1917 Sacramento Governor's Mansion bombing, Background
Well known militant and socialist as well as suspected dynamitist, Thomas Mooney, was tried and convicted in 1916 for the Preparedness Day Bombing in San Francisco, which led to the death of ten and injury of forty more. His trial, it seemed, was nothing more than a show with coached witnesses and the air of a lynch mob.


1917 Sacramento Governor's Mansion bombing, Background
While the American Socialist Party was at first ready to expel him, his local branch stood by him and he began to gain the support of an increasingly agitated domestic and international left wing community, which only further radicalized with the introduction of the draft. So much so that Woodrow Wilson felt compelled to start a letter writing campaign to the Governor of California William Stephens to commute Mooney's death sentence.


1917 Sacramento Governor's Mansion bombing, Background
Stephens seemed to have missed his chance when in November 1917, the San Francisco Call ran an exposé suggesting Mooney was framed by prosecutors, basing its findings on a federal investigation conducted under Wilson's orders. (The allegations later gained even more veracity: the prosecution’s case was riddled with perjury, corruption, suppression of evidence, conflict of interest, and other irregularities ignored by prosecutors.) In the meantime, efforts to recall local District Attorney Charles Fickert, who spearheaded the effort to prosecute Mooney, grew more and more promising with each passing day.


1917 Sacramento Governor's Mansion bombing, Bombing
At 11:55 p.m. on December 17, 1917, the Governor and his wife Flora awoke to what they described as a "nervous shock". While no one was injured, including all of the servants, windows were shattered as far as two to three blocks away. When the police arrived, they found Governor Stephens, with little care, wading through the wet, muddy basement in search of a clue as to how the bomb had been placed.


1917 Sacramento Governor's Mansion bombing, Bombing
While neither he nor his guard had seen the perpetrator nor the act first hand, they both expressed the belief that the bomb had been thrown from an alley running about 40 feet from the rear of the house. As for the motive, Stephens was convinced of it "probably having been done with a view to terrorism, the chief weapon of the alien enemy," a claim likely linked to his recent series of addresses urging support for the war.


1917 Sacramento Governor's Mansion bombing, Bombing
Accounts of one to two men seen fleeing the scene as crowds began to gather were recorded, but none were found despite an extensive search of downtown.


1917 Sacramento Governor's Mansion bombing, Aftermath
Almost immediately, the Sacramento Chief of Police and most newspapers blamed the Industrial Workers of the World. On Christmas Eve, two members of the IWW were arrested after police claimed they'd picked up dynamite at the union's headquarters in Sacramento. Three days later, the Governor received a letter giving him an ultimatum: $50,000 or nine bombs will be set off across the city.


1917 Sacramento Governor's Mansion bombing, Aftermath
While nothing came of the letter, police raided locals across Northern California and a further 51 union workers were arrested and thrown in jail in January 1918, where 5 died (four to the influenza epidemic and one to tuberculosis) A further 46 were charged with conspiracy to violate the Espionage Act in spite of protests from a local Department of Justice agent.


1917 Sacramento Governor's Mansion bombing, Aftermath
His concerns regarding the prosecution's motives fell on deaf ears in large part because Governor Stephens, Assistant Attorney General Raymond General, the President of the Sacramento Chamber of Commerce and the publisher of the Sacramento Bee all pushed hard for charges and a conviction. Their efforts succeeded and in January 1919, a jury took one hour to convict all 46. All but three were sentenced from 1 to 10 years. The exceptions included two who had access to attorneys and received 2 month sentences as well as the one woman who received a fine. In total, 2,000 Wobblies (IWW members) were arrested between 1917 and 1918 for "anarchism" or "anti-war efforts".


1917 Sacramento Governor's Mansion bombing, Aftermath
Weeks after the trial of the 46 IWW members, the California Criminal Syndicalism Act was signed into law, making it a felony, punishable by 1 to 14 years in prison, to advocate "violence or sabotage" as a means of bringing about "a change in industrial ownership or control, or affecting any political change." The statute was used to broadly intimidate political opponents from speaking out and was ruled unconstitutional almost 50 years later.


1917 Sacramento Governor's Mansion bombing, Aftermath
This harsh crackdown on labor and the months long anti-union campaigning by the Chamber of Commerce and Downtown Association led many progressives to voice their suspicion. The District Attorney's election had taken place the day after the bombing after all, and the heavy press coverage surely would have helped him. What's more: the bomber didn't seem intent to injure. With all this in mind, a San Francisco reporter on the beat learned that the mansion's guard may have worked with a prominent detective to set up the whole thing. That detective, Martin Swanson, had in fact attempted to set up Mooney in a similar fashion years earlier.


1917 Saint Louis Billikens football team
The 1917 Saint Louis Billikens football team was an American football team that represented Saint Louis University during the 1917 college football season. In their first and only season under head coach Charles M. Rademacher, the Billikens compiled a 4–3–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 79 to 61. The team played its home games at Sportsman's Park at St. Louis.


1917 Saint Mary's Saints football team
The 1917 Saint Mary's Saints football team was an American football team that represented Saint Mary's College of California during the 1917 college football season. The team compiled an 8–1–1 record, shut out seven of ten opponents, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 199 to 46. The sole loss was to the undefeated Mare Island Marines team that also won the 1918 Rose Bowl. With victories over both USC and California, the Saint Mary's team was proclaimed in the press as the California college champion.


1917 Saint Mary's Saints football team
Prior to 1917, Saint Mary's College had not been known as a football power. As of 1917, the school, located on Broadway in Oakland, California, had only 250 students with an average age of 16, and the Oakland Tribune opined that "only about 20 of the students are football material."


1917 Saint Mary's Saints football team
In July 1917, Saint Mary's College hired Russell T. Wilson as its new football coach. Wilson had previously been associated with Whittier College.


1917 Salford North by-election
The Salford North by-election of 1917 was held on 2 November 1917. The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Liberal MP, Sir William Byles. It was won by the Independent Labour Party candidate Ben Tillett.


1917 Samoa earthquake
The 1917 Samoa earthquake occurred on June 26 at 05:49 UTC. The epicenter was located in the southwest of the Samoan Islands. The earthquake had a magnitude of Mw 8.5, or Ms 8.4, one of the strongest earthquakes ever recorded in this region.


1917 Samoa earthquake
Many subsidences were reported. In the mountains, masses of rocks were hurled down. In Apia, violent shaking lasted for about a minute and half. In American Samoa, the LDS Church in Pago Pago and the Catholic Church in Leone were partly demolished. A tsunami was triggered by the earthquake, which affected both American Samoa and German Samoa, which was then under Allied occupation. The tsunami reached a maximum of 40 feet (12 m). The maximum range of the tsunami in Apia was about 80 cm (31 inches). Many houses were destroyed, and a bridge was washed away in Palauli. The tsunami was also recorded in Honolulu and on the west coast of the United States. Just on May 1, 1917, a large earthquake of magnitude Ms  8.0 occurred in the Kermadec Islands region. The tsunami caused by the earthquake in May also hit the Samoan Islands.


1917 Samoa earthquake
The earthquake occurred to the southwest of the Samoa Islands, along the Tonga Plate boundary. The focal mechanism of this earthquake was unclear. This earthquake and the 2009 event were not thought to represent the same repeating process in a same location.


1917 San Diego mayoral election
The 1917 San Diego mayoral election was held on April 3, 1917 to elect the mayor for San Diego. The election became known as the "Smokestacks vs. Geraniums" election because the dominant issue was whether the City's development should focus on planning and beautification or job creation and factories. In the primary election Louis J. Wilde, advocating for "smokestacks", and George Marston, derided as "Geranium George" by his opponents, received the most votes and advanced to the runoff. Wilde was then elected mayor with a majority of the votes.


1917 San Diego mayoral election, Campaign
Incumbent Mayor Edwin M. Capps declined to run for re-election, leaving an open seat. The main challengers for the open seat were local department store owner and philanthropist George Marston, a Progressive, and banker Louis J. Wilde, a Republican. Also contesting the race was recently retired postmaster Charles Bartholomew.


1917 San Diego mayoral election, Campaign
Marston had previously run for mayor in 1913 advocating for planned expansion of the city and projects that would lead to a beautiful and prosperous city rather focusing on commerce and industry. In the intervening years, he had played a large role in shepherding through the Panama–California Exposition. In the 1917 campaign, Marston once again emphasized planned growth. In his campaign, he advocated for city planning, energy conservation, and building and pollution controls on industrial development. He also supported the growth of the military industry, chiefly the navy and the Marine Corps, since he did not consider this to be industrial growth. Marston's campaign also had the backing of influential city leaders such as John D. Spreckels, E.W. Scripps, and Albert Spalding.


1917 San Diego mayoral election, Campaign
In contrast to Marston, Wilde campaigned on a promise of increased industry in San Diego. He campaigned strongly for the labor vote, arguing that increased industry would lead to good jobs and good wages. Wilde billed himself as the "Smokestack Candidate" and labeled his opponent "Geranium George", giving the election its nickname. Wilde campaigned more aggressively than Marston, for example threatening that if Marston won the Salt Lake Railroad would never arrive in San Diego. Marston often refused to respond to these accusations.


1917 San Diego mayoral election, Campaign
On March 20, 1917, Wilde received the highest number of votes in the primary election, followed by Marston. In the April 3, 1917 runoff between the top-two candidates, Wilde received a majority and was elected mayor.


1917 San Francisco Seals season
The 1915 San Francisco Seals season was the 13th season in the history of the San Francisco Seals baseball team. The team won the Pacific Coast League (PCL) pennant with a 119–93 record. The season ran from April 3 to October 28, 1917.


1917 San Francisco Seals season
Harry Wolverton began the season as the team's manager. On June 17, however, team owner Henry Berry fired Wolverton, stating that he could not get along with Wolverton in a business way. Jerry Downs took over as player-manager after Wolverton.


