1916–17 Port Vale F.C. season, Overview
Following a year in effective hibernation, the club reinstated first-team football after chairman Frank Huntbach "realised that the war workers needed recreation as much as ever and as long as the players were men working for the war effort, no harm could be done". The club were fortunate to gain admittance to the Football League's Lancashire Region, allowing them to compete with clubs such as Liverpool, Manchester City and Preston North End. Manager Tom Holford re-signed Teddy Bateup, Edgar Bentley, Jim Bennett, Jack Shelton, Joe Brough and Jock Cameron to give some continuation of the team that had competed well in The Central League. However attempts to re-sign former top-scorer Chris Young failed as he opted to stay with Grimsby Town.


1916–17 Port Vale F.C. season, Overview
Vale started the league campaign well with a 2–2 draw with Manchester United at Old Trafford and a 0–0 draw with Liverpool at the Old Recreation Ground. The squad was boosted by the arrivals of Ted Collins and Jack Needham, who signed after their club Wolverhampton Wanderers shut down operations. The pair "showed their true regard for the game" by turning up to play Stockport County on 16 September despite working until 6 am earlier that day; however former Valeite Bob Suart inspired County to a 5–3 win.


1916–17 Port Vale F.C. season, Overview
Two more draws followed, including a 0–0 draw at Stoke, though this was then followed by five defeats in six games. The 13th game of the campaign proved unlucky for visitors Blackpool, as Vale recorded their first victory by a remarkable 11–1 scoreline, with Jack Needham, Holford, James Wootton, Albert Broadhurst and George Shelton all claiming two goals each, supplemented by a single strike for Albert Groves. They then beat Oldham Athletic 4–0, before dropping into a losing streak of seven defeats in nine games to prove the Blackpool result as an anomaly as the club dropped to last place.


1916–17 Port Vale F.C. season, Overview
They recovered to lose only three of their final eight games, though the final day victory over Manchester United proved "a farce" as the visitors only turned up with four players and had to loan the other seven to make up a full team. Vale finished in 15th-place with 21 points from 30 games, whilst Needham finished as top-scorer with ten goals.


1916–17 Port Vale F.C. season, Overview
A six-match Subsidiary Tournament concluded the season, with the Vale going unbeaten at home against Stoke, Manchester City and Manchester United. They recorded a 3–2 victory over Stoke and beat United 5–2 after being helped by guest player Billy Meredith. The club's annual meeting revealed a profit of £692 as the gate receipts of £2,582 were well above the playing wages of £649. Wartime football was profitable but had its unique challenges, with Holdford, Brough, Needham, Bentley and Jack Shelton all needing replacing at the end of the season as they were conscripted.


1916–17 Primera Fuerza season, Overview
It was contested by 6 teams, and Club España won the championship.


1916–17 Primera Fuerza season, League standings, Top goalscorers
Players sorted first by goals scored, then by last name.


1916–17 Princeton Tigers men's ice hockey season
The 1916–17 Princeton Tigers men's ice hockey season was the 18th season of play for the program.


1916–17 Princeton Tigers men's ice hockey season, Season
Princeton opened the season with three games over the winter break, taking two of the matches. senior netminder Henry Ford was the star of the games and there was hope that the Tigers would ride his play back to the top of the college hockey landscape. Championship aspirations were dealt a serious blow when Princeton lost to Dartmouth in the intercollegiate opener.


1916–17 Princeton Tigers men's ice hockey season, Season
Yale handed Princeton its third consecutive loss and, though the Tigers played better after shuffling their lineup, they were in danger of falling to the bottom of the league standings. More experience with the new arrangement helped Princeton arrest their fall and take down the Bulldogs in the rematch, albeit in double overtime. The team was looking like they had an outside chance at the championship when the defeated Harvard 2–1 thanks to a goal from captain William Schoen with just 15 seconds remaining.


1916–17 Princeton Tigers men's ice hockey season, Season
Harvard returned the favor with a win of their own in early February. Princeton had a 22-day layoff before the deciding game against the Crimson and the team was unable to score in a 0–2 loss. The Tigers were able to end their season on a high note when they battled Yale for the third time. Both teams were tied at 2 after regulation but as neither could score in the first two 5-minute overtimes, a third sudden-death overtime was instituted. This may be the first college game to go past the second overtime.


1916–17 Princeton Tigers men's ice hockey season, Season
A few weeks later Yale won their series against Harvard, putting the teams in a three-way tie. After the season John Humphreys was selected as the top Point in college hockey.


1916–17 Princeton Tigers men's ice hockey season, Season
Due to the United States entering World War I in April, Princeton's ice hockey team was suspended for the duration of the war. The team would return to the ice for the end of the 1918–19 season.


1916–17 RPI men's ice hockey season
The 1916–17 RPI men's ice hockey season was the 14th season of play for the program.


1916–17 RPI men's ice hockey season, Season
Note: Rensselaer's athletic teams were unofficially known as 'Cherry and White' until 1921 when the Engineers moniker debuted for the men's basketball team.


1916–17 Rangers F.C. season
The 1916–17 season was the 43rd season of competitive football played by Rangers.


1916–17 Rangers F.C. season, Overview
Rangers played a total of 41 competitive matches during the 1916–17 season. They finished third in the Scottish League after winning 24 of the 38 league matches and collecting a total of 53 points (11 behind league winners Celtic).


1916–17 Rangers F.C. season, Overview
The Scottish Cup was not competed for this season, as the Scottish Football Association had withdrawn the tournament due to the outbreak of the First World War.


1916–17 SK Rapid Wien season
The 1916–17 SK Rapid Wien season was the 19th season in club history.


1916–17 Scottish Football League
Statistics of the Scottish Football League in season 1916–17. The competition was won by Celtic by ten points over nearest rival Morton.


1916–17 Southern New England Soccer League season
Statistics of Southern New England Soccer League in season 1916-17.


1916–17 St. Louis Soccer League season
Final league standings for the 1916-17 St. Louis Soccer League.


1916–17 St. Louis Soccer League season, History
The St. Louis Soccer League was reestablished this season after the league had split into two competing blocks of teams during the previous two seasons.


1916–17 Stoke F.C. season
The 1916–17 season was Stoke's second season in the non-competitive War League.


1916–17 Stoke F.C. season
With the start of World War I, all Football League football was cancelled. In its place were formed War Leagues, based on geographical lines rather than based on previous league placement. Stoke contested the Lancashire Section in the Principal Tournament, and the Lancashire Section Secondary Competition Group D. However, none of these were considered to be competitive football, and thus their records are not recognised by the Football League.


1916–17 Stoke F.C. season, Season review
In the Primary Competition of the Lancashire League Stoke finished in 3rd place with 39 points whilst in the Secondary Competition they finished 2nd with 6 points. During this season the lowest ever attendance was recorded for a Stoke first team match when 394 people saw Stoke play Oldham Athletic at Boundary Park in October 1916. Stoke's best victory in the 1916–17 season was a 7–0 over Bolton Wanderers which was sweet revenge after they had beaten Stoke 9–2 earlier in the season.


1916–17 Svenska Serien
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Frietjes (talk | contribs) at 16:02, 8 January 2020 (→References). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1916–17 Svenska Serien
Svenska Serien 1916–17, part of the 1916–17 Swedish football season, was the seventh Svenska Serien season played. IFK Göteborg won the league ahead of runners-up Örgryte IS.


1916–17 Swiss International Ice Hockey Championship
The 1916–17 Swiss International Ice Hockey Championship was the second edition of the international ice hockey championship in Switzerland. Seven teams participated in the championship, which was won by HC Les Avants, who defeated HC Servette A in the final.


1916–17 Swiss National Ice Hockey Championship
The 1916–17 Swiss National Ice Hockey Championship was the seventh edition of the national ice hockey championship in Switzerland. HC Bern won the championship by defeating Genève-Servette HC in the final.


1916–17 Tennessee Volunteers basketball team
The 1916–17 Tennessee Volunteers basketball team represents the University of Tennessee during the 1916–17 college men's basketball season. The head coach was John R. Bender coaching the Volunteers in his first season. The Volunteers team captain was Joseph Jacobs.


1916–17 Toronto Hockey Club season
The 1916–17 Toronto Hockey Club season was the fifth and final season of the Toronto franchise in the National Hockey Association (NHA). With the departure of the Toronto 228th Battalion when their regiment was ordered overseas, the NHA decided to suspend the Toronto Blueshirts franchise as well for the remainder of the season. Before the start of the next season, the NHA folded and a new league, the National Hockey League (NHL), was founded with a new team, the Toronto Hockey Club, which went on to become the present day Toronto Maple Leafs.


1916–17 Toronto Hockey Club season, Regular season, Final standings
Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals AgainstAfter the 228th Battalion dropped out, and Toronto suspended, the schedule was revised so that the remaining teams would play a 20 game schedule of two halves containing 10 games each. Some of the games to that point were moved into the second half. The 'second half' standings therefore include some games that the228th and Toronto played.


1916–17 United States collegiate men's ice hockey season
The 1916–17 United States collegiate men's ice hockey season was the 22nd season of collegiate ice hockey.


1916–17 University of Virginia men's basketball team
The 1916–17 University of Virginia men's basketball team represented the University of Virginia during the 1916–17 NCAA men's basketball season. The team was led by twelfth-year head coach Henry Lannigan, and played their home games at Fayerweather Gymnasium in Charlottesville, Virginia. Now known as the Virginia Cavaliers, the team did not have an official nickname prior to 1923.


1916–17 Washington State Cougars men's basketball team
The 1916–17 Washington State Cougars men's basketball team represented Washington State University in intercollegiate basketball during the 1916–17 season. The team finished the season with a 25–1 record and was retroactively named the national champion by the Helms Athletic Foundation and the Premo-Porretta Power Poll. Ivan Price and Roy Bohler (Fred's younger brother and captain of the team) were named to the All-Pacific Coast Conference team at the end of the season.


1916–17 William & Mary Indians men's basketball team
The 1916–17 William & Mary Indians men's basketball team represented the College of William & Mary in intercollegiate basketball during the 1916–17 season. Under the first (and only) year of head coach Samuel H. Hubbard, the team finished the season with a 4–9 record. This was the 12th season in program history for William & Mary, whose nickname is now the Tribe.


