1911 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season, Season Summary
After making some trades over the off-season, the Reds entered the 1911 season with a goal of winning the National League pennant. The club began the season with a poor 3-6 record in their first nine games, before winning eight of their next ten, to improve to 11-8, however, Cincinnati was in fourth place, five games behind the first place Philadelphia Phillies. With a four-game series against the Phillies, the Reds ended up losing three of the game, including a 21-5 blowout loss, to drop further behind them in the race for the pennant.


1911 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season, Season Summary
The Reds continued to struggle, and were 10 games under .500 in early July. The team limped their way through the 1911 season, finishing with a 70-83 record, and in sixth place in the National League, 29 games behind the New York Giants. It was the worst season by Cincinnati since a 66-87 record in 1907.


1911 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season, Season Summary
At the end of the season, the Reds replaced manager Clark Griffith.


1911 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1911 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1911 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1911 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1911 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1911 Cincinnati football team
The 1911 Cincinnati football team was an American football team that represented the University of Cincinnati as a member of the Ohio Athletic Conference during the 1911 college football season. In their third and final season under head coach Robert Burch, the Bearcats compiled a 6–2–1 record (2–1–1 against conference opponents). Walter Heuck was the team captain. The team played its home games at Carson Field in Cincinnati.


1911 Circuit of Europe air race
The Circuit of Europe (Circuit d'Europe) was an air race held in 1911. A prize of £8,000 was offered by Le Journal for the entire Circuit, with additional prizes for the individual stages. The stages of the race totalled  1,600 km (990 mi) were:


1911 Circuit of Europe air race, Paris-Liège
The first stage was held on 18 June. Most of the competitors started from the military parade ground at Vincennes, watched by around 500,000 spectators. A few  who were members of the French army took off from Issy-les-Moulineaux. In all, 43 pilots started the race. The event was marred by three fatal accidents: Léon Lemartin crashed on take-off from Vincenness and died on arrival at  hospital, Lt. Pierre Princeteau crashed at Issy while attempting to land to repair a fault, his aircraft overturning and catching fire, and Pierre Landron was killed when his aircraft caught fire near Chateaux-Thierry.


1911 Circuit of Europe air race, Paris-Liège
René Vidart, flying a Deperdussin monoplane, was the first to arrive at Liège;  his time for the course was 3 h 9 m 54 s.  Jules Védrines, flyind a Morane came second and Charles Weymann, flying a Nieuport, third. Only eighteen pilots managed to complete the course within the allowed time.


1911 Circuit of Europe air race, Liège-Spa-Liège
The second stage was to have been held on 20 June but poor weather forced a postponement to the next day. The stage was won by Jules Védrines, René Vidart coming second and Jean Louis Conneau, flying as André Beaumont in a Blériot third.


1911 Circuit of Europe air race, Liège-Utrecht
19 pilots started the third stage, of whom 14 finished. The stage was won by Gilbert with a time of 2 h 4 min 25 s. Roland Garros was second (2 h 10 min 21 s) and Vidart third (2 h 17 min 20 s).


1911 Circuit of Europe air race, Utrecht-Brussels
The fourth stage was to have started on 24 June. However, although the organisers decided that weather conditions were suitable the pilots disagreed, and hauled down the white flag that had been hoisted as the signal that flying would take place. It was immediately rehoisted but the pilots refused to fly, saying that they would reconsider their position later. Weather conditions did not improve, and the start was postponed. The weather did not clear until 26 June.


1911 Circuit of Europe air race, Brussels-Roubaix
Nine pilots started the stage on 28 June, Weyman having withdrawn from the race in order to take part in the Gordon Bennett Trophy race. Védrines won with a time of 58 min, Kimmerlin was second (1 h 11 min) and Garros third. (1 h 15 min)


1911 Circuit of Europe air race, Roubaix-Calais
After a delayed start due to fog at Calais, the stage was won by Védrines in 1 h 16 min, Vidart coming second (1 h 32 min) and "Beaumont" third (1 h 44 min): only three other competitors completed the stage that day.


1911 Circuit of Europe air race, Calais-London
The delayed start of the previous stage caused a postponement until Monday 3 July to avoid interfering with the Gordon Bennett race being held at Eastchurch that weekend. The fastest pilot over the first leg was Gilbert, winning a £100 prize with a time of 37  min 57 s. Beaumont won the Standard prize for the best overall time between Paris and London, and Védrines won the prize for the stage with a time of 2 h 56 min. Vidart was second (3 h 27 min) and Beaumont third (3 h 32 min).


1911 Circuit of Europe air race, London-Calais
Held over two days, the section from Hendon to Dover being made on 6 July. The cross-channel flight from Dover to Calais was held the following day. Ten competitors set off from Hendon: the only one to fail to reach Dover was James Valentine, the only British competitor in the race. The next day the first of the nine contestants still in the competition taking off at 4.30 am and followed at three-minute intervals by all but one of the others who was slightly delayed by engine trouble. All made the crossing safely.


1911 Circuit of Europe air race, Calais-Paris
Held on 7 July. Lt . Jean Louis Conneau flying as André Beaumont) completed the circuit with a total flying time of 58 h 36 s, Garros was second (62 h 18 min) and Vidart third (73 h 32 min). The stage was won by  Vidart (2 h 33 min 6  s), with Gilbert second (2 h 36 min 40  s) and Garros third (3 h 13 min 49  s). In all nine competitors finished the race.


1911 Cisleithanian legislative election
Legislative elections to elect members of the Imperial Council were held in Cisleithania, the Austrian section of Austria-Hungary over several days in June and July 1911. A coalition of German national and liberal parties, the Deutscher Nationalverband, emerged as the largest bloc in Parliament, holding 100 of the 516 seats. Voter turnout was 80.2%.


1911 Cisleithanian legislative election
This was the second election under universal male suffrage, and the last before the dissolution of the empire as a result of World War I. At that dissolution it was the German representatives that formed the first truly Austrian legislative body of the Republic of German-Austria.


1911 Cisleithanian legislative election
In the German-speaking areas the results however were similar to the previous elections in 1907, with the Christian Socials as the largest party (76 seats), followed by the Social Democrats (43) and the German People's Party (32). Both the major parties lost seats, and the parties which gained were the moderate centre and the radicals. Results varied by province, with Lower Austria providing the political base for the two largest parties.


1911 Cisleithanian legislative election
There was a wide difference between rural areas (Christian Social) and urban (Social Democrat), a split (social cleavage) that had become more evident since 1907, with the Christian Socials losing their support in the outer belt of Viennese districts. Support for the German People's Party was more even. The German People's Party found its support in the middle strata of Austrian society. On the other hand, industrialists rejected this party in favour of the Freisinnige group, particularly the German Progressive Party, as did the more prosperous merchants.


1911 Cisleithanian legislative election
Among the non-German nationalities, the results also differed widely between nations.


1911 Cisleithanian legislative election, Results
Candidates that ran under the German Freedom Party and German-National Party labels were members of either the German People's Party or the German Progressive Party, which ran as a joint list in certain constituencies.


1911 Cisleithanian legislative election, Results
Ran as the Slovenian Clerical Party in Styria and Gorizia and Gradisca.


1911 Cisleithanian legislative election in the Kingdom of Dalmatia
The 1911 Cisleithanian legislative election was held in the Kingdom of Dalmatia in eleven single-seat constituencies by universal male suffrage.


1911 Clemson Tigers football team
The 1911 Clemson Tigers football team represented the Clemson Tigers of Clemson Agricultural College during the 1911 college football season. Under second year head coach Frank Dobson, the team posted a 3–5 record. Paul Bissell was the captain.


1911 Cleveland Naps season
The 1911 Cleveland Naps season was a season in  American major league baseball. It involved the Cleveland Naps attempting to win the American League pennant and finishing in third place (22 games back). They had a record of 80 wins and 73 losses.


1911 Cleveland Naps season
The Naps played their home games at League Park II.


1911 Cleveland Naps season, Regular season, Addie Joss
Addie Joss, the ace starting pitcher for the Naps, experienced fainting spells while training for the 1911 season. He died of tubercular meningitis on April 14, at his home in Toledo, Ohio, leaving behind his wife and two young children. Joss's funeral took place on April 17 in Toledo, when the Naps were scheduled to play the Detroit Tigers. The players declared their intention to strike if the game that day was not postponed. Though American League president Ban Johnson initially did not agree, he cancelled the game. Several Tigers players attended the funeral as well.


1911 Cleveland Naps season, Regular season, Addie Joss
Charles Sommers, the owner of the Naps, began to plan the Addie Joss Benefit Game, which was held at League Park in Cleveland on July 24, a mutual off day for all teams in the American League. An all-star team played against Cleveland, defeating the Naps by a score of 5-3. In total, nine players from the game were later inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame: Cy Young and Nap Lajoie for Cleveland, Walter Johnson, Ty Cobb, Eddie Collins, Tris Speaker, Sam Crawford, Home Run Baker, and Bobby Wallace for the all-stars. The game raised $12,914 for Joss's widow ($358,686 in current dollar terms); the sum was more than double Joss's annual salary.


1911 Cleveland Naps season, Regular season, Season highlights
In his rookie season, Shoeless Joe Jackson hit .408, which ranked second in the American League. He also finished in the league top 10 in home runs, RBI, runs scored, and stolen bases. Jackson was fourth in the Chalmers MVP Award voting.


1911 Cleveland Naps season, Regular season, Season highlights
Vean Gregg led the starting pitchers of the team in several categories: he had a total of 23 wins and seven losses; he pitched 244⅔ innings, yet maintained a league-leading 1.80 ERA, while striking out 125 batters.


1911 Cleveland Naps season, Regular season, Season highlights
Young, 44 years old at the time, played part of his final season with the 1911 Cleveland Naps team.


1911 Cleveland Naps season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1911 Cleveland Naps season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1911 Cleveland Naps season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1911 Cleveland Naps season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1911 Colgate football team
The 1911 Colgate football team was an American football team that represented Colgate University as an independent during the 1911 college football season. In its first and only season under head coach Jack E. Ingersoll, the team compiled a 3–6 record. Clarence H. Thurber was the team captain. The team played its home games on Whitnall Field in Hamilton, New York.