1917 San Francisco Seals season
Pitcher Eric Erickson led the PCL in both wins (30) and earned run average (1.93).


1917 San Francisco Seals season, Statistics, Batting
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; SLG = Slugging percentage


1917 San Francisco Seals season, Statistics, Pitching
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; PCT = Win percentage; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1917 Santos FC season
The 1917 season was the sixth season for Santos Futebol Clube, a Brazilian football club, based in the Vila Belmiro bairro, Zona Intermediária, Santos, Brazil.


1917 Saskatchewan general election
The 1917 Saskatchewan general election was held on June 26, 1917, to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan.


1917 Saskatchewan general election
After replacing Walter Scott as leader of the Liberal Party of Saskatchewan and premier of the province, William M. Martin led the party to its fourth consecutive victory, winning all but 8 of the 59 seats in the legislature.


1917 Saskatchewan general election
The Conservative Party of Wellington Willoughby continued to lose popular support.


1917 Saskatchewan general election
This was the first Saskatchewan election in which women were allowed to vote and run for office. However, none were declared elected in this vote; the first Saskatchewan woman elected an MLA was after a 1918 by-election.


1917 Saskatchewan general election
The Non-Partisan League, forerunner of the Progressive Party of Saskatchewan, nominated candidates for the first time, although none were successful. Labour candidates also appeared for the first time.


1917 Saskatchewan general election
The first Independent to sit in the Saskatchewan legislature was acclaimed this election.


1917 Saskatchewan general election
An at-large service vote was held to elect three soldiers from October 3 to October 13, 1917. All service members were not affiliated, and were elected to represent Saskatchewan residents stationed in France, Belgium and Great Britain.


1917 Saskatchewan general election, Members of the Legislative Assembly elected, Notes
1 Magnus Ramsland died in 1918. In the resulting by-election, he was succeeded by his widow Sarah Ramsland, the first woman ever elected to the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan.


1917 Saskatchewan general election, October 13, 1917 service vote results
Like other provinces Saskatchewan held a service vote – actually two separate votes – for Saskatchewan residents in the Canadian armed services fighting during World War I. The first vote was for France and Belgium – two members were elected in a block vote; the top member represented France and the second member elected represented Belgium. Another member was also elected to represent troops in Great Britain. Three seats in the Legislature were set aside for these soldier-MLAs.


1917 Sewanee Tigers football team
The 1917 Sewanee Tigers football team represented the Sewanee Tigers of Sewanee: The University of the South during the 1917 college football season.


1917 Sfatul Țării election
Indirect elections for the Moldovan Parliament (called Sfatul Țării) took place in Moldova in November 1917. The members were elected by the various congresses, soviets, parties and professional and ethnic organizations existing in Bessarabia in the wake of the Russian Revolution.


1917 Sfatul Țării election, Context
On 5 November [O.S. 23 October] - 9 November [O.S. 27 October] 1917, the Soldiers' council proclaimed the autonomy of Bessarabia, and summoned for the election of a representative body (diet), called Sfatul Țării. The council prescribed the number of representatives allocated to each organization, and imposed a fixed ethnic composition, significantly different from the one recorded by previous Russian Imperial censuses. Of the 150 Diet members of Sfatul Țării, 105 were Moldavians, 15 Ukrainians, 13 Jews, 6 Russians, 3 Bulgarians, 2 Germans, 2 Gagauzians, 1 Pole, 1 Armenian, 1 Greek, 1 unknown.


1917 Sfatul Țării election, Follow-up
The first session of Sfatul Țării was held on 4 December [O.S. 21 November] 1917, and chose Ion Inculeț as its president.


1917 Sfatul Țării election, Follow-up
On 21 December [O.S. 8 December] 1917, Sfatul Țării elected the Pantelimon Erhan Cabinet (named the Council of Directors General), with nine members and with Pantelimon Erhan as President of the Council of Directors General and Director General for Agriculture.


1917 Sfatul Țării election, Follow-up
After some long talks, on 15 December [O.S. 2 December] 1917, Sfatul Țării proclaimed the Moldavian Democratic Federative Republic, with Ion Inculeț as President.


1917 South American Championship
The 1917 South American Championship of Nations was the second edition of the continental tournament now known as the Copa América. It was held in Montevideo, Uruguay from September 30 to October 14, 1917. Hosts Uruguay retained the title after winning 1–0 over Argentina in the last match of the competition. Ángel Romano from Uruguay finished as the top scorer of the tournament with 4 goals.


1917 South American Championship, Format
There was no qualifying for the tournament. The participating countries were Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay. All teams competed between each other in a single group. The one with the best position after the matches was the champion. Two points were awarded for a win, one for a draw, and zero for a defeat.


1917 South American Championship, Venues
All the matches were played at Parque Pereira, a 40,000 seater multi-use stadium in Montevideo.


1917 South American Championship, Final round
Each team played one match against each of the other teams. Two (2) points were awarded for a win, one (1) point for a draw and zero (0) points for a defeat.


1917 South American Championship, Goal scorers
There were 21 goals scored in 6 matches, for an average of 3.5 goals per match.


1917 South American Championship squads
These are the squads for the countries that played in the 1917 South American Championship. The participating countries were Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay. The teams played in a single round-robin tournament, earning two points for a win, one point for a draw, and zero points for a loss.


1917 South Carolina Gamecocks football team
The 1917 South Carolina Gamecocks football team represented the University of South Carolina during the 1917 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season.


1917 South County Dublin by-election
The South County Dublin by-election of 1917 was held on 6 July 1917. The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Irish Parliamentary MP, William Francis Cotton. It was won by the Irish Parliamentary candidate Michael Louis Hearn, who was unopposed.


1917 South Dakota Coyotes football team
The 1917 South Dakota Coyotes football team represented the University of South Dakota during the 1917 college football season.


1917 South Longford by-election
The South Longford by-election of 1917 was held on 9 May 1917 due to the death of the incumbent Irish Parliamentary MP, John Phillips. The by-election ended in a surprise Sinn Féin victory over the Irish Parliamentary Party following a very close vote. The result was not announced until 10 May due to a recount.


1917 South Longford by-election
Joseph McGuinness was selected against his will as Sinn Féin's candidate for the by-election. The prisoners in HM Prison Lewes, where McGuinness and other leaders of the Easter Rising were being held, were opposed to standing a candidate because the Irish Parliamentary Party looked likely to win, so McGuinness declined to stand. However, Michael Collins had him nominated anyway. His election slogan was "Put him in to get him out! ".


1917 South Longford by-election
The result of the by-election increased pressure on the British Government to free the remaining Irish prisoners in Lewes. They were eventually freed in June 1917.


1917 South Longford by-election
McGuinness subsequently sat for the Longford Constituency in the Dáil Éireann.


1917 South Monmouthshire by-election
The South Monmouthshire by-election, 1917 was a by-election held on Thursday 12 July 1917 for the British House of Commons constituency of the Southern Division of Monmouthshire in South Wales.


1917 South Monmouthshire by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the elevation to the peerage of the sitting Liberal MP Ivor Herbert. Herbert had been MP for South Monmouthshire since 1906 before which he had had a distinguished career in the British Army as an officer in the Grenadier Guards. He was Assistant Adjutant General in South Africa from 1889–1901.


1917 South Monmouthshire by-election, Candidates
The Liberals chose Sir Garrod Thomas, then aged 63 years, a noted surgeon and newspaper proprietor as the Coalition candidate. The Conservative and Labour parties, being partners in the coalition, agreed to abide by the wartime electoral truce and not run candidates. Despite the rumour of the possible intervention of Lieutenant E A Charles, a former Liberal Party agent in the seat, neither was there any challenge from the Asquithian Liberals for whom there was little sympathy in Wales, at least during the earlier stages of Lloyd George's premiership.


1917 South Monmouthshire by-election, Candidates
Garrod Thomas was not however to get a free run. Councillor Pardoe Thomas, a member of Newport Town Council, an ex-President of the Newport Chamber of Commerce, a shipowner and shipbroker put himself forward as an Independent Democrat.


1917 South Monmouthshire by-election, The campaign
In the atmosphere of wartime Britain, the by-election was swiftly called and progressed. The nominations were in by 6 July and the date of the election set for just a week later. Cllr Thomas' position was that Parliament should be composed of businessmen but also campaigned as supporter of temperance and a voice in Parliament not bound by the party whip.


1917 South Monmouthshire by-election, The campaign
Sir Garrod Thomas appealed to the electorate's sense of patriotism and the need for solidarity during this period of great national struggle. He made the successful prosecution of the war the principal plank of his campaigning. Garrod Thomas was supported by a letter from the prime minister underlining the wartime nature of the contest and held a number of public meetings. Cllr Thomas, perhaps intimidated by what was clearly a pro-war and patriotic atmosphere, failed to match his opponent in terms of public appearances.


1917 South Monmouthshire by-election, Result
The electorate of South Monmouthshire seems to have been almost totally in tune with the coalition government's national appeal as they returned Garrod Thomas to Parliament with the largest ever majority achieved in the history of their constituency. Garrod Thomas achieved over 80% of the votes cast, comfortably holding the seat for the Coalition. He did not seem to take to Parliamentary life however as, apart from his maiden speech in the House of Commons on medical necessities during wartime, he does not seem to have made any other contributions of any kind. He failed to seek re-election in 1918 and did not stand for Parliament again, although he stayed active in Liberal politics and public life.


1917 Southampton by-election
The Southampton by-election, 1917 was a by-election held on 19 December 1917 for the House of Commons constituency of Southampton, a two-member seat.


1917 Southampton by-election, Vacancy
The election was caused by the appointment of one of the sitting Liberal MPs, William Dudley Ward as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household, one of the government whips. Under the Parliamentary rules of the day, Ward was obliged to resign his seat and fight a by-election. The writ for the by-election was moved in Parliament on 10 December 1917.


