1902 Gordon Bennett Cup, Race
Giradot was forced to stop his CGV due to a cracked fuel tank at the town of Troyes, 140 km into the race, and was unable to continue. In contrast, Fournier had made good progress to Troyes, taking 80 minutes to reach the town from the start. However, 10 km before reaching Langres, the clutch on his Mors failed, and he also retired from the race, leaving just one French competitor in the event.


1902 Gordon Bennett Cup, Race
Nevertheless, at the end of the first section, de Knyff led not only the remaining Gordon Bennett cars, but the overall Paris-Viena field, while his nearest competitor in the Gordon Bennett race was Edge, over an hour-and-three-quarters behind. Grahame-White did not arrive at Belfort until 3:30 on the morning of June 27. Callan had eventually started the race but he did not reach Belfort, having retired somewhere along the route.


1902 Gordon Bennett Cup, Race
The second section of the race took the competitors from Belfort near the Swiss border with France to Bregenz in Austria, a distance of 312 km. Owing to the ban on motor racing in Switzerland, racing was neutralized, and in order to obtain permission to pass through the country, organizers set competitors a minimum time that had to be taken to complete this section, to try to ensure cars kept to the 15 mph speed limit.


1902 Gordon Bennett Cup, Race
In addition, the Swiss police used a system of telephones to communicate with each other along the route, in order to enforce the speed limit. Owing to this, the distance was not counted towards the race total. The roads in Switzerland were not as smooth as in France, and this put considerable strain on the cars despite them not travelling at racing speeds. The poor road surface had led to a crack beginning to develop on the casing of the differential on de Knyff's Panhard. However, all three of the remaining Gordon Bennett cars made it to the end of the section.


1902 Gordon Bennett Cup, Race
Racing resumed the next morning, with the Gordon-Bennett Cup route scheduled to end at a rest stop at Innsbruck, before the Paris-Vienna resumed on its way to Salzburg. de Knyff continued to lead Edge until 40 km before Innsbruck, when his damaged differential finally failed forcing him to retire whilst travelling over the Arlberg pass. Edge now only needed to reach the finish in order to secure the cup for the Automobile Club of Great Britain.


1902 Gordon Bennett Cup, Race
His Napier has not escaped unharmed during its passage through Arlberg, as on inspecting his car at the bottom of the pass Edge found that the back of the car had suffered some damage and their tools and spare parts had fallen out en route. Edge reached Innsbruck in a total time of 11 hours, two minutes, and 52.6 seconds, and meant that the cup would leave France for the first time.


1902 Gordon Bennett Cup, Post-race and legacy
Edge went on to complete the remainder of the Paris-Vienna race, finishing in 11th place overall. Marcel Renault won this race overall, in a time of 15:47:43. Following the race, a protest was made to the Gordon Bennett organising committee against Edge, claiming that he had received assistance. Accounts on where the assistance occurred, and in what form differ, but at de Knyff's insistence, the protest was dropped and the result stood.


1902 Gordon Bennett Cup, Post-race and legacy
Victory for a car manufactured outside France for the first time in a Gordon Bennett race was seen as a source of embarrassment for the French, and they set about making a serious effort to regain the trophy. This contributed to the boosting of the event's popularity, with all future Gordon Bennett races being events in their own right, rather than a subsidiary of a larger city-to-city race. The success of an entry from outside France also saw Napier sales of their cars triple following the race, as did export figures for British manufactured cars.


1902 Gordon Bennett Cup, Post-race and legacy
The race brought about a change in race car design philosophy. The success of the comparatively underpowered, but lighter Napier led designers to realise that obtaining as much power as possible out of a smaller engine would result in a more reliable and competitive car than simply increasing the capacity of the engine, and reducing chassis weight to remain under the regulation weight.


1902 Grand National
The 1902 Grand National was the 64th renewal of the Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 21 March 1902.


1902 Greek legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Greece on 17 November 1902. Supporters of Theodoros Deligiannis emerged as the largest bloc in Parliament, with 110 of the 235 seats. Deligiannis became Prime Minister for the fourth time on 6 December.


1902 Guatemala earthquake
The 1902 Guatemala earthquake occurred on April 18 at 8:23 pm with a moment magnitude of 7.5 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). The rupture initiated at a depth of 25 km (16 mi) and the duration was 1 to 2 minutes.


1902 Guatemala earthquake
The foreshock and aftershock sequence of this incident were major. Before the main shock, there was an earthquake swarm which persisted for three months, and the tremors afterwards lasted for more than two weeks. With hindsight, it is clear that this swarm and the mainshock were clear indicators of the awakening of the long-dormant Vulcan Santa Maria located 97 km (60 mi) to the Northwest, which led to the historic explosive eruption of 1902 which occurred 6 months later in October.


1902 Guatemala earthquake
A majority of churches in western Guatemala and eastern Chiapas were either severely devastated or abolished. The number of people killed was between 800 and 2,000.


1902 Guatemala earthquake
A strange occurrence of heavy rains, lightning, and thunder took place shortly before the earthquake. A few weeks before the earthquake there was rain every afternoon for several days straight. Guatemala City was instantly flooded when massive gaps opened in the streets, water pipes ruptured, and huts along with cathedrals disintegrated and collapsed, which also buried hundreds. In just one hour, approximately 80,000 people were made homeless.


1902 Guatemala earthquake
As soon as the earthquake took place the sky cleared up and there was no rain for approximately three weeks. It has been said that the earthquake had something to do with an atmospheric disturbance connected with an electrical nature. The reason for this is because the early storms were electrical storms.


1902 Hampstead by-election
The Hampstead by-election was a Parliamentary by-election. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP)  to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.


1902 Hampstead by-election, Electoral history
The seat had been Conservative since it was created in 1885.


1902 Harvard Crimson football team
The 1902 Harvard Crimson football team represented Harvard University in the 1902 college football season. The Crimson finished with an 11–1 record under first-year head coach John Wells Farley. The 1902 team won its first eleven games by a combined 184–23 score. It then closed the season with a 23–0 loss against rival Yale. Walter Camp selected two Harvard players as first-team selections to his 1902 College Football All-America Team. They were end Edward Bowditch and fullback Thomas Graydon.


1902 Haskell Indians football team
The 1902 Haskell Indians football team was an American football team that represented the Haskell Indian Institute  (now known as Haskell Indian Nations University) as an independent during the 1902 college football season. Haskell compiled an 8–2–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 203 to 79. Its victories included shutouts against Missouri (40-0), Texas (12-0), and Washington University (18-0); its losses were to Illinois (10-24) and Nebraska (0-28).


1902 Holy Cross football team
The 1902 Holy Cross football team was an American football team that represented the College of the Holy Cross as an independent in the 1902 college football season.


1902 Holy Cross football team
In their fifth and final year under head coach Maurice Connor, the team compiled a 6–2–1 record. William Baldwin was the team captain.


1902 Holy Cross football team
Holy Cross played its home games at two off-campus fields in Worcester, Massachusetts, the Worcester Oval and the Worcester College Grounds.


1902 Home Nations Championship
The 1902 Home Nations Championship was the twentieth series of the rugby union Home Nations Championship. Six matches were played between 11 January and 15 March. It was contested by England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales.


1902 Home Nations Championship
Wales won both the Championship and the Triple Crown, both for the third time in the country's history. After winning the Triple Crown the year before, Scotland disappointed by losing all three games of the 1902 tournament.


1902 Home Nations Championship, Results, Scoring system
The matches for this season were decided on points scored. A try was worth three points, while converting a kicked goal from the try gave an additional two points. A dropped goal and a goal from mark were both worth four points. Penalty goals were worth three points.


1902 Home Nations Championship, The matches, England vs. Wales
England: HT Gamlin (Blackheath), Philip Nicholas (Exeter), John Raphael (Oxford Uni. ), JT Taylor (West Hartlepool), SF Coopper (Blackheath), B Oughtred (Hartlepool Rovers), PD Kendall (Birkenhead Park), G Fraser (Richmond), JJ Robinson (Headingley), TH Willcocks (Plymouth Albion), LR Tosswill (Exeter), H Alexander (Birkenhead Park) capt., Denys Dobson (Oxford Uni. ), J Jewitt (Hartlepool Rovers), SG Williams (Devonport Albion)


1902 Home Nations Championship, The matches, England vs. Wales
Wales: John Strand-Jones (Llanelli), Willie Llewellyn (Llwynypia), Gwyn Nicholls (Cardiff) capt., Rhys Gabe (Llanelli), Teddy Morgan (London Welsh), Dicky Owen (Swansea), Dick Jones (Swansea), Jehoida Hodges (Newport), Will Joseph (Swansea), Will Osborne (Mountain Ash), Arthur Harding (Cardiff), Alfred Brice (Aberavon), David Jones (Treherbert), George Boots (Newport), Nathaniel Walters (Llanelli)


1902 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Wales vs. Scotland
Wales: John Strand-Jones (Llanelli), Willie Llewellyn (Llwynypia), Gwyn Nicholls (Cardiff) capt., Rhys Gabe (Llanelli), Teddy Morgan (London Welsh), Dicky Owen (Swansea), Llewellyn Lloyd (Newport), Jehoida Hodges (Newport), Will Joseph (Swansea), Will Osborne (Mountain Ash), Arthur Harding (Cardiff), Alfred Brice (Aberavon), David Jones (Treherbert), George Boots (Newport), Harry Jones (Penygraig)


1902 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Wales vs. Scotland
Scotland: AW Duncan (Edinburgh University), WH Welsh (Edinburgh Acads), AN Fell (Edinburgh University), Alec Boswell Timms  (Edinburgh University), P Turnbull (Edinburgh Acads), FH Fasson (Edinburgh University), Jimmy Gillespie (Edinburgh Acads), J Ross (London Scottish), AB Flett (Edinburgh University), WE Kyle (Hawick), David Bedell-Sivright (Cambridge Uni), Mark Coxon Morrison  (Royal HSFP) capt., JV Beddell-Sivright (Cambridge Uni), James Greenlees (Cambridge Uni), JA Bell (Clydesdale)


1902 Home Nations Championship, The matches, England vs. Ireland
England: HT Gamlin (Blackheath), R Forrest (Blackheath), John Raphael (Oxford Uni. ), JT Taylor (West Hartlepool), SF Coopper (Blackheath), B Oughtred (Hartlepool Rovers), Ernest John "Katie" Walton (Castleford), G Fraser (Richmond), JJ Robinson (Headingley), John Daniell (Richmond) capt., LR Tosswill (Exeter), H Alexander (Birkenhead Park), Denys Dobson (Oxford Uni. ), PF Hardwick (Percy Park), SG Williams (Devonport Albion)


