1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Preparation
The 29-year-old Stalin was living in Tiflis with his wife Ekaterina and newborn son Yakov. Stalin was experienced at organizing robberies, and these exploits had helped him gain a reputation as the centre's principal financier. Kamo, four years younger than Stalin, had a reputation for ruthlessness; later in his life he cut a man's heart from his chest. At the time of the conspiracy, Kamo ran a criminal organization called "the Outfit". Stalin said that Kamo was "a master of disguise", and Lenin called Kamo his "Caucasian bandit". Stalin and Kamo had grown up together, and Stalin had converted Kamo to Marxism.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Preparation
After the April meeting, Stalin and Litvinov travelled to Tiflis to inform Kamo of the plans and to organize the raid. According to Roman Brackman's The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life, while Stalin was working with the Bolsheviks to organize criminal activities, he was also acting as an informant for the Okhrana, the Russian secret police. Brackman alleges that once the group returned to Tiflis, Stalin informed his Okhrana contact, Officer Mukhtarov, about the bank robbery plans and promised to provide the Okhrana with more information at a later time.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Preparation
In Tiflis, Stalin began planning for the robbery. He established contact with two individuals with inside information about the State Bank's operations: a bank clerk named Gigo Kasradze and an old school friend of Stalin's named Voznesensky who worked at the Tiflis banking mail office. Voznesensky later stated that he had helped out in the theft out of admiration for Stalin's romantic poetry. Voznesensky worked in the Tiflis banking mail office, giving him access to a secret schedule that showed the times that cash would be transferred by stagecoach to the Tiflis branch of the State Bank. Voznesensky notified Stalin that the bank would be receiving a large shipment of money by horse-drawn carriage on 26 June 1907.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Preparation
Krasin helped manufacture bombs to use in the attack on the stagecoach. Kamo's gang smuggled bombs into Tiflis by hiding them inside a sofa. Only weeks before the robbery, Kamo accidentally detonated one of Krasin's bombs while trying to set the fuse. The blast severely injured him in the eye, leaving a permanent scar. Kamo was confined to his bed for a month owing to intense pain, and had not fully recovered by the time of the robbery.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Day of the robbery
On the day of the robbery, 26 June 1907, the 20 organizers, including Stalin, met near Erivansky Square (just 2 minutes from the seminary, bank and viceroy's palace) to finalize their plans, and after the meeting, they went to their designated places in preparation for the attack. The Russian authorities had become aware that some large action was being planned by revolutionaries in Tiflis, and had increased the security presence in the main square; just prior to the robbery, they had been tipped off and were guarding every street corner in Erivansky Square. To deal with the increased security, gang members spotted patrolling gendarmes and police prior to the robbery and lookouts were posted looking down on the square from above.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Day of the robbery
The gang members mostly dressed themselves as peasants and waited on street corners with revolvers and grenades. In contrast to the others, Kamo was disguised as a cavalry captain and came to the square in a horse-drawn phaeton, a type of open carriage.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Day of the robbery
The conspirators took over the Tilipuchuri tavern facing the square in preparation for the robbery. A witness, David Sagirashvili, later stated that he had been walking in Erivansky Square when a friend named Bachua Kupriashvili, who later turned out to be one of the robbers, invited him into a tavern and asked him to stay. Once inside the tavern, Sagirashvili realized that armed men were stopping people from leaving. When they received a signal that the bank stagecoach was nearing the square, the armed men quickly left the building with pistols drawn.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Day of the robbery
The Tiflis branch of the State Bank of the Russian Empire had arranged to transport funds between the post office and the State Bank by horse-drawn stagecoach. Inside the stagecoach was the money, two guards with rifles, a bank cashier, and a bank accountant. A phaeton filled with armed soldiers rode behind the stagecoach, and mounted cossacks rode in front, next to, and behind the carriages.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Day of the robbery, Attack
The stagecoach made its way through the crowded square at about 10:30 am. Kupriashvili gave the signal, and the robbers hit the carriage with grenades, killing many of the horses and guards, and began shooting security men guarding the stagecoach and the square. Bombs were thrown from all directions. The Georgian newspaper Isari reported: "No one could tell if the terrible shooting was the boom of cannons or explosion of bombs ... The sound caused panic everywhere ... almost across the whole city, people started running. Carriages and carts were galloping away".


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Day of the robbery, Attack
The blasts were so strong that they knocked over nearby chimneys and broke every pane of glass for a mile around. Ekaterina Svanidze, Stalin's wife, was standing on a balcony at their home near the square with her family and young child. When they heard the explosions, they rushed back into the house terrified.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Day of the robbery, Attack
One of the injured horses harnessed to the bank stagecoach bolted, pulling the stagecoach with it, chased by Kupriashvili, Kamo, and another robber, Datiko Chibriashvili. Kupriashvili threw a grenade that blew off the horse's legs, but Kupriashvili was caught in the explosion, landing stunned on the ground. He regained consciousness and sneaked out of the square before police and military reinforcements arrived. Chibriashvili snatched the sacks of money from the stagecoach while Kamo rode up firing his pistol, and they and another robber threw the money into Kamo's phaeton. Pressed for time, they inadvertently left twenty thousand rubles behind, some of which was pocketed by one of the stagecoach drivers who was later arrested for the theft.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Day of the robbery, Escape and aftermath
After securing the money, Kamo quickly rode out of the square; encountering a police carriage, he pretended to be a captain of the cavalry, shouting, "The money's safe. Run to the square." The deputy in the carriage obeyed, realizing only later that he had been fooled by an escaping robber. Kamo then rode to the gang's headquarters where he changed out of his uniform. All of the robbers quickly scattered, and none were caught.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Day of the robbery, Escape and aftermath
One of the robbers, Eliso Lominadze, stole a teacher's uniform to disguise himself and came back to the square, gazing at the carnage. Fifty casualties lay wounded in the square along with the dead people and horses. The authorities stated that only three people had died, but documents in the Okhrana archives reveal that the true number was around forty.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Day of the robbery, Escape and aftermath
The State Bank was not sure how much it actually lost from the robbery, but the best estimates were around 341,000 rubles, worth around 3.4 million US dollars as of 2008. About 91,000 rubles were in small untraceable bills, with the rest in large 500-ruble notes that were difficult to exchange because their serial numbers were known to the police.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Day of the robbery, Stalin's role
Stalin's exact actions on the day of the robbery are unknown and disputed. One source, P. A. Pavlenko, claimed that Stalin attacked the carriage itself and had been wounded by a bomb fragment. Kamo later stated that Stalin took no active part in the robbery and had watched it from a distance. Another source stated in a police report that Stalin "observed the ruthless bloodshed, smoking a cigarette, from the courtyard of a mansion." Another source claims that Stalin was actually at the railway station during the robbery and not at the square. Stalin's sister-in-law stated that Stalin came home the night of the robbery and told his family about its success.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Day of the robbery, Stalin's role
Stalin's role was later questioned by fellow revolutionaries Boris Nicolaevsky and Leon Trotsky. The latter, Stalin's rival, was later assassinated on orders from Stalin. In his book Stalin: An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence, Trotsky analyzed many publications describing the Tiflis expropriation and other Bolshevik militant activities of that time, and concluded, "Others did the fighting; Stalin supervised them from afar". In general, according to Nicolaevsky, "The role played by Stalin in the activities of the Kamo group was subsequently exaggerated". Kun later discovered official archive documents however clearly showing that "from late 1904 or early 1905 Stalin took part in drawing up plans for expropriations", adding, "It is now certain that [Stalin] controlled from the wings the initial plans of the group" that carried out the Tiflis robbery.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Security response and investigation
The robbery featured in headlines worldwide: "Rain of Bombs: Revolutionaries Hurl Destruction among Large Crowds of People" in the London Daily Mirror, "Tiflis Bomb Outrage" in The Times of London, "Catastrophe!" in Le Temps in Paris, and "Bomb Kills Many; $170,000 Captured" in The New York Times.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Security response and investigation
Authorities mobilized the army, closed roads, and surrounded the square hoping to secure the money and capture the criminals. A special detective unit was brought in to lead the police investigation. Unfortunately for the investigators, witness testimony was confusing and conflicting, and the authorities did not know which group was responsible for the robbery. Polish socialists, Armenians, anarchists, Socialist-Revolutionaries, and even the Russian State itself were blamed.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Security response and investigation
According to Brackman, several days after the robbery the Okhrana agent Mukhtarov questioned Stalin in a secret apartment. The agents had heard rumors that Stalin had been seen watching passively during the robbery. Mukhtarov asked Stalin why he had not informed them about it, and Stalin stated that he had provided adequate information to the authorities to prevent the theft. The questioning escalated into a heated argument; Mukhtarov hit Stalin in the face and had to be restrained by other Okhrana officers.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Security response and investigation
After this incident, Mukhtarov was suspended from the Okhrana, and Stalin was ordered to leave Tiflis and go to Baku to await a decision in the case. Stalin left Baku with 20,000 rubles in stolen money in July 1907. While Brackman claims to have found evidence of this incident, whether Stalin cooperated with the Okhrana during his early life has been a subject of debate among historians for many decades and has yet to be resolved.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Moving the money and Kamo's arrest
The funds from the robbery were originally kept at the house of Stalin's friends in Tiflis, Mikha and Maro Bochoridze. The money was sewn into a mattress so that it could be moved and stored easily without arousing suspicion. The mattress was moved to another safe house, then later put on the director's couch at the Tiflis Meteorological Observatory, possibly because Stalin had worked there. Some sources claim that Stalin himself helped put the money in the observatory. The director stated that he never knew that the stolen money had been stored under his roof.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Moving the money and Kamo's arrest
A large portion of the stolen money was eventually moved by Kamo, who took the money to Lenin in Finland, which was then part of the Russian Empire. Kamo spent the remaining summer months staying with Lenin at his dacha. That autumn, Kamo traveled to Paris, to Belgium to buy arms and ammunition, and to Bulgaria to buy 200 detonators. He next traveled to Berlin and delivered a letter from Lenin to a prominent Bolshevik physician, Yakov Zhitomirsky, asking him to treat Kamo's eye, which had not completely healed from the bomb blast.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Moving the money and Kamo's arrest
Unknown to Lenin, Zhitomirsky had been secretly working as an agent of the Russian government and quickly informed the Okhrana, who asked the Berlin police to arrest Kamo. When they did so, they found a forged Austrian passport and a suitcase with the detonators, which he was planning to use in another large bank robbery.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Cashing the marked notes
After hearing of Kamo's arrest, Lenin feared that he too might be arrested and fled from Finland with his wife. To avoid being followed, Lenin walked three miles (4.8 km) across a frozen lake at night to catch a steamer at a nearby island. On his trek across the ice, Lenin and his two companions nearly drowned when the ice started to give way underneath them; Lenin later admitted it seemed like it would have been a "stupid way to die". Lenin and his wife escaped and headed to Switzerland.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Cashing the marked notes
The unmarked bills from the robbery were easy to exchange, but the serial numbers of the 500-ruble notes were known to the authorities, making them impossible to exchange in Russian banks. By the end of 1907, Lenin decided to exchange the remaining 500-ruble notes abroad. Krasin had his forger try to change some of the serial numbers. Two hundred of these notes were transported abroad by Martyn Lyadov (they were sewn into his vest by the wives of Lenin and Bogdanov at Lenin's headquarters in Kuokkala). Lenin's plan was to have various individuals exchange the stolen 500-ruble notes simultaneously at a number of banks throughout Europe. Zhitomirsky heard of the plan and reported it to the Okhrana, who contacted police departments throughout Europe asking them to arrest anyone who tried to cash the notes.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Cashing the marked notes
In January 1908, a number of individuals were arrested while attempting to exchange the notes. The New York Times reported that one woman who had tried to cash a marked 500-ruble note later tried to swallow evidence of her plans to meet her accomplices after the police were summoned, but the police stopped her from swallowing the paper by grabbing her throat, retrieved the paper, and later arrested her accomplices at the train station.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Cashing the marked notes
Most prominent among those arrested was Maxim Litvinov, caught while boarding a train with his mistress at Paris's Gare du Nord with twelve of the 500-ruble notes he intended to cash in London. The French Minister of Justice expelled Litvinov and his mistress from French territory, outraging the Russian government, which had requested his extradition. Officially the French government stated that Russia's request for extradition had been submitted too late, but by some accounts, they denied the extradition because French socialists had applied political pressure to secure his release.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Cashing the marked notes
Nadezhda Krupskaya, Lenin's wife, discussed these events in her memoirs:


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Cashing the marked notes
The money obtained in the Tiflis raid was handed over to the Bolsheviks for revolutionary purposes. But the money could not be used. It was all in 500-ruble notes, which had to be changed. This could not be done in Russia, as the banks always had lists of the note numbers in such cases ... The money was badly needed. And so a group of comrades made an attempt to change the 500-ruble notes simultaneously in various towns abroad, just a few days after our arrival ...


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Cashing the marked notes
Zhitomirsky had warned the police about the attempt to change the ruble notes, and those involved in it were arrested. A member of the Zurich group, a Lett, was arrested in Stockholm, and Olga Ravich, a member of the Geneva group, who had recently returned from Russia, was arrested in Munich with Bogdassarian and Khojamirian. In Geneva Nikolai Semashko was arrested after a postcard addressed to one of the arrested men was delivered to his house.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Cashing the marked notes
Brackman claims that despite the arrests, Lenin continued his attempts to exchange the 500-ruble notes and did manage to trade some of them for 10,000 rubles from an unknown woman in Moscow. According to Nicolaevsky, however, Lenin abandoned attempts to exchange the notes after the arrests, but Bogdanov tried (and failed) to exchange some notes in North America, while Krasin succeeded in forging new serial numbers and managed to exchange several more notes. Soon after, Lenin's associates burned all the 500-ruble notes remaining in their possession.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Trials of Kamo
[R]esigned to death, absolutely calm. On my grave there should already be grass growing six feet high. One can't escape death forever. One must die some day. But I will try my luck again. Try any way of escape. Perhaps we shall once more have the laugh over our enemies ... I am in irons. Do what you like. I am ready for anything."


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Trials of Kamo
After Kamo was arrested in Berlin and awaiting trial, he received a note from Krasin through his lawyer Oscar Kohn telling him to feign insanity so that he would be declared unfit to stand trial. To demonstrate his insanity, he refused food, tore his clothes, tore out his hair, attempted to hang himself, slashed his wrists, and ate his own excrement. To make sure that he was not faking his condition, German doctors stuck pins under his nails, struck him in the back with a long needle, and burned him with hot irons, but he did not break his act.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Trials of Kamo
After all of these tests, the chief doctor of the Berlin asylum wrote in June 1909 that "there is no foundation to the belief that [Kamo] is feigning insanity. He is without doubt mentally ill, is incapable of appearing before a court, or of serving sentence. It is extremely doubtful that he can completely recover."


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Trials of Kamo
In 1909 Kamo was extradited to a Russian prison, where he continued to feign insanity. In April 1910, he was put on trial for his role in the Tiflis robbery, where he ignored the proceedings and openly fed a pet bird that he had hidden in his shirt. The trial was suspended while officials determined his sanity. The court eventually found that he had been sane when he committed the Tiflis robbery, but was presently mentally ill and should be confined until he recovered. In August 1911, after feigning insanity for more than three years, Kamo escaped from the psychiatric ward of a prison in Tiflis by sawing through his window bars and climbing down a homemade rope.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Trials of Kamo
What can I tell you? They threw me about, hit me over the legs and the like. One of the men forced me to look into the mirror. There I saw−not the reflection of myself, but rather of some thin, ape-like man, gruesome and horrible looking, grinding his teeth. I thought to myself, "Maybe I've really gone mad!" It was a terrible moment, but I regained my bearings and spat upon the mirror. You know I think they liked that ... I thought a great deal: "Will I survive or will I really go mad?" That was not good.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Trials of Kamo
I did not have faith in myself, see? ... [ The authorities], of course, know their business, their science. But they do not know the Caucasians. Maybe every Caucasian is insane, as far as they are concerned. Well, who will drive whom mad? Nothing developed. They stuck to their guns and I to mine. In Tiflis, they didn't torture me. Apparently they thought that the Germans can make no mistakes.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Trials of Kamo
After escaping, Kamo met up with Lenin in Paris, and was distressed to hear that a "rupture had occurred" between Lenin, Bogdanov, and Krasin. Kamo told Lenin about his arrest and how he had simulated insanity while in prison. After leaving Paris, Kamo eventually met up with Krasin and planned another armed robbery. Kamo was caught before the robbery took place and was put on trial in Tiflis in 1913 for his exploits including the Tiflis bank robbery. This time, Kamo did not feign insanity while imprisoned, but he did pretend that he had forgotten all that happened to him when he was previously "insane". The trial was brief and Kamo was given four death sentences.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Trials of Kamo
Seemingly doomed to death, Kamo then had the good luck along with other prisoners to have his sentence commuted to a long prison term as part of the celebrations of the Romanov dynasty tricentennial in 1913. Kamo was released from prison after the February Revolution in 1917.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Aftermath, Effect on Bolsheviks
Apart from Kamo, none of the organizers of the robbery were ever brought to trial, and initially it was not clear who was behind the raid, but after the arrest of Kamo, Litvinov and others, the Bolshevik involvement became obvious. The Mensheviks felt betrayed and angry; the robbery proved that the Bolshevik Centre operated independently from the unified Central Committee and was taking actions explicitly prohibited by the party congress. The leader of the Mensheviks, Georgi Plekhanov, called for separation from the Bolsheviks. Plekhanov's colleague, Julius Martov, said the Bolshevik Centre was something between a secret factional central committee and a criminal gang. The Tiflis Committee of the party expelled Stalin and several members for the robbery. The party's investigations into Lenin's conduct were thwarted by the Bolsheviks.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Aftermath, Effect on Bolsheviks
The robbery made the Bolsheviks even less popular in Georgia and left the Bolsheviks in Tiflis without effective leadership. After the death by natural causes of his wife Ekaterina Svanidze in November 1907, Stalin rarely returned to Tiflis. Other leading Bolsheviks in Georgia, such as Mikhail Tskhakaya and Filipp Makharadze, were largely absent from Georgia after 1907. Another prominent Tiflis Bolshevik, Stepan Shahumyan, moved to Baku. The Bolsheviks' popularity in Tiflis continued to fall, and by 1911, there were only about 100 Bolsheviks left in the city.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Aftermath, Effect on Bolsheviks
The robbery also made the Bolshevik Centre unpopular more widely among European social democrat groups. Lenin's desire to distance himself from the legacy of the robbery may have been one of the sources of the rift between him and Bogdanov and Krasin. Stalin distanced himself from Kamo's gang and never publicized his role in the robbery.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Aftermath, Later careers
After the Bolshevik Revolution of October 1917, many of those who had been involved in the robbery became high ranking Soviet officials. Lenin went on to become the first Soviet Premier, the post he held until his death in 1924, followed by Stalin as leader of the Soviet Union until his own death in 1953. Maxim Litvinov became a Soviet diplomat, serving as People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs (1930–1939). Leonid Krasin initially quit politics after the split from Lenin in 1909, but rejoined the Bolsheviks after the 1917 Revolution and served as the Soviet trade representative in London and as People's Commissar for Foreign Trade until his death in 1926.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Aftermath, Later careers
After Kamo's release from prison, he worked in the Soviet customs office, by some accounts because he was too unstable to work for the secret police. He died in 1922 when a truck hit him while he was cycling. Although there is no proof of foul play, some have theorized that Stalin ordered his death to keep him quiet.


1907 Tiflis bank robbery, Aftermath, Monument
Erivansky Square, where the robbery took place, was renamed Lenin Square by the Soviet authorities in 1921, and a large statue of Lenin was erected in his honour in 1956. Despite being convicted of the bloody robbery, Kamo was originally buried and had a monument erected in his honour in Pushkin Gardens, near Erivansky Square. Created by the sculptor Iakob Nikoladze, it was removed during Stalin's rule, and Kamo's remains were moved to another location. The statue of Lenin was torn down in August 1991—one of the final moments of the Soviet Union—and replaced by the Liberty Monument in 2006. The name of the square was changed from Lenin Square to Freedom Square in 1991.


