18th Attack Squadron, History, World War II
Activated as part of IV Fighter Command in early 1943 with Bell P-39 Airacobras, the squadron was an air defense unit for the San Francisco area as well as a Replacement Training Unit until the end of 1943. It then retrained on North American P-51 Mustangs and deployed to the European Theater of Operations, where it was assigned to IX Fighter Command in the United Kingdom. It operated both as a tactical fighter squadron, providing air support to Allied ground forces in France as well as an air defense squadron, attacking enemy aircraft over Europe.


18th Attack Squadron, History, World War II
In August 1944, the squadron was redesignated the 161st Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron carrying out photo-reconnaissance missions. The unit was inactivated in November 1945.


18th Attack Squadron, History, Cold War tactical reconnaissance
Reactivated in 1945 at Brooks Field, Texas under the 363d Reconnaissance Group, it trained with the Lockheed RF-80A Shooting Star. The 18th moved to Langley Field in 1947 when Brooks was transferred to Strategic Air Command. The squadron was reassigned directly to the Fourteenth Air Force in 1949 when the 363d was inactivated and moved to Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina.


18th Attack Squadron, History, Cold War tactical reconnaissance
The unit was reassigned to the 363d when the group was reactivated at Shaw on 2 April 1951. It became a training squadron with a mission to provide photographic intelligence training to support both air and ground operations by American or Allied ground forces. Upgraded to the Republic RF-84F Thunderflash in 1954, it continued training operations until 1957 when it re-equipped with the McDonnell RF-101C Voodoo.


18th Attack Squadron, History, Cold War tactical reconnaissance
The squadron was reassigned to the 66th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing and deployed to NATO in 1959. It operated from France until 1966, moving to RAF Upper Heyford, England. It remained in the UK until 1970, when it returned to Shaw AFB and was assigned to the 363d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing. It was re-equipped with the McDonnell RF-4C Phantom II at Shaw and performed training for new photo-reconnaissance pilots until 1979 when it was inactivated.


18th Attack Squadron, History, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle reconnaissance
The squadron was reactivated at Beale Air Force Base, California as the 18th Reconnaissance Squadron, a Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk strategic reconnaissance unmanned aerial vehicle squadron between 2006 and 2007. It was reactivated at Creech Air Force Base, Nevada in 2009 as a General Atomics MQ-1 Predator squadron. In May 2016, the squadron was renamed the 18th Attack Squadron.


18th Attack Squadron, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


18th Avenue Library
The 18th Avenue Library (formerly the Science and Engineering Library) is a library on the Ohio State University campus, in Columbus, Ohio, United States.


18th Avenue station (BMT Sea Beach Line)
18th Avenue is a local station on the BMT Sea Beach Line of the New York City Subway, located at the intersection of 18th Avenue and 64th Street in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn. It is served by the N train at all times. During rush hours, several W and northbound Q trains also serve the station.


18th Avenue station (BMT Sea Beach Line), Station layout
This open-cut station opened on June 22, 1915. It has four tracks and two side platforms, but the two center express tracks are not normally used. The Coney Island-bound express track has been disconnected from the line and the Manhattan-bound express track is signaled for trains in both directions. Both platforms are made of concrete and have beige (previously blue-green) rectangular columns running along them at regular intervals, alternating ones having the standard black name plate with white lettering. The platform walls are also beige.


18th Avenue station (BMT Sea Beach Line), Station layout
This station was renovated between 2016 and 2019. From January 18, 2016 to May 22, 2017, the Manhattan-bound platform at this station was closed for renovations. The Coney Island-bound platform was closed for a much longer period of time, from July 31, 2017 to July 1, 2019.


18th Avenue station (BMT Sea Beach Line), Station layout
The 2019 artwork here is called Fluxus/Rythmus by Emilio Perez. It features 22 glass mosaic panels, with forms inspired by movement and the energy of the neighborhood of the station.


18th Avenue station (BMT Sea Beach Line), Station layout, Exits
This station has two fare control areas, one at each end of the platforms. The full-time side is at the east (railroad south) end. A single staircase from each platform goes up to a metal crossover, where a short staircase goes up to a set of doors that lead to the station house's waiting area. A turnstile bank provides access to and from the station. Outside fare control, there is a token booth and doors leading to the west side of 18th Avenue between 63rd and 64th Streets. The station house is shared with several businesses.


18th Avenue station (BMT Sea Beach Line), Station layout, Exits
On the west (railroad north) end of the station, one staircase from each platform goes up to a metal crossover, where a set of doors lead to an un-staffed station house with one exit only turnstile and one High Entry/Exit Turnstile providing access to and from the station. The doors lead to the west side of 17th Avenue between 63rd and 64th Streets.


18th Avenue station (BMT West End Line)
18th Avenue is a local station on BMT West End Line of the New York City Subway in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn. It is served by the D train at all times. The station opened in 1916 as part of the BMT West End Line, which was upgraded into an elevated line as part of the Dual Contracts. Its platforms were extended to accommodate ten-car trains in the 1960s, and the station was renovated in 2012. The station is scheduled to become compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 through the installation of elevators.


18th Avenue station (BMT West End Line), History, Construction and opening
The 18th Avenue station opened on June 24, 1916, as the terminal of the first portion of the BMT West End Line, which extended from 36th Street on the BMT Fourth Avenue Line. The line was originally a surface excursion railway to Coney Island, called the Brooklyn, Bath and Coney Island Railroad, which was established in 1862, but did not reach Coney Island until 1864. Under the Dual Contracts of 1913, an elevated line was built over New Utrecht Avenue, 86th Street and Stillwell Avenue. The section of the West End Line between 62nd Street and this station originally opened with only one track in service. The second track between 62nd Street and 18th Avenue opened on July 8, 1916.


18th Avenue station (BMT West End Line), History, Renovations
The platforms were extended in the 1960s to accommodate the current standard B Division train length of 615 feet (187 m).


18th Avenue station (BMT West End Line), History, Renovations
In 2012, the station was rehabilitated with funding from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.


18th Avenue station (BMT West End Line), History, Renovations
In 2019, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority announced that this station would become compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 through the installation of elevators as part of the agency's 2020–2024 Capital Program.


18th Avenue station (BMT West End Line), Station layout
This elevated station has three tracks and two side platforms. The center express track is not normally used. The station is situated in between two curves and the platforms have been extended to the north on both sides.


18th Avenue station (BMT West End Line), Station layout
The 2012 artwork here is called Bensonhurst Gardens by Francesco Simeti. It features laminated glass windows on the platform windscreens, depicting imaginary flowery landscapes.


18th Avenue station (BMT West End Line), Station layout, Exits
There is a single mezzanine with three stairs to the street (two to the northeast corner of 18th Avenue and 85th Street, and one to the southeast corner) as well as two to each platform.


18th Avenue station (BMT West End Line), In popular culture
Some exterior scenes of the 1991 Steven Seagal film Out for Justice were shot outside this station.


18th Avenue station (IND Culver Line)
18th Avenue is an express station on the IND Culver Line of the New York City Subway, located at the intersection of 18th Avenue and McDonald Avenue in Borough Park, Brooklyn. It is served by the F train at all times and the <F> train during rush hours in the peak direction.


18th Avenue station (IND Culver Line), History
This station opened at 3:00 a.m. on March 16, 1919, as part of the opening of the first section of the BMT Culver Line. The initial section began at the Ninth Avenue station and ended at the Kings Highway station. The line was operated as a branch of the Fifth Avenue Elevated line, with a free transfer at Ninth Avenue to the West End Line into the Fourth Avenue Subway. The opening of the line resulted in reduced travel times between Manhattan and Kings Highway. Construction on the line began in 1915, and cost a total of $3.3 million.


18th Avenue station (IND Culver Line), History
Trains from this station began using the Fourth Avenue Subway to the Nassau Street Loop in Lower Manhattan when that line opened on May 30, 1931. The Fifth Avenue Elevated was closed on May 31, 1940, and elevated service ceased stopping here. On October 30, 1954, the connection between the IND South Brooklyn Line at Church Avenue and the BMT Culver Line at Ditmas Avenue opened. With the connection completed, all service at the stations on the former BMT Culver Line south of Ditmas Avenue, including this one, were from then on served by IND trains.


18th Avenue station (IND Culver Line), History
From June 1968 to 1987, express service on the elevated portion of the line from Church Avenue to Kings Highway operated in the peak direction (to Manhattan AM; to Brooklyn PM), with some F trains running local and some running express. During this time period, this station was used as an express station. Express service ended in 1987, largely due to budget constraints and complaints from passengers at local stations. Express service on the elevated Culver Line was ended due to necessary structural work, but never restored.


18th Avenue station (IND Culver Line), History
From June 7, 2016, to May 1, 2017, the southbound platform at this station was closed for renovations, with southbound trains stopping on the center track using the Manhattan-bound platform. The Manhattan-bound platform was closed for a longer period of time, from May 22, 2017 until July 30, 2018, and Manhattan-bound trains stopped on the center track using the Coney Island-bound platform.


18th Avenue station (IND Culver Line), Station layout
This elevated station has two island platforms and three tracks, with the center track not normally used. Except for small sections at either ends, both platforms have brown canopies with green frames and support columns for the entire length. The un-canopied areas have black station sign structures.


18th Avenue station (IND Culver Line), Station layout
The 2018 artwork here is called We are each others by Julien Gardair. It features steel figural sculptures on the platforms that are integrated with seating elements, inspired by historical figures and present residents of the area.


18th Avenue station (IND Culver Line), Station layout, Exits
This station has two entrances/exits, both of which are elevated station houses beneath the tracks. The full-time exit is at the north end. A single staircase from each platform goes down to a waiting area that allows a free transfer between directions and contains public restrooms. Outside of the turnstile bank, there is a token booth and two street stairs going down to either southern corners of 18th and McDonald Avenues.


18th Avenue station (IND Culver Line), Station layout, Exits
The station's other entrance/exit at the south end also has a staircase from each platform, waiting area, and two street stairs going down to either side of McDonald Avenue between Lawrence and Parkville Avenues. However, the station house is unstaffed, containing just High Entry/Exit Turnstiles.