1916–17 William & Mary Indians men's basketball team
William & Mary played in-state rival Virginia Tech for the first time during 1917.


1916–17 Williams Ephs men's ice hockey season
The 1916–17 Williams Ephs men's ice hockey season was the 14th season of play for the program.


1916–17 Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball team
The 1916–1917 Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball team represented University of Wisconsin–Madison. The head coach was Walter Meanwell, coaching his sixth season with the Badgers. The team played their home games at the Red Gym in Madison, Wisconsin and was a member of the Western Conference.


1916–17 Yale Bulldogs men's ice hockey season
The 1916–17 Yale Bulldogs men's ice hockey season was the 22nd season of play for the program.


1916–17 Yale Bulldogs men's ice hockey season, Season
On December 13, Yale announced Fred Rocque as their head coach. While the Bulldogs had coaches in years past, Rocque is cited as the first official coach in team history. Rocque, who had previously coached Dartmouth, substituted his player much more than the team had previously and would commonly have players perform at multiple positions in the same game. This tactic helped prevent the Elis from flagging at the end of games, something they had trouble with in recent years.


1916–17 Yale Bulldogs men's ice hockey season, Season
Yale had their best season in 18 years, posting a .714 winning percentage in 14 games. More importantly, the Elis won the season series against Harvard for the first time since 1908. The Bulldogs two overtime losses to Princeton cost them, however, as the series loss left all three teams in a three-way tie in the IHL and prevented any team from claiming the Intercollegiate Championship for 1917.


1916–17 Yale Bulldogs men's ice hockey season, Season
After the season the United States officially entered World War I. While most programs were suspended as a result, Yale's men's team would attempt to muddle through the season.


1916–17 in English football
The 1916–17 season was the second season of special wartime football in England during the First World War.


1916–17 in English football, Overview
Between 1915 and 1919, competitive football was suspended in England. Many footballers signed up to fight in the war and as a result many teams were depleted, and fielded guest players instead. The Football League and FA Cup were suspended and in their place regional league competitions were set up; appearances in these tournaments do not count in players' official records.


1916–17 in English football, Honours
There were three regional leagues; the South-West Combination played in 1915–16 was discontinued. Each league, except the London Combination, was split into a principal tournament, consisting of a single league, and then a subsidiary tournament of four groups.


1916–17 in Scottish football
The 1916–17 season was the 44th season of competitive football in Scotland and the 27th season of the Scottish Football League.


1916–17 in Scottish football, Scottish Football League
Note: Due to increasing travel difficulties under war-time conditions, Aberdeen, Dundee and Raith Rovers were asked to retire from the League at the end of the season. Clydebank were elected to maintain an even number of teams.


1916–17 in Scottish football, Junior Cup
St Mirren Juniors won the Scottish Junior Cup after a 1–0 win over Renfrew in the final.


1916–17 in Scottish football, Scotland national team
There were no Scotland matches played with the British Home Championship suspended due to World War I.


1916–17 in Swedish football
The 1916-17 season in Swedish football, starting August 1916 and ending December 1917:


1916–17 in Swedish football, National team results
Sweden: Frithiof Rudén - Valdus Lund, Henning Svensson - Ragnar Wicksell, Konrad Törnqvist, Louis Groth - Harry Magnusson, Caleb Schylander, Karl Gustafsson, Erik Hjelm, Josef Appelgren.


1916–17 in Swedish football, National team results
Sweden: Herbert Almqvist - Torsten Husén, Johannes Hellgren - Helmer Lundberg, Nils Wiklund, Verner Carlsson - Albin Sellin, Tor Levin, Ragnar Gunnarsson, Oskar Dahlström, Birger Carlsson.


1916–17 in Swedish football, National team results
Sweden: Herbert Almqvist - Theodor Malm, Ragnar Wicksell - Bruno Lindström, Götrik Frykman, Louis Groth - Rune Bergström, Karl Gustafsson, Iwar Swensson, Sten Söderberg, Carl Karlstrand.


1916–17 in Swedish football, National team results
Sweden: John Karlsson-Nottorp - Valdus Lund, Fritjof Hillén - Sven Friberg, Konrad Törnqvist, Henry Almén - Harry Magnusson, Caleb Schylander, Erik Börjesson, Erik Hjelm, Josef Appelgren.


1916–17 in Swedish football, National team results
Sweden: Erik Sjöstrand - Henry Svensson, Carl Carlsson - Thure Carlsson, Erik Sandberg, Thure Pettersson - Georg Bengtsson, Carl Ström, Otto Malm, Eric Bengtsson, Gustav Lundström.


1916–17 in Swedish football, National team results
Sweden: Herbert Almqvist - Theodor Malm, Vidar Stenborg - Gustaf Carlson, Ragnar Wicksell, Einar Halling-Johansson - Rune Bergström, Walfrid Gunnarsson, Karl Gustafsson, Helge Ekroth, Gunnar Linder.


1916–17 in Swedish football, National team results
Sweden: Herbert Almqvist - Theodor Malm, Valdus Lund - Gustaf Carlson, Ragnar Wicksell, Einar Halling-Johansson - Rune Bergström, Caleb Schylander, Karl Gustafsson, Helge Ekroth, Gunnar Linder.


1916–1920 Mississippi Legislature
The 1916-1920 (or 84th) Mississippi Legislature met in three sessions, from January to April 1916, from September to October 1917, and from January to March 1918. 45 senators and 133 representatives were in each session.


1916–1920 Mississippi Legislature, District apportionment, Senate
In the 1916 session, the Senate was made of 38 senatorial districts. After the constitutional amendment of 1916, 4 more districts were added. Some districts had more than one representative.


1916–1920 Mississippi Legislature, District apportionment, House
From 1916 to 1920, each county served as a district with representatives. There were some floater representatives that served between two different counties.


1916–1921 Club
The 1916–1921 Club was founded in the 1940s. The motivation for the Club was to heal the divisions created by the Irish Civil War. Protagonists from both sides were invited to join. The Association of the Old Dublin Brigade, Óglaigh na hÉireann was also open to the surviving members of the War of Independence. The Club incorporated the Association in the early 1980s as their membership declined.


1916–1921 Club
Membership of the Club is open to all Irish citizens who subscribe to the objectives and accept the documents upon which it bases its charter. The current president is Jim Doyle.


1917
1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1917th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 917th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 17th  year of the 20th century, and the  8th   year of the 1910s decade. As of the start of 1917, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1917, Events
Below, the events of World War I have the "WWI" prefix.


1917 (1970 film)
1917 is a 1970 British short film directed by Stephen Weeks and starring Timothy Bateson, David Leland, and Geoffrey Davies.


1917 (2019 film)
1917 is a 2019 British war film directed and produced by Sam Mendes, who co-wrote the film with Krysty Wilson-Cairns. Partially inspired by stories told to Mendes by his paternal grandfather Alfred about his service during World War I, the film takes place after the German retreat to the Hindenburg Line during Operation Alberich, and follows two British soldiers, Will Schofield (George MacKay) and Tom Blake (Dean-Charles Chapman), in their mission to deliver an important message to call off a doomed offensive attack. Mark Strong, Andrew Scott, Richard Madden, Claire Duburcq, Colin Firth, and Benedict Cumberbatch also star in supporting roles.


1917 (2019 film)
The project was announced in June 2018, with MacKay and Chapman signing on in October and the rest of the cast joining the following March. Filming took place from April to June 2019 in the UK, with cinematographer Roger Deakins and editor Lee Smith using long takes to have the entire film appear as two continuous shots.


1917 (2019 film)
1917 premiered in the UK on 4 December 2019 and was released theatrically in the United States on 25 December by Universal Pictures and in the United Kingdom on 10 January 2020 by Entertainment One. The film was a critical and box office success, grossing $384.9 million worldwide. Among its accolades, it received ten nominations at the 92nd Academy Awards including Best Picture and Best Director, and three wins, for Best Cinematography, Best Visual Effects, and Best Sound Mixing.


1917 (2019 film), Plot
On 6 April 1917, aerial reconnaissance has observed that the German army, which has pulled back from a sector of the Western Front in northern France, is not in retreat but has made a strategic withdrawal to the new Hindenburg Line, where they are waiting to overwhelm the British with artillery.


1917 (2019 film), Plot
In the British trenches, with field telephone lines cut, two young British lance corporals, William Schofield, a veteran of the Somme, and Tom Blake, are ordered by General Erinmore to carry a message to Colonel Mackenzie of the Second Battalion of the Devonshire Regiment, calling off a scheduled attack the next morning that would jeopardise the lives of 1,600 men, including Blake's brother Joseph, a lieutenant.


1917 (2019 film), Plot
Schofield and Blake cross no man's land to reach the abandoned German trenches, but Schofield injures his left hand along the way. In an underground barracks, they discover a tripwire set by the Germans, which is promptly triggered by a rat; the explosion almost kills Schofield, but Blake saves him, and the two escape. They arrive at an abandoned farmhouse, where a German plane is shot down in a dogfight with Allied aircraft. Schofield and Blake save the burned pilot, but the pilot stabs Blake and is shot dead by Schofield. Schofield comforts Blake as he dies, promising to complete the mission and to write to Blake's mother. Taking Blake's rings and dog tag, as well as Erinmore's letter, he is picked up by a passing British unit.


1917 (2019 film), Plot
A destroyed canal bridge near Écoust-Saint-Mein prevents the British lorries from crossing, and Schofield chooses to part with them. He uses what is left of the bridge to cross alone, and comes under fire from a sniper. Exchanging shots, Schofield wounds the sniper and advances, whereupon he and the sniper shoot each other simultaneously; the sniper is killed, while Schofield is struck in the helmet and knocked unconscious. He awakens at night and makes his way through the flare-lit ruins of the town. After evading a German soldier, he discovers a French woman hiding with an infant.


1917 (2019 film), Plot
She treats his wounds, and he gives her his canned food and milk from the farm. Despite her pleas, Schofield leaves, after hearing the chimes of a nearby clock and realising that time is running out. Encountering German soldiers, he strangles one to death and escapes pursuit by jumping into a river. The river carries him while the cherry blossoms fall. He is swept over a waterfall before reaching the riverbank. In the forest, he finds D Company of the 2nd Devons, which is in the last wave of the attack. As the company starts to move toward the front, Schofield tries to reach Colonel Mackenzie.