1917 Southampton by-election, Candidates
The Liberals re-selected Ward. Being their partners in the coalition government of David Lloyd George, the Unionists were not expected to oppose Ward’s re-election but there was a possibility he would be challenged by a member of Southampton Town Council, Mr Tommy Lewis, the President of the British Seafarers' Union. However, in the event no other candidates came forward to oppose Ward and he was returned unopposed.


1917 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season
The 1917 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season  was the college football games played by the member schools of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association as part of the 1917 college football season. The season began on September 28. A curtailing of expenses was required for extension into 1918.


1917 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season
John Heisman's Georgia Tech team won the conference and was the South's first consensus national champion. Tech captain Walker Carpenter and halfback Everett Strupper were the first players from the Deep South ever selected for an All-America first-team. Tech quarterback Albert Hill led the nation in scoring. Though Centre did not claim a championship, it also posted an undefeated conference record, beginning the rise of its football program.


1917 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season, Awards and honors, All-Southern team
The composite All-Southern eleven formed by the selection of 7 coaches and sporting writers included:


1917 Southwest Texas State football team
The 1917 Southwest Texas State football team was an American football team that represented Southwest Texas State Normal School—now known as Texas State University–as an independent during the 1917 college football season. Led by second-year head coach G. B. Marsh, the team finished the season with a record of 5–3. The team's captain was McGree, who played tackle.


1917 Spalding by-election
The Spalding by-election, 1917 was a parliamentary by-election held for the House of Commons constituency of Spalding  in Lincolnshire on 25 October 1917.


1917 Spalding by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the death of the sitting Liberal MP, the Hon. Francis McLaren. McClaren was the younger son of Charles McLaren, 1st Baron Aberconway. He was first elected as Liberal MP for Spalding at the January 1910 general election. In 1916, he joined the Royal Flying Corps and was killed in a flying accident on 30 August 1917.


1917 Spalding by-election, Candidates
During the war a truce operated between the political parties which usually meant that by-elections went uncontested and the party holding the seat at the vacancy could put up a candidate who would not be opposed. However this truce was sometimes broken by Independents  and in September 1917, Mr A Montagu Lyons (almost certainly the same Abraham Montagu Lyons who was later Conservative MP for Leicester East),  published an appeal to the electors of Spalding indicating he would be prepared to stand as an Independent.


1917 Spalding by-election, Candidates
He called for an overhaul of the conscription process, an increase in the pay of soldiers, sailors and airmen, the proper care of demobilized servicemen, the setting up of a Ministry of Health, air reprisals on enemy territory and a programme of national reconstruction. Lyons, a solicitor by profession, had served as a lieutenant in the army but had been invalided out. It was reported at the same time that the Liberals were considering a number of possible candidates and that once a candidate was selected the local Unionists would consider the nomination and if it was satisfactory to them would stick to the truce and not seek to contest the vacancy.


1917 Spalding by-election, Candidates
The Liberals adopted the Hon. George Peel as their candidate. However, despite their previous indication that they would honour the wartime truce, the Unionists now seriously considered contesting the by-election. The official newspaper of the local Unionist Association put forward the claim of William Royce who had fought the seat for the Tories in both January and December 1910.


1917 Spalding by-election, Candidates
At the same time, Montagu was arranging to visit the constituency and confer with his supporters    but on 22 October he decided not to submit a formal nomination, perhaps believing he had already made many of the political points he had wanted without actually having to provoke the controversy of contesting the election.


1917 Spalding by-election, Candidates
In the circumstances the Unionists were content to honour the wartime truce and no opposing candidate was nominated against Peel. Their former candidate William Royce would later get to enter Parliament but as a Labour MP for the seat of Holland with Boston which was created partially from the old Spalding seat for the 1918 general election. He beat a Coalition Conservative and by-election winner George Peel in a three-cornered contest. Peel tried once more to get back into Parliament, as Liberal candidate at Rugby in the 1922 general election but was beaten into second place by Euan Wallace, the Conservative candidate.


1917 Spanish general strike
The 1917 Spanish general strike, or revolutionary general strike of 1917, refers to the general strike that took place in Spain in August 1917. It was called by the General Union of Workers (UGT) and the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), and in some places it was supported by the National Confederation of Labor (CNT). The general strike took place in the historical context of the Crisis of 1917, during the reign of Alfonso XIII and the government of Eduardo Dato.


1917 Spanish general strike, Background
The Spanish crisis of 1917 refers to the set of events that took place in the summer of 1917, and specifically to the three simultaneous challenges that endangered the government of the conservative Eduardo Dato and even the system of the Restoration: a military movement led by the Defense Councils; a political movement concretized in the Assembly of Parliamentarians held in Barcelona and called by the Regionalist League; and a social movement that culminated in the revolutionary general strike of 1917.


1917 Spanish general strike, Background
The anarcho-syndicalist National Confederation of Labor (Spanish: Confederación Nacional del Trabajo, CNT) had been defending the possibility of convening a general strike to confront the growing deterioration in the living conditions of the working classes, as a consequence of the economic impact that World War I was having on Spain: inflation, subsistence crisis, deterioration of wages, increase in unemployment, supply shortages, etc. In 1916 this objective was specified in the Valencia Assembly and in the Barcelona Confederal Congress that summer.


1917 Spanish general strike, Background
A similar process was experienced by the socialist General Union of Workers (Spanish: Unión General de Trabajadores, UGT), which in its XII Congress held in May 1916 passed a resolution in favor of calling a general protest strike, in principle limited to one day. This is how contacts with the CNT began, which in its Valencia Assembly of the same month had not only approved the general strike but also the collaboration with the Socialists.


1917 Spanish general strike, Background
The result was the historic "Pact of Zaragoza" signed on July 17, 1916 by both organizations, from which a joint committee was formed, made up of Ángel Pestaña and Salvador Seguí for the CNT, and Francisco Largo Caballero, Julián Besteiro and Vicente Barrio for the UGT that would organize the protest strike. The government of Álvaro de Figueroa ordered the arrest of the signatories of the Pact. Finally, on November 26, the CNT and UGT called a 24-hour general strike for December 18.


1917 Spanish general strike, Background
The strike was not only a complete success but also "had the support of the middle classes and a general sympathy in the country." Two days earlier, the socialist leader Largo Caballero had written:


1917 Spanish general strike, Background
All of Spain knows that conscientious workers have been demanding measures to mitigate somewhat the irresistible situation created by the rising cost of basic necessities and the job crisis for more than two years. There have been no more than words and words.


1917 Spanish general strike, Background
After the success of the December 1916 strike and the null response of the Government, the two workers' organizations agreed to promote an indefinite strike, which they made public in a joint manifesto on March 27, 1917. The response of Figueroa's liberal government was to suspend constitutional guarantees and imprison the signatories of the manifesto that they could find, who were detained for a week. In the manifesto signed, among others, by the UGT members Julián Besteiro and Francisco Largo Caballero, and the CNT members Salvador Seguí and Ángel Pestaña, among other things, it said:


1917 Spanish general strike, Background
In order to force the ruling classes to make those fundamental changes in the system that guarantee the people a minimum of decent living conditions and the development of their emancipatory activities, it is imposed that the Spanish proletariat employ the general strike, without a defined term of termination, as the most powerful weapon you have to claim your rights.


1917 Spanish general strike, Background
Thus, the new general strike, this time indefinite, was to have a revolutionary character since its objective was no longer limited to the government taking measures to alleviate the subsistence crisis and the "labor crisis", but rather pursued "a complete transformation of the political and economic structure of the country", as explained by Largo Caballero in an article published on May 5 in El Liberal.


1917 Spanish general strike, Background
This revolutionary character led the Socialists to seek the support of the leaders of the republican parties, like Alejandro Lerroux and Melquiades Álvarez, especially after disgruntled soldiers formed the Defense Councils in June and the Assembly of Parliamentarians was convened in Barcelona in July. It was then that the CNT began to distrust the "political" character that was being given to the strike and the contacts that the socialists had maintained with the "bourgeois politicians" — a de facto reproduction, alleged the CNT members, of the republican conjunction which had brought Pablo Iglesias to the Congress of Deputies.


1917 Spanish general strike, Background
According to some non-verified sources, there was talk of the constitution of a provisional government, which would have had the more moderate figure of Melquiades Álvarez as president and Pablo Iglesias as Minister of Labor. And on the other hand, the dissemination of the strike call included some ambiguity, because if at first they spoke of a "revolutionary" strike, later communications insisted on its "peaceful" nature. Above all, the UGT consciously tried to avoid partial, sectoral and local strikes.


1917 Spanish general strike, The strike, Convocation
The plans for the general strike were altered when on July 19, 1917, coinciding with the Assembly of Parliamentarians meeting in Barcelona, a strike by the Valencian railroad workers, affiliated to the UGT, began due to a labor dispute that they maintained with the Company of the Iron Roads of Northern Spain. In the negotiations, the company refused to reinstate the 36 workers who had been fired, an inflexible position that had the decided support of the Government - on July 21, the Captain General of Valencia had declared a state of exception.


1917 Spanish general strike, The strike, Convocation
The answer was given by the UGT Railway Federation, whose secretary Daniel Anguiano announced that if the company did not give in, a strike would begin in the entire sector on August 10 - even though Anguiano was aware of no conflict prior to the general strike, but pressure from its members forced him to do so.


1917 Spanish general strike, The strike, Convocation
The company did not back down, so the leadership of the UGT was involved in a difficult situation since, on the one hand, it could not leave the railway workers abandoned, but, on the other hand, "to go to the Revolutionary movement without being prepared was to go to the certain failure", as one socialist leader later affirmed. Finally, the socialist strike committee - made up of Francisco Largo Caballero and Daniel Anguiano for the UGT and Julián Besteiro and Andrés Saborit for the PSOE - decided to declare a general strike on Monday August 13, three days after the rail strike began on the 10th.


