1900 Stanford football team, Season summary, Game 2: at California State Normal
On October 10, 1900, Stanford defeated the team from the team from the California State Normal School by a 35-0 score. The game was played at Cycler's Park in San Jose, California. Stanford's left halfback Geissler scored two touchdowns on long end runs. Additional touchdowns were scored by quarterback Raitt and left tackle Traeger, who returned a fumble for a score. Stanford led 23-0 at halftime. Hill replaced Geissler at left halfback in the second half and scored two touchdowns. Willie Heston, who later played for Yost at Michigan, was the starting left halfback for the State Normal team. Stanford's lineup in the game was as follows: Allen and Luck (left end); Traeger (left tackle); DeForest (left guard); Lee (center); Seeley (right guard); Burnett (right tackle); Cooper and McFadden (right end); Raitt and Erb (quarterback); Geissler and Hill (left halfback); Smith (right halfback); and Slaker (fullback).


1900 Stanford football team, Season summary, Game 3: vs. Reliance
On October 13, 1900, Stanford played its second game against the Reliance Club, this time at the 16th Street Grounds in San Francisco before a crowd estimated at between 500 and 600 spectators. Stanford again won by a 6-0 score. After a scoreless first half, "Coach Yost hurried his cardinal squad up the field and gave each player new advice on how to act in the second half." In all Stanford ran with the ball 81 times, gaining 320 yards. Slaker scored the only touchdown. Stanford's lineup for its second game against Reliance was as follows: Allen (left end); Traeger (left tackle); DeForest (left guard); Lee (center); Seeley (right guard); Burnett (right tackle); Cooper (right end); Raitt (quarterback); Geissler (left halfback); Fisher (right halfback); Slaker (fullback).


1900 Stanford football team, Season summary, Game 4: California State Normal
On October 20, 1900, Stanford played its second game against the California State Normal School, this time at Stanford Field. After a scoreless first half, Stanford scored 24 points in the second half and won by a 24-0 score. Despite the score, the San Francisco Chronicle reported that Stanford's "formations were slow and ineffective and every main in the team lacked life." The Chronicle also praised the performance of the State Normal School's left halfback Willie Heston: "The right side of the cardinal line was especially weak, Heston plunging through it as he pleased."


1900 Stanford football team, Season summary, Game 4: California State Normal
Stanford coach Yost was not present at the game, opting instead to travel to Berkeley to watch the University of California team play against the Reliance Club. Stanford's lineup against the State Normal team was as follows: Cooper (right end); Burnett (right tackle); Seeley (right guard); Lee (center); Emerson (left guard); Traeger (left tackle); McFadden (left end); Raitt (quarterback); Fisher (right halfback); Hill (left halfback); and Slaker (fullback).


1900 Stanford football team, Season summary, Game 5: Stanford Alumni
On October 26, 1900, Stanford was defeated by a team made up of Stanford alumni. The game, played at Stanford Field, ended in a 13–0 in favor of the alumni. Adding to the defeat, Stanford's starting right halfback, Ralph Fisher, sustained a broken collarbone in the game. Stanford's 29-year-old coach Yost played at the fullback position for the alumni team and was, with other alumni backs, reportedly "all over and around the varsity." The alumni led 2-0 at halftime. Yost kicked a goal after touchdown in the second half. The lineup against the alumni was as follows: Cooper (right end); Burnett (right tackle); Seeley (right guard); Lee (center); DeForest (left guard); Traeger (left tackle); Allen (left end); Erb (quarterback); Fisher (right halfback); Geissler (left halfback); Hill and Slaker (fullback).


1900 Stanford football team, Season summary, Game 6: Reliance
On November 3, 1900, Stanford played the Reliance Club for the third time in one season. While the first two games had been close, Stanford won the third game by a 44-0 score at Stanford Field. Stanford scored on six touchdowns, four goals after touchdown, and two field goals (by Traeger). Stanford captain Burnett left the game with a leg injury. The University of California team watched the game from the bleachers. Stanford led 16-0 at halftime.


1900 Stanford football team, Season summary, Game 6: Reliance
Stanford's lineup for its third game against Reliance was as follows: McFadden (left end); Traeger (left tackle); Bentley and Emerson (left guard); McFadden and Gregory (center); Seeley (right guard); Lee and Burnett (right tackle); Cooper and Luck (right end); Raitt (quarterback); Allen (left halfback); Smith and Erb (right halfback); and Hill (fullback).


1900 Stanford football team, Season summary, Game 7: Oregon
On November 10, 1900, Stanford defeated Oregon by a 34-0 score at Stanford Field. The San Francisco Chronicle described Erb's 70-yard touchdown run as "the best sprint seen on a Coast gridiron" since 1898. The Chronicle praised the performance of the Stanford team as a whole: "The Oregonians were completely smothered by the Cardinal interference. Stanford played throughout the game with a rare snap and dash." Stanford's lineup against Oregon was as follows: McFadden-Caglieri (left end); Traeger (left tackle); Emerson-DeForest (left guard); McFadden-Lee (center); Seeley (right guard); Bentley-Burnett (right tackle); Luck-Cooper (right end); Raitt (quarterback); Erb (left halfback); Allen-Erb (right halfback); and Hill (fullback).


1900 Stanford football team, Season summary, Game 8: Nevada State
On November 17, 1900, Stanford lost to Nevada State by a 6 to 0 score at Stanford Field. The San Francisco Call compared the upset to "a bolt of lightning out of a clear sky." Stanford's lineup against Nevada State was as follows: Cooper and Luck (right end); Burnett and Nutter (right tackle); Seeley (right guard); Lee, McFadden and Gregory (center); Nutter and Emerson (left guard); Traeger (left tackle); McFadden (left end); Erb and Bausback (quarterback); Geissler and Allen (right halfback); Hill and Erb (left halfback); and Slaker (fullback).


1900 Stanford football team, Season summary, Game 9: California
On Thanksgiving Day, November 29, 1900, Stanford played the 10th edition of its annual rivalry game with California at the 16th Street Grounds in San Francisco. Stanford won 5–0 on a field goal by left tackle Traeger. Stanford's lineup against California was McFadden (left end), Traeger (left tackle), DeForest (left guard), Lee and McFadden (center), Seeley (right guard), Burnett (right tackle), Cooper (right end), Raitt and Bansbach (quarterback), Hill (left halfback), Erb and Smith (right halfback), and Slaker (fullback). Stanford quarterback Charles Raitt was severely injured when he received a blow to the head in the second half; more than 10 days after the game, he was still unable to go outside.


1900 Stanford football team, Season summary, Game 9: California
The game is most notable due to a horrific accident that occurred among the spectators. The Thanksgiving Day game had become a popular event for several years running. In 1900, the game was played at the 16th Street Grounds in the midst of an industrial area of San Francisco. 19,000 spectators filled the stands, the largest crowd to witness a sporting event west of the Mississippi River. Many spectators chose not to pay the $1 admission and instead observed the game from the roof of the San Francisco and Pacific Glass Works across the street from the stands.


1900 Stanford football team, Season summary, Game 9: California
During the game, the weight of hundreds of spectators caused the roof to collapse, plunging a large group of primarily boys and young men to the concrete floor and active furnaces of the glass factory. In all, 22 died and more than 70 were injured, some seriously. The "Thanksgiving Day Disaster" remains the deadliest accident ever at a U.S. sporting event.


1900 Stanford football team, Season summary, Note regarding Multnomah
Some sources, including the College Football Data Warehouse, erroneously list a tenth football game played by Stanford on December 25, 1900, in Portland, Oregon, against a team from the Multnomah Athletic Club. However, that game was actually played by Stanford's "second team" without participation by any of the players on Stanford's 1900 varsity team. Contemporaneous news sources clearly indicate the game was played by Stanford's "second team", not by Stanford's varsity football team.


1900 Stanford football team, Season summary, Note regarding Multnomah
Also, the Stanford yearbook does not include the Multnomah game in its record of the varsity football games for 1900, which are limited to the nine games above. The lineup for Stanford's "second eleven" against Multnomah was as follows: Montague (right end); Pratt (right tackle and captain); Kirkley (right guard); Harmer (center); Edmonston (left guard); Rusk (left tackle); Stansberry (left end); Kerrigan (quarterback); Hamilton (right halfback); Downs (left halfback); Davey (fullback).


1900 Stanford football team, Season summary, Post-season
At the end of the 1900 football season, Stanford passed a rule requiring all coaches to be alumni. The decision left coach Yost without a job. Yost was hired by Michigan, and his first recruit was Willie Heston from the California State Normal School in San Jose. Stanford freshman George W. Gregory also followed Yost to Michigan.


1900 Stanford football team, Season summary, Post-season
Charles Fickert replaced Yost as Stanford's football coach and led the team to a 3–2–2 during the 1901 season. Yost led the 1901 Michigan team to an 11–0 record, outscoring their opponents by the unprecedented total of 550 to 0. Michigan and Stanford met in the 1901 Rose Bowl, the first post-season bowl game. Michigan won by a 49–0 score.


1900 Stanford football team, Players
The members of Stanford's 1900 varsity football team were as follows:


1900 State of the Union Address
The 1900 State of the Union Address was written by William McKinley, the 25th president of the United States. He began it with these words: "At the outgoing of the old and the incoming of the new century you begin the last session of the Fifty-sixth Congress with evidences on every hand of individual and national prosperity and with proof of the growing strength and increasing power for good of Republican institutions." It was the last of the four addresses given by McKinley. It was given as a written message to the 56th United States Congress. He did not deliver it as a speech.


1900 Summer Olympics
The 1900 Summer Olympics (French: Jeux olympiques d'été de 1900), today officially known as the Games of the II Olympiad (French: Jeux de la IIe olympiade) and also known as Paris 1900, were an international multi-sport event that took place in Paris, France, from 14 May to 28 October 1900. No opening or closing ceremonies were held.


