19 Jinchaidai Alley, Attempted demolition
In April 2010, 19 Jinchaidai Alley and forty-two other buildings were added to the list of historically protected buildings in Hangzhou by means of an extension of its fifth batch, acknowledging the buildings' importance historically in the city. In a notice released by the Hangzhou municipal government, it was stated that the Municipal Office for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Districts and Historical Buildings would be responsible "for the protection and management of historical buildings".


19 Jinchaidai Alley, Attempted demolition
Despite 19 Jinchaidai being a historically protected building, its demolition began on in early-September 2010, which attracted crowds of people, and caused anger among historians. A joint letter to the Hangzhou city government was sent by a professor of the Urban Planning Department of Zhejiang University, Zhou Fuduo, and a local historian, Chen Hun, which explained how the school's project would involve the destruction of historically protected buildings.


19 Jinchaidai Alley, Attempted demolition
During the demolition, a report on the building's destruction while being historically protected was made by CCTV. This report caused the city government to immediately halt the building's demolition due to public outcry and press coverage of the situation.


19 Jinchaidai Alley, Attempted demolition
On November 21, the Hangzhou municipal government announced that it would disallow any further demolitions of historically protected sites, and that it would increase government subsidies for the repair of historically protected buildings in the future. 19 Jinchaidai Alley was repaired, and now serves as part of the campus of the private school it was originally intended to be demolished for, although it is now protected in its original form.


19 June 1857 law
The 19 June 1857 law, also called loi relative à l'assainissement et de mise en culture des Landes de Gascogne (Law related to sanitation and culture of the Landes de Gascogne), is a turning point in the Landes history: it is the end of traditional pastoralism, the disappearance of the Landes shepherd, and the beginning of the extension of the Landes forest on the major part of the territory, leading to the generalization of resin extraction in the region.


19 Keys
19 Keys was a British game show that aired on Five. It aired five nights a week from 10 November to 5 December 2003. It was hosted by Richard Bacon.


19 Keys, Format
Four contestants stood within a large, transparent plastic cube, one at each corner. They faced the host, who stood next to a safe and a tray of 19 numbered keys in the center. Only one key would open the safe. Before each contestant was a panel displaying the key numbers.


19 Keys, Format
A cash jackpot was at stake, starting at zero and increasing at a continuous rate of £500 per minute for 15 minutes. If the jackpot reached its maximum of £7,500, it then began to decrease at a rate of £2,500 per minute for the next 3 minutes until it reached zero again. A game could thus last no more than 18 minutes. Once the timer and money counter began to run, they did not stop except during commercial breaks.


19 Keys, Format
Throughout the game, a contestant could eliminate wrong keys from their own panel by answering questions correctly, while a miss would relight them. The specific keys to be eliminated/relit were revealed only after an answer had been given. Once a contestant had eliminated a total of seven keys (called 'Lucky Sevens'), they could relight either two keys on one opponent's panel, or one key each for two opponents. Each contestant knew only how many keys their opponents had eliminated, but not specifically which ones.


19 Keys, Format
Round 1 consisted of quick-fire questions on the buzzer, open to all contestants. In Round 2, the questions came in pairs; the first was open to all, and the contestant who answered it correctly could either attempt the second one or pass it to an opponent. One key was at stake for each question in these two rounds.


19 Keys, Format
In Round 3, each contestant had 30 seconds to answer as many quick-fire questions as possible. On each question, they could choose to play for one (easy), two (medium), or three keys (difficult). Round 4 used pairs of questions as in Round 2. Now, though, the contestant who answered the first one correctly (for one key) could set the difficulty level for the second, which was again open for anyone to answer.


19 Keys, Format
At any time, a contestant could press a red button on their podium. They then had 10 seconds to select a key and try to open the safe with it, with the timer and money counter still running. If successful, they won the entire jackpot; if not, they were eliminated from the game. If the jackpot decreased all the way to zero before the safe was opened, all four contestants left with nothing.


19 Keys, Format
A special episode with game show hosts featured Jeremy Beadle, Henry Kelly, Nick Weir and Nicholas Parsons. All four hosts played for charity. Beadle won £6,633 after eliminating 18 of the 19 keys.


19 Keys, Trivia
"THERE comes a time in every celebrated artist's life, dear readers, when they make something absolutely no one likes. And I speak from experience - did you ever see Five's quiz show 19 Keys? Course you didn't, no one did. It was a game show that was almost impossible to follow, let alone enjoy. Buzzers, sirens, a prize fund that would go up or down for no apparent reason - imagine being in a pile-up on the M25 with me in the car screaming general knowledge questions at you. That was 19 Keys."


