1899–1900 Southampton F.C. season, FA Cup
The semi-final was played at Crystal Palace on 24 March, with a 30,000 crowd seeing a "disappointing" goalless draw. The replay was the following Wednesday at Reading's Elm Park when a crowd of only 10,000 saw Alf Milward at his "electrifying best", scoring two goals in a straightforward 3–0 victory, to put the Saints through to their first appearance in the final less than 15 years after the club was founded.


1899–1900 Southampton F.C. season, FA Cup, FA Cup Final
The final was played on 21 April 1900 at Crystal Palace in front of a crowd of 68,945, many of whom were "rooting" for the southerners; the referee was Arthur Kingscott from Derby, who had refereed the Second Round match against Newcastle United. The weather was unusually sunny for April and Bury, who won the toss, decided to kick off with the sun behind them.


1899–1900 Southampton F.C. season, FA Cup, FA Cup Final
From the start, the Bury forwards directed several high crosses into the goalmouth to test the Saints' goalkeeper, Jack Robinson. The first goal came after nine minutes when Jack Plant's cross from the right was converted by centre-forward Jasper McLuckie. Bury were two goals up six minutes later when Willie Wood slotted home a loose clearance. Despite Robinson making "a couple of excellent saves", the match was over as a contest when McLuckie scored his second goal after 23 minutes, following a "fine pass" from Wood.


1899–1900 Southampton F.C. season, FA Cup, FA Cup Final
In the second half, the Saints came back into the game with Alf Milward and Harry Wood having several attempts on goal, to no avail. With ten minutes to play, Robinson made another fine save from Jack Pray, which resulted in a corner. The corner was quickly taken by Billy Richards to Plant, who shot "low and hard" past Robinson to complete a "football lesson" for the Southampton players.


1899–1900 Southampton F.C. season, FA Cup, Aftermath
Reporting on the match, the Southampton correspondent for Athletic News described the team's performance as "A weak, wavering, pitiable and lamentable show".


1899–1900 Southampton F.C. season, FA Cup, Aftermath
I can sadly say, and without doing any injustice to Bury, that from goalkeeper to centre-forward not a man in the Southampton side played up to his reputation.


1899–1900 Southampton F.C. season, FA Cup, Aftermath
All commentators agree that, while a defeat to a Football League side containing two current England players (Sagar and Plant) was excusable, the margin of defeat and the poor standard of performance were not.


1899–1900 Southampton F.C. season, FA Cup, Aftermath
Twelve years after the match, "Recorder" writing in the Southampton Pictorial attempted to uncover the reasons for Southampton's failure, for which there had "never been what one could call an official explanation". He claimed that there was a division between the English and Scottish players about who should play as centre-forward. The Scottish players wanted Roddy McLeod whereas the English majority wanted Jack Farrell. Farrell had returned in March from the injury sustained in the Second Round match to replace McLeod for the semi-final. Farrell was a temperamental player who had once threatened a local reporter for criticizing his performance, whereas McLeod was a calmer, more selfless player.


1899–1900 Southampton F.C. season, FA Cup, Aftermath
This jealousy, while it disturbed the harmony that was so essential to success, did not develop into disloyalty ... but matters went badly for the team from the start, and some players, instead of making special efforts to save the game, attributed their non-success to the deliberate flouting of their wishes.


1899–1900 Southampton F.C. season, FA Cup, Aftermath
One unnamed player is reported to have said: "I could see that some of the others were not trying, and said to myself Why should I run myself to a standstill?"


1899–1900 Southampton F.C. season, FA Cup, Aftermath
Although Farrell and McLeod played out the last three league matches of the season, both players left the club in the summer as did defenders, Meechan, Durber and Petrie.


1899–1900 Southampton F.C. season, Friendly matches
Despite the expanded league season and the long FA Cup run, Southampton continued to play regular friendly matches against other league clubs and amateur touring sides. Of the seventeen matches played, eight were wins, two drawn and seven defeats.


1899–1900 Southampton F.C. season, Friendly matches
The first friendly match of the season was on 6 September 1899 at the opening of Portsmouth's Fratton Park stadium. Portsmouth played in pink shirts with maroon trimmings, earning them the nickname "the Shrimps", with Southampton in red and white stripes. The match was kicked off by the mayor of Portsmouth, with Portsmouth defending the Milton end of the ground. In an "entertaining spectacle", Portsmouth won 2–0 with goals from Dan Cunliffe (formerly with Liverpool) and Harold Clarke (formerly with Everton).


1899–1900 Southampton F.C. season, Friendly matches
Saints entertained two teams from the Football League First Division, with Wolverhampton Wanderers winning 5–2 on 23 October and champions Aston Villa winning 4–2 on 3 January.


1899–1900 Southern Football League
The 1899–1900 season was the sixth in the history of the Southern League. This season saw the expansion of Division One up to 17 teams, though two of them resigned from league before the end of the season. Tottenham Hotspur were Division One champions for the first time, but no Southern League clubs applied for election to the Football League.


1899–1900 Southern Football League, Division One
A total of 17 teams contested the division, including 13 sides from previous season and four new teams.


1899–1900 Southern Football League, Division Two
A total of 11 teams contested the division, including nine sides from previous season and two new teams.


1899–1900 Southern Football League, Promotion-relegation test matches
At the end of the season, test matches were held between the bottom two clubs in Division One and the top two clubs in Division Two. Thames Ironworks retained their place in Division One after beating Fulham 5–1, whilst Watford were promoted after beating Sheppey United 2–1, a result which saw the latter relegated.


1899–1900 St Helens RLFC season
The 1899-1900 St Helens R.F.C. season was the club's fifth in the Northern Rugby Football Union, the 26th in their history. In their highest ever finish in a rugby league competition, and their most successful season, the club finished fourth in the Lancashire Senior Championship. In the Challenge Cup, St Helens were beaten in the first round by rivals Warrington. However, they did manage some silverware in the season, by beating league winners Runcorn 6-0 in the South Lancashire Cup final.


1899–1900 Staffordshire Senior Cup
The twenty-third running of the Staffordshire Senior Cup consisted of nine clubs. It opened at the Aston Lower Grounds on 18 September 1899 and closed at the same venue on 26 April 1900.


1899–1900 Staffordshire Senior Cup
The biggest wins in the competition 8–0, came at Walsall and Wolverhampton Wanderers.


1899–1900 Staffordshire Senior Cup
The Final at the Victoria Ground, Stoke, a tight affair, saw Grassam score for Burslem Port Vale only to be equalised by a scrimmage for West Bromwich Albion. The attendance was just 500. In the replay at Aston Lower Grounds the First Division club West Bromwich Albion beat the Second Division side easily with goals from Simmons, Walker (2), Roberts (2) in front of 1000 spectators.


1899–1900 Stoke F.C. season
The 1899–1900 season was Stoke's 11th season in the Football League.


1899–1900 Stoke F.C. season
As the nineteenth century gave way to the twentieth, it became common knowledge that Stoke were still under a heavy financial cloud. There had been more public appeals for funds - and a certain amount of money had been raised. The directors had continued to go to Scotland for players but, they were not all that successful.


1899–1900 Stoke F.C. season
The team itself had flirted with relegation for a number of seasons now and there had been only one respectable cup run, Stoke often looked capable of beating the best teams in the country but they were far too inconsistent and always seemed to be at least a couple of quality players short of what was required to challenge for honours.


1899–1900 Stoke F.C. season
Stoke's final season of the nineteenth century saw them finish in a mid table position of 9th, Stoke struggled for goals during the season scoring 37 only the bottom two relegated clubs scoring less.


1899–1900 Stoke F.C. season, Season review, League
Stoke began the 1899–1900 campaign well, beating Liverpool and Preston North End at home and drawing away at Burnley in their first three matches. Tom Wilkes had replaced the outgoing George Clawley in goal and there was a change in attack as local player Sam Higginson was introduced in the place of Fred Molyneux who joined Bristol City while Jack Farrell joined Southampton. Tom Holford also came through the ranks at the Victoria Ground and he went on to become a club legend making over 260 appearances. There was also change in the boardroom as Mr W Cowlishaw replaced Mr J Fenton.


1899–1900 Stoke F.C. season, Season review, League
On 13 November 1899 league leaders Aston Villa visited Stoke which attracted a crowd of 15,000 to the Victoria Ground. Gate receipts amounted to £379 a record at the time. Villa won 2–0 and were on their way to a third straight title. Stoke took ninth place in the First Division just two points away from fifth.


1899–1900 Stoke F.C. season, Season review, FA Cup
After last seasons run to the semi-final Stoke exited the FA Cup this season in the first round losing 1–0 in a replay to Liverpool after a 0–0 draw.


1899–1900 Thames Ironworks F.C. season
The 1899–1900 season was the last for Thames Ironworks before the club folded to be reformed as West Ham United.


1899–1900 Thames Ironworks F.C. season, Kit
They adopted claret and blue 'uniforms' for the first time. Charlie Dove had got the kits for the club at a very cheap price of £3.10s. They had come from William Belton, who was a professional sprinter, as well as being one of the coaches at Thames Ironworks. During the summer of 1899, Belton had been at a fair in Birmingham, close to Villa Park, the home ground of Aston Villa. Belton had been challenged to a race against four Villa players, who wagered money that one of them would win.


1899–1900 Thames Ironworks F.C. season, Kit
He defeated them, and when they were unable to pay the bet, one of the Villa players who was responsible for washing the team's kit offered a complete side's 'uniforms' to Belton in payment of the bet. The Aston Villa player subsequently reported to his club that the kit was 'missing'. Thames Ironworks, and West Ham United would continue to use their previous favoured colours of white, sky blue or navy for their away kit.


1899–1900 Thames Ironworks F.C. season, Overview
To bolster the squad for their first season in Southern League Division One, Arnold Hills supplied a transfer fund of £1,000 to club secretary Francis Payne, who chose to build the team by buying players already familiar with each other. From New Brompton he brought in right-half Alec Gentle and left-back Syd King who would go on to become West Ham United's first manager in 1902.


1899–1900 Thames Ironworks F.C. season, Overview
Payne also raided Tottenham for three forward players, bringing in inside-right Kenny McKay, centre-forward Bill Joyce, who was described as having a "few fancy thrills" andleft-winger Tom Bradshaw, who was appointed captain of the team. Bradshaw was a former England international, who holds the distinction of being Liverpool's first ever player to achieve international recognition. Players to leave in the club in the summer included the man Bradshaw had replaced in the team, Patrick Leonard, who returned to Manchester City. Walter Tranter was also sold to Chatham but he would return as a West Ham United player just a year later.