1911 College Baseball All-Southern Team
The 1911 College Baseball All-Southern Team consists of baseball players selected at their respective positions after the 1911 NCAA baseball season.


1911 College Basketball All-Southern Team
The 1911 College Basketball All-Southern Team consisted of basketball players from the South chosen at their respective positions.


1911 College Football All-America Team
The 1911 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans for the 1911 college football season. The only selector for the 1911 season who has been recognized as "official" by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) is Walter Camp. Many other sports writers, newspapers, coaches and others also selected All-America teams in 1911. Others who selected All-Americans in 1911 include New York sports writer Wilton S. Farnsworth, The New York Globe, Minnesota coach Henry L. Williams, The Christian Science Monitor, former Yale stars Ted Coy and Charles Chadwick, and Baseball Magazine.


1911 College Football All-America Team, Walter Camp's "official" selections
The only individual who has been recognized as an "official" selector by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) for the 1911 season is Walter Camp. Accordingly, the NCAA's official listing of "Consensus All-America Selections" mirrors Camp's first-team picks. Nine of Camp's first-team All-Americans in 1911 played on teams from the Ivy League. The only players recognized by Camp from outside the Ivy League were Jim Thorpe from the Carlisle School, Leland Devore of Army and Jack Dalton of Navy.


1911 College Football All-America Team, Walter Camp's "official" selections
The dominance of Ivy League players on Camp's All-America teams led to criticism over the years that his selections were biased against players from the leading Western universities, including Chicago, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Notre Dame.


1911 College Football All-Southern Team
The 1911 College Football All-Southern Team consists of American football players selected to the College Football All-Southern Teams selected by various organizations for the 1911 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. Ray Morrison and Harry Costello were selected for Outing magazine's "Football Honor List for 1911" selected by coaches from the East and West. Vanderbilt won the SIAA championship.


1911 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
Bold = consensus choice by a majority of the selectors


1911 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
H = selected by John Heisman. He had a first and second team.


1911 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
DJ = selected by Dick Jemison in the Atlanta Constitution.


1911 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
NS = selected by Nathan Stauffer of Collier's Weekly. He had a first and second team.


1911 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
BS  = selected by Bill Streit, assistant coach at Auburn University. He had a first and second team.


1911 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
NT = selected by Spick Hall in the Nashville Tennessean.


1911 Colorado Agricultural Aggies football team
The 1911 Colorado Agricultural Aggies football team represented Colorado Agricultural College (now known as Colorado State University) in the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) during the 1911 college football season. In their first season under head coach Harry W. Hughes, the Aggies compiled a 0–6 record, failed to score a point during the season, and were outscored by a total of 216 to 0.


1911 Colorado Silver and Gold football team
The 1911 Colorado Silver and Gold football team was an American football team that represented the University of Colorado as a member of the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) during the 1911 college football season. In its 11th year under head coach Fred Folsom, the team compiled a 6–0 record (5–0 against RMC opponents), won the conference championship, and outscored opponents by a total of 88 to 5.


1911 Colorado Silver and Gold football team
Colorado sustained a 21-game win streak that began on November 26, 1908, and ended on October 12, 1912. It remains the longest such streak in program history.


1911 Columbus Panhandles season
The 1911 Columbus Panhandles season was an American football team played professional football in the Ohio League. The team compiled a 7–2–1 record and played its home games at Indianola Park in Columbus, Ohio.


1911 Columbus Panhandles season, Players
Player information is based on box scores in published game accounts.


1911 Connecticut Aggies football team
The 1911 Connecticut Aggies football team represented Connecticut Agricultural College, now the University of Connecticut, in the 1911 college football season. The Aggies were led by first year head coach Leo Hafford, and completed the season with a record of 0–5. Hafford died on October 1, the day after Connecticut's first game.


1911 Copa de Honor Cousenier
The 1911 Copa de Honor Cousenier was the final match to decide the winner of the Copa de Honor Cousenier, the 7th. edition of the international competition organised by the Argentine and Uruguayan Associations together. The final was contested by Uruguayan side CURCC and Argentine club Newell's Old Boys.


1911 Copa de Honor Cousenier
The match was held in the Estadio Gran Parque Central in Montevideo, on November 5, 1911. With CURCC winning 2–0, players of Newell's left the field under protest after the referee validated both goals. Newell's alleged that those goals had been scored with players in offside position. Nevertheless, the title was awarded to CURCC, which won its second consecutive Copa Cousenier trophy.


1911 Copa de Honor MCBA Final
The 1911 Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires was the final that decided the champion of the 7th. edition of this National cup of Argentina. In the match, held in River Plate Stadium in Dársena Sur (La Boca) on September 24, 1911, Newell's Old Boys beat Club Atlético Porteño 3–2, winning not only the trophy but its first title in the Argentine top division.


1911 Copa de Honor MCBA Final, Overview
The 1911 edition was contested by 12 clubs, 7 within Buenos Aires Province and 5 from Liga Rosarina de Football participating in the competition. Playing in a Single-elimination tournament, Porteño beat Club Atlético Provincial (5–2), Gimnasia y Esgrima de Buenos Aires (4–2), qualifying for the final.


1911 Copa de Honor MCBA Final, Overview
On the other hand, Newell's beat Rosario Central (2–1 at Plaza Jewell) and San Isidro 1–0 at its own venue.


1911 Copa de Honor MCBA Final, Overview
The final was held in River Plate Stadium in La Boca on September 24, 1911, where Newell's won 3–2 with goal by Manuel González (2) and Hollamby, who scored on the last minute of the match.


1911 Copa del Rey
The Copa del Rey  1911 was the 10th staging of the Copa del Rey, the Spanish football cup competition.


1911 Copa del Rey
The competition started on April 9, 1911, and concluded on April 15, 1911, with the Final, held at the Josaleta Stadium in Getxo, in which Athletic Bilbao lifted the trophy for the 5th time ever with a 3–1 victory over CD Español. This Tournament should have been 13 teams, but 3 teams withdrew, and another 3 teams withdrew during the competition.


1911 Copa del Rey, Controversies
RC Deportivo de la Coruña and Academia de Ingenieros withdrew the competition before it started. They were against the fielding of foreign players in the teams. During the tournament, there were more protests and withdrawal threats from some teams. After the first round match between Athletic Bilbao and Fortuna Vigo, Real Sociedad contested the match, claiming the illegal selection of two English players in Athletic's side. The Football Federation rejected the claim and Real Sociedad withdrew immediately. The rest of teams supported Real Sociedad and threatened to withdraw. Finally, Athletic decided not to use those players in their matches, but refused to replay the match against Fortuna Vigo.


1911 Copa del Rey, Controversies
This dispute was a major factor in Athletic Bilbao's decision to select only local Basque players from then on, a club policy which survived into the 21st century.


1911 Copa del Rey Final
The 1911 Copa del Rey Final was the 10th final of the Spanish cup competition, the Copa del Rey. The final was played at Jolaseta Stadium in Getxo on 15 April 1911. The match was won by Athletic de Bilbao, who beat CD Español 3–1.


1911 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship
The 1911 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship was the third staging of the Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board.


1911 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship
On 22 October 1911, Cloughduv won the championship following a 6-02 to 3-01 defeat of Blackrock in the final at the Coachford Enclosure.


1911 Cork Senior Football Championship
The 1911 Cork Senior Football Championship was the 25th staging of the Cork Senior Football Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887.


1911 Cork Senior Football Championship
On 22 October 1911, Lees won the championship following a 2-04 to 0-01 defeat of Nils in the final at the Cork Athletic Grounds. This was their eighth title overall and their second title in succession.


1911 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
The 1911 Cork Senior Hurling Championship was the 24th staging of the Cork Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887. The championship began on 2 April 1911 and ended on 10 December 1911.


1911 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
On 10 December 1911, Blackrock won the championship following a 3-2 to 0-00 defeat of Aghabullogue in the final. This was their 12th championship title overall and their second title in succession.


1911 Cornell Big Red football team
The 1911 Cornell Big Red football team was an American football team that represented Cornell University during the 1911 college football season. In their second season under head coach Daniel A. Reed, the Big Red compiled a 7–3 record and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 101 to 52. Tackle William Edward Munk was selected by Walter Camp as a second-team player, and by Baseball Magazine as a first-team player, on the 1911 College Football All-America Team.


1911 Coronation Honours
The Coronation Honours 1911 for the British Empire were announced on 19 June 1911, to celebrate the coronation of George V which was held on 22 June 1911.


1911 Coronation Honours
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.


1911 Coronation Match
The 1911 Coronation Match was a men's team golf competition between teams of amateur and professional golfers. It was played at Royal St George's Golf Club on 24 June 1911, the Saturday before the 1911 Open Championship, to celebrate the coronation of George V two days earlier. The match replaced the annual England–Scotland Professional Match which had been played just before the Open Championship since 1903.


1911 Coronation Match
The amateur team consisted of 11 Englishmen, 5 Scotsmen, one Irishman and one American while the professional team consisted of 11 Englishmen, 5 Scotsmen, one Irishman and one Frenchman. The match resulted in an overwhelming win for the professionals by 8 matches to 1, most of the matches being quite one-sided.


1911 Coronation Match, Format
The match was contested on a single day with nine 36-hole foursomes matches. As with the England–Scotland Professional Match, the players went off in a seeded order.


1911 Coronation Match, Results
Jack White was initially selected but was indisposed and replaced by another Scot, James Hepburn.


1911 County Championship
The 1911 County Championship was the twenty-second officially organised running of the County Championship, and ran from 4 May to 5 September 1911. Warwickshire County Cricket Club won their first championship title. Somerset finished bottom of the table, winning only one match all season. Tom Hayward topping the batting charts, scoring 1,963 runs for Surrey at an average of 50.33, though C. B. Fry scored his 1,299 runs at a far superior average of 76.41. Lancashire's Harry Dean took the most wickets, accumulating 175 at an average of 17.52.


1911 County Championship
The championship adopted a new method of scoring points, which was proposed by Somerset. Previously the only way to score points was by winning a match, but the new method introduced points for draws. A winning team scored five points, a team which drew a match, but scored more runs in the first innings scored three points, and a team which drew a match, but scored less runs in the first innings scored one point.