19 Kids and Counting
19 Kids and Counting (formerly 17 Kids and Counting and 18 Kids and Counting) is an American reality television series that aired on the cable channel TLC for seven years until its cancellation in 2015. The show features the Duggar family: parents Jim Bob and Michelle Duggar and their 19 children – nine daughters and ten sons – all of whose names begin with the letter "J". During the duration of the show, two children were born, three children were married and four grandchildren were born.


19 Kids and Counting
The show focuses on the life of the Duggar family, who are devout Baptists, and frequently discusses values of purity, modesty and faith in God. The Duggars avoid birth control, saying they have decided to allow God to determine the number of children they have. All of the children are homeschooled and access to entertainment such as movies and television is limited. The Duggar family has also used "blanket time," a controversial practice, with their children. They practice chaperoned courtship, in which a couple becomes acquainted only in a group setting.


19 Kids and Counting
The values presented on the show have been associated with the Quiverfull movement, which has been described as promoting strict family conformity, male hierarchies and subservient roles for women. The Duggars have stated that they are not associated with the Quiverfull movement. However, in an article formerly published on their website titled "Why Have Such a Large Family? ", the Duggars reference Psalms 127:3-5, from which the Quiverfull movement name comes. Moreover, in 2001, Jim Bob and Michelle were interviewed for an article published on a Quiverfull affiliated website. The Duggar family has also been connected with the Institute in Basic Life Principles and the Advanced Training Institute, both of which were founded by Bill Gothard.


19 Kids and Counting
The series began on September 29, 2008 and concluded on May 19, 2015. The show was TLC's most popular, averaging 2.3 million viewers per new episode in Season 10 and scoring in the Nielsen "Cable Top 25".


19 Kids and Counting
On May 22, 2015, TLC suspended the series when the Duggars' eldest son Josh publicly apologized for having "acted inexcusably" following reports that he molested five girls, including some of his sisters, by fondling them. These events occurred in 2002 and 2003, when Josh was 14 to 15 years old and prior to the beginning of the show. On July 16, 2015, TLC announced that the show was officially canceled and would not resume production. A spin off show, Counting On, aired in December 2015.


19 Kids and Counting, Background
The Duggars live in Tontitown, Arkansas, near Springdale and originally appeared in several TLC and Discovery Health one-hour specials, mostly focused on four of Michelle's last five deliveries. Jim Bob Duggar has an older sister, Deanna, who occasionally appears on the show. Michelle Duggar (née Ruark) has six older siblings (Pamela Ethel, Kathie Ann, Evelyn Alice, Carolyn Jeannite, Freda Louise, and Garrett Floyd Jr.). The couple met in the early 1980s when Duggar and a fellow church member were sent for a follow-up visit after Michelle experienced a religious conversion. The Duggars were married on July 21, 1984, just after Michelle's high-school graduation. When they married, she was 17 and he was 19; neither attended college. Together they first launched a used car business, then towing and real estate businesses, both are licensed real estate agents.


19 Kids and Counting, Background
The Duggars initially chose to wait before having children and used birth control pills in the early years of their marriage. Their eldest child, Joshua, was born in 1988. They resumed using oral contraceptives after his birth but conceived again despite this precaution; however, Michelle miscarried early on in her pregnancy. She has mentioned that they named this child Caleb, despite not knowing the baby's sex. After consulting a doctor, the Duggars were told that birth control can in some cases allow conception but cause miscarriage.


19 Kids and Counting, Background
As a result, they decided to stop using birth control and allow God to determine the number of children they would have. Michelle soon became pregnant again, this time with her first set of twins, Jana and John-David. Michelle gave birth 17 times, over a period of 21+1⁄2 years, approximately one birth every 15 months.


19 Kids and Counting, Background
The Duggars are devout independent Baptists. They only watch programs they consider to be wholesome family television and various historical events. Their Internet service is filtered. They adhere to certain standards of modesty in clothing, in accordance with their religious beliefs. Shorts and tank tops are prohibited, and the women do not wear skirts that go above the knee. According to Michelle Duggar, such standards are mandated by scripture.


19 Kids and Counting, Background
They believe that baring one's thigh is "nakedness and shame" and runs the risk of "defrauding" others – or stirring up and arousing "desires in someone else that cannot be righteously fulfilled". They avoid beaches and public swimming areas "because it's just too hard for the guys to try to keep their eyes averted in those situations". Female family members keep their hair long, and males are clean-shaven and short-haired. They practice chaperoned courtship, where the couple get to know one another in a group setting. The Duggars describe this as "dating with a purpose". The Duggar children cannot begin a courtship without parental permission. Before a courtship officially begins, an interested man must speak to the woman's father.


19 Kids and Counting, Background
Jim Bob Duggar served as a Republican member of the Arkansas House of Representatives from 1999 to 2002. He was defeated for the Republican nomination for the U.S. Senate by incumbent Tim Hutchinson in 2002 by a vote of 71,576 to 20,546. He later became a real estate agent and investor. The Duggars' income is derived from rental proceeds of commercial properties they own. Prior to the scandal surrounding son Josh, they lived debt-free.


