 one. Four candidates ran in the election and among them Augustus Shelton Hooper and G. H. L. Fitzwilliams were elected.


1909 Howard Bulldogs football team
The 1909 Howard Bulldogs football team represented Howard College as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) in the 1909 college football season. The team was led by head coach John Longwell.


1909 IAAUS baseball season
The 1909 IAAUS baseball season, play of college baseball in the United States organized by the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States (IAAUS), a forerunner of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), began in the spring of 1909. Play largely consisted of regional matchups, some organized by conferences, and ended in June. No national championship event was held until 1947.


1909 IAAUS baseball season, Conference winners
This is a partial list of conference champions from the 1909 season.


1909 Idaho football team
The 1909 Idaho football team represented the University of Idaho in the 1909 college football season. Idaho was led by first-year head coach John S. Grogan, and played as an independent.


1909 Illinois Fighting Illini football team
The 1909 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois during the 1909 college football season. In their fourth season under head coach Arthur R. Hall, the Illini compiled a 5–2 record and finished in third place in the Western Conference. End Benjamin F. Baum was the team captain.


1909 Indiana Hoosiers football team
The 1909 Indiana Hoosiers football team was an American football team that represented Indiana University Bloomington during the 1909 college football season. In their fifth season under head coach James M. Sheldon, the Hoosiers compiled a 4–3 record, finished in a tie for fifth place in the Big Nine Conference, and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 129 to 53.


1909 Inter-State Series
The 1909 Inter-State Series was the inaugural inter-state ice hockey championship in Australia.


1909 Inter-State Series, The series
The first inter-state ice hockey championship was held between a state representative team from Victoria and from New South Wales. This tournament was a best-of-3 format and saw Victoria win the series 2 games to 1. New South Wales was represented by a newly formed team in 1909 and traveled to Melbourne on 29 August 1909 which marked the first national interstate competition for senior men's hockey in Australia.


1909 Inter-State Series, The series
31 August 1909 as the first interstate ice hockey championship series to take place in Australia, there was anticipation for the event in the media. The scoring in the game began with a goal by New South Wales captain, Norman Ducker. The score remained 1-0 for the visiting New South Wales team by the end of the first half of play. The second half started off with a quick goal by Les Turnbull to increase the score to 2–0 in favor of New South Wales. Victoria were able to only score one goal later in the second half with a goal by Andrew Reid to bring the score to 2–1. The final score of the game saw the larger New South Wales team defeat Victoria 2–1.


1909 Inter-State Series, The series
Friday 3 September 1909 the Victorian team defeated the New South Wales team 1–0, giving Victorian goaltender Charles Watt the first recorded shutout in Interstate series history.


1909 Inter-State Series, The series
Saturday 4 September 1909 saw both teams enter the final game of the inaugural interstate competition having one game each. The first goal was scored by Andrew Reid of Victoria. The second goal was from a rush by Keith Walker to increase the lead for team Victoria to 2-0 and the end of the first half of game play. Within approximately 3 minutes of the 2nd half of the game, Norman Ducker was on a rush with Arthur Cuthbertson following close behind and shot at the net with making the save but Cuthbertson quickly buried the rebound.


1909 Inter-State Series, The series
Victoria would go on to dominate the game with Victoria captain Robert Jackson scoring 3 quick goals and in the final moments of the game Walker scored from a pass by Andrew Reid. Victoria defeated New South Wales 6-1 and became the first team to win the interstate championship in Australia.


1909 Inter-State Series, Teams, New South Wales
The New South Wales team was made from the following players


1909 Inter-State Series, Player statistics, Leading goaltenders
The following goaltenders led the interstate championship for goals against average.


1909 International Cross Country Championships
The 1909 International Cross Country Championships was held in Derby, England, at the Derby Racecourse on 20 March 1909. A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald.


1909 International Cross Country Championships
Complete results, medallists,  and the results of British athletes were published.


1909 International Cross Country Championships, Participation
An unofficial count yields the participation of 51 athletes from 5 countries.