1907 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
The 1907 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship was the 18th staging of the Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Tipperary County Board in 1887.


1907 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
Thurles won the championship after a 3-13 to 1-06 defeat of Lahorna de Wets in the final. It was their fourth championship title overall and their second title in succession.


1907 Toronto Argonauts season
The 1907 Toronto Argonauts season was the Argonaut Football Club's 10th season of organized league play since joining the Ontario Rugby Football Union in 1898, and its first season in the newly formed Interprovincial Rugby Football Union. The team finished in last place in the new "Big Four" league with one win and five losses and failed to qualify for the Dominion playoffs.


1907 Toronto Argonauts season
The formation of the IRFU was the result of intense negotiations during the month of September between representatives of the Argos and the Hamilton Tigers of the ORFU, and the Montreal Football Club and the Ottawa Rough Riders of the Quebec Rugby Football Union. The Argonaut representative in these negotiations was manager W. A. Hewitt. The main sticking point in these negotiations was whether to adopt the strict eligibility requirements for amateur athletes stipulated by the Canadian Amateur Athletic Union (preferred by Toronto and Hamilton) or the looser requirements stipulated by the Amateur Athletic Federation of Canada (preferred by Montreal and Ottawa).


1907 Toronto Argonauts season
The final decision to proceed with the new organization was not made until October 2, just three days prior to opening day.


1907 Toronto Argonauts season
Having managed the club to a record of eight wins and four losses in the past two seasons, Hewitt returned for a third season as manager in 1907. On September 30 the club announced the appointment of W. G. Wood as coach.


1907 Toronto Argonauts season
The Argonauts played the first game in Big Four league history on October 5 against Montreal, losing 17-8 to the eventual Dominion champions.


1907 Toronto Argonauts season, Regular season
After deciding to join the Big Four, the Ottawa Rough Riders folded as part of a merger with the Ottawa St. Patricks to form the new Ottawa Giants football club. The new club would revert to the "Rough Riders" name the following season.


1907 Tour de France
The 1907 Tour de France was the fifth running of the annual Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. From 8 July to 4 August, the 93 cyclists cycled 4488 km (2,788 mi) in fourteen stages around France. The winner, Lucien Petit-Breton, completed the race at an average speed of 28.47 km/h (17.69 mi/h). For the first time, climbs in the Western Alps were included in the Tour de France. The race was dominated at the start by Émile Georget, who won five of the first eight stages.


1907 Tour de France
In the ninth stage, he borrowed a bicycle from a befriended rider after his own broke. This was against the rules; initially he received only a small penalty and his main competitors left the race out of protest. Georget's penalty was then increased and Lucien Petit-Breton became the new leader. Petit-Breton won two of the remaining stages and the overall victory of the Tour.


1907 Tour de France, Innovations and changes
The 1907 Tour de France incorporated 14 stages, which was one more than in 1906. For the first time, roads in Switzerland were included. The mountain stages in 1906 had been so successful, according to the organiser Henri Desgrange, that the western Alps were included in the race for the first time.


1907 Tour de France, Innovations and changes
The 1907 race was also the first time that a car with bicycle repairmen drove behind the riders, to give assistance in solving mechanical problems on bicycles.


1907 Tour de France, Innovations and changes
As in 1906, the race was decided by a points system. At the end of every stage, the winner was given one point, the next cyclist two points, and so on. After the eighth stage, when there were only 49 cyclists left in the race, the points given in the first eight stages were redistributed among the remaining cyclists, according to their positions in those stages.


1907 Tour de France, Participants
René Pottier, the winner of the 1906 Tour de France, did not defend his title because he had committed suicide in early 1907. Although the riders officially rode the Tour as individuals, some shared the same sponsor and cooperated as if they rode in teams. At the start of the race, it was expected that the riders sponsored by Alcyon and the riders sponsored by Peugeot would compete for the overall victory. Alcyon started with three main contenders: Louis Trousselier, Marcel Cadolle and Léon Georget; Peugeot counted on Emile Georget.


1907 Tour de France, Participants
As in the previous years, there were two classes of cyclists, the coureurs de vitesse and the coureurs sur machines poinçonnées. Of the 93 cyclists starting the race, 82 were in the poinçonnée category, which meant that they had to finish the race on the same bicycle as they left, and if it was broken they had to fix it without assistance. The coureurs de vitesse could get help from the car with bicycle repairmen when they had to fix a bicycle, and when a bicycle was beyond repair, they could change it to a new one.


1907 Tour de France, Participants
Not all cyclists were competing for the victory; some only joined as tourists. The most notable of them was Henri Pépin. Pépin had hired two riders, Jean Dargassies and Henri Gauban, to ride with him. They treated the race as a pleasure ride, stopping for lunch when they chose and spending the night in the best hotels they could find. Dargassies and Gaubin became the first cyclists in the history of the Tour de France to ride not for their own placings but for another rider's interest. During the race, they found another Tour de France competitor, Jean-Marie Teychenne, lying in a ditch. They helped him get up and fed him; from then on Teychenne also helped Pépin.


1907 Tour de France, Race overview
Early in the race, Trousselier, François Faber and Emile Georget were the main contenders. Trousselier, winner of the 1905 Tour de France and eager to win again, won the first stage. In the second stage, the Tour passed the French-German border to finish in Metz, which was then part of Germany. The German authorities allowed the cyclists to finish there, but did not allow the French flag to be flown or the cars of race officials to enter the city. At the end of the stage, Emile Georget seemingly beat Trousselier with a very small margin. After inquiry, Desgrange, the Tour's organiser, decided to put both cyclists in first place, to keep both sponsors satisfied.


1907 Tour de France, Race overview
In the third stage, the Tour returned to France; at the border, the riders were stopped by two French customs officers and the delay took so long that the stage had to be restarted. During the stage in the Alps, Émile Georget was better than his competitors; he won the stage and became leader of the general classification. Georget won five of the first eight stages, and had a commanding lead. In the seventh stage, Marcel Cadolle, at that time in second place, fell and his handlebar penetrated his knee, after which he had to give up.


1907 Tour de France, Race overview
During the ninth stage, when Georget was leading the race, he broke the frame of his bicycle at a checkpoint. According to the rules, Georget should have fixed his bicycle alone; he knew this would take him more than five hours, so he switched bicycles with Pierre-Gonzague Privat. This was against the rules, so Georget was given a fine of 500 francs. After this stage, won by Petit-Breton, the general classification was as follows:


1907 Tour de France, Race overview
Unsatisfied with the fine given to Georget, Trousselier and the other riders sponsored by Alcyon left the Tour in protest.


1907 Tour de France, Race overview
After the tenth stage, the organisers gave Georget an additional penalty for the bicycle change in the ninth stage. They changed the classification of the ninth stage, moving Georget from 4th on the stage to last (48th place). This effectively cost him 44 points in the general classification and moved him from first to third place. The new classification, after the tenth stage, was


1907 Tour de France, Race overview
Lucien Petit-Breton became the new leader of the race. Although he had already finished in fifth place and fourth place in previous years, he was still relatively unknown, and had started in the coureurs sur machines poinçonnées category. Petit-Breton finished in the top three in the next stages, so no other cyclist was able to challenge him for the overall victory. At the end of the race, he had increased his lead to a margin of 19 points ahead of Garrigou and 27 points ahead of Georget.


1907 Tour de France, Results, Stage results
In the first and final stages, the cyclists were allowed to have pacers.


1907 Tour de France, Results, General classification
Although 110 riders were on the starting list, 17 did not show up, so the race started with 93 cyclists. At the end of the Tour de France, 33 cyclists remained. The cyclists officially were not grouped in teams; some cyclists had the same sponsor, even though they were not allowed to work together.


1907 Tour de France, Results, General classification
The total prize money was 25000 French francs, of which 4000 francs were given to Petit-Breton for winning the Tour. In total, he received more than 7000 francs.


1907 Tour de France, Results, Other classifications
Lucien Petit-Breton was also the winner of the "machines poinçonnées" category.


1907 Tour de France, Results, Other classifications
The organising newspaper l'Auto named Emile Georget the meilleur grimpeur. This unofficial title is the precursor to the modern-day mountains classification.


1907 Tour de France, Aftermath
Petit-Breton also started the 1908 Tour de France. He won five stages and the general classification, and became the first cyclist to win the Tour de France two times.


1907 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 7
The 1907 Tour de France was the 5th edition of Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Tour began in Paris on 8 July and Stage 7 occurred on 20 July with a flat stage to Nîmes. The race finished in Paris on 4 August.


1907 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 7, Stage 1
8 July 1907 — Paris to Roubaix, 272 km (169.0 mi)


1907 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 7, Stage 2
10 July 1907 — Roubaix to Metz, 398 km (247.3 mi)


1907 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 7, Stage 3
12 July 1907 — Metz to Belfort, 259 km (161 mi)


1907 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 7, Stage 4
14 July 1907 — Belfort to Lyon, 309 km (192 mi)


1907 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 7, Stage 5
16 July 1907 — Lyon to Grenoble, 311 km (193 mi)


1907 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 7, Stage 6
18 July 1907 — Grenoble to Nice, 345 km (214 mi)


1907 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 7, Stage 7
20 July 1907 — Nice to Nîmes, 345 km (214 mi)


1907 Tour de France, Stage 8 to Stage 14
The 1907 Tour de France was the 5th edition of Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Tour began in Paris on 8 July and Stage 8 occurred on 22 July with a flat stage from Nîmes. The race finished in Paris on 4 August.