18th Avenue station (IND Culver Line), Track layout
North of the station there is a double crossover between the southbound local track and the center express track. Also north of this station, there is a switch from the center express track to the northbound local track. There was formerly a switch to the south, and the girder that formerly supported such a switch indicates that it was a track diverging from the northbound local track to the middle track.


18th Avenue station (IND Culver Line), In popular culture
This station is featured in Kevin Smith's film Cop Out as well as in Allen Coulter's film Remember Me, both released in 2010.. A chase scene from Joker (2019), starring Joaquin Phoenix, was also filmed here.


18th Aviation Brigade (United States)
The 18th Aviation Brigade ("Black Barons") is an inactive aviation brigade of the United States Army. Its initial formation in 1987 drew upon the resources of the 269th Aviation Battalion, originally formed in 1966.


18th Aviation Brigade (United States), History
The 269th Aviation Battalion served with the 12th Aviation Group in South Vietnam from 28 January 1967 to 15 April 1971, being located at Củ Chi Base Camp. It primarily supported the 25th Infantry Division.


18th Aviation Brigade (United States), History, Gulf War
On 17 August 1987, Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 18th Aviation Brigade, was activated. On 1 September 1987, the 269th Aviation Battalion was reorganized and redesignated as the 18th Aviation Brigade (Corps)(Airborne). The brigade has since participated in Operation Prime Chance in the Persian Gulf, Operation Just Cause in Panama, and "Desert Shield and Storm" in Southwest Asia, and Hurricane Andrew Relief in Southern Florida.


18th Aviation Brigade (United States), History, Gulf War
On the first day of the Gulf War 24 February 1991, the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) began its attack with its Boeing AH-64 Apaches, Bell AH-1 Cobras, 60 Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawks and 40 Boeing CH-47 Chinooks augmented by the XVIII Airborne Corps' 18th Aviation Brigade and began lifting the 1st Brigade into what became Forward Operating Base Cobra (FOB), 93 miles (150 km) into Iraq and halfway to the Euphrates River. Over three hundred helicopter sorties ferried the troops and equipment into the objective area in the largest heliborne operation in military history.


18th Aviation Brigade (United States), History, Gulf War
Four of the CH-47D Chinooks from A Co 2/159th were temporarily assigned to the 82nd airborne for the war but were released after the first day of the ground war and after objectives on MSR Texas were completed and their assistance's along with the rest of the Battalion was needed elsewhere in theatre supporting the 101st, 24ID and 82nd when called.


18th Aviation Brigade (United States), History, Gulf War
The other operation the brigade administered in the Gulf was the activities of Task Force 118, the former Operation Prime Chance force. TF 118, or 4th Squadron, 17th Cavalry Regiment, as it became on 15 January 1991, operated armed Bell OH-58D Kiowas off U.S. Navy warships.


18th Aviation Brigade (United States), History, 2000s
An undated listing on Globalsecurity.org, seemingly for the early 2000s, said the brigade's units included two active, and eight National Guard battalions. The active units were:


18th Aviation Brigade (United States), History, 2000s
The 18th Aviation Brigade was also deployed to Iraq from October 2004 to October 2005. This was the last time the brigade was deployed as a unit. The unit supplied aviation assets all across Iraq, ranging from combat missions to service and support missions. As part of an Army-wide restructuring, the brigade was deactivated shortly after its return from Iraq in March 2006. Although designated as an airborne unit, parachute qualification was not a prerequisite for assignment to the brigade and many, if not most, in the brigade were not jump-qualified.


18th Bangladesh National Film Awards
The 18th Bangladesh National Film Awards, presented by Ministry of Information, Bangladesh to felicitate the best of Bangladeshi Cinema released in the year 1993. The ceremony took place in Dhaka and awards were given by then President of Bangladesh. The National Film Awards are the only film awards given by the government itself. Every year, a national panel appointed by the government selects the winning entry, and the award ceremony is held in Dhaka. 1993 was the 18th ceremony of National Film Awards.


18th Bangladesh National Film Awards, List of winners
This year artists received awards in 19 categories. Awards for Best Short Film and Best Actor in a Supporting Role were not given.


18th Battalion (Australia)
The 18th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army. During World War I, the battalion was raised in 1915 as part of the Australian Imperial Force, attached to the 5th Brigade, of the 2nd Division. It was sent initially to Gallipoli, where it suffered many casualties before it was withdrawn from the line and sent to France and Belgium, where it served at the Western Front as part of the Australian Corps and took part in most of the major battles between 1916 and 1918. The battalion's last engagement of the war was at Montbrehain in October 1918 and it was disbanded in April 1919.


18th Battalion (Australia)
After the war, the battalion was re-raised as a part-time force in the Sydney area. It was briefly amalgamated with the 51st Battalion in 1935–1936, but the two units were later unlinked and re-raised as separate units. During World War II, the battalion served in a garrison role in Australia and was disbanded in 1944 without having seen active service overseas.


18th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I
Raised as an Australian Imperial Force (AIF) battalion in March 1915 as part of the 5th Brigade of the 2nd Division, the 18th Battalion was formed at Liverpool, New South Wales. Following training, the battalion was sent to Egypt, and from there to Gallipoli in August 1915 as part of a wave of reinforcements that arrived after the initial landing. There it participated in the costly August Offensive, during which it was sent to Damakjelik Bair.


18th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I
From there, they played a mainly defensive role in the campaign, apart from playing a minor role in the attack on Hill 60, Beginning the battle with about 1,000 men, by the end the battalion could muster only 386. Following that, the battalion was placed in reserve behind the 5th Brigade's positions between Walker's Ridge and Quinn's Post, until they were withdrawn in December 1915. Their main area of responsibility during this time was Courtney's Post.


18th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I
After returning to Egypt, the AIF underwent a period of reorganisation as it was expanded from two infantry battalions to five prior to their transfer to Europe. As the battalion was rebuilt, further training was undertaken before it was sent to France, arriving there in late March 1916. For the next two-and-a-half years they participated in most of the main battles fought by the Australians on the Western Front. Their first major action came at Pozières in mid-1916 as part of the wider Battle of the Somme, being committed twice in July and August.


18th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I
In late August, the 18th was withdrawn to Belgium to recover, before returning to the Somme in October. For the rest of 1916, the battalion undertook defensive duties along the front, although they were not involved in any major attacks. The following year, the Germans shortened their lines and withdrew to the Hindenburg Line, after which the 18th Battalion took part in the fighting around Warlencourt in February 1917 as the Allies sought to follow up the German withdrawal. A brief advance followed before they came up against the forward positions of the Hindenburg Line. In May, the 18th Battalion was committed to the Second Battle of Bullecourt before moving again to Belgium where they saw further action around the Ypres Salient at Menin Road in September and Poelcappelle in October before settling down for the winter.


18th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I
In early 1918, following the collapse of the Russian resistance on the Eastern Front, the Germans had been able to transfer many troops to the Western Front. As a result, in March, they launched their German spring offensive. With the Germans making rapid gains, Australian units, including the 18th Battalion, were moved south from Belgium where they had spent the winter and they were thrown into the line to help blunt the attack around Villers-Bretonneux, which lay before the strategically important rail hub at Amiens.


18th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I
After this, in August the Allies were able to launch their own offensive, which subsequently became known as the Hundred Days Offensive and ultimately brought about the Armistice. During this offensive, the battalion fought at Amiens and Mont St Quentin before assaulting "Beaurevoir Line", which was the third (and final) fortified line of the Hindenburg Line. There, at Montbrehain, on 3 October 1918, Lieutenant Joseph Maxwell earned the battalion's first and only Victoria Cross in what was ultimately to prove their last engagement of the war.


18th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I
After this the units of the Australian Corps, severely depleted due to heavy casualties and limited reinforcements, were withdrawn from the line upon the insistence of the Australian prime minister, Billy Hughes, for rest and re-organisation and did not return to the front before the Armistice was declared on 11 November 1918.


18th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I
Following the end of hostilities, the demobilisation process began and as personnel were repatriated back to Australia, the battalion's numbers dwindled until the battalion was finally disbanded on 11 April 1919, while it was still in Belgium. Throughout the course of the war, the battalion suffered 3,513 casualties, of which 1,060 were killed. Members of the battalion received the following decorations: one Victoria Cross, one Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George, five Distinguished Service Orders, 35 Distinguished Conduct Medals, 44 Military Crosses, 158 Military Medals, seven Meritorious Service Medals and 39 Mentions in Despatches. The 18th Battalion received 20 battle honours for its war service.


18th Battalion (Australia), History, Subsequent service
Australia's part-time military force was re-organised in 1921 to perpetuate the numerical designations, battle honours and formations of the AIF. The 18th Battalion was re-raised in the Kuring-Gai region of Sydney, as part of the Citizens Forces, at this time drawing personnel from 17th and 18th Infantry Regiments. In 1927, when territorial designations were adopted, it assumed the title of the "Kuring-Gai Regiment". On 1 July 1935, the 18th Battalion was amalgamated with the 51st Battalion to form the 18th/51st Battalion. This lasted until 1 October 1936, when the two battalions were unlinked and re-formed as separate units.


18th Battalion (Australia), History, Subsequent service
At the outbreak of World War II, the battalion was based at Willoughby, New South Wales, where it formed part of the 8th Brigade, attached to the 1st Division within the 2nd Military District. By April 1941, the battalion formed part of the 9th Brigade. In November 1942, the battalion's machine gun company was detached and in conjunction with several other Militia machine gun companies, it was used to form the 6th Machine Gun Battalion. Throughout the war, the battalion remained in Australia, where it conducted garrison duties before being disbanded on 20 October 1944. Over the course of the war, it was assigned variously to the 8th, 9th, 28th and 1st Brigades.


18th Battalion (Australia), History, Subsequent service
Following the conclusion of the demobilisation process, Australia's part-time military force was re-raised under the guise of the Citizens Military Force in 1948. At this time, the 18th Battalion was re-raised, albeit as an amalgamated unit with the 17th Battalion to form the 17th/18th Battalion (The North Shore Regiment). In 1960, the Australian Army was reorganised along Pentropic lines, and the 17th/18th Battalion became 'B' Company, 2nd Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment (2 RNSWR). When the Pentropic divisional structure was abandoned in 1965, however, the 17th Battalion was reformed in its own right as the 17th Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment, but the 18th Battalion was not re-raised.