1899–1900 Thames Ironworks F.C. season, Overview
Whilst in pursuit of a Birmingham player, Francis Payne was accused by the Midlands club of illegally using an agent to tap up their player, and was charged with poaching by The Football Association. At the tribunal, The Football Association suspended the agent for two years, and Thames Ironworks for two weeks. The club also received a £25 fine. Payne, who was absent from the proceedings, was suspended, and soon resigned his post as club secretary. He was replaced in the position by Irons defender George Neil, thus beginning a history of the team appointing from within.


1899–1900 Thames Ironworks F.C. season, Overview
Thames Ironworks lost their first fixture in the Southern League Division One 1–0 away at Reading on 16 September 1899, but managed their biggest league win of the season only two days later with 4–0 home win against Chatham. The game included two goals apiece for inside-forwards Albert Carnelly and new signing Kenny McKay. The Irons kept up their form for the FA Cup beating  the amateur side, Royal Engineers at home 6–0 on 23 September, with a hat-trick from Bill Joyce, and a goal each from McKay, Roddy McEachrane and Jimmy Reid. A week later, Thames Ironworks featured in the next qualifying round of the FA Cup, this time beating Grays United 4–0 away, with goals from Joyce, McKay, Carnelly and centre-half Peter McManus.


1899–1900 Thames Ironworks F.C. season, Overview
During the third league match of season on 7 October, Tom Bradshaw sustained an injury in The Irons 1–0 home win over Bedminster that would begin a series of events that would see the condition of his health spiral downwards.


1899–1900 Thames Ironworks F.C. season, Overview
Thames Ironworks would see their good form continue in the third qualifying round of the FA Cup on 14 October, finally claiming the scalp of Sheppey United with a 4–2 home win that included two goals from Carnelly and two from Joyce. The fourth qualifying round followed two weeks later and The Irons recorded their biggest win of the season, trouncing Dartford away 7–0. There were braces for Carnelly and McKay, as well as a goal each for Joyce, McEachrane and Bradshaw.


1899–1900 Thames Ironworks F.C. season, Overview
However, The Irons good form soon ended on 4 November when in a league game they lost 7–0 at White Hart Lane to Tottenham. The indignation was increased by the fact that it was also their highest away attendance that season with 7,000 people at the game. Thames Ironworks managed to steady the ship with a 0–0 home draw against New Brompton on 11 November, in what would be Tom Bradshaw's last league game ever.


1899–1900 Thames Ironworks F.C. season, Overview
Only a week later, The Irons then had to play New Brompton again, this time away and in the next qualifying round of the FA Cup. The teams again served up a 0–0 draw and a replay was scheduled for the following week. On 23 November Thames Ironworks managed to break New Brompton's resolve, winning 2–0 with goals from Carnelly and McKay, setting up a next round tie against arch rivals Millwall Athletic. The clearly ailing Tom Bradshaw was rested for the next two games, in preparation for the tie against Millwall which was to follow 16 days later. The Irons league form continued to be erratic in those next two games with a 1–0 home win over Swindon  being closely followed by 0–2 loss away at Bristol City.


1899–1900 Thames Ironworks F.C. season, Overview
The Irons' 9 December FA Cup game at home to Millwall attracted their biggest attendance of the season with 13,000 spectators making the fifth qualifying round tie. Captain Tom Bradshaw, after being absent for the previous two games got the only goal in a 1–2 defeat. This would be his last game for the club. Thames Ironworks lost again at home to Millwall on 23 December, this time in the Southern League and by two goals to nil. Again, another above average crowd of 12/000 were attracted to a game between these two London rivals.


1899–1900 Thames Ironworks F.C. season, Overview
This loss was followed two days later by a Christmas Day 0–2 defeat against Queens Park Rangers. Also on 25 December, after lengthy illness, club captain Tom Bradshaw died. His cause of death was recorded as consumption. His passing was remembered by future West Ham manager Syd King, in his brief history of the club:


1899–1900 Thames Ironworks F.C. season, Overview
The disillusioned Thames Ironworks team would record seven successive defeats until 15 January 1900, when they drew away at Bristol Rovers 1–1, with Kenny McKay getting the all important goal. The Irons managed to follow this up with a 3–0 win over Sheppey on 20 January, with goals coming from McKay, Carnelly and Joyce. A further four wins and three draws were just enough for Thames ironworks to avoid bottom place, and much of the credit for that should go to their forwards McKay, Carnelly and Joyce, who between them scored 90% of The Irons' goals.


1899–1900 Thames Ironworks F.C. season, Overview
The Irons won the last three games of the season. The first of these was on 9 April against the previous season's Southern League Division One champions Southampton, who had just reached the FA Cup Final and were sitting in third place in the division. Against the odds, Thames Ironworks recorded a 4–1 win with Bill Joyce's second hat-trick of the season and a goal from right-winger Bob Allan. On 17 April  The Irons completed the double over bottom club SheppeyUnited by a 4–2 margin. This time the goals came from McKay, Joyce, Taylor and an own goal.


1899–1900 Thames Ironworks F.C. season, Overview
The last game of the season arrived on 28 April when, at the third time of asking that season, The Irons beat Millwall away 1–0 with a goal from Ken McKay. Thames Ironworks finished 14 out of 15 in the Southern League Division One and would be required to play a Test Match to preserve their divisional status. Only two days later at a game held at Tottenham's White Hart Lane Ground, The Irons faced a Fulham team featuring former centre-forward David Lloyd.


1899–1900 Thames Ironworks F.C. season, Overview
Although only 600 fans turned up, Thames Ironworks won 5–1, with Bill Joyce claiming his third hat-trick of the season at his former stomping ground. The other goals came from centre-half Willie Stewart and an own goal. Thames Ironworks had survived their first season in the top division of the Southern League and their reserve team had also begun to gain ground, finishing fourth of ten in the London League Division One.


1899–1900 Thames Ironworks F.C. season, Overview
Bill Joyce and Roddy McEachrane were ever-presents during the 1899–1900 season with 36 appearances each. Bill Joyce, Kenny McKay and Albert Carnelly all scored 8 goals in the Southern League Division One, with Joyce getting a further 10 in FA Cup and Test Match games.


1899–1900 Thames Ironworks F.C. season, Resignation from the league
In June 1900, club chairman Arnold Hill's  Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company acquired another engineering firm in financial takeover and became a limited company for the first time. 4,000 ten shilling shares (50p) were sold to Iron Works staff and the general public, with Hills generous enough to match sales of any shares one-to-one. At the end of June, Thames Ironworks F.C. resigned from the Southern League and were officially wound up.


1899–1900 Thames Ironworks F.C. season, Resignation from the league
On 5 July 1900 they reformed under the new name of West Ham United F.C. and accepted an offer of the Southern League place left vacant by Thames Ironworks. Lew Bowen, a Welsh clerk at the Iron Works Company was appointed as the first West Ham United club secretary. Bowen had previously written Thames Ironworks match reports for the Thames Iron Works Gazette, also known as TIWG. He would retain twelve Thames Ironworks players for the following season.


1899–1900 Thames Ironworks F.C. season, Resignation from the league
These included goalkeeper Tommy Moore, full-backs Syd King and Charlie Craig, wing-halves Charlie Dove, Roddy McEachrane and James Bigden, left-wingers Frank Taylor and Len Walker and right-wingers Bob Allan and Fred Corbett. Former club secretary and Ironworks defender George Neil was also retained for the new season ahead. Tom Bradshaw's close friends Bill Joyce and Kenny McKay left for Portsmouth and Fulham respectively, while Albert Carnelly joined arch-rivals Millwall.


1899–1900 United States collegiate men's ice hockey season
The 1899–1900 United States collegiate men's ice hockey season was the 5th season of collegiate ice hockey.


1899–1900 United States collegiate men's ice hockey season
Princeton University played several games during the season, however, Princeton's records for its ice hockey team begin with the 1900–01 season.


1899–1900 WPHL season
The 1899–1900 WPHL season was the third season of operation for the Western Pennsylvania Hockey League. Four Pittsburgh-area teams competed in the season, in which all games were played at the Duquesne Gardens. While the Pittsburgh Bankers were added to the league and began play, the season marked the final year that an amateur team representing Western University, played in the league. The Pittsburgh Athletic Club repeated as the league champions, for their second league title.


1899–1900 Welsh Amateur Cup
The 1899–1900 Welsh Amateur Cup was the tenth season of the Welsh Amateur Cup. The cup was won by Wellington St. Georges United who defeated Llanrwst Town 2-0 in the final, at Flint.


1899–1900 Western Football League
The 1899–1900 season was the eighth in the history of the Western Football League.


1899–1900 Western Football League
Bristol Rovers were the champions of Division One, and also competed in the Southern League during this season, along with all the other members of Division One. The Division Two champions were debutants Bristol East.


1899–1900 Western Football League, Final tables, Division One
One new club joined Division One, which was reduced to just four clubs from seven after Trowbridge Town and Warmley resigned during the previous season, and Bristol St George and Southampton left at the end of the season.


1899–1900 Western Football League, Final tables, Division Two
Two new clubs joined Division Two, which was reduced to five clubs after Barton Hill, Bristol Amateurs, Hanham, Midsomer Norton and Mount Hill all left at the end of the previous season.


1899–1900 Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball team
The 1899–1900 Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball team represented University of Wisconsin–Madison. The head coach was Dr. James C. Elsom, coaching his second season with the Badgers. The team played their home games at the Red Gym in Madison, Wisconsin and was a member of the Western Conference.


1899–1900 Yale Bulldogs men's basketball team
The 1899–1900 Yale Bulldogs men's basketball team represented Yale University in intercollegiate basketball during the 1899–1900 season. The team finished the season with a 9–6 record and was retroactively named the national champion by the Premo-Porretta Power Poll.


1899–1900 Yale Bulldogs men's ice hockey season
The 1899–1900 Yale Bulldogs men's ice hockey season was the 5th season of play for the program.


1899–1900 Yale Bulldogs men's ice hockey season, Season
For the second consecutive season, Yale was declared Intercollegiate Hockey League champions, finishing undefeated against all conference opponents.