1900 Summer Olympics
At the Sorbonne conference of 1894, Pierre de Coubertin  proposed that the Olympic Games should take place in Paris in 1900. However, the delegates to the conference were unwilling to wait six years, and lobbied to hold the first games in 1896. A decision was made to hold the first Olympic Games in 1896 in Athens and have Paris host the second Games.


1900 Summer Olympics
The Games were held as part of the 1900 World's Fair. In total, 997 competitors took part in 19 different sports. This number relies on certain assumptions about which events were and were not "Olympic". Many athletes, some of whom had won events, were unaware that they had competed in the Olympic Games. Women took part in the games for the first time, with sailor Hélène de Pourtalès, born Helen Barbey in New York City, becoming the first female Olympic champion. The decision to hold competitions on a Sunday brought protests from many American athletes, who traveled as representatives of their colleges and were expected to withdraw rather than compete on their religious day of rest.


1900 Summer Olympics
Most of the winners in 1900 did not receive medals, but were given cups or trophies. Professionals competed in fencing, as was tradition, and Albert Robert Ayat (France), who won the épée for amateurs and masters, was awarded a prize of 3000 francs. Some events were contested for the only time in the history of the Games, including automobile and motorcycle racing, ballooning, cricket, croquet, Basque pelota, and 200m swimming obstacle race and underwater swimming. This was also the only Olympic Games in history to use live animals (pigeons) as targets during the shooting event. The host nation of France fielded 72% of all athletes (720 of the 997) and won the most gold, silver and bronze medal placings. U.S. athletes won the second-most in each, while fielding fewer than 8% of the participants (75 of 997).


1900 Summer Olympics, Organization
The 1900 Games were held as part of the 1900 Exposition Universelle. The Baron de Coubertin believed that this would help public awareness of the Olympics and submitted elaborate plans to rebuild the ancient site of Olympia, complete with statues, temples, stadia and gymnasia. The director of the Exposition Universelle, Alfred Picard, thought holding an ancient sport event at the Exposition Universelle was an "absurd anachronism". After thanking de Coubertin for his plans, Picard filed them away and nothing more came of it.


1900 Summer Olympics, Organization
A committee was formed for the organization of the Games, consisting of some of the more able sports administrators of the day and a provisional program  was drawn up. Sports to be included at the games were track and field athletics, swimming, wrestling, gymnastics, fencing, French and British boxing, river and ocean yacht racing, cycling, golf, lifesaving, archery, weightlifting, rowing, diving and water polo.


1900 Summer Olympics, Organization
British and Irish sports associations announced a desire to compete, as did a number of powerful American universities and sports clubs. Competitors from Russia and Australia also confirmed their intentions to travel to Paris.


1900 Summer Olympics, Organization
On 9 November 1898, the Union des Sociétés Françaises de Sports Athlétiques ("Union of the French Societies for Athletic Sports" or USFSA) put out an announcement that it would have sole right to any organised sport held during the World's Fair. It was an empty threat but Viscount Charles de La Rochefoucauld, the nominated head of the organizing committee, stepped down rather than be embroiled in the political battle. The Baron de Coubertin, who was also secretary-general of the USFSA, was urged to withdraw from active involvement in the running of the Games and did so, only to comment later, "I surrendered – and was incorrect in doing so."


1900 Summer Olympics, Organization
The IOC ceded control of the Games to a new committee which was to oversee every sporting activity connected to the 1900 Exposition Universelle. Alfred Picard appointed Daniel Mérillon, the head of the French Shooting Association, as president of this organization in February 1899. Mérillon proceeded to publish an entirely different schedule of events, with the result that many of those that had made plans to compete in concordance with the original program withdrew, and refused to deal with the new committee.


1900 Summer Olympics, Organization
Between May and October 1900, the new organizing committee held an enormous number of sporting activities alongside the Paris Exposition. The sporting events rarely used the term of "Olympic". Indeed, the term "Olympic Games" was replaced by "Concours internationaux d'exercices physiques et de sport" ("International physical exercises and sports" in English) in the official report of the sporting events of the 1900 Exposition Universelle. The press reported competitions variously as "International Championships", "International Games", "Paris Championships", "World Championships" and "Grand Prix of the Paris Exposition".


1900 Summer Olympics, Organization
De Coubertin commented later to friends: "It's a miracle that the Olympic Movement survived that celebration".


1900 Summer Olympics, Sports
The IOC has never decided which events were "Olympic" and which were not. In fact, Pierre de Coubertin had ceded that entire determination to the organizers.


1900 Summer Olympics, Sports
The IOC website affirms a total of 95 medal events. Weightlifting and wrestling were dropped since the 1896 Summer Olympics, while 13 new sports were added. Among the sports below, only croquet was not an international competition, being contested by French players only. The number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses.


1900 Summer Olympics, Venues
14 venues were used at the 1900 Summer Olympics to host 20 sports.


1900 Summer Olympics, Sport-by-sport overview
The standard of competition at the Games was variable. Despite a poor quality track, a strongcontingent of top-class American collegiate athletes ensured the track and field competitions were of the highest quality. The tennis gold medalists were all former Wimbledon champions, swimming and fencing events were of a good standard and even polo, a minority sport for the social elite, was well represented by some of the best players in the game. Other sports were noticeably weak in both quality and depth. Only athletics, swimming and fencing had competitors from more than ten nations.


1900 Summer Olympics, Sport-by-sport overview, Archery
The history of the archery competition at the 1900 Olympics is one of confusion. The IOC currently lists six events with Olympic status, but a case has been made that as many as eight other events equally deserve to be considered part of official Olympic history. About 150 archers competed in the six events that later had official status conferred. However, as many as 5,000 were involved in archery competition in conjunction with the 1900 World's Fair. Belgian Hubert Van Innis took two gold medals and one silver and would add to his tally twenty years later in Antwerp.


1900 Summer Olympics, Sport-by-sport overview, Athletics
The track and field events were held at the home of the Racing Club de France at theCroix-Catelan stadium in Bois de Boulogne. No track was laid and races took place on an unevenfield of grass littered with trees. Additional events were held for professionals and a series of handicap races also took place. These are not considered official Olympic events.


1900 Summer Olympics, Sport-by-sport overview, Athletics, The sprints
In the seven events contested over 400 metres or less, the United States took 13 out of a possible 21 medals. Athletes from Columbia University, Princeton University and the University of Pennsylvania all won gold medals. Indeed, two would-be dentists from the University of Pennsylvania were among the stars of the Games. Alvin Kraenzlein won 4 individual gold medals, a feat that has never repeated, while Walter Tewksbury took five medals including two golds. The hurdles in the 400 m hurdle race were 30-foot (9.1 m)-long telegraph poles arranged on the track and the race, uniquely in Olympic competition, had a water jump on the final straight. Adolphe Klingelhoeffer, who had Brazilian citizenship in 1900, competed for France in three events.


1900 Summer Olympics, Sport-by-sport overview, Athletics, Middle and long distance races
United States dominance in sprinting was matched in the longer track races by United Kingdom. Only George Orton, who won Canada's first Olympic title in the shorter of the two steeplechases, ruined a perfect record for the British. Orton won his title less than an hour after placing third in the 400 metre hurdles.


1900 Summer Olympics, Sport-by-sport overview, Athletics, The Marathon
The most contentious of all the events in these Games began and ended in the Bois de Boulogne. Intended to follow the track of the old city wall, the course was poorly marked out and runners often got lost and had to double back on themselves before continuing. On some parts of the course, runners had to contend with distractions from cars, bicycles, pedestrians and animals. Arthur Newton of the United States finished fifth but stated he had not been passed by any other runner during the race.


1900 Summer Olympics, Sport-by-sport overview, Athletics, The Marathon
Another American, Richard Grant, claimed he was run down by a cyclist as he made ground on the leaders. French honour seemed to have been satisfied when Michel Théato crossed the finish line and a military band struck up La Marseillaise. However, modern research has revealed that Théato was born in Luxembourg and maintained Luxembourgian citizenship throughout his life.


1900 Summer Olympics, Sport-by-sport overview, Athletics, Field events
The Hungarian discus thrower Rudolf Bauer was the only non-American crowned as Olympic Champion. American domination was even greater in the field events than the track events, with outstanding performances coming from Ray Ewry and Irving Baxter. Ewry started his Olympic career with a sweep of the three standing jumps, while Baxter finished second to Ewry three times and won both the regular high jump and pole vault. Meyer Prinstein became the first Jewish Olympic gold medalist in the triple jump.


1900 Summer Olympics, Sport-by-sport overview, Basque pelota
The chistera form of the game was played at this, the sport's only appearance at full Olympic level. Two pairs entered and the Spanish partnerships of Amezola and Villota became their nations' first Olympic champions. The mano form of the game and a chistera tournament for professional players were contested unofficially.


1900 Summer Olympics, Sport-by-sport overview, Cricket
After the withdrawal of teams from the Netherlands and Belgium, only two teams played in the cricket tournament. A team made up of players from the Albion Cricket Club and the Standard Athletic Club, two Paris clubs consisting almost exclusively of British expatriates, played a touring team from the southwest of England. The Devon and Somerset Wanderers were no more than a team of competent club cricketers (made up from Blundells School old boys and members of Castle Cary Cricket Club), and only Montagu Toller and Alfred Bowerman were deemed good enough to play at county level for Somerset.


1900 Summer Olympics, Sport-by-sport overview, Cricket
The game was played before a small crowd at the Vélodrome de Vincennes. An emphatic second innings bowling performance from Toller captured victory for the visitors as time appeared to be running out for them. If the French had held out for five more minutes the game would have been a draw. Knowledge of the game would have been lost but for the forethought of John Symes, a member of the victorious team, who kept a scorecard in his own writing.