1917 (2019 film), Plot
Realising that the trenches are too crowded for him to make it to Mackenzie in time, Schofield goes "over the top" and sprints on the open battlefield parallel to the British trench line, just as the infantry begins its charge. He forces his way in to meet Mackenzie, who reads the message and reluctantly calls off the attack. Schofield then finds Joseph, who was among the first wave and is bloodied but is unharmed. Schofield tells Joseph of his mission and that his brother Tom has died, passing on Tom's rings and dog tag. Joseph is deeply upset about his brother but thanks Schofield for his efforts. Schofield asks to write to their mother about Tom's heroics, to which Joseph agrees. Exhausted, Schofield sits under a nearby tree, looking at photographs of his wife and children.


1917 (2019 film), Production, Pre-production
Amblin Partners and New Republic Pictures were announced to have acquired the project on 18 June 2018, with Sam Mendes directing and co-writing the screenplay alongside Krysty Wilson-Cairns. Tom Holland was reported to be pushing for a lead role in the film in September 2018 but ultimately was not involved as he was contractually obligated to do reshoots for Chaos Walking in April 2019. In October 2018, Roger Deakins was set to reunite with Mendes as cinematographer. George MacKay and Dean-Charles Chapman entered negotiations to star that same month. Thomas Newman was hired to compose the score in March 2019. That same month, Benedict Cumberbatch, Colin Firth, Mark Strong, Richard Madden, Andrew Scott, Daniel Mays, Adrian Scarborough, Jamie Parker, Nabhaan Rizwan, and Claire Duburcq joined the cast in supporting roles.


1917 (2019 film), Production, Writing
In August 2019, Mendes stated that the film shows "the story of a messenger who has a message to carry." In December 2019, Mendes stated that the writing involved some risk-taking: "I took a calculated gamble, and I'm pleased I did because of the energy you get just from driving forward (in the narrative), in a war that was fundamentally about paralysis and stasis." The ideas for a script, which Mendes wrote with Krysty Wilson-Cairns, came from the story that Mendes's grandfather, Alfred Mendes, a native of Trinidad who was a messenger for the British on the Western Front, had told him.


1917 (2019 film), Production, Filming
Roger Deakins was the cinematographer for the film, reuniting with Mendes for their fourth collaboration, having first worked together on Jarhead in 2005. Filming was accomplished with long takes and elaborately choreographed moving camera shots to give the effect of two continuous takes. Although media accounts have referred to the story as being told in only one shot, the story cuts to black one hour and six minutes into the film, when Schofield is knocked unconscious, and fades in upon his regaining consciousness after night has fallen.


1917 (2019 film), Production, Filming
Mendes explained, "It was to do with the fact that I wanted the movie to go from afternoon to dusk, and then from night into dawn. I wanted it to be in two movements...I wanted to take it somewhere more like a hallucination. Somewhere more surreal, almost dream-like. And horrifying too."


1917 (2019 film), Production, Filming
1917 was the first film to be shot with the Arri Alexa Mini LF digital cinema camera. Deakins wanted to use a camera with a large format image sensor, but thought that the original Alexa LF was too large and heavy to capture the intimate shots he wanted. Arri provided him with a prototype of the Mini LF two months before filming was set to begin, and two more cameras a week before.


1917 (2019 film), Production, Filming
His lenses were Arri Signature Primes, of which he used three focal lengths: a 40 mm lens for most of the film, a wider 35 mm for scenes in the tunnels and bunkers, to emphasise feelings of claustrophobia, and a narrower 47 mm in the river, to lose some of the background.


1917 (2019 film), Production, Filming
Filming began on 1 April 2019 and continued through June 2019 in Wiltshire, Hankley Common in Surrey and Govan, as well as at Shepperton Studios. Concern was raised about filming on Salisbury Plain by conservationists who felt the production could disturb potentially undiscovered remains, requesting a survey before any set construction began. Some shots required the use of as many as 500 background extras.


1917 (2019 film), Production, Filming
Sections of the film were also shot near Low Force, on the River Tees, Teesdale in June 2019, a reference to river Styx. The production staff had to install signs warning walkers in the area not to be alarmed at the artificial bodies and body parts strewn around the site. For the scenes on the river, the cast and crew were assisted by a local outdoor adventure provider for safety and stunts.


1917 (2019 film), Music
The soundtrack album of the film was released on 20 December 2019. The score was composed by Thomas Newman, the regular collaborator to Mendes. It was nominated for best original score at the Academy Awards.


1917 (2019 film), Music
The soundtrack does not include the rendition of the American folk song The Wayfaring Stranger by Jos Slovick. In early 2020, a Change.org petition collected over 2,500 signatures to urge film producers, Universal Pictures and DreamWorks Pictures to release a full studio version of Slovick's performance. Subsequently, Sony Classical Records released an EP of the song on 7 February on Amazon and streaming platforms.


1917 (2019 film), Release, Theatrical
The film premiered on 4 December 2019 at the 2019 Royal Film Performance in London. It was released in limited theatres in the United States on 25 December 2019, before going to wide release on 10 January 2020. The studio spent an estimated $115 million on prints and advertisements promoting the film. The film was specially formatted for IMAX at the expanded aspect ratio of 1.9:1.


1917 (2019 film), Release, Home media
1917 was released on Digital HD on 10 March 2020 and was released on DVD, Blu-ray, and Ultra HD Blu-ray on 24 March 2020.


1917 (2019 film), Reception, Box office
1917 grossed $159.2 million in the United States and Canada, and $225.7 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $384.9 million, against a production budget of $90–100 million. Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $77 million.


1917 (2019 film), Reception, Box office
In the US, the film made $251,000 on its first day of limited release. It went on to have a limited opening weekend of $570,000, and a five-day gross of $1 million, for an average of $91,636 per-venue. The film would go on to make a total of $2.7 million over its 15 days of limited release. It then expanded wide on 10 January, making $14 million on its first day, including $3.25 million from Thursday night previews.


1917 (2019 film), Reception, Box office
It went on to gross $36.5 million for the weekend (beating the original projections of $25 million), becoming the first film to dethrone Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker at the box office. In its second weekend of wide release the film made $22 million (and $26.8 million over the four-day Martin Luther King Jr. Day holiday), finishing third behind Bad Boys for Life and Dolittle. It then made $15.8 million and $9.7 million the following two weekends, remaining in second both times. During the four-day-weekend of the Academy Awards, the film made $9.3 million.


1917 (2019 film), Reception, Critical response
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 89% based on 454 reviews, with an average rating of 8.40/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Hard-hitting, immersive, and an impressive technical achievement, 1917 captures the trench warfare of World War I with raw, startling immediacy." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 78 out of 100 based on 57 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale, and PostTrak reported it received an average 4.5 out of 5 from viewers they surveyed, with 69% saying they would definitely recommend it.


1917 (2019 film), Reception, Critical response
Several critics named the film among the best of 2019, including Kate Erbland of IndieWire and Sheri Linden of The Hollywood Reporter. Writing for the Hindustan Times, Rohan Naahar stated, "I can only imagine the effect 1917 will have on audiences that aren't familiar with the techniques Sam Mendes and Roger Deakins are about to unleash upon them." In his review for NPR, Justin Chang was less positive. He agreed the film was a "mind-boggling technical achievement" but did not think it was that spectacular overall, as Mendes's style with its impression of a continuous take "can be as distracting as it is immersive".


1917 (2019 film), Reception, Critical response
Manohla Dargis of The New York Times called the film, "A carefully organized and sanitized war picture [...] that turns one of the most catastrophic episodes in modern times into an exercise in preening showmanship." Alison Willmore of Vulture compared it unfavourably to the war film Dunkirk (2017), writing, "The artifice of the aesthetic premise overwhelms any of the film's other intentions."


1917 (2019 film), Reception, Critical response
In September 2021, Screen Rant featured the best ten World Wars I movies according to users of IMDb, where 1917 ranked sixth.


1917 (2019 film), Reception, Accolades
1917 received ten nominations at the 92nd Academy Awards, winning for Best Cinematography, Best Sound Mixing, and Best Visual Effects. It received three nominations at the 77th Golden Globe Awards and won two awards: for Best Motion Picture – Drama and Best Director. It also received eight nominations at the 25th Critics' Choice Awards, winning three awards, including Best Director, and nine nominations at the 73rd British Academy Film Awards, winning the most awards – seven, including Best Film, Best Director and Outstanding British film. It was chosen by the National Board of Review and the American Film Institute as one of the top ten films of the year.


1917 (2019 film), Historical accuracy
The film was inspired by Operation Alberich, a German withdrawal to new positions on the shorter and more easily defended Hindenburg Line that took place between 9 February and 20 March 1917. However, the main and supporting characters all appear to be fictional.


1917 (2019 film), Historical accuracy
The military historian Jeremy Banning wrote, "It made no sense, as the film depicts, to have some battalions nine miles beyond the former German line and others seemingly unaware of whether this line was manned [...] As for the assault by the Devons, no unit would attack without adequate artillery support".


1917 (2019 film), Historical accuracy
Contrary to the film's depiction, the number of Black soldiers serving directly in the British Army itself was unknown but negligible, as the Black population in Britain at the time remained small. Instead, the majority of Black troops who participated in the British war effort served in their own colonial regiments from Africa and the West Indies. Over 15,000 men from the British West Indies enlisted in the military during the First World War, and by 1915 they were organised into the British West Indies Regiment.


1917 (2019 film), Historical accuracy
The regiment served in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I, including the Sinai and Palestine campaign and the Mesopotamian campaign. Indian Sikhs would also have served in their own regiments as part of the British Indian Army, not as individuals in the ranks of British regiments and Corps. By the end of 1915, the Indian infantry formations had been withdrawn from the Western Front and sent to the Middle East.


1917 AAA Championship Car season
The 1917 AAA Championship Car season consisted of 21 races, beginning in Los Angeles, California on March 4 and concluding there on November 29. The de facto National Champion as poled by the American automobile journal Motor Age was Earl Cooper. The Indianapolis 500 was not held this year. Points were not awarded by the AAA Contest Board during the 1917 season. Champions of the day were decided by Chris G. Sinsabaugh, an editor at Motor Age, based on merit and on track performance. The points table was created retroactively in 1927 – all championship results should be considered unofficial.