18th Battalion (Australia), Commanding officers
During World War I, the following officers served as commanding officer of the 18th Battalion:


18th Battalion (Australia), Commanding officers
During World War II, the following officers commanded the 18th Battalion:


18th Battalion (New Zealand)
The 18th Battalion was a formation of the New Zealand Military Forces which served, initially as an infantry battalion and then as an armoured regiment, during the Second World War as part of the 2nd New Zealand Division.


18th Battalion (New Zealand)
The 18th Battalion was formed in New Zealand in September 1939. After a period of training, in 1940 it embarked for the Middle East as part of the 2nd New Zealand Division and then, in 1941, on to Greece. It participated in the Battle of Greece and later in the fighting on Crete. Evacuated from Crete, it then fought in the North African Campaign and suffered heavy losses during Operation Crusader. Brought back up to strength, in June 1942 the battalion participated in the breakout of the 2nd New Zealand Division from Minqar Qaim where it had been encircled by the German 21st Panzer Division. The following month, the battalion fought in the First Battle of El Alamein.


18th Battalion (New Zealand)
In October 1943, the battalion was converted to armour and re-designated the 18th Armoured Regiment. To replace men lost at El Alamein, personnel were drawn from a tank brigade being formed in New Zealand. The regiment spent a year in Egypt training with Sherman tanks, before embarking for Italy in October 1943 to join up with the rest of the 2nd New Zealand Division. It participated in the Italian Campaign, fighting in actions at Orsogna and later at Cassino. The regiment finished the war in Trieste and remained there for several weeks until the large numbers of Yugoslav partisans also present in the city withdrew. Not required for service in the Pacific theatre of operations, the regiment was disbanded in late 1945.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), Formation and training
Following the outbreak of the Second World War, the New Zealand government authorised the formation of the 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force (2NZEF), for service at home and abroad. After consulting with the British government, it was decided that the main New Zealand contribution to the war effort would be in the form of an infantry division, the 2nd New Zealand Division, under the command of Major General Bernard Freyberg. The new division would require nine battalions of infantry and consequently, several infantry battalions were formed from 1939 to 1940 with New Zealand volunteers.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), Formation and training
The 18th Battalion was formed in September 1939 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel John Gray. It was the first of three infantry battalions designated to make up the first echelon of the 2nd New Zealand Division, destined for overseas service. Its personnel, all volunteers, were drawn from the Northern Military District, which took in the upper half of the North Island of New Zealand. They were formed into four rifle companies, designated A to D and corresponding to the Auckland, Hauraki/Bay of Plenty/Rotorua, Northland and Waikato districts. A headquarters company included the specialist support troops; signallers, anti-aircraft and mortar platoons, pioneers and transport as well as administrative personnel.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), Formation and training
A period of rudimentary training followed, firstly at Hopuhopu Military Camp and then at Papakura, before it was confirmed that the battalion was on active service. It departed New Zealand on the Orient liner RMS Orion for the Middle East on 5 January 1940 as part of the 4th Infantry Brigade, 2nd New Zealand Division. Before it left, it paraded before the public at the Auckland Domain and was addressed by the commander of the Northern Military District, Lieutenant Colonel Norman Weir.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), Formation and training
The Orion journeyed to its destination as part of a convoy of liners by way of Fremantle, Colombo, and Aden before it arrived at Tewfik, Egypt, where the battalion disembarked on 13 February 1940. After a train ride to Cairo, the battalion arrived at what would the main base in the Middle East for the 2NZEF, Maadi Camp, in mid-February. At Maadi, the battalion undertook further training. Following Italy's entry into the war in June, it moved to a newly established defensive position, the Baggush Box, to perform garrison duty.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), Formation and training
It remained there for the next several months, conducting regular patrols and working on the improvement of the defensive positions. During this time, the battalion suffered its first casualties of the war, although non-fatal, as a result of Italian air raids. By January 1941, the defensive work was completed and the battalion moved to Helwan Camp, near Cairo, for re-equipping and more intensive and large scale training.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), Greece
In early 1941, the British Government anticipated an invasion of Greece by the Germans and decided to send troops to support the Greeks, who were already engaged against the Italians in Albania. The 2nd New Zealand Division was one of a number of Allied units dispatched to Greece in early March. The 18th Battalion was the first New Zealand unit to depart Egypt, and sailed for Greece on 7 March aboard the Royal Navy cruisers HMS Orion and Ajax.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), Greece
The 2nd New Zealand Division was tasked with the defence of the Aliakmon Line in northern Greece and was positioned on the northern side of Mount Olympus; the 4th Brigade manned the left side of the New Zealand section of the line while the 6th Brigade took the right. The 18th Battalion was the first complete unit in the line; one company was positioned in Olympus Pass itself while the remainder started digging in the sector allocated to 4th Brigade. By 5 April, the battalion's defensive work was completed.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), Greece
On 6 April, the Germans invaded Greece and advanced so rapidly that their forces quickly threatened to outflank the New Zealand positions. On 9 April the 4th Infantry Brigade was withdrawn and began moving south to the Servia Pass. Here, the 18th Battalion was positioned in the hills above the town of Servia and to the right of 19th Battalion, which was defending the pass itself. From 11 April, Stukas mounted air raids on the New Zealand positions before the Germans brought artillery to bear two days later as their ground forces approached. It was during an artillery barrage on 15 April that the battalion suffered its first fatality of the war. The same day, the 18th Battalion fended off initial probing attacks by elements of the 9th Panzer Division but were unable to prevent the Germans from occupying Servia.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), Greece
Despite this, the battalions of 4th Brigade remained in good defensive positions. However, they were withdrawn two days later to the Thermopylae Line, a new defensive position 140 kilometres (87 mi) to the south, due to pressure on their flanks. The withdrawal did not go smoothly for the New Zealanders who had to walk out on foot under the cover of darkness amidst harassing artillery fire. Having the furthest to travel, at one stage two companies of 18th Battalion got lost before making their way to the safety of the rear of Servia Pass and their transport. Once clear of the pass, the battalion's transport was subjected to several air raids before they finally made it to the Thermopylae Line, the next defensive position for the New Zealanders.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), Greece
The Thermopylae Line was defended by the 2nd New Zealand Division and 6th Australian Division, with the 4th Brigade held in reserve while the 5th and 6th manned the front lines. However, on 22 April, the Allies decided to abandon Greece and the battalion moved out the same day with the rest of the 4th Brigade as part of an intended rearguard. Originally the battalion was to hold a gorge through which other units would pass for 24 hours but it ended up remaining there for three days.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), Greece
During the intervening period, the intended embarkation route for the battalion's departure from Greece was cut off by the Germans and so the entire brigade made its way to Porto Rafti, east of Athens, where the battalion was one of the first units of the 2nd New Zealand Division to be shipped to the island of Crete. Total casualties during the campaign in Greece were 23 killed in action and 42 wounded. In addition, 117 men, mostly personnel recuperating in hospitals in Athens and unable to evade the Germans, were captured.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), Crete
Situated along vital air and sea lanes of communication in the middle of the Mediterranean, Crete was of considerable strategic importance to both sides and, after the conclusion of the campaign in Greece, the Allies fully expected that the Germans would attempt an invasion. The 4th Brigade was stationed as a reserve force in the area around Galatas with the 18th Battalion near the newly established general hospital. When the airborne invasion began on 20 May, the battalion quickly dealt with a company of Fallschirmjäger (paratroopers) that landed near them. It carried out mopping up operations and patrolled the area for the next two days before assisting the 19th Battalion in an attack on Fallschirmjäger that had established a strong defensive position nearby.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), Crete
Despite heavy casualties during the initial attack, the Germans were able to land reinforcements and the situation on the island quickly deteriorated for the Allies. The brigade had abandoned its initial positions and moved to a new location to the west of Galatas to eliminate the threat that it would become separated from the 5th Infantry Brigade. On 25 May, the 18th Battalion had to deal with a full-scale attack by Fallschirmjäger. This caused heavy casualties and a large portion of one of the battalion's companies was captured.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), Crete
Despite reinforcements arriving from the 20th Battalion and the best efforts of Gray in rounding up stragglers, the Galatas position was breached and the township captured. Some battalion personnel, led by Gray, along with the bulk of the 23rd Battalion, participated in an attack that briefly re-took the township but it later had to be abandoned again after further fighting. The battalion was then withdrawn to the east as the order to evacuate Crete was received, making its way towards Suda Bay, where Allied ships were taking troops off the beaches. Along the way, they were subjected to heavy air raids, one of which killed a company commander, Captain Jack Lyon, the Member of Parliament for the Waitemata electorate.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), Crete
During the evacuation of the 4th Brigade, which took place from Sfakia on 30–31 May, the 18th Battalion formed a rearguard helping police and maintain order; it was the last battalion of the brigade taken off. Casualties during the fighting on Crete were heavy for the 18th Battalion, with 105 men killed or missing and 110 more taken prisoner.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), North Africa
Back in its former base in Egypt and with its ranks restored with 400 reinforcements that arrived in June, the battalion began intensive weapons training. In September it moved to Baggush where on occasion it worked alongside tanks in training exercises. The 2nd New Zealand Division was now preparing for a role in the upcoming Libyan offensive, and several divisional and brigade level exercises were carried out.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), North Africa, Operation Crusader
In November 1941, the battalion, now commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Peart as Gray had been hospitalised, participated in Operation Crusader as part of the British Eighth Army and was engaged in offensive operations towards the Sidi Azeiz area. On the night of 25 November, along with the 20th Battalion, it was tasked with the capture of Belhamed, a hill adjacent to Sidi Rezegh. With two companies leading the battalion's portion of the advance, the objective was captured with a bayonet charge. Peart was wounded during the attack but remained in command.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), North Africa, Operation Crusader
The battalion held the hill for three days and then swapped its positions with the 20th Battalion before, on 30 November, the 15th Panzer Division surrounded and attacked Belhamed. While the 20th Battalion was effectively destroyed, the 18th Battalion, with Peart maintaining tight control of some personnel who were close to panicking, managed to evacuate in time and reached the British 70th Division in Tobruk.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), North Africa, Rebuilding