1909 International Lawn Tennis Challenge
The 1909 International Lawn Tennis Challenge was the ninth edition of what is now known as the Davis Cup. For the second straight year, only the British Isles and the United States would challenge Australasia for the Cup. After defeating the British in Philadelphia, the US traveled to Sydney, but was defeated again by the Australasian team. The final was played at the Double Bay Grounds on 27–30 November.


1909 Invercargill mayoral election
The 1909 Invercargill mayoral election was held on 29 April 1909 as part of that years local elections.


1909 Invercargill mayoral election
Former mayor Charles Stephen Longuet was elected again, ending the long second reign of William Benjamin Scandrett.


1909 Iowa Hawkeyes football team
The 1909 Iowa Hawkeyes football team represented the University of Iowa in the 1909 college football season. This was John G. Griffith's first and only season as head coach of the Hawkeyes.


1909 Iowa State Cyclones football team
The 1909 Iowa State Cyclones football team represented Iowa State College of Agricultural and Mechanic Arts (later renamed Iowa State University) in the Missouri Valley Conference during the 1909 college football season. In their third season under head coach Clyde Williams, the Cyclones compiled a 4–4 record (2–2 against conference opponents), tied for fifth place in the conference, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 82 to 62. W.H. Willmarth was the team captain.


1909 Iowa State Cyclones football team
Between 1892 and 1913, the football team played on a field that later became the site of the university's Parks Library. The field was known as State Field; when the new field opened in 1914, it became known as "New State Field".


1909 Iowa State Normals football team
The 1909 Iowa State Normals football team represented Iowa State Normal School (later renamed University of Northern Iowa) as an independent during the 1909 college football season. In its second and final season under head coach Clayton B. Simmons, the team compiled a 6–0 record, shut out four of six opponents, and outscored all opponents by a total of 131 to 32.


1909 Isle of Man TT
The third Isle of Man Tourist Trophy motorcycle race was held on Thursday, September 23, 1909 at the St John's Short Course, Isle of Man. The race was ten laps of the 15 mile 1,430 yards course, a total race distance of 158.125 miles. There was no limit on fuel consumption and the singles and twins, limited to 500 and 750cc respectively, ran together. The men were sent off in pairs at half-minute intervals. Giosue Giuppone became the first Italian rider to finish the race twelfth place on a new 84x86mm (476cc) Peugeot. Ernesto Gnesa had taken part of 1908 Isle of Man TT a year before, retirering on the first lap.


1909 Isle of Man TT, 500 Single & 750 Twin Results Open Class Race
Thursday 23 September 1909 – 10 laps (158 ⅛ miles) St. John's Short Course.


1909 Italian Athletics Championships
The 1909 Italian Athletics Championships  were held in Rome. it was the 4th edition of the Italian Athletics Championships.


1909 Italian Championship of Football
The Italian Championship was a secondary football tournament in 1909 Italy where foreign players were not allowed to play; the winners would be proclaimed Campioni Italiani (Italian Champions).


1909 Italian Championship of Football
It remained meaningless after Pro Vercelli's victory of the 1909 Italian Football Championship using an all-Italian squad, and when it was boycotted by all major clubs it was consequently annulled by the Italian Football Federation.


1909 Italian Championship of Football, Italian Championship, Final
Juventus won as a prize for the victory the Coppa Buni, while the title wasn't recognized by FIGC.


1909 Italian Football Championship
The 1909 Italian Football Championship season was won by Pro Vercelli.


1909 Italian Football Championship
In this season, as in the previous one, two championships of Prima Categoria were played:


1909 Italian Football Championship
The winner of Federal Championship was Pro Vercelli. They won as a prize Coppa Oberti.


1909 Italian Football Championship
The winner of Italian Championship was Juventus. They won as a prize Coppa Buni.


1909 Italian Football Championship
However, the "spurious international teams" (the clubs composed mostly of foreign players), adversing the autarchical policy of the FIF, decided to withdraw from Italian Championship in order to make the Federal competition the most relevant tournament and to diminish the Italian one. More, Pro Vercelli's victory of the Federal Championship (where Juventus was soon eliminated) with an all-Italian squad transformed the Italian Championship into a meaningless tournament. The dissenters' strategy worked out: the failure of the Italian Championship won by Juventus forced the Federation to later recognized the Federal Champions of Pro Vercelli as "Campioni d'Italia 1909", disavowing the other tournament.