1917 AAA Championship Car season, Leading National Championship standings
The points paying system for the 1909–1915 and 1917–1919 season were retroactively applied in 1927 and revised in 1951 using the points system from 1920.


1917 Aberdeen South by-election
The Aberdeen South by-election, 1917 was a parliamentary by-election for the House of Commons constituency of Aberdeen South comprising the local government wards in the southern part of the city of Aberdeen. The by-election took place on 3 April 1917.


1917 Aberdeen South by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the sitting Liberal MP, George Esslemont for reasons of ill-health. Esslemont had been MP for Aberdeen South since retaining the seat for the Liberals in a by-election in February 1907 following the appointment of James Bryce to be British Ambassador to the United States. Although he was aged only 57 years, Esslemont died on 2 October 1917, just a few months after stepping down from Parliament.


1917 Aberdeen South by-election, Candidates, Liberals
On 1 March 1917, it was reported that the Liberals intended to put forward the name of Sir James Murray, the former MP for East Aberdeenshire. In fact the local Liberals were in dispute over their candidate, reflecting the growing division in the party between those supporting the coalition government of David Lloyd George and those favouring the opposition Liberals led by H H Asquith. Murray was said to be a strong supporter of Lloyd George's government. The Asquithians gave their backing to Vivian Phillipps, Asquith's private secretary. A third name was also under consideration, that of Sir John Fleming, an ex-Provost of Aberdeen. Fleming may well have been seen as a good compromise candidate, as, following the intervention of the prime minister himself, Murray was persuaded to withdraw from the contest and Fleming was formally selected.


1917 Aberdeen South by-election, Candidates, Conservatives
As partners in the wartime coalition government, the Conservatives abided by the electoral truce between the main parties and did not put forward a candidate.


1917 Aberdeen South by-election, Candidates, Others
Two other candidates came forward to contest Aberdeen South. James Watson, Professor of Chemistry at Anderson's College, Glasgow declared he wished to stand as an independent citizen's candidate, a vigorous supporter of what he called patriotic democracy. Watson had contested the Bridgeton Division of Glasgow at the 1895 general election standing for the Independent Labour Party.


1917 Aberdeen South by-election, Candidates, Others
The other candidate was Frederick Pethick-Lawrence. He sought election as a 'Peace by Negotiation' candidate and was sponsored by the Union of Democratic Control of which was the treasurer.


1917 Aberdeen South by-election, The election
The writ for by-election was issued in Parliament on 26 March 1917. Nomination day was 30 March, with polling to take place on 3 April. Despite the atmosphere of wartime campaigning and the absence of a Tory candidate, some Liberals were fearful of the result. It was reported that there had been a backlash amongst some of Sir James Murray's supporters, who had not accepted his withdrawal and who refused to vote for Fleming; that Watson had the potential to get a large vote from Labour supporters, from Unionists, who had no candidate of their own, and disaffected Liberals.


1917 Aberdeen South by-election, Result
The result however was a comfortable win for Fleming, with a majority of 1,776 votes over Watson or 34.7% of the poll. This was consistent with other election results in Scotland during the war with public opinion overwhelmingly pro-government. Fleming took his seat in Parliament on 24 April 1917 but only represented his constituency until the 1918 general election. Standing as an Independent (Asquithian) Liberal he lost to Frederick Thomson, a Conservative barrister who seems to have been awarded the Coalition Coupon.


1917 Akron football team
The 1917 Akron football team represented the University of Akron, formerly Buchtel College, in the 1917 college football season. The team was led by head coach Fred Sefton, in his third season. For the first time since the 1912 season, Akron outscored their opponents, by a total of 143-84.


1917 Alabama Crimson Tide baseball team
The 1917 Alabama Crimson Tide baseball team represented the Alabama Crimson Tide of the University of Alabama in the 1917 NCAA baseball season, winning the SIAA championship.


1917 Alabama Crimson Tide football team
The 1917 Alabama Crimson Tide football team (variously "Alabama", "UA" or "Bama") represented the University of Alabama in the 1917 college football season. It was the Crimson Tide's 25th overall and 22nd season as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA). The team was led by head coach Thomas Kelley, in his third year, and played their home games at University Field in Tuscaloosa, at Rickwood Field in Birmingham and at Soldiers Field in Montgomery, Alabama. They finished the season with a record of five wins, two losses and one tie (5–2–1 overall, 3–1–1 in the SIAA).


1917 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries
Alabama's 1917 season opener against the "Second Ambulance Company of Ohio" at Soldiers Field in Montgomery was the only game the Crimson Tide ever played at that location. The 2nd, which was part of the 37th Division training in Montgomery, only got two first downs.


1917 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries
Alabama opened the season with four consecutive, shutout victories over the Second Ambulance Company, Marion Military Institute, Mississippi College and Ole Miss. In those four games, Alabama outscored their opponents by a margin of 130 to 0. After a tie against Sewanee and a loss to Vanderbilt at Rickwood Field, Alabama won their only road game at Kentucky.


1917 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries
In the season finale, Camp Gordon, the second military opponent Alabama faced as the country mobilized for World War I, beat the Tide 19–6. Camp Gordon had several players with college experience, including Adrian Van de Graaff, formerly of Alabama.


1917 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries
Joe Sewell, who went on to a Hall of Fame baseball career with the Cleveland Indians and New York Yankees, lettered in football for Alabama in 1917, 1918 and 1919.


1917 Alberta general election
The 1917 Alberta general election was held on 7 June 1917 to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta. The Liberals won a fourth term in office, defeating the Conservative Party of Edward Michener.


1917 Alberta general election
Because of World War I, eleven Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) were re-elected by acclamation, under Section 38 of the Election Act, which stipulated that any member of the 3rd Alberta Legislative Assembly, would be guaranteed re-election, with no contest held, if members joined for war time service. Eleven MLAs were automatically re-elected through this clause. (None were re-elected in the next election.)


1917 Alberta general election
In addition, soldiers and nurses from Alberta serving in WWI elected two MLAs. Two extra seats were thus added just for this election. The MLAs were non-partisan officially. But both Robert Pearson and Roberta MacAdams allied themselves to Labour and Non-Partisan League MLAs by showing social consciousness in regards the conditions available for returned soldiers and working families.


1917 Alberta general election
In 1917, the main issue facing the nation was conscription. In Alberta, where support for conscription was high, the incumbent Liberal government of Arthur Sifton decided to break with federal Liberal leader Wilfrid Laurier and support Conservative Prime Minister Robert Borden's efforts to form a coalition government.


1917 Alberta general election
The two major parties both supported conscription, but growing labour and farmer activism, and the entry of women into politics, both as voters and candidates, made the election exciting enough that 30,000 more votes were cast than in the previous election (although they were nothing like the high numbers that would be cast in the 1921 election).


1917 Alberta general election
This was the last time Liberals won an Alberta provincial election. The 1917 election was the tightest majority ever formed in Alberta history, with the combined opposition equaling 71% of the MLAs on the government benches. Premier Sifton resigned in October 1917 in order to serve in the federal Unionist government of Prime Minister Borden and was replaced by Charles Stewart.


1917 Alberta general election
This was the first election in Alberta that women (those who were British subjects or Canadian citizens more than 20 years of age who were not Treaty Indian) had the right to vote and run. Two women were elected in the legislature that year. One of these was Roberta MacAdams, elected as one of two representatives of soldiers and nurses serving in WWI. The other, Louise McKinney, was elected as a candidate of the Non-Partisan League. Her election and the election of fellow NPL candidate James Weir were harbingers of the rise of farmer politics that would see the election of the UFA government in 1921.


1917 Alberta general election
The Alberta Labor Representation League, which opposed conscription, elected one member in Calgary, Alex Ross.


1917 Alberta general election
The vote in the Athabasca district was conducted on 27 June 1917 due to the remoteness of the riding.


1917 Alberta general election, Results
1 Charles Cross represented two ridings during the previous legislative assembly.


1917 Alberta general election, Members of the Legislative Assembly, Members acclaimed under Section 38
Eleven Liberal and Conservative MLAs serving in the army were allowed to retain their seats without election.


1917 Alberta general election, 1917 soldiers' and nurses' vote
Two extra seats were added for this election. Two MLAs were elected to represent the soldiers and nurses serving overseas.


1917 Alberta general election, 1917 soldiers' and nurses' vote
Candidates and voters were Albertans who were enlisted for overseas military, naval or nursing service. The MLAs sat on the opposition benches. They were non-partisan officially, although both Robert Pearson and Roberta MacAdams allied themselves to Labour and NPL MLAs by showing social consciousness in regards the conditions available for returned soldiers and working families.


1917 Alberta general election, 1917 soldiers' and nurses' vote
The vote was held on 18 September 1917. Each soldier and nurse had two votes.


1917 All-Big Ten Conference football team
The 1917 All-Big Ten Conference football team consists of American football players selected to the All-Big Ten Conference teams chosen by various selectors for the 1917 college football season.


1917 All-Big Ten Conference football team, Key
Bold = consensus choice by a majority of the selectors


1917 All-Big Ten Conference football team, Key
FM = Frank G. Menke, sporting editor of Newspaper Feature Service


1917 All-Big Ten Conference football team, Key
LGS = Lambert G. Sullivan, football editor of Chicago Daily News


1917 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship
The 1917 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship was the 31st staging of Ireland's premier Gaelic football knock-out competition. Wexford won the third title of their four-in-a-row.


1917 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final
The 1917 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final was the thirtieth All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 1917 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, an inter-county Gaelic football tournament for the top teams in Ireland.


1917 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final
Dual star Turlough "Tull" Considine was through on goal for Clare but was tripped up, while both teams had goals disallowed, so only points decided the game, Wexford winning nine to five.


1917 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final
It was the third of four All-Ireland football titles won by Wexford in the 1910s.


1917 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final
Wexford were captained by Seán O'Kennedy, whose brother Gus played at corner-forward.


1917 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
The 1917 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the 31st staging of the All-Ireland hurling championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1887. The championship began on 24 June 1917 and ended on 28 October 1917.


1917 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
Tipperary were the defending champions, however, they were defeated on a 5–4 to 4–2 score line by Dublin in the All-Ireland final.