1902 Home Nations Championship, The matches, England vs. Ireland
Ireland: J Fulton (NIFC) capt., CC Fitzgerald (Glasgow University), BRW Doran (Lansdowne), JB Allison (Queen's Uni, Belfast), IG Davidson (NIFC), Louis Magee (Bective Rangers), Harry Corley (Dublin University), Thomas Arnold Harvey (Dublin University), GT Hamlet (Old Wesley), Samuel Irwin (Queen's Uni, Belfast), A Tedford (Malone), P Healey (Limerick), JJ Coffey (Lansdowne), F Gardiner (NIFC), J Ryan (Rockwell College)


1902 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Ireland vs. Scotland
Ireland: J Fulton (NIFC) capt., Gerry Doran (Lansdowne), BRW Doran (Lansdowne), JB Allison (Queen's Uni, Belfast), IG Davidson (NIFC), Louis Magee (Bective Rangers), Harry Corley (Dublin University), Thomas Arnold Harvey (Dublin University), GT Hamlet (Old Wesley), Samuel Irwin (Queen's Uni, Belfast), A Tedford (Malone), P Healey (Limerick), JJ Coffey (Lansdowne), F Gardiner (NIFC), JC Pringle (NIFC)


1902 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Ireland vs. Scotland
Scotland: AW Duncan (Edinburgh University), WH Welsh (Edinburgh Acads), JE Crabbie (Oxford University), AS Dryborough (Edinburgh Wanderers), P Turnbull (Edinburgh Acads), RM Neill (Edinburgh Acads), Jimmy Gillespie (Edinburgh Acads), Herbert Bullmore (Edinburgh University), AB Flett (Edinburgh University), WE Kyle (Hawick), David Bedell-Sivright (Cambridge Uni), Mark Coxon Morrison  (Royal HSFP) capt., WP Scott (West of Scotland), James Greenlees (Cambridge Uni), JA Bell (Clydesdale)


1902 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Ireland vs. Wales
Ireland: J Fulton (NIFC), Gerry Doran (Lansdowne), BRW Doran (Lansdowne), JB Allison (Queen's Uni, Belfast), IG Davidson (NIFC), Louis Magee (Bective Rangers) capt., Harry Corley (Dublin University), Thomas Arnold Harvey (Dublin University), GT Hamlet (Old Wesley), Samuel Irwin (Queen's Uni, Belfast), A Tedford (Malone), P Healey (Limerick), JJ Coffey (Lansdowne), F Gardiner (NIFC), JC Pringle (NIFC)


1902 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Ireland vs. Wales
Wales: John Strand-Jones (Llanelli), Willie Llewellyn (Llwynypia), Gwyn Nicholls (Cardiff) capt., Rhys Gabe (Llanelli), Teddy Morgan (London Welsh), Dicky Owen (Swansea), Llewellyn Lloyd (Newport), Jehoida Hodges (Newport), Will Joseph (Swansea), Will Osborne (Mountain Ash), Arthur Harding (Cardiff), Alfred Brice (Aberavon), David Jones (Treherbert), George Boots (Newport), Harry Jones (Penygraig)


1902 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Scotland vs. England
Scotland: AW Duncan (Edinburgh University), WH Welsh (Edinburgh Acads), AN Fell (Edinburgh University), Alec Boswell Timms (Edinburgh University), P Turnbull (Edinburgh Acads), FH Fasson (Edinburgh University), ED Simson (Edinburgh University), John Dykes (Glasgow HSFP), HO Smith (Watsonians), WE Kyle (Hawick), David Bedell-Sivright (Cambridge Uni), Mark Coxon Morrison  (Royal HSFP) capt., WP Scott (West of Scotland), James Greenlees (Cambridge Uni), JA Bell (Clydesdale)


1902 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Scotland vs. England
England: HT Gamlin (Blackheath), R Forrest (Blackheath), John Raphael (Oxford Uni. ), JT Taylor (West Hartlepool), T Simpson (Rockcliff), B Oughtred (Hartlepool Rovers), Ernest John Walton (Castleford), G Fraser (Richmond), JJ Robinson (Headingley), John Daniell (Richmond) capt., LR Tosswill (Exeter), Bernard Charles Hartley (Blackheath), Denys Dobson (Oxford Uni. ), PF Hardwick (Percy Park), SG Williams (Devonport Albion)


1902 Honduran general election
General elections were held in Honduras in October 1902. Manuel Bonilla of La Democracia won the presidential election with 48.7% of the vote.


1902 Honduran general election, Results, President
The official results had a total of 58,589 valid votes, 50 more than the total of votes for each candidate.


1902 Ibrox disaster
The 1902 Ibrox disaster was the collapse of a stand at Ibrox Park (now Ibrox Stadium) in Govan (now part of Glasgow), Scotland. The incident led to the deaths of 25 supporters and injuries to 500 more during an international association football match between Scotland and England on 5 April 1902 as part of the 1901–02 British Home Championship.


1902 Ibrox disaster
Ibrox Park had completed construction less than three years before the incident and was hosting its first international fixture, with the crowd estimated to be over 68,000. The match was the first time that the ground had been used at more than half capacity since its opening. Scotland entered the game needing only to avoid defeat to win the British Home Championship title. During the first half of the match, a section of the newly built West Tribune Stand collapsed, dropping between 200 and 300 people to the concrete floor below. Two spectators were declared dead at the scene, and a further twenty-three died of injuries sustained in the incident soon after, the last victim dying three weeks later.


1902 Ibrox disaster
Despite the collapse, the match was eventually resumed after a break as officials feared emptying crowds could interfere with rescue attempts and lead to further panic. The teams resumed the match, which ended in a 1–1 draw, although both the Scottish Football Association and the Football Association later agreed that the result should be voided. A replay was hastily organised and played a month later at Villa Park in Birmingham with all proceeds from the match being donated to a relief fund for victims of the disaster. The disaster led to an overhaul in stadium design, with wooden terraced stands being largely replaced by earth or concrete embankments.


1902 Ibrox disaster, Background
Founded in 1872, Rangers had played at various local grounds in the Glasgow area and had eventually settled at Kinning Park. However, the ground's capacity, originally 2,000 but later expanded to 7,000, was struggling to meet demand for the club's fixtures, and the venue's landlords eventually looked to move Rangers on to develop the site. To combat this, the club built the first Ibrox Park to the south of the burgh of Govan in 1887, and the new ground remained in use for twelve years.


1902 Ibrox disaster, Background
The construction of Celtic Park by their Old Firm rivals Celtic in 1892 led Rangers to seek an improved venue to compete for the chance to host Scottish Cup finals or Scotland international matches, which could generate considerable income for the hosts, particularly fixtures against England. Such was the fervour surrounding these international fixtures, The Times noted that the "attendance is limited only by the size of the ground". The original Ibrox Park had hosted an England–Scotland match in 1892, but the subsequent four fixtures between 1894 and 1900 had been awarded to Celtic Park. Rangers' directors sanctioned the £20,000 construction of a new Ibrox Park in an attempt to improve the facilities.


1902 Ibrox disaster, Background
The new stadium was built partially overlapping the previous site and was officially opened on 30 December 1899 when Rangers defeated Heart of Midlothian 3–1. Soon after opening, the ground reached a capacity of 75,000. The construction was soon recognised by the Scottish Football Association (SFA) when the new stadium was selected to host the 1902 England–Scotland match by a single vote. The match was the 31st meeting between the two sides and was the first to be contested by fully professional teams.


1902 Ibrox disaster, Background, West Tribune Stand
The West Tribune Stand was designed by Scottish architect Archibald Leitch, a boyhood Rangers fan who offered his services free of charge, and had a capacity of 35,913. However, Leitch himself had expressed concerns over the maximum capacity and visited the site prior to the match to inspect the stand, but a surveyor passed the ground fit for purpose. There had previously been reports of significant swaying in the structure. The stand had been built using a steel framework which featured vertical beams set in concrete at the foundations.


1902 Ibrox disaster, Background, West Tribune Stand
Horizontal beams were then interlocked with wooden decking used to form a step-like construction for spectators to stand on. There were 96 steps in total, each measuring four inches in height and around fourteen inches wide. It was estimated that at full capacity, each spectator had on average a personal space measuring sixteen inches long and fourteen inches wide.


1902 Ibrox disaster, Events, Pre-match
The 1901–02 British Home Championship began in February 1902 with Ireland defeating Wales. Scotland played their first match of the competition on 1 March, defeating Ireland 5–1 in Belfast, while reigning holders England were held to a goalless draw in their first fixture two days later against Wales. Scotland and England both won their second matches; the Scots defeated Wales 5–1 while England beat Ireland 1–0 a week later. With only one match to be played Scotland led the group by a single point, needing only to avoid defeat against England at Ibrox to win their second title in three seasons.


1902 Ibrox disaster, Events, Match and stand collapse
On 5 April 1902, the final match of the season's British Home Championship between Scotland and England kicked off at 3:30pm. There was no official count of the attendance, but estimated figures for the match state there was a crowd of more than 68,000 in attendance, half of whom were stood in the West Tribune Stand. There were around 50 stewards on duty for the match, most of whom were experienced in their role and had been provided by the SFA.


1902 Ibrox disaster, Events, Match and stand collapse
Although they had no way of determining when the stand was full, they had been given signs declaring the stand full that were displayed at an appropriate time. The stand had never previously held as many supporters, never being more than half full in previous uses. Early in the match, supporters briefly surged toward the front of the terracing, and the on-duty police were forced to intervene in order to regulate the crowd and disperse them from one area.


1902 Ibrox disaster, Events, Match and stand collapse
Newspaper reports and later studies place the incident occurring around 30 minutes into the first half of the match, when the back of the newly built West Tribune Stand collapsed, sending hundreds of supporters up to 40 feet (12 metres) to the ground below. Several factors have been reasoned for the collapse, including heavy rainfall the previous night and the large crowd stamping and swaying as the match progressed. One theory in a report following the event centred around Scottish player Bobby Templeton.


1902 Ibrox disaster, Events, Match and stand collapse
Regarded as an exciting attacking player, Templeton was making his debut for the Scottish national team and had gained possession of the ball moments prior to the collapse. The investigation stated that the crowd's desperation to see Templeton dribble with the ball caused them to surge forward, which may have contributed to the collapse. It was also noted that the bottom ten rows of the stand had been left vacant as people had filled the racing track surrounding the pitch. This blocked the view from these rows and resulted in the spectators on the lower rows to continually press upwards to avoid being pushed into the empty rows below them and lose their vantage points.