1909 Italian Football Championship, Federal Championship, Qualifications, Piedmont
Due to the fact that both teams won a match (aggregate total was not applied), a tie break was needed.


1909 Italian general election
General elections were held in Italy on 7 March 1909, with a second round of voting on 14 March. The "ministerial" left-wing bloc remained the largest in Parliament, winning 329 of the 508 seats.


1909 Italian general election, Electoral system
The election was held using 508 single-member constituencies. However, prior to the election the electoral law was amended so that candidates needed only an absolute majority of votes to win their constituency, abolishing the second requirement of receiving the votes of at least one-sixth of registered voters.


1909 Italian general election, Historical background
The right-wing leader Sidney Sonnino succeed to Giolitti's protégé Alessandro Fortis as Prime Minister on 1906. But his cabinet had a short lift; anyway Sonnino formed an alliance with France on the colonial expansion in North Africa. His government lasted only few months.


1909 Italian general election, Historical background
After Sonnino's resignation Giovanni Giolitti returned to power in 1906. Many critics accused Giolitti of manipulating the elections, piling up majorities with the restricted suffrage at the time, using the prefects just as his contenders. However, he did refine the practice in the elections of 1904 and 1909 that gave the liberals secure majorities.


1909 Italian general election, Historical background
In the election, The Right lost his important position in the Parliament, replaced by the Radical Party of Ettore Sacchi, who became an ally of Giolitti and the Italian Socialist Party of Filippo Turati, which continued its strong opposition to the Left governments.


1909 Kansas Jayhawks football team
The 1909 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the Missouri Valley Conference during the 1909 college football season. In their sixth season under head coach A. R. Kennedy, the Jayhawks compiled an 8–1 record (3–1 against conference opponents), finished in second place in the conference, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 172 to 22. The Jayhawks played their home games at McCook Field in Lawrence, Kansas. Carl Pleasant was the team captain.


1909 Kansas State Aggies football team
The 1909 Kansas State Aggies football team represented Kansas State Agricultural College (now Kansas State University) in the 1909 college football season. In their fifth year under head coach Mike Ahearn, the Aggies compiled a 7–2 record, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 320 to 11.


1909 Kendall Orange and Black football team
The 1909 Kendall Orange and Black football team represented Henry Kendall College (later renamed the University of Tulsa) during the 1909 college football season. The team compiled a 2–1 record and was outscored by its opponents by a combined total of 33 to 23. The team played only one intercollegiate football game, a 22-6 loss to Northeastern State. Its two victories came in games against Claremore High School.


1909 Kentucky Derby
The 1909 Kentucky Derby was the 35th running of the Kentucky Derby. The race took place on May 3, 1909. Horses T.M. Green, Ada Meade, and Woolwinder scratched before the race.


1909 Kentucky State College Blue and White football team
The 1909 Kentucky State College Blue and White football team represented Kentucky State College—now known as the University of Kentucky—during the 1909 college football season. When the Kentucky team was welcomed home after the upset win over Illinois, Philip Carbusier said that they had "fought like wildcats", a nickname that stuck.


1909 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
The 1909 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship was the 21st staging of the Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Kilkenny County Board.


1909 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
On 1 May 1910, Erin's Own won the championship after a 1–12 to 1–07 defeat of Mooncoin in the final. This was their second championship title overall and their first in four championship seasons.


1909 LSU Tigers football team
The 1909 LSU Tigers football team represented the LSU Tigers of Louisiana State University during the 1909 college football season. The LSU team posted a 6–2 record, losing to Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) champion Sewanee and to an undefeated Arkansas. Notable victories include those over Mississippi and Alabama.