19 Kids and Counting, Background
Construction of their 7000 square foot house began in 2000 when they bought the lot and ordered two steel frames. One of the frames was not drilled correctly, so the Duggars received a third frame which was used to build the girls' room and the industrial kitchen. Discovery Networks completed the build, finding local Arkansas construction workers to donate their skills and time. The home was completed on  January 20, 2006. Some of the painting, decorating, furnishings, appliances and other finishing touches, such as a stocked pantry, were provided by Discovery Networks and corporate sponsors as part of the one-hour television special entitled 16 Children and Moving In.


19 Kids and Counting, Events during the series
Michelle Duggar gave birth via emergency C-section to the couple's 19th child, Josie Brooklyn Duggar, on  December 10, 2009, six months into her pregnancy. When she was rushed to the hospital for gallstones, doctors discovered that she was pre-eclamptic and performed an emergency delivery. Josie was premature at only 1 lb, 6 oz at birth. Nearly four months later on April 6, 2010, the Duggars were able to take the baby to their temporary rental home in Little Rock while they awaited medical approval to take her home to Tontitown.


19 Kids and Counting, Events during the series
The Duggars took Josie home to Tontitown for good on June 23, 2010. By that December she weighed 15 lbs 12 oz.


19 Kids and Counting, Events during the series
On December 2, 2008, Jim Bob and Michelle Duggar's book The Duggars: 20 and Counting! was released. Their second book, A Love That Multiplies, was released on June 7, 2011. The eldest four girls – Jana, Jill, Jessa and Jinger – authored Growing Up Duggar: It's All About Relationships, which was released on March 4, 2014.


19 Kids and Counting, Events during the series
On November 8, 2011, Michelle Duggar and the family appeared on NBC's Today Show to announce she was expecting their 20th child. On December 8, 2011, the Duggars announced that Michelle had miscarried 20 weeks into her pregnancy. Six days later, they held a memorial service for the stillborn baby girl that they named Jubilee Shalom (meaning celebration and peace).


19 Kids and Counting, Events during the series
A few months after the birth of their daughter Mackynzie, Josh and Anna Duggar learned that she was pregnant with their second child, but the pregnancy ended in a miscarriage. On their daughter's first birthday, Josh and Anna Duggar announced they were expecting again. The couple welcomed their second child, Michael James, on June 15, 2011. They learned that they were expecting again in September 2012.


19 Kids and Counting, Events during the series
Josh Duggar was offered a job at the Family Research Council during his wife's pregnancy with their third child. Marcus Anthony was delivered by a midwife on June 2, 2013. Duggar announced that he was hired to be the executive director of the Family Research Council's political action committee, FRC Action, on June 18, 2013 and that the family would move to Washington, D.C.


19 Kids and Counting, Events during the series
On December 2, 2014, Josh and Anna Duggar announced they were expecting their fourth child. The couple welcomed their fourth child, Meredith Grace, on July 16, 2015. They announced her birth on July 19, 2015 on the Duggar family website. Their fifth child, Mason Garrett, was born on September 12, 2017. Their sixth child, Maryella Hope, was born on November 27, 2019. In April 2021, they announced that they were expecting their seventh child together, a girl.


19 Kids and Counting, Events during the series
The Duggars issued an announcement that Jessa Duggar was in a courtship with Ben Seewald on September 18, 2013. The couple met through their church. On August 15, 2014, after eleven months of courtship, the couple announced their engagement and were married on  November 1, 2014.


19 Kids and Counting, Events during the series
Jill Duggar's courtship with Derick Dillard was announced on  March 31, 2014. They were introduced by Jim Bob Duggar and became further acquainted via supervised Skype and text conversations while Dillard was serving as a missionary in Nepal. Jill Duggar and her father traveled to Nepal to meet Dillard in person and began a formal courtship in November 2013. The couple announced their engagement on 9 April 2014, and were married on 21 June 2014.


19 Kids and Counting, Events during the series
The Dillards announced their first pregnancy on August 20, 2014. Their son, Israel David Dillard, was born on April 6, 2015.


19 Kids and Counting, Events during the series
The Seewalds announced their first pregnancy on April 21, 2015, having waited until the second trimester.


19 Kids and Counting, Events during the series
On July 16, 2015, TLC announced that the series was officially canceled.


19 Kids and Counting, Reception
Arnold Hamilton of The Dallas Morning News described 19 Kids and Counting as "part Little House on the Prairie, part Yours, Mine & Ours–except the only blending in this real-life family occurs with restaurant like precision at mealtimes". He described the Duggars as acting "against the trend", considering the 2002 US Census found that only 0.3 percent of women aged 15 to 44 have given birth to seven or more children and that this number has declined steadily since 1976.