1902 Ibrox disaster, Events, Match and stand collapse
An investigation of the scene afterwards found that seventeen joints had given way, causing a hole approximately 20 yards (18 metres) long to open up in the stand. Several witnesses in the crowd reported hearing loud cracking noises prior to the collapse, and one witness, who worked as a joiner, claimed to have seen the wooden boards split prior to the collapse.


1902 Ibrox disaster, Events, Response
Immediately following the collapse, the crowd around the hole fled onto the playing field in an attempt to escape the stand. Scottish player Alex Raisbeck later stated that the players were unaware of the incident and initially believed that the surging crowd was a pitch invasion as supporters scrambled over the railings surrounding the field. He would later describe the scene, stating "When we saw the ambulance men at work we knew that something serious had happened. We were told to retire to the dressing-rooms. I shall never forget the scenes inside. Dead bodies and groaning men were lying on the seats where only a short time ago the Scottish players had stripped. Even some of the players’ clothing was requisitioned for bandages."


1902 Ibrox disaster, Events, Response
Officials estimated that between 200 and 300 spectators fell through the hole to the ground below. The majority of fatal injuries that occurred were directly caused by people impacting with either the ground or the steel girders as they fell. The mass of people eventually became heaped on the ground, with historians from the Western Infirmary in Glasgow, where the deceased were taken, commenting "Those who first reached the ground alive must then have been at hazard from suffocation" due to the volume of people.


1902 Ibrox disaster, Events, Response
The first people to reach the incident had to rip down a galvanised iron fence around the base of the stand to gain access to the injured and The Herald wrote that rescuers first on the scene were met by "a scene of indescribable horror and confusion ... a mass of mangled and bleeding humanity, the victims piled one above the other." Some spectators had become entangled in the steel beams during their fall and were suspended in the air until they could be rescued.


1902 Ibrox disaster, Events, Response
Local hospitals were overwhelmed with casualties, with around 190 people estimated to have been admitted following the incident, and the cells of the nearby Govan police station were used as emergency treatment rooms, with the injured being taken by requisitioned brakes or taxis carrying up to 30 people at a time. Newspaper reporters visiting the scene in the following days remarked on the lack of debris at the site as vast amounts of the shattered metal and wood had been used to form makeshift stretchers to carry injured spectators.


1902 Ibrox disaster, Events, Response
Despite the chaos, match officials feared that abandoning the match would lead to further injury if supporters began exiting the stadium en masse and could hinder the rescue attempts. Representatives of the SFA and the Football Association hastily discussed how to proceed and instead chose to resume the match after a twenty-minute delay. Although some players and officials disagreed with the decision, the match resumed, with Raisbeck, who supported the continuation, commenting "none of the players were sorry when the final whistle went as they were all heartily sick."


1902 Ibrox disaster, Events, Response
Spectators and officials surrounded the field during the remainder of the match as the injured were attended to, so much so that they often interfered with the run of play as they spilled onto the pitch. The Scotsman noted how, on one occasion, mounted police officers had to be asked to move in order for a free kick to be taken. Scottish goalkeeper Ned Doig was reported to have wept consistently throughout the second half of the match. A significant number of spectators were unaware of the severity of the incident and, despite the gates being thrown open upon the incident in fear of a crush developing, few chose to leave the ground. The fixture ended in a 1–1 draw.


1902 Ibrox disaster, Events, Casualties
In total, 25 people died and over 500 were reported as injured, ranging between "dangerously" to "slightly". The most common cause of death was listed as a fracture at the base of the skull, with fourteen of the victims being recorded under this category. Two of the fourteen, Alexander Murray and Bruce Crawford, were listed as "instantaneous" and were the only two victims to be pronounced dead at Ibrox Park itself. By the end of the day, a total of eight people had been confirmed dead.


1902 Ibrox disaster, Events, Casualties
Eight victims were listed with causes of death pertaining to crush injuries sustained by the large mass of bodies, such as severe internal chest injuries and broken ribs. The remaining three deaths were attributed to either shock or cardiac arrest. The final victim, Peter Patterson, died three weeks after the disaster on 15 May.


1902 Ibrox disaster, Events, Casualties
Two weeks after the disaster, The Scotsman issued a list of injuries that read "dangerously injured 24, seriously injured 168, injured 153, slightlyinjured 171" totalling 517 injuries in total. Other reports put the injured as high as 588. A large number of injuries were described as cuts and gashes to the heads of spectators, believed to have been caused by the jagged edging of the wooden decking left by the collapse. William Dewar from Kirkcaldy was also seriously injured in the disaster and the Dundee Evening Telegraph reported that he never recovered from his injuries before dying suddenly in July 1904. Another spectator, Donald Smith, died in July 1905 which was also attributed to injuries sustained in the disaster.


1902 Ibrox disaster, Aftermath
The disaster was considered the first major incident of its kind, with the Athletic News writing "the one solacing reflection is that this is the only case of fatality of this kind in connection with (the) sport". It remained the deadliest stadium disaster in Britain until the Burnden Park disaster in Bolton in March 1946. No charges were brought against Rangers or the SFA over the incident. A criminal investigation into the disaster did bring charges against timber merchant Alexander McDougall, who was charged with culpable homicide in June of the same year.


1902 Ibrox disaster, Aftermath
McDougall had supplied the wood used in the construction of the stand and was accused of attempting to cut corners by using yellow pine instead of the higher-quality red pine. Noted civil engineers Sir Benjamin Baker and Sir William Arrol appeared as witnesses in McDougall's defence. Both testified that they believed the selection of yellow pine had played no part in the disaster and instead blamed the accident on the construction of the stand. The design was deemed too light for the work for which it was built, having been based on out-of-date textbooks. Baker concluded that the stand's design made it safe for a load of 25 lb per square foot but estimated that on the day of the match it had experienced loads of up to 75 lb per square foot. McDougall was later unanimously acquitted of the charge.


1902 Ibrox disaster, Aftermath
Leitch himself was distraught over the incident and begged Rangers for a chance to fix the mistakes made, stating "I need hardly say what unutterable anguish the accident caused me." He was re-employed by the club to oversee the redevelopment of Ibrox and went on to design numerous football stadiums in Britain. Following the accident, the use of wooden frameworks on steel frames for football grounds was largely discredited, and replaced throughout the United Kingdom by terracing supported by earthworks or reinforced concrete.


1902 Ibrox disaster, Aftermath
Rangers had won four consecutive Scottish league championships prior to the disaster, but the club then sold several of their best players to raise funds for a major redevelopment of Ibrox following the accident. Rangers did not win another league championship until 1911.


1902 Ibrox disaster, Aftermath, Benefit fund and matches
On 19 April 1902, a meeting of the FA Council declared that the match would be officially listed as "unfinished". During the meeting, it was also agreed for a relief fund to be created for victims and their families, with the FA donating £500 themselves, and a replay match organised, with all proceeds being donated to the fund. The SFA later agreed on all counts.


1902 Ibrox disaster, Aftermath, Benefit fund and matches
The replay was held four weeks later at Villa Park in Birmingham on 3 May 1902 and ended in a 2–2 draw, with the majority of the players remaining unchanged from the original match, Scotland making three changes. The result secured the British Home Championship title for Scotland. A one-off club tournament, the British League Cup, was also organised to raise funds, while Rangers' Old Firm rivals Celtic organised a match against English side Blackburn Rovers to raise funds.


1902 Ibrox disaster, Aftermath, Benefit fund and matches
An Ibrox Park disaster fund was established in aid of the victims and ran for nearly two years before being disbanded. During its operation, the fund paid out nearly £18,000 to injured spectators and more than £5,000 to the families of the deceased. The remaining funds, totaling around £5,500, were used to pay administrative costs before being donated to the infirmaries which had treated the injured spectators.


1902 Ibrox disaster, Aftermath, Ibrox redevelopment and later incidents
Ibrox underwent substantial redevelopments following the disaster. By the end of 1902, the West Tribune Stand had been significantly lowered in height to match the other stands. The number of beams in the stand was trebled which was designed to make it impossible for a spectator to fall through, even if the boards should give way. Matches also resumed the same year but with limited capacity in all stands.


1902 Ibrox disaster, Aftermath, Ibrox redevelopment and later incidents
During 1963, concerns were raised about the safety of the stairway adjacent to passageway 13 (colloquially known as Stairway 13), the exit closest to Copland Road subway station. On 16 September 1961 two people were killed in a crush on the stairway, and there were two other incidents, in 1967 and 1969, where several people were injured. Rangers had by then spent a total of £150,000 on improvements. Despite this, another larger disaster occurred at Ibrox in 1971, when 66 people were killed in a crush as supporters tried to leave the stadium at an Old Firm match.


1902 Idaho gubernatorial election
The 1902 Idaho gubernatorial election was held on November 4, 1902. Republican nominee John T. Morrison defeated Democratic incumbent Frank W. Hunt with 52.90% of the vote.


1902 Illinois Fighting Illini football team
The 1902 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois during the 1902 Western Conference football season. In their second season under head coach Edgar Holt, the Illini compiled a 10–2–1 record and finished in fourth place in the Western Conference. Tackle Jake Stahl was the team captain.


1902 Indiana Hoosiers football team
The 1902 Indiana Hoosiers football team was an American football team that represented Indiana University Bloomington during the 1902 Western Conference football season. In their fifth season under head coach James H. Horne, the Hoosiers compiled a 3–5–1 record and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 207 to 94.


1902 International Lawn Tennis Challenge
The 1902 International Lawn Tennis Challenge was the second edition of what is now known as the Davis Cup. The tie was played at the Crescent Athletic Club in Brooklyn, New York, United States. The Crescent Athletic Club was located at Narrows Avenue and 85th Street, site at present of the Fort Hamilton HS Athletic Field.


1902 Inverell state by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Inverell on 31 May 1902 because of the death of William McIntyre (Progressive).


1902 Iowa Hawkeyes football team
The 1902 Iowa Hawkeyes football team represented the University of Iowa in the 1902 Western Conference football season. This season was Alden Knipe's fifth and final as head coach of the Hawkeyes.


1902 Iowa State Cyclones football team
The 1902 Iowa State Cyclones football team represented Iowa State College of Agricultural and Mechanic Arts (later renamed Iowa State University) as an independent during the 1902 college football season. In their first season under head coach A. W. Ristine, the Cyclones compiled a 6–3–1 record, shut out six of ten opponents, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 246 to 56. Fred Byl was the team captain.