1899–1900 Yale Bulldogs men's ice hockey season, Season
The team did not have a coach, however, E.A. Strong served as team manager.


1899–1900 Yale Bulldogs men's ice hockey season, Season
Yale played their first game against Harvard, the program that would eventually become their most enduring rival.


1899–1900 in Belgian football
The 1899–1900 season was the fifth competitive season in Belgian football.


1899–1900 in Belgian football, Overview
Only one official division existed at the time, split into two leagues. It was called Coupe de Championnat (Championship Cup) and its winner was decided after a two-legged final match between the winners of each league.


1899–1900 in Belgian football, Overview
At the end of the season it was decided to merge the two league in one. Antwerp F.C. withdrew from the league after nearly every player left the club for the new Beerschot and F.C. Courtraisien was relegated. The clubs that replaced those two were Beerschot and Verviers F.C..


1899–1900 in English football
The 1899–1900 season was the 29th season of competitive football in England.


1899–1900 in English football, Events
Chesterfield and Middlesbrough replaced Blackpool and Darwen in the Football League.


1899–1900 in English football, Events
Glossop debuted in the First Division, becoming the smallest town ever to compete in the highest English football division. The team finished in bottom place and was relegated, becoming the first of six clubs that so far have only completed one season in the top flight.


1899–1900 in English football, Honours
Notes = Number in parentheses is the times that club has won that honour. * indicates new record for competition


1899–1900 in English football, National team
For the last round of international matches in the Victorian era, the England national football team played all three matches in the 1900 British Home Championship away from home.


1899–1900 in English football, National team, Ireland
For the match against Ireland, played at Lansdowne Road, Dublin on 17 March 1900, the England team were confidently expecting an easy win after five successive victories, including winning 13–2 the previous year. The England selectors chose five debutantes, including four of the five forwards. Dan Cunliffe of Southern League Portsmouth, made his solitary England appearance at inside right, with his Portsmouth teammate Matt Reilly in goal for the Irish.


1899–1900 in English football, National team, Ireland
Another Southern League player, Archie Turner of Southampton played the first of his two internationals at outside right, while on the left were Charlie Sagar of Bury and Fred Priest of Sheffield United, with the experienced Gilbert Smith in the centre. Priest's Sheffield United colleague, Harry Johnson played the first of his six internationals at Right-half.


1899–1900 in English football, National team, Ireland
In the event, the game was far more difficult than expected, with England only managing a 2–0 victory, with goals from debutantes Johnson and Sagar.


1899–1900 in English football, National team, Wales
Nine days later, the England team travelled to Cardiff to compete against Wales with four new players. Arthur Chadwick of Southampton represented the Southern League, playing the first of his two internationals at centre half. The other three debutantes were up front, with Corinthians Geoffrey Plumpton Wilson and Tip Foster, lining up alongside their club captain, G. O. Smith, and Alf Spouncer of Nottingham Forest making his only England appearance on the left wing.


1899–1900 in English football, National team, Wales
While the visitors were expected to win with ease, the Welsh "fought magnificently" to hold the English to a draw with Billy Meredith's 55th-minute strike cancelling out Wilson's third-minute goal.


1899–1900 in English football, National team, Scotland
As Scotland had defeated both the Welsh and Irish by large scores, England needed a victory at Celtic Park if they were to retain the British Home Championship. They made only three changes from the side that had defeated the Welsh, bringing in Jack Plant of Bury to replace Alf Spouncer on the left, and recalling Ernest Needham (replacing Howard Spencer in defence) and Steve Bloomer in place of Tip Foster.


1899–1900 in English football, National team, Scotland
Scotland were "determined to succeed against the visitors" following defeats in the two previous meetings. In front of a world record crowd of 63,000, the Scots did not disappoint their supporters with Robert McCollscoring a hat trick (his third for Scotland), with Bloomer scoring England's consolation. Scotland thus defeated all three of their competitors, enabling them to take the championship.


1899–1900 in Scottish football
The season of 1899–1900 in Scottish football was the 27th season of competitive football in Scotland and the tenth season of the Scottish Football League.


1899–1900 in Scottish football, Scottish Cup
Celtic were winners of the Scottish Cup after a 4–3 win over Queen's Park.


1899–1900 in Scottish football, Junior Cup
Maryhill were winners of the Junior Cup after a 3–2 win over Rugby XI.


1899–1900 in Scottish football, Scotland national team
Scotland were winners of the 1900 British Home Championship, having won all three of their matches.


1899–1923 cholera pandemic
The sixth cholera pandemic (1899–1923) was a major outbreak of cholera beginning in India, where it killed more than 800,000 people, and spreading to the Middle East, North Africa, Eastern Europe and Russia.


1899–1923 cholera pandemic, History
According to Leonard Rogers, following an outbreak of cholera at the Haridwar Kumbh Mela, the epidemic spread to Europe via Punjab, Afghanistan, Persia, and southern Russia.


1899–1923 cholera pandemic, History
The last cholera outbreak in the United States was in 1910–1911 when the steamship Moltke brought infected people to New York City from Naples. Vigilant health authorities isolated the infected on Swinburne Island, built in the nineteenth century as a quarantine facility. Eleven people died, including a health care worker at the island hospital.


1899–1923 cholera pandemic, History
In 1913, the Romanian Army, while invading Bulgaria during the Second Balkan War, suffered a cholera outbreak that provoked 1,600 deaths.


189th (2nd York and Durham) Brigade
The 189th (2nd York and Durham) Brigade was a formation of  the British Army during the First World War. It was raised as a second line brigade, part of the 63rd (2nd Northumbrian) Division, from those men in the Territorial Force who had not agreed to serve overseas. The second line infantry battalions had a minimum strength of 600 men. The brigade was disbanded in November 1916.


189th (Canadien-Français) Battalion, CEF
The 189th Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Fraserville, Quebec, it began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 in eastern Quebec. After sailing to England in September 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 69th Overseas Battalion, CEF on October 6, 1916. The 189th Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. P. A. Piuze.


189th Airlift Squadron
The 189th Airlift Squadron (189 AS) is an inactive unit of the Idaho Air National Guard. It was last assigned to the 124th Wing located at Gowen Field Air National Guard Base, Boise, Idaho. Following the BRAC 2005 the unit was inactivated on 18 October 2009.


189th Airlift Squadron, History
The 189th AS was activated on 1 September 1996 at Gowen Field ANGB as part of the 124th Wing. It was a tactical airlift squadron, equipped with Lockheed C-130E Hercules transports.


189th Airlift Squadron, History
Prior to its activation as a squadron in 1995, the unit was initially formed on 1 April 1984 as the 189th Tactical Reconnaissance Training Flight. Its mission was a Formal Training Unit (FTU) for aircrews being assigned to the 124th Tactical Reconnaissance (later Fighter) group flying RF-4C Phantom II reconnaissance and later F-4G Phantom II electronic warfare aircraft. On 16 March 1992 it was re-designated as the 189th Fighter Flight. The flight used 190th TFS/FS aircraft for its training mission.


189th Airlift Squadron, History
With the retirement of the F-4Gs in 1995, the status of the unit was changed from a flight to a squadron, and it received C-130E aircraft for operational missions. The 189th supported countless deployments all over the world in support of the U.S. Southern Command, Operation Allied Force, Operation Southern Watch, Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom. They also responded to winter weather disasters New Mexico and provided humanitarian support for Hurricanes Katrina and Rita.


189th Airlift Squadron, History
The Airlift Squadron's awards include the Governor's Outstanding Unit Citation 1997, 1999, and 2005 as well as the Adjutant General Award 1998.


189th Airlift Squadron, History
The 189th Airlift Squadron was inactivated as a result of the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Act on 18 October 2009. Many of the members who were part of the squadron were absorbed within the wing.


189th Airlift Wing
The 189th Airlift Wing (189 AW) is a unit of the Arkansas Air National Guard, stationed at Little Rock Air Force Base, Arkansas. If activated to federal service, it is gained by the United States Air Force Air Education and Training Command.


189th Airlift Wing
The 154th Training Squadron, assigned to the Wings 189th Operations Group, is a descendant organization of the World War I 154th Aero Squadron, established on 8 December 1917. It was reformed on 24 October 1925, as the 154th Observation Squadron, and is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.


189th Airlift Wing, Mission
"Mission of the 189th Airlift Wing:189th Airlift Wing: We are mission ready citizen airmen, providing premier training to the C-130 and cyber enterprises, capitalizing on partnerships to support the State and defend the Nation."


189th Airlift Wing, Mission
The 189th Airlift Wing is the provides world class training in various mission sets for USAF, USSF, and International Military Partners. The 189th AW provides aircrew training for the C-130 for all branches of the military. The unit operates the C-130 Tactical Airlift Instructor School, where aircrew instructors are trained to they can return to their units and keep members combat ready. The wing also operates the Air National Guard Enlisted Aircrew Academic School, which provides entry-level training for C-130 loadmasters before they are sent to the 314th Airlift Wing for mission qualification training.


189th Airlift Wing, Mission
The school also provides entry-level flight engineer training. In recent years the 189th Operations Group's 223rd Cyberspace Operations Squadron has been designated as the USAF Mission Defense Team Formal Training Unit qualifying Cyberspace Defenders on Defensive Cyberspace Operations Weapon system and tactics, as well as providing Specialized Cyberwarfare courses such as the Intelligence Support to Mission Defense Teams Course, Advanced Host Analysis, Advanced Network Analysis, Tactical Cyber Mission Planning, and ICS/SCADA Analysis training.


189th Airlift Wing, History
Established in 1962 when the Arkansas ANG 154th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron was expanded to a Group when elements of the 123d Air Base Group were added.


189th Airlift Wing, History
In June 1965, the group became the first Air National Guard organization to be equipped with RF-101 aircraft. As a result of the Pueblo Crises, the 189th was recalled to active duty in January 1968. In July of that year, the 154th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron (augmented) deployed from Little Rock AFB to Itazuke, Japan.


189th Airlift Wing, History, Air Refueling
On 1 January 1976, the unit was designated as the 189th Air Refueling Group, Arkansas Air National Guard, and converted to a KC-135 air-to-air refueling mission, and became one of the first Air National Guard units to be assigned to the Strategic Air Command as a gaining command.