1900 Summer Olympics, Sport-by-sport overview, Croquet
The croquet tournament was notable as it marked the first appearance of women at Olympic level. Madame Desprès, Madame Filleul-Brohy and Mademoiselle Ohier were eliminated in the first round of competition. All players were French. A single paying spectator attended the tournament, an elderly English gentleman who travelled from Nice for the early stages. An unofficial two-ball handicap competition was also held.


1900 Summer Olympics, Sport-by-sport overview, Cycling
The home nation won six of the nine medals available. A number of unofficial events were held for both amateurs and professionals.


1900 Summer Olympics, Sport-by-sport overview, Equestrian
Equestrian sport made its debut at the Olympic Games with three jumping events being held, plus two other events. The Italian rider Gian Giorgio Trissino won a gold and a silver. He narrowly missed making Olympic history by winning two medals in the same event. Competing with two different horses in the high jump, he jointly won the gold medal and finished in 4th place on his second horse.


1900 Summer Olympics, Sport-by-sport overview, Fencing
Nineteen nations were represented in the fencing competition, which was held in a field nearthe cutlery exhibit at the 1900 World's Fair. French fencers dominated the proceedings but both Cuba and Italy also took titles. The early rounds of the foil competitions were judged on style rather than the actual result of the contest. This meant that some fencers were eliminated without losing a contest while others were defeated and still progressed to the next rounds.


1900 Summer Olympics, Sport-by-sport overview, Football
The first football champions at the Olympics were the London amateurs of Upton Park F.C. A crowd of around 500 spectators saw them defeat their French rivals.


1900 Summer Olympics, Sport-by-sport overview, Golf
Margaret Ives Abbott, a student of art from Chicago, played in and won a nine-hole golftournament on an October Tuesday in Paris. She died in 1955 without being aware that thetournament was part of the Olympic Games and she had become America's first ever femaleOlympic champion.


1900 Summer Olympics, Sport-by-sport overview, Gymnastics
135 gymnasts took part in a competition that involved elements from track and field andweightlifting as well as gymnastic disciplines.


1900 Summer Olympics, Sport-by-sport overview, Polo
Eight separate tournaments were held in 1900 as part of the 1900 World's Fair. Only the Grand Prix Internationale de l'Exposition is counted as an official medal event. Entries were from clubs rather than countries, and the winning Foxhunters club comprised English, Irish and American players.


1900 Summer Olympics, Sport-by-sport overview, Polo
Mexico won its first medal in this sport, a bronze won by Guillermo Hayden Wright, Marquez de Villavieja and three brothers: Eustaquio de Escandón y Barron, Pablo de Escandón y Barron and Manuel de  Escandón y Barron.


1900 Summer Olympics, Sport-by-sport overview, Rowing
Competitions were held on the River Seine. The coxed fours descended into farce when officials changed the qualifying criteria for the final several times. The first final was held without any of the original qualifiers, who had withdrawn as a protest against the decision to run six boats on a course laid out for only four. The officials then decided to run another "final" for the boycotting crews. Both events are considered official Olympic competitions. In a number of events crews saw the advantage of having ultra-lightweight coxswain and recruited local boys for the period of the Games. Most of these remain a mystery; some could have been under ten years old.


1900 Summer Olympics, Sport-by-sport overview, Rugby union
Three teams competed in the Rugby tournament. A French representative team defeated a team from the German city of Frankfurt and Moseley Wanderers from England. The Moseley team had played a full game of rugby in England the day before they made the journey to Paris. They arrived in the morning, played the match in the afternoon and were back in their home country by the next morning. The proposed game between the British and German sides was cancelled, and both are credited as silver medalists. The Franco-Haitian centre Constantin Henriquez become the first black gold medalist.


1900 Summer Olympics, Sport-by-sport overview, Sailing
The 1900 sailing regatta differs from every other Olympic regatta in a number of ways. In most classes there were two distinct "finals", boats were assigned time handicaps according to their weight within each class and cash prizes were handed out to the winner of each race. The IOC initially recognized the winner of the first race in each class as Olympic champion except in the case of the 10-20 ton class, which was decided on aggregate time over three races.


1900 Summer Olympics, Sport-by-sport overview, Sailing
However currently the participants of both first and second races in 3 classes (0-0.5t, 1-2t and 2-3t) are present in the  as medalists, so the second races in these 3 classes were recognized by the IOC, as recommended by Olympic historian Bill Mallon. To support the IOC recognized total of 95 medal events, it appears that one more race in each of 2 other classes (0.5-1t and 3-10t) has been recognized by the IOC, per Mallon's suggestion. Thus, for five of the eight events, two gold, two silver and two bronze medals were retrospectively awarded.


1900 Summer Olympics, Sport-by-sport overview, Sailing
Races were held at both Meulan and Le Havre and medals shared among five nations. France and Great Britain were the most successful of the countries involved. A number of people named as members of medal-winning crews by the IOC have been proved not to have competed; others have their participation seriously questioned by historical research.


1900 Summer Olympics, Sport-by-sport overview, Shooting
Switzerland's Konrad Stäheli was the outstanding marksman of the Games, taking a trio of titles and leading his country to the top of the shooting medal table. The medals were shared between six different nations. There is a debate as to whether the live pigeon shooting event was a full Olympic event, Belgian Leon Lunden shot twenty-one birds on his way to the championship. Up to thirty unofficial shooting events were also held, most involving professional marksmen. Research has shown that one of the medal events in the IOC database (25m rapid fire pistol, also called military pistol cat. 6) was contested by professionals.


1900 Summer Olympics, Sport-by-sport overview, Swimming
The muddied waters of the Seine hosted the swimming events in 1900. Run with the current, the races produced very fast times by the standards of the day. John Arthur Jarvis of Great Britain, Frederick Lane of Australia and the German Ernst Hoppenberg each won two titles. Lane received a 50-pound bronze statue of a horse as a prize. A couple of unusual events were held. The obstacle race required both swimming underneath and climbing over rows of boats while Charles de Venville stayed submerged for over a minute towin the underwater swimming event.


1900 Summer Olympics, Sport-by-sport overview, Tennis
A high quality men's tournament saw three past or future Wimbledon champions reach the semi-finals. Laurence Doherty reached the final when older brother Reggie stepped aside and let his sibling advance to the final. The two refused to play each other in what they considered a minor tournament. On the 11th of July a landmark was reached in the history of the Olympic Games. Charlotte Cooper, already three times Wimbledon champion, took the singles championship to become the first individual female Olympic champion, also winning the mixed doubles event.


1900 Summer Olympics, Sport-by-sport overview, Tug of war
A combined Sweden/Denmark team, made up of three competitors from each country, defeated the French team to win the title. One of the members of the French team was born in Colombia. They were left as the only participating teams; the United States  had entered but were forced to scratch as three of their team were involved in the final of the hammer. Edgar Aaybe was a journalist covering the Games for the Danish newspaper Politiken and was asked to join the team when another puller was taken ill.


1900 Summer Olympics, Sport-by-sport overview, Water polo
Osborne Swimming Club, representing Great Britain were unchallenged in the tournament,scoring 29 goals and conceding only 3 in their 3 matches. In the final, they limited the numberof shots on goal to avoid humiliating their opponents. One of its team members was from New Zealand. Thomas William Burgess of the bronzemedal-winning Libellule de Paris team, represented Great Britain in the swimming events.


1900 Summer Olympics, Olympic status of sports and events
The 1900 Games were not governed by a specific Olympic organizing committee, but were instead held as an appendage to the 1900 World's Fair. An enormous number of events was held, though many fall short of the standards later required for Olympic championship status.


1900 Summer Olympics, Olympic status of sports and events
After the several initial editions of the Olympic Games, decisions as to which Olympic events were termed "official" and which had "unofficial" or "demonstration" status were usually left to the Olympic organizing committees and/or the IOC. In the early Olympic games, however, no decision as to the official status of any event was made at the time of the Games.


1900 Summer Olympics, Olympic status of sports and events
While a document from 1912 exists, listing results from the 1900 Games, and formed the original basis of the results of the Paris games in the IOC database, the reliability and authenticity of this paper has been questioned by Olympic historians. Further complicating matters, the IOC has never determined which events were Olympic and which were not.


1900 Summer Olympics, Olympic status of sports and events
All events satisfying all four of the retrospective selection criteria (restricted to amateurs, international participation, open to all competitors and without handicapping) are now regarded by historians as Olympic events, except for ballooning, while croquet, motorboating and boules satisfied three of these criteria (as only French athletes competed).


1900 Summer Olympics, Olympic status of sports and events
Of the three events that satisfied three criteria, only croquet has been accorded Olympic status. In this regard, one of the ten croquet players, Marcel Haëntjens, had been believed to be Belgian, and the croquet events were thus considered as international. Despite the Flemish name, it was discovered in recent times that Haëntjens was French.


1900 Summer Olympics, Olympic status of sports and events
Like all the Olympic events widely regarded as official, there were other events conducted during the 1900 World's Fair:


1900 Summer Olympics, Olympic status of sports and events
In addition to these, 71 scholastic and 92 military events were also held across a range of sports.


1900 Summer Olympics, Participating nations
According to an International Olympic Committee imprint, 24 nations sent competitors to this edition. Modern research shows that athletes from the following 28 countries participated in the Games: At the time Bohemia was a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Australia, Canada and India were parts of the British Empire.


1900 Summer Olympics, Participating nations
Some sources also list athletes from the following nations as having competed at these Games.


1900 Summer Olympics, Participating nations
Other modern nations could be considered to have competed in some form in 1900, as Algeria, Croatia, Ireland, Poland and Slovakia had athletes compete, though these nations would not gain independence until many years later (Poland in 1918, the Republic of Ireland in 1922, Algeria in 1962, and Croatia and Slovakia in 1992).