At Tobruk and with Gray back in command, the battalion manned the frontlines, fending off German attacks, until 11 December when it was withdrawn to Baggush. Meeting up with the rest of the division, it was brought back up to strength and manned defences to protect the lines of communication to the front. In February 1942, after spending a period of time engaged in training for an amphibious landing behind German lines which never eventuated, the 2nd New Zealand Division was dispatched to Syria to defend against a possible attack through Turkey on the Middle East oilfields by the Germans.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), North Africa, Rebuilding
Along with the rest of the 4th Brigade the 18th Battalion worked on defences to the north of Damascus before the whole division was recalled to Libya on 17 June following the attack on the Eighth Army's Gazala Line by Panzer Army Africa. It was initially based at Mersa Matruh, but after the fall of Tobruk to Rommel's forces, the division was ordered on 25 June to establish defensive positions at Minqar Qaim. The 18th Battalion was temporarily detached from the rest of the 4th Brigade to act as the main infantry component of the divisional reserve.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), North Africa, Rebuilding
On 27 June, the division's defensive positions at Minqar Qaim were encircled by the 21st Panzer Division. The battalion was the lead unit of one of the columns, numbering 900 vehicles and guns, of the division, in the subsequent breakout that night. In the course of this movement, Gray's column ran into an encampment of tanks of the 21st Panzer Division. However, the Germans failed to capitalise on the opportunity and the train of vehicles, with Gray at its head to ensure it did not come to a stop, was able to skirt the tanks with relatively few losses and reach the Alamein lines.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), North Africa, El Alamein
The battalion was withdrawn from the frontlines after a brief period of recovery at the Kaponga Box. Now commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Ray Lynch due to Gray being promoted to brigadier and given command of the 4th Brigade, it served as security for the divisional headquarters from late June to early July as the entire division relocated several times during this period. On the evening of 14 July, the battalion, now back with its parent brigade, was part of the attack on Ruweisat Ridge, held by the enemy.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), North Africa, El Alamein
Although an Italian strongpoint caused the battalion to scatter in piecemeal fashion, it advanced to the western end of the ridge taking several prisoners on the way. A German counterattack in the afternoon of 15 July which overwhelmed the 19th and 20th Battalions also caused heavy losses amongst the 18th Battalion, including Lynch, but many men were able to return to the Allied lines. Following the effective destruction of the 19th and 20th Battalions, the 18th Battalion remained in the field attached to the 5th Brigade. It then supported an attack by the 6th Brigade on El Mreir. Inadequately supported by armour, the attack proved a failure although the battalion escaped with relatively few casualties. It remained in the line throughout August and into September at which time, having been reduced to just 350 personnel, it was withdrawn to Maadi to rejoin the reconstituted 4th Brigade.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), Conversion to armour
As the war progressed, the New Zealand government decided to form an armoured brigade to provide tank support to the 2nd New Zealand Division. As a result, the 1st New Zealand Army Tank Brigade was formed in New Zealand. This brigade was still undergoing training in September when it was decided to convert the 4th Brigade to armour instead, thus creating the 4th Armoured Brigade. Personnel were transferred from the tank brigade in New Zealand to bring the 4th Brigade back up to strength.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), Conversion to armour
As one of the constituent units of the brigade, the 18th Battalion was officially re-designated the 18th Armoured Regiment, with three squadrons of tanks, on 5 October 1942. One squadron was to be equipped with Crusaders while the other two squadrons would operate Shermans. The regiment spent much of the next year in training under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Clive Pleasants, who had taken over command after the death of Lynch. By May 1943, many of the regiment's personnel had been on active duty for well over three years, and the majority of these men were returned to New Zealand on furlough.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), Conversion to armour
With the close of the North African campaign in May 1943, attention then turned to the European theatre of operations. Despite a preference amongst some sections of the New Zealand government for the 2nd New Zealand Division to be redeployed to the Pacific theatre of operations to fight against the Japanese, it was decided that the division would remain in Europe and continue its service with the Eighth Army. Accordingly, in October, the division was transferred to Italy.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), Italy
The 18th Armoured Regiment disembarked at Taranto on 22 October 1943 and gradually travelled north towards the Sangro River, which it duly crossed on 3 December. The advance had been slow due to mine fields and delaying ambushes by the Germans. Pleasants, the regiment's commanding officer, was slightly wounded by artillery fire and Major Hugh Green briefly took over. He was mortally wounded by artillery fire on 3 December at the village of Melone, to the north of the Sangro River. Two days later the regiment, with Pleasants back in command, mounted an attack on the German positions at Melone but this failed and seven tanks became stuck. The crews remained with the tanks until they were recovered at the beginning of 1944.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), Italy, Orsogna
In the following weeks, the regiment supported first the 6th, and then the 5th Brigades in their attacks on Orsogna, as part of the Moro River Campaign. The tanks struggled to break into Orsogna and although the infantry made some gains, the German defences were too strong and the attack soon faded into a stalemate, with a number of back and forth actions as winter set in. These movements saw many of the regiment's tanks become stuck in the sodden ground. Offensive operations around Orsogna ceased in late December and the New Zealanders withdrew from the area on 13 January 1944.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), Italy, Orsogna
Following its withdrawal from the area around Orsogna, the 2nd New Zealand Division was one of a number of divisions that were transferred from the Eighth Army to the Fifth Army, then engaged on the western side of the Apennines. This was part of an overall strategy to breach the Gustav Line and break an otherwise deadlocked Italian front. Together with the 4th Indian Division and supporting British and American artillery, the division formed the New Zealand Corps with Freyberg, now a lieutenant general, in command. The corps moved to Cassino, the defenders of which had resisted Allied forces for several weeks, on 12 February 1944 to replace the American II Corps.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), Italy, Cassino
As at Orsogna, the 18th Armoured Regiment was to play a supporting role in the forthcoming attack on Cassino, with the infantry of the 5th and 6th Brigades bearing the brunt of the battle. When the attack began on 15 March, the regiment was initially held as a reserve, ready to exploit any breakthrough by the infantry but this did not eventuate. The infantry struggled to make progress in the face of determined resistance.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), Italy, Cassino
The regiment's tanks were first used at Cassino as artillery support for two weeks, each squadron being rotated in three-day stints to a position overlooking the town. Then in mid-April, one squadron was detached to remain on the Cassino front while the other two squadrons were withdrawn for training. The regiment remained fragmented into May, for once training was completed, another squadron was detached and sent into Cassino itself to man tanks which had been effectively set up as pillboxes.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), Italy, Cassino
By the end of May, the regiment was reunited and at full strength. It was briefly detached from the 2nd New Zealand Division and, placed under the direction of the 8th Indian Division, participated in operations north of the Liri Valley. Returning to the control of the 2nd New Zealand Division, it supported the infantry brigades as the New Zealanders advanced to Florence, duly entering the city in August. After this, the division was transferred to the I Canadian Corps, then on the Adriatic Coast, and advanced up to Rimini.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), Italy, Cassino
On 19 and 20 October, the 4th Armoured Brigade was involved in its first and only action as a brigade in an attack towards the Savio River, with the 18th Armoured Regiment on the right flank. This was primarily a tank action, in contrast to previous battles in which the armour supported the infantry. The attack was a success and pushed the Germans across the Savio, although their progress had been slower than expected because of poor weather and muddy conditions.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), Italy, Cassino
After the crossing of the Savio, the 2nd New Zealand Division was withdrawn from the front for rest and refit. During this period, the regiment received upgunned Shermans; these new tanks were known as the Firefly. After a month, the New Zealanders returned to the front at Romagna and they advanced to the Lamone River in anticipation of a crossing but instead supported the British 46th Division in its attack across the river on 3 December. During this operation, the tanks of the 18th Regiment fired 6,200 shells in a single day.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), Italy, Cassino
It then attacked towards the Senio River, supporting infantry from the 5th Brigade. The division was positioned along the Senio River for three months, over the worst of the winter period. The regiment spent most of this time behind the lines at Forlì and Faenza, or on short spells on the Senio frontlines.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), Italy, Cassino
Relieved by a Polish unit in March 1945, the regiment returned to the front lines in early April after a period of rest. It made a series of advances against the retreating German rearguard and on 2 May, the 2nd New Zealand Division entered Trieste. While most of the German garrison quickly surrendered, it was necessary to deal with some diehard elements who refused to surrender to either the New Zealanders or the Yugoslav partisans also present in the city. The partisans were reluctant to allow Germans to surrender to the New Zealanders, and the regiment remained in Trieste for several weeks until the large numbers of Yugoslav partisans withdrew.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), Italy, Cassino
Not required for service in the Pacific theatre of operations, the regiment was disbanded in December 1945. During the war, the 18th Battalion and its successor, the 18th Armoured Regiment, lost nearly 320 officers and men either killed in action or who later died of their wounds. Of the exactly 350 personnel made prisoners of war, a further 21 men died while in captivity.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), Honours
Seven members of the battalion, including three of its commanders, were awarded the Distinguished Service Order while another member was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire and a second was made a member of the same order. Nine officers were awarded the Military Cross while two others received the Greek Military Cross. Three soldiers received the Distinguished Conduct Medal and 26 others the Military Medal. Twenty-one soldiers received awards of the Greek Silver and Bronze medals.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), Honours
The 18th Battalion and its successor, the 18th Armoured Regiment, was awarded the following battle honours:


18th Battalion (New Zealand), Honours
Mount Olympus, Servia Pass, Platamon Tunnel, Tempe Gorge, Elasson, Molos, Greece 1941, Crete, Maleme, Galatas, Canea, 42nd Street, Withdrawal to Sphakia, Middle East 1941–44, Tobruk 1941, Sidi Rezegh 1941, Omars, Belhamed, Mersa Matruh, Minqar Qaim, Defence of Alamein Line, Ruweisat Ridge, El Mreir, Alam el Halfa, North Africa 1940–42, The Sangro, Castel Frentano, Orsogna, Advance to Florence, San Michele, Paula Line, Celle, Pisciatello, The Senio, Santerno Crossing, Bologna, Idice Bridgehead, Italy 1943–45.