1917 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, Format
Final: (1 match) The winners of the Leinster and Munster championships contested this game. The winner was declared All-Ireland champions.


1917 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final
The 1917 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final was the thirtieth All-Ireland Final and the culmination of the 1917 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, an inter-county hurling tournament for the top teams in Ireland. Dublin were the winners. It took place on 28 October 1917.


1917 All-Service football team
The 1917 All-Service football team consists of American football players selected to the all-service football teams chosen by various selectors.


1917 All-Western college football team
The 1917 All-Western college football team consists of American football players selected to the All-Western teams chosen by various selectors for the 1917 college football season.


1917 Allan Cup
The 1917 Allan Cup was the Canadian national senior ice hockey championship for the 1916–17 season. The title was first held by the Winnipeg Victorias who won their league and two challenges, before losing in the final challenge to the Toronto Dentals.


1917 Allan Cup, League championship
The defending 1916 Allan Cup champions, Winnipeg 61st Battalion, did not compete due to the war. As champions of the Winnipeg Patriotic League, the Winnipeg Victorias take over the Allan Cup title.


1917 Allan Cup, First challenge
The Winnipeg Victorias were challenged by the Winnipeg Union Canadienne, Winnipeg & District League champions. The series took place in Winnipeg, Manitoba.


1917 Allan Cup, First challenge, Results
Winnipeg Victorias win the series 22-11 and retain the Allan Cup.


1917 Allan Cup, Second challenge
The Winnipeg Victorias received a challenge from the Winnipeg 221st Battalion, Manitoba Military League champions. The series took place in Winnipeg, Manitoba.


1917 Allan Cup, Second challenge, Results
Winnipeg Victorias win the series 11-5 and retain the Allan Cup.


1917 Allan Cup, Third challenge
The Winnipeg Victorias received a challenge from the Port Arthur 141st Battalion, Thunder Bay Senior champions. Played in Winnipeg, Manitoba.


1917 Allan Cup, Third challenge, Results
Winnipeg Victorias win the series 10-5 and retain the Allan Cup.


1917 Allan Cup, Fourth challenge
Winnipeg Victorias received a challenge from the Toronto Dentals, OHA Senior champions. Played in Winnipeg, Manitoba.


1917 Allan Cup, Fourth challenge, Results
Toronto Dentals take the Allan Cup, winning the series 13-goals-to-12.


1917 Allentown Ambulance Corps football team
The 1917 Allentown Ambulance Corps football team, also known as the "Usaccs", represented the United States Army Ambulance Service stationed at Camp Crane in Allentown, Pennsylvania, during the 1917 college football season. Dudley Clark, formerly a football player at Oregon, was the team's coach.


1917 Allentown Ambulance Corps football team
The team was invited to appear in the 1918 Rose Bowl but did not receive authorization for travel to the West Coast. Allentown's declination opened the door for Camp Lewis, which lost to the Mare Island Marines on New Year's Day.


1917 American Cup
The 1917 American Cup was the annual open cup held by the American Football Association. Thirty-six teams entered the competition however none of the major Massachusetts teams entered. A new rule that season made by the Southern New England FA forbade their clubs from entering more than one tournament other than the State Cup. This being the case most of the teams opted for the National Cup instead. Bethlehem Steel brought home the trophy for the third time with a convincing 7-0 final win against the West Hudsons.


1917 Argentine Primera División
The 1917 Argentine Primera División was the 26th season of top-flight football in Argentina. The season began on April 1, and ended on December 30.


1917 Argentine Primera División
Racing won its fifth consecutive league title. Sportivo Barracas made its debut in Primera División, while Gimnasia y Esgrima (BA) and Banfield were relegated at the end of the season.


1917 Arizona Wildcats football team
The 1917 Arizona Wildcats football team represented the University of Arizona as an independent during the 1917 college football season. In their fourth season under head coach Pop McKale, the Wildcats compiled a 3–2 record and outscored all opponents, 118 to 41. The team captain was William Rose McGowen.


1917 Arkansas Razorbacks football team
The 1917 Arkansas Razorbacks football team represented the University of Arkansas in the Southwest Conference (SWC) during the 1917 college football season. In their first year under head coach Norman C. Paine, the Razorbacks compiled a 5–1–1 record (0–1–1 against SWC opponents), finished in last place in the SWC, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 118 to 27.


1917 Army Cadets football team
The 1917 Army Cadets football team represented the United States Military Academy in the 1917 college football season. In their first and only season under head coach Geoffrey Keyes, the Cadets compiled a 7–1 record, shut out four of their eight opponents, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 203 to 24. All eight games were played at home and the Cadets' sole loss came to Notre Dame by a 7–2 score. The Army–Navy Game was not played this season or the next.


1917 Army Cadets football team
Halfback Elmer Oliphant was a consensus first-team player on the All-America team and was later inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame.


1917 Atlanta Crackers season
The 1917 Atlanta Crackers season represented the Atlanta Crackers baseball team in the Southern Association and won the league pennant. The team played its games at Ponce de Leon Park, and was managed by Charlie Frank. Roy Moran led the league in hits, and Jake Munch was second. When Moran's house burned down, fans staged a day in his honor. Pitcher Rube Bressler went 25–15.


1917 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1917 Atlantic hurricane season featured nine known tropical cyclones, four of which became tropical storms. The first system appeared on July 6 east of the Windward Islands. After crossing the islands and traversing the Caribbean Sea, the storm struck Honduras, Belize, and Mexico, before dissipating on July 14. After more than three weeks without tropical cyclogenesis, another tropical storm developed west of Bermuda. As the storm brushed eastern New England, four ships sank near Nantucket, causing 41 fatalities. The same cyclone brought damaging winds to Nova Scotia before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone on August 10.


1917 Atlantic hurricane season
A hurricane developed over the central Atlantic Ocean on August 30 and ultimately affected Bermuda with heightened tides as it passed to the east. Elsewhere, the hurricane had little impact, becoming extratropical on September 5. After the third system, a series of four tropical depressions formed, but failed to become severe. The fourth hurricane brought devastation to Jamaica, Cuba, and portions of the Gulf Coast of the United States, especially western parts of the Florida Panhandle. Overall, the storm left six deaths and inflicted at least $170,000 (1917 USD) in damage.


1917 Atlantic hurricane season
The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 61, slightly above the 1911–1920 average of 58.7. ACE is a metric used to express the energy used by a tropical cyclone during its lifetime. Therefore, a storm with a longer duration will have high values of ACE. It is only calculated at six-hour increments in which specific tropical and subtropical systems are either at or above sustained wind speeds of 39 mph (63 km/h), which is the threshold for tropical storm intensity. Thus, tropical depressions are not included here..


1917 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm One
Historical weather maps indicated a trough east of the Windward Islands on July 6. Around 06:00 UTC, a tropical depression formed about 80 mi (130 km) southeast of Barbados. Moving west-northwestward, the depression crossed the Windward Islands and entered the Caribbean Sea early on July 7. Later that day, the system intensified into a tropical storm. After peaking with winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) on July 8, it began to weaken and fell to tropical depression intensity early on July 10. Early the next day, the depression struck Honduras, before briefly emerging into the Caribbean Sea. The system struck Belize around 06:00 UTC on July 12 and entered the Bay of Campeche about 24 hours later. At midday on July 14, the storm struck south of Tampico, Tamaulipas. In the city of Veracruz, 4 in (100 mm) of rain fell in a 24-hour period.


1917 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Two
An area of low pressure developed into a tropical storm to the west of Bermuda at 00:00 UTC on August 6. Initially the storm drifted westward and strengthened minimally. By August 9, it curved northward and began to accelerate. The storm strengthened further and attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 994 mbar (29.4 inHg) early on August 10; both were observations from the Nantucket Shoals Lightship. Offshore the island of Nantucket in Massachusetts, four ships were lost, with an estimated 41 people perishing.


1917 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Two
The storm continued northeastward and made landfall in Saint John County, New Brunswick while becoming extratropical at 00:00 UTC on August 11. The remnants dissipated over the Labrador Sea later that day. In Nova Scotia, dozens of boats were beached. Wind speeds up to 64 mph (103 km/h) in Yarmouth damaged trees, power lines, windows, and roofs. Crops were impacted throughout the Annapolis Valley. Fifteen barns were damaged or demolished.


1917 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
Weather maps indicated that an area of low pressure existed between the Lesser Antilles and Cape Verde on August 30. At 12:00 UTC that day, a tropical storm developed while located about 900 mi (1,400 km) northeast of Cayenne, French Guiana. Moving west-northwestward, the tropical storm reached Category 1 hurricane intensity early on August 31. By late on September 1, the storm had intensified into a Category 2 hurricane. Further strengthening occurred brought the hurricane to a Category 3 intensity late on September 3, while briefly heading northward. Early the next day, the cyclone attained its peak force with winds of 120 mph (195 km/h); the lowest barometric pressure reading in association with the storm was 980 mbar (29 inHg).


1917 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
While passing east of Bermuda late on September 4, the storm's "unprecedented high tides" lashed the island. Portions of Market Square on St. David's Island were submerged. Additionally, a large section of Higgs' Island was completed washed away. The storm accelerated to the northeast and weakened to a Category 2 hurricane around 12:00 UTC on September 5. Losing tropical characteristics, the hurricane transitioned into an extratropical cyclone at 00:00 UTC the following day, while located about 290 mi (470 km) southeast of Cape Race, Newfoundland. Its remnants tracked northeastward until dissipating near Iceland on September 7.


1917 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
A tropical storm formed about 160 mi (260 km) east-northeast of Barbados on September 20. Later that day, the storm crossed the Lesser Antilles between the islands of Saint Lucia and Martinique. Upon entering the Caribbean Sea on September 21, the system intensified quicker, becoming a Category 1 hurricane several hours later. While passing south of the Tiburon Peninsula on the following day, the storm strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane. Later on September 23, the hurricane struck the northern coast of Jamaica, before re-emerging into the Caribbean Sea. Around 06:00 UTC on September 24, it intensified into a Category 3 hurricane. Approximately 24 hours later, the hurricane deepened into a Category 4 hurricane.