1902 Iowa State Cyclones football team
Between 1892 and 1913, the football team played on a field that later became the site of the university's Parks Library. The field was known as State Field; when the new field opened in 1914, it became known as "New State Field".


1902 Italian Football Championship
The 1902 Italian Football Championship season was won by Genoa.


1902 Italian Football Championship, Footnotes
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1902 Japanese general election
General elections were held in Japan on 10 August 1902. The result was a victory for the Rikken Seiyūkai party, which won 191 of the 376 seats.


1902 Japanese general election, Electoral system
Electoral reforms in 1900 had abolished the 253 single and two-member constituencies. The 376 members of the House of Representatives were now elected in 51 multi-member constituencies based on prefectures and cities.


1902 Japanese general election, Electoral system
Voting remained restricted to men aged over 25 who paid at least 10 yen a year in direct taxation, although 1900 electoral reforms had reduced the figure from 15 yen, increasing the proportion of the population able to vote from 1% to 2%.


1902 Kansas Jayhawks football team
The 1902 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas as an independent during the 1902 college football season. In their first and only season under head coach Arthur Hale Curtis, the Jayhawks compiled a 6–4 record and outscored opponents by a combined total of 108 to 93. The Jayhawks played their home games at McCook Field in Lawrence, Kansas. W. D. Vincent was the team captain.


1902 Kansas State Aggies football team
The 1902 Kansas State Aggies football team was an American football team that represented Kansas State Agricultural College during the 1902 college football season. In its first and only season under head coach Cyrus E. Dietz, the team compiled a 2–6 record and was outscored by a total of 121 to 46. On October 7, 1902, the Kansas State team played University of Kansas Jayhawks at McCook Field in Lawrence, KS, in the first meeting of a series that became the Kansas–Kansas State football rivalry. The team played its home games at Athletic Park in Manhattan, Kansas.


1902 Kansas gubernatorial election
The 1902 Kansas gubernatorial election was held on November 4, 1902. Republican nominee Willis J. Bailey defeated Democratic nominee W. H. Craddock with 55.45% of the vote.


1902 Kendall Orange and Black football team
The 1902 Kendall Orange and Black football team represented Henry Kendall College (later renamed the University of Tulsa) during the 1902 college football season. The team compiled an 0–1 record, losing its only game to Arkansas by a 33–0 score at home in Muskogee, Indian Territory.


1902 Kentucky Derby
The 1902 Kentucky Derby was the 28th running of the Kentucky Derby. The race took place on May 3, 1902.


1902 Kentucky State College Blue and White football team
The 1902 Kentucky State College Blue and White football team represented Kentucky State College—now known as the University of Kentucky—during the 1902 college football season.


1902 Kentucky University football team
The 1902 Kentucky University Pioneers football team was an American football team that represented Kentucky University, now known as Transylvania University, during the 1902 college football season. Hogan Yancey was on the team.


1902 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
The 1902 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship was the 14th staging of the Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Kilkenny County Board.


1902 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
On 17 May 1903, Tullaroan won the championship after a 3-16 to 0-01 defeat of Mooncoin in the final. This was their seventh championship title overall and their second title in succession.


1902 King's Birthday Honours (Australia)
The 1902 King's Birthday Honours for Australia were announced on 10 November 1902.


1902 Knox Old Siwash football team
The 1902 Knox Old Siwash football team was an American football team that represented Knox College in the 1902 college football season. Knox compiled an impressive 9–2 record, shutting out seven opponents, and outscoring them 236 to 22.


1902 Kosher Meat Boycott
The 1902 kosher meat boycott was a boycott of New York City kosher butchers in response to a coordinated increase in price of kosher meat from 12 to 18 cents a pound. This increase was significant enough that many Jewish families could no longer afford to buy meat. The protests, led mainly by women on Manhattan’s Lower East Side, though controversial in their often-violent tactics, were largely successful and resulted in the lowering of the price of meat down to 14 cents a pound.


1902 Kosher Meat Boycott, Background
The kosher meat boycott of 1902 developed as the Gilded Age was coming to a close. The Gilded Age (1870–1900) in the United States saw powerful robber barons monopolizing a wide array of industries including the railroad, oil, steel and meat industries. These monopolies and trusts were able to dramatically increase prices in their respective industries, and prevented consumers from finding goods at a cheaper price. Though Congress passed a number of antitrust laws in the 1890s, such as the Sherman Antitrust Act, these laws were not usually enforced and the government often sided with the powerful robber barons. This continued until the election of President Theodore Roosevelt, who led a war on trusts and monopolies, gaining the title the “trust buster.”


1902 Kosher Meat Boycott, Background
At the turn of the 20th century, the meat industry was still under the control of robber barons who in 1902 decided to hike up prices. Initially, the Jewish butchers in New York City attempted to boycott the meat trust by refusing to sell meat, but the trust was too powerful and their boycott crumbled. Thus the women of the Lower East Side Jewish community were forced to take matters into their own hands, staging a large boycott and convincing many people not to buy meat.


1902 Kosher Meat Boycott, Background
These protests took place at a time when women were beginning to exert political influence. In addition to the rise of women's suffrage movements, the end of the 19th century saw the number of middle class American women volunteering in clubs, professional societies, and local charities increase significantly. This trend in turn, lent much more strength to women's suffrage movements and provided a model for women to exert their influence in other areas, such as in the kosher meat boycott.


1902 Kosher Meat Boycott, Kosher meat
In general, kosher meat tends to be pricier than non-kosher meat due to the various restrictions and requirements that come with it. Adhering to the strict dietary laws of kashrut is a significant part of Orthodox Jewish life. The laws of kashrut can be found throughout the Torah, Mishnah, Talmud and various halachic works. The main criteria for a mammal to be kosher is that the animal must have split hooves and chew its cud. Additionally, a certified butcher known as a shochet must slaughter the animal in accordance with Jewish law in a process known as shechita.


1902 Kosher Meat Boycott, Kosher meat
After the shechita, the animal must be checked for any life-threatening wounds which could render the animal not kosher even after being properly slaughtered. Finally many parts of the animal have to be removed such as certain fats and all the blood. The meat is then salted in order to remove any remaining blood. This lengthy process and the many steps involved are what make kosher meat more expensive than non-kosher meat. In 1902 the kosher meat was recorded to be 5-6 cents more expensive per pound than non-kosher meat, even before the price increased.


1902 Kosher Meat Boycott, Kosher meat
In 1902, although many American Jews began to assimilate and drop many of their religious practices, many still kept kosher. Because of this, the increase in price for kosher meat had a relatively widespread impact.


1902 Kosher Meat Boycott, Boycott
On May 11, 1902, around 400 kosher butchers on the East Side of New York organized a boycott of the meat trusts to put pressure on them to lower the cost of meat. However, the trusts were too powerful and the butchers ended their boycott. In response to those unsuccessful attempts, the women of the Lower East Side Jewish community, led by Fanny Levy and Sarah Edelson, held a massive protest. On May 15, 20,000 protesters, mostly women, took to the streets to attack the butcher shops. They smashed shop windows, poured gasoline on the meat, lit it on fire and threw pieces of meat at police officers. By the end of the day, 85 people had been arrested, 75% of them women.


1902 Kosher Meat Boycott, Boycott
After May 15, the protests expanded into local synagogues. During Sabbath services on May 17, two days after the street riots, a group of women stormed the podium of their synagogue to direct attention towards their cause. One woman got up on the synagogue podium, disrupted the Torah reading and lectured the community about the importance of joining the boycott. She then demanded that the men in the community compel their wives to join the protestors. The strategy of promoting the boycott inside synagogues gained much attention and proved to be an effective means of gaining support within the Jewish community.


1902 Kosher Meat Boycott, Boycott
In the weeks following the riots, Jewish women of the Lower East Side continued to come up with creative ways to protest. They patrolled the streets of the Lower East Side in order to prevent other women from buying meat. In a controversial but effective move, the protesters went door to door checking everyone's pots and pans to ensure that no one was secretly buying meat. Anyone who was caught with meat was ridiculed and labeled a “scab.” These tactics proved to be very effective. Almost all purchases of kosher meats ceased.


1902 Kosher Meat Boycott, Boycott
While the patrols went on, other boycott members worked around the clock to disseminate flyers and circulars in order to bolster support. One such circular read: “Eat no meat while the Trust is taking meat from the bones of your women and children.” Women vigilantes went as far as to rob butcher shops and rid them of their meat. The women involved in the protests also started a fundraising campaign to bail out imprisoned boycotters.


1902 Kosher Meat Boycott, Boycott
Due to the boycott's successful tactics, on May 22, the Retail Butchers Association (the kosher butchers association) realigned itself with the boycott campaign and ceased selling kosher meat in all their stores. In addition, kosher restaurants throughout NYC removed meat from their menus until the prices came back down. By May 27, major Orthodox religious leaders had publicly affirmed support for the boycott, and by June 9 the prices dropped to 14 cents a pound.


1902 Kosher Meat Boycott, Reactions to the protests
Newspapers across NYC had many different reactions to the boycott. The Forward, a Yiddish newspaper, endorsed the boycott by praising them with a newspaper title "Bravo, Bravo, Bravo, Jewish women!" Many Jewish socialists were also sympathetic to the boycott. On the other hand, the New York Times portrayed the boycott and their methods in an extremely negative light, calling the women who ran the boycott a "dangerous class." The Times saw the boycotts actions as too controversial and semi-militant. The Tribune also denounced the method of protesting, stating that the boycotters "made life miserable for the policemen."


1902 Kosher Meat Boycott, Reactions to the protests
However The Times did express support for the idea of challenging the trusts. Ida Tarbell and Lincoln Steffens, two muckraker journalists who spent much of their life attacking corrupt institutions and leaders, were pleased with the boycott's exposure of the robber barons and their corrupt policies. The New York Herald came out with an article portraying the event as testimony to the impressive organizational skills of the women who put together the boycott. The newspaper stressed the role of the women in the boycott reporting that "women were the ring leaders at all hours."


1902 Kosher Meat Boycott, Additional impact
The boycott became so popular that its influence eventually spread to other Jewish communities in Harlem, Brooklyn, Newark, Boston and Philadelphia, where similar protests took place. Many of the women who organized the kosher meat boycott of 1902 as well as their children played a significant role in the New York Labor movement, most notably the garment labor union.