19 Kids and Counting, Reception
In an op-ed for The New York Observer, Nina Burleigh described the Duggars as "good TV. Good, sugarcoated rat poison, politically speaking", referring to the Duggars' political activity such as their opposition to abortion and their lobbying efforts against legislation that would allow transgender people to use public restrooms matching their gender identity.


19 Kids and Counting, Reception
In an article published in the Journal of Religion and Popular Culture, Christy Mesaros-Winckles described the Duggars as "unofficial spokespeople for the Quiverfull movement". Referring to the first season of the show, Mesaros-Winckles said that the Duggars introduced themselves and their religious beliefs with the "subtle and disturbing" message of conformity and "rigid male hierarchy" associated with the Quiverfull movement. Mesaros-Winckles asserted that the show provides a platform for the legitimization of this movement, while downplaying "patriarchal gender roles and strict family conformity".


19 Kids and Counting, Reception
Mesaros-Winckles also said that the Duggars "try to convince the audience that their way of life is best for raising healthy, godly children" and that a large family is a "biblical mandate". She concluded that, despite the small size of the Quiverfull movement, with perhaps only several thousand followers, the show 19 Kids and Counting has brought the movement to the forefront of American culture.


19 Kids and Counting, Reception
Feminist Amanda Marcotte referred to the Duggars as part of the "Christian patriarchy movement", which she described as interchangeable with the Quiverfull movement, saying that the Duggars promote sexist values which run counter to mainstream American culture. The Duggars have said they are not part of the Quiverfull movement, stating: "We are simply Bible-believing Christians who desire to follow God's Word and apply it to our lives."


19 Kids and Counting, Reception, Criticism
The Duggar family has received criticism due to their stance on LGBT issues. In August 2014, Michelle Duggar recorded a political robocall regarding legislation affecting transgender individuals, which The Huffington Post described as "transphobic" and The Washington Post described as "anti-anti-discrimination". The robocall includes Michelle saying: "The Fayetteville City Council is voting on an ordinance this Tuesday night that would allow men – yes, I said men – to use women's and girls' restrooms, locker rooms, showers, sleeping areas and other areas that are designated for females only.


19 Kids and Counting, Reception, Criticism
I don't believe the citizens of Fayetteville would want males with past child predator convictions that claim they are female to have a legal right to enter private areas that are reserved for women and girls." In response to this robocall, a petition was started on Change.org calling for TLC to cancel the show 19 Kids and Counting, which received over 100,000 signatures. In response to the first petition, a second petition was started asking TLC to keep the show on the air, which also received over 100,000 signatures.


19 Kids and Counting, Reception, Criticism
In November 2014, the Duggars asked married couples to take a picture while kissing and share it on their Facebook page. Several users noted that pictures of same-sex couples were deleted from the Duggars' Facebook page. While working for the Family Research Council, the Duggars' eldest son Josh Duggar said, "I truly believe every child deserves a mother and a father"; the Family Research Council has been labeled as an anti-gay hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center, with SPLC saying they were designated as such due to their publication of "anti-gay propaganda". Josh Duggar has been described as an "anti-gay activist" by GLAAD.


19 Kids and Counting, Josh Duggar molestation controversy
On May 21, 2015, a police report from 2006 was revealed to the public by In Touch Weekly magazine, stating sexual molestation allegations against the Duggars' eldest son, Josh Duggar. The report states that, in 2002–2003, Josh – then 14 to 15 years old – fondled five girls, including four of his sisters, by touching their breasts and genital regions on multiple occasions while they were asleep and on a few occasions while they were awake. These events occurred prior to the beginning of the TLC series.


19 Kids and Counting, Josh Duggar molestation controversy
The case was never fully investigated, and the statute of limitations has now expired. On May 22, 2015, TLC removed all reruns of the show that were previously set to air from its current airing schedule, with the statement: "We are deeply saddened and troubled by this heartbreaking situation and our thoughts and prayers are with the family and victims at this difficult time."


19 Kids and Counting, Josh Duggar molestation controversy
In the wake of the controversy, more than twenty advertisers, including General Mills, Walgreens, Payless ShoeSource, Choice Hotels, Pizza Hut, Sweet Leaf Tea and Crayola, announced that they were pulling their ads from the show;Hulu also removed the show's entire back catalog of episodes from its streaming service. Public reaction to the revelation led to several petitions calling for TLC to cancel the series on Change.org, citing conflict between the reported events and the show's promotion of family values.


19 Kids and Counting, Josh Duggar molestation controversy
Josh, along with his wife and his parents, responded to the revelations. Josh apologized, stating he had "acted inexcusably" and resigned from his position at the Family Research Council. Anna stated that she knew about Josh's actions two years before she married him and believed that the counseling he received after the incidents "changed his life". The Duggars described this time as a dark period in their lives and said it caused their family "to seek God like never before". They were featured in an interview with Megyn Kelly on Fox News Channel's The Kelly File on June 3, 2015, where they answered questions regarding the scandal.