1911 County Championship
In his editorial in the Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, Sydney Pardon notes that had any of the previous scoring methods been used, Kent would have won the championship, rather than Warwickshire. In their book A History of Cricket, Harry Altham and E. W. Swanton describe the Kent team as being "possibly a finer all-round side" than Warwickshire, but heap praise on Warwickshire's batting, and their young captain, Frank Foster.


1911 County Championship
Pardon was complimentary of the cricket played during the season, and described that cricket "generally flourished". However, he also observed that a number of counties were in financially difficulty, an issue that Lord Cobham attributed partially to the wages of professional players.


1911 Coupe de Chamonix
The 1911 Coupe de Chamonix was the third edition of the Coupe de Chamonix, an international ice hockey tournament. It was held from January 16-19, 1911, in Chamonix, France. The Oxford Canadians won the tournament.


1911 Croatian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Croatia-Slavonia in December 1911. Despite efforts of Ban Nikola Tomašić to coerce voters to vote for pro-government parties, the result was unfavourable as the government won only 21 seats. Elections in 4 districts were suspended and in 1 district the results were challenged. On the last day of the elections Josip Frank, former leader of the Starčević's Party of Rights, died in Zagreb.


1911 Curepipe riots
The 1911 Curepipe riots refer to violent clashes which broke out in the historic town of Curepipe and then spread to Port Louis on the island of Mauritius on 19 January 1911. The riots also came to be known as Election Rabble Riots of 1911 by the administrators in London.


1911 Curepipe riots, Clash of rival gangs
The riots started out as a political disturbance in the town of Curepipe on Curepipe Road which resulted in a clash between Creole followers of Eugène Laurent (Action Libérale) against white Franco Mauritian supporters of Armand Esnouf (Parti de l'Ordre or Oligarchy). This came at a time when Eugène Laurent had celebrated his victory over his rival William Newton (Mauritius) at the 1911 elections held on 18 January 1911. Curepipe also happened to be where a significant number of prominent business people resided. Some of these residents of Curepipe were attacked when they departed from a train when it reached its destination in Port Louis. The rioters also destroyed several businesses located in the capital city of Port Louis.


1911 Curepipe riots, Military intervention
Eventually there was military intervention by the regiment which was stationed on the island. However they did not have to use their weapons. The regiment, consisting predominantly of Sikh soldiers, formed part of the Hong Kong Singapore Battalion, Royal Garrison Artillery


1911 Curepipe riots, Events prior to the 1911 Riots
There had been a build-up of political tension leading to the 1911 Riots. In fact the elections for the Council of Government were held in 1911. Due to the planned immigration of Indian labourers to the island since 1834 following the Abolition of Slavery there had been a significant change in the ethnic composition of the working population, made up mainly of Creoles and Indians. During the years prior to the 1911 riots the need for representation and better working and living conditions were being advocated by the likes of Adolphe de Plevitz and Manilal Doctor. In fact soon after his arrival in Mauritius in 1907 lawyer Manilal Doctor assisted the political party Action Libérale of Eugène Laurent in its campaign against its rival the Oligarchy Party.


1911 Curepipe riots, Events prior to the 1911 Riots
On the other hand, there were continual debates over the suitability of the new Constitution. The 1909 Royal Commission of Enquiry witnessed a strong push to revert to the old Constitution of 1832.


1911 Curepipe riots, Royal Commission of Enquiry
A Royal Commission of Enquiry was instigated after the 1911 riots. There had been various such hearings in prior years but the riots exposed the need for legislative changes to meet the requirements of the complex society.


1911 Currie Cup
The 1911 Currie Cup was the tenth edition of the Currie Cup, the premier domestic rugby union competition in South Africa.


1911 Currie Cup
The tournament was won by  Griqualand West for the second time, who won six of their matches in the competition and drew the other match.


1911 Currie Cup
This tournament also marked the first ever loss for  Western Province, who previously went 48 matches unbeaten in the competition since its inception in 1892, winning 46 and drawing two of those matches. Griqualand West beat them 12–0 in the tournament held in Cape Town.


1911 Dartmouth football team
The 1911 Dartmouth football team was an American football team that represented Dartmouth College as an independent during the 1911 college football season. In its first season under head coach Frank Cavanaugh, the team compiled an 8–2 record, shut out five of ten opponents, and outscored all opponents by a total of 137 to 19. Edward Daley was the team captain.


1911 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football team
The 1911 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football team was an American football team that represented Delaware College (later renamed the University of Delaware) as an independent during the 1911 college football season. In its fourth season under head coach William McAvoy, the team compiled a 2–5–2 record and was outscored by a total of 56 to 54. Carl A. Taylor was the team captain. The team played its home games in Newark, Delaware.


1911 Delhi Durbar Honours
The 1911 Delhi Durbar was held in December 1911 following the coronation in London in June of that year of King George V and Queen Mary. The King and Queen travelled to Delhi for the Durbar. For the occasion, the statutory limits of the membership of the Order of the Star of India and the Order of the Indian Empire were increased and many appointments were made to these and other orders. These honours were published in a supplement to the London Gazette dated 8 December 1911.


1911 Delhi Durbar Honours
In the lists below, names of recipients of honours are shown as they were styled before their new honours. Archaic transliterations of personal and place names are retained as shown in the London Gazette. Similarly, place names are given as shown in the Gazette, e.g. Madras (now Chennai), Bombay (now Mumbai), etc. The term "India" refers to British India as it was in 1911, comprising territories which are now the nations of Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Myanmar.


1911 Delhi Durbar Honours, Order of the Star of India, Knight Commander (KCSI)
MemorandumIt was the King's gracious intention to have promoted Sardar Partab Singh, C.S.I., to be a Knight Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India, had the Sardar survived.


1911 Delhi Durbar Honours, Order of the Star of India, Companion (CSI)
MemorandumIt was the King's gracious intention to have appointed the Nawab Alladad Khan, Saddozai, of Dera Ismail Khan, to be a Companion of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India had the Nawab survived.


1911 Denver Pioneers football team
The 1911 Denver Pioneers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Denver as a member of the Rocky Mountain Conference during the 1911 college football season. In its first season under head coach Thomas A. Barry, the team compiled a 5–2–1 record (3–1–1 against conference opponents), tied for second place in the RMC, shut out six of eight opponents, and outscored all opponents by a total of 81 to 22.


1911 Detroit Heralds season
The 1911 Detroit Heralds season was the seventh season of independent American football played by the Detroit Heralds. The team was coached by Bill Marshall, compiled a 4–0–1 record, and won the Detroit football championship.


1911 Detroit Heralds season
The team's lineup included Birtie Maher and R. Shields (ends), Polly La Grue (quarterback), Sylvester "Ole" Mauer and Schaffer (halfbacks), Lawrence Nedeau (fullback), and Hartledge (center).


1911 Detroit Heralds season
During the 1911 season, Birtie Maher was an 18-year-old immigrant from Ireland; he played 10 seasons with the Heralds, remaining with the team until the 1920 season when they played in the National Football League.


1911 Detroit Heralds season
Ole Mauer played with the Heralds starting in 1906. He was later remembered in a 1966 column by Joe Falls as "the first left halfback on the first professional football team to play in Detroit".


1911 Detroit Heralds season, Players
The team's players included the following, those players with at least three starts shown in bold:


1911 Detroit Tigers football team
The 1911 Detroit Tigers football team  was an American football team that represented the University of Detroit in the 1911 college football season. In its first season under head coach Royal R. Campbell, the team compiled a 4–4 record and was outscored by its opponents by a combined total of 53 to 41.


1911 Detroit Tigers football team
In January 1911, the school changed its name from "Detroit College" to the "University of Detroit".


1911 Detroit Tigers season
The 1911 Detroit Tigers had a record of 89–65 and finished in second place in the American League, 13½ games behind the Philadelphia Athletics. They outscored their opponents 831–776, and drew 484,988 fans to Bennett Park (4th of 8 teams in attendance).


1911 Detroit Tigers season, Regular season, Season summary
The 1911 Detroit Tigers opened the season with a phenomenal 21–2 record. The Tigers set the modern record for home wins to start the season, 12–0, and were 51–25 at home but 38–40 on the road. They were in first place in the American League every day except one until August 3, 1911. After going 59–24, the wheels fell off as the team lost 20 of 30 games in July and were 23–43 in the second half. The Tigers lost 20 of 30 games in July and ended up 13½ games behind the Athletics.


1911 Detroit Tigers season, Regular season, Season summary
The 1911 Tigers had two of the best batters in baseball in Ty Cobb and Sam Crawford. Cobb led both leagues in batting average (.420), RBIs (127), stolen bases (83), slugging (.621), runs (147), hits (248), total bases (367), doubles (47), and extra base hits (79). Crawford was not far behind, ranking in the top three in the AL in batting average (.378), slugging (.438), hits (217), total bases (302), and RBIs (115).


1911 Detroit Tigers season, Regular season, Season summary
The team ranked second best in the American League in runs scored but the pitching staff's earned run average of 3.73 was the second worst in the league—a full point above the league leading Red Sox' team ERA of 2.74. Playing in Bennett Field, with its 8,500-seat wooden grandstand, their home attendance for the entire season was 484,988.


1911 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1911 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1911 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1911 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1911 Detroit Tigers season, Awards and honors, Players ranking among top 100 of all time at position
The following members of the 1911 Detroit Tigers are among the Top 100 players of all time at their position, as ranked in The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract in 2001:


1911 Dickinson Red and White football team
The 1911 Dickinson Red and White football team was an American football team that represented Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. The team compiled a 4–4 record while competing as an independent during the 1911 college football season. Simon F. Pauxtis was the head coach, and Luther E. Bashore was the captain.


1911 Dickinson Red and White football team
The season began with a  17–0 loss loss to crosstown rival Carlisle, led by Jim Thorpe and coached by Pop Warner. Dickinson and Carlisle also played midweek scrimmages throughout the season.


1911 Dickinson Red and White football team
The team included fullback/halfback Francis "Mother" Dunn and quarterback Hyman Goldstein, both of whom were among the first three persons inducted into the Dickinson College Athletic Hall of Fame. At the end of the season, Dunn was elected captain of the 1912 team.


1911 Dickinson Red and White football team
Two games were cancelled. A game against Haverford was cancelled due to a wet field. A game against Ursinus was cancelled due to disagreement about eligibility rules.