1902 Kosher Meat Boycott, Additional impact
In 1907 and 1908 rent boycotts broke out on the lower east side of Manhattan to protest high rent prices. They publicly acknowledged that the inspiration for the boycott and the tactics used derived from the meat boycott of 1902.


1902 LSU Tigers football team
The 1902 LSU Tigers football team represented the Tigers of Louisiana State University during the 1902 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. W. S. Borland returned in 1902 for his second season as LSU head coach. The seven-game 1902 season was the longest for the Tigers since their first game in 1893 and also featured the most games on the road: five games played away and only two in Baton Rouge.


1902 LSU Tigers football team, Season summary, Texas
In one of the season's "liveliest games" in San Antonio, LSU upset Texas 4–0, using its speed and teamwork.


1902 LSU Tigers football team, Season summary, Auburn
LSU beat Auburn in a hard-fought game 5–0. Captain Henry Landry scored the game's only touchdown. "Nearly every business house in Baton Rouge closed at noon and everybody went to the game". The trip to Louisiana made some Auburn players sick.


1902 LSU Tigers football team, Season summary, Auburn
The starting lineup was Gueno (left end), Guldry (left tackle), Leseur (left guard), Sharp (center), Klock (right guard), Rhodes (right tackle), Martin (right end), Coleman (quarterback), Mundinger (left halfback), Kennedy (right halfback), Landry (fullback).


1902 LSU Tigers football team, Season summary, Vanderbilt
"Vanderbilt defeated Louisiana State University, 27 to 5, yesterday. It was an ideal day and about 1,000 people witnessed the game. A place kick only saved Louisiana State University from a whitewash. The game was lacking in interest, for Vanderbilt displayed her superiority so strongly that Louisiana was outclassed.


1902 LSU Tigers football team, Season summary, Vanderbilt
"Louisiana State University kicked off and Vanderbilt advanced the ball steadily for a touch-down. This was repeated, Tigert making the two touchdowns. Louisiana State University got the ball only once in the first half and lost on downs. At the end of the half the score stood 11 to 0.


1902 LSU Tigers football team, Season summary, Vanderbilt
"Vanderbilt kicked off and Louisiana State University lost on downs in the second half. The visitors advanced the ball for a touchdown. Davis failed, in kicking a goal. Louisiana State University seemed to be very weak. Vanderbilt made her gains every time, and only lost the ball on fumbles. Louisiana State University never advanced far before losing on downs, they were entirely outclassed in weight and skill. It is hard to say who were the star players for Vanderbilt. Every man played a good game. The playing of Edgerton, Davis, Tigert, and Lawler deserves special notice. For Louisiana State University the playing of Sales, deserves notice.


1902 LSU Tigers football team, Season summary, Vanderbilt
"The Vanderbilt boys are sore over the treatment they received. The Louisiana State University team couldn't take defeat in a sportsmanlike manner. They claimed that Vanderbilt knew their signals and made uncomplimentary remarks from their sidelines, and altogether the treatment was not as good as the team expected. Vanderbilt played a harder game than at Tulane, and Louisiana State University has a much better team than Tulane. Vanderbilt played a much faster game than Louisiana State University and every trick was a success. Louisiana State University depended entirely on straight football and never succeeded in working any trick.


1902 LSU Tigers football team, Season summary, Vanderbilt
"The teams were entertained with an elegant dinner after the game by Mr. W. P. Connell, and the University Athletic Association invited the two teams to a theatre party."


1902 LSU Tigers football team, Season summary, Alabama
Landry scored both touchdowns in an 11–0 defeat of Alabama to close the season.


1902 Lafayette football team
The 1902 Lafayette football team was an American football team that represented Lafayette College as an independent during the 1902 college football season. In its first season and only season under head coach Dave Fultz, the team compiled an 8–3 record. Harry Trout was the team captain. The team played its home games at March Field in Easton, Pennsylvania.


1902 Lake Forest Foresters football team
The 1902 Lake Forest Foresters football team was an American football team that represented Lake Forest University in the 1902 college football season.


1902 Latrobe Athletic Association season
The 1902 Latrobe Athletic Association season was their eighth season in existence. It was a low profile season for Latrobe. The team played in only 4 games this season and finished 2-0-2.


1902 Leeds North by-election
The Leeds North by-election, 1902 was a parliamentary by-election held for the House of Commons constituency of Leeds North in the West Riding of Yorkshire on 29 July 1902.


1902 Leeds North by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the elevation to the peerage of the sitting Conservative MP William Jackson. Jackson had held the seat since its creation for the general election of 1885, having previously been one of the MPs for the multi-member seat of Leeds.


1902 Leeds North by-election, Candidates
It was reported that both the Conservative and Liberal parties in Leeds were unprepared for a by-election, suggesting that Jackson’s peerage had come as a surprise to the party organisations if not to Jackson himself.


1902 Leeds North by-election, Candidates, Conservatives
The Conservatives considered a number of possible candidates including Colonel Thomas Walter Harding, a Liberal Unionist who had contested West Leeds against Herbert Gladstone and was a former Lord Mayor of Leeds;  F. Stanley Jackson, the son of the retiring MP and a Yorkshire County cricketer; and Reginald Wigram and Sir Arthur Lawson, who were both officers of the party in Leeds. They eventually selected Lawson, a 58-year-old businessman who was President of the Leeds Conservative Association.


1902 Leeds North by-election, Candidates, Liberals
North Leeds Liberal Association, who decided they wanted a strong local candidate, adopted Rowland Barran as their candidate in early July 1902. Other possible candidates mentioned in the press were G. J. Cockburn, chairman of the North Leeds Liberal Association and the Leeds School Board, and W. Beckworth, but there was no real contest. Barran was aged 44, and prominent in a firm of local clothing manufacturers and merchants. He was the son of Sir John Barran a former MP for Leeds and for the nearby seat of Otley. Rowland Barran was a member of Leeds City Council and a former member of the Leeds School Board.


1902 Leeds North by-election, Candidates, Labour
The Independent Labour Party in Leeds announced that they would definitely be standing a candidate in the by-election. They were considering Philip Snowden who later became a Labour MP and Chancellor of the Exchequer and two other local men as candidates, as well as T. B. Duncan, Secretary of the Shop Assistants Association. The party was reportedly not particularly strong in the division, with few members and in need of financial support from party headquarters. Keir Hardie visited Leeds with other top Labour and Trade union officials in early July 1902 to discuss the by-election.


1902 Leeds North by-election, Candidates, Labour
However, lack of resources eventually forced Labour not to bring forward a candidate. They had another by-election to fight in Clitheroe in Lancashire which was a better prospect and at a meeting of the ILP in Leeds on 4 July, Hardie told members that the fight in North Leeds would have to wait for a future election. Ironically the Labour position in the Clitheroe seat was so strong that both the Liberal and Conservatives chose not to contest it and the Labour candidate David Shackleton was returned unopposed.


1902 Leeds North by-election, Issues, Education
Education dominated the campaign. A number of historians have commented that the Liberal candidate fought the by-election exclusively or predominantly on the issue. As a former member of Leeds School Board, Barran took a strong interest in education. There was a robust debate going on around the government’s plans for an Education Bill to replace school boards with local education authorities and Liberals were highly exercised by the proposals to bring church schools into the public system.


1902 Leeds North by-election, Issues, Education
Many Liberals were strongly nonconformist and the idea that Church of England and Roman Catholic schools should be funded from the rates, a form of local taxation, was anathema to them. It provided the battle slogan ‘Rome on the Rates’ and united the party against the government. Barran, a Baptist by religion,  spoke out strongly against these plans at his first public meeting on 8 July 1902, saying the proposed Bill was biased towards the Anglican Church and what he described as ‘the clerical party’.


1902 Leeds North by-election, Issues, Education
The Bill was designed to endow the clerical party, to hand over management of schools to the churches rather than the people through elected school boards and was, he claimed, a deliberate attack on the Free Churches. Barran also held three further meetings specifically featuring the Education Bill issue. It was reported that Roman Catholics in the constituency put their support behind the Conservative candidate Sir Arthur Lawson.


1902 Leeds North by-election, Issues, Other issues
Other topical questions raised by the candidates included Irish Home Rule and Free Trade versus Tariff Reform. Temperance was also an issue supported by Barran while Lawson had the support of the electoral committee of the Amalgamated Licensing Trades. From the Liberal side there was an attack on the government for its inaction on social and economic questions, presumably against the background of the increasing importance being given to these issues by the emerging New Liberalism.


1902 Leeds North by-election, Issues, Other issues
The Conservatives seem to have spent the election in defence of the government but clearly took the attack to the Liberals on supposed internal dissensions in the Liberal Party, around the roles of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman and Lord Rosebery. Rosebery the former prime minister had become increasingly out of step with the mainstream of Liberal MPs on social reform and the role of the Empire. There were rival camps inside the party with the setting up of the Liberal Imperial Council in 1901 and the Liberal League in 1902.


1902 Leeds North by-election, Issues, Other issues
There were fears that this would formally split the party along the lines of the defection in 1886 of the Liberal Unionists with speculation that the Liberal League was a putative breakaway movement rather than simply a faction within the party arguing for a particular approach to government. The issue was heightened because of the Boer War but the Liberal approach during the by-election was to praise the troops and the generals while attacking the government for underestimating the numbers of troops needed and for resisting necessary reforms to the Army.


1902 Leeds North by-election, Result
The result was a Liberal gain from the government, with Barran turning a Tory majority of 2,517 at the 1900 general election into a Liberal majority of 758.


1902 Leeds North by-election, Result
There was a great upsurge of hope among Liberals that the result would send a message to the government on their plans for education reform  but these were not maintained and the Bill passed later that year.


1902 Leeds North by-election, Result
The result also indicated a change in the demography of the North Leeds area which the education issue highlighted. Dissenting churches and opinion were gaining prominence. One historian of Leeds has written that while dissent was always strong in the city, it was becoming more confident and less deferential as the middle class element in the chapels grew with the economy. Barran went on to hold the seat until the 1918 general election when he stood down from Parliament.


1902 Lehigh Brown and White football team
The 1902 Lehigh Brown and White football team was an American football team that represented Lehigh University as an independent during the 1902 college football season. In its first season under head coach Samuel B. Newton, the team compiled a 7–3–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 246 to 57.


1902 Liechtenstein general election
General elections were held in Liechtenstein in August and September 1902.


1902 Liechtenstein general election, Electors
Electors were selected through elections that were held between 25 and 28 August. Each municipality had two electors for every 100 inhabitants.