1909 LSU Tigers football team
John W. Mayhew, a former halfback at Brown, took over as coach for former Vanderbilt lineman Joe Pritchard midway through the season. College Football Hall of Fame inductee Doc Fenton started at quarterback.


1909 LSU Tigers football team, Season summary, Jackson Barracks
The season opened with a 70–0 win over Jackson Barracks of New Orleans.


1909 LSU Tigers football team, Season summary, Ole Miss
In a hard-fought game, the Tigers beat the Ole Miss team, 10–0.


1909 LSU Tigers football team, Season summary, Ole Miss
The starting lineup was Hall (left end), Hillman (left tackle), Ryan (left guard), Stovall (center), Thomas (right guard), Pollock (right tackle), Seip (right end), Allbright (quarterback), R. F. Stovall (left halfback), McCullam (right halfback), Gill (fullback).


1909 LSU Tigers football team, Season summary, Mississippi A&M
In the third week of play, LSU swamped Mississippi A&M 15–0.


1909 LSU Tigers football team, Season summary, Mississippi A&M
The starting lineup was Hall (left end), Hillman (left tackle), Falcon (left guard), Stovall (center), Thomas (right guard), Pollock (right tackle), Seip (right end), Fenton (quarterback), R. F. Stovall (left halfback), McCullam (right halfback), Gill (fullback).


1909 LSU Tigers football team, Season summary, Sewanee
LSU lost to SIAA champion Sewanee in New Orleans 15–6. According to Vanderbilt coach Dan McGugin, Sewanee won due to better punting.


1909 LSU Tigers football team, Season summary, Sewanee
Sewanee scored with an Aubrey Lanier touchdown and Moise drop kick in the first half. LSU scored when, after blocking a punt, Robert L. Stovall recovered the ball for a touchdown. Soon after, President William Howard Taft showed up to the game for about ten minutes. Sewanee added another touchdown.


1909 LSU Tigers football team, Season summary, Sewanee
The starting lineup was  Williams (left end), Faulkenberry (left tackle), Cheape (left guard), Juhan (center), Cox (right guard), Moise (right tackle), Gillem (right end), Brown (quarterback), Myers (left halfback), Lanier (right halfback), Hawkins (fullback).


1909 LSU Tigers football team, Season summary, Louisiana Industrial
On a Thursday, LSU beat Louisiana Industrial, 23–0, giving the team its only loss on the season.


1909 LSU Tigers football team, Season summary, Arkansas
The Tigers were powerless to stop the favored Arkansas Razorbacks in a 16–0 loss. The game was characterized by several offsides penalties on both sides.


1909 LSU Tigers football team, Season summary, Arkansas
The starting lineup was Hall (left end), Hillman (left tackle), Drew (left guard), R. F. Stovall (center), Thomas (right guard), Seip (right tackle), R. L. Stovall (right end), Fenton (quarterback), Gill (left halfback), McCullum (right halfback), Tilley (fullback).


1909 LSU Tigers football team, Season summary, Transylvania
LSU defeated Transylvania 32–0, scoring at will in the second half.


1909 LSU Tigers football team, Season summary, Alabama
John Seip starred in the 12–6 victory over Alabama. "The consensus of opinion was that Alabama would have won but for Pratt's absence."


1909 LSU Tigers football team, Season summary, Alabama
The starting lineup was Hall (left end), Seip (left tackle), Thomas (left guard), Stovall (center), Drew (right guard), Hillman (tackle), R. Stovall (right end), Gill (quarterback), Howell (left halfback), McCollum (right halfback), Ryan (fullback).


1909 LSU Tigers football team, Postseason
Fenton was selected All-Southern by John Heisman. End John Seip was selected such by Grantland Rice.


1909 Lafayette football team
The 1909 Lafayette football team represented Lafayette College in the 1909 college football season. Lafayette shut out seven of its eight opponents and finished with a 7–0–1 record in their first year under head coach Bob Folwell. Significant games included victories over Princeton (6–0) and Lehigh (21–0). The only blemish on the team's record was a 6–6 tie with Penn. The 1909 Lafayette team outscored its opponents by a combined total of 176 to 6. Lafayette fullback George McCaa received recognition on the 1909 College Football All-America Team, as a third-team selection by Walter Camp and a second-team selection by The New York Times.