19 Kids and Counting, Josh Duggar molestation controversy
On April 29, 2021, six years after the show's cancellation, Josh was arrested for possession of child pornography.


19 Kids and Counting, Cancellation
On July 16, 2015, Discovery Communications, parent company of TLC, confirmed to CNN that the show was officially canceled and that all further production would be ceased. In the wake of the allegations, the network announced that it would produce a one-hour, commercial-free documentary special on child abuse, which would include Jill and Jessa Duggar.


19 Kids and Counting, Cancellation
TLC paid the Duggar family an estimate of $25,000 to $45,000 per episode. Due to the show's cancellation, the loss of endorsements, speaking engagements and book deals based on the show would result in a loss of an estimated $25 million a year.


19 Kids and Counting, Cancellation
A three-part spin-off series, Jill and Jessa: Counting On, focusing on newlyweds Jill and Derick Dillard, Jessa and Ben Seewald, Anna Duggar and several of the other adult Duggar children (sans Josh) aired in December 2015. Its first episode attracted more than 2.2 million viewers, according to a report by The Nielsen Company. The third episode garnered the highest ratings and viewership, at 2.5 million viewers, and ranked in the Top 5 cable shows for the night. In March 2016, it was announced that Counting On had been picked up for a full season, which premiered on March 15, 2016.


19 Kids and Counting, Duggar family
The cast includes parents James Robert "Jim Bob" Duggar, Michelle Annette Duggar (née Ruark), and their children: Joshua, Jana, John-David "John", Jill, Jessa, Jinger, Joseph "Joe", Josiah, Joy-Anna "Joy", Jedidiah, Jeremiah, Jason, James, Justin, Jackson, Johannah, Jennifer, Jordyn-Grace "Jordyn", and Josie.


19 Kislev
The 19 Kislev (Hebrew: י"ט כסלו) refers to the 19th day of the Jewish month of Kislev.


19 Kislev, Festival of the liberation of Rabbi Shneur Zalman, History
The date is significant within the Chabad Hasidic movement. Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi (Hebrew: שניאור זלמן מליאדי), the first Rebbe of Chabad (also known as the "Alter Rebbe" in Yiddish) was informed upon by a misnaged named Avigdor and arrested on charges of supporting the Ottoman Empire by urging his followers to send money to the Land of Israel as "evidence" of his alleged insurrectionist aspirations (in fact, the money was sent to support poor Jews). At the time, the Land of Israel was a part of the Ottoman Empire, which was at war with Russia. Shneur Zalman was charged with treason, and released in the secular year 1798 on the Jewish date of Tuesday, 19 Kislev. The fifty-three days of Rabbi Shneur Zalman's imprisonment are said to correspond to the fifty-three chapters of the first section of the Tanya.


19 Kislev, Festival of the liberation of Rabbi Shneur Zalman, Commemoration
This day is regarded in the Chabad movement as a divine vindication, and is celebrated by Chabad Chasidim with farbrengens. It is regarded as "the New Year of Chassidus (Hasidism)," when each Chassid wishes the other, "may you be signed and sealed for a good year in the study and ways of Chassidus." Tachanun is not recited. The last verses of Psalm 55, "He has redeemed my soul in peace," are traditionally sung on this day. These verses are a reference to the experienced by the Alter Rebbe on this day. Rabbi Shneur Zalman said: "Whoever participates in my celebration will merit to see nachas from his descendants." The day is also marked by many other non-Chabad Chassidic groups.


19 Kislev, Festival of the liberation of Rabbi Shneur Zalman, Commemoration, 20 Kislev
When the Alter Rebbe left prison he was mistakenly brought to the home of a misnaged (one opposed to Chassidus), who caused him to suffer with his questions. Afterwards, the Alter Rebbe said that the three hours he spent at the misnaged's home were more difficult than all the time he had spent in prison. In commemoration of the fact that the Alter Rebbe's liberation was not complete until he left the misnaged's house, Chassidim mark 20 Kislev as a day of liberation as well.


19 Kislev, Festival of the liberation of Rabbi Shneur Zalman, Incidents during imprisonment
During Rabbi Shneur Zalman's imprisonment he was questioned by an erudite government minister, who posed the following question:


19 Kislev, Festival of the liberation of Rabbi Shneur Zalman, Incidents during imprisonment
"The verse states that G-d called to man and said to him, 'Where are you?' Didn't G-d know where Adam was?" Rabbi Shneur Zalman answered him in accordance with Rashi's explanation that God asked Adam the question "Where are you?" in order to gently begin conversing with Adam, so that Adam would not become startled and disconcerted by God's sudden appearance. The minister indicated that he was aware of that answer, but he wanted to hear Rabbi Shneur Zalman's explanation.