1907 Tour de France, Stage 8 to Stage 14, Stage 8
22 July 1907 — Nîmes to Toulouse, 303 km (188.3 mi)


1907 Tour de France, Stage 8 to Stage 14, Stage 9
24 July 1907 — Toulouse to Bayonne, 299 km (185.8 mi)


1907 Tour de France, Stage 8 to Stage 14, Stage 10
26 July 1907 — Bayonne to Bordeaux, 269 km (167 mi)


1907 Tour de France, Stage 8 to Stage 14, Stage 11
28 July 1907 — Bordeaux to Nantes, 391 km (243 mi)


1907 Tour de France, Stage 8 to Stage 14, Stage 12
30 July 1907 — Nantes to Brest, 321 km (199 mi)


1907 Tour de France, Stage 8 to Stage 14, Stage 13
1 August 1907 — Brest to Caen, 415 km (258 mi)


1907 Tour de France, Stage 8 to Stage 14, Stage 14
4 August 1907 — Caen to Paris, 251 km (156 mi)


1907 Tulane Olive and Blue football team
The 1907 Tulane Olive and Blue football team represented Tulane University during the 1907 college football season.


1907 U.S. National Championships (tennis)
List of champions of the 1907 U.S. National Championships tennis tournament (now known as the US Open). The men's tournament was held from 20 August to 28 August on the outdoor grass courts at the Newport Casino in Newport, Rhode Island. The women's tournament was held from 25 June to 2 July on the outdoor grass courts at the Philadelphia Cricket Club in Philadelphia, PA. It was the 27th U.S. National Championships and the third Grand Slam tournament of the three played that year.


1907 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Men's doubles
Fred Alexander (USA) /  Harold Hackett (USA) defeated  Nat Thornton (USA) /  Bryan M. Grant (USA) 6–2, 6–1, 6–1


1907 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Women's doubles
Marie Wimer (USA) /   Carrie Neely  (USA) defeated  Edna Wildey (USA) /  Natalie Wildey (USA) 6–1, 2–6, 6–4


1907 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Mixed doubles
May Sayers (USA) /  Wallace F. Johnson (USA) defeated  Natalie Widley (USA) /  Herbert Morris Tilden (USA) 6–1, 7–5


1907 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles
William Larned defeated Robert LeRoy 6–2, 6–2, 6–4 in the All Comers' Final to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1907 U.S. National Championships. Defending champion William Clothier was unable to defend his title in the Challenge Round due to an injury in his right leg. The event was held at the Newport Casino in Newport, R.I., USA.


1907 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles
Evelyn Sears won the singles tennis title of the 1907 U.S. Women's National Singles Championship by defeating Carrie Neely 6–3, 6-2 in the final of the All Comers' tournament. Helen Homans was the reigning champion but did not defend her title in the Challenge Round. The event was played on outdoor grass courts and held at the Philadelphia Cricket Club in Wissahickon Heights, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia from June 25 through July 2, 1907.


1907 U.S. Open (golf)
The 1907 U.S. Open was the thirteenth U.S. Open, held June 20–21 at Philadelphia Cricket Club in Chestnut Hill, Pennsylvania, a neighborhood of northwest Philadelphia. Alec Ross posted four sub-80 rounds to win his only major title, two strokes ahead of runner-up Gilbert Nicholls.


1907 U.S. Open (golf)
After the first 36 holes on Thursday, Ross owned a one-shot lead over Jack Hobens, who recorded the first hole-in-one in U.S. Open history in the second round.


1907 U.S. Open (golf)
Hobens led Nicholls by one after the third round on Friday morning, but an 85 in the afternoon dropped him to fourth place. Ross began the round two behind Hobens and shot a 76 to prevail by two over Nicholls, who shot 79. Ross' older brother Donald, the famed golf course architect, finished tenth.


1907 U.S. Open (golf)
Defending champion Alex Smith opted to play in the Open Championship in England, held on the same two days at Hoylake.


1907 U.S. Open (golf), Past champions in the field
Did not play: Alex Smith (1906), Harry Vardon (1900), Willie Smith (1899),                     Fred Herd (1898), Joe Lloyd (1897), James Foulis (1896).


1907 U.S. Open (golf), Round summaries, Final round
Amateurs: Travers (324), Smith (328), Carr (334), West (335), Forrest (338), Cocharan (346).


1907 UCI Track Cycling World Championships
The 1907 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were the World Championship for track cycling. They took place in Paris, France from 4 to 7 July 1907. Four events for men were contested, two for professionals and two for amateurs.


1907 USC Methodists football team
The 1907 USC Methodists football team was an American football team that represented the University of Southern California during the 1907 college football season. The team competed as an independent under head coach Harvey Holmes, compiling a 5–1 record.


1907 USFSA Football Championship
Statistics of the USFSA Football Championship in the 1907 season.


1907 United States House of Representatives elections
There were ten elections in 1907 to the United States House of Representatives. Five were special elections in the 60th United States Congress and the other five were new seats from the new state of Oklahoma. There were no special elections in 1907 during the 61st United States Congress.


1907 United States House of Representatives elections, Oklahoma
Oklahoma became a state in 1907 and elected its first five members of the House:


1907 United States gubernatorial elections
United States gubernatorial elections were held in 1907, in eight states.


1907 United States gubernatorial elections
Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland and Mississippi held their gubernatorial elections in odd numbered years, every 4 years, preceding the United States presidential election year. New Jersey at this time held gubernatorial elections every 3 years, which it would abandon in 1949. Massachusetts and Rhode Island both elected its governors to a single-year term; this was the last time Rhode Island elected its governors to a single-year term, switching to two years from the 1912 election.


1907 University of New Mexico football team
The 1907 University of New Mexico football team was an American football team represented the University of New Mexico as an independent during the 1907 college football season. In its third and final season under head coach Martin F. Angell, the team compiled a 1–0 record, defeating the Albuquerque Indian School by a score of 44 to 0. Walter R. Allen was the team captain.


1907 University of New Mexico football team
The season ended early in order to allow the team to devote more time to its studies.


1907 University of Utah football team
The 1907 University of Utah football team was an American football team that represented the University of Utah as an independent during the 1907 college football season. In its fourth season under head coach Joe Maddock, the team compiled a 4–2 record and outscored all opponents by a total of 78 to 59. The team played its home games at Cummings Field in Salt Lake City.


1907 Uruguayan Primera División
The 1907 Primera División was the 7th. season of top-flight football in Uruguay.


1907 Uruguayan Primera División, Overview
The tournament consisted of a round-robin championship. It involved six teams, and the champion was CURCC. This edition marked the debut of the River Plate which had risen from the second division last season (the first ascent of the story).


1907 Utah Agricultural Aggies football team
The 1907 Utah Agricultural Aggies football team was an American football team that represented Utah Agricultural College (later renamed Utah State University) as an independent during the 1907 college football season. In their first season under head coach Fred M. Walker, the Aggies compiled a 5–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 156 to 25.


1907 Utah Agricultural Aggies football team
On November 25, 1907, the Aggies played the "Crimsons", a team formed by Brigham Young College students and led by coach Art Badenoch. The Aggies won the game, 100-0. The 100-point victory over the Crimsons remains the second largest margin in Utah State football history.


1907 VFA season
The 1907 Victorian Football Association season was the 31st season of the Australian rules football competition. The premiership was won by the Williamstown Football Club, after it defeated West Melbourne in the final by eighteen points. It was the first premiership won by Williamstown, in its 24th season of senior competition.


1907 VFA season, Premiership
The home-and-away season was played over eighteen rounds, with each club playing the others twice; then, the top four clubs contested a finals series under the amended Argus system to determine the premiers for the season.


1907 VFL Grand Final
The 1907 VFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Carlton Football Club and South Melbourne Football Club, held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne on 21 September 1907. It was the 10th annual Grand Final of the Victorian Football League, staged to determine the premiers for the 1907 VFL season. The match, attended by 45,477 spectators, was won by reigning premiers Carlton by a margin of 5 points, marking that club's second premiership victory and second in succession.


1907 VFL Grand Final, Right to challenge
This season was played under the amended Argus system. Carlton was the minor premier, and South Melbourne had finished second. The teams both qualified for this match by winning their semi-finals matches.


1907 VFL Grand Final, Right to challenge
If South Melbourne had won this match, Carlton would have had the right to challenge South to a rematch for the premiership on the following weekend, because Carlton was the minor premier. The winner of that match would then have won the premiership.


1907 VFL season
The 1907 Victorian Football League season was the 11th season of the elite Australian rules football competition.


1907 VFL season, Premiership season
In 1907, the VFL competition consisted of eight teams of 18 on-the-field players each, with no "reserves", although any of the 18 players who had left the playing field for any reason could later resume their place on the field at any time during the match.


1907 VFL season, Premiership season
Each team played each other twice in a home-and-away season of 14 rounds. Then, based on ladder positions after those 14 rounds, three further 'sectional rounds' were played, with the teams ranked 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th playing in one section and the teams ranked 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th playing in the other.


1907 VFL season, Premiership season
Once the 17 round home-and-away season had finished, the 1907 VFL Premiers were determined by the specific format and conventions of the amended "Argus system".


1907 VFL season, Grand final
Carlton defeated South Melbourne 6.14 (50) to 6.9 (45). (For an explanation of scoring see Australian rules football).


1907 VMI Keydets football team
The 1907 VMI Keydets football team represented the Virginia Military Institute (VMI) in their 17th season of organized football. Coached by Charles Roller (VMI class of 1901), the Keydets went 5–3.


1907 VPI football team
The 1907 VPI football team represented Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute in the 1907 college football season. The team was led by their head coach Bob Williams and finished with a record of seven wins and two losses (7–2).


1907 VPI football team, Players
The following players were members of the 1907 football team according to the roster published in the 1908 edition of The Bugle, the Virginia Tech yearbook.


1907 Vanderbilt Commodores football team
The 1907 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University during the 1907 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The team's head coach was Dan McGugin, who served his fourth season in that capacity. Members of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association, the Commodores played five home games in Nashville, Tennessee and finished the season with a record 5–1–1 and 3–0 in SIAA.


1907 Vanderbilt Commodores football team
Vanderbilt gave a shock to the football world by tying  Eastern power Navy 6–6. The Commodores also beat Georgia Tech by the largest margin in coach John Heisman's tenure, and beat a powerful Sewanee team on a double pass play which Grantland Rice called the greatest thrill in his years of watching sports. The only loss suffered all season was to Western power Michigan.