1900 Summer Olympics, Participating nations
Algeria sent four gymnasts who competed for France, while all of Ireland was part of Great Britain: Irish athletes competed in athletics, polo, sailing and tennis. Further, a Polish fencer represented Russia, a Croatian fencer represented Austria, and two Slovakian athletes competed for Hungary.


1900 Summer Olympics, Participating nations, Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees
The concept of "national teams" chosen by National Olympic Committees did not exist at this point in time.


1900 Summer Olympics, Medal count
The 1900 Olympics is unique in being the only Olympic Games to feature rectangular medals, which were designed by Frédérique Vernon. Gilt silver medals were awarded for 1st place in shooting, lifesaving, automobile racing and gymnastics. Whilst 2nd place silver medals were awarded in shooting, rowing, yachting, tennis, gymnastics, sabre, fencing, equestrian and athletics. With 3rd place bronze medals being awarded in gymnastics, firefighting and shooting. In many sports, however, medals were not awarded. With most of the listed prizes were cups and other similar trophies. The International Olympic Committee has retrospectively assigned gold, silver and bronze medals to all competitors who earned 1st, 2nd and 3rd-place finishes, respectively, in order to bring early Olympics in line with current awards.


1900 Summer Olympics, Medal count
For Olympic Games before 1908 there is no universally accepted definition of nationality, and medal tables may vary depending on the chosen definition. For example, Australian Stanley Rowley competed as part of a team selected by the Amateur Athletic Association of England. The concept of "national teams" chosen by National Olympic Committees did not exist at this point in time.


1900 Summer Olympics, Medal count
These are the top ten nations that won medals at the 1900 Games.


1900 Summer Olympics, Trivia
The 1900 Olympics were the first Summer Olympics to occur during a 365-day year: the other Olympics where this occurred were in 2021, which were postponed by one year due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


1900 Summer Olympics medal table
The 1900 Summer Olympics were held in Paris, France, from May 14 to October 28, 1900, as part of the 1900 World's Fair.


1900 Summer Olympics medal table
A total of 997 athletes representing 24 nations participated in 95 events in 19 sports at these games. Women competed in the Olympics for the first time during the 1900 games. 21 of the 24 participating nations earned medals, in addition to 19 medals won by teams made up of athletes from multiple nations. The host nation of France flooded the field, comprising over 72% of all the athletes (720 of the 997); given this, America dominated athletically, winning the second-most gold (19), silver (14), and bronze (15) medals, while fielding 75 athletes.


1900 Summer Olympics medal table
In the early Olympic Games, several team events were contested by athletes from multiple nations. Retroactively, the IOC created the designation Mixed team (with the country code ZZX) to refer to these groups of athletes. During the 1900 games, athletes participating in mixed teams won medals in athletics, cricket, football, polo, rowing, rugby, sailing, tennis, tug of war, and water polo.


1900 Summer Olympics medal table
The 1900 Olympics is unique in being the only Olympic Games to feature rectangular medals, which were designed by Frédérique Vernon. Gilt silver medals were awarded for 1st place in shooting, lifesaving, automobile racing and gymnastics. Whilst 2nd place silver medals were awarded in shooting, rowing, yachting, tennis, gymnastics, sabre, fencing, equestrian and athletics. With 3rd place bronze medals being awarded in gymnastics, firefighting and shooting. In many sports, however, medals were not awarded. With most of the listed prizes were cups and other similar trophies.


1900 Summer Olympics medal table
The International Olympic Committee has retrospectively assigned gold, silver, and bronze medals to competitors who earned first, second, and third-place finishes in order to bring early Olympics in line with current awards.


1900 Summer Olympics medal table, Medal count
This is the full table of the medal count of the 1900 Summer Olympics, based on the medal count of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The IOC has never decided which events were "Olympic" and which were not. These rankings use Olympic medal table sorting.


1900 Svenska Mästerskapet
The 1900 Svenska Mästerskapet was the fifth season of Svenska Mästerskapet, the football Cup to determine the Swedish champions. AIK won the tournament by defeating Örgryte IS in the final with a 1–0 score.


1900 Swarthmore Quakers football team
The 1900 Swarthmore Quakers football team was an American football team that represented Swarthmore College as an independent during the 1900 college football season. The team compiled a 6–3–2 record. George H. Brooke was the head coach.


1900 Swiss referendums
Three referendums were held in Switzerland during 1900. The first was held on 20 May on a federal law on health, accident and military insurance, and was rejected by 69.8% of voters. The second and third were held on 4 November on introducing proportional representation for National Council elections and the direct election and increase in members of the Federal Council. Both were rejected by a majority of voters and cantons.


1900 Swiss referendums, Background
The referendums on the changes to the National and Federal Councils were popular initiatives, which required a double majority; a majority of the popular vote and majority of the cantons. The decision of each canton was based on the vote in that canton. Full cantons counted as one vote, whilst half cantons counted as half. The insurance referendum was an optional referendum, which required only a majority of the public vote.


1900 Sydney-Phillip colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Sydney-Phillip on 9 June 1900 because of the resignation of Henry Copeland (Protectionist) who had accepted the position of Agent-General in London. Daniel O'Connor was previously a Free Trade member for West Sydney but had joined the Protectionist party for the 1898 Sydney-Pyrmont election.


1900 Syracuse Orangemen football team
The 1900 Syracuse Orangemen football team represented Syracuse University during the 1900 college football season. The head coach was Edwin Sweetland, coaching his first season with the Orangemen.


1900 Tasmanian colonial election
The 1900 Tasmanian colonial election was held on 9 March 1900 in the Australian colony of Tasmania to elect 38 members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly.


1900 Tennessee Volunteers football team
The 1900 Tennessee Volunteers football team represented the University of Tennessee in the 1900 season. J. A. Pierce served his second and final season as head coach. The 1900 Vols went 3–2–1, with the first tie in school history coming against Vanderbilt at Nashville.


1900 Tennessee gubernatorial election
The 1900 Tennessee gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1900. Incumbent Democrat Benton McMillin defeated Republican nominee John E. McCall with 53.86% of the vote.


1900 Texas A&M Aggies football team
The 1900 Texas A&M Aggies football team represented Texas A&M during the 1900 college football season.


1900 Texas Longhorns baseball team
The 1900 Texas Longhorns baseball team represented the Texas Longhorns baseball program for the University of Texas in the 1900 college baseball season. Maurice Gordon Clarke coached the team in his 1st season at Texas.


1900 Texas Longhorns football team
The 1900 Texas Longhorns football team represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 1900 college football season. In their first year under head coach Samuel Huston Thompson, the Longhorns compiled an undefeated 6–0 and outscored opponents by a collective total of 113 to 13.


1900 Tie Cup Final
The 1900 Tie Cup Final was the final match to decide the winner of the Tie Cup, the 1st. edition of the international competition organised by the Argentine and Uruguayan Associations together. The final was contested by two Argentine sides, Belgrano A.C. and Rosario A.C., from Buenos Aires and Rosario respectively.


1900 Tie Cup Final
The match was held in the Flores Old Ground in Caballito, Buenos Aires, on 25 August 1900. Belgrano won 2–0 with goals by F. Wiberley and Winston Coe, achieving its first Tie Cup trophy.


1900 Tie Cup Final, Overview
The first edition of the Tie Cup was contested by 6 teams, 4 from Argentina and 2 from Uruguay. Playing in a single-elimination tournament, Belgrano defeated Lomas (4–2 in Quilmes AC), and Albion in the semifinal (1–0 at Paso del Molino, Montevideo).


1900 Tie Cup Final, Overview
On the other hand, Rosario only played one match, qualifying for the final after beating English High School 3–1 at Plaza Jewell.


1900 Tie Cup Final, Overview
The final was played at the Flores Old Ground in Buenos Aires. In an very even game, Belgrano took advantage when Wibberley scored on 20'. After the goal, there were many attempts from Belgrano's player to score a second goal, but goalkeeper Herbert D. Dorming saved Rosario's goal in each one of them. Where there were only 2' left in the first half, Belgrano scored its second goal by forward Winston Coe.


1900 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
The 1900 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship was the 11th staging of the Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Tipperary County Board in 1887.


1900 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
Two-Mile Borris won the championship after receiving a walkover from Moycarkey in the final. It was the club's first championship title.


1900 Toronto Argonauts season
The 1900 Toronto Argonauts season was the club's 15th season of organized league competition since its inception in 1873. The team finished in a first-place tie with the Ottawa Rough Riders in the senior series of the Ontario Rugby Football Union with four wins and two losses, but failed to win the league championship after losing to the Riders in the resulting tie-break game in Toronto.


1900 Tulane Olive and Blue football team
The 1900 Tulane Olive and Blue football team represented the Tulane University during the 1900 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season.


1900 Tulane Olive and Blue football team, Season summary, Southern A. C.
The season began with a 23–0 defeat of the Southern Athletic Club.


1900 Tulane Olive and Blue football team, Season summary, Alabama
Alabama lost 6–0 with the only points of the game coming on a one-yard Ellis Stearns touchdown run.


1900 Tulane Olive and Blue football team, Season summary, Mississippi
Tulane beat Ole Miss, 12–0, having not allowed a single point all season.


1900 U.S. National Championships (tennis)
List of champions of the 1900 U.S. National Championships tennis tournament (now known as the US Open). The men's tournament was held from 13 August to 21 August on the outdoor grass courts at the Newport Casino in Newport, Rhode Island. The women's tournament was held from 19 June to 23 June on the outdoor grass courts at the Philadelphia Cricket Club in Philadelphia, PA. It was the 20th U.S. National Championships and the second Grand Slam tournament of the year.