1917 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
Ramón Perez of the Instituto de Meteorología de la República de Cuba estimated that this hurricane attained a minimum barometric pressure of 928 mbar (27.4 inHg) on September 25. Using the pressure-wind relationship, HURDAT increased the maximum sustained wind speed to 150 mph (240 km/h). Within the next six hours, the hurricane made landfall in the eastern Pinar del Río Province of Cuba. The system entered the Gulf of Mexico later on September 25. While moving northwestward, the storm fell to Category 3 hurricane intensity early on September 27.


1917 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
It briefly tracked generally northward and approached southeastern Louisiana before re-curving northeastward late the next day. At 02:00 UTC on September 29, the hurricane made landfall near Camp Walton, Florida with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). Shortly thereafter, the system rapidly weakened to a Category 1 hurricane and fell to a tropical storm several hours later. Early on September 30, it became extratropical over Georgia. About six hours later, the remnants of the hurricane dissipated.


1917 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
Some islands in the Lesser Antilles experienced strong winds and heavy rainfall, including Dominica, Guadeloupe, and Saint Lucia. In Jamaica, the hurricane caused significant damages to banana and coconut plantations. Communications from Holland Bay were disrupted when the station was demolished. The greatest damages were reported from the northern half of the island. In Nueva Gerona, strong winds destroyed well-constructed buildings, devastating the town. Orchards and crops were destroyed on the Pinar del Río Province. In Louisiana and Mississippi, impact was generally limited to damaged crops and timber stands. One death from drowning was reported in Louisiana.


1917 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
Farther east in Mobile, Alabama, portions of roofs, trees, and other debris littered streets. Communications were severed in Pensacola, Florida. Several small watercraft washed ashore, and numerous wharves, docks, and boat storages suffered impact. Total damages were estimated near $170,000 in Pensacola area. Five deaths were reported in Florida, all of them in the city of Crestview.


1917 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical depressions
In addition to the four systems reaching tropical storm intensity, there were five other tropical depressions. The first probably developed from a tropical wave offshore western Africa on September 12, according to historical weather maps and the Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS), both of which indicated a closed circulation. This depression was last observed on September 14. Another depression also developed on September 12, well to the east of the Lesser Antilles. While approaching the islands, the storm may have briefly strengthened into a tropical storm on September 15, as suggested by a ship report of winds blowing 40 mph (65 km/h). The cyclone likely dissipated on September 15.


1917 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical depressions
The next tropical depression briefly existed off the east coast of Florida on September 14. It soon became extratropical, though its remnants lasted several days, traveling along the East Coast of the United States. At Nantucket, a wind gust up to 69 mph (111 km/h) was observed. The extratropical remnants probably dissipated near Newfoundland on September 20. Meanwhile, a trough in the Gulf of Mexico had developed into a tropical depression on September 14. The following day, the system made landfall in Louisiana and disintegrated into a disorganized area of thunderstorms over Mississippi and Arkansas on September 16. The last tropical depression and final cyclone of the season developed on October 19 from a trough over the central Atlantic Ocean. Two days later, the depression was absorbed by a cold front.


1917 Auburn Tigers football team
The 1917 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 1917 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. It was the Tigers' 26th season and they competed as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA). The team was led by head coach Mike Donahue, in his 13th year, and played their home games at Drake Field in Auburn, Alabama. They finished with a record of six wins, two losses and one tie (6–2–1 overall, 5–1 in the SIAA).


1917 Auburn Tigers football team
Led by Walter Camp All-America Honorable Mention Moon Ducote, Auburn lost its two games to Davidson and Georgia Tech, widely regarded as the two best teams in the south. Georgia Tech was the south's first national champion. Auburn held undefeated Big Ten champion Ohio State to a scoreless tie.


1917 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, Camp Sheridan
In the second week of play, the Tigers beat Camp Sheridan 13–0.


1917 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, Clemson
Auburn beat Clemson on Riggs Field 7–0, in a close game. Ducote starred for Auburn and Stumpy Banks starred for Clemson.


1917 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, Clemson
Auburn's starting lineup was Ducote (left end), Caton (left tackle), Samford (left guard), Rogers (center), Warren (right guard), Bonner (right tackle), Styles (right end), Robinson (quarterback), Donahue (left halfback), Creel (right halfback), Revington (fullback).


1917 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, Mississippi A&M
Auburn won a tough game with the Mississippi Aggies, winning 13–6. The Aggies score when their tackle, Horton, picked up a fumble and ran 95 yards for a touchdown.


1917 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, Mississippi A&M
Auburn's starting lineup was Styles (left end), Caton (left tackle), Sizemore (left guard), Rogers (center), Warren (right guard), Bonner (right tackle), Gibson (right end), Ducote (quarterback), Donahue (left halfback), Trapp (right halfback), Revington (fullback).


1917 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, Florida
Auburn's starting lineup was Creel (left end), Styles (left tackle), Sizemore (left guard), Caton (center), Warren (right guard), Bonner (right tackle), Gibson (right end), Ducote (quarterback), Donahue (left halfback), Trapp (right halfback), Revington (fullback).


1917 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, Davidson
Davidson, led by Buck Flowers, beat the Tigers 21–7 in an upset, one of the greatest in Southern history. Flowers returned a punt 65 yards for a touchdown, caught a pass for a second touchdown, set up a third touchdown with an 85-yard return to Auburn's two-yard line, and kicked all three extra points for the Wildcats. He also prevented Auburn from scoring with a tackle at the goal line.


1917 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, Davidson
Auburn's starting lineup was Esslinger (left end), Styles (left tackle), Sizemore (left guard), Caton (center), Warren (right guard), Bonner (right tackle), Gibson (right end), Robinson (quarterback), Donahue (left halfback), Ducote (right halfback), Revington (fullback).


1917 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, Vanderbilt
Auburn's starting lineup was Gibson (left end), Styles (left tackle), Sizemore (left guard), Caton (center), Warren (right guard), Bonner (right tackle), Creel (right end), Robinson (quarterback), Donahue (left halfback), Ducote (right halfback), Revington (fullback).


1917 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, Ohio State
Auburn held undefeated Big Ten champion Ohio State to a scoreless tie less than a week before the Tech game. Ohio State, led by Chic Harley, had been favored 4 or 5 to 1. Coach John Heisman (who previously coached at Auburn) and his players were at the game, rooting for the Tigers. Auburn stopped Ohio State inside its 10-yard line five times.


1917 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, Ohio State
Auburn's starting lineup was Creel (left end), Styles (left tackle), Sizemore (left guard), Caton (center), Warren (right guard), Bonner (right tackle), Gibson (right end), Robinson (quarterback), Donahue (left halfback), Ducote (right halfback), Revington (fullback).


1917 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, Georgia Tech
In the season's final game, Georgia Tech, for year's considered the South's greatest, Auburn 68–7. Tech piled up 472 yards on the ground in 84 rushes and 145 yards in the air. Joe Guyon scored four touchdowns, and Everett Strupper had a 65-yard touchdown run. According to the Atlanta Journal,


1917 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, Georgia Tech
It was not the length of the run that featured it was the brilliance of it. After getting through the first line, Stroop was tackled squarely by two secondary men, and yet he squirmed and jerked loosed from them, only to face the safety man and another Tiger, coming at him from different angles. Without checking his speed Everett knifed the two men completely, running between them and dashing on to a touchdown.


1917 Auburn Tigers football team, Season summary, Georgia Tech
In the second quarter, Moon Ducote broke through the line toward the goal with blocking by Pete Bonner and William Donahue. After Guyon dove at Ducote and missed, Guyon gave chase and tackled him at the 26-yard line. For Auburn's only score Ducote circled around end for 17 yards and lateraled to Donahue, who ran down the sideline for a six-yard touchdown. Guyon was the star of the game, accounting for four touchdowns and having his best day passing. Strupper had touchdown runs of 62 and 50 yards. Auburn's starting lineup was Gibson (left end), Martin (left tackle), Sizemore (left guard), Caton (center), Warren (right guard), Bonner (right tackle), Styles (right end), Robinson (quarterback), Donahue (left halfback), Ducote (right halfback), Revington (fullback)


1917 Auburn Tigers football team, Postseason
Despite the lopsided loss to Tech, Auburn was considered a strong team. Ducote and Bonner were the only non-Tech, unanimous All-Southern selections. Coach Donahue later said that Ducote was "undoubtedly the best ever."


1917 Auckland City mayoral election
The 1917 Auckland City mayoral election was part of the New Zealand local elections held that same year. In 1917, elections were held for the Mayor of Auckland plus other local government positions including twenty-one city councillors. The polling was conducted using the standard first-past-the-post electoral method.


1917 Auckland City mayoral election
Incumbent mayor James Gunson was declared re-elected unopposed, with no other candidates emerging.


1917 Auckland Rugby League season
The 1917 Auckland Rugby League season was its 9th. Due to the large number of players now serving in the First World War it was agreed to relax transfer rules to allow players from stronger teams to join weaker teams to even the competition. It was noted how many men from various clubs had been killed in battle by the beginning of 1917.


1917 Auckland Rugby League season
They were Cecil Walker, Doug Dawson, T Marshall (Grafton Athletic), Charles Savory, Frank McWhirter (Ponsonby United), Graham Cook (Ponsonby United), N Vause, V McCollum, Alf Gault, T Lambert, E Tiernan, F Stubbs, W. G. Handle (Ponsonby United), B Hart, F Gladding, A Powley, Chas Mann (North Shore Albions), William Moeki, G Jones, W Harris, S Magee, S Greer (City Rovers), A Miller, C Sinton, and L O'Leary (Sunnyside). City Rovers had 'sent' ninety men to war by this time and twenty-one had been wounded and five killed.


1917 Auckland Rugby League season
The Sunnyside club had only nine members left and one of those who had gone to the war (W Shaughnessey) said that in the trenches he had made a list of league players from various clubs which totalled 120. All three of the Sunnyside secretaries had enlisted and the executive was also gone. Ponsonby had also had over eighty of its members join the war effort.


1917 Auckland Rugby League season
Thirty three teams entered the six grades. This was down on previous seasons due to the number of men who had gone to fight. In the senior grade there were still six teams entered, with five second grade teams, five third grade teams, nine fourth grade teams, six fifth grade teams, and four sixth grade teams. The season was notable for the fact that Otahuhu was forced to drop out of the first grade competition after round 4 as it struggled to field senior players. Grafton Athletic also fell by the way-side soon after for the same reason.