1917 Spanish general strike, The strike, Convocation
Thus, finally the revolutionary general strike was only called by the UGT jointly with the PSOE when forced by the strike of the UGT railway union in Valencia, called for internal labor reasons, which precipitated the sum of the other sections of the union throughout the country between the August 10 and 13.


1917 Spanish general strike, The strike, Convocation
When the UGT and the PSOE convened it jointly, the objective was not exactly the same as that agreed in March with the CNT, since in the manifesto "To the workers and to public opinion" of August 12, 1917 - signed by the Socialist Strike Committee— it was said that the strike would not cease "until sufficient guarantees had been obtained to initiate regime change". In the introduction, the manifesto linked the call for a strike to the appearance of the Defense Councils, which the Socialists believed were defending the reform of the political regime of the Restoration, and the meeting of the Assembly of Parliamentarians in Barcelona.


1917 Spanish general strike, The strike, Convocation
During the time that has elapsed from this date [March 1917] to the present time, the affirmation made by the proletariat to demand, as a remedy for the ills suffered by Spain, a fundamental change of political regime has been corroborated by the attitude that important national organizations have successively adopted since the energetic affirmation of the existence of the Infantry Weapon Defense Councils in the face of the attempts to dissolve these organizations by the public powers, to the Assembly of Parliamentarians held in Barcelona on 19 July and the adherence to the conclusions of that Assembly of numerous City Councils, which give public testimony of the desire for renewal that exists throughout the country.


1917 Spanish general strike, The strike, Convocation
We ask for a provisional government that assumes the executive and moderating powers and prepares, prior to the essential modifications in a flawed legislation, the holding of sincere elections of some Constituent Courts.


1917 Spanish general strike, The strike, Convocation
At the time, practically everyone thought that the railroad strike that forced the Socialists to advance their plans over the general strike — and that it would be one of the key factors in its failure — was deliberately caused by the government. This was believed by "not only all socialists but people as heterogeneous as Francisco Cambó, Alejandro Lerroux, Benito Márquez, president of the Defense Councils, or Julio Mangada, defender after some of those implicated as collaborators of the Strike Committee, to give some examples."


1917 Spanish general strike, The strike, Convocation
At present some historians affirm the same: that the government of Eduardo Dato "opted for a risky maneuver. The plan consisted of provoking the labor movement to go on an untimely strike that would scare the classes of order and use the Army to suppress the disturbances. Thus, the Government could proclaim itself the savior of Spain and the guarantor of law and order."


1917 Spanish general strike, The strike, Development
Despite the hasty call, when the strike began, activities were paralyzed in almost all the large industrial areas (Vizcaya and Barcelona, even some minor ones such as Yecla and Villena), urban centers (Madrid, Valencia, Zaragoza, A Coruña) , and mining companies (Río Tinto, Jaén, Asturias and León); but only for a few days, at most a week. In small towns and rural areas it had little impact. Rail communications, a key sector, were not altered for long.


1917 Spanish general strike, The strike, Development
On the morning of August 13, a train derailed in Bilbao, causing 5 deaths and 18 injuries. The newspaper El Nervión and the authorities reported that the strikers raised the tracks causing the accident. But according to the Socialists, as Prieto later declared, the derailing was due to poor track conditions and the excessive speed of the train to avoid being stopped by the strikers.


1917 Spanish general strike, The strike, Development
In Madrid, on the night of Tuesday, August 14, the Strike Committee was detained by the police and a riot that took place in the model prison was harshly repressed, resulting in the death of several inmates, including seven prominent socialist militants. This is how in a few days the strike was controlled. In Barcelona, on the other hand, where the leading role belonged to the CNT, only after several days of street fighting and shootings was it possible to restore normality.


1917 Spanish general strike, The strike, Development
In Sabadell the army had to resort to artillery, which reduced the workers' headquarters to rubble, to put an end to the movement. There were also violent clashes and deaths and injuries in Alicante, Valencia, Guipúzcoa and Zaragoza. On August 18, the government was able to proclaim that it had restored order, but it still took several more days to reduce the last stronghold of the revolutionary strike, which were the Asturian mining basins, where the army applied a harsh repression through the so-called train of death, among others.


1917 Spanish general strike, The strike, Development
In Catalonia some anarchists used artisan grenades, which did not work properly, to the fortune of the forces of order.


1917 Spanish general strike, The strike, Development
The official balance of the repression was 71 dead, 156 injured, and 2,000 detained.


1917 Spanish general strike, The strike, Development
There were also some deaths among the forces of order, including four Civil Guards.


1917 Spanish general strike, Consequences
To facilitate the way out of the crisis, the king replaced the conservative Eduardo Dato with the liberal Manuel García Prieto, at the head of a government of national concentration in which Francesc Cambó also entered.


1917 Spanish general strike, Consequences
The members of the Strike Committee were court-martialed accused of the crime of sedition, being found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment on September 29, 1917. Thus, Largo Caballero, Andrés Saborit, Julián Besteiro and Daniel Anguiano were taken to the Cartagena prison.


1917 Spanish general strike, Consequences
Then a broad popular campaign of solidarity with the condemned was unleashed, which did not obtain any results, until the PSOE included them in its lists of candidates for the 1918 general election, and the four were elected, together with Pablo Iglesias and Indalecio Prieto, also elected by the Left Alliance coalition, formed the socialist minority of the Congress of Deputies. The election as deputies forced the government to grant them amnesty on May 8, 1918, taking possession of their seats ten days later.


1917 Spanish general strike, Consequences
The presence in the Cortes of the four members of the Strike Committee allowed them to intervene in the parliamentary debate on the general strike, insisting on the reasons that had originated the conflict - the subsistence crisis, the labor crisis and the null response they had found in the government - and denouncing the extreme harshness that had been used to repress it.


1917 Spanish general strike, Consequences
The strike was also the subject of debate during the XIII Congress of the UGT held in October 1918. Indalecio Prieto affirmed that "the strike failed the moment the committee decreed that it be peaceful", and that if it was not going to be done "revolutionary" it would have been better not to do so, to which Largo Caballero, a member of the strike committee, replied: "We are accused of not having properly prepared a revolutionary movement when what we had been commissioned to prepare was a general strike."


1917 Spring Hill Badgers football team
The 1917 Spring Hill Badgers football team represented the Spring Hill College during the 1917 college football season.


1917 St. Louis Browns season
The 1917 St. Louis Browns season involved the Browns finishing seventh in the American League with a record of 57 wins and 97 losses.


1917 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1917 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1917 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1917 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1917 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1917 St. Louis Cardinals season
The 1917 St. Louis Cardinals season was the team's 36th season in St. Louis, Missouri and the 26th season in the National League. The Cardinals went 82–70 during the season and finished 3rd in the National League.


1917 St. Louis Cardinals season, Regular season
Rogers Hornsby began to establish himself as an elite hitter. Hornsby had a .327 batting average which was second in the league. He led the league in triples (17), total bases (253), and slugging percentage (.484).


1917 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1917 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1917 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1917 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1917 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1917 St. Xavier Saints football team
The 1917 St. Xavier Musketeers football team was an American football team that represented St. Xavier College (later renamed Xavier University) as an independent during the 1917 college football season. The team compiled a 4–1–2 record but was outscored by a total of 40 to 39. The team had no head coach.


1917 Stanley Cup Finals
The 1917 Stanley Cup Finals was contested by the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA) champion Seattle Metropolitans and the National Hockey Association (NHA)  and Stanley Cup defending champion Montreal Canadiens. Seattle defeated Montreal three games to one in a best-of-five game series to become the first United States-based team to win the Cup. The inspiring story of the Mets' 1917 championship was chronicled in the 2019 book, When It Mattered Most. The series was also the first Stanley Cup Final to be played in the United States, and the last Stanley Cup final to not feature a National Hockey League team, as the NHA rebranded as the NHL in November 1917.


1917 Stanley Cup Finals, Paths to the Finals
Seattle won the PCHA title after finishing the 1916–17 regular season in first place with a 16–8 record. Meanwhile, Montreal advanced to the final series after narrowly defeating the Ottawa Senators, 7–6, in a two-game total-goals playoff series to end the 1916–17 NHA season.


1917 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries
The games of the Final were played at the Seattle Ice Arena. Games one and three were played under PCHA seven-man rules; games two and four were played under NHA six-man rules. Bernie Morris scored 14 of Seattle's 23 total goals for the series, including six in their 9–1 victory in game four. Future Hockey Hall of Fame goaltender Hap Holmes recorded a 2.90 goals-against average for the Mets.


1917 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries
Montreal Canadiens NHA champion roster - George Vezina goalie, Bert Corbeau defence, Harry Mummery defence, Edouard "Newsy" Lalonde (Captain) Center-Rover Tommy Smith center, Didier Pitre right wing, Reginald "Reg" Noble left wing, Jack Laviolette left wing, Louis Berlinguette left wing, Wilfred "Billy" Coutu defence spares - Sarsfield "Steve" Malone center, George "Skinner" Poulin center, Jules Rochon - defence Harold "Hal" McNamara defence Dave Majors defence, Arthur Brooks defence, Joe Maltais right wing, U.P. Boulder (President), George "Kennedy" Kendall (Owner/Manager-Coach),


1917 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries
Seattle Metropolitans PCHA champion roster - Harry "Happy" Holmes goalie, Roy Rickey defence, Everard "Ed" Carpenter defence, Jack Walker rover-right wing, Bernie Morris center, Frank Foyston (Captain) left wings, Jim Riley left wing, Bobby "Stubby" Rowe defence, Carol "Cully" Wilson right wing, Pete Muldoon (Owner/Manager-Coach).