18th Battalion (New Zealand), Commanding officers
The following officers served as commanding officer of the 18th Battalion:


18th Battalion (Western Ontario), CEF
The 18th Battalion (Western Ontario), CEF, was an infantry battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force in the Great War. The battalion was authorized on 7 November 1914 and embarked for Great Britain on 18 April 1915. It disembarked in France on 15 September 1915, where it fought as part of the 4th Infantry Brigade, 2nd Canadian Division in France and Flanders until the end of the war. The battalion was disbanded on 15 September 1920.


18th Battalion (Western Ontario), CEF
The 18th Battalion recruited and was mobilized in London, Ontario.


18th Battalion (Western Ontario), CEF
One member of the 18th Battalion, Lance-Sergeant Ellis Wellwood Sifton was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions on 9 April 1917 during the assault on Vimy Ridge.


18th Battalion (Western Ontario), CEF
The 18th Battalion (Western Ontario), CEF, is perpetuated by The Essex and Kent Scottish .


18th Battalion (Western Ontario), CEF, Sources
Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914-1919 by Col. G.W.L. Nicholson, CD, Queen's Printer, Ottawa, Ontario, 1962


18th Berlin International Film Festival
The 18th annual Berlin International Film Festival was held from 21 June to 2 July 1968. The Golden Bear was awarded to the Swedish film Ole dole doff directed by Jan Troell.


18th Berlin International Film Festival, Jury
The following people were announced as being on the jury for the festival:


18th Berlin International Film Festival, Films in competition
The following films were in competition for the Golden Bear award:


18th Bersaglieri Regiment
The 18th Bersaglieri Regiment (Italian: 18° Reggimento Bersaglieri) is an inactive unit of the Italian Army last based in Cosenza in Calabria. The regiment is part of the army's infantry corps' Bersaglieri speciality and was last operationally assigned to the Bersaglieri Brigade "Garibaldi".


18th Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War I
The 18th Bersaglieri Regiment was raised on 31 January 1917 by the depot of the 12th Bersaglieri Regiment in Milan. It received the newly raised battalions LXIX (raised by the 10th Bersaglieri Regiment), LXVII (raised by the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment), and LXVIII (raised by the 12th Bersaglieri Regiment).


18th Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War I
The regiment immediately entered the front along the Isonzo and distinguished itself rapidly, earning a Gold Medal of Military Valour on 16-17 November 1917 in Fagarè on the shores of the Piave river, where the Royal Italian Army tried to establish the new front after the disastrous defeat at the Battle of Caporetto.


18th Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War I
After the war the 18th Bersaglieri Regiment was disbanded on 31 December 1919. The regiment was raised again on 1 April 1935 in preparation for the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, but it was disbanded without having left Italy on 31 December 1936.


18th Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War II
On 1 February 1942 the depot of the 5th Bersaglieri Regiment in Siena raised the 18th Bersaglieri Regiment again. The regiment was structured as follows:


18th Bersaglieri Regiment, History, World War II
After a few days the two tank companies were used to raise the LXVII Armored Bersaglieri Battalion, which was sent to the Eastern Front in Ukraine and Russia to join the 3rd Fast Division "Principe Amedeo Duca d'Aosta". Meanwhile the 18th Bersaglieri Regiment was sent to Provence in France on garrison duty. Recalled to Italy in early September 1943 the regiment was disbanded on 8 September 1943 after the Germans occupied Italy.


18th Bersaglieri Regiment, History, Cold War, 67th Bersaglieri Battalion "Fagarè"
During the 1975 Italian Army reform the IV Bersaglieri Battalion of the 3rd Armored Infantry Regiment in Persano was renamed 67th Bersaglieri Battalion "Fagarè". The "Fagarè" battalion received the war flag and traditions of the 18th Bersaglieri Regiment and joined the Mechanized Brigade "Pinerolo". Bersaglieri battalions created during the reform were named, with two exceptions, for battles in which Bersaglieri units had distinguished themselves: the 67th Bersaglieri Battalion was named for its conduct at Fagarè on 16-17 November 1917, which had earned the regiment a Gold Medal of Military Valour.


18th Bersaglieri Regiment, History, Recent times
As part of its reorganization after the Cold War the Italian Army moved the Bersaglieri Brigade "Garibaldi" from Pordenone in Northern Italy to Caserta in Southern Italy. On 1 July 1991 67th Bersaglieri Battalion "Fagarè" joined the "Garibaldi" brigade. On 20 September 1993 the "Fagarè" battalion was renamed 18th Bersaglieri Regiment without changing size or composition and moved from Persano to Cosenza in Calabria.


18th Bersaglieri Regiment, History, Recent times
A company of the 18th Bersaglieri Regiment was the first Italian unit to deploy to North Macedonia for a possible NATO-led ground invasion of Kosovo during the Kosovo War. The full regiment arrived soon after and together with the other units of the Bersaglieri Brigade "Garibaldi" prepared for a planned ground invasion. After the signing of the Kumanovo Agreement between Yugoslavia and Kosovo Force the regiment was one of the first NATO units to enter Kosovo, where it advanced to the city of Peć, where it took up garrison and peacekeeping duties until 7 September 1999. For its conduct in Kosovo the regiment was awarded a Gold Medal of Army Valour, which was affixed to the regiment's war flag and added to the regiment's coat of arms.


18th Bersaglieri Regiment, History, Recent times
After the regiment's return from Kosovo it was re-equipped with Dardo infantry fighting vehicles.


18th Bersaglieri Regiment, History, Recent times
The regiment deployed to Iraq after the end of the Iraq War, arriving in Nasiriyah on 22 June 2003. Taking up garrison and peacekeeping duties in the city the regiment found itself soon embroiled in the Iraqi insurgency. On 7 October 2003 the regiment left Iraq and returned to Italy. For its conduct in Iraq the regiment was awarded a Gold Medal of Army Valour, which was affixed to the regiment's war flag and added to the regiment's coat of arms.


18th Bersaglieri Regiment, History, Recent times
On 1 January 2005 the regiment was renamed 1st Bersaglieri Regiment and the war flag of the 18th was transferred to the Shrine of the Flags in the Vittoriano in Rome.


18th Brigade (Australia)
The 18th Brigade was an infantry brigade of the Australian Army. The brigade briefly existed as a Militia formation prior to the First World War, but this was short lived. During the Second World War, the brigade was raised on 13 October 1939 and was one of the first three infantry brigades of the Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF) to be formed. Initially commanded by Brigadier Leslie Morshead, it served in the United Kingdom in 1940–1941, where it helped bolster the British garrison in anticipation of a possible German invasion following the Fall of France.


18th Brigade (Australia)
In early 1941, the brigade was transferred to the Middle East where it later took part in fighting against the Italians in Libya and then helped to defend the besieged port of Tobruk before fighting against the Vichy French in the Syria–Lebanon campaign. The 18th Brigade was withdrawn to Australia in early 1942, and it later took part in the fighting against the Japanese in Pacific fighting several campaigns in New Guinea between late 1942 and early 1944. Its final involvement of the war came in mid-1945 when it took part in re-taking Balikpapan. Following the end of hostilities, the 18th Brigade was disbanded on 3 January 1946.


18th Brigade (Australia), History, Formation
The 18th Brigade briefly existed as Militia brigade that was partially formed in 1912, following the introduction of the compulsory training scheme. At this time, it was assigned to the 3rd Military District. The brigade's constituent units were spread across various locations in Victoria including Williamstown, Geelong, Ballarat, Warrnambool, Harsham and Stawell. The formation was short lived, and was not raised as part of the First Australian Imperial Force (AIF) during the First World War. It remained on the order of battle as a Militia formation during the war, but was not re-raised in the interwar years when the Militia was reorganised to replicate the numerical designations of the AIF in 1921.


18th Brigade (Australia), History, Formation
During the Second World War, the 18th Brigade was formed on 13 October 1939 as part of the 6th Division. The brigade's headquarters was opened at Victoria Barracks at Paddington, New South Wales. Upon formation the brigade consisted of the following infantry battalions: the 2/9th, the 2/10th, the 2/11th and the 2/12th Battalions, which were raised from Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania and Western Australia. Rudimentary training was conducted in home locations, before the brigade came together at Rutherford, New South Wales, in December 1939. This was followed by a further move to Ingleburn, New South Wales.


18th Brigade (Australia), History, Formation
Following training, the brigade was dispatched to the Middle East, departing from Melbourne in May 1940. However, while they were at sea they were diverted to the United Kingdom in order to help defend the island against a possible invasion by German forces following the Fall of France. After landing at Gourock, Scotland, the brigade moved south to Salisbury Plain where they undertook training and defensive duties. In the United Kingdom, the 18th Brigade provided a cadre to the newly formed 25th Brigade and became part of the 9th Division when it was raised in October 1940.


18th Brigade (Australia), History, Middle East
Later, when the threat of invasion of the United Kingdom decreased, the decision was made to transfer the Australian forces there to the Middle East. The 18th Brigade arrived there in early January 1941. Around this time, the 2nd AIF was reorganised and each brigade was reduced from four battalions to three. As a result, the 2/11th Battalion was transferred to the 19th Brigade. At the same time also, the 18th Brigade was transferred to the 7th Division.


18th Brigade (Australia), History, Middle East
Following this, on 21 March 1941, the brigade took part in an attack on an Italian stronghold at Giarabub, 230 kilometres (140 mi) south of Bardia. Although the fortress was held by about 1,500 Italians supported by artillery, the Australian force dispatched only consisted of a reinforced battalion due to supply difficulties. Setting out on 10 March from Siwa, the assault began early on the morning of 21 March from the south over marshy ground.


18th Brigade (Australia), History, Middle East
Led by the 2/9th Battalion with machine-gun and mortar support from the 2/12th and 2/10th Battalions, the attack was put in from the south while the 6th Division Cavalry Regiment feigned an attack from the north at the strongest point of the fortress. A heavy sandstorm obscured visibility, which hindered the supporting artillery and resulted in a number of casualties when one company moved beyond the barrage. Nevertheless, heavy fighting followed and resistance continued until 2:00 pm when the Italians surrendered. About 250 Italians were killed and 1,300 captured for the loss of 17 Australians killed and 77 wounded. Following the attack, the 18th Brigade returned to Ikingi Maryut.