1917 Auckland Rugby League season
Ponsonby United won the first grade championship for the first time in their history. They also won the Roope Rooster trophy for the first time with a 12–6 win over City Rovers in the final. By winning both competitions they became the second Auckland senior club to win multiple trophies in the same season following on the footsteps of City Rovers who had won both titles the year prior.


1917 Auckland Rugby League season, News, Representative season
At the season end rather than a strong representative program which had been a feature of earlier years several charity and exhibition matches were played instead. These included a match versus the victorious Auckland Rugby Union club champions Railway. The team in its entirety switched to the rugby league code. They played matches with Ponsonby United and City Rovers at the end of the season. The team would go on to struggle for numbers itself in 1918 before eventually amalgamating with Grafton Athletic.


1917 Auckland Rugby League season, News, Victoria Park
In 1916 the fence around Victoria Park had been removed by the council which made it very difficult to collect gate revenue. The league had however secured land which would be developed as Carlaw Park with the aim being to secure the ground and gain revenue from ticket sales in the future.


1917 Auckland Rugby League season, First grade championship
The 1st grade championship had been competing for the Myers Cup from 1910 to 1914 but after the beginning of the war the league decided to not award trophies though the grade competitions were still competed for as normal. Twenty three first grade season matches were played which was less than previous seasons but owing to the fact that both Otahuhu and Grafton Athletic were forced to drop out of the competition due to a lack of players as a result of so many leaving to join the war effort.


1917 Auckland Rugby League season, First grade championship
After their Round 4 default to North Shore where only two Otahuhu players turned up they decided to amalgamate senior teams with Grafton. This was short lived however as Grafton themselves only lasted until Round 7 when they themselves defaulted a week later. Ponsonby United were crowned champions for the first time in their existence.


1917 Auckland Rugby League season, First grade championship, 1st Grade results, Round 7
Grafton continued to struggle to put out a competitive team and played 3 men short against Newton.


1917 Auckland Rugby League season, First grade championship, 1st Grade results, Round 8
The unknown try for Ponsonby in their win over North Shore was described in the New Zealand Herald match report as “a fierce combined rally resulted in the pack taking the ball over for a try”. Grafton defaulted their match with City and this ended their season as they were unable to field a side for any further competitive matches.


1917 Auckland Rugby League season, First grade championship, 1st Grade results, Round 10
On 21 July Ponsonby played a match versus the Waterside Workers after both Otahuhu and Grafton had left the competition. Ponsonby won the match by 14 points to 3.


1917 Auckland Rugby League season, First grade championship, Roope Rooster knockout competition
After both Otahuhu and Grafton Athletic had dropped out of the senior grade there were only 4 senior teams left. However the Waterside Workers formed a team and played a match versus Ponsonby during the season, and they also played in the first round of the Roope Rooster.


1917 Auckland Rugby League season, First grade championship, Roope Rooster knockout competition
Following the conclusion of the Roope Rooster competition on 25 August a benefit match was played between City Rovers and Newton Rangers at Victoria Park. It was won by City 31 points to 11. On 1 September City defeated Ponsonby in another exhibition match, described as “one of the fastest and most exciting matches this season” by 13 points to 12 at Victoria Park.


1917 Auckland Rugby League season, First grade championship, Top try scorers and point scorers
The following point scoring lists include both Senior Championship matches and the Roope Rooster competition.


1917 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior exhibition and charity matches, Mackrell Memorial
On 8 September a combined match was played between Ponsonby-Shore and Newton-City with the proceeds devoted to a memorial to the late William Mackrell. This was a premonition of the future with City and Newton several decades later actually combining clubs.


1917 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior exhibition and charity matches, Gala match in the Auckland Domain
On 15 September a gala day was held with Rugby League and Football (“Association”) played to raise money for the RSA. It was declared a success and 200 pounds was raised. The match was played between Ponsonby United who had won the league championship and a combined team from the remainder of the clubs in the senior grade (City Rovers, Newton Rangers, and North Shore Albions). The combined team won by 26 to 21. The day also featured a sprint race between 6 players from the senior teams. It was won by Nicholson of the North Shore Albions. A ‘house match’ was also played between Hobson Hotel and Thompson and Hill's which Hobson Hotel won by 23 points to 3.


1917 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior exhibition and charity matches, Exhibition matches
City and Ponsonby United played an exhibition match on 24 September at Victoria Park. On 29 September a very controversial cross code match was played between Railway (a combination of Marist Brothers Old Boys and City) who were the winners of the Auckland Rugby Union competition, and Ponsonby, the Auckland Rugby League club champions. The match was not sanctioned by the Auckland Rugby Union as Railway was also scheduled to play an annual charity rugby union match versus University on the same day. The Railway team playing the league code had “gone over to the Northern Union game”. They played a further match against City Rovers which they lost by 18 points to 6 before moving to the Auckland Rugby League full-time in 1918. They would eventually amalgamate with Grafton Athletic and in 1919 they would reform as the Marist Rugby League Old Boys club”.


1917 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior exhibition and charity matches, Lower grades clubs and competitions
Manukau, Remuera and Riverhead did not field teams in any grades in 1917. It was decided at the start of the season that no trophies would be awarded in any of the grades due to the effect of the war on the competition and in line with there being no representative football being played in the war years.


1917 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior exhibition and charity matches, Lower grades clubs and competitions
Pupuke entered a club for the first time and fielded a side in the third grade.


1917 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior exhibition and charity matches, Lower grades clubs and competitions
In the third grade City Rovers beat Northcote & Birkenhead Ramblers in the final 5-3 to win the competition. City also win the fourth grade competition after going undefeated.


1917 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior exhibition and charity matches, Lower grades clubs and competitions
The following were the various grades with the winning teams in bold.


1917 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior exhibition and charity matches, Lower grades clubs and competitions
There were also house matches played. On August 4 Thompson and Hill defeated A. & T. Burt 7-2.


1917 Auckland Rugby League season, Representative fixture
Auckland played a match against a Military Representative side representing the Trentham, Featherston, and Tauherenikau camps at the Auckland Domain on 13 October. A large crowd attended and the total proceeds of the game were devoted to the Red Cross.


1917 Australian conscription referendum
The 1917 Australian plebiscite was held on 20 December 1917. It contained just the one question.


1917 Australian conscription referendum, Background
The 1917 plebiscite was held a year after the highly contentious 1916 conscription plebiscite. The 1916 plebiscite had resulted in a surprise "no" vote, with voters in Queensland, New South Wales and South Australia, as well as a majority of electors nationwide, rejecting the proposal. The political fallout was swift and, by November 1916, had led to the collapse of the First Hughes Ministry.


1917 Australian conscription referendum, Background
That was associated with a split in the ruling Australian Labor Party, with Prime Minister Billy Hughes and some Labor MPs forming the breakaway National Labor Party which, by February 1917, had merged with the conservative Commonwealth Liberal Party to form the Nationalist Party of Australia. While the Nationalist Party was dominated by former Commonwealth Liberals, it retained Hughes as leader. After Hughes and the Nationalists scored a convincing victory at the 1917 election, Hughes announced that a second plebiscite on the question of conscription would be held on 20 December 1917.


1917 Australian conscription referendum, Background
During the course of World War 1, 38.7% of eligible Australian men enlisted for service — around 420,000 out of an eligible population of a little over 1 million. During the war, the range of men eligible to volunteer was expanded, with the initial age range of 19–38 expanded to 18–45 in June 1915. At the same time, medical standards were lowered. For example, by April 1917 the minimum height had dropped from 5 ft 6 in (168 cm) in August 1914 to 5 ft (152 cm). Despite that, there was a marked decrease in the number of enlistments after 1915, with the average in 1917 being fewer than 4,000 per month:


1917 Australian conscription referendum, The 1917 Plebiscite
The proposal for the 1917 plebiscite was less far reaching than that of the 1916 poll, eschewing full conscription of able-bodied men and instead proposing to conscript men between the ages of 18 and 44 through a ballot system, and only in months where voluntary enlistments fell below 7,000 men.


1917 Australian conscription referendum, The 1917 Plebiscite
The plebiscite was held due to the Australian Government's desire to increase the recruitment of forces for overseas service to a total of 7,000 men per month. It was conducted under the War Precautions (Military Service Referendum) Regulations 1917. It formed part of the larger debate on conscription in Australia throughout the war.


1917 Australian conscription referendum, The 1917 Plebiscite
All of the historical documentation refers to the ballot as a referendum, even though it did not involve a proposal to amend the Australian Constitution. Because it was not an amendment to the constitution, (1) it had no legal force, (2) it did not require approval in a majority of states and (3) residents of federal territories were able to vote. Such a ballot is now usually referred to as a plebiscite to distinguish it from a referendum to alter the Constitution.


1917 Australian conscription referendum, The 1917 Plebiscite
The campaign was notable for an incident in which a protester threw an egg at Prime Minister Hughes, in Warwick, Queensland, and for a raid on the Queensland Government Printing Office by Hughes, accompanied by a party of soldiers, who seized 3,300 copies of the Queensland Parliamentary Hansard which Hughes deemed to contain subversive anti-conscription speeches.


1917 Australian federal election
The 1917 Australian federal election was held in Australia on 5 May 1917. All 75 seats in the House of Representatives and 18 of the 36 seats in the Senate were up for election. The incumbent Nationalist Party, led by Prime Minister Billy Hughes, defeated the opposition Labor Party led by Frank Tudor in a landslide.


1917 Australian federal election
Hughes, at the time a member of the ALP, had become prime minister when Andrew Fisher retired in 1915. The Australian Labor Party split of 1916 over the conscription issue had led Hughes and 24 other pro-conscription Labor MPs to split off as the National Labor Party, which was able to form a minority government supported by the Commonwealth Liberal Party under Joseph Cook. Later that year, National Labor and the Liberals merged to form the Nationalist Party, with Hughes as leader and Cook as deputy leader.


1917 Australian federal election
The election was fought in the aftermath of the 1916 plebiscite on conscription, which had been narrowly defeated. The Nationalists won a decisive victory, securing the largest majority government since Federation. The ALP suffered a large electoral swing against it, losing almost seven percentage points of its vote share compared with 1914. The swing was magnified by the large number of former Labor MPs who followed Hughes out of the party. This election would be the last federal election using the first past the post election system as Australia switched to the preferential voting system in 1919.