1909 Lehigh Brown and White football team
The 1909 Lehigh Brown and White football team was an American football team represented Lehigh University as an independent during the 1909 college football season. The team compiled a 4–3–2 record. Byron W. Dickson was the head coach.


1909 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
The 1909 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship was the 18th staging of the Limerick Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Limerick County Board in 1887.


1909 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
Castleconnell won the championship after a 9-12 to 3-10 defeat of Croom in the final. It remains their only championship title.


1909 Liverpool City Council election
Elections to Liverpool City Council were held on 1 November 1909.


1909 Liverpool City Council election, Ward results
Comparisons are made with the 1909 election results, as the retiring councillors were elected in that year.


1909 Liège–Bastogne–Liège
The 1909 Liège–Bastogne–Liège was the fifth edition of the Liège–Bastogne–Liège cycle race and was held on 16 May 1909. The race started and finished in Liège. The race was won by Victor Fastre.


1909 Louisiana Industrial football team
The 1909 Louisiana Industrial football team was an American football team that represented the Louisiana Industrial Institute—now known as Louisiana Tech University—as an independent during the 1909 college football season. Led by first-year head coach Percy S. Prince, Louisiana Industrial compiled a record of 4–1. The team's captain was A. A. Smith.


1909 Major League Baseball season
The 1909 Major League Baseball season was contested from April 12 to October 16, 1909. The Pittsburgh Pirates and Detroit Tigers were the regular season champions of the National League and American League, respectively. The Pirates then defeated the Tigers in the World Series, four games to three.


1909 Major League Baseball season
In the National League, the Chicago Cubs had a record of 104–49, but finished 6+1⁄2 games behind the Pirates, setting a record for the most wins in an MLB regular season without reaching the postseason, which has only been equalled once, by the 1942 Brooklyn Dodgers, who had a record of 104–50.


1909 Maltese general election
General elections were held in Malta on 11 and 12 October 1909. For the first time since 1895, all seats were contested.


1909 Maltese general election, Background
The elections were held under the Chamberlain Constitution, with members elected from eight single-member constituencies.


1909 Maltese general election, Results
A total of 7,377 people were registered to vote, with 3,354 votes cast, giving a turnout of 46%.


1909 Marquette Blue and Gold football team
The 1909 Marquette Blue and Gold football team was an American football team that represented Marquette University as an independent during the 1909 college football season. Under head coach William Juneau, Marquette compiled a 2–2–1 record and outscored its opponents, 38 to 16. Marquette's most notable contest occurred on November 25 against undefeated Notre Dame, who was hailed as undisputed champion of the west after their defeat of Michigan three weeks prior.


1909 Marshall Thundering Herd football team
The 1909 Marshall Thundering Herd football team represented Marshall College (now Marshall University) in the 1909 college football season. Marshall posted a 3–2–1 record, outscoring its opposition 107–95. Home games were played on a campus field called "Central Field" which is presently Campus Commons.


1909 Maryland Aggies football team
The 1909 Maryland Aggies football team represented Maryland Agricultural College (later part of the University of Maryland) in the 1909 college football season. The Aggies compiled a 2–5 record, were shut out by five opponents, and were outscored by all opponents, 101 to 19. Edward Larkin and William Lang were the team's coaches.


1909 Massachusetts Aggies football team
The 1909 Massachusetts Aggies football team represented Massachusetts Agricultural College in the 1909 college football season. The team was coached by J. W. Gage and played its home games at Alumni Field in Amherst, Massachusetts. The 1909 season was Gage's only as head coach of the Aggies. Massachusetts finished the season with a record of 1–6–2.


1909 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1909 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1909. Incumbent Governor Republican Eben S. Draper was re-elected, defeating Democratic nominee James H. Vahey with 48.64% of the vote.


1909 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Democratic nomination, Results
At the Democratic state convention, held on September 30 at Faneuil Hall, Vahey defeated Coughlin by 384 votes to 198.