1917 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries
In game one, Didier Pitre scored four goals as he led the Canadiens to an 8–4 victory. Pitre opened the scoring in the third minute before Morris tied it four minutes later. Jack Laviolette scored twenty seconds later to put the Canadiens ahead, followed by Pitre to put the Canadiens ahead 3–1 after one period. Con Corbeau and Newsy Lalonde scored in the second to put the Canadiens ahead 5–1 after two periods. In the third, Morris and Frank Foyston scored to bring Seattle within two goals, before Pitre scored again. Morris scored to make it 6–4 before Pitre and Corbeau scored to make the final score 8–4.


1917 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries
Seattle tied the series with a convincing win played under NHA hockey rules. Morris opened the scoring at nine minutes of the first period. Wilson scored to make it 2–0 for Seattle after the first period. Morris and Foyston scored in the second to put Seattle up 4–0 after two periods. Frank Foyston then scored twice in the third period to complete his hat trick and give Seattle a lead of 6–0. Seattle then played defensively but Tommy Smith scored in the final minutes for the Canadiens to spoil the shutout. Frustration boiled over at the start of the third period with a fight between Roy Rickey and Billy Coutu before Harry Mummery jumped into the fray.


1917 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries
The game was played at a fast clip with no goals before Morris scored after ten minutes. Montreal's goaltender Georges Vézina made several big saves in the second to hold Seattle off from scoring. Coutu and Rickey had their third fight of the series and Coutu was given a twenty-minute penalty and Rickey a ten-minute period. The Canadiens held off Seattle in an ensuing power play to end the second with Seattle holding a one-goal lead. In the third, Foyston scored after five minutes and Morris scored a quick pair of goals to give Seattle a 4–0 lead.


1917 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries
In an individual rush, Morris put the Mets ahead early in the first period. The Canadiens tried to fight back, but were stymied by the defences of Seattle. Seattle scored three times in the second period to put the game out of reach. In the third, the onslaught continued, as the Mets led 7–0 before Laviolette scored to break the shut out.


1917 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving
The 1917 Stanley Cup was presented by the trophy's trustee William Foran. The Metropolitans never did engrave their name on the Cup for their championship season.


1917 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving
It was not until the trophy was redesigned in 1948 that the words "1917 Seattle Metropolitans" was put onto its then-new collar.


1917 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving
The following Metropolitans players and staff were eligible to have their names engraved on the Stanley Cup


1917 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving, Coaching and administrative staff
‡ Played rover, a position between both defences and behind the centre.


1917 State of the Union Address
The 1917 State of the Union Address was given by Woodrow Wilson, the 28th president of the United States on Tuesday, December 4, 1917, during his turbulent second term. He spoke in the United States House of Representatives chamber, in the United States Capitol. He said, "I shall not go back to debate the causes of the war. The intolerable wrongs done and planned against us by the sinister masters of Germany have long since become too grossly obvious and odious to every true American to need to be rehearsed."


1917 State of the Union Address
He addressed the 65th United States Congress, and spoke of World War I. He ended with, "A supreme moment of history has come. The eyes of the people have been opened and they see. The hand of God is laid upon the nations. He will show them favor, I devoutly believe, only if they rise to the clear heights of His own justice and mercy."


1917 State of the Union Address
In the middle of the speech, he said this about the German Empire, "The worst that can happen to the detriment the German people is this, that if they should still, after the war is over, continue to be obliged to live under ambitious and intriguing masters interested to disturb the peace of the world, men or classes of men whom the other peoples of the world could not trust, it might be impossible to admit them to the partnership of nations which must henceforth guarantee the world's peace." He is saying that empires' do not promote world peace. A year after he gave this speech, on December 4, 1918, the United States military would swallow Germany in victory, and the saying that is written would come true, "Death has been swallowed up in victory."


1917 Stockton-on-Tees by-election
The Stockton-on-Tees by-election, 1917 was a parliamentary by-election held for the House of Commons constituency of Stockton-on-Tees in County Durham on 20 March 1917.


1917 Stockton-on-Tees by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the death of the sitting Liberal MP, Jonathan Samuel on 22 February 1917.


1917 Stockton-on-Tees by-election, Candidates
The Stockton Liberal Association considered a number of possible candidates but decided upon Bertrand Watson, a 38-year-old local man, a solicitor who was a former Mayor of Stockton-on-Tees and member of Durham County Council. The Unionists had indicated that they would not oppose a Liberal candidate who supported the wartime Coalition government of which they were members. The Labour Party in Stockton considered putting up a candidate.


1917 Stockton-on-Tees by-election, Candidates
They invited Robert Dennison, a Trade Union official with the British Steel Smelters' Association, to address them with a view to becoming their candidate but in the end decided not to put forward a challenge to the wartime party truce. Dennison did later go on to become Labour MP for Birmingham King's Norton from 1924-1929. The by-election was however contested by banker Edward Backhouse JP of Darlington, a proponent of the Peace by Negotiation Party and a member of the Society of Friends.


1917 Stockton-on-Tees by-election, The issues
The by-election was described in the press as quiet and lacking outward signs of public interest. The prosecution of the war was the only issue of the day and Backhouse failed to capture the public imagination with many local men away serving in the armed forces. He often faced a hostile reception. One of his meetings was broken up by an angry crowd which stormed the platform preventing his guest from speaking.


1917 Stockton-on-Tees by-election, The result
Watson easily held the seat for the Liberals and the Coalition, the pacifist candidate polling even less well than anticipated.


1917 Sturt state by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Sturt on 13 January 1917 following the resignation of John Cann who resigned to take the position of assistant commissioner of the New South Wales Government Railways. Cann had been elected as a Labor candidate at the 1913 election, however he was expelled from the party for voting against Labor's censure motion on 10 November 1916.


1917 Subiaco state by-election
A by-election for the seat of Subiaco in the Legislative Assembly of Western Australia was held on 10 November 1917. It was triggered by the death of the sitting member, Bartholomew Stubbs of the Labor Party, on 26 September 1917. The election was won by Samuel Brown, a member of the Subiaco Municipal Council who was standing for the Nationalist Party. Brown was one of six candidates endorsed by the Nationalists, and won the seat despite only polling 15.02 percent of the first-preference vote.


1917 Subiaco state by-election, Background
Bartholomew Stubbs, a prominent trade unionist, had held Subiaco for the Labor Party since defeating Henry Daglish (a former premier) at the 1911 state election. He enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force in 1916, and was returned unopposed at the September 1917 state election, but was killed in action in Belgium the same month. The writ for the by-election was issued on 23 October 1917, with the close of nominations on 1 November. Polling day was on 10 November, with the writ returned on 13 November.


1917 Subiaco state by-election, Aftermath
Brown stood for re-election at the 1921 state election, but was defeated by Walter Richardson of the National Labor Party after failing to make the final two-candidate-preferred count. He committed suicide in August 1923.


1917 Svenska Mästerskapet
The 1917 Svenska Mästerskapet was the 22nd season of Svenska Mästerskapet, the football cup to determine the Swedish champions. Djurgårdens IF won the tournament by defeating AIK in the final with a 3–1 score.


1917 Swarthmore Quakers football team
The 1917 Swarthmore Quakers football team was an American football team that represented Swarthmore College as an independent during the 1917 college football season. The team compiled a 6–2 record and outscored opponents by a total of 238 to 40. Bill Roper was the head coach.


1917 Swedish general election
General elections were held in Sweden between 1 and 16 September 1917. The Swedish Social Democratic Party remained the largest party, winning 86 of the 230 seats in the Second Chamber of the Riksdag. As a result the Rightist Prime Minister Carl Swartz resigned the premiership and was replaced by Liberal leader Nils Edén.


1917 Swiss federal election
Federal elections were held in Switzerland on 28 October 1917. The Free Democratic Party retained its majority in the National Council. They were the last elections held under the majoritarian system; following a referendum in 1918 in which two-thirds of voters voted for the introduction of proportional representation, the electoral system was changed and early elections held in 1919.


1917 Swiss federal election, Electoral system
The 189 members of the National Council were elected in 49 single- and multi-member constituencies using a three-round system. Candidates had to receive a majority in the first or second round to be elected; if it went to a third round, only a plurality was required. Voters could cast as many votes as there were seats in their constituency. There was one seat for every 20,000 citizens, with seats allocated to cantons in proportion to their population.


1917 Swiss federal election, Results, Summary
Voter turnout was highest in Schaffhausen (where voting was compulsory) at 86.8% and lowest in Uri at 23.4%.


1917 Swiss stamp duty referendum
A referendum on stamp duty was held in Switzerland on 13 May 1917. Voters were asked whether they approved of amending articles 41bis and 42 lit d of the constitution, which covered stamp duty. The proposal was approved by a majority of voters and cantons.


1917 Swiss stamp duty referendum, Background
The referendum was a mandatory referendum, which required a double majority; a majority of the popular vote and majority of the cantons. The decision of each canton was based on the vote in that canton. Full cantons counted as one vote, whilst half cantons counted as half.


1917 Syracuse Orangemen football team
The 1917 Syracuse Orangemen football team represented Syracuse University in the 1917 college football season.


1917 TCU Horned Frogs football team
The 1917 TCU Horned Frogs football team represented Texas Christian University (TCU) as a member of the Texas Intercollegiate Athletic Association (TIAA) during the 1917 college football season. Led by Milton Daniel in his second and final year as head coach, the Horned Frogs compiled an overall record of 8–2. The team's captain was Ralph Martin, who played halfback.


1917 Tamworth by-election
The Tamworth by-election of 1917 was held on 23 February 1917. The by-election was held due to the incumbent Conservative MP, Francis Newdegate, becoming Governor of Tasmania. It was won by the Conservative candidate Henry Wilson-Fox who was unopposed due to a War-time electoral pact.


1917 Tennessee (SATC) football team
The University of Tennessee Athletic Council, chaired by Professor Nathan Dougherty, officially suspended varsity football during the World War I years of 1917 and 1918 because the majority of the players were called into military service. In addition, Coach John R. Bender was enlisted as an instructor at Camp John Sevier in Greenville, South Carolina.