1902 Liechtenstein general election, Results
The election of Oberland's Landtag members and substitutes was held on 4 September in Vaduz. Of Oberland's 118 electors, 117 were present. Oberland elected seven Landtag members and three substitutes.


1902 Liechtenstein general election, Results
The election of Unterland's Landtag members and substitutes was held on 3 September in Mauren. All of Unterland's 74 electors were present. Unterland elected five Landtag members and two substitute.


1902 Liechtenstein general election, Results
Jakob Kaiser was appointed by Prince Johann II as a Landtag member on 21 September 1902.


1902 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
The 1902 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship was the 13th staging of the Limerick Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Limerick County Board in 1887.


1902 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
Young Irelands won the championship after a 2-09 to 0-05 defeat of Monagea in the final. It was their first ever championship title.


1902 Liverpool City Council election
Elections to Liverpool City Council were held on Saturday 1 November 1902.


1902 Liverpool City Council election
A total of 38 seats were up for election. Seven new seats were up for election for the first time: the third seat for the Anfield ward, and all three seats for each of the new wards of Aigburth and Garston.


1902 Liverpool City Council election, Election result
In view of the large number of uncontested seats, these statistics should be taken in that context.


1902 Liverpool City Council election, Ward results
Comparisons are made with the 1899 election results, as the retiring councillors were elected in that year.


1902 Liverpool City Council election, Ward results, Garston
As Edward Wrake Turner received the highest number of seats his term of office was due to expire on 1 November 1905. As Frederick James Rawlinson received the second highest number of seats his term of office was due to expire on 1 November 1904. As James Picthall received the third highest number of seats his term of office was due to expire on 1 November 1903.


1902 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Election
It was reported to the council on 9 November 1902 that Garston Urban District Council had nominated John Ernest Tinne (Aigburth ward) and William Newall (Garston ward) to be  aldermen. These two were duly elected as aldermen by the councillors and aldermen on 9 November 1902.


1902 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No.13, North Scotland, 17 December 1902
Caused by the death of Councillor James Daly (Irish Nationalist, North Scotland, elected 1 November 1900) on 18 November 1902 was reported to the Council on 29 November 1902.


1902 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 12, Edge Hill, 30 January 1903
Caused by the death of Councillor Samuel Wasse Higginbottom MP (Conservative, elected 1 November 1902) on 28 December 1902.


1902 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 29 Aigburth, 30 April 1903
Caused by the resignation of Alderman John Ernest Tinne (elected 9 November 1902), which was reported to the council on 4 March 1893.


1902 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 29 Aigburth, 30 April 1903
Councillor William Hall Jowett (Conservative, Aigburth, elected 1 November 1902) was elected as an alderan by the council (councillors and aldermen) on 1 April 1903.


1902 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No.16, Exchange, 15 June 1903
The death of Alderman James Ruddin occurred on 21 April 1903 was reported to the Council on 6 May 1903. His place was taken by Councillor Edmond Brownbill (Liberal. Exchange, elected 1 November 1902) was elected as an alderman by the council (Councillors and Aldermen) on 3 June 1903.


1902 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No.3 Anfield, 26 May 1903
The death of Councillor John Valentine Smith (Conservative, Anfield elected 10 May 1901) on 1 May 1903 was reported to the council on 6 May 1903


1902 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No.26, Dingle, 15 June 1903
Caused by the resignation of Councillor Austin Taylor MP (Conservative, Dingle, elected 1 November 1902)


1902 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No.30, Garston, 27 July 1903
The death of Alderman William Newall on 5 June 1903 was reported to the Council on 10 June 1903.


1902 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No.30, Garston, 27 July 1903
In his place, Councillor Edward Wrake Turner (Independent Conservative, Garston, elected 1 November 1902) was elected as an alderman by the council (councillors and aldermen) on 1 July 1903..


1902 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. Sandhills, 6 August 1903
The death of Councillor Thomas Salter (Liberal, Sandhills, elected 1 November 1901) on 5 July 1903 was reported to the council on 5 August 1903.


1902 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No.21, Abercromby,
Caused by the death of Councillor Lorents Braun Haddock (Conservative, Abercromby, elected 1 November 1900) on 21 August 1903, which was reported to the Council on 2 September 1903.


1902 Liverpool East Toxteth by-election
The 1902 Liverpool East Toxteth by-election was held on 6 November 1902 after the resignation of the Conservative MP Augustus Frederick Warr. The seat was retained by the Conservative candidate Austin Taylor.


1902 Liverpool East Toxteth by-election, Vacancy
The by-election in East Toxteth was caused by the resignation on 27 October 1902 of the sitting Conservative MP, Augustus Frederick Warr. Warr was a solicitor who had held the seat since he was elected unopposed in a by-election in 1895. He was re-elected unopposed in the general election in 1900, but found that the increasing workload of Parliament was incompatible with his legal work in Liverpool and his wife's long-term illness. He resigned his seat on 27 October 1902 by the procedural device of accepting appointment as Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds, triggering the by-election.


1902 Liverpool East Toxteth by-election, Candidates
The Conservative party discussed several possible candidates, and at a meeting of the local party on 27 October selected as candidate Austin Taylor, head of the steamship company of Messrs. Hugh Evans and Co. Taylor was a prominent member of the Liverpool City Council and Chairman of the Laymen′s League.


1902 Liverpool East Toxteth by-election, Candidates
The selection was somewhat controversial among local members, and Peter McGuffie, another Conservative city councillor, was approached to contest the division as an Independent Conservative, but declined in a letter to newspapers printed 29 October.


1902 Liverpool East Toxteth by-election, Candidates
The Liberal party candidate was Herbert Rathbone, a city councillor of Liverpool and nephew of recently deceased Liberal MP William Rathbone (1819–1902).


1902 Liverpool East Toxteth by-election, Issues
Following the successful campaign in the Leeds North by-election in July 1902, the Liberal party spent much time on the government’s plans for an Education Bill to replace school boards with local education authorities, which included proposals to bring church schools into the public system. Many Liberals were strongly nonconformist and the idea that Church of England and Roman Catholic schools should be funded from the rates, a form of local taxation, was anathema to them. It provided the battle slogan ‘Rome on the Rates’ and united the party against the government. The bill was debated in the House as the campaign in East Toxteth took place. Rathbone ″strongly denounced″ the bill, whereas Taylor said he would assist in passing the amended version.


1902 Liverpool East Toxteth by-election, Issues
Taylor spoke out as a stanch opponent of Home Rule for Ireland, while Rathbone argued for devolution which would ″satisfy the reasonable aspiration of the Irish people and at the same time add to the efficiency of the Imperial Parliament″.


1902 Liverpool East Toxteth by-election, Issues
Taylor advanced the government′s naval policy, highlighting the ″duty of the nation at all costs see to it that the high roads of the sea was kept open for the safe passage of our ships and the safe transport to our shores of the means of sustenance for the population.″


1902 Liverpool East Toxteth by-election, Result
The election result was announced on the evening of November 6, with the Conservative candidate Austin Taylor the winner. The fairly close race in a Conservative district was explained by local causes (the split among conservatives), and not as another Liberal win (they had won another by-election on the previous day).


1902 Liverpool East Toxteth by-election, Result
Austin was re-elected unopposed in the 1906 general election, but later the same year resigned the Conservative whip and joined the Liberal party.


1902 Los Angeles mayoral election
The 1902 election for Mayor of Los Angeles took place on December 1, 1902. Incumbent Meredith P. Snyder was re-elected.


1902 Louisiana Industrial football team
The 1902 Louisiana Industrial football team was an American football team that represented the Louisiana Industrial Institute (now known as Louisiana Tech University) as an independent during the 1902 college football season. In their first and only year under head coaches Frank Singleton and Howard F. Crandell, the team compiled a 1–1–1 record.


1902 Maine gubernatorial election
The 1902 Maine gubernatorial election took place on September 8, 1902.


1902 Maine gubernatorial election
Incumbent Republican Governor John Fremont Hill was re-elected to a second term in office, defeating Democratic candidate Samuel Wadsworth Gould.


1902 Major League Baseball season
The 1902 Major League Baseball season was contested from April 17 through October 5, 190 with each team schedule to play the other seven teams in their league 20 times for a 140-game season. It was the second season for the American League (AL), with the Philadelphia Athletics finishing first in league standings. In the National League (NL), in operation since 1876, the Pittsburgh Pirates finished atop league standings for the second consecutive season. There was no postseason.


1902 Major League Baseball season
Prior to the season, the Milwaukee Brewers moved and became the St. Louis Browns; the franchise would remain in St. Louis through 1953, and in 1954 moved again to become the Baltimore Orioles.


1902 Marshall Thundering Herd football team
The 1902 Marshall Thundering Herd football team represented Marshall College (now Marshall University) in the 1902 college football season. The team did not have a coach, and outscored their opponents 65–2 in seven games.


1902 Marshall Thundering Herd football team
The 1902 season marked the fourth undefeated season in a row for Marshall.


1902 Maryland Aggies football team
The 1902 Maryland Aggies football team represented Maryland Agricultural College (later part of the University of Maryland) in the 1902 college football season. In their first season under head coach D. John Markey, the Aggies compiled a 3–5–2 record and were outscored by their opponents, 90 to 28. On October 22, 1902, the team secured its first victory in four years in an intercollegiate football game, defeating Columbian University (later known as George Washington University) by an 11–10 score.


1902 Massachusetts Aggies football team
The 1902 Massachusetts Aggies football team represented Massachusetts Agricultural College in the 1902 college football season. The team was coached by James Halligan and played its home games at Alumni Field in Amherst, Massachusetts. Massachusetts finished the season with a record of 2–3–2.


1902 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1902 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 4, 1902. Incumbent Republican Governor W. Murray Crane did not run for re-election. Lt . Governor John L. Bates was elected to succeed him, defeating Democratic nominee William A. Gaston and Socialist John C. Chase.


1902 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
This election was the first in which the newly formed Socialist Party of America fielded a candidate and Chase's 8.44% remains the largest vote any Socialist candidate for Governor has received as of 2021.


1902 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Republican convention
Lieutenant Governor John L. Bates was nominated for Governor by acclamation.


1902 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Bibliography
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1902 Massachusetts legislature
The 123rd Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1902 during the governorship of Winthrop M. Crane. Rufus A. Soule served as president of the Senate and James J. Myers served as speaker of the House.