1907 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 1: Kentucky State
Vanderbilt opened the season with a 40–0 defeat of Kentucky State, boosting morale.


1907 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 1: Kentucky State
The starting lineup against Kentucky State: V. Blake (left end), McLain (left tackle), Sherrill (left guard), Stone (center), King (right guard), Hasslock (right tackle), B. Blake (right end), Costen (quarterback), Campbell (left halfback), Craig (right halfback), Morton (fullback).


1907 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 2: at Navy
The Commodores held the Navy team to a 6–6 tie in one of the highlights of  the season. McGugin proved prophetic; before the game he said "We have an even chance with the Navy." The Nashville papers said Vandy should've won, and Grantland Rice criticized the officiating,  as did coach McGugin. Navy's captain Tootsie Douglas  called the tie "the bitterest pill I have ever had to swallow."


1907 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 2: at Navy
The starting lineup against Navy: V. Blake (left end), McLain (left tackle), Sherrill (left guard), Stone (center), King (right guard), Hasslock (right tackle), B. Blake (right end), Costen (quarterback), Campbell (left halfback), Craig (right halfback), Morton (fullback).


1907 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 3: Rose Polytechnic
Vanderbilt smashed Rose Polytechnic 65–10. Rose had played Vanderbilt close in prior seasons, and so was a good warm-up act to Michigan.


1907 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 4: Michigan
Vanderbilt's only loss was the first home loss in three years, and only the third in the four years of Dan McGugin's coaching career at Vanderbilt —and all were to Michigan teams. The Commodores had a 26 game home win streak until Michigan stopped them on November 2. The Commodores lost to the Michigan Wolverines 8–0, in front of a crowd of 8,000 at Dudley Field in Nashville, snapping a 26-game home win streak. The crowd was the largest up to that date to see a football game south of the Mason–Dixon Line.


1907 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 4: Michigan
The game was "a big society event in the south", and the elite of Nashville, Chattanooga, and Memphis were in attendance. The game matched Michigan head coach Fielding H. Yost against his former player and brother-in-law, Dan McGugin. Owing to the relationship between Yost and McGugin, the two teams played nine times between 1905 and 1923, with Michigan winning eight games and tying one.


1907 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 4: Michigan
The game was played under clear skies and warm weather, the temperature being too warm "for the invaders' liking." "Octy" Graham scored all of Michigan's points, converting on two of three field goal attempts. The tide of the game was set when Vanderbilt's quarterback, Sam Costen, dropped six of the first punts he received.


1907 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 4: Michigan
The game most prominently featured a duel between star German centers. The Michigan Alumnus wrote: "'Germany' Schulz was far and away the star of the game. In his usual style he was in every play, tackling runners for loss, falling on the ball in fumbles, and opening wide holes in the line for Michigan gains. . . . [ H]e showed conclusively that he has no equal in the keystone position." A Nashville source wrote "In the duel of centers, Stone of Vanderbilt, had the best of "Germany" Schulz. Michigan's massive center. Stone's play was spectacular all the way."


1907 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 4: Michigan
The starting lineup against Michigan: V. Blake (left end), McLain (left tackle), Sherrill (left guard), Stone (center), King (right guard), Hasslock (right tackle), B. Blake (right end), Costen (quarterback), Campbell (left halfback), Craig (right halfback), Morton (fullback).


1907 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 5: vs. Mississippi
In a heavy rain, the Commodores defeated Mississippi 60–0. Vanderbilt had the substitutes in after ten minutes of play; and made ten touchdowns and ten goals.


1907 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 5: vs. Mississippi
The starting lineup against Mississippi: V. Blake (left end), McLain (left tackle), Sherrill (left guard), Stone (center), Hall (right guard), King (right tackle), B. Blake (right end), Costen (quarterback), Campbell (left halfback), Craig (right halfback), Morton (fullback).


1907 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 6: Georgia Tech
In the sixth week of play, Vanderbilt beat Georgia Tech by the largest margin in coach John Heisman's tenure, 54–0. "The rooters stridently called: "We want sixty! We want sixty!" According to sportswriter Grantland Rice, Heisman's team had a fine line but weak ends and backfield.


1907 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 6: Georgia Tech
The highlight of the first half came on a triple pass. Sam Costen passed the ball to Honus Craig, Craig passed it to Morton and Morton passed it to Bob Blake, who ran to the side and passed it 25 yards back to Costen. Costen ran the remaining 20 yards for a touchdown.


1907 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 6: Georgia Tech
Towards the end of the game, every regular with the exception of Stone was relieved with reserves.


1907 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 6: Georgia Tech
The starting lineup against Georgia Tech: V. Blake (left end), McLain (left tackle), Sherrill (left guard), Stone (center), King (right guard), Hasslock (right tackle), B. Blake (right end), Costen (quarterback), Campbell (left halfback), Craig (right halfback), Morton (fullback).


1907 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 7: Sewanee
Vanderbilt faced one of Sewanee's greatest teams in its annual rivalry game which would decide the SIAA championship. Vanderbilt won a close game 17–12.


1907 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 7: Sewanee
With the Commodores down 11–12, the game featured a 35-yard catch by Vanderbilt center Stein Stone, on a double-pass play then thrown near the end zone by Bob Blake that set up the 3-yard Honus Craig touchdown run to win at the very end. The double pass was cited by Grantland Rice as the greatest thrill he ever witnessed in his years of watching sports. McGugin in Spalding's Football Guide's summation of the season in the SIAA wrote "The standing. First, Vanderbilt; second, Sewanee, a mighty good second;" and that Sewanee back Aubrey Lanier "came near winning the Vanderbilt game by his brilliant dashes after receiving punts."


1907 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Season summary, Week 7: Sewanee
The starting lineup against Sewanee: V. Blake (left end), McLain (left tackle), Sherrill (left guard), Stone (center), King (right guard), Hasslock (right tackle), B. Blake (right end), Costen (quarterback), Campbell (left halfback), Craig (right halfback), Morton (fullback).


1907 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Post-season
End Bob Blake made Walter Camp's All-America Honorable Mention, as well as the first team All-American selection of Michigan coach Fielding Yost. Sam Costen was elected captain for next year. Vandy claimed the championship of the South.


1907 Vanderbilt Commodores football team, Players, Depth chart
The following chart provides a visual depiction of Vanderbilt's lineup during the 1907 season with games started at the position reflected in parenthesis. The chart mimics a short punt formation while on offense, with the quarterback under center.


1907 Vermont Green and Gold football team
The 1907 Vermont Green and Gold football team was an American football team that represented  the University of Vermont as an independent during the 1907 college football season. In their third year under head coach George B. Drake, the team compiled a 4–2–1 record.


1907 Victorian state election
The 1907 Victorian state election was held in the Australian state of Victoria on Friday, 15 March 1907 to elect 45 of the 65 members of the state's Legislative Assembly. The other 20 seats were uncontested.


1907 Victorian state election
The election was in one member districts, using first past the post (plurality) voting.


1907 Victorian state election, Background
Ministerialists were a group of members of parliament who supported a government in office but were not bound by tight party discipline. Ministerialists represented loose pre-party groupings who held seats in state parliaments up to 1914. Such members ran for office as independents or under a variety of political labels but saw themselves as linked to other candidates by their support for a particular premier or government.


1907 Victorian state election, Results, Legislative Assembly
Victorian state election, 15 March 1907Legislative Assembly << 1904–1908 >>


1907 Villanova Wildcats football team
The 1907 Villanova Wildcats football team represented Villanova University during the 1907 college football season. The Wildcats team captain was Joseph Slavin.


1907 Virginia Cavaliers football team
The 1907 Virginia Cavaliers football team represented the University of Virginia in the 1907 college football season.


1907 WAFA season
The 1907 WAFA season was the 23rd season of senior Australian rules football in Perth, Western Australia.


1907 Washington & Jefferson Red and Black football team
The 1907 Washington & Jefferson Red and Black football team represented Washington & Jefferson College as an independent during the 1907 college football season. Led by second-year head Frank Piekarski, Washington & Jefferson compiled a record of 7–2.


1907 Washington Senators season
The 1907 Washington Senators won 49 games, lost 102, and finished in eighth place in the American League. They were managed by Joe Cantillon and played home games at National Park.


1907 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1907 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1907 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1907 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1907 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1907 Washington State football team
The 1907 Washington State football team was an American football team that represented Washington State College during the 1907 college football season. The team competed as an independent under head coach John R. Bender, compiling a record of 7–1.


1907 Washington football team
The 1907 Washington football team was an American football team that represented the University of Washington during the 1907 college football season. In its second season under coach Victor M. Place, the team compiled a 4–4–2 record and outscored its opponents by a combined total of 96 to 48. Enoch Bagshaw was the team captain.


1907 Washington football team
Following this season, Washington did not lose a game for a decade.


1907 Wellington City mayoral election
The 1907 Wellington City mayoral election was part of the New Zealand local elections held that same year. In 1907, elections were held for the Mayor of Wellington plus other local government positions  including fifteen city councillors. The polling was conducted using the standard first-past-the-post electoral method.


1907 Wellington City mayoral election
Thomas William Hislop, the incumbent Mayor, was re-elected to office as Mayor of Wellington, beating Thomas Wilford.


1907 West Down by-election
The West Down by-election of 1907 was held on 6 September 1907. The by-election was held due to the resignation of the incumbent Irish Unionist MP, Harry Liddell. It was won by the Irish Unionist candidate Arthur Hill.


1907 West Virginia Mountaineers football team
The 1907 West Virginia Mountaineers football team was an American football team that represented West Virginia University as an independent during the 1907 college football season. In its first and only season under head coach Clarence W. Russell, the team compiled a 6–4 record and outscored opponents by a total of 236 to 38. Thomas Leahy was the team captain.


1907 Western Reserve football team
The 1907 Western Reserve football team represented Western Reserve University of Cleveland, Ohio, now known as Case Western Reserve University, during the 1907 college football season. The team's coach was William B. Seaman. Assistant coach was Xen C. Scott.