1917 Tennessee (SATC) football team
During this period without varsity football, two unofficial teams were formed from Army recruits and students. One team represented a training unit called the Fighting Mechanics and the other represented the Student Army Training Corps (SATC).


1917 Texas A&M Aggies football team
The 1917 Texas A&M Aggies football team represented Texas A&M during the 1917 college football season. The team was unscored upon and was the 1917 SWC champion.


1917 Texas Longhorns football team
The 1917 Texas Longhorns football team represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 1917 college football season.


1917 Texas Mines Miners football team
The 1917 Texas Mines Miners football team was an American football team that represented the Texas School of Mines (now known as the University of Texas at El Paso) as an independent during the 1917 college football season. In their fourth year under head coach Tommy Dwyer, the team compiled a 0–0–1 record.


1917 The Citadel Bulldogs football team
The 1917 The Citadel Bulldogs football team represented The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina in the 1917 college football season. Harvey O'Brien served as coach for the second season. The Bulldogs played as members of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association and played home games at College Park Stadium in Hampton Park.


1917 Tie Cup Final
The 1917 Tie Cup Final was the final match to decide the winner of the Tie Cup, the 18th. edition of the international competition organised by the Argentine and Uruguayan Associations together. The final was contested by Argentine side Wanderers and Uruguayan club Wanderers ,


1917 Tie Cup Final
In the match, played at Estadio Racing Club in Avellaneda, Wanderers beat Independiente (debuting) 4–0, winning its second Tie Cup trophy over three finals played.


1917 Tie Cup Final, Overview
Independiente earned its place in the final as the winner of 1917 Copa de Competencia Jockey Club, after beating arch-rival Racing in two re-match games (1–1, 0–0, 1–0), Ferro Carril Oeste (3–1 in Caballito), Columbian (2–1), San Lorenzo (2–0), Rosario Central (6–2 in the semifinal) and Estudiantes de La Plata (2–1 in the final).


1917 Tie Cup Final, Overview
The final was held in Estadio Racing Club in Avellaneda on April 21, 1918, with a large number of spectators attending the match. On 20 minutes of play, Villar shot for the first goal of the Uruguayan team. The first half ended with Wanderers winning 10. In the second half, Villar ran for the wing to make a pass to Landeira who headed for the second goal.


1917 Tie Cup Final, Overview
When Bastos started a large race near the border line and passed the ball to Villar, who passed to Landeira, kicking for the third goal. On 40 minutes, Villar scored the fourth goal, giving Wanderers its second title. Before restarting the game from the centre circle, one of the spectators entered to the field to hit referee Guassone. He was followed by most part of the attendance, thus causing the match to be suspended before the regulatory time. Wanderers was crowned champion of the competition.


1917 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
The 1917 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship was the 28th staging of the Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Tipperary County Board in 1887.


1917 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
Boherlahan won the championship after a 2-02 to 1-01 defeat of Toomevara in the final. It was their third championship title overall and their third title in succession.


1917 Toledo Blue and Gold football team
The 1917 Toledo Blue and Gold football team was an American football team that represented Toledo University (renamed the University of Toledo in 1967) as an independent during the 1917 college football season. In their first season fielding a varsity football team, the Blue and Gold were coached by engineering professor John Brandeberry, compiled a 0–3 record, failed to score a point, and were outscored by all opponents by a combined total of 262 to 0.


1917 Toledo Blue and Gold football team
The school losses to the University of Detroit and Ohio Northern by scores of 145 to 0 and 90 to 0, respectively, remain the worst defeats in program history. The team's 13 members were required to purchase their own uniforms and had no practice scrimmages before the first game against Detroit. Ken Keller was the team captain.


1917 Toronto municipal election
Municipal elections were held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, on January 1, 1917. Mayor Tommy Church was acclaimed to his third consecutive term in office.


1917 Toronto municipal election, Toronto mayor
Church had first been elected mayor in 1915. No one chose to run against him and he won by acclamation.


1917 Toronto municipal election, Board of Control
Three incumbent members of the Board of Control ran for reelection and were successful. Joseph Thompson retired to fight in the war, and his seat was filled by William Henry Shaw.


1917 Toronto municipal election, City council
Results taken from the January 1, 1917 Toronto Daily Star and might not exactly match final tallies.


1917 Tulane Olive and Blue football team
The 1917 Tulane Olive and Blue football team represented Tulane University during the 1917 college football season.


1917 U.S. National Championships (tennis)
The 1917 U.S. National Championships (now known as the US Open), officially renamed that year to National Patriotic Tournament,  was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor grass courts at the West Side Tennis Club, Forest Hills in New York City, United States. The tournament ran from 20 August until 25 August. It was the 37th staging of the U.S. National Championships and due to World War I the only Grand Slam tennis event of the year.


1917 U.S. National Championships (tennis), National Patriotic Tournament
The tournament was renamed National Patriotic Tournament in support of the war effort. No trophies were handed out to the winners and the entrance fees were dedicated to the American Red Cross. Robert Lindley Murray  defeated Bostonian Nathaniel W. Niles in four sets in the men's final.


1917 U.S. National Championships (tennis), National Patriotic Tournament
In the commemorative book 'Fifty Years of Lawn Tennis in the United States', published by the USLTA in 1931, Lindley Murray commented on the final: "I succeeded in beating Nat Niles 5–7, 8–6, 6–3, 6–3, plenty of indication that the match was close and hard fought. I remember well that, try as I would, I could not get into the full swing of my game those first two sets. This was because my opponent was driving beautifully, particularly low, fast ones to my backhand.


1917 U.S. National Championships (tennis), National Patriotic Tournament
In addition he was lobbing so accurately and deeply that, try as I would, I could not bring off my kills. Nat led me one set to love and 6–5 in the second set. which was mighty close to being two sets down. But about that time my game began to get going. Up until that time I had just been missing and while desperately dashing all over the court my shots would end in just hitting the net or just going out. From the twelfth game of the second set, on for the rest of the match, things began to go right, and at the end I felt as if I was playing as well as I know how."


1917 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Men's Singles
Robert Lindley Murray defeated  Nathaniel W. Niles  5–7, 8–6, 6–3, 6–3


1917 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Men's Doubles
Fred Alexander /  Harold Throckmorton defeated  Harry Johnson /  Irving Wright 11–9, 6–4, 6–4


1917 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Women's Doubles
Molla Bjurstedt /  Eleonora Sears defeated  Phyllis Walsh /  Grace Moore LeRoy 6–2, 6–4


1917 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Mixed Doubles
Molla Bjurstedt /  Irving Wright defeated  Florence Ballin /  Bill Tilden 10–12, 6–1, 6–3


1917 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles
Robert Lindley Murray defeated Nathaniel W. Niles 5–7, 8–6, 6–3, 6–3 in the final to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1917 U.S. National Championships. The event was held at the West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills, New York. The tournament was renamed National Patriotic Tournament in support of the war effort. No trophies were handed out to the winners and the entrance fees were dedicated to the American Red Cross.


1917 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles
Reigning champion Molla Bjurstedt won the singles tennis title of the 1917 U.S. Women's National Singles Championship by defeating Marion Vanderhoef 4–6, 6–0, 6–2 in the final.


1917 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles
Due to World War I the tournament was renamed National Patriotic Tournament in support of the war effort. No trophies were handed out to the winners and the entrance fees were dedicated to the American Red Cross. Bjurstedt was entitled to sit out the tournament and play the winner of the All Comers' competition in a challenge round but instead elected to play through and therefore no challenge round was held. The event was played on outdoor grass courts and held at the Philadelphia Cricket Club in St. Martin's, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia from June 18 through June 23, 1917.


1917 USC Trojans football team
The 1917 USC Trojans football team represented the University of Southern California (USC) in the 1917 college football season. In their fourth year under head coach Dean Cromwell, the Trojans compiled a 4–2–1 record  and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 127 to 47.


1917 United States House of Representatives elections
There were eight special elections to the United States House of Representatives in 1917, during the 64th United States Congress and 65th United States Congress.


1917 United States gubernatorial elections
United States gubernatorial elections were held on 6 November 1917, in two states. Virginia holds its gubernatorial elections in odd numbered years, every 4 years, following the United States presidential election year. Massachusetts at this time held gubernatorial elections every year, which it would abandon in 1920.


1917 United States gubernatorial elections, Notes
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1917 University Farm football team
The 1917 University Farm football team represented University Farm in the 1917 college football season. Although University Farm was the formal name for the school and team, in many newspaper articles from the time it was called "Davis Farm". The team had no nickname in 1917, with the "Aggie" term being introduced in 1922. The football season was shortened in 1917 due to the onset of World War I. There was no team fielded in 1918.


1917 University Farm football team
The 1917 team competed as an independent and was led by Jack Glascock in his only season as head coach for the school. They played home games in Davis, California. According to the UC Davis Media Guide, University Farm finished with a record of one win and two losses (1–2) and was outscored by their opponents 34–68 for the 1917 season. However, the University of Nevada Media Guide does not show a game between the two teams in 1917, although one was scheduled to be played on October 1.


1917 University of New Mexico football team
The 1917 University of New Mexico football team was an American football team that represented the University of New Mexico as an independent during the 1917 college football season. In its first and only season under head coach Frank E. Wood, the team compiled a 1–2 record and were outscored by a total of 129 to 47. George White was the team captain.


1917 University of Utah football team
The 1917 University of Utah football team was an American football team that represented the University of Utah during the 1917 college football season. Head coach Nelson Norgren led the team to a 2–4 mark in the Rocky Mountain Conference and 2–3 overall.


1917 Uruguayan Primera División
The Uruguayan Championship 1917 was the 17th season of Uruguay's top-flight football league.


1917 Uruguayan Primera División, Overview
The tournament consisted of a two-wheel championship of all against all. It involved ten teams, and the champion was Nacional. This was the third consecutive title for Nacional, so they would get their first Cup. It was also the second tournament they won undefeated.