1902 Metropolitan Rugby Union season
The 1902 Metropolitan Rugby Union season was the 29th season of the Sydney Rugby Premiership. It was the third season run for clubs that represented a district. Eight clubs (seven representing a district, the remaining club representing Sydney University) competed from May till August 1902. The season culminated in the third district premiership, which was won by Western Suburbs. Western Suburbs were crowned premiers by virtue of finishing the season on top of the table.


1902 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Teams
Eight clubs contested the season; seven clubs representing a district and one club representing Sydney University.


1902 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Teams
Formed on 22 March 1900Ground: Rushcutters Bay OvalCaptain: Percy Macnamara


1902 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Teams
Formed on 23 March 1900Ground: North Sydney OvalCaptain: Jack O'Donnell


1902 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Season Summary
The 1902 Sydney Rugby Premiership saw a popular win for the Western Suburbs District Football Club. The club had experienced the unfortunate and sad loss of their captain, William Shortland, at the end of the previous season. During the season, the team recovered from this huge loss to display improvement in defence, with only 4 tries scored against them over the final 7 rounds. Three-Quarter, Stanley Wickham demonstrated the importance of having a great goal kicker in the team, scoring 11 field goals during the season with 5 scored in one game against South Sydney.


1902 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Season Summary
Glebe opened the season in magnificent form defeating the two teams that eventually finished above them on the ladder. However, as the season progressed the team was required to shift players around due to injuries to important members of the team. As a result, over the final four rounds Glebe drew with North Sydney, drew with Western Suburbs and lost the penultimate match to University 6 to 4. This meant that they were out of contention for the premiership in the final round.


1902 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Season Summary
The final round of the season had been originally scheduled for 26 July and was postponed to the end of August due to heavy and persistent rain. This meant that for the last round of games for the season, the two teams in contention for the premiership would face each other in a "final". In order that representatives in both teams be able to depart on time for the intercolonial matches in Queensland, the game was scheduled for Wednesday, 27 August at 2pm. Again rain interfered with the quality of the game which resulted in Western Suburbs winning against Sydney University 4 points to 3.


1902 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Season Summary
At the conclusion of the season, the rugby world lost another significant player with the death of former University captain Horace Jones. Jones had previously captained the NSW team in intercolonial matches and had retired from rugby at the end of the 1901 season due to ill health. His cause of death was sarcoma, a soft tissue cancer.


1902 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Lower Grades
The MRFU also conducted Second Grade and Boroughs competitions this season.


1902 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Lower Grades, Second Grade
The eight First grade clubs entered a team each into the Second Grade competition. The season concluded with a final game between Glebe and Eastern Suburbs that was practically a final. The game ended in a draw. However, Glebe were declared premiers as they were one point ahead of Eastern Suburbs on the ladder.


1902 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Lower Grades, Boroughs Competition
Sixteen teams participated in the first Boroughs Competition. This was a competition for teams that did not necessarily represent a district. Non -district teams acted as a feeder club for the larger district teams. These teams were: Manly, Glebe, Gipps, Willoughby, Surry Hills, Rockdale, Balmain, Newtown, Leichhardt, Burwood, Marrickville, University, Annandale, North Sydney, Mosman and Parramatta. At the conclusion of the season, Manly sat undefeated at the top of the table and were thus declared Premiers.


1902 Miami Redskins football team
The 1902 Miami Redskins football team was an American football team that represented Miami University during the 1902 college football season. Under new head coach Peter McPherson, Miami compiled a 5–3–1 record.


1902 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team
The 1902 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team represented Michigan Agricultural College (MAC) in the 1902 college football season. In their second and final year under head coach George Denman, the Aggies compiled a 4–5 record and were outscored by their opponents 206 to 93.


1902 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team, Game summaries, Michigan
On Wednesday, October 8, 1902, the Aggies played a mid-week game against Michigan. Michigan defeated the Aggies by a score of 119 to 0. The Wolverines scored 71 points in the first half of 20 minutes and 48 in the second half of 18 minutes. The Michigan Alumnus called it "the greatest fusillade of touchdowns ever known to the football world," excluding Michigan's 128–0 win over Buffalo in 1901. Michigan was held on downs only once in the game, and the Aggies made only three first downs.


1902 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team, Game summaries, Michigan
Right halfback Albert Herrnstein ran back a kickoff the length of the field and scored seven touchdowns in the game. Willie Heston and Everett Sweeley did not play in the game, and the Detroit Free Press noted: "The opinion is quite general that if Heston and Sweeley had been in the game the Buffalo record would have been beaten, but, as it was, Michigan was simply fagged out running down the field for touchdowns." After the game, The Newark Advocate wrote:


1902 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team, Game summaries, Michigan
"Michigan has undoubtedly the fastest scoring team in the world, and the Ann Arbor boys play Yosts' 'hurry up' formations like clock work. It requires a fast team to take the ball, line up and score 119 points, even if they have no opponents in two 20 minute halves."


1902 Michigan State Normal Normalites football team
The 1902 Michigan State Normal Normalites football team represented Michigan State Normal College (later renamed Eastern Michigan University) during the 1902 college football season. The Normalites compiled a record of 1–5–1 and were outscored by a combined total of 125 to 43. Fred A. Belland was the team captain.


1902 Michigan State Normal Normalites football team
Michigan State Normal College had 820 students enrolled as of October 3, 1902. The college celebrated the 50th anniversary of its founding on October 6, shortly before the football season began.


1902 Michigan State Normal Normalites football team
Clayton Teetzel returned as the team's head coach for the third year. One of the team's most promising prospects, Harry Smith, left the squad before the season began as he had to work at a local drug store when school was not in session.


1902 Michigan State Normal Normalites football team
Teetzel left the program after the 1902-03 academic year; he went on to coach football at Utah State Agricultural College from 1909 to 1915.


1902 Michigan Wolverines football team
The 1902 Michigan Wolverines football team represented the University of Michigan in the 1902 Western Conference football season. In their second year under head coach Fielding H. Yost, Michigan finished the season undefeated with an 11–0 record, outscored their opponents by a combined score of 644 to 12, and became known as the second of Yost's famed "Point-a-Minute" teams. With a conference record of 5–0, Michigan won the Big Nine Conference championship. The 1902 Michigan Wolverines have also been recognized as the national champions by the Billingsley Report, Helms Athletic Foundation, Houlgate System, and National Championship Foundation, and as co-national champions by Parke H. Davis.


1902 Michigan Wolverines football team
Quarterback Boss Weeks was the team's captain and the leader of the Wolverines' offense that twice scored more than 100 points against opponents and averaged 58.5 points per game. Right halfback Albert E. Herrnstein was the team's leading scorer with 135 points on 27 touchdowns (valued at five points under 1902 rules). Fullback James E. Lawrence was the second-leading scorer with 113 points on 12 touchdowns and 53 extra point kicks (then known as "goals from touchdown"). Willie Heston, Joe Maddock and Paul J. Jones added 15, 12 and 11 touchdowns, respectively.


1902 Michigan Wolverines football team, Game summaries, Michigan 88, Albion 0
Michigan opened the 1902 season with an 88–0 victory over Albion College. Michigan completed all but one drive with touchdowns. The Wolverines starters scored eight touchdowns and 45 points in the first 20-minute half, and the substitutes added seven touchdowns and a safety in the second half. On defense, Michigan allowed only a single first down by Albion.


1902 Michigan Wolverines football team, Game summaries, Michigan 88, Albion 0
The game was played in halves of 20 minutes each. Rinehart of Lafayette was the umpire, and Thomas of Michigan was the referee. Michigan's starting lineup was Redden (left end), Johnson (left tackle), Baker (left guard), Gregory (center), Lawrence (right guard), Maddock (right tackle), Cole (right end), Weeks (quarterback), Heston (left halfback), Herrnstein (right halfback) and Jones (fullback).


1902 Michigan Wolverines football team, Game summaries, Michigan 48, Case 6
In its second game of the 1902, Michigan played the Case Scientific School (later Case Western Reserve University) of Cleveland. The October 4 game was the fifth meeting between the schools. Although Michigan scored eight touchdowns and easily defeated Case by a score of 48 to 6, the big story of the game was a 30-yard touchdown run by Case's left halfback, Davidson. Michigan had not allowed any points to be scored in the first 12 games under Fielding Yost. The headline in the Detroit Free Press referred not to Michigan's victory but instead read, "MICHIGAN'S GOAL LINE CROSSED." The Michigan Alumnus wrote that the touchdown by Case "caused consternation among coach, team, and students" as "it had been their fondest hope that the goal line should remain uncrossed another year."


1902 Michigan Wolverines football team, Game summaries, Michigan 48, Case 6
The game was played in halves of 20 minutes each. Rinehart of Lafayette was the umpire, and Gaston of Cleveland was the referee. Michigan's starting lineup was Redden (left end), Lawrence (left tackle), McGugin (left guard), Gregory (center), Carter (right guard), Maddock (right tackle), Cole (right end), Weeks (quarterback), Kidston (left halfback), Herrnstein (right halfback) and Jones (fullback).


1902 Michigan Wolverines football team, Game summaries, Michigan 119, Michigan Agricultural 0
Michigan played a mid-week game against Michigan Agricultural College (now known as Michigan State University) on Wednesday, October 8, 1902, four days after the win against Case. Michigan attained its highest point total of the year, defeating the Aggies by a score of 119-0. The Wolverines scored 71 points in the first half of 20 minutes and 48 in the second half of 18 minutes. The Michigan Alumnus called it "the greatest fusillade of touchdowns ever known to the football world," excluding Michigan's 128–0 win over Buffalo in 1901.


1902 Michigan Wolverines football team, Game summaries, Michigan 119, Michigan Agricultural 0
Michigan was held on downs only once in the game, and the Aggies made only three first downs. Right halfback Albert Herrnstein ran back a kickoff the length of the field and scored seven touchdowns in the game. Willie Heston and Everett Sweeley did not play in the game, and the Detroit Free Press noted: "The opinion is quite general that if Heston and Sweeley had been in the game the Buffalo record would have been beaten, but, as it was, Michigan was simply fagged out running down the field for touchdowns."


1902 Michigan Wolverines football team, Game summaries, Michigan 119, Michigan Agricultural 0
The game was played in two halves of 20 minutes and 18 minutes. Demonstrating the understatement of the "Point-a-Minute" name given to the team, the Wolverines scored 119 points in 38 minutes of play, an average of 3.1 points per minute. After the game, The Newark Advocate wrote:


1902 Michigan Wolverines football team, Game summaries, Michigan 119, Michigan Agricultural 0
"Michigan has undoubtedly the fastest scoring team in the world, and the Ann Arbor boys play Yosts' 'hurry up' formations like clock work. It requires a fast team to take the ball, line up and score 119 points, even if they have no opponents in two 20 minute halves."