189th Airlift Wing, History, Air Refueling
As an integral part of SAC under "Total Force," the 189th ARG maintained an around-the-clock ALPHA Alert, participated in European, Alaskan and Pacific Tanker Task Forces, and supported worldwide temporary tanker task forces performing in-flight refueling of all types of aircraft as assigned by the Strategic Air Command.


189th Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Airlift
On 1 October 1986, the unit was redesignated as the 189th Tactical Airlift Group and converted to the C-130 aircraft. The mission squadron was redesignated as the 154th Tactical Airlift Training Squadron and assumed a proportionate share of initial aircrew qualification training, from the 314th Tactical Airlift Wing, Little Rock AFB. Student training began on 25 September 1986.


189th Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Airlift
During Desert Shield/Desert Storm, 135 members were activated and served in both CONUS and OCONUS locations. Aircrews from the 189th flew 123 mission sorties in support of Desert Shield/Desert Storm without affecting the unit's day-to-day aircrew training mission.


189th Airlift Wing, History, Tactical Airlift
On 16 April 1992, the 189th Tactical Airlift Group was officially redesignated as the 189th Airlift Group, and the 154th Tactical Airlift Training Squadron was redesignated as the 154th Training Squadron, Arkansas Air National Guard. On 1 October 1995, the 189th Airlift Group was designated as the 189th Airlift Wing. The 189th AW was the first Air National Guard unit in the country to be located on an active duty Air Force base flying the same type aircraft as its active duty counterpart, and performing the same day-to-day mission. The 189th Airlift Wing transitioned from the C-130E to the C-130H aircraft during 2010. That same year the 189th Airlift Wing was selected as the lead unit for the C-130 AMP (Avionics Modernization Program) transition.


189th Aviation Regiment (United States)
The 189th Aviation Regiment is an aviation regiment of the U.S. Army. It was probably formed in the late 1980s.


189th Aviation Regiment (United States)
The 1st Battalion is part of the 34th Infantry Division, and administratively supervised while under state control by the 95th Troop Command of the Montana Army National Guard.


189th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)
In October 1969 186th Army Division(Chinese: 陆军第186师) was formed from 2nd Engineer District, Engineer Corps of Beijing Military Region. The division was a part of 63rd Army Corps.


189th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)
In December 1969 the division was renamed as 189th Army Division(Chinese: 陆军第189师), and all its regiments were re-designated as:


189th Infantry Brigade (United States)
The 189th Infantry Brigade is an Infantry brigade of the United States Army based at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington. It is a training brigade subordinate to First Army.


189th Infantry Brigade (United States)
Originally organized as a part of the 95th Infantry Division for World War I, the brigade never saw combat in that conflict. Kept active and in the reserve through much of the 20th century, the brigade in name was reorganized into a different unit for fighting during World War II. Seeing numerous moves, activations and deactivations, the brigade has been used principally as a training unit for most of its existence. Reactivated again in 2006, the brigade is now primarily responsible for training provincial reconstruction teams and their supporting elements for deployment to the War in Afghanistan.


189th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Origins
The 189th Infantry Brigade was first constituted and activated on 24 June 1921 in the Organized Reserves, and assigned to the 95th Division. The brigade was organized in 1922 at Muskogee, Oklahoma. However, it would never be mobilized for World War I, and thus never received participation credit for the action. It would stay active as a reserve brigade for the interwar period, but it would never be used.


189th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Origins
On 23 March 1925 the formation was reorganized as the 189th Brigade. On 24 August 1936 the formation was reorganized again as the 189th Infantry Brigade. In 1940, the brigade's headquarters was changed to McAlester, Oklahoma.


189th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War II
The formation saw great changes in preparation for mobilization to fight during World War II. On 13 February 1942 the brigade structure was downsized greatly and converted into a reconnaissance element. It was combined with assets from the 190th Infantry Brigade to form the 95th Reconnaissance Troop which was subsequently assigned to the 95th Division once again. The troop was ordered into active military service on 15 July 1942 and reorganized at Camp Swift, Texas, as the 95th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop, an element of the 95th Division. The division itself was also in the process of being reorganized into the 95th Infantry Division.


189th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War II
On 1 August 1943, the group was reorganized, given vehicles, and redesignated as the 95th Reconnaissance Troop, Mechanized. It was then deployed with the 95th Infantry Division to England on 17 August 1944 was subsequently deployed to northern France. The troop fought with the Division through northern France, and eventually northern Germany capturing town after town until the end of the war. Retrieved 5 December 2008. The formation received four campaign streamers for its participation, the only four it was to earn.


189th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War II
After the end of World War II, the troop returned home and began the process of demobilization. It inactivated on 8 October 1945 at Camp Shelby, Mississippi.


189th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War II
On 26 December 1947, the inactive formation was redesignated as the 95th Mechanized Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop. It was then activated on 9 January 1948 at Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. On 17 December 1948, the brigade headquarters was moved to Stillwater, Oklahoma. On 30 June 1949, the troop was again reorganized as the 95th Reconnaissance Company. This allowed it to take on a larger structure and control more personnel. The formation was inactivated on 15 September 1951 at Stillwater, Oklahoma.


189th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War II
It was again activated 1 March 1952 at Jonesboro, Arkansas. The company had its location changed to Wewoka, Oklahoma on 1 June 1955. The Company would be inactivated for their last time four years later on 1 April 1959 when it was disbanded in Wewoka.


189th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War II
The 95th Reconnaissance Company would never see action again. Its elements would return to their designations before World War II. On 21 January 1963, the main elements of the company were reconstituted as the 189th Infantry Brigade. It was then allotted to the Active duty force. Though inactive, if the brigade was ever activated again it would be formed as a part of the active duty force as a separate brigade. The 190th Infantry Brigade would not be reactivated, either. Its assets would be designated as 3rd Brigade, 24th Infantry Division, having never been reorganized after its redesignation in 1942.


189th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, World War II
On 24 October 1997, the brigade was activated at Fort Bragg, North Carolina as a training brigade. With a population of nearly 50,000 soldiers and numerous other tenant units, the fort had a large contingent of soldiers necessitating multiple brigades for training. However, after two years of service on the Fort, it was inactivated on 16 October 1999 at the base. The elements of the brigade were subsequently merged with the 4th Brigade, 78th Division (Training Support), another training brigade on base responsible for exercises.


189th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Reactivation
The 189th Infantry Brigade was activated once again on 1 December 2006 at Fort Bragg. This was done by reflagging the 4th Brigade, 78th Division back to the 189th Infantry Brigade. The reflagging was just one part of the overall streamlining of the First Army from five training support Divisions commanding 16 divisional brigades to two larger regions commanding 16 separate brigades. The process was also designed to make identification of the brigades easier. It was assigned to Division East of the First Army. Division East contains eight training brigades with responsibilities for the entire region east of the Mississippi River.


189th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Reactivation
The brigade was organized as a training brigade preparing Army Reserve and Army National Guard units for deployment. The brigade prepares other units for mobilization and provides training, assistance, and support to them during pre-deployment exercises, and evaluates performance and progress of these units as they are deploying. Since its reactivation, the brigade has specialized in training provincial reconstruction teams (PRTs) deploying to Afghanistan. In early 2007, the 189th Infantry Brigade, along with the 158th Infantry Brigade, cooperated to train the first 12 PRTs at once at Fort Bragg for three-month training exercises.


189th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Reactivation
PRT personnel were trained in a wide range of scenarios, ranging from hospital repairs to childbirth scenarios and language labs. Afterwards, they conducted a conference on the training, in which it was decided that cultural awareness and language training needed to be stressed for future PRTs. It was during this training that the brigade finally received its distinctive unit insignia and shoulder sleeve insignia on 25 May 2008. In early 2008, the Brigade began training another group of 12 PRTs. Several months later, the Brigades began training the next 12 PRTs for a 270-day deployment to Afghanistan.


189th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Reactivation
In 2011, the 189th Infantry Brigade transferred from the authority of Division East, First Army, to Division West, First Army, and uncased its colors at Joint Base Lewis-McChord on 7 September.


189th Infantry Brigade (United States), History, Reactivation
The brigade has worked closely with the Civilian Response Corps to standardize and institutionalize the training for the PRTs. All members of the PRTs are required to assemble for the training, which lasts approximately six weeks. These PRTs include members of the Army, Navy, Air Force, and civilian military contractors, as well as members of the UN Assistance Mission Agency (sic: United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan? ), and numerous other groups. It has also been responsible for training security forces that guard the PRTs, including elements of the 33rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team. Soldiers of the brigade have also trained on Avid Technology, part of a modernization of Army public affairs.


189th Infantry Brigade (United States), Organization
The brigade contains five subordinate active duty battalions, a Headquarters and Headquarters Company, and five reserve battalions. The brigade is, in turn, subordinate to Division West of First Army. Like all of the formations in First Army, the brigade is not a combat unit, but instead trains other units preparing for deployment.


189th Infantry Brigade (United States), Organization
The Headquarters and Headquarters Company of the brigade is located at Joint Base Lewis-McChord and acts as the command element for the formation, overseeing all subordinate battalions which are also located at JBLM. These battalions include:


189th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
The 189th Infantry Division was a reserve division of the German Army in World War II.


189th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
The 189th Division (Chinese: 第189师) was created in January 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 9th Brigade, 3rd Column of the Jinchaji Military Region. Its history can be traced to the 5th Military Sub-district of Jinchaji Military Region, formed in March 1940.


189th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
The division was part of the 63rd Corps. Under the flag of the 189th division, it took part in several major battles in the Chinese Civil War.


189th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In February 1951 the division entered Korea with the Corps HQ as a part of People's Volunteer Army. During its deployment in Korea, it took part in the Fifth Phase Offensive and the Battle of Cheorwon, during which the division suffered heavy casualties but halted the UN offensive.


189th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In January 1953 394th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment was formed and attached to the division.


189th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In October 1953 the division returned from Korea and stationed at Huolu, Hebei, becoming the 189th Infantry Division (Chinese: 步兵第189师) of the National Defense Force.


189th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In 1960 the division was renamed as the 189th Army Division (Chinese: 陆军第189师). By then the division was composed of:


189th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In 1962 the division was designated as a "Northern" unit, Catalogue A in War-time Structure, making it a "big" division of 12457 personnel. the division was shortly moved to Fujian province for an emergency alert deployment.