1911 Dublin Corporation election
An election to Dublin Corporation took place in March 1911 as part of that year's Irish local elections. The election saw a decline for Sinn Féin, with the Unionists regaining their position as the councils second party.


1911 East Cork by-election
The East Cork by-election of 1911 was held on 15 July 1911. The by-election was held due to the election being declared void of the incumbent Irish Parliamentary MP, Anthony Donelan. It was won by the Irish Parliamentary candidate John Muldoon.


1911 East Wicklow by-election
The East Wicklow by-election of 1911 was held on 13 July 1911. The by-election was held due to the resignation of the incumbent Irish Parliamentary MP, John Muldoon, in order to contest a by-election in East Cork. It was won by the Irish Parliamentary candidate Anthony Donelan, who was unopposed.


1911 Eastern North America heat wave
The 1911 Eastern North America heat wave was an 11-day severe heat wave that killed at least 380 people though estimates have put the death toll as high as 2,000 people. The heat wave began on July 4, 1911 and didn't end until July 15. In Nashua, New Hampshire, the temperature peaked at 106 °F (41 °C). In New York City alone, 158 people and 600 horses died.


1911 Eastern North America heat wave, Description
Throughout June, the temperature had been consistent with what normally was felt during New England summers, but starting in July, dry air which originated from the southern great plains began to flow into Canada before being swept south toward the east coast. The hot wind suppressed cooler ocean breezes, and this caused the temperature to rise so suddenly and dramatically that in Providence there was an 11 degree rise in temperature in a half hour.


1911 Eastern North America heat wave, Description
The area between Pennsylvania to Maine was reportedly most affected by the heat. During the 11 days, temperature records were set all over New England. In Boston, the temperature rose to 104° (40 °C) on July 4, an all-time record high that still stands today.


1911 Eastern North America heat wave, Description
Toronto saw temperatures as high as 103° (39.4 °C), the highest temperature until 1936.


1911 Eastern North America heat wave, Description
The heatwave was finally ended by a severe thunderstorm, which traveled across the Northeast and killed an additional five people.


1911 Eastern North America heat wave, Heatwave impacts
The first day of the heatwave caused crowds in major cities to form around thermometers so they could watch the temperature rise. Pedestrians in these crowds reportedly began to collapse from heat stroke as the day went by. By night time, mothers walked the street with crying infants hoping to keep them awake in fear that if they slept in their cribs they would not awaken.


1911 Eastern North America heat wave, Heatwave impacts
As the heat wave's second day began, 17 people had died from drowning alone after trying to swim in order to escape the heat. By the time the sun had risen on July 5, industry had come to a standstill. Throughout the region factories were closed and mail service was suspended. Due to the temperature indoors many began sleeping outside either on roofs of apartments or on sidewalks with at least 5,000 people sleeping on the Boston Common alone.


1911 Eastern North America heat wave, Heatwave impacts
Besides deaths caused directly by the heat, it was reported that in every major city affected by the heatwave that the temperatures had been driving people insane and causing suicides. One such example reported by The New London Day, was of an elderly Boston man named Jacob Seegar who reportedly was driven so insane by the heat that he killed himself with a revolver in order to escape it.


1911 Eastern North America heat wave, Heatwave impacts
Due to the excessive heat rail lines had become melted and bent.


1911 Eastern North America heat wave, Heatwave impacts
The death toll continued to rise until finally a sudden thunderstorm brought a wave of relief, soon after which temperatures returned to their normal levels for good.


1911 Eastern North America heat wave, Heatwave impacts
The 1911 heat wave is considered the most deadly weather related disaster in the history of New England. In Philadelphia alone, 158 people were reported to have died from the heatwave and across the north east 200 people were reported to have drowned while swimming in an attempt to escape the heat.


1911 Eastern Suburbs season
Eastern Suburbs District Rugby Football Club (now known as the Sydney Roosters) competed in their fourth New South Wales Rugby League season in 1911, winning their maiden premiership.


1911 Eastern Suburbs season, 1911 results
Premiership Round 3. 13 MayGlebe Dirty Reds 8 ( Muggivan, L. Cubitt tries;  A.Burge goal ) defeated Eastern Suburbs 0 at Wentworth park. crowd 4000


1911 Eastern Suburbs season, 1911 results
"Quite the liveliest, contest of the day was that at Wentworth Park, where about 4000 locals cheered the Reds to victory over the redoubtable Eastern Suburbs. It was fast and furious at times. Two men were carried off Injured. Two more were ordered off the field-one for indiscriminate kicking, and one for unnecessarily rough play. Now and then the spectators, worked to a pitch of excitement, started melees of their own. The game itaelf was a triumph for the local forwards, who ran over the opponents, and the Glebe backs, taking advantage of the situation, notched 8 points to nil."


1911 Eastern Suburbs season, 1911 results
Annandale were out to win from the klck off, whilst there was an absence of life In the work of Eastern Suburbs, who appeared over-confident. A brlghtly-obtained try woke them up slightly; but at half-time they were 5 points in arrears. When, In the second spell, they commenced to make thelr run they found Annandale very solid defenders. Frequently. the fast backs of Eastern Suburbs would whip the ball about with smartness. but each player was grassed very effectively and the tricolours found no path to Annandale's ln-goal. Then Messenger "kicked" his side to victory-as he had done on several previous occasions.


1911 Eastern Suburbs season, Eastern Suburbs first premiership
The attendance of 14,000 at the Sports Ground to witness the Eastern Suburbs-South Sydney match must be considered very satisfactory, If not quite up to expectations, and it was fortunate in a ground that provides so little shelter for the "hillite" that the rain that had fallen during tho previous hour held off for the remainder of the afternoon.


1911 Eastern Suburbs season, Eastern Suburbs first premiership
Viewed as a whole, the game fell a little below expectations, but there were many causes to explain It. South Sydney entered the field minus their usual half-back, and included In the team three members from Redfern, who had played a strenuous early match. Eastern Suburbs' halt-back, Corbett, was also on the Injured list.


1911 Eastern Suburbs season, Eastern Suburbs first premiership
Tho opening stages of the game were all in favour of South Sydney, who rushed the attack, and had the tricolours defending hard, but the tactics that the Easterners had set themselves soon came to tho fore, and had a slackening effect on tho pace and attractiveness of the game. It early became evident that the forward division of Eastern Suburbs were out to hold the ball at all cost, and also that Messenger was not to want in opportunities to augment the score by goal-kicking.


1911 Eastern Suburbs season, Eastern Suburbs first premiership
The first score resulted from "offside round the serum" by M'Cabe, after a long kick from the touch line by Messenger had been knocked on by Brown, and the second was also from a penalty kick. The third was marked by Kinghorn from Rix, and was a beautiful goal from near half-way. The half was devoid of tries, each side staving off tho somewhat spasmodic onslaughts largely carried on by 'the forwards, and contained few attempts to open up play for the backs.


1911 Eastern Suburbs season, Eastern Suburbs first premiership
Tho remainder of the game was far brighter and more to the taste of the average football follower, who is pleased when the ball Is being flicked from hand to hand. The forwards let the ball go more, and though! the marking and goal-kicking continued, it was sandwiched in between soino clinking tries resulting from individual and collective efforts that were heartily appreciated. Eastern Suburbs added three tries and four goals during this half, while South Sydney added two tries and two goals.


1911 Eastern Suburbs season, Eastern Suburbs first premiership
The goal kicking apart, tho relative form of tho sides may be gauged from their ability to score trios' South Sydney backs at no time entered the game with any vim in attack, though they sparkled occasionally, while the Easterners wore kept busy by Cody shining in the loose play. To the Inimitable Messenger the side wholly owes its win, as he played a truly wonderful game.


1911 Eastern Suburbs season, Eastern Suburbs first premiership
Twenty-three points to 10 shows a winning margin, but of the 23 Messenger contributed no fewer than 20, and played a conspicuous part in the movement leading up to the try to White's credit. Two tries and seven goals make up the total, and for prettiness and effect his two tries easily excel. With White, he combined nicely in the first after starting the move from his own side of half-way, but the second excelled it, as Campbell. Lees, Messenger, White, and Messenger again rushed onward in a beautiful passing bout that could have few peers.


1911 Eastern Suburbs season, Eastern Suburbs first premiership
South Sydney fought on as only a gritty side could, but their combination was a wee bit awry. M'Cabe missed, in some of his quick dashes past the opposing five-eight, the pass from the scrum that Butler has accustomed him to, and his sphere of usefulness was limited. The soundness of the Eastern Suburbs pack also tended to upset them. The game was marred by a display of fisticuffs just prior to the close, but the whistle was sounded before it became serious.


1911 Eastern Suburbs season, Eastern Suburbs first premiership
A spring like day, with the sun shining brightly and a gentle nor’ easter blowing was experienced by the finalists in the 1st grade - Glebe and Eastern Suburbs and about 16,000 spectators were kept interested throughout through a stirring if not brilliant exposition of rugby [league].


1911 Eastern Suburbs season, Eastern Suburbs first premiership
The most sanguine of Eastern Suburbs supporters hardly hoped that the tricolours would triumph by tho margin of points that, favoured them at the close of the game To win by 22 points to 9 in a final match indicates a vast superiority on the one side and the form of the victors, which was the best all round they have displayed this season and was far in advance of that of their opponent.


1911 Eastern Suburbs season, Eastern Suburbs first premiership
That Messenger would prove a powerful factor in the victory, was only to be expected, but his efforts were well supported by his comrades who scored 4 tries between them, whilst the captain sandwiched 5 goals amongst his many clever doings. Only once did Glebe cross their opponents line so determined was. the tackling aid so skilful the defenceThe game was not so attractive as some that have proceeded it, but proved fairly fast in the opening half.


1911 Eastern Suburbs season, Eastern Suburbs first premiership
Messeimer early treated the spectators to a very fine goal landed from five yards the other side of halfway, and thereafter Eastern Suburbs demonstrated their ability to beat Glebe as scrumnagers and were also quicker in the rushes. The back division backed up the vanguard more consistently, and brought of some bright passing moves, in which Cody was very noticeable.