1907 Western State Hilltoppers football team
The 1907 Western State Hilltoppers football team represented Western State Normal School (later renamed Western Michigan University) as an independent during the 1907 college football season. In their first season under head coach William H. Spaulding, the Hilltoppers compiled a 4–2–1 record and shut out five of seven opponents.


1907 Western State Hilltoppers football team
After losing to Albion (0–5) and Olivet (0–3), the team did not allow a point to be scored by its opponents in the final four games against Central Normal (29–0), Ferris State (0–0), Michigan State Normal (6–0), and Kalamazoo (40–0).


1907 Western State Hilltoppers football team
Halfback Tubby Meyers was the team captain for the second of three consecutive years.


1907 Western State Hilltoppers football team
The 1907 season marked the beginning of a 15-year tenure by William H. Spaulding as the school's head football coach. Spalding had played college football at Wabash College in 1906. He coached the Western State football team from 1907 to 1921, compiling a 62–25–3 record, and later served as head football coach at Minnesota (1922–1924) and UCLA (1925–1938).


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team
The 1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team was an American football team that represented Western University of Pennsylvania (later renamed the University of Pittsburgh) as an independent during the 1907 college football season.


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Season recap
On February 9, 1907 the Western University of Pennsylvania Athletic Committee hired Yale graduate John A. Moorehead as head football coach for the 1907 season. Mr. Moorehead was originally hired as an assistant line coach on October 29, 1906. Frank Rugh, former WUP player and 1904 Law School grad, was the assistant coach. When 1906 team captain Gil Miller became ill, Cal Marshall was appointed his replacement and did a commendable job. The team officially nominated him team captain for the 1907 season at the season ending banquet.


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Season recap
The Athletic Committee also hired Ed LaForce, the well known trainer of the Pittsburgh Pirates, for the 1907 football season. The team lived in a new training house that was built next to campus. The prospects for a successful season were good as end Theodore Perry was the only starter who had graduated. Plus, the Athletic Committee reviewed the eligibility rules and determined that graduate students Jud Schmidt and Joe Edgar could play another season. The same committee then disqualified both players on November 4 for undisclosed reasons. The committee put together a competitive ten game schedule. In its first season under head coach John A. Moorehead, the team compiled an 8–2 record, shut out eight of its ten opponents, and outscored all opponents by a total of 147 to 27.


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Marietta
On October 5 the Pioneers of Marietta College arrived in Pittsburgh to open the WUP football season at Exposition Park. The Marietta eleven surprised the oddsmakers and fifteen hundred fans in attendance as they held the WUP offense scoreless in the first half. WUP took the ball to the Marietta five yard line on their second possession but lost the ball on downs. The WUP defense kept the Pioneers offense in their own territory for the entire half. WUP played straight football with an occasional onside kick. Marietta tried some forward passes but to no avail.


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Marietta
On the WUP's first possession of the second half Cal Marshall gained five yards on first and second down. Jud Schmidt raced twenty-three yards around right end. Charles Springer gained ten around left end and followed that with a thirty-eight yard dash to the end zone for the lone touchdown of the game. Richard Hoblitzell (former Marietta star) was successful on the goal kick after and WUP led 6–0. The remainder of the game was a defensive struggle with fumbles and penalties hindering any offensive continuity by both teams. Coach Moorehead's opening game was a success.


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Marietta
The WUP lineup for the game against Marietta was Richard Hoblitzell (left end), Frank Van Doren (left tackle), Samuel Elliott (left guard), John Turner (center), Joe Edgar (right guard), Calvin Marshall (right tackle), Joe Campbell (right end),Karl Swenson (quarterback), Charles Springer (left halfback), Jud Schmidt (right halfback) and Omar Mehl (fullback). Substitutions made during the game were: Fred Klawuhn replaced Charles Springer at left halfback; Winfred Banbury replaced Jud Schmidt at right halfback; John Mackrerll replaced Winfred Banbury at right halfback; and Winfred Banbury replaced Omar Mehl at fullback. The game was played in 20-minute halves.


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Carnegie Tech
The second game of the city series with Carnegie Tech and their new coach Joe Thompson was a hotly contested affair. More than three thousand fans cheered for their teams. The students of both schools engaged in a cheering duel. Each school had a band to lead a parade around the stadium at halftime to the general crowd's delight.


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Carnegie Tech
On their first possession, the WUP eleven fumbled deep in their own territory and Tech recovered. The WUP defense held and Tech's Roura was unsuccessful on a twenty-five yard field goal. The WUP defense did not allow the Tech offense into scoring territory for the remainder of the game. The WUP offense used onside kicks and some forward passes to advance the ball, but fumbles and penalties stymied their progress. Jud Schmidt managed to score a touchdown late in the first half from the ten yard line off a double pass and Richard Hoblitzell kicked the goal after.


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Carnegie Tech
The second half  was a defensive struggle with many fumbles and penalties thwarting offensive drives. The Pittsburgh Gazette-Times reported:


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Carnegie Tech
"W.U.P. was expected to win by a larger score, but the fact is it was mighty lucky to get away with a 6 to 0 game, or a tie, or even a defeat, for the team that Joe Thompson put on the field yesterday was a small one, but it knew football, was courageous and was always in the game....


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Carnegie Tech
W.U.P. is a larger team, but there was but little rapidity in the getting off of the plays and the men showed but little of the pulling and helping game, and their most sinful omissions were the lack of adaptability in handling punts and in fumbling the ball. W.U.P. had to show its hand at almost everything it had. In the second half there was a departure from the straight football plays and the onside kicks and forward passes were resorted to, and while some of them were well executed, penalties crept in too often to mark the effect of the good work done."


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Carnegie Tech
The WUP starting lineup for the game against Tech was Richard Hoblitzell (left end), Frank Van Doren (left tackle), Grey (left guard), John Turner (center), John Shuman (right guard), Calvin Marshall (right tackle), Joe Campbell (right end), Karl Swenson (quarterback), Charles Springer (left halfback), Jud Schmidt (right halfback) and Winfred Banbury (fullback). Substitutions made during the game were: Omar Mehl replaced Winfred Banbury at fullback; Fred Klawuhn replaced Charles Springer at left halfback; James McCormick replaced Joe Campbell at right end; and Samuel Elliott replaced Frank Van Doren at left tackle. The game consisted of one twenty-five minute half and one twenty minute half.


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Muskingum
Fifteen hundred fans attended the October 19 game against the Muskingum College Fighting Muskies from New Concord, Ohio. To generate more offense coach Moorehead inserted both Banbury brothers (Quince and Winfred) and Fred Klawuhn into the starting backfield with quarterback Karl Swenson. The coach looked like a genius as the WUP offense overpowered the Muskies and scored twenty-two first half points. Winfred Banbury scored two touchdowns and brother Quince scored one. Hoblitzell added a field goal from fifteen yards out and three goal kicks. Quince added two touchdowns in the second half – a thirty-five yard dash around left end and a fifty-yard sprint up the middle. Multiple substitutions enabled everyone to get some playing time. The Pittsburgh Press discussed the offensive struggles:


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Muskingum
"When the coaches saw what an easy proposition they were going to have of the visiting eleven, they turned it into a sort of practice affair, and instead of trying to roll up a record breaking score as has been the case the past years, they put all their plays to test, chief of which was the onside kick. At this particular play, however, they were not very successful and time and again it failed to work, due to it being kicked improperly or the ends being too slow to recover it... The forward pass was also tried several times, but on the whole was not a success."


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Muskingum
The WUP defense held the Muskies offense scoreless and the final score was 33–0. The Pittsburg Press wrote: "The WUP players appeared on the field with bright numbers on their jerseys, and this improved the game considerably from a spectator's standpoint. The visiting players were also provided with them, although they were not firmly fastened on and were out of the running almost after the first scrimmage.”   This was probably the first time numbers were attached to jerseys for identification purpose in a college football game.


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Muskingum
Previous researchers have documented the 1908 season as the start of numerals on uniforms by WUP or Washington & Jefferson but Dr. L. H. Baker in his 1945 treatise "Football: Facts & Figures" had the first game with numbers listed as Chicago versus Wisconsin in 1913. The WUP starting lineup for the game against Muskingum was Richard Hoblitzell (left end), Frank Van Doren (left tackle), Waldy Zieg (left guard), John Turner (center), John Shuman (right guard), Calvin Marshall (right tackle), Joe Campbell (right end), Karl Swenson (quarterback), Fred Klawuhn (left halfback), Quince Banbury (right halfback) and Winfred Banbury (fullback).


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Muskingum
Substitutions made during the game were: Homer Roe replaced Joe Campbell at right end; John Mackrell replaced Quince Banbury at right halfback; Tex Richards replaced Calvin Marshall at right tackle; Paul Vitte replaced John Turner at center; Quince Banbury replaced Fred Klawuhn at left halfback; Jud Schmidt replaced John Mackrell at right halfback; Jay Frye replaced Richard Hoblitzell at left end; Maurice Goldsmith replaced Homer Roe at right end; Edgar Chatham replaced Winfred Banbury at fullback; Elwood DeLozier replaced Karl Swenson at quarterback; and Charles Springer replaced Quince Banbury at left halfback. The game was played in 25-minute halves.


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Bucknell
On October 26 the Bucknell Bison football team from Lewisburg, Pa. took on the WUP eleven at Exposition Park in front of over four thousand vociferous fans. The Pittsburgh Press wrote "The field was in splendid shape for the game and the day was an ideal one for football." A brass band led the WUP students on a parade through downtown Pittsburgh and into the stadium. The Pittsburgh Daily Post noted "Enthusiasm was not lacking, the Wup students with a band, and the Bucknell postgrads in the left field bleachers keeping up a continual exchange of yells. Mr. Walter Zieg, father of Waldy Zieg, the Wup guard, amused the crowd with a number of popular airs on a cornet."