189th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In May 1966 the division moved to Fengtai, Beijing and joined Beijing Capital District while detaching from the 63rd Army Corps.


189th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In December 1969 the division was renamed as the 4th Guards Division (Chinese: 警卫第4师). All its regiments were re-designated as follows:


189th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In October 1976 the division was re-organized as a Motorized Army Division, and an Antiaircraft Artillery Regiment was formed and attached.


189th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In January 1979, the 10th, 11th, and 12th Guard Regiments were renamed as the 14th, 15th, and 16th Guard Regiments, respectively.


189th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In September 1985 the division was detached from the guard district and re-attached to the now 63rd Army. At the same time, it renamed as the 189th Infantry Division (Chinese: 步兵第189师), and all its regiments were re-designated as follows:


189th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
From 1985 to 1998 the division was a Northern Motorized Infantry Division, Catalogue B, meaning all its infantry and tank regiments were composed of 2 instead of 3 maneuver battalions in peacetime.


189th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
From 1989 its 565th and 567th regiments became motorized infantry regiments, category B.


189th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In 1998 the division was reduced and renamed as the 189th Motorized Infantry Brigade (Chinese: 摩托化步兵第189旅).


189th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In 2003 the brigade was disbanded along with the Army.


189th Motorized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
This unit is not relevant to the 189th Medium Combined Arms Brigade, which was activated in April 2017.


189th New York Infantry Regiment
The 189th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of the Union Army during the American Civil War.


189th New York Infantry Regiment, Service
In September 1864, the regiment's first two commanders received authority to recruit, and organized at Elmira, including four companies originally recruited for the 175th New York. It was mustered in the service of the United States for one year in August and September, 1864. One company was transferred to the 15th Engineers, but was replaced by a new company.


189th New York Infantry Regiment, Service
Four companies left the State September 18; the remaining companies October 23. The regiment served in the 2d Brigade, 1st Division, 5th Corps; and was honorably discharged and mustered out May 30 and June 1, 1865, near Washington, D. C. On January 11, 1865, Companies H and K went down the Jerusalem Plank Road (now a portion of U.S. Highway 301 near Petersburg known as the Crater Road) on a foraging expedition, where Confederate guerillas ambushed them and wounded Captain Burrage Rice, who was apparently executed by the guerillas after sending the train and men back to Union lines.


189th New York Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties
During its service the regiment lost by death, killed in action, 1 officer, 5 enlisted men; of wounds received in action, 3 enlisted men; of disease and other causes, 1 officer, 70 enlisted men; total, 2 officers, 78 enlisted men; aggregate, 80.


189th New York State Legislature
The 189th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 9, 1991, to December 31, 1992, during the ninth and tenth years of Mario Cuomo's governorship, in Albany.


189th New York State Legislature, Background
Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1938 and the U.S. Supreme Court decision to follow the One man, one vote rule, re-apportioned in 1982 by the Legislature, 61 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. Senate and Assembly districts consisted of approximately the same number of inhabitants, the area being apportioned contiguously without restrictions regarding county boundaries.


189th New York State Legislature, Background
At this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The Conservative Party, the Right to Life Party, the Liberal Party, the New Alliance Party, the Libertarian Party, and the Socialist Workers Party also nominated tickets.


189th New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1990, was held on November 6. Governor Mario Cuomo and Lieutenant Governor Stan Lundine were re-elected, both Democrats. The elections to the other two statewide elective offices resulted in the re-election of the two incumbent officeholders: a Republican Comptroller, and a Democratic Attorney General. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Democrats 2,086,000; Republicans 866,000; Conservatives 828,000; Right to Life 138,000; Liberals 71,000; New Alliance 31,000; Libertarians 25,000; and Socialist Workers 13,000.


189th New York State Legislature, Elections
22 of the sitting 23 women members of the legislature—State Senators Mary B. Goodhue (Rep.), a lawyer of Mount Kisco; Nancy Larraine Hoffmann (Dem. ), of Syracuse; Olga A. Méndez (Dem. ), of East Harlem; Velmanette Montgomery (Dem. ), of Brooklyn; Suzi Oppenheimer (Dem. ), of Mamaroneck; and Ada L. Smith (Dem. ), of Queens; and Assemblywomen Barbara M. Clark (Dem. ), of Queens; Elizabeth Connelly (Dem. ), of Staten Island; Geraldine L. Daniels (Dem. ), of the Bronx; Gloria Davis (Dem. ), of the Bronx; Eileen C. Dugan (Dem. ), of Brooklyn; Aurelia Greene (Dem. ), of the Bronx; Earlene Hill Hooper (Dem. ), of Hempstead; Rhoda S. Jacobs (Dem. ), of Brooklyn; Cynthia Jenkins (Dem. ), a librarian of Queens; Helen M. Marshall (Dem. ), a teacher and librarian of Queens; Nettie Mayersohn (Dem. ), of Queens; Patricia McGee (Rep.), of Franklinville; Catherine Nolan (Dem. ), of Queens; Audrey Pheffer (Dem. ), of Queens; Cecile D. Singer (Rep.), of Yonkers; and Helene Weinstein (Dem. ), a lawyer of Brooklyn—were re-elected. Nancy Calhoun (Rep.), of Blooming Grove; Joan Christensen (Dem. ), of Syracuse; Vivian E. Cook (Dem.) of Queens; Deborah J. Glick (Dem. ), of Manhattan; Susan V. John (Dem. ), of Rochester; and Frances T. Sullivan (Rep.), of Fulton; were also elected to the Assembly.


189th New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1991, was held on November 5. Three vacancies in the Assembly were filled. Assemblywoman Helen M. Marshall was elected to the New York City Council.


189th New York State Legislature, Elections
On January 28, 1992, Joni A. Yoswein (Dem. ), of Brooklyn, was elected to fill a vacancy in the Assembly. Thus the 189th Legislature began and ended with 28 women members, setting a new record.


189th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the first regular session (the 214th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 9, 1991; and recessed indefinitely in the early morning of July 4.


189th New York State Legislature, Sessions
Ralph J. Marino (Rep.) was re-elected Temporary President of the Senate.


189th New York State Legislature, Sessions
On December 13, 1991, Speaker Mel Miller was convicted of a felony, and thus vacated his seat in the Assembly. On December 16, 1991, Saul Weprin (Dem.) was elected Speaker.


189th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the second regular session (the 215th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 8, 1992; and recessed indefinitely on July 3.


189th New York State Legislature, Sessions
In June, the Legislature re-apportioned the legislative districts. On June 24, 1992, the U.S. Department of Justice approved the redrawn districts with one exception. On June 30, 1992, the New York Court of Appeals also validated the new apportionment.


189th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met again from July 28 to 30, 1992.


189th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Joseph R. Holland, William J. Larkin Jr., Stephen M. Saland and William R. Sears changed from the Assembly to the Senate.


189th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


189th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assembly members
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.


189th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assembly members
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


189th Ohio Infantry Regiment
The 189th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 189th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 189th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


189th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 189th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, and mustered in for one year service on March 4, 1865, under the command of Colonel Henry Denison Kingsbury.


189th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment left Ohio for Huntsville, Alabama, March 7. It was attached to District of North Alabama, Department of the Tennessee, to September 1865. Arrived at Huntsville, March 17, 1865. Assigned to duty along Memphis & Charleston Railroad guarding bridges and building stockades until June. The regiment concentrated June 20 and was assigned to post duty at Huntsville until September 25.


189th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 189th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service September 28, 1865, at Nashville, Tennessee.


189th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 49 enlisted men during service; 1 man killed, 48 due to disease.


189th Regiment (United States)
The 189th Regiment (Regional Training Institute) is a training regiment of the Oklahoma Army National Guard. The Regiment only retains its affiliation with the Field Artillery branch for purposes of history and lineage and is the core cadre and leadership of the Oklahoma Regional Training Institute (OKRTI). Its parent unit is the Joint Force Headquarters of the Oklahoma Army National Guard.


189th Regiment (United States)
It today consists of 1st Battalion, 189th Field Artillery Regiment, and 2nd Battalion (General Services) Field Artillery Regiment which are headquartered in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. It was a part of the 45th Infantry Division. The 189th FA saw action during World War II and the Korean War as part of the 45th infantry Division.


189th Regiment (United States), History and lineage
The 189th Field Artillery Regiment was constituted in the National Guard in 1921, assigned to the 85th Field Artillery Brigade (VIII Corps), and allotted to the state of Oklahoma. It was organized and federally recognized on 14 October 1921 by the redesignation of the 2nd Field Artillery Regiment of the Oklahoma National Guard. It was reassigned to the 187th Field Artillery Brigade (VIII Corps) on 2 July 1923. In March 1930, the regiment was relieved from the 187th Field Artillery Brigade and assigned to the 45th Division.


189th Regiment (United States), History and lineage
The 189th Field Artillery Regiment, consisting of two battalions of 155mm howitzers, truck drawn, was inducted into Federal service on 16 September 1940 and stationed at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. The 189th Field Artillery Regiment moved to Camp Barkeley, Texas on 6 March 1941. On 11 February 1942, the regiment split into two separate battalions, the 1st Battalion, 189th FA Regiment retained the number and remained with the 45th Division. The 2nd Battalion, 189th FA Regiment was redesignated as 202nd Field Artillery Regiment and was assigned to General Headquarters Reserve.


189th Regiment (United States), History and lineage
The 202nd Field Artillery Regiment was further reorganized on 1 March 1943 when the 1st Battalion was redesignated as the independent 202nd Field Artillery Battalion and the 2nd Battalion became the 961st Field Artillery Battalion. The 189th fought in Sicily, Italy, France, and Germany during World War II, receiving the Presidential Unit Citation for action on the Salerno Beachhead. The battalion was recalled to active duty in 1950 with the 45th Infantry Division and fought in Korea.


189th Regiment (United States), History and lineage
The OKRTI today provides instruction in many areas, including, All Field Artillery courses, such as Field Artillery Military Occupational Specialty Qualification, Advanced Leaders Course, and Senior Leaders Course, Army Basic Instructor Course (ABIC), Combatives Training, Health Care Specialist (Combat Medic), Officer Candidate School (OCS), Small Group Instructor Training Course (SGITC), Platoon Trainer Qualification Course (PTQC), Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Training and a number of online distance learning offerings as well.