1911 Eastern Suburbs season, Eastern Suburbs first premiership
Early in the second spell Eastern Suburbs established a winning lead, and to some extent relaxed, their aggressive tactics of the first half and slowed the game up. The form of Glebe was highly disappointing throughout. They appeared at times to be nonplussed by the vigor of the Easterner’s rushes and quite failed to hold the scrummages, excepting a brief period late in the game the back positions were quiet outclassed. Algie alone performing with credit. Had L. Cubllt, at five-eight let the ball go with more freedom better results would have been achieved.


1911 Eastern Suburbs season, Eastern Suburbs first premiership
Played in blustery conditions, Glebes form improved greatly but they could not compete with the immaculate kicking of Dally Messenger.


1911 Eastern Suburbs season, Eastern Suburbs first premiership
In an incident packed opening stanza McMahon reduced each side to twelve men by sending off O'Malley and Pert after a touch judges report. Ensuing scrums were played with only four forwards. Glebe three - quarter Gleeson left the field with an ankle injury and was replaced at half time by Farrelly.


1911 Eastern Suburbs season, Eastern Suburbs first premiership
With first use of the stiff southerly, Glebe winger C. R. Cubitt scored out Wide in the second minute from a scrum close to the easts line. Messenger replied with a goal shortly after for Glebe to lead 5-2 at halftime. When play resumed, Messenger scored a goal again to narrow the gap to one point. Twelve minutes in, Glebe edged to an 8-4 lead when Cubitt crossed for his second try-a brilliant length of the field effort featuring Farrelly, Redmond, A. Burge and finally Cubitt who beat Messengers ankle tap.


1911 Eastern Suburbs season, Eastern Suburbs first premiership
With thirteen minutes left in the grandfinal, Lees scored Easts only try, from a high kick the ball bounced off dazed Glebe fullback Algie (who had been injured in a headclash in the opening minutes with winger White). Messenger converted and Easts snatched a 9-8 lead. Messenger's field goal six minutes from the bell gave his team the three point buffer at 11-8 and the confidence to hang on and win their first premiership. After exchanging jerseys, the elated surfsiders carried Messenger from the field.


1911 Eastern Suburbs season, Eastern Suburbs first premiership, Offence
Eastern Suburbs completed the following score options in the 1911 season:


1911 Eastern Suburbs season, Defence
Eastern Suburbs conceded the following score options in the 1911 season:


1911 Eastern Suburbs season, Defence
Eastern Suburbs conceded a total of 129 points in the 1911 season.


1911 Ecuadorian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Ecuador in 1911. The result was a victory for Emilio Estrada Carmona, who received 94% of the vote.


1911 Edmonton municipal by-election
In 1911, James McKinley, an alderman on Edmonton City Council, resigned his position to protest the firing of two city commissioners. A by-election to fill the vacancy he left was scheduled for August 14 of that year. McKinley himself was a candidate, as was Thomas Bellamy. Bellamy defeated McKinely by a count of 966 votes to 576.


1911 English cricket season
1911 was the 22nd season of County Championship cricket in England. Warwickshire were champions for the first time.


1911 English cricket season, Leading batsmen
C B Fry topped the averages with 1728 runs at 72.00


1911 English cricket season, Leading bowlers
George Thompson topped the averages with 113 wickets at 16.71


1911 European Figure Skating Championships
The 1911 European Figure Skating Championships were held on February 12 in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire. Elite figure skaters competed for the title of European Champion in the category of men's singles.


1911 European Rowing Championships
The 1911 European Rowing Championships were rowing championships held on Lake Como in the Italian Lombardy region on 10 September. The competition was for men only and they competed in five boat classes (M1x, M2x, M2+, M4+, M8+).


1911 FA Charity Shield
The 1911 FA Charity Shield was the fourth Charity Shield, an annual football match contested by the winners of the previous season's Football League and Southern League competitions. The match was played on 25 September 1911 between Manchester United, winners of the 1910–11 Football League, and Swindon Town, winners of the 1910–11 Southern League. Manchester United won the match 8–4 in front of only 10,000 fans at Stamford Bridge, London.


1911 FA Charity Shield
The match remains the highest scoring match in Charity Shield history. Harold Halse scored six goals for Manchester United in this match, a record for the most goals scored by an individual in a Charity Shield match. It is also a record for the most goals scored by an individual Manchester United player in one match, a record that was not equalled for almost 60 years, until George Best in an 8–2 win over Northampton Town on 7 February 1970. Proceeds from the sale of tickets at this game were donated to the survivors of the RMS Titanic.


1911 FA Cup Final
The 1911 FA Cup Final was the 40th FA Cup final. It was contested by Bradford City and Newcastle United. The first game resulted in a goalless draw at Crystal Palace. A single goal scored by Jimmy Speirs for Bradford won the replay at Old Trafford.


1911 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Bradford City
Home teams listed first. Round 1: New Brompton 0–1 Bradford City


1911 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Bradford City
Semi-final: Bradford City 3–0 Blackburn Rovers (at Bramall Lane, Sheffield)


1911 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Newcastle United
Home teams listed first. Round 1: Newcastle United 6–1 Bury


1911 FA Cup Final, Match summary
Newcastle were defending the cup they had won the year before by defeating Barnsley 2–0. They faced a Bradford City side who had earned their highest position in the league. Newcastle's preparations were upset by long-term injuries to England international centre-forward Albert Shepherd and Peter McWilliam. Bradford's team showed just one surprise with Scottish centre-half Willie Gildea drafted in for just his 10th game for the club.


1911 FA Cup Final, Match summary
The first match at Crystal Palace ended goalless after 90 minutes, meaning for the second successive year the final went to a replay. City made one change to their team for the replay with Bob Torrance coming in for Gildea, who never played for City again. Newcastle's team remained unchanged. The replay, which took place at Old Trafford, was settled by a single goal for Bradford, a header scored by captain Jimmy Speirs.


1911 FA Cup Final, Match summary
It was a new trophy that Speirs lifted, appropriately made by Bradford jewellers Fattorini's. The cup triumph remains Bradford's only major honour.


1911 Fairmount Wheatshockers football team
The 1911 Fairmount Wheatshockers football team was an American football team that represented Fairmount College (now known as Wichita State University) as an independent during the 1911 college football season. In its third and final season under head coach Roy K. Thomas, the team compiled a 7–1 record. The team was recognized as the Kansas state champion for 1911.


1911 Fijian general election
General elections were held in Fiji on 28 April 1911.


1911 Fijian general election, Electoral system
The Legislative Council consisted of eleven civil servants, six elected Europeans and two appointed Fijians. Previously the six Europeans had been elected from three constituencies; Levuka (one seat), Suva (two seats) and a "Planters" constituency covering the rest of the colony (three seats). However, prior to the 1911 elections, the Planters constituency was split into three single-member constituencies; Eastern, Northern and Southern.


1911 Finnish championships in aquatics
From 1906 to 1926, the Finnish Swimming Federation did not arrange a dedicated national competition, but spread out the hosting duties of the championship events to multiple clubs.


1911 Finnish parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in the Grand Duchy of Finland on 2 and 3 January 1911.


1911 Five Nations Championship
The 1911 Five Nations Championship was the second series of the rugby union Five Nations Championship following the inclusion of France into the Home Nations Championship. Including the previous Home Nations Championships, this was the twenty-ninth series of the annual northern hemisphere rugby union championship. Ten matches were played between 2 January and 25 March. It was contested by England, France, Ireland, Scotland and Wales.


1911 Five Nations Championship
Wales won the championship for the seventh time outright. In beating the other four countries they completed the Grand Slam for the third time in four seasons and the Triple Crown for a seventh time.


1911 Florida Gators football team
The 1911 Florida Gators football team represented the University of Florida during the 1911 college football season. The season was George Pyle's third as the head coach of the University of Florida football team. The University of Florida adopted the "Florida Gators" nickname for its sports teams in 1911; the earlier Florida football teams were known simply as "Florida" or the "Orange and Blue." Pyle's newly christened Florida Gators finished their sixth varsity football season 5–0–1—the first, and to date, the only undefeated season in the history of the Florida Gators football program.


1911 Florida Gators football team
It was a pivotal year in the growth of the young Florida football program. Florida played four different college football teams from the state of South Carolina, including The Citadel Bulldogs, the South Carolina Gamecocks, the Clemson Tigers and the College of Charleston Cougars, and finished 3–0–1 against the four South Carolina college teams and returned home to Gainesville to celebrate with their new nickname: the "Florida Gators."


1911 Florida Gators football team, Before the season
The team was captained by Neal "Bo Gator" Storter. The team was also the first to use the nickname "Gators." He is as such one reason given for the nickname. A former player Roy Corbett sent a letter to The Gainesville Sun congratulating the 1928 team and mentioned the nickname coming from Storter. Carl Van Ness's research also posits Storter as the name's origin. Storter himself denied the above and stated the nickname 'Gators' came when a Macon Telegraph reporter declared "Macon to be invaded by a bunch of alligators from Florida" before the game with Mercer in 1910.


1911 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, The Citadel
The season opened with a 15–3 victory over The Citadel Bulldogs at the first game on University Field.


1911 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, South Carolina
In the second week of play, Florida fought the South Carolina Gamecocks to a 6–6 tie. Earle Taylor scored in the first quarter and the Gamecocks matched in the second.


1911 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, South Carolina
The starting lineup was Swanson (left end), Coarsey (left tackle), Lawler (left guard), Storter (center), Hancock (right guard), Bullock (right tackle), Buie (right end), Shackleford (quarterback), Davis (left halfback), Taylor (right halfback), Tenney (fullback).


1911 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Clemson
Florida upset the Clemson Tigers by a single point, 6–5, in the two school's first-ever meeting. "The game as a whole, was a poor exhibition of football." Clemson scored in the first six minutes when Webb took it over. Towards the end of the fourth quarter, the Gators' Dummy Taylor picked up a fumble and ran 45 yards for a touchdown, and then kicked the extra point to win. Norm Carlson called it "Florida's first road win against a quality college opponent."


1911 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Clemson
On the winning extra point, the holder Sam Buie recalled "Doc Walker of Jacksonville bet Captain Hill of Georgia Tech, the referee, that Dummy would make it. They bet, and Dummy kicked it." "It was on the South Carolina trip that the Florida team was dubbed the ‘Alligators,’ and the battle that took place . . .between the Clemson Tigers and the Florida Alligators is one long to be remembered!" declared the Florida Pennant.