1900 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Men's Doubles
Holcombe Ward /  Dwight Davis defeated  Fred Alexander /  Raymond Little 6–4, 9–7, 12–10


1900 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Women's Doubles
Hallie Champlin /  Edith Parker defeated  Marie Wimer /  Myrtle McAteer 9–7, 6–2, 6–2


1900 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Mixed Doubles
Margaret Hunnewell /  Alfred Codman defeated  T. Shaw /  George Atkinson 11–9, 6–3, 6–1


1900 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles
Reigning champion Malcolm Whitman defeated William Larned 6–4, 1–6, 6–2, 6–2 in the Challenge Round to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1900 U.S. National Championships. The event was held at the Newport Casino in Newport, R.I., USA.


1900 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles
Larned had defeated George Wrenn in the All Comers' Final.


1900 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles
Myrtle McAteer won the singles tennis title of the 1900 U.S. Women's National Singles Championship by defeating Edith Parker 6–2, 6–2, 6–0 in the final of the All Comers' competition. The reigning champion Marion Jones did not defend her title and therefore no challenge round was held. The event was played on outdoor grass courts and held at the Philadelphia Cricket Club in Wissahickon Heights, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia from June 19 through June 23, 1900.


1900 U.S. Open (golf)
The 1900 U.S. Open was the sixth U.S. Open, held October 4–5 at Chicago Golf Club in Wheaton, Illinois, a suburb west of Chicago. On a tour of the United States from Britain, Harry Vardon won his only U.S. Open title, two strokes ahead of his great rival, J.H. Taylor.


1900 U.S. Open (golf)
In the U.S. to promote the Vardon Flyer Ball, Vardon made his first appearance at the U.S. Open. Taylor was also in America on business and decided to enter, creating a highly anticipated matchup between the two great British rivals. Together they formed two-thirds of the Great Triumvirate that dominated British golf at the turn of the century (the third, James Braid, never played in the U.S. Open).


1900 U.S. Open (golf)
On Thursday morning, Taylor opened with 76 for a two-shot lead, but an 82 in the afternoon put him one back of Vardon after 36 holes. On Friday morning, Vardon's 76 opened up a four-stroke lead over Taylor, who was seven clear of the field. Despite an 80 in the afternoon for 313, Vardon prevailed by two, as Taylor shot 78 for 315. Local Chicago pro David Bell was a distant third at 322.


1900 U.S. Open (golf)
Neither Vardon nor Taylor won another major outside The Open Championship, which they won a combined eleven times. Vardon did not play in the U.S. Open again until 1913, when he and Ted Ray lost a playoff to amateur Francis Ouimet. He was also runner-up in his third and final Open appearance, in 1920. Taylor played the U.S. Open only once more, also in 1913, and was thirtieth.


1900 U.S. Open (golf), Round summaries, Final round
Amateurs: Macdonald (355), Johnstone (356), Holabird (361), Stuart (362), Egan (379).


1900 UCI Track Cycling World Championships
The 1900 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were the World Championship for track cycling. They took place in Paris, France from 12 to 18 August 1900. Four events for men were contested, two for professionals and two for amateurs. Apart from the four events a tandem event was organized. This race has never been officially recognized. The Dutch duo Harrie Meyers-Fernando Tomaselli won ahead of the French duo Edmond Jacquelin-Lucien Louvet and the French-American duo Charles Vanoni-Robert Protin. Because the race was not official the medalists are not listed in the list of Tandem World Champions.


1900 USC Methodists football team
The 1900 USC Methodists football team was an American football team that represented the University of Southern California during the 1900 college football season. The team competed as an independent without a head coach, compiling a 1–1–1 record.


1900 USFSA Football Championship
Statistics of the USFSA Football Championship in the 1900 season.


1900 United Kingdom general election
The 1900 United Kingdom general election was held between 26 September and 24 October 1900, following the dissolution of Parliament on 25 September. Also referred to as the Khaki Election (the first of several elections to bear this sobriquet), it was held at a time when it was widely believed that the Second Boer War had effectively been won (though in fact it was to continue for another two years).


1900 United Kingdom general election
The Conservative Party, led by Lord Salisbury with their Liberal Unionist allies, secured a large majority of 134 seats, despite securing only 5.6% more votes than Henry Campbell-Bannerman's Liberals. This was largely owing to the Conservatives winning 163 seats that were uncontested by others. The Labour Representation Committee, later to become the Labour Party, participated in a general election for the first time. However, it had only been in existence for a few months; as a result, Keir Hardie and Richard Bell were the only LRC Members of Parliament elected in 1900.


1900 United Kingdom general election
This was the first occasion when Winston Churchill was elected to the House of Commons. He had stood in the same seat, Oldham, at a by-election held the previous year, but had lost. It was also the final general election of the Victorian era.


1900 United Kingdom general election in Ireland
The 1900 United Kingdom general election in Ireland was held in September and October 1900. Ninety-nine of the seats were in single-member districts using the first-past-the-post electoral system, and the constituencies of Cork City and Dublin University were two-member districts using block voting.


1900 United Kingdom general election in Ireland
This election was the first fought after the separate organisations in the Irish Parliamentary Party re-merged after a split in 1891 between the Irish National Federation, which had opposed the leadership of Charles Stewart Parnell, and the Irish National League, which had supported his continued leadership. The IPP was now led by John Redmond of the smaller INL.


1900 United Kingdom general election in Ireland
In the overall election result, the coalition of the Conservative Party, which included the Irish Unionist Alliance, and the Liberal Unionist Party, was returned and the Marquess of Salisbury continued as Prime Minister.


1900 United States House of Representatives election in Wyoming
The Wyoming United States House election for 1900 was held on November 6, 1900. Former Republican representative Frank Wheeler Mondell defeated Democratic John C. Thompson with 59.21% of the vote making Mondell the first Wyoming Representative to hold two consecutive terms.


1900 United States House of Representatives elections
Elections to the United States House of Representatives were held in 1900 for members of the 57th Congress, coinciding with the re-election of president William McKinley.


1900 United States House of Representatives elections
McKinley's Republican Party gained thirteen seats from the Democratic Party and minor parties, cementing their majority. A reassertion of Republican control in the Mid-Atlantic was key in the gain of new seats. However, with an improved economy, especially in the industrial sector, the election cycle featured no keystone issue, resulting in a general support for the status quo. The fading Populist Party held on to five House seats, while the sole member of the Silver Party changed parties to Democratic. This was the last time a third party headed into house elections with a party leader. All subsequent third parties to serve in the House would not select a party leader.


1900 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries
The previous election of 1898 saw the election of 6 Populists, 2 Silver Republicans, and a Silver Party member.


1900 United States House of Representatives elections, Election dates
All the states held their elections November 6, 1900, except for 3 states, with 8 seats among them:


1900 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections
J. William Stokes (Democratic) of South Carolina's 7th congressional district died in office on July 6, 1901 and was replaced in a special election by Asbury F. Lever (Democratic)


1900 United States House of Representatives elections in California
The United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1900 was an election for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 6, 1900. California's seven-seat delegation remained all-Republican.


1900 United States House of Representatives elections in Florida
Elections to the United States House of Representatives in Florida for two seats in the 57th Congress were held November 6, 1900, at the same time as the election for president and the election for governor.


1900 United States House of Representatives elections in Florida, Background
Two Democrats had been re-elected in the previous election year, continuing the long Democratic domination of Florida (and other Southern States) politics.


1900 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina
The 1900 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina were held on November 6, 1900 to select seven Representatives for two-year terms from the state of South Carolina. Five Democratic incumbents were re-elected and two incumbents were defeated in the primaries, but the seats were retained by the Democrats. The composition of the state delegation after the election was solely Democratic.


1900 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 1st congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman William Elliott of the 1st congressional district, in office since 1897, defeated Republican challenger W.W. Beckett.


1900 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 2nd congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman W. Jasper Talbert of the 2nd congressional district, in office since 1893, defeated Republican challenger J.B. Odom.


1900 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 3rd congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Asbury Latimer of the 3rd congressional district, in office since 1893, won the Democratic primary and defeated Republican challenger Anson C. Merrick in the general election.


1900 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 4th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Stanyarne Wilson of the 4th congressional district, in office since 1895, was defeated in the Democratic primary by Joseph T. Johnson. He defeated Republican challenger S.T. Poinier in the general election.


1900 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 5th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman David E. Finley of the 5th congressional district, in office since 1899, defeated Thomas J. Strait in the Democratic primary and Republican John F. Jones in the general election.


1900 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 6th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman James Norton of the 6th congressional district, in office since 1897, was defeated in the Democratic primary by Robert B. Scarborough. He defeated Republican R.A. Stuart in the general election.


1900 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 7th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman J. William Stokes of the 7th congressional district, in office since 1896, defeated Republican challenger Alexander D. Dantzler.


1900 United States census
The United States census of 1900, conducted by the Census Office on June 1, 1900, determined the resident population of the United States to be 76,212,168, an increase of 21.01% from the 62,979,766 persons enumerated during the 1890 census.


1900 United States census
The census saw the nation's largest city, New York City, more than double in size due to the consolidation with Brooklyn, becoming in the process the First Neighborhood American city to record a population of over three million.


1900 United States census, Census questions
Full documentation for the 1900 census, including census forms and enumerator instructions, is available from  the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series.


1900 United States census, Data availability
The original census enumeration sheets were microfilmed by the Census Bureau in the 1940s; after which the original sheets were destroyed. The microfilmed census is available in rolls from the National Archives and Records Administration. Several organizations also host images of the microfilmed census online, and digital indices.


1900 United States census, Data availability
Microdata from the 1900 census are freely available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System.


1900 United States elections
The 1900 United States elections elected the 57th United States Congress. The election was held during the Fourth Party System. Republicans retained control of the Presidency and both houses of Congress, while third parties suffered defeats.