19 Kislev, Festival of the liberation of Rabbi Shneur Zalman, Incidents during imprisonment
After ascertaining that the minister believed in the eternality of the Torah and its directives, Rabbi Shneur Zalman replied: "When a person is, for example, so and so many years old (mentioning the exact age of his questioner), G-d asks him: Where are you? Are you aware of why you were created on this earth? Are you aware of what you are expected to do and how much you actually have done?"


19 Kislev, Festival of the liberation of Rabbi Shneur Zalman, Incidents during imprisonment
Chasidic lore tells that the spirits of the Maggid of Mezeritch and the Baal Shem Tov came to visit Rabbi Shneur Zalman in prison. Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn is reputed to have once visited the cell (when he was in Saint Petersburg in the summer of 1911), and when he returned, his father, Rabbi Sholom Dovber Schneersohn, the fifth Chabad Rebbe, asked him if the cell had enough room for three people, which implies that Rabbi Sholom Dovber believed that they had appeared as souls in bodies.


19 Kislev, Other significant events
Rabbi Yaakov of Marvege (Korebil), a twelfth-century Tosafist and Kabbalist, wrote a book called "Responsa from Heaven," in which he recorded halachic responsa he had heard from Heaven. After discussing the concept that one should only study Torah after immersion in a mikveh, he describes 19 Kislev as "a day that will herald good tidings." On this Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson commented:


19 Kislev, Other significant events
Throughout the generations, that addition puzzled scholars. What were the "good tidings" received on Yud-Tes Kislev? Scholars of the later generations concluded that the phrase must refer to the Alter Rebbe's liberation. No other event occurred on 19 Kislev that would cause the day to be labeled a day which "will herald good tidings."


19 Kislev, Other significant events
19 Kislev, 1744 - considered to mark the day upon which Rabbi Shneur Zalman was conceived, for he was born exactly nine months later, on 18 Elul.


19 Kislev, Other significant events
19 Kislev, 1772 - the date of the Yom Hillula (passing) of the Maggid of Mezritch, the successor of the Baal Shem Tov (the founder of Hasidism).


19 Kislev, Other significant events
19 Kislev, 1809 - the birth date of the Alter Rebbe of Chasidei Zychlin, HaRebi Shmuel Abba (ZT"L). It was celebrated as the birth date of the Zychlin (Hasidic dynasty)Zychlin Chasidut until 95% of the followers were murdered in the Holocaust.


19 Kislev, Other significant events
19 Kislev, 2003 - the day that Saddam Hussein was captured.


19 Kislev, Other significant events
19 Kislev, 2011 - the day that the Iraq War came to an end.


19 Kislev, Other significant events
19th of Kislev, 2017 - (at 8:07 P.M. Israel Standard Time) - U.S.A. President, Donald Trump, publicly and formally announces that Jerusalem is the Capital of the Nation-State of Israel, and declares that the US Embassy shall be relocated to the city.


19 Love Ballads
19 Love Ballads is a compilation album by Danish soft rock group Michael Learns to Rock. It was released in summer 2001 by EMI in Asia, and in 2002 in Europe under the title 19 Love Songs. The album contains songs from Michael Learns to Rock's first five studio albums, including the new song "The Ghost of You".


19 Lyncis
19 Lyncis is a triple star system in the northern constellation of Lynx. A telescope reveals it consists of two blue-white hued stars of magnitudes 5.80 and 6.86 that are 14.750 arcseconds apart, with a visual companion of magnitude 7.6 that is 3.5 arcminutes distant. The first two are located around 680–690 light years away from the Sun, based on parallax measurements. Their radial velocity measurements are poorly constrained, but suggest the system is trending away from the Earth.


19 Lyncis
The primary, designated component A, is itself a double-lined spectroscopic binary system with an orbital period of 2.26 days and an eccentricity of 0.08. The more prominent member of this pair, component Aa, is a B-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of B8 V. It has 3.33 times the mass of the Sun and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 70 km/s. Component B has a class of B9 V, an estimated 3.03 times the mass of the Sun, and is spinning rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of 275 km/s.


19 Lyrae
19 Lyrae is a single variable star located approximately 940 light years away from the Sun in the northern constellation of Lyra. It has the variable star designation V471 Lyr, while 19 Lyrae is the Flamsteed designation. This object is just bright enough to be visible to the naked eye, appearing as a dim, blue-white star with a baseline apparent visual magnitude of 5.93. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −30 km/s, and may come as close as 167 light-years around 8.5 million years from now.