18th Brigade (Australia), History, Middle East
Plans were made for the 18th Brigade to deploy to Greece, but a German offensive in Libya resulted in the 7th Division being retained in North Africa. In April, the brigade was sent to Tobruk where they took part in the defence of the port between May and August 1941, alongside elements of the 9th Division. In May, the Germans managed to break into the Allied perimeter, penetrating towards an area dubbed "The Salient". The 18th Brigade subsequently led the Australian counterattack in conjunction with the 26th Brigade.


18th Brigade (Australia), History, Middle East
Once the perimeter was restored, the brigade rotated through the various defensive sectors around the perimeter until they were relieved by a Polish brigade in August, and withdrawn to Palestine. In September 1941, the brigade rejoined the rest of the 7th Division, which had been taking part in the fighting against Vichy French forces in the Syria–Lebanon campaign. Following the armistice the division was allocated the task of undertaking garrison duties and the 18th Brigade was  subsequently stationed at Aleppo, near the Turkish border to guard against a potential German attack through Turkey. Elements of the brigade were also deployed to Idlib, and patrols were mounted along the border.


18th Brigade (Australia), History, New Guinea
The 18th Brigade returned to Australia in early 1942 following the outbreak of the Pacific War. Following defensive duties and training in Queensland, the 18th Brigade, under the command of Brigadier George Wootten, took part in the Battle of Milne Bay. Deployed with a battery from the 2/5th Field Regiment attached at brigade level, the 18th Brigade arrived at Milne Bay between 12 and 21 August.


18th Brigade (Australia), History, New Guinea
Between 27 August and 7 September the brigade played an important role in the fighting which resulted in the first major defeat of the Japanese on land since the war had begun in December 1941. One of the brigade's soldiers, Corporal John French, of the 2/9th Battalion,  was awarded a posthumous Victoria Cross for his actions during the fighting on 4 September 1942.


18th Brigade (Australia), History, New Guinea
Later, as the 7th Division was assigned to the advance on the Japanese bases on the Papuan coast around Buna and Gona, the brigade, although understrength, was transferred to Buna in mid-December 1942 with the 2/9th Battalion landing at Oro Bay on 15 December. On 21 January 1943, the brigade captured Sanananda alongside the US 163rd Infantry Regiment. They were finally withdrawn back to Australia on 10 March 1943. During the fighting around Buna, the 18th Brigade suffered 425 men killed and more than 800 wounded. This represented 96 per cent of the brigade's strength at the start of the campaign.


18th Brigade (Australia), History, New Guinea
By the time that the brigade returned to Australia, it was down to only 44 per cent of its authorised strength. In early July, the brigade was brought back up to strength with an intake of 1,300 men from the 1st Motor Brigade, which was subsequently disbanded. In August 1943, after training and re-organisation around Ravenshoe, Queensland, the 18th Brigade was deployed to Port Moresby in preparation for further operations, arriving there on 12 August.


18th Brigade (Australia), History, New Guinea
During the early phases of the Finisterre Range campaign the brigade remained in reserve around Port Moresby, while the other two brigades of the 7th Division, the 21st and 25th Brigades, were deployed to defend the approaches to Lae. They remained there until 4 January 1944 when the brigade was transported by air to Dumpu to relieve the 21st Brigade around Shaggy Ridge, subsequently taking part in the fighting around the Kankiryo Saddle, Prothero I and II and Crater Hill. Following the conclusion of the fighting around Shaggy Ridge in February, the brigade remained in New Guinea until May 1944 when they were withdrawn back to Australia for re-organisation.


18th Brigade (Australia), History, Borneo
Following the brigade's return to Australia, it was reconstituted at Strathpine, Queensland, before later moving to Kairi. A long period of reorganisation and training followed, before the brigade moved to Morotai, in the Dutch East Indies, May 1945. The brigade's final involvement in the war came when they landed at Balikpapan in Borneo on 1 July 1945, as part of efforts to secure the port facilities and oilfields located there. Coming ashore in the first wave, the 18th Brigade was allocated to the landings around Klandasan, on the Allied left.


18th Brigade (Australia), History, Borneo
Following the initial landing, the 18th Brigade, supported by 'D' Company, 2/1st Machine Gun Battalion, secured the high ground around Klandasan. On 3 July they captured the town of Balikpapan and secured its port before being relieved by the 25th Brigade. The 2/9th Battalion was detached, along with the 2/1st Pioneer Battalion, to clear the western side of the bay around Panadjam, while the rest of the brigade undertook further patrols around Balikpapan. By the end of the month, the Australians began mopping up operations, and these continued until the Japanese surrendered. Following the completion of hostilities in August, the brigade remained on Borneo as the demobilisation process began. The 18th Brigade was disbanded on 3 January 1946 at Balikpapan after its component battalions were disbanded throughout December 1945 and January 1946.


18th Brigade (Australia), Commanders
The following officers served as commanding officer of the 18th Brigade:


18th British Academy Film Awards
The 18th British Film Awards, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 1965, honoured the best films of 1964.


18th British Academy Film Awards, Winners and nominees
Marcello Mastroianni – Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow as Carmine Sbaratti/Renzo/Augusto Rusconti


18th British Academy Film Awards, Winners and nominees
Richard Attenborough – Guns at Batasi as Regimental Sergeant Major LauderdaleRichard Attenborough – Séance on a Wet Afternoon as Billy Savage


18th Busan International Film Festival
The 18th Busan International Film Festival was held from October 3 to October 12, 2013 and was hosted by Aaron Kwok and Kang Soo-yeon.


18th Busan International Film Festival
The 10-day festival attracted 217,865 people despite the organizers having been forced to reschedule some events due to a typhoon. Upcoming filmmakers from South Korea and Mongolia won $30,000 for the New Currents Awards. Over 299 films from 70 countries were screened, with 94 world premieres and 40 international premieres. The event opened with Bhutanese film Vara: A Blessing and closed with the South Korean film The Dinner.


18th CableACE Awards
The 18th Annual CableACE Awards were held on November 16, 1996. Below are the nominees and the winners from that ceremony in the major categories.


18th Canadian Comedy Awards
The 18th Canadian Comedy Awards, presented by the Canadian Comedy Foundation for Excellence (CCFE), honoured the best live, television, film, and Internet comedy from 1 July 2016 to 31 December 2017.


18th Canadian Comedy Awards
Canadian Comedy Awards, also known as Beavers, were awarded in 22 categories determined by votes from the public and industry members.


18th Canadian Comedy Awards
TV series Kim's Convenience led with a record thirteen nominations followed by the feature Another WolfCop with five. Web series You Got Trumped was the big winner, receiving three Beavers from its four nominations.


18th Canadian Comedy Awards, Reorganization and awards
The Canadian Comedy Awards (CCA) award excellence in Canadian comedy at home and abroad. Due to a delay in the previous awards season, these awards also covered an 18-month period, from 1 July 2016 to 31 December 2017, in order to return to annual eligibility. This edition of the awards consolidated the number of categories to 22, largely by combining separate male and female performance categories.


18th Canadian Comedy Awards, Reorganization and awards
Industry members chose the nominees in each category. Each industry member could declare one category as their field of "expertise", giving their nomination and vote in that single category three times the normal weight. After nominations closed, voting was opened for the top five nominees in each category. 13 categories were open to public voting and 9 were exclusively decided by industry members.


18th Canadian Film Awards
The 18th Canadian Film Awards were held on May 6, 1966 to honour achievements in Canadian film. The ceremony was hosted by Rich Little.


18th Canadian Ministry
The Eighteenth Canadian Ministry was the cabinet chaired by Prime Minister John Diefenbaker. It governed Canada from 21 June 1957 to 22 April 1963, including all of the 23rd, 24th, and 25th Canadian Parliaments. The government was formed by the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada.


18th Canadian Parliament
The 18th Canadian Parliament was in session from February 6, 1936, until January 25, 1940. The membership was set by the 1935 federal election on October 14, 1935, and it changed only somewhat due to resignations and by-elections until it was dissolved prior to the 1940 election.


18th Canadian Parliament
It was controlled by a Liberal Party majority under Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King and the 16th Canadian Ministry. The Official Opposition was the Conservative Party, led first by Richard Bedford Bennett, and later by Robert Manion.


18th Canadian Parliament
The Speaker was Pierre-François Casgrain. See also List of Canadian electoral districts 1933-1947 for a list of the ridings in this parliament.


18th Canadian Parliament
The Social Credit Party led by J. H. Blackmore made their first federal appearance in this parliament. It would be an important third party until 1980. The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation led by J.S. Woodsworth also made their first appearance. It, and its successor party, the New Democratic Party, would become a major source of policies that would change the fabric of Canada.


18th Canadian Parliament
There were six sessions of the 18th Parliament, though the last two were extremely short:


18th Canadian Parliament, List of members
Following is a full list of members of the eighteenth Parliament listed first by province, then by electoral district.


18th Canadian Parliament, List of members
Electoral districts denoted by an asterisk (*) indicates that district was represented by two members.


18th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union)
The 18th Mountain Cavalry Division was formed in 1936 by renaming the 7th Tadzhik Mountain Cavalry Division in the Central Asia Military District.


18th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), Wartime Service, 1941
At the beginning of war the division was one of the three Mountain Cavalry Divisions assigned to the 4th Cavalry Corps in Central Asia. The division remained there until November when it was shipped forward to the STAVKA reserves. The division was briefly in the reserves before being sent to the Kalinin Front's 30th Army. Along with the other two cavalry divisions in the army they formed the 11th Cavalry Corps in January 1942.


18th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), Wartime Service, 1941
Despite being at 1/3 its prewar strength the division jumped off against the German flank north of Moscow. From February until July 1942 the 11th Cavalry Corps along with the 39th Army defended a nearly encircled salient in the vicinity of Bely and Vyazma-Smolensk. The Germans launched Operation Seydlitz on 2 July 1942 and eliminated the salient by the end of the month. The division was officially disbanded on 22 July 1942.


18th Cavalry Regiment
The 18th Cavalry Regiment is a parent cavalry regiment of the United States Army.