189th Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia
Description A Silver color metal and enamel device 1 5/32 inches (2.94 cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Gules, a bend Azure fimbriated Argent, in sinister chief an octagon of the like. Attached below the shield a Silver scroll inscribed "HONORIS CUSTOS" in Red letters.


189th Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia
SymbolismThe service of the former organization, the 189th Field Artillery, is indicated by the red shield. The bend represents Federal recognition, the silver fimbriation to separate the two colors, and the octagon suggests the Eighth Corps.


189th Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia
BackgroundThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 189th Field Artillery, Oklahoma National Guard on 22 December 1925. It was redesignated for the 189th Field Artillery Battalion, Oklahoma National Guard on 7 October 1942. It was redesignated for the 189th Artillery, Oklahoma National Guard on 1 November 1960. It was amended to change the description on 27 November 1964. The insignia was redesignated for the 189th Field Artillery on 19 July 1972. The insignia was redesignated for the 189th Regiment, Oklahoma Army National Guard, with description and symbolism revised on 29 April 1997.


18:15 ab Ostkreuz
18:15 ab Ostkreuz is a German film. The film showed at the 2006 Berlin International Film Festival.


18A
The 18A was an Argentine cacerolazo that took place on April 18, 2013. Attended by nearly two million people, it was the largest demonstration against the president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner.


18A, Antecedents
The 18A (a term that stands for the date "April 18") was initially called by groups in social networks as Facebook. Those groups had organized previous cacerolazos, the 8N and the 13S, and sought to repeat their success. The Argentine branch of the Anonymous group was among the organizers as well. Opposition parties in Argentina had not been formally involved in the previous demonstrations, which had no political leaning; in this case the organizers asked for political support from them.


18A, Antecedents
The government proposed a number of bills to amend the judiciary. Three bills were controversial: the first proposes to limit the injunctions against the state, the second to include people selected in national elections at the body that appoints or accuses judges, and the third to create a new court that would limit the number of cases treated by the Supreme Court. The opposition considered that those bills attempt to control the judiciary. As the bills were going to be discussed on April 18, the Radical Civic Union, the Republican Proposal and the internal factions of Peronism that oppose Kirchner formally supported the demonstration. Still, the government announced that they would not decline the bills, even if the demonstration was massive.


18A, The demonstration
Many groups met at 19:00 at several points of Buenos Aires, marching to the Obelisk and Plaza de Mayo at 20:00. The demonstration included no speeches or orators, and the political parties that joined it did not use political flags or banners. The people marched then to the Argentine National Congress, which was still discussing the bill. A group of people managed to trespass the crowd control barriers and get to the entry of the Congress, by the time the bill was being approved.


18A, The demonstration
The demonstration took place at other cities of Argentina as well. The people in Córdoba filled all the space at the intersection of the avenues Vélez Sarsfield and Hipólito Irigoyen. There were demonstrations at many other cities of the Córdoba Province, such as Villa Carlos Paz, Río Cuarto, Villa María, Villa Dolores and Alta Gracia; governor José Manuel de la Sota gave his support. The demonstration in Rosario met at the National Flag Memorial, which was attended by Miguel del Sel of the PRO party.


18A, The demonstration
La Plata, which was highly damaged by the 2013 Argentina floods, had a demonstration at Plaza Moreno, with people opposing the mayor Pablo Bruera and the perceived corruption in the national government. There were demonstrations at Mar del Plata, Salta, Bariloche, San Juan, Santiago del Estero, Bahía Blanca and Misones, among other cities. There were small protests at the Argentine embassies in 15 foreign cities, such as Sydney, Tokio, Washington, Barcelona, Madrid, Rome, Milan, Santiago de Chile and Rio de Janeiro.


18A, The demonstration
President Cristina Kirchner ignored the protest, and wrote several messages in Twitter during it, none of them related to the demonstration. She was not at the country at the moment, as she was visiting Venezuela for the inauguration of president Nicolás Maduro. Still, there was a demonstration outside the Quinta de Olivos, the official presidential residence.


18D/Perrine–Mrkos
18D/Perrine–Mrkos is a periodic comet in the Solar System, originally discovered by the American-Argentine astronomer Charles Dillon Perrine (Lick Observatory, California, United States) on December 9, 1896. For some time it was thought to be a fragment of Biela's Comet.


18D/Perrine–Mrkos
It was considered lost after the 1909 appearance, but was rediscovered by the Czech astronomer Antonín Mrkos (Skalnate Pleso Observatory, Slovakia) on October 19, 1955, using ordinary binoculars, it was later confirmed as 18D by Leland E. Cunningham (Leuschner Observatory, University of California, Berkeley).


18D/Perrine–Mrkos
The comet was last observed during the 1968 perihelion passage when it passed 0.3144 AU (47,030,000 km; 29,230,000 mi) from the Earth. The comet has not been observed during the following perihelion passages:


18D/Perrine–Mrkos
The next predicted perihelion passage would be on 2025-Jan-01 but the comet is currently considered lost as it has not been seen since Jan 1969.


18Doors
18Doors is a national non-profit organization that provides assistance to interfaith families.


18Doors
The predecessor to 18Doors was an online magazine founded in 1998 with a focus on helping Jewish interfaith families. In 2001, it was renamed InterfaithFamily and expanded its content to news and resources relevant to the interfaith community. In February 2020, it was renamed 18Doors. In addition to their online magazine, their activities have expanded to provide training and clergy to assist interfaith families in reconnecting with being Jewish and Judaism.


18F
18F is a digital services agency within the United States Government. Their purpose is to deliver digital services and technology products.


18F, Overview
18F is an office of federal employees within the General Services Administration (GSA) that collaborates with other agencies to improve the user experience of government services by helping them build and buy technology. The group works with government organizations to define a strategy and work towards a solution for their modernization efforts. 18F uses agile and lean methodologies, open source code, and user centered design approaches. 18F was co-founded on March 19, 2014 by former Presidential Innovation Fellows Greg Godbout, Aaron Snow, and Hillary Hartley. Its name refers to its office location in northwest Washington, D.C., on 18th and F Streets. 18F is within Technology Transformation Services, part of the Federal Acquisition Service.


18F, Overview
In addition to its Washington, D.C office, the agency has offices in New York, San Francisco, and Chicago.


18F, History
In March 2014, a group of Presidential Innovation Fellows started 18F to extend their efforts to improve and modernize government technology.


18F, History
The United Kingdom created a similar agency in April 2011, Government Digital Service, following their own healthcare IT issues, which saves an estimated $20 million a year over previous methods. 18F runs on a cost recovery model where client agencies reimburse the digital agency for its work. Their operation is closer to a traditional business than government organizations like the DSI Center.


18F, History
18F's creation was announced by GSA Administrator Dan Tangherlini on March 19, 2014 with a mission to simplify the government's digital services, but no project-specific directive. The agency started with 15 employees, including 11 former Presidential Innovation Fellows from both the private and public sectors. The staff previously worked in front and backend development, design and usability, and product management. The Verge's Adrienne Jeffries reported that the agency released a GSA website code update in a half hour, which would normally take weeks or longer. She added that the team did not appear equipped to handle a rollout similar to that of HealthCare.gov.


18F, History
Upon its opening, 18F began to host the Presidential Innovation Fellows program that started in May 2012 in the Digital Government Strategy. An initial list of projects will be drafted in the months following the agency's creation. A possible program called FBOpen, an open source small business and federal contractor interface for bidding on government contracts, was discussed at a Senate Homeland Security and Government Affairs hearing.


18F, History
On March 19, 2015, 18F and collaborators launched analytics.usa.gov. On September 12, 2015, the group launched the College Scorecard. Other projects of 18F have included myRA for the U.S. Department of the Treasury, Every Kid in a Park for the U.S. Department of the Interior, and MyUSA for the General Services Administration, in addition to redesigned websites for the PeaceCorps and Federal Election Commission. All of its projects are open source, meaning anyone can review and suggest updates to the code.


18F, History
The existence of the agency in general and such projects in particular has led to resistance from established government IT firms. In addition, the agency faces the additional challenge of staying fiscally solvent. According to a recent GAO report, 18F is currently spending on average more than $1 million per month more than it recovers. In 2016 alone, the group will receive approximately $33 million for its services, but will spend almost $48 million. 18F is not expected to break even.


18F, History
The following is an update to cost recovery based on FY19 data and was taken from Congressional testimony:“From a FY19 financial standpoint, 18F’s net operating loss was approximately $600k, which translated into an improvement of over $5m from FY18. The loss in FY19 was primarily attributable to the loss of approximately $1.3m in revenue during the government shutdown and limited opportunity to offset costs during this period. Billable utilization rates for 18F increased by 6.6% in FY19 from FY18 and was a primary factor in improved profitability.”


18F (demonstration)
The 18F was a demonstration that took place in Argentina on February 18, 2015, one month after the death of prosecutor Alberto Nisman. Nisman was investigating the 1994 AMIA bombing, a terrorist attack, and accused the president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner of covering up Iranian suspects. He was found dead at his home the day before he could address the Congress, and his death was still an unsolved case at the time of the demonstration. It was attended in Buenos Aires by 400,000 people, during a torrential storm.


18F (demonstration), Context
Alberto Nisman was a prosecutor working on the AMIA bombing case. It was a terrorist attack against a Jewish community center that took place in 1994, and which is still unsolved. Nisman prepared a criminal complaint against president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, accusing her of covering up the involvement of Iranian suspects. He was found dead at his house on January 18, one day before he would report his progress to the Congress. As of February 18, the date of the demonstration, the investigation of his death had not settled if it was a suicide or a murder.


18F (demonstration), Context
The demonstration was organized by a group of prosecutors, and attended by Nisman's relatives, including his former wife, judge Sandra Arroyo Salgado.


18F (demonstration), The event
The protest in Buenos Aires took place under a torrential storm. It was attended by thousands of people anyway, and the street was filled with umbrellas and Argentine flags. It started at 19:00 at the Congressional Plaza, continued through Avenida de Mayo with a stop at Nisman's working place, and ended at Plaza de Mayo. It was organized as a silent demonstration, only as an homage to Alberto Nisman, and devoid of political flags or banners. The rule was followed, with occasional exceptions for waves of spontaneous clapping or people singing the Argentine national anthem. The city police estimated that the demonstration was attended by 400,000 people.