19 Lyrae
This is a magnetic chemically-peculiar star with a stellar classification of B8 IIIp Si Sr, showing abundance anomalies in silicon and strontium. The light variations of this star were discovered by J. E. Winzer in 1974. It is an Alpha2 Canum Venaticorum-type variable with a period of 1.160898 days, ranging in magnitude from a high of 5.91 down to 5.98. The surface magnetic field has a strength of (111.3±56.9)×10−4 T


19 Lyrae
19 Lyrae has a moderate rotation rate, showing a projected rotational velocity of 35 km/s. Stellar models give it an estimated 3.8 times the mass of the Sun and its girth is measured at 6.4 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 397 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of around 11,194 K. The star has an absolute magnitude of −1.24, which shows how bright the star would appear if it were located at a distance of 10 parsecs (33 ly) from the Sun.


19 March 2013 Iraq attacks
The 19 March 2013 Iraq attacks were a series of coordinated bombings and shootings across the capital Baghdad and several major cities in the north and central parts of the country. At least 98 people were killed and more than 240 others injured in the wave of violence, which took place on the tenth anniversary of the beginning of the Iraq War.


19 March 2013 Iraq attacks, Background
The attacks occurred on the 10th anniversary of the Iraq War, and about sixteen months following the withdrawal of the United States military forces from the area, leaving the security of the country in the hands of the Iraqi security forces. Violence slightly rose during 2012, with militant groups averaging about one major attack every month.


19 March 2013 Iraq attacks, Background
In addition, the country was in the midst of major protests by the Sunni population that began in December 2012. On 25 January 2013, the demonstrations against the government of Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki turned deadly in Fallujah, as soldiers opened fire on a crowd of rock-throwing demonstrators, killing 7 and injuring more than 70 others. Three soldiers were later shot to death in retaliation for the incident, and clashes erupted in the city.


19 March 2013 Iraq attacks, Background
On 14 February Human Rights Watch called on Iraqi authorities to complete and announce the results of the ongoing parliamentary committee and the Defense Ministry investigations into the Fallujah shootings. On 8 March Iraqi Police forces shot at protesters in Mosul, killing three and injuring nine others. In response to this, Agriculture Minister Izz al-Din al-Dawla announced his resignation, while Parliament Speaker Usama al-Nujayfi called on other Sunni officials to follow suit.


19 March 2013 Iraq attacks, Attacks
Numerous attacks were conducted within hours of each other on 19 March 2013 across Baghdad, Mosul and several smaller cities in Iraq.


19 March 2013 Iraq attacks, Perpetrators
On 20 March, the Islamic State of Iraq claimed responsibility for the wave of attacks in a statement published on a militant website. The group said the violence was in response to "the executions and massacres of convicted Sunni inmates" held in Iraqi prisons and warned the government to stop with the practice or "expect more bad events ... and seas of blood".


19 May Stadium
May 19th 1956 Stadium (Arabic: ملعب 19 ماي 1956), or simply May 19th Stadium is a football stadium located in Annaba, Algeria.


19 May Stadium
The stadium has a capacity of 70,000 and is all-seated. It is currently used on a regular basis by football club USM Annaba who play in the Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 2. It is also occasionally used by the Algeria national football team.


19 May Stadium, History
On June 10, 1987, the stadium was inaugurated with a match between the Algerian national football team and Sudan. Sudanese international Kamel Mohammed was the first person to score in the stadium, scoring in the 15th minute of the game. The first Algerian to score in the stadium was Djamel Menad, who scored in the 85th minute of the same game. Algeria won the game 3–1. The stadium hosted several matches during the 1990 African Cup of Nations.


19 May Stadium, History
The most recent game played there was Algeria's 1–0 win over Morocco during the 2012 African Cup of Nations Qualification, with the only goal being scored by Hassan Yebda from the penalty spot. It was the only victory during Benchika's reign as the Algerian manager, and it was done before a sell-out crowd.


19 May Stadium, History
On March 5, 2012, Mohamed Raouraoua, the president of the FAF in Algeria, stated that the stadium might become the official stadium for the CAF U-20 tournament which will be played in Algeria.


19 Mayıs Tunnel
19 Mayıs Tunnel (Turkish: 19 Mayıs Tüneli), is a highway tunnel constructed on the Samsun-Çorum highway  D.795  E 95 in Samsun Province, northern Turkey.


19 Mayıs Tunnel
It is situated near Paşapınarı village of Havza, Samsun. The 280 and 260 m (920 and 850 ft)-long twin-tube tunnel carrying two lanes of traffic in each direction is flanked by 845–923 m (2,772–3,028 ft)-long Havza Tunnel in the north and 392–392 m (1,286–1,286  ft)-long Şehzadeler Tunnel in the south on the same highway.


19 Mayıs Tunnel
The tunnel was opened to traffic on February 15, 2009 by Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.