1902 Michigan Wolverines football team, Game summaries, Michigan 119, Michigan Agricultural 0
Michigan's starting lineup was Redden (left end), Lawrence (left tackle), McGugin (left guard), Gregory (center), Carter (right guard), Maddock (right tackle), Cole (right end), Weeks (quarterback), Kidston (left halfback), Herrnstein (right halfback) and Jones (fullback). Richardson of Michigan was the umpire, and Thomas of Michigan was the referee.


1902 Michigan Wolverines football team, Game summaries, Michigan 60, Indiana 0
Michigan defeated Indiana 60-0 in the fourth game of the season. The Indiana team was led by College Football Hall of Famer Zora G. Clevenger.


1902 Michigan Wolverines football team, Game summaries, Michigan 60, Indiana 0
James Lawrence was the star of the game for Michigan. In his first game after Fielding Yost moved him to the fullback position, Lawrence scored four touchdowns and kicked nine goals after touchdown, accounting for 29 of Michigan's 60 points. The Michigan Alumnus wrote that Lawrence "was called upon repeatedly to take the ball and would always advance it eight or ten yards" with big holes being opened by guards Carter and McGugin. Michigan's "most spectacular play" of the game was a 75-yard touchdown run by Maddock. The Alumnus gave particular praise to the defense: "Only once was Indiana able to make an impression on her impregnable wall and that on a very short run by Clevenger."


1902 Michigan Wolverines football team, Game summaries, Michigan 60, Indiana 0
At the invitation of Michigan's graduate manager Charles A. Baird, more than 2,000 school children accompanied by their teachers attended the game. University of Michigan president James B. Angell also attended the game for the first time of the year. Wisconsin Badgers football coach Phil King also attended the game with his fullback Earl "Keg" Driver to scout the Michigan team in preparation for the upcoming game between the two teams.


1902 Michigan Wolverines football team, Game summaries, Michigan 60, Indiana 0
The game was played in halves of 25 and 20 minutes. Through the first four games of the season, Yost's "Point-a-Minute" team had scored 315 points in 163 minutes of play, an average of almost two points per minute.


1902 Michigan Wolverines football team, Game summaries, Michigan 60, Indiana 0
Michigan's starting lineup was Graver (left end), Baker (left tackle), McGugin (left guard), Gregory (center), Carter (right guard), Maddock (right tackle), Cole (right end), Weeks (quarterback), Heston (left halfback), Herrnstein (right halfback) and Lawrence (fullback).


1902 Michigan Wolverines football team, Game summaries, Michigan 23, Notre Dame 0
After four home games to open the season, Michigan played Notre Dame at a neutral site in Toledo, Ohio on October 18, 1902. The game was played on a slippery white clay field at Armory Park following a night of rain. Michigan had been heavily favored to win, and betting on the game was 2 to 1 that Notre Dame would not score. Though favored to run up a high score, Michigan scored only one touchdown and led 5-0 at the end of the first half. The Detroit Free Press wrote that the game was "the toughest proposition that the Wolverines have had, either this season or last year."


1902 Michigan Wolverines football team, Game summaries, Michigan 23, Notre Dame 0
Michigan tackle Joe Maddock was the leading scorer with three touchdowns. The game also marked the debut of right end Everett Sweeley, who punted several times for a distance of 60 yards. On the opening kickoff, Sweeley returned the ball with a punt to Notre Dame's 43-yard line.


1902 Michigan Wolverines football team, Game summaries, Michigan 23, Notre Dame 0
Although Notre Dame did not score on Michigan, its captain, Louis J. Salmon, demonstrated why he had earned "the reputation of being the hardest line bucker in the west." On one drive, Salmon took the ball to the Michigan 43-yard line in two attempts. After Notre Dame reached Michigan's 20-yard line, "Salmon went at it in the most vicious and determined manner to score. He took the ball eight times in succession but was finally held for downs on the 5-yard line."


1902 Michigan Wolverines football team, Game summaries, Michigan 23, Notre Dame 0
In the  second half, Michigan's running game wore down the Notre Dame defense. Michigan scored three touchdown in the second half, and Notre Dame did not move into Michigan territory. Michigan end Curtis Redden was ejected from the game after an altercation with Lonnegan of Notre Dame, though Redden claimed Lonnegan had been the instigator. After the game, Yost said, "I am satisfied. The score is just about what I thought it would be after I had taken a look at the field."


1902 Michigan Wolverines football team, Game summaries, Michigan 23, Notre Dame 0
The game was played in halves of 25 minutes. Hinkey of Yale was the umpire, and Jackson of Lake Forest was the referee. Michigan's starting lineup was Redden (left end), Cole (left tackle), McGugin (left guard), Gregory (center), Carter (right guard), Maddock (right tackle), Sweeley (right end), Graver (quarterback), Heston (left halfback), Herrnstein (right halfback) and Jones (fullback).


1902 Michigan Wolverines football team, Game summaries, Michigan 86, Ohio State 0
In the sixth game of the season, Michigan defeated Ohio State 86–0 in Ann Arbor on October 25, 1902. The game was played in front of a crowd of 6,000 (including 2,000 from Columbus), "the largest crowd ever gathered at Ferry Field." Michigan scored 45 points in the first half and 41 points in the second half.


1902 Michigan Wolverines football team, Game summaries, Michigan 86, Ohio State 0
On offense, the Detroit Free Press wrote that the Wolverines "simply ran the Ohio team off their feet." Willie Heston reportedly returned to "his 1901 form," scoring the game's first points with a 20-yard end run after three minutes of play. Heston scored his second touchdown on a 70-yard run. Albert Herrnstein was credited by the Free Press with the most consistent play for Michigan and with "the star play of the day by cutting inside of end and running 35 yards for a touchdown." The Free Press noted that, despite the coaching of former Yale fullback Perry Hale, the Ohio State players lacked "the first rudiments of tackling" and "failed to hold a man when they got their arms around him."


1902 Michigan Wolverines football team, Game summaries, Michigan 86, Ohio State 0
Michigan's defense was credited with playing a strong game as "Ohio State never got near enough to Michigan's goal line to see what the cross-bars looked like." Ohio State's longest gain was a 15-yard run around Michigan's right end for a 15-yard gain in the second half. Everett Sweeley made the tackle to stop a touchdown. Herb Graver also blocked a punt for Michigan.


1902 Michigan Wolverines football team, Game summaries, Michigan 86, Ohio State 0
The game was played in halves of 35 and 25 minutes. Hinkey of Yale was the umpire, and Hoagland of Princeton was the referee. Michigan's starting lineup was Redden (left end), Palmer (left tackle), McGugin (left guard), Gregory (center), Carter (right guard), Maddock (right tackle), Sweeley (right end), Weeks (quarterback), Heston (left halfback), Herrnstein (right halfback) and Lawrence (fullback).


1902 Michigan Wolverines football team, Game summaries, Michigan 6, Wisconsin 0
In the seventh game of the season, Michigan faced its toughest opponent, the Wisconsin Badgers. The game matched the two western teams that had finished the 1901 season with undefeated records and was played at Marshall Field in Chicago in front of a crowd estimated variously at between 20,000 and 22,000, the largest number ever to watch a college football game in the west.


1902 Michigan Wolverines football team, Game summaries, Michigan 6, Wisconsin 0
Michigan scored the game's only points at the end of a 65-yard drive seven minutes into the first half. Willie Heston had the longest run (20 yards) on the drive, and Joe Maddock scored the touchdown on a run through the tackle from the two-yard line. Despite the close score, Wisconsin only once had the ball in Michigan's territory. The Michigan Alumnus wrote:


1902 Michigan Wolverines football team, Game summaries, Michigan 6, Wisconsin 0
"The play was in Wisconsin's territory practically the whole time. They never got within striking distance of Michigan's goal, while Michigan was held at one time with the ball less than a yard from Wisconsin's goal line, at another time was held inside the 15-yard line, and still again lost the ball on a fumble on the 7-yard line."


1902 Michigan Wolverines football team, Game summaries, Michigan 6, Wisconsin 0
The Detroit Free Press opened its coverage of the game as follows: "In what is conceded to be the greatest football game ever played on a western gridiron, Michigan decisively defeated Wisconsin on Marshall field this afternoon and undoubtedly won at the same time the championship of the west, though a later game must be won before that honor can be claimed." Four times Michigan moved the ball deep into Wisconsin territory, and all four times Michigan's field goal attempts by Lawrence and Sweeley were unsuccessful.


1902 Michigan Wolverines football team, Game summaries, Michigan 6, Wisconsin 0
In the middle of the first half, a temporary bleacher at the northeast corner of the field collapsed, "carrying with it a mass of struggling  people." Several hundred people were thrown to the ground in the accident. The Detroit Free Press described the scene following the collapse: "A shudder went through the grand stands, and the game was stopped. A score of men were injured, but no one were killed. The immense crowd about the gridiron took advantage of the confusion to break down the wire fence surrounding it, and hundreds swarmed onto the field. The few police were powerless to force them out, but the scrubs from both teams lined up against the crowd and shoved them away from the side lines so the game could be played." The game was resumed after a 15-minute delay.


1902 Michigan Wolverines football team, Game summaries, Michigan 6, Wisconsin 0
The inadequate seating capacity of Marshall Field was blamed for the accident. The bleacher was designed to hold 400 but was crowded beyond its capacity. The facilities were insufficient for the crowd that showed for the game, and there were reports of spectators offering $20 for a ticket.


1902 Michigan Wolverines football team, Game summaries, Michigan 6, Wisconsin 0
The game was played in equal halves of 35 minutes. Michigan's starting lineup was Redden (left end), Palmer (left tackle), McGugin (left guard), Gregory (center), Carter (right guard), Maddock (right tackle), Sweeley (right end), Weeks (quarterback), Heston (left halfback), Herrnstein (right halfback) and Jones (fullback).


1902 Michigan Wolverines football team, Game summaries, Michigan 6, Wisconsin 0
Approximately 2,000 students accompanied the team to Chicago, and an account from Chicago was relayed to Ann Arbor's Athens theater which was "packed with students and citizens." When the final score was announced, the crowd of 1,500 voices sung, "Oh! What have we done? Oh! What have we done? We have put Wisconsin on the bum. That's what we have done." When the Michigan team returned to Ann Arbor late in the evening, they were met by a big delegation that marched behind the bus singing."