18F (demonstration), The event
There were similar demonstrations at other populated places of Argentina, such as Mar del Plata, Córdoba and Rosario.


18F (demonstration), Reactions
President Kirchner led the opening of the Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant on the same day, with a speech delivered though the emergency population warning. Contrary to expectations, she did not mention the demonstration at all. She stayed at her private home in El Calafate during the demonstration.


18F (demonstration), Reactions
Cabinet chief Jorge Capitanich considered that the demonstration was a coup d'état attempt by the judiciary. He said that the government respected popular demonstrations, and then said that the people who called it were both supporters of baby theft during the National Reorganization Process and lawyers of drug dealers.


18F-EF5
EF5 is a nitroimidazole derivative used in oncology research. Due to its similarity in chemical structure to etanidazole, EF5 binds in cells displaying hypoxia.


18F-EF5
Non -labeled EF5 has been extensively used in immunohistochemical studies for several years and its hypoxia specificity has been comprehensively evaluated The 18F-radiolabeled derivative of EF5 is being studied for its possibility to be used in positron emission tomography (PET) to detect low levels of oxygen in brain tumors and several other malignant tumors. This can help show how a tumor will respond to treatment.


18F-EF5
Targeting tumor hypoxia in cancer treatment aims to overcome radiotherapy resistance of hypoxic tumors. Thus, a major clinical implication for 18F-EF5-PET imaging is expected to be guiding of radiotherapy dose modulation. Clinical studies on 18F-EF5-PET/CT imaging have indicated clinically acceptable biodistribution and dosimetric profile, and in head and neck cancer also favorable imaging characteristics, prognostic value and repeatability. However, 18F-EF5-PET/CT is not feasible in imaging of ovarian cancer due to physiological intra-abdominal 18F-EF5-accumulation. Further studies evaluating the clinical use of 18F-EF5 PET imaging in head and neck cancer are ongoing.


18S rRNA (adenine1779-N6/adenine1780-N6)-dimethyltransferase
18S rRNA (adenine1779-N6/adenine1780-N6)-dimethyltransferase (EC , 18S rRNA dimethylase Dim1p, Dim1p, ScDim1, m2(6)A dimethylase, KIDIM1) is an enzyme with systematic name S-adenosyl-L-methionine:18S rRNA (adenine1779-N6/adenine1780-N6)-dimethyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction


18S ribosomal RNA
18S ribosomal RNA (abbreviated 18S rRNA) is a part of the ribosomal RNA. The S in 18S represents Svedberg units. 18S rRNA is an SSU rRNA, a component of the  eukaryotic ribosomal small subunit  (40S). 18S rRNA is the structural RNA for the small component of eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosomes, and thus one of the basic components of all eukaryotic cells.


18S ribosomal RNA
18S rRNA is the eukaryotic cytosolic homologue of 16S ribosomal RNA in prokaryotes and mitochondria.


18S ribosomal RNA
The genes coding for 18S rRNA are referred to as 18S rRNA genes. Sequence data from these genes is widely used in molecular analysis to reconstruct the evolutionary history of organisms, especially in vertebrates, as its slow evolutionary rate makes it suitable to reconstruct ancient divergences.


18S ribosomal RNA, Uses in phylogeny
The small subunit (SSU) 18S rRNA gene is one of the most frequently used genes in phylogenetic studies and an important marker for random target polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in environmental biodiversity screening. In general, rRNA gene sequences are easy to access due to highly conserved flanking regions allowing for the use of universal primers. Their repetitive arrangement within the genome provides excessive amounts of template DNA for PCR, even in the smallest organisms. The 18S gene is part of the ribosomal functional core and is exposed to similar selective forces in all living beings.


18S ribosomal RNA, Uses in phylogeny
Thus, when the first large-scale phylogenetic studies based on 18S sequences were published (e.g. by Field et al., 1988), the gene was celebrated as the prime candidate for reconstructing the metazoan tree of life. 18S sequences later provided evidence for the splitting of Ecdysozoa and Lophotrochozoa clades (monophyletic group of organisms composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants), thus contributing to the most recent revolutionary change in our understanding of metazoan relationships.


18S ribosomal RNA, Uses in phylogeny
During the latter part of the 2000s, and with increased numbers of taxa included into molecular phylogenies, however, two problems became apparent. First, there are prevailing sequencing impediments in representatives of certain taxa, such as the mollusk classes Solenogastres and Tryblidia, selected bivalve taxa, and the enigmatic crustacean class Remipedia. Failure to obtain 18S sequences of single taxa is considered a common phenomenon but is rarely ever reported. Secondly, in contrast to initially high hopes, 18S cannot resolve nodes at all taxonomic levels and its efficacy varies considerably among clades. This has been discussed as an effect of rapid ancient radiation within short periods. Multigene analyses are currently thought to give more reliable results for tracing deep branching events in Metazoa but 18S still is extensively used in phylogenetic analyses.


18XX
18XX is the generic term for a series of board games that, with a few exceptions, recreate the building of railroad corporations during the 19th century; individual games within the series use particular years in the 19th century as their title (usually the date of the start of railway development in the area of the world they cover), or "18" plus a two or more letter geographical designator (such as 18EU for a game set in Europe). The games 2038, set in the future, and Poseidon and Ur, 1830 BC, both set in ancient history, are also regarded as 18XX titles as their game mechanics and titling nomenclature are similar despite variance from the common railroad/stock-market theme.


18XX
The 18XX series has its origins in the game 1829, first produced by Francis Tresham in the mid-1970s. 1829 was chosen as it was the year of the Rainhill Trials. 1830 was produced by Avalon Hill in 1986, and was the first game of the series widely available in the United States; it is seen as the basic 18XX game by the U.S. audience.


18XX
In addition to traditionally published games, the 18XX series has spawned self-published variants and games published by low-volume game companies.


18XX
With few exceptions (such as 2038), 18XX titles are multiplayer board games without random variables in their game mechanics.


18XX, Gameplay, Differences
While adhering to common similarities (see preceding section), each 18XX game differs from the others in subtle or significant ways in rule set as well as game map. As with games in general, each individual mechanic has probably been used before, but a new game can put together a set of mechanics which provide a new and interesting challenge. Some typical areas of difference are:


18XX, Conventions and tournaments
A number of conventions have at least some emphasis on 18XX games, including the Chattanooga Rail Gaming Challenge, held in January or February in Chattanooga, Tennessee and run by Mark Derrick. 18XX games also figure prominently in various "RailCon" and "Puffing Billy" tournaments at many conventions.


18XX, Play by email and Online
18xx games are often played remotely using various tools that support play by email games.


18XX, Play by email and Online
Many games in the genre are implemented on , which is  and supports both multiplayer and local play.


18XX, Play by email and Online
Another open source project which supports a large number of 18xx titles is . BOARD18 was designed for use in play by email games and is not recommended for live play.


18b The Las Vegas Arts District
The Las Vegas Arts District, or the 18b in Downtown Las Vegas, Nevada was created in 1998 as an 18 block zone set aside to encourage art and artists.


18b The Las Vegas Arts District
The district won Las Vegas Review-Journal's Best of Las Vegas award in 2005.


18b The Las Vegas Arts District
Known as the 18b, the Las Vegas Arts District contains a mix of independent businesses including vintage clothing boutiques, antique stores, art galleries, hair salons, restaurants,  The 18b is located halfway between the Fremont East Entertainment district and the Stratosphere Resort, clustered around Main and Charleston, bounded loosely by Commerce Street to the West, Hoover Avenue to the North, Fourth Street to the East and Wyoming Avenue at the south. It is an easy bike ride, walk or bus ride from Fremont Street. The name, "18b," represents the original Arts District area, which consisted of 18 blocks. Today, the Arts District area has grown beyond those original 18 blocks and is a classic urban mix of residential, commercial and cultural uses that will continue to grow as the hub of the arts scene in Las Vegas.


18b The Las Vegas Arts District, Events
The district hosts a First Friday art walk on the first Friday of every month. First Friday offers an eclectic group of artists as well as "entertainers of all types, including local bands, fire breathers, acrobats, break dancers, fortune tellers and performance artists."


18b The Las Vegas Arts District, Boundaries
The district is loosely bounded by Hoover Avenue, Wyoming Avenue, Las Vegas Boulevard, and Commerce Street. The official bounds are visible on the City of Las Vegas website.


18ft Skiff
The 18 ft Skiff is considered the fastest class of sailing skiffs. The class has a long history beginning with races on Sydney Harbour, Australia in 1892 and later in New Zealand. The boat has changed significantly since the early days, bringing in new technology as it became available. Because of the need of strength, agility and skill, the class is considered to be the top level of small boat sailing. In Australia this boat is called the "Aussie 18" due to its inherent connections to Australia. It is the fastest conventional non-foiling monohull on the yardstick rating, with a score of 675, coming only third after the Tornado and Inter 20 (Both multihulls).


18ft Skiff, History
The 18 ft Skiff has come a long way in more than 100 years of continuous development. From heavy boats carrying a crew of ten or more, to today's high-tech, light-weight, high performance design. Parts of the history of the early days of skiff sailing, between 1892 and 1945, is found on the .


18ft Skiff, The modern 18 ft Skiff
Today there are two modern hull designs racing. The "International 18" is based on a design by Iain Murray, while the B18 was designed by Julian Bethwaite. The Australian 18 Footer League allows only the International 18, with the annual JJ Giltinan International Trophy contended with the one design Murray hull. The European Class Association allows both designs to compete against each other.


18ft Skiff, The modern 18 ft Skiff
Although there are differences in the sailing aspects of the two designs, their measurements are very close, with a waterline length of 18 ft (5.49 m) and an average beam of 6 to 8 feet (1.83 to 2.44 m), not including the wings. With wings the maximum beam is 14 feet for the "International 18" and 18 feet for Open 18's sailed at Sydney Flying Squadron and Skiffs Australia. When the boat is dry it should weigh not less than 375 lb (170 kg) including wings, foils (centreboard and rudder) and the number one rig of sails, spars and ropes.


18ft Skiff, The modern 18 ft Skiff
In the 1980s and '90s wings were widened to the extreme – some boats having maximum beam of 29 feet. Such wings proved unmanageable, with the crews too much on the brink of disaster for consistent success.