18th Cavalry Regiment
The 1st Squadron, 18th Cavalry Regiment, is the reconnaissance element of the 79th Infantry Brigade Combat Team of the California Army National Guard. Prior to the most recent reorganization of the United States Army National Guard the unit was an aviation unit. It was equipped with AH-1F Cobras, and formed part of the 40th Infantry Division's Aviation Brigade.


18th Cavalry Regiment, History
The 1st Squadron, 18th Cavalry Regiment, was originally constituted on 22 July 1885 in the California National Guard as the 7th Infantry Battalion and organized from existing companies in southern California. It expanded, reorganized, and was redesignated on 5 May 1888 as the 7th Infantry Regiment. On 7 December 1895, it was consolidated with the 9th Infantry Regiment, which had been organized on 8 February 1890, retaining the 7th Infantry Regiment designation.


18th Cavalry Regiment, History
During the Spanish–American War, the regiment was mustered into Federal service on 9 May 1898 at the Presidio of San Francisco as the 7th California Volunteer Infantry. It did not see overseas service before being mustered out at Los Angeles on 2 December after the end of the war. It mustered into federal service on 29 June 1916 at Sacramento; and mustered out of federal service on 11 November 1916 at Los Angeles. It was drafted into federal service on 5 August 1917.


18th Cavalry Regiment, History
Between 25 September and 1 November, the regiment consolidated with the California National Guard 2nd Infantry Regiment's 2nd Battalion, Companies L and M, and Sanitary Detachment as the 160th Infantry. The 160th was assigned to the 40th Infantry Division, and was demobilized at Camp Kearny in San Diego on 7 May 1919.


18th Cavalry Regiment, History
Former southern California elements reorganized on 23 August-6 October 1921 in the California National Guard as the 160th Infantry and was assigned to the 40th Division; Headquarters was federally recognized on 31 January 1922 at Los Angeles.


18th Cavalry Regiment, History
The 2nd Battalion 160th Infantry, reorganized and was redesignated on 1 April 1929 as the 2nd Battalion, 185th Infantry, an element of the 40th Division (160th Infantry — hereafter separate lineage). It expanded, reorganized, and was redesignated in March–April 1930 as the 2nd and 3rd Battalions, 185th Infantry, elements of the 40th Division (later designated as the 40th Infantry Division). It was inducted into federal service on 3 March 1941 at home stations. It inactivated on 7 April 1946 at Camp Stoneman, CA.


18th Cavalry Regiment, History
The 2nd Battalion, 185th Infantry, was redesignated on 5 August 1946 as the 2nd Battalion, 223rd Infantry and remained assigned to the 40th Infantry Division. At the same time, the 3rd Battalion, 185th Infantry, was redesignated as the 224th Infantry. The 2nd Battalion of the 223rd was organized and Federally recognized on 23 June 1947 with headquarters at Burbank. On 1 September 1950, during the Korean War, the battalion was ordered into active Federal service at Burbank. The 2nd Battalion fought in the Korean War from the winter of 1951–1952 to the end of the war in July 1953.


18th Cavalry Regiment, History
On 2 September 1952, a 2nd Battalion, 223rd Infantry was organized and Federally recognized in the National Guard of the United States (NGUS) to replace the deployed battalion at Burbank. The battalion was released from active service on 30 June 1954 after returning to California and reverted to state control as Federal recognition was withdrawn from the NGUS unit.


18th Cavalry Regiment, History
The 2nd Battalion, 223rd Infantry, consolidated with the 3rd Battalion, 111th Armored Cavalry as the 139th Tank Battalion (90mm gun) on 1 July. The armored cavalry battalion was organized and federally recognized on 26 January 1951 with headquarters at Van Nuys and moved to Burbank on 1 November of that year. The new unit was assigned to the 40th Armored Division. On 1 July 1959, the battalion was reorganized and redesignated as the 2nd Medium Tank Battalion of the 185th Armor, still part of the 40th Armored.


18th Cavalry Regiment, History
The unit reorganized and was redesignated on 1 March 1963 as the 1st Reconnaissance Squadron, 18th Armored Cavalry, and relieved from assignment to the 40th Armored Division. It was reorganized and redesignated on 1 November 1965 as the 1st Squadron, 18th Armored Cavalry; and ordered into active federal service on 13 May 1968 at home stations.


18th Cavalry Regiment, History
The 1st Squadron was scheduled for deployment to South Vietnam in November 1968 but due to pressure from the relatives of unit members, only the squadron's heavy equipment was shipped to South Vietnam and the unit was assigned to the Strategic Army Forces in the United States. On 12 December 1969 it was released from active federal service and reverting to state control. On 13 December, its headquarters was moved to Ontario.


18th Cavalry Regiment, History
It was reorganized and redesignated on 13 January 1974 as the 18th Cavalry, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System, to consist of the 1st Squadron, an element of the 40th Infantry Division. It was withdrawn on 19 January 1988 from the Combat Arms Regimental System and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System.


18th Cavalry Regiment, History
The 1st Squadron [less Troops C and D] was ordered into active federal service on 1 May 1992 at home station and deployed to the LA Riots. 1st/18th was first unit on the ground to secure the LA Coliseum, (on the ground for two weeks) released on 9 May 1992 and reverted to state control.


18th Cavalry Regiment, History, 21st century activations and deployments
In the 2003-2004 time period Alpha, Bravo and Charlie Troops were activated in support of Operation Noble Eagle. In 2005-2006, the Squadron (less Delta, Echo and Foxtrot Troops) were mobilized to provide a security force for Camp Delta which fell under the GWOT Campaign. A few of the troopers were assigned to the 184th Infantry during their 2004 deployment to Operation Iraqi Freedom, with some dying in combat. During the October 2007 California wildfires, approximately 400 soldiers were activated by the Governor of California to assist local authorities in various functions.


18th Cavalry Regiment, History, 21st century activations and deployments
1-18th Cavalry was called to active federal service along with the 79th IBCT in October 2008 in support of NATO peacekeeping efforts in Kosovo. 1-18th Cavalry subsequently returned to the U.S. in November 2009. During the 2015 California wildfires, Soldiers with 18th Cavalry were called up to participate in firefighting operations.


18th Cavalry Regiment, History, 21st century activations and deployments
In 2018, elements of the regiment deployed to Jordan, as part of Task Force Spartan, relieving elements of the 184th Infantry.


18th Cavalry Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia
A Gold color metal and enamel device 1+1⁄8 inches (2.9 cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Or, a tilting spear in bend Vert, between a horse’s head couped and a gauntlet of the like, all within a bordure of the second. Attached below the shield is a Gold scroll inscribed "VELOX ET MORTIFER" in Black letters.


18th Cavalry Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia
The shield of the coat of arms for the 111th Armored Cavalry Regiment, differenced by a green border, indicates descent of the 139th Tank Battalion from the 3d Battalion of that organization. The colors yellow and green are used for Armor. The horse’s head and lance symbolize Cavalry and medieval armor, respectively. The gauntlet represents the shock action of armor and the ability to deliver a decisive blow.


18th Cavalry Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia
The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 139th Tank Battalion on 28 February 1956. It was redesignated for the 18th Armored Cavalry Regiment on 24 April 1968. The insignia was redesignated for the 18th Cavalry Regiment on 13 May 1975.


18th Cavalry Regiment, Coat of arms, Blazon
Or, a tilting spear in bend Vert, between a horse’s head couped and a gauntlet of the like, all within a bordure of the second.


18th Cavalry Regiment, Coat of arms, Blazon
That for the regiments and separate battalions of the California Army National Guard: On a wreath of the colors Or and Vert, the setting sun behind a grizzly bear passant on a grassy field all Proper. Motto VELOX ET MORTIFER (Swift and Deadly).


18th Cavalry Regiment, Coat of arms, Symbolism
The shield of the coat of arms for the 111th Armored Cavalry Regiment, differenced by a green border, indicates descent of the 139th Tank Battalion from the 3d Battalion of that organization. The colors yellow and green are used for Armor. The horse’s head and lance symbolize Cavalry and medieval armor, respectively. The gauntlet represents the shock action of armor and the ability to deliver a decisive blow.


18th Cavalry Regiment, Coat of arms, Symbolism
The crest is that of the California Army National Guard.


18th Cavalry Regiment, Coat of arms, Background
The coat of arms was originally approved for the 139th Tank Battalion on 28 February 1956. It was redesignated for the 18th Armored Cavalry Regiment on 24 April 1968. The insignia was redesignated for the 18th Cavalry Regiment on 13 May 1975.


18th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection
The 18th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI) was elected at the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China on 14 November 2012. Its 1st Plenary Session elected the Secretary, deputy secretaries and the 18th Standing Committee of the CCDI.


18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
The 18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party was elected by the 18th National Congress on 15 November 2012, and sat in plenary sessions until the communing of the 19th National Congress in 2017. It was formally proceeded by the 17th Central Committee.


18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
The Committee is composed of full members and alternate members. A member has voting rights, while an alternate does not. If a full member is removed from the CC the vacancy is then filled by an alternate member at the next committee plenum — the alternate member who received the most confirmation votes in favour is highest on the order of precedence. To be elected to the Central Committee, a candidate must be a party member for at least five years.


18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
The first plenary session in 2012 was responsible for electing the bodies in which the authority of the Central Committee was invested when it was not in session: the Politburo and the Politburo Standing Committee. It was also responsible for approving the members of the Secretariat, Central Commission of Discipline Inspection and its Standing Committee. The second plenary session in March 2013 was responsible for nominating candidates for state positions.


18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
The remaining plenary sessions of the 18th Central Committee were known for announcing a wide range of reform programs on a scale unprecedented since the Deng era, including "comprehensively deepening reforms", "ruling the country according to law", and complete the construction of a "moderately prosperous society". The 18th CC also saw the highest number of members expelled from the body due to corruption in the party's history.


18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
The 18th CC was elected using the method "more candidates than seats". At the 18th National Congress, delegates could vote for 224 possible candidates for 205 seats for full membership, and 190 candidates for the 171 alternate members. 8.5 percent of the member candidates and 10 percent of the alternate candidates failed to be elected. Of the 373 full and alternate members, 184 of them (i.e., 48.9 percent) were elected to the Central Committee for the first time. Five of the nine members born in the 1960s were associated with the Communist Youth League (designated as Tuanpai by foreign commentators).