1909 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Republican nomination, Results
At the Republican state convention, held on October 2, Draper was re-nominated by acclamation.


1909 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Bibliography
This Massachusetts-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1909 Massachusetts legislature
The 130th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1909 during the governorship of Eben Sumner Draper. Allen T. Treadway served as president of the Senate and Joseph Walker served as speaker of the House.


1909 Mercer Baptists football team
The 1909 Mercer Baptists football team represented Mercer University in the 1909 college football season.


1909 Miami Redskins football team
The 1909 Miami Redskins football team was an American football team that represented Miami University as an independent during the 1909 college football season. In head coach Harold Iddings' first year, the Redskins compiled a 3–4 record and outscored their opponents 96 to 83.


1909 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team
The 1909 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team represented Michigan Agricultural College (MAC) in the 1909 college football season. In their seventh year under head coach Chester Brewer, the Aggies compiled an 8–1 record, shut out eight opponents, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 291 to 17.


1909 Michigan State Normal Normalites football team
The 1909 Michigan State Normal Normalites football team represented Michigan State Normal College (later renamed Eastern Michigan University) during the 1909 college football season. In their first and only season under head coach Clare Hunter, the Normalites compiled a record of 2–4 and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 45 to 44. Allen F. Sherzer was the team captain.


1909 Michigan Wolverines football team
The 1909 Michigan Wolverines football team represented the University of Michigan in the 1909 college football season. The team's head coach was Fielding H. Yost in his ninth year at Michigan. The Wolverines compiled a record of 6–1, outscored opponents 116 to 34, and held six of seven opponents to six points or less.


1909 Michigan Wolverines football team
The team began its season with four consecutive victories, including close calls against Case (3–0) and Marquette (6–5) and dominating performances against Ohio State (33–6) and Syracuse (44–0). The team's sole setback came in the fifth game, losing to Notre Dame (11–3) for the first time in nine games between them. Following the game, a Detroit newspaper described Notre Dame's predominantly Irish-American lineup as a group of "Fighting Irishmen", giving birth to the team's nickname.


1909 Michigan Wolverines football team
The Wolverines then finished the season with impressive road victories over two of the best teams in the country. In Philadelphia, they defeated the 1908 national champion Penn Quakers, 12–6, breaking the Quakers' 23-game winning streak. In Minneapolis, they defeated the previously unbeaten 1909 Western Conference champions from Minnesota, 15–6. The 1909 Minnesota game was the first game played for possession of the Little Brown Jug, the oldest rivalry trophy in college football.


1909 Michigan Wolverines football team
Several players from the 1909 Michigan team received recognition for their performance. Left guard Albert Benbrook was the first Western lineman (and the fifth Western player at any position) to be selected as a first-team All-American by Walter Camp. Both of Michigan's halfbacks, Dave Allerdice and Joe Magidsohn, were chosen by Camp as second-team All-Americans and also received first-team honors on Walter Eckersall's All-Western team in the Chicago Daily Tribune. Allerdice, who was the 1909 team captain, also received first-team All-American honors from The New York Times and syndicated sports columnist Tommy Clark. Magidsohn was the first Jewish athlete to win a varsity "M" at the University of Michigan. Andrew Smith was also named the first-team All-Western center, despite having only moved to the position for the last two games of the season.


1909 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season
In July 1909, Michigan hired Philip Bartelme as the school's second athletic director following the resignation of Charles A. Baird. The change in athletic directors led to speculation that Michigan might be prepared to return to the Western Conference. In September 1909, Barthelme stated his intention to return Michigan to the conference, though he did not think the time was yet right. He told the press, "I always have thought that Michigan's place is in the conference, and moreover, I have thought that when conditions were so we could return, it would be the only thing for us to do.


1909 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season
However, I am not so sure that that time has come." He noted that the "training table" was the biggest obstacle to Michigan's rejoining the conference and contended that the training table was "a great factor in getting the men into the condition necessary for hard football" and avoiding serious injuries.