1900 United States elections
In a re-match of the 1896 presidential election, Republican President William McKinley defeated Democratic former Representative William Jennings Bryan of Nebraska. McKinley's previous running mate, Vice President Garret Hobart, had died in office, so the Republicans nominated New York Governor Theodore Roosevelt as their vice presidential candidate. McKinley again won by a comfortable margin in both the popular vote and the electoral college, and he picked up a handful of states in the West and the Midwest. McKinley's win made him the first sitting President to win re-election since Ulysses S. Grant in 1872.


1900 United States elections
Republicans won minor gains in the House, maintaining their majority.


1900 United States elections
In the Senate, the Democrats made moderate gains while the Populist Party lost three seats. Republicans continued to maintain a commanding majority in the chamber.


1900 United States elections, Further reading, Primary sources
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1900 United States gubernatorial elections
United States gubernatorial elections were held in 1900, in 34 states, concurrent with the House, Senate elections and presidential election, on November 6, 1900 (except in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Maine, North Carolina, Rhode Island and Vermont, which held early elections).


1900 United States gubernatorial elections
In Alabama, the gubernatorial election was held in August for the last time, and in Rhode Island it was held in April for the last time. In both cases the next gubernatorial election would be held on the same day as federal elections: in Alabama in 1902 and in Rhode Island in 1901. Alabama would also elect its governors to four year terms instead of two years from 1902.


1900 United States gubernatorial elections
In Florida, the gubernatorial election was held on the same day as federal elections, having been held in October since 1892.


1900 United States gubernatorial elections
In North Carolina gubernatorial elections had been held on the same day as federal elections since 1876, but in 1900 it was moved to August. It would revert to November from 1904.


1900 United States presidential election
The 1900 United States presidential election was the 29th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 6, 1900. In a re-match of the 1896 race, incumbent Republican President William McKinley defeated his Democratic challenger, William Jennings Bryan. McKinley's victory made him the first president to win a consecutive re-election since Ulysses S. Grant had accomplished the same feat in 1872.


1900 United States presidential election
McKinley and Bryan each faced little opposition within their own party. Although some Gold Democrats explored the possibility of a campaign by Admiral George Dewey, Bryan was easily re-nominated at the 1900 Democratic National Convention after Dewey withdrew from the race. McKinley was unanimously re-nominated at the 1900 Republican National Convention. As Vice President Garret Hobart had died in 1899, the Republican convention chose New York Governor Theodore Roosevelt as McKinley's running mate.


1900 United States presidential election
The return of economic prosperity and recent victory in the Spanish–American War helped McKinley to score a decisive victory, while Bryan's anti-imperialist stance and continued support for bimetallism attracted only limited support, losing his home state of Nebraska for the only time of his 3 campaigns. McKinley carried most states outside of the Solid South and won 51.6% of the popular vote. The election results were similar to those of 1896, though McKinley picked up several Western states and Bryan picked up Kentucky.


1900 United States presidential election
Six months into his second term, McKinley was assassinated in September 1901 and was succeeded by Vice President Roosevelt.


1900 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination
The 926 delegates to the Republican convention, which met in Philadelphia on June 19–21, re-nominated William McKinley by acclamation. Thomas C. Platt, the "boss" of the New York State Republican Party, did not like Theodore Roosevelt, New York's popular governor, even though he was a fellow Republican. Roosevelt's efforts to reform New York politics – including Republican politics – led Platt and other state Republican leaders to pressure President McKinley to accept Roosevelt as his new vice- presidential candidate, thus filling the spot left open when Vice President Garret Hobart died in 1899.


1900 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination
By electing Roosevelt vice president, Platt would remove Roosevelt from New York state politics. Although Roosevelt was reluctant to accept the nomination for vice president, which he regarded as a relatively trivial and powerless office, his great popularity among most Republican delegates led McKinley to pick him as his new running mate. Quite unexpectedly, Roosevelt would be elevated to the presidency in September 1901, when McKinley was assassinated in Buffalo, New York.


1900 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination, Other candidates
After Admiral George Dewey's return from the Spanish–American War, many suggested that he run for president on the Democratic ticket. Dewey, however, had already angered some Protestants by marrying the Catholic Mildred McLean Hazen (the widow of General William Babcock Hazen and daughter of Washington McLean, owner of The Washington Post) in November 1899 and giving her the house that the nation had given him following the war. His candidacy was also almost immediately plagued by a number of public relations gaffes.


1900 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination, Other candidates
Newspapers started attacking him as naïve after he was quoted as saying the job of president would be easy, since the chief executive was merely following orders in executing the laws enacted by Congress, and that he would "execute the laws of Congress as faithfully as I have always executed the orders of my superiors." Shortly thereafter, he admitted never having voted in a presidential election before, mentioning that the only man he ever would have voted for, had he voted, would have been Grover Cleveland. He drew even more criticism when he offhandedly (and prophetically) told a newspaper reporter that, "Our next war will be with Germany."


1900 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination, Other candidates
Dewey's campaign was met with a level of pessimism by Gold Democrats on whose support his campaign depended. Some even threw their support to Bryan, since they believed him to be the stronger candidate. As early as three days into his candidacy, his campaign having been damaged by the aforementioned missteps, rumors abounded regarding Dewey's impending withdrawal which proved false. Further injuries, however, were made when it became clear that the Democratic Party leaders of Vermont were hostile to Dewey and wholly committed to Bryan.


1900 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination, Other candidates
Ohio similarly went for Bryan, though with the caveat there that some leaders suggested that all mention to silver in the party platform be dropped. By May 5, John Roll McLean, the brother-in-law of and effective campaign manager for Dewey, defected from the campaign and was widely considered to now be silently supporting Bryan.


1900 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination, Other candidates
By May 17, Dewey recognized that there was very little chance for him to gather enough delegates among the Western and Southern states to possibly keep Bryan from attaining two-thirds of the delegates at the convention, publicly commenting that he no longer even knew why he had decided to run for president at all; He effectively withdrew around this time. After this there was a major boom for his nomination as vice president on the ticket alongside Bryan; however Dewey resolutely refused to be considered.


1900 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination, Other candidates
William Jennings Bryan was faced with little real opposition after Dewey withdrew from the race. Bryan won at the 1900 Democratic National Convention held at Kansas City, Missouri, on July 4–6, garnering 936 delegate votes for the nomination.


1900 United States presidential election, Nominations, People's Party nomination
As the nation's third largest party, the Populists had made an organizational decision in 1896 to "fuse" with the Democratic Party on the national level - their identity kept separate by the nomination of two different candidates for vice-president. At the state level, local Populist parties were left at liberty to proceed as they saw fit. In the Plains states, the Populists fused with the Democrats, and in some states replaced them entirely. In the South, the Populists fused with the Republican Party.


1900 United States presidential election, Nominations, People's Party nomination
The end result, though Bryan was defeated, was that the Populists greatly enlarged their representation in Congress, from 10 to 26. In several southern states, however, the legislatures were still controlled by the Democrats, and they began passing a series of laws to eliminate the franchise for black voters, with the intention of undermining a significant bloc of the Populist vote. The move had its intended consequences, as in the mid-term election of 1898, Populist representation in the House of Representatives fell to 9, its lowest since the party's founding.


1900 United States presidential election, Nominations, People's Party nomination
The treatment of Populists by the Democratic Party led to a division in the party. On May 17, 1899, Populist Party leaders met in St. Louis and issued an address calling for a "Middle of the Road" policy, in which the party would decline future fusion efforts. The statement was primarily aimed at the party's national chairman, U.S. Senator Marion Butler of North Carolina, who had been elected to the Senate through fusion with North Carolina Republicans, and was already working for the re-nomination of William J. Bryan by the Populists in 1900.


1900 United States presidential election, Nominations, People's Party nomination
The pro-fusion leaders of the Populists fought back in early 1900. The first state party known to have split was the Nebraska party, which divided during its state convention on March 19. Both factions appointed delegates to the national convention, scheduled for Cincinnati. Ultimately, the Fusion Populists decided to hold a separate national convention when it became apparent that the Ohio Populists did not favor fusion, and were working to organize a convention which would not nominate Bryan, but an independent ticket.


1900 United States presidential election, Nominations, People's Party nomination, "Fusion" Populist nomination
The "Fusion" Populist National Convention assembled in a large tent just west of Sioux Falls, South Dakota, on May 9, and unanimously nominated Bryan for the presidency. Charles Towne, the leader of the Silver Republican Party, was near unanimously nominated as his running mate, facing only weak opposition from Representative John Lentz from Ohio. When Adlai Stevenson won the Democratic vice-presidential nomination over Towne, Towne withdrew from the race, with the Fusion Populists endorsing Stevenson.


1900 United States presidential election, Nominations, People's Party nomination, "Middle of the Road" Populist nomination
Meeting in Cincinnati, Ohio, the "Middle of the Road" faction adopted a platform that called for the creation of fiat money, government ownership of key industries, and the opening of conservation lands for economic development. Businessman Wharton Barker was nominated for the presidency, while Representative Ignatius Donnelly was chosen as his running mate.


1900 United States presidential election, Nominations, Minor party nominations, Social Democratic Party nomination
The election of 1900 was the first United States election to feature a socialist candidate. The Socialist Labor Party of America found itself divided over the trade union policy as adopted at the 1896 National Convention, and by the brutal manner in which the party regulars maintained their influence. Many would leave and join with the fast-growing Social Democratic Party of America. At their party convention in Indianapolis, Indiana, Eugene V. Debs was nominated unanimously as the Social Democratic candidate for the Presidency, the first of his five runs, with California lawyer Job Harriman nominated as his running mate.


1900 United States presidential election, Nominations, Minor party nominations, Prohibition Party nomination
The Prohibition Party met in Chicago, Illinois on June 28 to nominate their presidential ticket. Hale Johnson, who had been their vice-presidential nominee in 1896, withdrew his name immediately before the balloting was to begin. John G. Woolley was nominated on the first ballot, with Henry B. Metcalf of Rhode Island nominated to be his running mate in short order.