1911 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Clemson
The starting lineup was Bonus (left end), Bullock (left tackle), Wilson (left guard), Storter (center), Baker (right guard), Hancock (right tackle), Buie (right end), Shackleford (quarterback), Davis (left halfback), Taylor (right halfback), Tenney (fullback).


1911 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Columbia College
Florida beat  Columbia College 9–0. Taylor kicked three field goals. The starting lineup was Buie (left end), Hancock (left tackle), Wilson (left guard), Storter (center), Aker (right guard), Coarsey (right tackle), Swanson (right end), Shackleford (quarterback), Gavis (left halfback), Taylor (right halfback), Tenney (fullback).


1911 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Stetson
Florida beat Stetson 26–0. The Stetson Weekly Collegiate called it "the greatest football game ever played in the state of Florida." Taylor drop kicked a 45-yard field goal and ran for two touchdowns.


1911 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Stetson
The starting lineup was Swanson (left end), Coarsey (left tackle), Baker (left guard), Storter (center), Wilson (right guard), Bullock (right tackle), Buie (right end), Shackleford (quarterback), Tenney (left halfback), Taylor (right halfback), Pound (fullback).


1911 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Charleston
Florida closed the season with a 21–0 defeat of  Charleston. "Florida should have made at least three more touchdowns."


1911 Florida Gators football team, Postseason
The Gators proclaimed themselves "champions of South Carolina" as well as the state of Florida.


1911 Florida Gators football team, Postseason
Earle "Dummy" Taylor, the only five-letter winner in team history, scored 49 of the season's 84 points (including a school-record eight field goals). He scored 25 points on the ground and points-after, and 24 on field goals. He also threw two touchdown passes.


1911 Forest of Dean by-election
The Forest of Dean by-election was a Parliamentary by-election. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP)  to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.


1911 Forest of Dean by-election, Aftermath
Webb was appointed as a Junior Whip in 1912, which required him to face the electorate again, when he was returned unopposed. A general election was due to take place by the end of 1915. By the autumn of 1914, the following candidates had been adopted [*approved but not adopted] to contest that election. Due to the outbreak of war, the election never took place.


1911 Forest of Dean by-election, Aftermath
At the 1918 general election, Webb received the coupon of endorsement from the Coalition government.


1911 Geneva Covenanters football team
The 1911 Geneva Covenanters football team was an American football team that represented Geneva College as an independent during the 1911 college football season. Led by Arthur McKean in his fifth and final year as head coach, the team compiled a record of 1–6–1.


1911 Georgetown Blue and Gray football team
The 1911 Georgetown Blue and Gray football team represented Georgetown University during the 1911 college football season. Led by Fred K. Nielsen in his second year as head coach, the team went 7–1–1, the champion among the South Atlantic teams. The team was led at quarterback by Harry Costello.


1911 Georgia Bulldogs football team
The 1911 Georgia Bulldogs football team represented the Georgia Bulldogs of the University of Georgia during the 1911 college football season. The Bulldogs completed the season with a 7–1–1 record. The only blemishes on the season were a loss to Vanderbilt and a tie with Auburn. Vanderbilt went on to win its second straight SIAA conference title. The season provided second consecutive victories over Alabama and Georgia Tech and the first victory in a number of years against Sewanee. The captain of the 1911 team and one of the star players was quarterback George Cecil Woodruff. Woodruff became the third Georgia player to later become head coach of the Bulldogs when he assumed that role in 1923.


1911 Georgia Bulldogs football team
The 1911 season was Georgia's 20th football season. After 20 years of football, the Bulldogs had played 127 games and had a 60–55–12 record (.520 winning percentage).


1911 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team
The 1911 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team represented the Georgia Institute of Technology during the 1911 college football season. The team featured future coach William Alexander as a reserve quarterback.


1911 German football championship
The 1911 German football championship, the 9th edition of the competition, was won by Viktoria 89 Berlin, defeating VfB Leipzig 3–1 in the final.


1911 German football championship
For Viktoria it was the second national championship, having previously won the 1908 edition. Together with two losing finals in 1907 and 1909 it marked the end of the club's most successful era and also equaled VfB Leipzigs record of two championships won. Leipzig, champions in 1903 and 1906 would twice more appear in the final, winning in 1913 and losing in 1914.


1911 German football championship
Viktoria's Willy Worpitzky was the top scorer of the 1911 championship with four goals.


1911 German football championship
Eight clubs qualified for the competition played in knock-out format, the champions of each of the eight regional football championships. It was the last season where two rival football associations from Berlin send their champions to the German championship, with the two merging at the end of the season.


1911 Giro d'Italia
The 1911 Giro d'Italia was the 3rd edition of the Giro d'Italia, a cycling race set up and sponsored by the newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport. The race began on 18 May in Rome with a stage that stretched 394.1 km (245 mi) to Florence. It was composed of twelve stages that covered a total distance of 3,530.3 km (2,194 mi). The race came to a close back in Rome on 6 June after a 266.9 km (166 mi) stage. The race was won by the Italian rider Carlo Galetti of the Bianchi team. Second and third respectively were the Italian riders Giovanni Rossignoli and Giovanni Gerbi.


1911 Giro d'Italia
Returning champion Carlo Galetti won the race's opening stage into Florence and was the first to lead the race. He lost the lead to Giovanni Rossignoli after Galetti finished poorly on the race's second stage. Rossignoli held the lead for four days after Galetti took back the lead after the sixth stage. Frenchman Lucien Petit-Breton became the first non-Italian to lead the Giro d'Italia after the race's ninth stage. Petit-Breton lost the lead the next day to Galetti, who then held it all the way to the race's conclusion in Rome.


1911 Giro d'Italia, Changes from the 1910 Giro d'Italia
In both 1909 and 1910 Milan had served as both the start and finish of the Giro d'Italia. The organizers chose to honor the 50th anniversary of the unification of Italy by holding the start and finish of the Giro in the Italian capital of Rome.


1911 Giro d'Italia, Changes from the 1910 Giro d'Italia
The organizers chose to expand the Giro d'Italia from ten to twelve stages after its great success. The race also saw an increase of close to 500 kilometers in length. The organizers also included the first climb above 2000 meters in the race, the Sestriere. This was also the first edition of the Giro to go deep down into the southern part of Italy, specifically the Bari.


1911 Giro d'Italia, Participants
Of the 86 riders that began the Giro d'Italia on 15 May, 24 of them made it to the finish in Rome on 6 June. Riders were allowed to ride on their own or as a member of a team. There were five teams that competed in the race: Atala-Dunlop, Bianchi-Pirelli, Fiat-Pirelli, Legnano-Dunlop, and Senior-Polack.


1911 Giro d'Italia, Participants
The peloton was composed of primarily Italians. The field featured two former Giro d'Italia champions in the 1909 winner Luigi Ganna and returning champion Carlo Galetti. Other notable Italian riders included Giovanni Rossignoli, Eberardo Pavesi, and Giovanni Gerbi. Two-time Tour de France winner Lucien Petit-Breton also competed in the race.


1911 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
The first stage began on 15 May and stretched from Rome to Florence. The racing that day was marred by heavy rain, which led to ten withdrawals. Carlo Galetti won the stage ahead of Giovanni Rossignoli and Dario Beni. The next leg was also dogged by rain and very poor conditions on the road and saw the climbing of the Colle de Bacco. Giovanni Gerbi was the first rider to summit the Colle de Bacco. The climb wore Gerbi out and he was caught and passed by three riders and ultimately finished fourth on the stage.


1911 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
Vincenzo Borgarello was the first rider to cross the finish line in Genoa and won the stage, where a large crowd waited for the riders to finish. Rossignoli took the race lead after finishing two positions in front of Galetti. The race's third day of racing was the first to have clear weather. Race leader Rossignoli bested the likes of Giovanni Gerbi and Carlo Durando to win the stage and consolidate his lead in the general classification. The next stage was hotly contested, with the peloton staying together for the whole stage as Carlo Galetti took the stage win.


1911 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
The race's fifth stage is considered to be the first real mountain stage in Giro d'Italia history. The stage contained the climb of the Sestriere which rises over 2,000 meters. As the race entered the Val Chisone leading up the Sestriere, the peloton ran into muddy roads, which forced many to walk their bikes. Frenchman Lucien Petit-Breton led the riders up the slopes before cracking near the snowy summit. He was passed first by Ezio Corlaita, who was the first to summit the Sestriere, and then by many other riders. Petit-Breton caught up with the leading riders on the long descent and rode into the finish in Turin with Corlaita, Rossignoli, and Galetti. Petit-Breton edged out Galetti for the stage win as Galetti tied Rossignoli for the overall lead.


1911 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
The riders started the sixth stage in Turin with a large number of people in attendance for the sendoff. Giuseppe Santhià took the stage as the riders rolled over the packed finish line in Milan. Dario Beni soloed to victory in the seventh leg, finishing over a minute ahead of the second-place finisher Santhià. The next stage was won by Lauro Bordin as Galetti extended his overall lead by a single point over Rossignoli. Ezio Corlaita won the Giro's ninth stage, while Lucien Petit-Breton took the race lead and doing so, became the first non-Italian to lead the Giro d'Italia.


1911 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
In the following stage, the leading breakaway contained six riders – race leader Petit-Breton and five Bianchi riders – and rode into the finish in Bari together. Carlo Galetti took the stage win and the race lead, while Petit-Breton finished in sixth place on the day and was pushed down to second overall.


1911 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
The race's penultimate day of racing was scheduled to go from Bari to Naples. During the stage, Lucien Petit-Breton crashed and was forced to abandon the race. The route had the riders go through rough roads that were heavy with dust and occasional passed over streams, thus flooding the roads. The riders were also chase by enraged buffalo. All of those factors caused the riders to end the stage a few kilometers short of Naples, in Pompeii with Alfredo Sivocci winning the day. The last stage ended back in Rome, where the race began. Ezio Corlaita took his second stage win as 24 riders that began the Giro finished the day. Bianchi's Carlo Galetti became the first rider to win two editions of the Giro d'Italia.