1917 Uruguayan constitutional referendum
A constitutional referendum was held in Uruguay on 25 November 1917. Amongst the changes to the system of government, the new constitution would create a National Council of Administration (known as the colegiado) alongside the presidency. The National Council of Administration would have nine members; six from the winning party and three from the runner-up party. The proposals were approved by 95.15% of voters. The result was confirmed by the Senate on 18 December, and the new constitution came into force on 1 March 1919.


1917 Uruguayan constitutional referendum, Background
The colegiado system had been first proposed by President José Batlle y Ordóñez in 1913, with the aim of creating an executive body similar to the Swiss Federal Council. Batlle had been opposed to the presidential system, believing that a collegiate body would lower the risk of a dictatorship emerging. Although the proposal was defeated in 1916, Batlle negotiated a compromise with the National Party to include the system in a new constitution.


1917 Uruguayan constitutional referendum, New constitution
As well as introducing the colegiado system, the new constitution determined that presidents could only serve a single term in office. It provided for a bicameral General Assembly with a term of four years, and introduced universal male suffrage. It also provided for the separation of church and state and allowed for constitutional amendments to be made with a two-thirds majority in both chambers of the General Assembly.


1917 Uruguayan parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Uruguay in 1917. The Colorado Party received almost half the vote, whilst its sister parties took a further quarter.


1917 Utah Agricultural Aggies football team
The 1917 Utah Agricultural Aggies football team was an American football team that represented Utah Agricultural College (later renamed Utah State University) in the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) during the 1917 college football season. In their second and final season under head coach Jack Watson, the Aggies compiled a 7–0–1 record (4–0 against RMC opponents), shut out four of eight opponents, and outscored all opponents by a total of 267 to 26. The team was regarded as the strongest squad fielded by the school to that time.


1917 Utah Agricultural Aggies football team
At the end of the season, both Denver and Utah State were undefeated against Rocky Mountain Conference opponents. A game between Denver and Utah State was proposed to determine an undisputed conference champion, but Denver's faculty ruled against the game. Denver officials claimed the title and asserted that the Utah Aggies "have a right to claim nothing more than a tie for the honors." Despite the controversy at the time, Utah State does not claim a conference championship for 1917 and lists the seasons as a second-place finish in its media guide.


1917 VFA season
The 1917 Victorian Football Association season was not played owing to World War I, which was at its peak at the time.


1917 VFA season, Abandonment of the season
To support the war effort in World War I, the Association had curtailed its 1915 season by five weeks, and then cancelled its 1916 season entirely. With the war still ongoing, the Association voted on 5 February 1917 to cancel the 1917 season as well. 1917 was the last Association season cancelled during World War I, with a premiership season held in 1918 with a reduced number of clubs.


1917 VFL Grand Final
The 1917 VFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Collingwood Football Club and Fitzroy Football Club, held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne on 22 September 1917. It was the 20th annual Grand Final of the Victorian Football League, staged to determine the premiers for the 1917 VFL season. The match, attended by 28,512 spectators, was won by Collingwood by a margin of 35 points, marking that club's fourth premiership victory.


1917 VFL Grand Final
War had restricted the competition to just six clubs during the home and away season and Fitzroy, despite winning just six of their 15 games, qualified for the final by finishing fourth.


1917 VFL Grand Final
Fitzroy made it into the Grand Final by defeating minor premiers Collingwood by a goal a week earlier but Collingwood this time won comfortably, dominating from the opening quarter.


1917 VFL Grand Final
Alec Mutch of Collingwood was playing his 100th VFL game.


1917 VFL season
The 1917 Victorian Football League season was the 21st season of the elite Australian rules football competition.


1917 VFL season, Premiership season
In 1917, the VFL competition consisted of six teams of 18 on-the-field players each, with no "reserves", although any of the 18 players who had left the playing field for any reason could later resume their place on the field at any time during the match.


1917 VFL season, Premiership season
Each of the six teams played each other three times in a 15 match home-and-away season (Geelong, Richmond, and South Melbourne each hosting eight games, while Carlton, Collingwood, and Fitzroy each hosted seven).


1917 VFL season, Premiership season
Once the 15 round home-and-away season had finished, the 1917 VFL Premiers were determined by the specific format and conventions of the amended "Argus system".


1917 VPI Gobblers football team
The 1917 VPI Gobblers football team represented the Virginia Polytechnic Institute in the 1917 college football season. The team was led by their head coach Charles Bernier and finished with a record of six wins, two losses and one tie (6–2–1).


1917 VPI Gobblers football team, Players
The following players were members of the 1917 football team according to the roster published in the 1918 edition of The Bugle, the Virginia Tech yearbook.


1917 Vanderbilt Commodores football team
The 1917 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University in the 1917 college football season. The 1917 season was Dan McGugin's 14th year as head coach.


1917 Vanderbilt Commodores football team
The south's first national champion Georgia Tech gave Vanderbilt its biggest loss in school history, 83 to 0. Vandy captain Alf Adams praised the Tech team: "Tech's magnificent machine won easily over Vanderbilt. It was simply the matter of a splendid eleven winning over an unseasoned, inexperienced team. "Tech played hard, clean football, and we were somewhat surprised to meet such a fair, aggressive team, after the reports we had heard. I think that Vanderbilt could have broken that Tech shift if we had had last year's eleven. Being outweighed, Vanderbilt could not check the heavy forwards, or open up the line. Thereby hangs the tale."


1917 Victorian state election
The 1917 Victorian state election was held in the Australian state of Victoria on Thursday 15 November 1917 for the state's Legislative Assembly. 51 of the 65 Legislative Assembly seats were contested.


1917 Victorian state election, Background
By 1917, World War I was placing an enormous strain on the Victorian economy. While the Liberal party had won the 1914 election with a large majority, many in the party were becoming increasingly dissatisfied with the government's actions on difficulties in the rural areas. The Victorian Farmers' Union emerged as a party, was gathering support and ran candidates for the first time.


1917 Victorian state election, Background
The Labor Party had undergone a split in 1916 over the Conscription debate and some of its pro-conscription members led by Prime Minister Billy Hughes left the party and joined with the Liberals to form the Nationalist Party. At the state level, however, some of these members ran as National Labor candidates.


1917 Victorian state election, Background
The breaking point for the Nationalist government was Premier Alexander Peacock's decision to increase rail fares to rural areas. The party split into a pro-Peacock Ministerial faction (mostly composed of city-based members), and an opposition faction led by John Bowser, composed mostly of country members. The two factions ran candidates against each other in most Nationalist seats. This did not effectively split the vote, as Victoria had introduced compulsory preferential voting for this election, and most of the preferences resulting from multiple Nationalist candidates were kept within the party. After the election, on 29 November, the rural faction of the Nationalist government led by Bowser won control of the party, ousting Peacock.


1917 Victorian state election, Aftermath
As the Bowser faction had won the most seats within the Nationalist party factions, Alexander Peacock resigned as Premier and John Bowser took his place. The previous government's increase on rail fares was reversed, but the issue of how the railways were to be financed remained unresolved. The opposition parties defeated a railway estimates bill in March 1918, and Bowser resigned as Premier in response, having little taste for the office. Bowser then eventually left the Nationalist party for the Victorian Farmers' Union. Peacock supporter Harry Lawson became Premier, after which the factions reunited and formed majority government with 40 of the 65 seats.


1917 Villanova Wildcats football team
The 1917 Villanova Wildcats football team represented the Villanova University during the 1917 college football season. The Wildcats team captain was Charles McGuckin.


1917 Virginia gubernatorial election
The 1917 Virginia gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1917 to elect the governor of Virginia.


1917 WAFL season
The 1917 WAFL season was the 33rd season of the West Australian Football League.


1917 Wake Forest Baptists football team
The 1917 Wake Forest Baptists football team represented Wake Forest College during the 1917 college football season.


1917 War Steeplechase
The 1917 Grand National was cancelled because Aintree Racecourse was taken over by the War Office. However, a substitute race known as the War Steeplechase was held at Gatwick Racecourse. The Gatwick races from 1916 to 1918 are typically omitted from the true Grand National records.


1917 War Steeplechase
The 1917 War Steeplechase was won by Ballymacad, ridden by jockey Edmund Driscoll and trained by Aubrey Hastings.


1917 War Steeplechase
Limerock ridden by Bill Smith was clear on the run-in when he collapsed yards from the winning post, similar to Devon Loch in 1956


1917 Washington & Jefferson Red and Black football team
The 1917 Washington & Jefferson Red and Black football team represented Washington & Jefferson College as an independent during the 1917 college football season. Led by Sol Metzger in his second and final year as head coach, Washington & Jefferson compiled a record of 7–3.


1917 Washington Senators season
The 1917 Washington Senators won 74 games, lost 79, and finished in fifth place in the American League. They were managed by Clark Griffith and played home games at National Park.


1917 Washington Senators season
The Senators this season hit only four home runs for the entire campaign, second only to the 1908 Chicago White Sox in the modern era, who hit three. First baseman Joe Judge accounted for 50% of them, with two home runs for the season.


1917 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1917 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1917 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1917 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1917 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1917 Washington State football team
The 1917 Washington State football team represented Washington State College in the 1917 college football season, its first in the Pacific Coast Conference.


1917 Washington State football team
Washington State defeated in-state rival Washington for the first time in a decade.


1917 Washington and Lee Generals football team
The 1917 Washington and Lee Generals football team represented the Washington and Lee Generals of Washington and Lee during the 1917 college football season.


1917 Washington football team
The 1917 Washington football team was an American football team that represented the University of Washington during the 1917 college football season. In its first season under coach Claude J. Hunt, the team compiled a 1–2–1 record, finished last in the Pacific Coast Conference at 0–2–1, and was outscored by its opponents by a combined total of 47 to 14. Ernst Murphy was the team captain.