1900 United States presidential election, Nominations, Minor party nominations, Lincoln Republican nomination
The Lincoln Republican Party, formally the Silver Republican Party, had by 1900 come to recognize that the issue of bimetallism had been superseded by that of imperialism, and it was hoped that a broader platform in line with the perceived values of Abraham Lincoln would allow the Party to evolve beyond its singular issue of free silver.


1900 United States presidential election, Nominations, Minor party nominations, Lincoln Republican nomination
The Lincoln Republicans assembled in Kansas City, Missouri, at the same time as the Democratic National Convention held in the same city. Committed to endorsing William Jennings Bryan for the Presidency, the primary aim of many of those attending was to promote the nomination of national chairman Charles Towne for the Vice Presidency by the Democratic Party, an effort endorsed by Fusionist Populists who had nominated Towne to the same position two months earlier.


1900 United States presidential election, Nominations, Minor party nominations, Lincoln Republican nomination
Unfortunately for those who boomed Towne these efforts may have backfired, pushing away Democratic delegates who might have otherwise been favorable to Towne by presenting the ticket of Bryan and Towne as a fait accompli, with Southern Democratic delegates themselves preferring a Vice-Presidential nominee who'd appeal to voters the Democratic Party lost in the Northeast and Midwest four years prior.


1900 United States presidential election, Nominations, Minor party nominations, Lincoln Republican nomination
Hopes for a personal endorsement of Towne by Bryan were also dashed when Bryan, who personally preferred Towne of those candidates in running and was expected to make mention of this in an acceptance, decided against going to the Convention or involving himself in the Vice-Presidential contest. Ultimately, Towne was a distant third, with Adlai Stevenson winning the nod.


1900 United States presidential election, Nominations, Minor party nominations, Lincoln Republican nomination
The nomination of Stevenson, who'd previously served as Grover Cleveland's Vice President, outraged many of the Lincoln Republicans still in attendance, and in the ensuing pandemonium attempts were made to nominate Charles Towne for the Vice Presidency. Only when Charles Towne himself addressed the convention did the anger settle. Declining the efforts to nominate him, Towne pleaded with the delegates present to accept and support the Democratic ticket as it was, noting that Bryan was at the head of it and much of the Democratic Platform was aligned with that of the Lincoln Republicans.


1900 United States presidential election, Nominations, Minor party nominations, Lincoln Republican nomination
Others, such as Senator Fred Dubois, Senator Henry Teller, and John Shafroth made similar speeches calling for support for Bryan and Stevenson. It was eventually decided that the question of the Vice Presidential nomination would be handled by the National Committee. They would formalize and endorsement of Adlai Stevenson for the Vice Presidency the following day, in deference to Towne's wishes.


1900 United States presidential election, Nominations, Minor party nominations, Anti-Imperialist League nomination
The American Anti- Imperialist League had been formed in 1898 in opposition to the acquisition of the Philippine Islands, considering its annexation violating the concept of "consent of the governed". While not formalized as a political party, there existed a movement within the League that sought to nominate an independent ticket to run solely on the platform of anti-imperialism or, barring that, to endorse whichever Republican or Democratic presidential nominee that was themselves anti-imperialist.


1900 United States presidential election, Nominations, Minor party nominations, Anti-Imperialist League nomination
Upon the nominations of McKinley and Bryan however, there were immediate divisions on whether to endorse Bryan and the Democratic Platform, many sympathizing Republicans and Gold Democrats finding it anathema to their own political philosophies beyond its denouncement of imperialism; already by July some were considering supporting McKinley in November. Later that same month a call was made for a National Convention to meet in Indianapolis on August 15 with the intention of either endorsing or nominating a ticket for the general election.


1900 United States presidential election, Nominations, Minor party nominations, Anti-Imperialist League nomination
Discussions were held with remnants of National Democratic Party about the possibility of a fusion ticket, but this was voted down by their national committee. Then discussed names for possible Presidential candidates were former Speaker Thomas Reed, former Secretary of State Richard Olney, former Massachusetts Governor George Boutwell, and former Senator John Henderson


1900 United States presidential election, Nominations, Minor party nominations, Anti-Imperialist League nomination
From the beginning the headwinds were in Bryan's favor, with permanent President George Boutwell addressing the convention and calling for the endorsement of the Democratic ticket, this followed in speeches by former General John Beatty, Edgar Bancroft, and Gamaliel Bradford. The resolution to endorse Bryan however was subject to prolonged debate, its principal opponents being representatives of the "third-ticket" movement led by Thomas Osborne. Osborne and those who followed him theorized that many anti-imperialists would not be willing to vote for Bryan or in favor of the Democratic Platform, and would be better served by a candidate of their own.


1900 United States presidential election, Nominations, Minor party nominations, Anti-Imperialist League nomination
Charles Codman, the author of the resolution, and Edwin Burritt Smith countered that all issues were secondary to the issue of imperialism, and that the most effective means by which to put an anti-imperialist in office should be used. In a voice vote, the Platform of the "Liberty Congress" as it was then known as adopted overwhelmingly, with all amendments to strike the endorsement of the Bryan/Stevenson ticket being voted down. Osborne and other "third-ticketers" would then bolt to the then nearby organizing National Party.


1900 United States presidential election, Nominations, Minor party nominations, National Party nomination
The National Party was an outgrowth of the "third-ticket" movement that existed within the Anti- Imperialist League. The first steps towards its formation were taken after the failure of a number of anti-imperialists, among them Thomas Osborne and John Jay Chapman, to convince the National Democratic Party to either nominate or endorse a third party ticket.


1900 United States presidential election, Nominations, Minor party nominations, National Party nomination
A statement was then released by the attending League delegates from New York, denouncing both the Republican and Democratic parties, advocating for the independence of the Philippines and Porto Rico (sic), supporting gold standard and a sound banking system, calling for the abolition of special privileges, and demanding a public service based on merit exclusively. They also called for a national convention to be held from August 14 to 15, which would have placed it alongside the "national" League Convention that was being held from August 15 to August 16.


1900 United States presidential election, Nominations, Minor party nominations, National Party nomination
As the delegates arrived in Indianapolis, it was hoped that the League could be convinced to nominate a third party ticket, with the National Party then offering its endorsement. It swiftly became clear however that the majority of the delegates to the Anti- Imperialist League Convention were in sympathy with Bryan and prepared to endorse him, and attempts on the part of anti-Bryan delegates to kept the platform at least non-committal on the subject of the presidential race were unsuccessful.


1900 United States presidential election, Nominations, Minor party nominations, National Party nomination
Those League delegates that were associated with the National Party then left and proceeded to elect Thomas Osborne as Permanent Chairman, calling for a new national convention to be held on September 5. It is claimed that at the time the National Party presidential nomination was offered to Moorfield Storey, but Storey declined and ultimately opted to run as an Anti- Imperialist Independent in the 11th District of Massachusetts; William Jackson Palmer was suggested as a vice-presidential nominee to run alongside him.


1900 United States presidential election, Nominations, Minor party nominations, National Party nomination
Meeting in Carnegie Hall (then Chamber Music Hall) on the 5th of September, the National Party was formalized, nominating Senator Donelson Caffery of Louisiana for the Presidency, and historian Archibald Howe of Massachusetts for the Vice Presidency. Though there was some concern over whether Caffery would accept the nomination if offered, Osborne claimed that he had been communicating with Caffrey and that he was both sympathetic to the National Party and willing to be their candidate for the Presidency.


1900 United States presidential election, Nominations, Minor party nominations, National Party nomination
The party platform was virtually identical to the one offered by the League committee back in July, though the definition of "special privileges was defined as "subsidies, bounties, undeserved pensions, or trust-busting tariffs."


1900 United States presidential election, Nominations, Minor party nominations, National Party nomination
A strategy was also adopted where, in those States where it was impractical to nominate a full slate of electors, a single elector would be nominated instead, allowing for voters to vote the Nationalist ticket as well as one other of their choice; it was hoped that this might avail concerns that the Nationalists would take votes away from either Bryan or McKinley, depending on the voters' sympathies.


1900 United States presidential election, Nominations, Minor party nominations, National Party nomination
Unfortunately for the Nationalist Party Senator Cafferty declined the nomination some weeks later, resulting in a scramble where Arthur Briggs Farquhar, owner of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Works, was considered as a possible replacement. A day later, on September 21, the Massachusetts branch of the Party voted to disband. It was then hoped that unpledged electors could be nominated, but papers were only ever taken out for one, Edward Waldo Emerson of Massachusetts.


1900 United States presidential election, Nominations, Minor party nominations, Other nominations
The Union Reform Party nominated Seth H. Ellis of Ohio for president and Samuel T. Nicholson for vice president.


1900 United States presidential election, Nominations, Minor party nominations, Other nominations
The United Christian Party nominated Jonah F. R. Leonard for president, and David H. Martin for vice president. Initially, the party had nominated Silas C. Swallow for president and John G. Woolley for vice president, but both men refused, choosing instead to contest the Prohibition Party nomination (of which Woolley would emerge the victor).


1900 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
The economy was booming in 1900, so the Republican slogan of "Four More Years of the Full Dinner Pail," combined with victory in the brief Spanish–American War in 1898, had a powerful electoral appeal. Teddy Roosevelt had become a national hero fighting in Cuba during the war, and as such he was a popular spokesman for the Republican ticket. Roosevelt proved highly energetic, and an equal match for William Jennings Bryan's famous barnstorming style of campaigning. Roosevelt's theme was that McKinley had brought America peace and prosperity and deserved re-election. In a whirlwind campaign, Roosevelt made 480 stops in 23 states. In his speeches, he repeatedly argued that the war had been just and had liberated the Cubans and Filipinos from Spanish tyranny:


1900 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
Four years ago the nation was uneasy because at our very doors an American island was writhing in hideous agony under a worse than medieval despotism. We had our Armenia at our threshold. The situation in Cuba had become such that we could no longer stand quiet and retain one shred of self-respect.... We drew the sword and waged the most righteous and brilliantly successful foreign war that this generation has seen.