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Bucknell
The Bison were a formidable opponent. Early in the game Bison halfback Clark intercepted a pass and raced into the end zone but the play was called back due to a penalty. The WUP offense moved the ball but could not sustain any scoring drive. After Hoblitzell had a field goal attempt blocked, the Bison used the forward pass to advance the ball to the WUP five yard line. Bison halfback Kauffman fumbled and WUP recovered. WUP punted and the Clark made a free catch but then missed the field goal.


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Bucknell
On the next Bison possession Richard Hoblitzell intercepted a pass and carried the ball deep into Bison territory. Hoblitzell's  field goal try was blocked but John Shuman recovered for the WUPs on the Bison five yard line. Winfred Banbury carried the ball into the end zone for the first touchdown. Hoblitzell was successful on the goal kick. The half ended with Bucknell again on the WUP five yard line.


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Bucknell
The WUP offense scored on their second possession of the second half to stretch the lead to 12–0. Quince Banbury scored on a twelve-yard dash and Winfred Banbury kicked the goal after. The Bison quarterback, Watkins, was injured and replaced by Clauson. The WUP defense was able to keep the Bison offense in check the rest of the game. The final score read 12–0 in favor of WUP.


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Bucknell
The WUP starting lineup for the game against Bucknell was Richard Hoblitzell (left end), Frank Van Doren (left tackle), John Shuman (left guard), John Turner (center), Joe Edgar (right guard), Calvin Marshall (right tackle), Joe Campbell (right end), Karl Swenson (quarterback), Quince Banbury (left halfback), Winfred Banbury (right halfback) and Omar Mehl (fullback). Substitutions made during the game were: Homer Roe replaced Richard Hoblitzell at left end; Arthur Solter replaced Joe Campbell at right end; Tex Richards replaced John Shuman at left guard; and Samuel Elliott replaced Calvin Marshall at right tackle. The game consisted of two twenty-five minute halves


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, at Cornell
On November 2 for the third year in a row the WUP contingent traveled to Ithaca, New York to take on Cornell at Percy Field. Cornell's record was 5-1, with their only blemish a two point loss to Penn State. The Pittsburgh Daily Post noted "After an all morning rain, which thoroughly soaked the gridiron on Percy Field, the skies cleared up for the big football game between the Western University of Pennsylvania and Cornell and hundreds of football enthusiasts journeyed to the field."


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, at Cornell
The Cornell coaches underestimated the WUPs and started six substitutes. After several changes of possessions, Cornell guard Cosgrove attempted to punt but the center snap went awry and Karl Swenson of WUP recovered the ball on the Cornell fifteen yard line. Winfred Banbury dashed nine yards on second down and then plunged to the two yard line. On first and second down the Cornell defense held for no gain. On third down Quince Banbury scored WUP's first points ever against Cornell. Richard Hoblitzell was unsuccessful with the goal kick after. The remainder of the half was a defensive battle with penalties, fumbles and a muddy field frustrating both offenses.


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, at Cornell
At halftime the Cornell coaches were livid. On Cornell's fourth possession of the second half their offense took over the game. They advanced the ball quickly from their forty-nine yard line to the WUP twenty-five yard line. The WUP defense dug in but the heavier Cornell lads and the muddy field won out as Cornell's Ebeling finally plunged into the end zone from the six inch line. Caldwell was good on the goal kick after and Cornell had the lead 6–5. On their next possession fullback Ebeling raced forty yards for another touchdown. Caldwell converted the goal kick after. With less than five minutes to play, WUP halfback Jud Schmidt was attempting to punt and Cornell center May blocked it into the end zone and fell on it for the Big Red's third touchdown. Caldwell again converted the goal after. The final score was 18–5.


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, at Cornell
The WUP starting lineup for the game against Cornell was Richard Hoblitzell (left end), Frank Van Doren (left tackle), Samuel Elliott (left guard), John Turner (center), John Shuman (right guard), Calvin Marshall (right tackle), Homer Roe (right end), Karl Swenson (quarterback), Quince Banbury (left halfback), Winfred Banbury (right halfback) and Omar Mehl (fullback). Substitutions made during the game were: Joe Campbell replaced Calvin Marshall at right tackle; Fred Klawuhn replaced Winfred Banbury at right halfback; Charles Springer replaced Quince Banbury at left halfback; and Arthur Solter replaced Richard Hoblitzell at left end. The game consisted of two twenty-five minute halves.


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Ohio Northern
On election day, November 5, 1907, the Ohio Northern University Polar Bears from Ada, Ohio visited Pittsburgh to do battle with the WUP eleven at Exposition Park. Coach Moorehead started John Mackrell at quarterback to keep Swenson rested for the Saturday game with West Virginia. Quince Banbury scored two first half touchdowns for the WUPs and they led 10–0 at half time.


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Ohio Northern
Early in the second half Quince Banbury scored his third touchdown and John Turner was successful on the goal kick to make the score 16–0. WUP end Maurice Goldsmith and Lyon of Ohio were ejected for fighting in the second half. The Polar Bears offense spent the remainder of the game in WUP territory but could not score. They were successful with utilizing the forward pass and fake punts to their advantage but the WUP defense would tighten and prevented any scoring.


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Ohio Northern
The WUP starting lineup for the game against Ohio Northern was Jay Frye (left end), Frank Van Doren (left tackle), Waldy Zieg (left guard), John Turner (center), John Shuman (right guard), Calvin Marshall (right tackle), Homer Roe (right end), John Mackrell (quarterback), Quince Banbury (left halfback), Winfred Banbury (right halfback) and Omar Mehl (fullback). Substitutions made during the game were: Maurice Goldsmith replaced Jay Frye at left end; Fred Klawuhn replaced Winfred Banbury at right halfback; and Joe Campbell replaced Maurice Goldsmith at left end. The game consisted of one twenty-five minute half and one twenty minute half.


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, West Virginia
On November 9 more than four thousand fans attended the ninth edition of the “Backyard Brawl” at Exposition Park. The Mountaineers were on a two-game losing streak. They lost at Marietta 4-2 and at Navy 6–0. WUP again started the Banburys and Omar Mehl in the backfield.


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, West Virginia
The first half was a defensive standstill as neither offense could sustain a drive. The Mountaineers managed to reach the WUP fifteen yard line but then turned the ball over on downs. Early in the second half Shelton, the Mountaineer quarterback, was injured and carried from the field. The WUPs drove the ball to the three yard line but could not score. The Mountaineers punted to the fifty-five yard line. The WUP offense again marched down the field. Quince Banbury carried the ball six plays in a row and finally plunged into the end zone for the game's first touchdown. The goal after was not successful and WUP led 5–0.


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, West Virginia
Coach Moorehead replaced the starting backs with Fred Klawuhn, Charles Springer and Joe Campbell. This ploy worked as the offense moved the ball easily through the West Virginia defense. Conversely, the West Virginia quarterback, Shelton, was injured and the Mountaineer offense struggled in the second half. Springer scored the second touchdown on a ten-yard burst up the middle. The goal kick after was unsuccessful and WUP led 10–0. The WUP offense had the ball on the Mountaineer two yard line when time was called.


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, West Virginia
The WUP starting lineup for the game against West Virginia was Richard Hoblitzell (left end), Frank Van Doren (left tackle),  Samuel Elliott (left guard), John Turner (center), John Shuman (right guard), Calvin Marshall (right tackle), Homer Roe (right end), Karl Swenson (quarterback), Quince Banbury (left halfback), Winfred Banbury (right halfback) and Omar Mehl (fullback).


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, West Virginia
Substitutions made during the game were Waldy Zieg replaced Samuel Elliott at left guard; Fred Klawuhn replaced Winfred Banbury at right halfback; Charles Springer replaced Quince Banbury at left halfback; Joe Campbell replaced Omar Mehl at fullback; Maurice Goldsmith replaced Homer Roe at right end; Jay Frye replaced Richard Hoblitzell at left end; Tex Richards replaced Frank Van Doren at left tackle; and John Mackrell replaced Karl Swenson at quarterback. The game consisted of two twenty-five minute halves.


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
On November 16 close to twelve thousand rabid fans jammed Exposition Park for the yearly battle between WUP and the Red and Black of Washington & Jefferson. This game was for the collegiate championship of western Pennsylvania. WUP rooters met at Union Station and paraded through the downtown streets and into Exposition Park behind a monster horn carried by six able-bodied students. The W & J backers were not to be outdone and also paraded through the downtown streets led by their mascot goat “ Billy”.


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
The Pittsburgh Daily Post noted: “Both teams will wear bright numbers and this will enable the spectators to distinguish them readily.” This was probably the first time both teams wore numbers in a college football game. Both teams were healthy and both coaches were confident of victory. The Banburys, Omar Mehl and Karl Swenson were the starting backfield for WUP.


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
The first half was a defensive struggle, with penalties and fumbles causing the WUP offense problems. A misplayed forward pass by Swenson was recovered by Dewar for the Red and Black on the WUP twenty-eight yard line. On second down W & J quarterback Sunny Price kicked a field goal and the Red and Black led 4–0. Mr. Price missed two more field goal tries to close out the first half.


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
Early in the second half WUP guard Sam Elliott was ejected for rough tackling and replaced by Walter Zeig. On WUP's fourth possession of the second half Winfred Banbury broke through for a fifty-four yard gain to the fifteen yard line. Charles Springer, Joe Campbell and Fred Klawuhn were substituted for the Banburys and Mehl. The new trio moved the ball to the one yard line but could not score and lost the ball on downs. The Red and Black took a safety on first down.


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
After an exchange of possessions the Red and Black punted to Springer on his thirty-yard line. He fumbled and W & J fullback Kumler picked up the ball and carried it into the end zone for the only touchdown of the game and a 9–2 lead for the Red and Black. The WUP offense was ineffective the remainder of the game and W & J beat WUP for the seventh time in eight games.


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
The WUP starting lineup for the game against the Red and Black was Richard Hoblitzell (left end), Frank Van Doren (left tackle),  Samuel Elliott (left guard), John Turner (center), John Shuman (right guard), Calvin Marshall (right tackle), Homer Roe (right end), Karl Swenson (quarterback), Quince Banbury (left halfback), Winfred Banbury (right halfback) and Omar Mehl (fullback).