1911 Giro d'Italia, Final standings, General classification
There were 24 cyclists who had completed all twelve stages. For these cyclists, the points they received from each of their stage placing's were added up for the general classification. The cyclist with the fewest accumulated points was the winner. Giovanni Gerbi won the prize for best ranked isolati rider in the general classification.


1911 Giro di Lombardia
The 1911 Giro di Lombardia was the seventh edition of the Giro di Lombardia cycle race and was held on 5 November 1911. The race started in Milan and finished in Sesto San Giovanni. The race was won by Henri Pélissier.


1911 Glasgow Tradeston by-election
Glasgow Tradeston constituency was created in 1885 and elected Liberal Archibald Corbett as their MP from then until he retired from the House of Commons in 1911 to take a seat in the House of Lords as 1st Baron Rowallan. Although Tradeston had consistently voted for Corbett, he did not consistently stand under the same label. In 1885 he stood as a Liberal against a Conservative. In 1886 following a split in the Liberal party he stood as a Liberal Unionist against a Liberal. Thereafter this was the normal contest until 1910.


1911 Glasgow Tradeston by-election
He had re-joined the Liberal party in 1908 but he did not win the official Liberal nomination in January 1910. This time standing as an Independent Liberal he scraped a victory against both Liberal and Conservative candidates. Then at the last general election, standing as the official Liberal candidate he won comfortably.


1911 Glasgow Tradeston by-election
The local Liberal association finally settled on J. D. White to defend the seat. He had been Liberal MP for Dunbartonshire before standing down at the last election. They had considered James Hogge and Junior Minister Charles Masterman, and settled on Masterman before he withdrew to contest the 1911 Bethnal Green South West by-election. The new Unionist candidate was Conservative  John Henry Watts, who had opposed James Keir Hardie at Merthyr Tydfil at the general election.


1911 Glasgow Tradeston by-election
The turnout was substantially down in the general election, meaning that while White won the seat for the Liberals with a massive swing of 17.6%, he received fewer votes than Corbett had.


1911 Glasgow Tradeston by-election
Due to the outbreak of war, the subsequent general election did not take place until 1918. The Unionist Henderson was the endorsed candidate of the Coalition Government and won comfortably. After losing Glasgow Tradeston, White briefly joined the Labour party and stood as a Labour candidate on two occasions.


1911 Goodall Cup Finals
The 1911 Goodall Cup Final marks the third Inter-State Series ice hockey championship in Australia and the first of these championships won by New South Wales. As the second elected president of the Victorian Amateur Ice Hockey Sports Association, Philip John Rupert Steele Sr. ,presented a cup, gifted by John Edwin Goodall to the Captain of the winning New South Wales Team, Jim Kendall.


1911 Goodall Cup Finals, The series
13 September 1911 was the first game of the series and saw the domination of Jim Kendall, who arrived from Canada 2 years before, in the game by scoring all 5 goals for New South Wales in the 5–3 win over Victoria. Mistakes in the early parts of the game by the Victorian team were used by the team to let Jim Kendall curve and twist around the opposition. Hal Reid contributed 2 goals and Keith Walker had one of his own but Victoria couldn't make it past the dominating efforts of Kendall.


1911 Goodall Cup Finals, The series
14 September 1911 The match was closely fought but the dominance of Jim Kendall again proved to be too much for the Victorians as he scored 6 of the 7 goals for New South Wales, often sweeping from end to end like the puck was attached to his stick by a magnet. Dunbar Poole scored the 7th goal for New South Wales as they clinched the series with a 7–5 win over Victoria. In this game, Jim Kendall suffered an injury as a hockey stick split his shin bone during play, rendering him unable to compete in the final game of the 3-game championship.


1911 Goodall Cup Finals, The series
September 18, 1911 Due to his injury from the second game, where the New South Wales team would clinch the series and win the Goodall Cup, Jim Kendall was on crutches due to splitting his shinbone from a blow to the leg with a hockey stick and was unable to play. Dunbar Poole was unable to stay and had also left, leaving the New South Wales team short 2 players.


1911 Goodall Cup Finals, The series
A decision was made to complete the final game of the series with a composite team of Dark Blue and Light Blue teams made up of the Victoria and New South Wales teams and emergency back up players for the Victorian team. The first half of the game saw 2 goals by Leslie Reid and one by Keith Walker place the Light Blue team in front by a score of 3–1, C. Smith scoring the goal for the Dark blue team.


1911 Goodall Cup Finals, The series
The second half of the game saw a comeback by the dark blue side with 3 goals by Jack Pike and a goal to Reid and Smith. The final score was 6–3 in favor of the Dark Blue team. The newly appointed second president of the VAIHSA, Philip John Rupert Steele Sr, presented a cup gifted by John Edwin Goodall to the injured New South Wales captain Jim Kendall on the evening after the final game of this series.


1911 Goodall Cup Finals, Teams, New South Wales
The New South Wales team was made from the following players


1911 Goodall Cup Finals, Player statistics, Leading goaltenders
The following goaltenders led the interstate championship for goals against average.


1911 Govan by-election
The Govan by-election, 1911 was a Parliamentary by-election. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP)  to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.


1911 Govan by-election, Aftermath
A general election was due to take place by the end of 1915. By the autumn of 1914, the following candidates had been adopted to contest that election. Due to the outbreak of war, the election never took place.


1911 Grand National
The 1911 Grand National was the 73rd official annual renewal of the world-famous Grand National steeplechase which took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England, on 24 March 1911.


1911 Grand National
The only moving images of the race turned up in a London auction in 2007, found by Angus Loughran, and first shown to the public in a BBC documentary "THE BIG FLUTTER: THE GRAND NATIONAL ON FILM" in 2011.


1911 Grand National
Torrential rain caused many riders to fall. Twenty two out of the twenty six runners failed to finish.


1911 Grand National
The race was won by the 20:1 shot Glenside, a broken winded one eyed horse, ridden by  Jack Anthony. He went into the lead after Caubeen and Rathnally collided after Becher's Brook, as the only horse that wasn't remounted, and went on to a twenty length victory. He was followed by Rathnally, Shady Girl and in fourth place Fool-Hardy, the only horses to finish the race.


1911 Grand Prix season
The 1911 Grand Prix season consisted of Grand Prix races in the United States and Europe. It was a significant year as European racing gradually came out of the doldrums. A Grand Prix was held in France again. The first Indianapolis 500 was held at Indianapolis Motor Speedway, joining the American Grand Prize (held in Savannah, Georgia) as a leading race.


1911 Grand Prix season
The Automobile Club de la Sarthe et de l’Ouest organized the Grand Prix de France of 1911. This race is not considered to be part of the lineage of French Grand Prix, as it was a separate event from the official French Grand Prix, the Grand Prix de l'ACF, organized by the Automobile Club de France from 1906 onwards.


1911 Grand Prix season, Season review
The season started with the Targa Florio with fifteen cars entered. It included cars from new Italian companies ALFA and SCAT (another company from the Ceirano family). Heavy rain beforehand had made the roads treacherous and they quickly turn to mud. Franchini, in the ALFA, led until he had to retire after the second lap from exhaustion of manhandling the big machine for six hours. In the end only five cars finished the three laps, headed by Ernesto Ceirano in his SCAT.


1911 Grand Prix season, Season review
The Indianapolis speedway had hosted a number of races in 1910 after being repaved with bricks. But the organisers wanted something greater and had the idea of holding a single 500-mile race offering the biggest prize-money in the country. The whole month of May was allocated to testing and qualifying for the entrants. The regulations were adapted from the current AAA rules: a maximum of 600 ci (9.8-litres) and a minimum weight of 2300 lb (1044 kg). Forty qualifiers lined up at the start. Almost all the drivers ran with a riding mechanic. The only exception was Ray Harroun, who was enticed out of retirement after winning the championship the previous year. He instead fitted a rear-view mirror to his Marmon, the first driver to do such.


1911 Grand Prix season, Season review
The race started with another first – a rolling start - and was close and full of incident. On lap 13, Arthur Greiner’s Simplex lost a wheel, spun and slammed into the wall on the back straight. Greiner was thrown out and his mechanic, Sam Dickson, hit the wall and was killed. Soon after half-way, the steering on Joe Jagersberger's Case broke. As it slowed on the front straight, his mechanic got out to try and manually steer the wheels, but was knocked over by his own car.


1911 Grand Prix season, Season review
Harry Knight just avoided him, swerving into the pitlane and crashing into Herbert Lytle’s stationary car. Amazingly, despite the mayhem, no-one was killed in the accident. Meanwhile, Harroun had been leading since the 200-mile mark, and with the assistance of a 35-lap relief drive by Cyrus Patschke, went on to win the race. Ralph Mulford in a Lozier was second, although he protested that he had not been scored a lap in the confusion during the big accident and was in fact ahead of Harroun. However this was rejected by the stewards. Third was David Bruce-Brown in one of the few European cars in the field – a 10-litre FIAT S61. However, the race had been a great success with 77000 spectators filling the stands.


1911 Grand Prix season, Season review
Initial enthusiasm to revive the Grand Prix was high, but as manufacturers cancelled their entries, the French Automobile Club (ACF) had to cancel its plans. It did, however, support the AC de la Sarthe et de l’Ouest (forerunner of the Automobile Club de l'Ouest) who offered to hold an event in its stead. They had organised the original Grand Prix in 1906, outside of Le Mans. This alternative “Grand Prix de France” used a new 55km triangular circuit to the south of Le Mans.


1911 Grand Prix season, Season review
But after this race too was postponed a fortnight more entries drifted away leaving only fourteen starters, the media cynically tagged it as Grand Prix des Vieux Tacots (The Old Crocks’ Grand Prix). Only FIAT (Victor Hémery) and Rolland-Pilain (3 cars, led by Fernand Gabriel) brought works cars. Run over twelve laps (650km) Maurice Fournier (Corre La Licorne) led initially from Arthur Duray (1906 Lorraine-Dietrich) until he had to pit with over-heating to add water. He had just been overtaken by Hémery, back to third, when his front suspension collapsed when approaching Mulsanne village.


1911 Grand Prix season, Season review
The car rolled, crashed and burst into flames. Fournier was thrown out and killed instantly while Louvel, his riding mechanic, had burns and broken bones. When Duray then had gearbox problems and retired, it left Hémery an easy drive to victory (despite being stuck in top gear) after seven hours. Ernest Friderich driving the first racing Bugatti (the small 1.3-litre Type 13) finished second two laps behind and Gabriel was third, a further lap back.