1917 Washington football team
The defeat at California was Washington's first loss since 1907, ending a 63-game undefeated run (59 wins and 4 ties).


1917 Washington football team
The Thanksgiving Day loss to Washington State at Denny Field was the first home defeat in a decade.


1917 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship
The 1917 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship was the 18th staging of the Waterford Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Waterford County Board in 1897.


1917 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship
Dungarvan won the championship. This was their second championship title overall and their first title since 1908.


1917 Wellington City mayoral election
The 1917 Wellington City mayoral election was part of the New Zealand local elections held that same year. In 1917, elections were held for the Mayor of Wellington plus other local government positions including fifteen city councillors, also elected biannually. The polling was conducted using the standard first-past-the-post electoral method.


1917 Wellington City mayoral election, Background
John Luke, the incumbent Mayor sought re-election and retained office unopposed with no other candidates emerging. The current Labour Party contested its first election since unification the previous year. It put forward a small ticket that was still large enough to win a majority, however just as in 1915 no Labour candidates were successful.


1917 West Perthshire by-election
The West Perthshire by-election of 1917 was held on 21 February 1917. The by-election was held due to the incumbent Conservative MP, Lord Tullibardine succeeding as Duke of Atholl. It was won by the Conservative candidate Archibald Stirling who was unopposed due to a War-time electoral pact.


1917 West Tennessee State Normal football team
The 1917 West Tennessee State Normal football team was an American football team that represented West Tennessee State Normal School (now known as the University of Memphis) as an independent during the 1917 college football season. In their first season under head coach V. M. Campbell, West Tennessee State Normal compiled a 3–2 record.


1917 West Virginia Mountaineers football team
The 1917 West Virginia Mountaineers football team was an American football team that represented West Virginia University as an independent during the 1917 college football season. In its second season under head coach Mont McIntire, the team compiled a 6–3–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 161 to 50.


1917 Western Australian state election
Elections were held in the state of Western Australia on 29 September 1917 to elect 50 members to the Western Australian Legislative Assembly. The Nationalist-Country-National Labor coalition, led by Premier Sir Henry Lefroy, retained government against the Labor Party led by Opposition Leader Philip Collier. The election followed a series of major changes in the Western Australian political landscape.


1917 Western Australian state election, Results
As the political changes were of a nature which make direct comparison meaningless, no vote swings have been included, and seat swings indicated are those caused by the election itself, rather than a comparison with the previous election. The National Liberal grouping was not a party in its own right, but a faction within the Nationalist Party, so the Nationalist Party as a whole held 16 seats—unchanged from before the election—and attracted 34.85% of the vote.


1917 Western State Hilltoppers football team
The 1917 Western State Hilltoppers football team represented Western State Normal School (later renamed Western Michigan University) as an independent during the 1917 college football season. In their 11th season under head coach William H. Spaulding, the Hilltoppers compiled a 4–3 record and outscored their opponents, 203 to 105. Tackle Warren Allen was the team captain.


1917 William & Mary Indians football team
The 1917 William & Mary Orange and Black football team represented the College of William & Mary as a member of the Eastern Virginia Intercollegiate Athletic Association (EVIAA) and the South Atlantic Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SAIAA) during the 1917 college football season. Led by Harry Young in his first and only year as head coach, William & Mary finished the season 3–5 overall, 2–4 in EVIAA play, and 0–3 against SAIAA opponents.


1917 Williams Ephs football team
The 1917 Williams Ephs football team represented Williams College during the 1917 college football season. Sophomore quarterback Benny Boynton led the squad to its first undefeated record. Boynton scored all the points in a 9–6 defeat of Columbia. The team's head coach was Mysterious Walker.


1917 Wisbech by-election
The Wisbech by-election, 1917 was a by-election held on 14 December 1917 for the House of Commons constituency of Wisbech in Cambridgeshire.


1917 Wisbech by-election, Vacancy
The election was caused by the death of sitting Liberal MP, the Hon. Neil Primrose MC, the son of the former Liberal prime minister Lord Rosebery on 15 November 1917. Primrose died of wounds received in battle at Gezer during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign.


1917 Wisbech by-election, Candidates
The Liberals selected Colin Coote, a serving officer in the Gloucestershire Regiment who was granted leave to contest the election. Being their partners in the coalition government of David Lloyd George, the Unionists also supported Coote’s nomination and no other candidates came forward.


1917 Wisbech by-election, The result
Accordingly, Coote was returned unopposed. At 24 years of age, he was one of the youngest members of the House.


1917 Wisconsin Badgers football team
The 1917 Wisconsin Badgers football team represented the University of Wisconsin in the 1917 college football season.


1917 World Series
In the 1917 World Series, the Chicago White Sox beat the New York Giants four games to two. The Series was played against the backdrop of World War I, which dominated the American newspapers that year and next.


1917 World Series
The strong Chicago White Sox club had finished the 1917 season with a 100–54 record: their only 100-win season in franchise history as of 2021. The Sox's next World Series winner in 2005 would finish the regular season with a 99–63 record.


1917 World Series
The Sox won Game 1 of the Series in Chicago 2–1 behind a complete game by Eddie Cicotte. Happy Felsch hit a home run in the fourth inning that provided the winning margin. The Sox beat the Giants in Game 2 7–2 behind another complete game effort by Red Faber to take a 2–0 lead in the Series.


1917 World Series
Back in New York for Game 3, Cicotte again threw a complete game, but the Sox could not muster a single run against Giants' starter Rube Benton and lost 2–0. In Game 4 the Sox were shut out again 5–0 by Ferdie Schupp. Faber threw another complete game, but the Series was even at 2–2 going back to Chicago.


1917 World Series
Reb Russell started Game 5 in Chicago, but only faced three batters before giving way to Cicotte. Going into the bottom of the seventh inning, Chicago was down 5–2, but they rallied to score three in the seventh and three in the eighth to win 8–5. Faber pitched the final two innings for the win. In Game 6 the Sox took an early 3–0 lead and on the strength of another complete-game victory from Faber (his third of the Series) won 4–2 and clinched the World Championship. Eddie Collins was the hitting hero, batting .409 over the six game series while Cicotte and Faber combined to pitch 50 out of a total 52 World Series innings to lead the staff.


1917 World Series
The decisive game underscored the Giants' post-season frustrations, featuring a famous rundown in which Giants' third baseman Heinie Zimmerman futilely chased the speedy Eddie Collins toward home plate with what would be the Series-winning run. Catcher Bill Rariden had run up the third base line to start a rundown, expecting pitcher Rube Benton or first baseman Walter Holke to cover the plate. However, neither of them budged, forcing Zimmerman to chase Collins while pawing helplessly in the air with the ball in an attempt to tag him.


1917 World Series
Two years before the issue of baseball betting reached its peak, Zimmerman found himself having to publicly deny purposely allowing the run to score, i.e. to deny that he had "thrown" the game. In truth, McGraw blamed Benton and Holke for failing to cover the plate. A quote often attributed to Zim, but actually invented by writer Ring Lardner some years later, was that when asked about the incident Zim replied, "Who the hell was I supposed to throw to, Klem (umpire Bill Klem, who was working the plate)?"


1917 World Series
Conventional wisdom has it that Collins was much faster than Zimmerman, but existing photos of the play show that Zimmerman was only a step or two behind Collins, who actually slid across the plate while Zim jumped over him to avoid trampling him. Zimmerman would eventually be banned for life due to various accusations of corruption.


1917 World Series
The great athlete Jim Thorpe, better known for football in general, made his only World Series "appearance" during Game 5, where he was listed in the lineup card as starting in right field; but for his turn at bat in the top of the first inning he was replaced by a left-handed hitting Dave Robertson.


1917 World Series
The White Sox, who were essentially dismantled following the 1920 season by baseball commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis due to the Black Sox Scandal in the 1919 World Series, did not make it to another World Series until 1959, and did not win another World Series until 2005.


1917 World Series, Summary
AL Chicago White Sox (4) vs. NL New York Giants (2)


1917 World Series, Matchups, Game 1
Fred McMullin drove in Chicago's first run, and Happy Felsch's homer made it 2–0. Giants pitcher Slim Sallee knocked in his side's only run with a single after a Lew McCarty triple.


1917 World Series, Matchups, Game 2
Shoeless Joe Jackson's two-run single capped a five-run fourth inning for the White Sox, who knocked out Giants starter Ferdie Schupp in the second inning.


1917 World Series, Matchups, Game 3
The home team won for the third straight time as the series moved to New York. The only runs of a snappy 1 hour, 55 minute game came on a Dave Robertson triple, Walter Holke double and a single by George Burns.


1917 World Series, Matchups, Game 4
The first of a pair of homers by Giants center fielder Benny Kauff was an inside-the-park one that sailed over Sox center fielder Happy Felsch's head. The other came in the eighth off Chicago reliever Dave Danforth.


1917 World Series, Matchups, Game 5
Even though Red Faber would start Games 4 and 6, he was brought in from the bullpen to close Game 5. Taking no chances, the Sox yanked starter Reb Russell after just three batters, all of whom reached base. A three-error third inning behind Eddie Cicotte put the Giants up 4–1. But after a game-tying rally in the seventh, the Sox won it in the eighth as Happy Felsch greeted reliever Pol Perritt with an RBI single. It was the fifth straight win by the home team in this Series.


1917 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
A pair of errors proved costly to the Giants in a three-run fourth when Chick Gandil and Ray Schalk followed with RBI hits. New York's hopes rose with a Buck Herzog triple in the next inning that made it 3–2. But with the workhorse Faber holding the Giants at bay the rest of the way, the Sox got an insurance run in the ninth on hits by Buck Weaver and Nemo Leibold, and the Series was theirs. It would be their last championship until 2005.


1917 World Series, Composite box
1917 World Series (4–2): Chicago White Sox (A.L.) over New York Giants (N.L.)