18ft Skiff, The modern 18 ft Skiff
While true 18' skiffs have no sail area or mast height limitations, the limit that the 18 footer League has specified for their one-design sub class is a maximum mast height of 33 ft (10 m), truly powerful on an 18' hull. The entire rig, which supports sails with unlimited area, is currently controlled by three trapezing crew members.


18ft Skiff, The modern 18 ft Skiff
The boat will plane upwind starting at a true windspeed of about 8 knots, depending on sea conditions and off the wind can reach speeds that doubles the true windspeed. This is possible through the very high sail-carrying power to total weight ratio, which is above 30% with the no. 1 rig and approaches 40% with the no. 3 rig (for reference, a 30% ratio is needed to plane upwind and a 10% ratio is needed to plane at all. Most cruising boats have a ratio under 5%).


18ft Skiff, The modern 18 ft Skiff
In Australia, there is a fleet of approximately 20–25 18 Foot Skiffs at the "League" club in Sydney. Sydney's other traditional 18 Foot Skiff club, the Sydney Flying Squadron, has a small fleet and there are several boats in the state of Queensland. In New Zealand the class following is smaller but reached its zenith in the 1970s when most designs were by Bruce Farr.


18ft Skiff, The modern 18 ft Skiff
The 18 ft skiff is not without its dangers. The high speed makes it hard to handle and requires extremely fast reflexes and a broad awareness of your surroundings in order to anticipate changes. Major accidents can occur with inexperienced and experienced sailors alike.


18ft Skiff, The modern 18 ft Skiff
The 18 ft skiff is currently one of the fastest monohulls on the water. With its massive sail-plan of over 100 square metres on the no. 1 rig and three crew members on trapeze it can outperform nearly every monohull on the water. It combines extreme speeds with an element of danger and is thought by many to be one of the biggest spectacles in sailing.


18ft Skiff, The modern 18 ft Skiff
Each year the JJ Giltinan International Trophy is contested on Sydney Harbour to decide the de facto world champion of the class. Typically the event was dominated by Australia and occasionally won by New Zealand, but in recent years entrants such as the USA's Howie Hamlin have taken out the title, displaying the classes growing international appeal.


18ft Skiff, Design history
The first flying 18 footers were either carvel or clinker built with multiple steam bent frames. Cotton sails were used and spars were solid wood. The crew number varied according to the wind strength, often with a boy carried to bail out water. Initial designs were conventional displacement shapes with emphasis on narrow waterlines. In the early 1950s The Sydney boats put emphasis on carrying large extra sails down wind called ringtails. These were set outside the main with light spars top and bottom. They were carried in addition to spinnakers. In very light conditions watersails were carried under the main boom.


18ft Skiff, Design history
The most revolutionary boat of this period was the lightweight boat Result, from New Zealand, which was cold moulded with 2 skins of Kahikatea glued together and nailed to lightweight Mangeao bent steamed frames every 21 1/2 inches. At 6 ft 3inches Result was narrower than the conventional boats but still had the same full bow sections typical of the displacement style boats. Result had spaceframes of wood to support the mast and centreboard. In any breeze over 10 knots it was faster than any previous 18s because of its planing ability.


18ft Skiff, Design history
From this period increased knowledge and understanding of hydrodynamics and aerodynamics, coupled to the availability of plywood and reliable waterproof glues saw dramatic changes. Clinker and carvel construction was dropped and glued up hollow pear shaped masts became standard. By the late 1960s a greater understanding of the science behind planning saw hulls made with increasingly less rocker, very fine forward with very flat aft sections. Once trapezes were introduced the number of crew dropped to 4 by the early 70s and then to 3. Designs became wider, especially aft. As speeds increased so did capsizes, so an effort was made to install built in buoyancy and some self draining capabilities with transom flaps, venturi floor drains built in tanks, especially forward and false floors.


18ft Skiff, Design history
Foils became more hydrodynamic, especially after the availability of tank test models. Wood was dropped as a foil material in the 1980s and replaced by stiffer synthetic materials such as fibreglass then kevlar and carbon fibre. By 1970 hollow wooden spars were replaced by tapered aluminium of much smaller section and lighter weight. These in turn were replaced by much stiffer and lighter carbon fibre masts in the 1990s. Sail area got progressively larger especially when wings were added. This enabled small crews to sail with extremely large sails in stronger wind strengths. As most boats were sponsored they could have multiple rigs to match the wind strength.


18ft Skiff, Design history
Other modern features are carbon fibre prods (bowsprits) supported by bob stays, dolphin strikers and bow struts. This enabled quicker setting and dropping of the large downwind sails. Huge spinnakers could be set quickly by having halyards geared by mini blocks running internally in the mast. Dacron sails were replaced by much lighter stiffer less porous material such as mylar plastic. Weights of the bare hulls dropped quickly when New Zealand designer Bruce Farr, using his experience in Moth and Cherub designs used thin 3mm ply supported by multiple lightweight stringers and stiffened with tissue fibreglass.


18ft Skiff, Design history
These were quickly followed by foam and fibreglass hulls first designed by Russell Bowler. Bare hulls weigh 120 lbs but are very strong with the use of carbon and kevlar to locally reinforce mast steps, centreboard cases, chain plates and wing attachment points. Rudders were placed 500mm aft of the hull to give more control in extreme planing conditions when only the last few feet of the hull was in contact with the water.


18ft Skiff, Design history
With very wide tube and net decks up to 29 feet wide modern boats can carry very large powerful square-headed mainsails that have the controls to twist the head of the main in gusts to de-power. Flying 18 footers can now regularly exceed the actual wind speed when planing on all points of sailing.


18ft Skiff, Design history
These innovations have made the skiffs very fast but very expensive to build. In New Zealand this has seen the class decline dramatically as top sailors were attracted into the more conventional one design Olympic classes.


18ft Skiff, Revival of early designs
In Sydney and Brisbane Australia there has been a revival of the early days of 18’ skiff sailing. Replicas of famous 18’ skiffs from the period of 1930 through to 1950 have been built using original techniques, including wooden hulls and spars, gaff rigs, several-piece spinnaker poles and unrestricted sail area. These boats race under the rules of the Australian Historical Skiff Association, which bans wings, trapezes, cleats for controlling ropes for the mainsail, jib and spinnaker, and most of the other modern equipment which makes sailing easier.


18ft Skiff, Revival of early designs
The class has proved very popular with former sailors of modern 18’ skiffs who, to quote a class champion John Winning, are looking for a challenge because “the modern boats have become too easy to sail”.


18ft Skiff, Revival of early designs
The historical 18’ skiffs have a crew of between 6 and 9, which often leaves an opportunity for visiting sailors to have a ride. The AHSSA website listed below has more details.


18ft Skiff, Revival of early designs
At present the class is raced out of the Sydney Flying Squadron in Sydney and the Brisbane 18 Footers Sailing Club Inc. There are also bi-annual challenges against the New Zealand 18’ Kauri-Clinker M Class.


18if
18if is a Japanese anime television series produced by Gonzo. It aired from July 7 to September 29, 2017.


18if
It is part of the media franchise The Art of 18, which also includes a smartphone game by Mobcast titled 18: Kimi to Tsunagaru Puzzle (【18】キミト ツナガル パズル, 18: Kimi to Tsunagaru Pazuru) for Android and iOS.


18if, Summary
Haruto Tsukishiro wakes up in a dream world dominated by strange and powerful entities called "Witches". To survive, he gets the assistance of research professor Katsumi Kanzaki and a mysterious white-haired girl called "Lily". With their help, Haruto must outsmart the witches and find a way to return to the real world.


18if, Anime
18if is a Japanese anime television series produced by Gonzo. It aired from July 7 to September 29, 2017. Kōji Morimoto served as chief supervisor. Each episode featured a different director. Atsuhiro Tomioka handled the series composition, Hiroko Kazui served as design director, and Tadashi Oppata designed the characters. Ryūdai Abe composed the music. The opening theme is "Red Doors feat. Yoshikazu Mera" by TeddyLoid. The series is licensed by Funimation in North America. Crunchyroll streamed the anime.


18p-
18p- is a genetic condition caused by a deletion of all or part of the short arm (the p arm) of chromosome 18. It occurs in about 1 of every 50,000 births.


18p-, Signs and symptoms
18p- causes a wide range of medical and developmental concerns. There is significant variation in severity. This variation is due to the variability of the deletion size and breakpoints.


18p-, Signs and symptoms, Congenital anomalies
Approximately 10% of people with 18p- have a congenital heart anomaly. There does not appear to be a specific type of heart defect associated with a deletion of the short arm of chromosome 18. Septal defects, tetralogy of Fallot, dextrocardia, and coarctation of the aorta have all been reported in infants with 18p-.


18p-, Signs and symptoms, Neurologic
Hypotonia is frequently seen in the 18p- population. Seizures, though uncommon, have been reported in people with 18p-. Dystonia has also been diagnosed in a small minority of young adults with 18p-. Also, tethered cord has been reported in a few people with 18p-.


18p-, Signs and symptoms, Vision
Ptosis is quite common among people with 18p-. In many cases, surgical correction is required. Refractive errors, such as myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism, are also prevalent. Strabismus has been reported in infants and children with 18p-. Nystagmus is also present in a minority of individuals.


18p-, Signs and symptoms, Ear and Sinus Infections
Children with 18p- have an increased incidence of ear infections, often requiring the placement of PE tubes.


18p-, Signs and symptoms, Gastrointestinal
Chronic constipation is a frequent complaint in the 18p- population. Other abdominal abnormalities that have been reported include inguinal hernias; malrotation of the gut; and abnormalities of the spleen.


18p-, Signs and symptoms, Genitourinary
Genitourinary abnormalities are not common in 18p-. There have been a few cases of small penis and cryptorchidism in males and uterine abnormalities in females.


18p-, Signs and symptoms, Orthopedics
There have been several orthopedic concerns identified in individuals with 18p-. These include pes planus, clubfoot, scoliosis and/or kyphosis, pectus abnormalities, cubitus valgus, congenital hip dysplasia, spina bifida occulta, and genu valgum.


18p-, Signs and symptoms, Endocrinology
Growth hormone deficiency has been reported in several individuals with 18p-, though not at the same frequency as in the distal 18q- population. Panhypopituitarism and hypothyroidism have each been diagnosed in a handful of individuals. Also, ketotic hypoglycemia has been reported in several individuals and usually presents itself around the age of three.