1911 Grand Prix season, Season review
The voiturette class was shaken up by divergent fortunes of the two main teams: Lion-Peugeot and Hispano-Suiza. Strikes at the Barcelona factory caused friction between the Hispano-Suiza designers and the drivers. The managers decided to shut down the racing department. This left Paolo Zuccarelli without a job, until he was soon hired by Lion-Peugeot, joining Georges Boillot and Jules Goux. He filled a gap left following the death of Giosue Giuppone at the end of the last season.


1911 Grand Prix season, Season review
The squat 4-cylinder engine of the Hispano-Suiza provided far better stability than the tall 2-cylinder in the faster Peugeots, and the team to tap into Zuccarelli's ideas. The rift between Lion-Peugeot and their parent company had been mended. The three drivers were all also engineers and Goux's family had worked in Peugeot for several generations. Although the other managers called them “The Charlatans”, Robert Peugeot recognised the innovative ideas and skill the drivers could bring to racing design. He also hired Swiss Ernest Henry (formerly at Hispano-Suiza) and Italian Ettore Bugatti (just starting his own firm).


1911 Grand Prix season, Season review
At the Coupe des Voiturettes (also called the Coupe de l’Auto, as it was promoted by L’Auto newspaper) the Lion-Peugeot team arrived in force with its new V4 VX5; the three regular drivers joined by René Hanriot. With a maximum engine size of 3-litre, ranged against the Peugeots now was a variety of manufacturers that included new models from Delage and Grégoire from France, Arrol-Johnston and Calthorpe from Great Britain. From the start, Boillot took the lead with Burgess's Calthorpe second, Goux third and then the three Delages.


1911 Grand Prix season, Season review
But when all four Peugeots had issues with engines, tyres or, in Zuccarelli's case, crashing, it allowed the Delages of Paul Bablot and René Thomas to establish a gap. Although Boillot was able to make up time and pass Thomas, it was Bablot who won giving Delage a surprise victory at first attempt over the Lion-Peugeot team.


1911 Grand Prix season, Season review
Once again, the Vanderbilt Cup and American Grand Prize were to be held together. For the first time, the Vanderbilt Cup left New York and joined the Grand Prize at Savannah, Georgia. FIAT and Daimler sent cars across the Atlantic for the end-of-season races.


1911 Grand Prix season, Season review
The Vanderbilt Cup was an all-American affair as part of the AAA championship. Ralph DePalma and Spencer Wishart drove the Mercedes, and 21-year old David Bruce-Brown led the team of three 14-litre FIAT S74s. Harry Grant had won the previous two Vanderbilts with ALCO but this year drove a new Lozier, joining Ralph Mulford. Cyrus Patschke and Bob Burman drove for Marmon. In front of a crowd of around 100,000, DePalma took the initial lead. Just like Indianapolis, tyre-wear on the American rubber at high speed was a problem and many drivers had to pit.


1911 Grand Prix season, Season review
But learning from Harroun's tactics at the 500, Mulford maintained a more even pace to protect his tyres and was able to take over the lead. DePalma and Wishart were charging hard but that meant more pit-stops for tyres, negating any gains. In the end, with fewer stops and slick pit-work from his crew, Mulford won in just under four hours, two minutes ahead of DePalma, with Wishart a further ten minutes back and Grant's Lozier in fourth. The spectators were delighted an American car had taken on and beaten the premier European cars. The FIATs were never a threat, crippled by tyre issues.


1911 Grand Prix season, Season review
Three days later, the Grand Prize was run. A number of entrants from the earlier race returned for the longer, 400-mile, race. Several European drivers also arrived. Louis Wagner joined David Bruce-Brown and Caleb Bragg with FIAT. Benz brought three cars, for Victor Hémery, Eddie Hearne and Erwin Bergdoll. At the beginning, Bragg led the sixteen starters but a close race saw this contested as Bruce-Brown, Hémery and Patschke's Marmon also vied for the lead. This time round, the FIATs tyres were far better and David Bruce-Brown claimed the victory with the Benz of Hearne in second, two minutes back, with DePalma's Mercedes just a minute behind. At the end of the year Ralph Mulford was acclaimed as the AAA national driving champion.


1911 Grand Prix season, Season review
In January, the first Monte Carlo Rally was held. Entrants started from various European capitals all driving through rough winter weather to meet in the mountains by Monaco. In response to the 21-litre Blitzen Benz, Fiat built the enormous S76, with a 28.4-litre engine generating 290 bhp. Pietro Bordino took the second prototype to do a Land Speed Record attempt at Brooklands, but it proved too unstable for the circuit. Taking it to the Saltburn Sands he broke 200 km/h (120 mph). Later, in December 1913, Arthur Duray reached 213.0 km/h (132.4 mph) at Ostend in the same vehicle.


1911 Grand Rapids furniture workers strike
The 1911 Grand Rapids furniture workers strike was a general strike performed by furniture workers in Grand Rapids, which was then a national leader of furniture production.


1911 Grand Rapids furniture workers strike
Furniture businessmen of Grand Rapids held control of the city's industry and banking sectors, growing so influential that they were able to price fix national furniture production. While Grand Rapids' economy grew, the wages of furniture laborers did not increase, with the city's furniture businesses collaborating on controlling their workers by establishing identical wages and creating an identification system that monitored the political sympathies and productivity of individual employees.


1911 Grand Rapids furniture workers strike
Displeased with their treatment by employers, workers demanded furniture companies to provide increased pay, lower work hours and the creation of collective bargaining between laborers and employers. After months of businesses refusing to meet with their workers, the strike began on August 19, 1911, and lasted for four months until leaders of the Christian Reformed Church – its Dutch American members comprised the majority of the labor movement – publicly denounced the efforts of workers, effectively ending the strike.


1911 Grand Rapids furniture workers strike
The strike resulted with city businesses becoming more direct with their political involvement, with companies placing their own representatives into public office and successfully lowering the number of city wards from twelve wards that accurately represented the city's various ethnicities to three wards that provided more voting power to the larger demographic of Dutch Americans.


1911 Grand Rapids furniture workers strike, Background, Furniture City
The furniture industry was instrumental in developing Grand Rapids, with the 1876 World’s Fair in Philadelphia boosting the city's furniture craftsmanship into the national spotlight and provided an opportunity for the Grand Rapids to rebound from the Panic of 1873 economic crisis. The furniture industry in the city then began to grow significantly; in 1870 there were eight factories employing 280 workers and by the time of the strike, the Old National Bank wrote that about 8,500 were employed by forty-seven factories.


1911 Grand Rapids furniture workers strike, Background, Furniture City
At the end of the nineteenth century, business alliances in the United States experienced rising popularity in order to establish a monopoly for controlling the production of goods, with bankers and furniture manufacturers in Grand Rapids uniting in order to compete with larger cities and to monitor the cost of labor. The first of these alliances in Grand Rapids was the Furniture Manufacturers Association (FMA), established in 1881.


1911 Grand Rapids furniture workers strike, Background, Furniture City
That same year, the Peninsular Club was founded by wealthy citizens – including department store owners, attorneys and newspaper owners – alongside the most prominent furniture businessmen who sought to control the city's banking industry. Half of the banks in Grand Rapids had furniture businessmen as their directors. Local businessmen then created a complex network to share insider information amongst each other about local factories and banks.


1911 Grand Rapids furniture workers strike, Background, Furniture City
The state of Grand Rapids' industry developed a parochialism solely focusing on the interests of furniture businessmen while ignoring wider economic implications with one-in-three workers in Grand Rapids were employed by furniture companies in 1890. The Grand Rapids' furniture businesses at the time were so influential that they were able to engage in price fixing the industry beginning in 1898, controlling thirty percent of the national market.


1911 Grand Rapids furniture workers strike, Background, Furniture City
By the early twentieth century, Grand Rapids experienced some of the largest economic growth in the United States at the time; the city's value added by manufacturing was forty-second in the country, ahead of Atlanta, Denver, Omaha, Portland and Seattle. In 1905, the Furniture Manufacturers Employers' Association (FMEA) was created by the local furniture industry to monitor employees to determine if they were "competent or worthy" to be employed and to protect businesses from political and governmental "encroachments". The FMEA created cards for every employee in each furniture factory; the cards listed the worker's productivity, union-sympathies and wage.


1911 Grand Rapids furniture workers strike, Background, Furniture City
Despite economic growth, governmental reports in 1907 revealed that while Grand Rapids lead the furniture industry in product output, its furniture workers were paid lower wages compared to other areas despite the renowned quality of laborers. The groups of businesses collaborated to maintain low wages to discourage competition, with some skilled workers leaving their factories to work for other businesses demanding increased wages only to be told by their new employer that they would not pay more than at the former factory. Similar complaints would negatively affect the FMEA cards of furniture workers.


1911 Grand Rapids furniture workers strike, Background, Furniture City
Workers also required mortgage loans in order to afford ownership of basic homes near factories; furniture businessmen in contrast lived in opulent homes on the east side of the city and would receive income from their employees' home loans due to their positions in banking. Such disparities instituted a rat race sentiment among workers, further fueling discontent with their employers.


1911 Grand Rapids furniture workers strike, Background, Disputes begin
Labor disputes in Grand Rapids began in November 1909 when a committee of forty-five workers employed by the Oriel Furniture Company recognized that the company had experienced a ten percent increase in its sales, with the workers demanding an increase in pay. The leadership of Oriel told the committee to return in January 1910 at the end of the selling season and when the workers returned, the leader of the committee – who was employed for twenty-six years at Oriel – was fired on charges of "being an agitator", resulting with the workers temporarily deserting their jobs.


1911 Grand Rapids furniture workers strike, Background, Disputes begin
The incident inspired other workers in different factories who became a charter of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America (UBCJ), affiliate of the American Federation of Labor. In July 1910, the UBCJ approached the FMA demanding revised work hours and an increased wage, though their demands were ignored and the FMA said they would only negotiate with workers on an individual basis. In the fall of 1910, the UBCJ attempted to meet with the FMEA, but were immediately dismissed.