1917 Australian federal election
This is the first of two elections (the other in 1922 also with Hughes as the sitting Prime Minister), in which the sitting Prime Minister, in Hughes, had successfully transferred to another seat. At this election Hughes had abandoned West Sydney, as he won that seat  with 75.3% of the vote as the Labor candidate at the previous election in 1914, and moved to Bendigo instead, winning it as the Nationalist candidate. Unlike 1922, Hughes made his seat transfer in 1917 by ousting that seat’s sitting member in this case, Alfred Hampson. It is the only time that a sitting prime minister has ousted another MP for his seat.


1917 Australian federal election
Aside from the 1917 and 1922 elections, all other elections have seen the sitting prime minister recontest the seat that they held prior to the election.


1917 Australian general strike
Usually referred to as the "New South Wales General Strike", but referred to by contemporaries as "the Great Strike", it was in fact neither general nor confined to NSW. The strike was however a mass strike, involving around 100,000 workers, mostly in NSW and Victoria. It began in the Australian state of New South Wales and spread to other states over six weeks from 2 August to 8 September 1917 when the official leadership declared the strike over. It took two weeks for all the railway strikers to return, however, as rank and file meetings initially rejected the official capitulation. Outside the railways, significant groups such as the waterside workers in Sydney and Melbourne, and the Hunter Valley coal mines remained out until November (or December in the case of the Melbourne waterfront) as in their case the use of strikebreakers had turned the strike into a lockout.


1917 Australian general strike, Background
The trigger for the strike was the introduction of a new labour costing system introduced by the New South Wales Department of Railways and Tramways. The system, a time and motion study, used cards to record the tasks each worker was assigned and the time it took them to complete those tasks. Concern existed over the right to view or modify their card, and the potential use of the card system to identify (and presumably dismiss) "slow" or "inefficient" workers. The strike began at the Randwick Workshops and Eveleigh Carriage Shops with workers walking off the job in protest. Their cause was taken up throughout the New South Wales railway system, and eventually spread to other industries and states.


1917 Australian general strike, Background
Class tensions had been building during the war, however, and it is necessary to look outside the railways to explain the extraordinary spread of the dispute. The Piddington Royal Commission reported in 1920 that real wages in Australia fell by approximately 30% between 1914 and 1919. The response to this was a strike wave that began in early 1916. This, combined with anger at the attempt to introduce conscription and the disaffection of Irish-Australians (a considerable portion of the Australian population, concentrated mostly in the working class), provided the atmosphere of class tension in which the strike exploded.


1917 Australian general strike, Background
With the exception of the railways, which were officially called out on 6 August, the strikes all began with rank and file walkouts and were only afterwards made official. Even on the railways, significant sections had walked out before 6 August. The strike then spread to the coal mines in NSW, the waterfront and the seamen. Groups of workers would continue to join the strike right up until September on the principle of refusing to work with a delivery of coal or of goods from the waterfront.


1917 Australian general strike, Background
When the Melbourne waterfront joined the strike on 11 August a similar spread occurred throughout Melbourne. Other significant additions to the ranks of strikers were the Broken Hill mines, the Wonthaggi coal mine in Victoria, sugar refineries, timber workers, meat workers and gas workers in Sydney. When waterside workers in Port Pirie refused to unload a delivery of NSW coal, this threatened the operation of the refinery which provided the majority of the lead used for munitions on the Western Front. The Prime Minister, W.M. Hughes, declared Port Pirie a military zone to ensure its continued operation.


1917 Australian general strike, Background
On 30 August 1917, a striker was shot and killed by strikebreaker. A strikebreaker, Alfred Green, was also shot whilst driving a train from Sydney to Wollongong. Two miners were charged but the case against them collapsed when it was revealed at the time of the shooting they were in Sydney.


1917 Australian general strike, Background
The strike was accompanied by scenes of mass protest. There were daily demonstrations in Sydney and Melbourne. At one point Adela Pankhurst led a crowd of 20,000 to confront the police outside federal parliament in Melbourne. In Sydney, the daily rallies peaked every Sunday with crowds of up to 150,000.


1917 Australian general strike, Background
The government at both state and federal level responded by organising strikebreaking on a mass scale. A feature of this was a large number of middle-class men who were described as "volunteers", particularly from rural areas. University students and the upper forms and masters of private schools in Sydney and Melbourne were also prominent. The strikebreakers were housed at the SCG and at Taronga Zoo in Sydney. Strikebreakers from rural Victoria were sent to the Maitland coal field in the Hunter Valley of NSW where they were set to work in two large pits. In addition to the "volunteers" around a third of the railway service in NSW continued working, enabling a skeleton service to operate. The railways in NSW had significant reserves of coal, but the Victorian railways nearly ran out.


1917 Australian general strike, Background
On 9 September 1917 the Defence Committee, an ad hoc committee of trade union officials based in the NSW Trades and Labour Council, declared the strike over on terms which amounted to a complete capitulation. The decision was denounced as a sellout in a series of furious mass meetings and, when it was clear that hundreds would be victimised, many groups of railway workers resumed strike action. But without official support, the strikers drifted back to work and, after two weeks, the railway strike had ended. The miners and waterside workers, the two groups most affected by strikebreakers remained on strike till November, in a vain attempt to remove the scabs. In the case of the Melbourne waterfront, the strike continued until December.


1917 Australian general strike, Background
The defeat was a heavy blow for the labour movement and was a major factor in encouraging Billy Hughes, the Prime Minister, to attempt a second conscription referendum in December 1917. The referendum was defeated, however, and the unions had recovered their strength by 1919, with the strikebreakers driven out of the coal mines and the Melbourne waterfront. A massive strike-wave that year was spearheaded by some of the groups of workers that had shared in the defeat of 1917, particularly the Broken Hill miners and the seamen.


1917 Australian general strike, Well-known strikers
The State Records Authority of New South Wales holds the personal history cards of two well-known politicians, which record their involvement and participation in the strike:


1917 Bali earthquake
The 1917 Bali earthquake occurred at 06:50 local time on 21 January (23:11 on 20 January UTC). It had an estimated magnitude of 6.6 on the surface wave magnitude scale and had a maximum perceived intensity of IX (Violent) on the Mercalli intensity scale. It caused widespread damage across Bali, particularly in the south of the island. It triggered many landslides, which caused 80% of the 1500 casualties.


1917 Bali earthquake, Tectonic setting
The island of Bali forms part of the Sunda Arc, which formed above the convergent boundary where the Australian Plate is subducting beneath the Sunda Plate. The rate of convergence across the line of the Sunda–Java Trench is 7.5 cm per year. Eastwards from Bali, the Sunda Arc is also being thrust over the Bali and Flores back-arc basins on a series of south-dipping thrusts. Focal mechanisms for earthquakes near Bali are dominantly thrust sense on both the subduction interface and the system of thrust faults to the north.


1917 Bali earthquake, Earthquake
The earthquake was recorded by the Wiechert seismograph at Batavia (now Jakarta), which indicated an epicenter southeast of the island. There was a general decrease in the intensity of the shaking from the south of the island to the north. The earthquake was also felt on eastern Java and Sumbawa, and particularly strongly on Lombok. A small tsunami was observed on the southeastern coast of Bali, but caused no damage.


1917 Bali earthquake, Damage
The earthquake triggered many landslides. There were an estimated 1,500 casualties, of which 80% were a result of the landslides. 2,431 temples were destroyed or severely damaged, including the Pura Ulun Danu Batur.


1917 Barcelona City Council election
The 1917 Barcelona City Council election was held on Sunday, 11 November 1917, to elect half of the Barcelona City Council. 26 out of 50 seats were up for election (1 was a vacant seat).


1917 Barcelona City Council election, Electoral system
The number of seats of each council was determined by the population count, according to the 1877 Municipal Law. As Barcelona had more than 200,000 inhabitants, the number of seats composing the city council was 50. The municipal law also established that half of the seats had to be renewed every two years. Therefore, in these elections 25 seats had to be renewed. Additionally, any vacant seat would also be renewed. The municipality was divided in 10 multi-member constituencies, corresponding to the city districts. Seats were elected using limited partial block voting. Candidates winning a plurality in each constituency were elected. In districts electing. Voting was on the basis of universal manhood suffrage, which comprised all national males over twenty-five, having at least a two-year residency in a municipality and in full enjoyment of their civil rights.


1917 Barcelona City Council election, Electoral system
The Municipal Law allowed the King of Spain to elect directly the Mayor of Barcelona.


1917 Basingstoke by-election
The Basingstoke by-election of 1917 was held on 25 October 1917. The by-election was held due to the incumbent Conservative MP, Arthur Salter, becoming a Judge on the High Court of Justice. It was won by the Conservative candidate Sir Auckland Geddes, who was unopposed due to a War-time electoral pact.


1917 Bath riots
1917 Bath Riots occurred in January 1917 at the Santa Fe Bridge between El Paso, Texas and Juárez, Mexico. The riots are known to have been started by Carmelita Torres and lasted from January 28 to January 30th and were sparked by new immigration policies at the El Paso–Juárez Immigration and Naturalization Service office, requiring Mexicans crossing the border to take de-lousing baths and be vaccinated. Reports that nude photographs of women bathers and fear of potential fire from the kerosene baths, led Carmelita Torres to refuse to submit to the procedure. Denied a refund of her transport fare, she began yelling at the officials and convinced other riders to join her. After three days, the discontent subsided, but the disinfections of Mexicans at the U.S. border continued for forty years.


1917 Bath riots, Background
By 1914, Venustiano Carranza had been sworn into office as Mexico's head of state ending the main fighting of the Mexican Revolution. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, tired of the fighting and being more concerned with events unfolding in Europe and World War I, withdrew American forces from Mexico. Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa refused to give up the fight and continued to execute border skirmishes. Between 1915 and 1917, typhus (which was sometimes reported as typhoid fever) spread from Mexico City to the provinces from Veracruz to Jalisco. In September 1916, Carranza called for a constitutional convention to end the conflict and bring peace to Mexico. The convention ended simultaneously with the end of the riots, on January 31, 1917, and subsequently the new constitution was signed on February 5.