1900 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
Bryan's campaign was built around a reprise of his major issue from the 1896 campaign: Free Silver. It was not as successful in 1900, because prosperity had replaced severe depression and McKinley claimed credit. Advocates of enlarging the money supply to raise prices had to admit that a great deal of new gold was flowing into the world economy, and deflation (i.e. falling prices) was no longer a threat. Bryan's second major campaign theme attacked McKinley's imperialism; Bryan had supported the war, but opposed the annexation of the Philippines.


1900 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
He said McKinley had simply replaced a cruel Spanish tyranny with a cruel American one. Bryan was especially harsh in his criticisms of the American military effort to suppress a bloody rebellion by Filipino guerillas. This theme won over some previous opponents, especially "hard money" Germans, former Gold Democrats, and anti-imperialists such as Andrew Carnegie.


1900 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
Both candidates repeated their 1896 campaign techniques, with McKinley campaigning again from the front porch of his home in Canton, Ohio. At the peak of the campaign, he greeted sixteen delegations and 30,000 cheering supporters in one day. Meanwhile, Bryan took to the rails again, traveling 18,000 miles to hundreds of rallies across the Midwest and East. This time, he was matched by Theodore Roosevelt, who campaigned just as energetically in 24 states, covering 21,000 miles by train.


1900 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
The triumph of the American army and navy in the war against Spain was a decisive factor in building Republican support. Democrats tried to argue that the war was not over because of the insurgency in the Philippines; this became their major issue. A perception that the Philippine–American War was coming to an end would be an electoral asset for the Republicans, and the McKinley administration stated that there were reductions of troops there. Republicans pledged that the fighting in the Philippines would die down of its own accord within sixty days of McKinley's re-election. However, as one lieutenant explained in a letter to his wife, "It looks good on paper, but there really has been no reduction of the force here. These battalions [being sent home] are made up on men...about to be discharged."


1900 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
In addition, Secretary of War Elihu Root had a report from MacArthur of September 1900 that he did not release until after the election. General Arthur MacArthur, Jr., had been in command of the Philippines for four months, warning Washington that the war was not lessening and that the end was not even in sight. MacArthur believed that the guerrilla stage of the war was just beginning and that Filipinos were refining their techniques through experience. Furthermore, Philippine leader Emilio Aguinaldo's strategy had popular support. MacArthur wrote:


1900 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
The success of this unique system of war depends upon almost complete unity of action of the entire native population. That such unity is a fact is too obvious to admit of discussion; how it is brought about and maintained is not so plain. Intimidation has undoubtedly accomplished much to this end, but fear as the only motive is hardly sufficient to account for the united and apparently spontaneous action of several millions of people. One traitor in each town would eventually destroy such a complex organization. It is more probable that the adhesive principle comes from ethological homogeneity, which induces men to respond for a time to the appeals of consanguineous leadership even when such action is opposed to their interests and convictions of expediency.


1900 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
Nonetheless, the majority of soldiers in the Philippines did not support Bryan. Any mention of the election of 1900 in the soldiers' letters and diaries indicated overwhelming support for the Republican ticket of McKinley and Roosevelt. According to Sergeant Beverly Daley, even the "howling Democrats" favored McKinley. Private Hambleton wrote, "Of course, there are some boys who think Bryan is the whole cheese, but they don't say too much."


1900 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
Despite Bryan's energetic efforts, the renewed prosperity under McKinley, combined with the public's approval of the Spanish–American War, allowed McKinley to gain a comfortable victory.


1900 United States presidential election, General election, Results
Theodore Roosevelt, the vice-presidential candidate on the Republican ticket, attracted unusual attention in the campaign, and it has been commonly asserted that he brought a considerable number of votes to the Republican ticket.


1900 United States presidential election, General election, Results
McKinley polled roughly 7,200,000 votes. He carried 28 states with a combined 292 electoral votes (65.32%). He slightly increased his national percentage (51.60%) with 120,000 more votes than in 1896. This change is reflected in the gains made in number of counties carried; McKinley had 222 more counties than he had carried in 1896, thus gaining a slight majority of the total number of counties making returns in 1900.


1900 United States presidential election, General election, Results
Of the 2,729 counties making returns, McKinley won in 1,385 (50.75%) while Bryan carried 1,340 (49.10%). Two counties (0.07%) were split evenly between McKinley and Bryan, while two counties (0.07%) in Texas recorded more votes cast for "Other(s)" than either of the two-party candidates. McKinley had a majority in 1,288 counties while Bryan had a majority in 1,253 counties.


1900 United States presidential election, General election, Results
Further examination reveals that changes in counties were even more impressive. Of the 2,729 counties making returns, 2,286 were identical in these two elections; 113 changed from Republican to Democratic; and 328 changed from Democratic to Republican.


1900 United States presidential election, General election, Results
A notable feature was the Bryan gains made in the New England and (Northeastern) Mid -Atlantic sections, with also a slight gain in the East North Central section. Bryan even managed to win New York City by almost 30,000 votes when he had lost it by more than 60,000 votes just 4 years earlier. In all other sections, Bryan's vote was less than in 1896, and in the nation his total vote was 23,000 less than in 1896. The percentage of total was 45.52, a slight loss. Kentucky, which he carried this time, showed an increase of 17,005. In 16 states, the Democratic vote increased, but in 29 states it was less than in 1896. Bryan carried only 17 states.


1900 United States presidential election, General election, Results
This was the last election in which the Republicans won the majority of electoral votes in Maryland until 1920. It is also the last election in which a Republican won the presidency without winning Idaho and Montana. In addition, this would also be the last election in 100 years when the Republican candidate would win without earning a minimum of 300 electoral votes. That did not occur again until George W. Bush narrowly defeated Al Gore in the 2000 United States Presidential Election.


1900 United States presidential election, General election, Geography of results
Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote


1900 United States presidential election, General election, Close states
Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (150 electoral votes):


1900 United States presidential election, Trivia
The 1800 and 1900 elections are the only two to be held during a non-leap year; the next such election will be held in 2100.


1900 United States presidential election in Alabama
The 1900 United States presidential election in Alabama took place on November 6, 1900. All contemporary 45 states were part of the 1900 United States presidential election. Alabama voters chose eleven electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1900 United States presidential election in Alabama
Alabama was won by the Democratic nominees, former U.S. Representative William Jennings Bryan of Nebraska and his running mate Adlai Stevenson I of Illinois. This would prove to be the last occasion when the Republican presidential candidate won the Lauderdale and Limestone counties until Richard Nixon in 1972, the last when the Republican nominee carried the Butler and Walker counties until Barry Goldwater in 1964, and the last when the Democratic nominee carried Winston County until Franklin D. Roosevelt won it by one vote in 1932.


1900 United States presidential election in Arkansas
The 1900 United States presidential election in Arkansas took place on November 6, 1900. All contemporary 45 states were part of the 1900 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1900 United States presidential election in Arkansas
Arkansas was won by the Democratic nominees, former U.S. Representative William Jennings Bryan of Nebraska and his running mate Adlai Stevenson I of Illinois.


1900 United States presidential election in California
The 1900 United States presidential election in California took place on November 6, 1900 as part of the 1900 United States presidential election. State voters chose nine representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1900 United States presidential election in California
California voted for the Republican incumbent, William McKinley, in a landslide over the Democratic challenger, former Nebraska representative and 1896 nominee William Jennings Bryan.


1900 United States presidential election in Colorado
The 1900 United States presidential election in Colorado took place on November 6, 1900. All contemporary 45 states were part of the 1900 United States presidential election. Colorado voters chose four electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1900 United States presidential election in Colorado, Background
In its early days as a state, Colorado had like the Plains States to its east been solidly Republican. However, with crises emerging in its agricultural sector from low wheat prices and a severe drought in 1888 and 1889, and the state’s underdevelopment leading to resentment of the Northeast, the new Populist Party was able to largely take over the state’s politics in the early 1890s.


1900 United States presidential election in Colorado, Background
Aided by fusion with the minority Democratic Party and strong support for free silver in this state which produced over half of all American silver, the Populist Party under James B. Weaver in 1892 carried the state’s presidential electoral votes and won both its congressional seats.


1900 United States presidential election in Colorado, Background
After the Republicans gained a 130-seat majority in the House of Representatives following the 1894 elections, five dissident Republicans from the Mountain States who supported free silver jointed together as the “Silver Republicans” They supported nominating Centennial State Senator Teller at first, but ultimately this was viewed as impractical and the Silver Republicans fused with Democrat/Populist William Jennings Bryan, who won Colorado by six-and-a-half-to-one over William McKinley.


1900 United States presidential election in Colorado, Background
Following the election, the Populist majority in Colorado largely faded after the ensuing return to prosperity. However, Colorado and other Mountain States became opposed to the Philippine–American War, which they viewed as an imperialist land grab, which maintained substantial support for Bryan although free silver had largely disappeared as an important issue except within the silver-mining industry.


1900 United States presidential election in Colorado, Vote
One week before the election, the GOP had given up trying to carry Colorado, and ultimately Bryan won the state by 13.39 percentage points, which was nonetheless only two-elevenths of his 1896 margin. Bryan had previously won Colorado against William McKinley four years earlier and would later also win the state against William Howard Taft in 1908.


1900 United States presidential election in Connecticut
The 1900 United States presidential election in Connecticut took place on November 6, 1900, as part of the 1900 United States presidential election. Voters chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.