18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
Few offspring of previously high-standing officials (known as "princelings") managed to obtain full membership on the 18th CC, though a few were named alternate members. The number of members who worked in central-controlled state-owned enterprises increased from one in the 17th CC to six, while Zhang Ruimin (head of Haier) was re-elected. The number of members from the military remained constant from the previous committee at around 20 percent, continuing a longstanding tradition.


18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, References, Sources
Plenary sessions, apparatus heads, ethnicity, the Central Committee member- and alternate membership, Politburo membership, Secretariat membership, Central Military Commission members, Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection membership, Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, offices an individual held, retirement, if the individual in question is military personnel, female, has been expelled, is currently under investigation or has retired:


18th Chess Olympiad
The 18th Chess Olympiad, organized by FIDE and comprising an open team tournament, as well as several other events designed to promote the game of chess, took place between October 17 and November 7, 1968, in Lugano, Switzerland.


18th Chess Olympiad
The Soviet team with six GMs, led by world champion Petrosian, lived up to expectations and won their ninth consecutive gold medals, with Yugoslavia and Bulgaria taking the silver and bronze, respectively.


18th Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries
A total of 53 teams entered the competition and were divided into seven preliminary groups of seven or eight teams each. The top two from each group advanced to Final A, the teams placed third-fourth to Final B, no. 5-6 to Final C, and the rest to Final D. Preliminary head-to-head results were carried over to the finals, so no teams met more than once. All preliminary groups and finals were played as round-robin tournaments. The results were as follows:


18th Coast Artillery (United States)
The 18th Coast Artillery Regiment was  a Coast Artillery regiment in the United States Army. It was the Regular Army component of the Harbor Defenses of the Columbia, replacing the 3rd Coast Artillery there. Other elements of the regiment were also part of the Harbor Defenses of San Francisco. The regiment was active from 1940 until withdrawn in April 1944 and inactivated the following month as part of an Army-wide reorganization.


18th Coast Artillery (United States), Lineage 1
Constituted as the 18th Artillery (Coast Artillery Corps) (C.A.C.) and organized October 1918 at Fort Winfield Scott, California, but demobilized in December 1918. This was one of a number of Coast Artillery regiments mobilized to operate heavy and railway artillery on the Western Front in World War I, but the Armistice resulted in the dissolution of the 18th.


18th Coast Artillery (United States), Lineage 2
Constituted in the Regular Army 19 January 1940 as 18th Coast Artillery (Harbor Defense) (HD), and organized 1 February 1940 at Fort Stevens. Regimental HHB, 1st Battalion HHB, and Batteries A and B were organized 1 February 1940 by redesignating HHD, Btrys E and F, and Panama Detachment, 3rd Coast Artillery (HD) Regiment, Fort Stevens. The 18th CA (HD) relieved the 3rd CA (HD) in the Harbor Defenses of the Columbia. The 249th Coast Artillery was the Oregon National Guard component of those defenses.


18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
The 18th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was held during 10–21 March 1939 in Moscow. It elected the 18th Central Committee.


18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
This is the first Congress to be dominated by the "purified" leadership of the Soviet Union after the Great Purge. This would be the last one held for over a decade.


18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
In the report on the work of the 17th Central Committee of the Communist Party Stalin outlined important aspects of the foreign policy of the USSR, particularly its disappointment with the western democracies and their failure to adopt the policy of collective security advocated by Soviet foreign minister Maxim Litvinov. Shortly after this, Stalin dismissed Litvinov and appointed Vyacheslav Molotov, a move that led to the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and a temporary understanding with Nazi Germany.


18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Decisions of the Congress
The report of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) consisted of an analysis of the internal and international situation of the country, as well as its future development perspectives. The Congress took note of the now prevailing socialist mode of production and considered socialism in the USSR to be largely built, while in its view the country was already sailing towards a new step of development, i.e. the completion of the socialist society. A new goal was set: to catch and get ahead of the most developed capitalistic States. The report also tackled theoretical questions regarding the stages of development and functions of the socialist State, and viewed as erroneous the idea that the State would be soon extinct.


18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Decisions of the Congress
The Congress sanctioned the new Party's statute which was supposed to reflect changes in the class structure of the Soviet society. A unified set of conditions for entry in the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was implemented, as well as a one-year probation period. An exception was made for former members of other parties, to which these conditions would not apply. The division into separate categories depending on each individual's social class origin was abolished. Articles defining new rights for the Party's members were also added.


18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Decisions of the Congress
The Congress also confirmed the third five-years plan for the development of the Soviet economy.


18th Congress of the Philippines
The Eighteenth Congress of the Philippines (Filipino: Ikalabingwalong Kongreso ng Pilipinas) is the current meeting of the national legislature of the Republic of the Philippines, composed of the Senate and House of Representatives. The convention of the 18th Congress was followed by the 2019 Senate election, which replaced half of the Senate membership, and the 2019 House of Representatives elections which elected the entire membership of the House of Representatives.


18th Congress of the Philippines
The House of Representatives meets in Batasang Pambansa Complex and the Senate meets in the GSIS Building from July 22, 2019 to a certain date in 2022, from the fourth to sixth year of the presidency of Rodrigo Duterte; this will be the end of tenure for senators elected in 2016. The 18th Congress was officially opened by President Duterte together with the joint session of the Senate and the House of Representatives.


18th Congress of the Philippines, Composition
Both chambers of Congress are divided into parties and blocs. While members are elected via parties, blocs are the basis for committee memberships. Only members of the majority and minority blocs are accorded committee memberships. This is how blocs are determined:


18th Congress of the Philippines, Members
Terms of members of Congress started on June 30, 2019, took office on July 22, 2019, and will end on June 30, 2022, unless stated otherwise.


18th Congress of the Philippines, Agenda, Death penalty
As of July 2019, bills seeking to reinstate capital punishment in the Philippines have been revived in the Senate ahead of the opening of the 18th Congress.


18th Congress of the Philippines, Agenda, COVID-19 pandemic
The 18th Congress enacted the Bayanihan to Heal as One Act and Bayanihan to Recover as One Act as response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines.


18th Congress of the Philippines, Agenda, ABS-CBN franchise renewal
In May 2020, the House of Representatives acted on the pending franchise renewal bills of ABS-CBN that has been pending since July 2019.


18th Congress of the Philippines, Agenda, House Speakership crisis
In 2020, the position of Speaker was disputed, which in the latter part of the year threatened the passage of a bill legislating the national government's budget for 2021. The dispute involved then-speaker and Pateros–Taguig representative Alan Peter Cayetano and Marinduque representative Lord Allan Velasco. This started in July 2019, when the two had a "term-sharing agreement" which was brokered by President Rodrigo Duterte. Under that deal, Cayetano would serve as House Speaker for the first 15 months of the 18th Congress, or until October 2020. Cayetano was to step down from his position as speaker in order to give way for the election of Velasco as speaker.


18th Congress of the Philippines, Agenda, House Speakership crisis
Cayetano, in March 2020, accused Velasco and his camp of a conspiracy to remove him from his position as House Speaker. Velasco denied Cayetano's allegation of supposed ouster plot, stating it "baseless." Cayetano initially oversaw deliberations on the 2021 national budget but tensions in the lower house of the Congress grew by September 2020. His camp abruptly ended sessions in which some legislators criticizing the move which prevented them from scrutinizing proposals on the 2021 budget.


18th Congress of the Philippines, Agenda, House Speakership crisis
Cayetano offered to resign but his camp claim that majority of the House of Representatives declined his resignation. On October 12, 2020, Lord Allan Velasco and some legislators convened at the Celebrity Sports Complex in Quezon City and conducted a house session where positions including the speakership was declared vacant and appointed Velasco as house speaker. Velasco's camp claimed that 186 lawmakers voted for his appointment as house speaker. Cayetano's camp declared the session a "travesty" and questioned the legality of the session itself. Cayetano maintained that he remains as house speaker. On the other hand, Cayetano called the appointment of Velasco as a speaker a "fake session" as he added that there was no prior plenary resolution authorizing the holding of a session outside the Batasang Pambansa and insists that the House of Representative mace used in the meeting is illegal.


18th Congress of the Philippines, Agenda, House Speakership crisis
On October 13, 2020, during the start of the special session of the House, Velasco's election as House Speaker last October 12, 2020 was formally ratified by 186 representatives assembled in the Batasang Pambansa. At the same time, Cayetano tendered his "irrevocable" resignation as House Speaker on his Facebook Live paving the way for Velasco to assume his position undisputed.


18th Congress of the Philippines, Legislation, Republic Acts
The 18th Congress has passed 33 laws, or Republic Acts 11462 to 11494:


18th Connecticut Infantry Regiment
The 18th Connecticut Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


18th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Service
The 18th Connecticut Infantry Regiment was organized at Norwich, Connecticut, on August 22, 1862.


18th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to Defenses of Baltimore, Maryland, VIII Corps, Middle Department, to January 1863. 2nd Separate Brigade, VIII Corps, to February 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, VIII Corps, to June 1863. Unattached, Scammon's Division, Department of West Virginia, to December 1863. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, Department of West Virginia, to April 1864. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, Department of West Virginia, to July 1864. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, Department of West Virginia, to October 1864. New Haven, Connecticut, to November 1864. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, Department of West Virginia, to April 1865. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, Department of West Virginia, to June 1865.


18th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Service
The 18th Connecticut Infantry mustered out of service June 27, 1865, at Harpers Ferry, West Virginia.


18th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
The regiment left Connecticut for Baltimore, Maryland, August 22. Duty at Forts McHenry and Marshall, Defenses of Baltimore, May 1863. Moved to Winchester, Virginia, and joined Robert H. Milroy's command May 22. Battle of Winchester June 13–15, where the regiment was mostly captured June 15. Paroled July 2 and exchanged October 1, 1863. Moved to Martinsburg, Virginia, to join those not captured. Provost duty at Hagerstown, Maryland, September 30, and at Martinsburg March 1864. At Bolivar Heights March 7–28. Reconnaissance toward Snicker's Gap March 16–18. On furlough March 28 – April 9.