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Washington & Jefferson
Substitutions during the game were: Waldy Zieg replaced Samuel Elliott at left guard; Charles Springer replaced Quince Banbury at left halfback; Fred Klawuhn replaced Winfred Banbury at right halfback;Joe Campbell replaced Omar Mehl at fullback; Jay Frye replaced Richard Hoblitzell at left end; Maurice Gokdsmith replaced Homer Roe at right end; and John Mackrell replaced Karl Swenson at quarterback. The game consisted of two thirty-five minute halves.


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Wooster
On November 23  the WUP eleven and the two thousand fans at Exposition Park were anxious to see the team from Ohio that held Ohio State to a 6–6 tie earlier in the season. Coach Moorehead emphasized eliminating fumbles in the practice time leading to the game with Wooster. Arthur Solter replaced the injured Richard Hoblizell at end in the starting lineup and was the star of the game. He played great defense, handled the onside kicks flawlessly and scored on an intercepted pass.


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Wooster
The rest of the WUP offense took out their frustration with the Washington & Jefferson loss on the Fighting Scots as they scored twenty-eight points in the first half. The Pittsburgh Press wrote:         "The feature of the game from a WUP standpoint was the manner in which they were about to work the forward pass and onside kick, both of which they had been unable to use with any degree of success in past games." Wooster gained one first down.


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Wooster
Multiple substitutions were made at halftime and the WUPs scored four more touchdowns. The final tally was 51–0. The Pittsburgh Press noted: "Captain Marshall's men played the kind of football which they did not play against W. & J. and had they dished out the same article of the strenuous game last Saturday, the Red and Black team would be mourning a defeat now instead of having the title of champions of Western Pennsylvania."


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Wooster
The WUP starting lineup for the game against Wooster was Artur Solter (left end), Frank Van Doren (left tackle),  Samuel Elliott (left guard), John Turner (center), John Shuman (right guard), Calvin Marshall (right tackle), Homer Roe (right end), Karl Swenson (quarterback), Quince Banbury (left halfback), Winfred Banbury (right halfback) and Omar Mehl (fullback).


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Wooster
Substitutions made during the game were: Charles Springer replaced Quince Banbury at left halfback; Fred Klawuhn replaced Winfred Banbury at right halfback; Joe Campbell replaced Omar Mehl at fullback; Maurice Goldsmith replaced Homer Roe at right end; John Mackrell replaced Karl Swenson at quarterback; Tex Richards replaced Frank Van Doren at left tackle; Waldy Zieg replaced Samuel Elliott at left guard; Elwood DeLozier replaced John Mackrell at quarterback; John Desch replaced Maurice Goldsmith at right end; Richard Hoblitzell replace Charles Springer at left halfback; Edgar Chatham replaced Fred Klawuhn at right halfback; and James Stevenson replaced John Shuman at right guard. The game consisted of two thirty minute halves.


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Penn State
Ten thousand fans spent their Thanksgiving Day at Exposition Park watching the tenth meeting between State College and WUP on the gridiron. The Pittsburgh Daily Post described the scene: "The greatest football day in this city in the history of the fascinating college sport resulted yesterday in a splendid victory for the Western University of Pennsylvania over Pennsylvania State College by a score of 6-0...Thousands were gladdened by the bright rays of the sun, whose face the weatherman had predicted would not show.


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Penn State
Gaily attired girls and matrons brilliant with colors of their favorite college added splendor to the scenes of the contest. In the right field bleachers were grouped the hundreds of leather-lunged students of Western Pennsylvania. A brass band kept up the encouragement to the tiring players when the students rested their throats. Fire crackers, megaphones, crickets, bells and other ear-splitting noise producers were ever to be heard." Even though they were on a two-game losing streak, the State College contingent was confident of victory since they had won eight of the previous nine games against WUP. The WUP team was hoping to prove that it was better than its showing against Washington & Jefferson.


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Penn State
The first half was scoreless. Vorhis of State College missed a thirty-two yard field goal and a bad snap botched a later try from the ten yard line. The WUP offense moved the ball but was unable to sustain a first half drive. The second half began as more of the same when Vorhis missed another field goal try from thirty yards out and the WUP offense struggled to consistently move the ball. With less than five minutes to play WUP quarterback Karl Swenson dropped back and threw a thirty-yard spiral to Quince Banbury.


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Penn State
He caught the ball then fumbled into the end zone. There ensued a mad scramble with WUP fullback Joe Campbell falling on the ball for a  touchdown. Richard Hoblitzell was successful on the goal kick and WUP led 6–0. The game ended a few minutes later with the WUP offense on the State College forty-eight yard line. WUP finished the season 8–2. State College finished 6–4.


1907 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Penn State
The WUP starting lineup for the game against State was Artur Solter (left end), Frank Van Doren (left tackle),  Samuel Elliott (left guard), John Turner (center), John Shuman (right guard), Calvin Marshall (right tackle), Homer Roe (right end), Karl Swenson (quarterback), Quince Banbury (left halfback), Fred Klawuhn (right halfback) and Omar Mehl (fullback). Substitutions made during the game were: Waldy Zieg replaced Samuel Elliott at left guard; Richard Hoblitzell replaced Homer Roe at right end; Joe Campbell replaced Omar Mehl at fullback; and Edgar Chatham replaced Quince Banbury at left halfback. The game consisted of two thirty-five minute halves. Numbers were worn on the jerseys as seen on the photo on the left.


1907 William & Mary Orange and White football team
The 1907 William & Mary Orange and White football team represented the College of William & Mary as a member of the Eastern Virginia Intercollegiate Athletic Association (EVIAA) during the 1907 college football season. Led by James E. Barry in his first and only season as head coach,  the Orange and White compiled an overall record of 6–3.


1907 Wimbledon Championships
The 1907 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The tournament ran from 24 June until 5 July. It was the 31st staging of the Wimbledon Championships, and the first Grand Slam tennis event of 1907.


1907 Wimbledon Championships
The Prince and Princess of Wales (the future George V and Queen Mary) came as spectators. The Centre Court was protected by a tarpaulin cover for the first time.


1907 Wimbledon Championships, Finals, Men's Doubles
Norman Brookes /  Anthony Wilding defeated  Karl Behr /  Beals Wright, 6–4, 6–4, 6–2


1907 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles
Norman Brookes and Anthony Wilding defeated Karl Behr and Beals Wright 6–4, 6–4, 6–2 in the All Comers' Final to win the Gentlemen' Doubles tennis title at the 1907 Wimbledon Championships. The reigning champions Frank Riseley and Sydney Smith did not defend their title.


1907 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles
Norman Brookes defeated Arthur Gore 6–4, 6–2, 6–2 in the All-Comers final to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1907 Wimbledon Championships. The reigning champion Laurence Doherty did not defend his title. Brookes was the first overseas winner of the men's singles title. Four of the most promising international tennis players were concentrated in section 5 of the draw.


1907 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles
May Sutton defeated Constance Wilson 6–4, 6–2 in the All Comers' Final, and then defeated the reigning champion Dorothea Lambert Chambers 6–1, 6–4 in the Challenge Round to win the Ladies' Singles tennis title at the 1907 Wimbledon Championships.


1907 Wimbledon by-election
The Wimbledon by-election of 1907 was held on 14 May 1907. The by-election was held due to the resignation of the incumbent Conservative MP, Eric Hambro, due to expanded business interests. It was won by the Conservative candidate Henry Chaplin, who defeated Liberal Party candidate Bertrand Russell.


1907 Wisconsin Badgers football team
The 1907 Wisconsin Badgers football team represented the University of Wisconsin in the 1907 college football season.


1907 World Allround Speed Skating Championships
The 1907 World Allround Speed Skating Championships took place at 21 and 22 February 1907 at the ice rink Øen Stadion in Trondheim, Norway.


1907 World Allround Speed Skating Championships
There was no World champion declared, no one won three of the four distances.


1907 World Allround Speed Skating Championships, Rules
One could only win the World Championships by winning at least three of the four distances, so there would be no World Champion if no skater won at least three distances.


1907 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
The 3rd Artistic Gymnastics World Championships were held in Prague, Bohemia, in conjunction with the 5th Czech Sokol  Slet on 30 June 1907.


1907 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
A historic signpost in the sometimes contentious politics of the sport occurred with respect to these championships. In a 100-year Anniversary Publication of the International Federation of Gymnastics, a past observation of Dr. Miroslav Klinger, an honorary member of the FIG, was noted with regards to a German magazine article. In that FIG publication, it is written that an article in a 1907 issue of the German publication Deutsche Turnzeitung "dissuaded the non-slavic nations from participating in the international competition in Prague, by saying the competitors could be threatened by violence. The goal of the article was to pressure the president of the European Federation into the renunciation of the Prague event. Nevertheless, the German Federation sent observers to Prague."


1907 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships, Medals
Official FIG documents credit medals earned by athletes from Bohemia as medals for Czechoslovakia.


1907 World Figure Skating Championships
The World Figure Skating Championships is an annual event sanctioned by the International Skating Union in which figure skaters compete for the title of World Champion.


1907 World Figure Skating Championships
The 1907 competition took place on January 21–22 in Vienna, Austria-Hungary.


1907 World Series
The 1907 World Series featured the Chicago Cubs and the Detroit Tigers, with the Cubs winning the Series four games to none (with one tie) for their first championship. Games 1 (a tie), 2, 3 were played in Chicago; games 4 and 5 were played in Detroit.


1907 World Series
The Cubs came back strong from their shocking loss in the 1906 World Series. The Tigers' young star Ty Cobb came into the Series with the first of his many league batting championships. With pitching dominance over the Tigers and Cobb, the Cubs allowed only three runs in the four games they won, while stealing 18 bases off the rattled Tigers.


1907 World Series
Tigers pitcher "Wild Bill" Donovan struck out 12 Cubs in Game 1. Although that matched Ed Walsh's total in Game 3 against the Cubs in 1906, it was across 12 innings. Donovan struck out just ten Cubs in the first nine innings of the game.