19 Monocerotis
19 Monocerotis is a single, variable star in the equatorial constellation of Monoceros, located approximately 1,220 light years away from the Sun based on parallax. It has the variable star designation V637 Monocerotis, while 19 Monocerotis is the Flamsteed designation. This object is visible to the naked eye as a faint, blue-white hued star with a baseline apparent visual magnitude of 5.00. It is receding from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +25 km/s.


19 Monocerotis
This massive, B-type main-sequence star has a stellar classification of B1 V. It is a Beta Cephei variable, ranging from 5.01 to 4.96 magnitude with a period of 0.19 days. Closer examination shows there are three frequencies present, consisting of 5.22994, 0.17017, and 4.88956 cycles per day. At one point it was thought to be a marginal Be star, but this was not confirmed. The star is spinning rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of 274 km/s. It has 12.3 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 4,817 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 25,400 K.


19 Naughty III
19 Naughty III is the third album from Naughty by Nature, released on February 23, 1993, through Tommy Boy Records. Three singles were released from the album, the group's second top 10 hit, "Hip Hop Hooray," as well as the minor hits "It's On" and "Written on Ya Kitten."


19 Naughty III, Reception
The album did well commercially and critically, with 4-star ratings from AllMusic and Rolling Stone and platinum certification from the RIAA. AllMusic stated in its review that the album ranked "as Naughty by Nature's second straight triumph."


19 October 1314 Imperial election
The imperial election of October 19, 1314 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Sachsenhausen, near Frankfurt.


19 October 1314 Imperial election
The election was called by Heinrich II, Count of Virneburg, at the time Archbishop of Cologne and former member of the pro-Luxembourg party, to decide the successor of Emperor Henry VII, died while in Italy on 24 August 1313. Henry's son John, King of Bohemia since 1310, was considered by many prince-electors to be too young, and by others to be already too powerful. Many nobles preferred instead Frederick the Fair, Duke of Austria and Styria and son of Henry VII's predecessor Albert I. Of seven electors, only four attended the meeting, one of whom was disputed:


19 October 1314 Imperial election
As a result of the election, Frederick the Fair was elected Holy Roman Emperor. However, due to the unrecognized claim of Henry of Carinthia, the election was considered invalid by the other electors, that the day after elected Louis IV, Duke of Bavaria as Holy Roman Emperor.


19 Part One: Boot Camp
19 Part One: Boot Camp is a multi-part action video game released by Cascade Games in 1988 for the Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum. The inspiration for the game came from two sources: the arcade game Combat School and the Paul Hardcastle song 19, which was itself about the Vietnam War. The player controls a soldier through several training events, including an obstacle course, shooting practice and jeep driving.


19 Part One: Boot Camp, Gameplay
Stage One is an assault course. The player must gain speed by pressing the right directional key (or holding the joystick to the right), then hold down the fire key/button to build up power then release it at the correct spot in front of the obstacle.


19 Part One: Boot Camp, Gameplay
Stage Two is a shooting range. Targets appear which the player must shoot targets depicting enemy soldiers, while avoiding those that depict women and children. For every soldier hit the player earns up to 50 points, but for hitting a woman the player loses 1000 points.


19 Part One: Boot Camp, Gameplay
Stage Three is a driving game. The player's point of view is behind and just above a jeep which must be driven along a course. Obstacles must be avoided, but a variety of other objects, such as ammo boxes, jerry cans and, boots can be collected for bonus points.


19 Part One: Boot Camp, Gameplay
Stage Four is a beat 'em up which involves the player attempting to defeat the Master Sergeant (spelled "Sargeant" in the game) within a set time limit.


19 Part One: Boot Camp, Reception
CRASH awarded the game a CRASH Smash at 91%, Sinclair User gave it 8/10 and Your Sinclair awarded 7/10.


19 Part One: Boot Camp, Reception
Sinclair User's Chris Jenkins said of the game: "If you don't mind the inevitable wait for the multi-load, it's a corker." CRASH's Nick Roberts declared that "Each training event could be released separately as an individual game and it would still be worth the money! ", while Your Sinclair's Marcus Berkmann decided that "it's only the Shooting Range that's really special."


19 Part One: Boot Camp, Legacy
There was a sequel planned, 19 Part 2: Combat Zone, that would have taken the action to the warzone itself. Players would train in Part One and then save their character/score to be loaded into the second part. However, Cascade disappeared from the scene and eventually folded.


19 Puppis
19 Puppis is a binary star system in the southern constellation of Puppis, near the northern border with Hydra and Monoceros. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, yellow-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.72. The system is located approximately 177 light years away from the system based on parallax. It is receding from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +36 km/s, having come to within 31 light-years some 1.4 million years ago.


19 Puppis
The primary, component A, is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of G9III-IIIb. It is a red clump giant, which indicates it is on the horizontal branch and is generating energy through helium fusion at its core. The star is about one billion years old with 1.05 times the mass of the Sun and 8.9 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 43 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,750 K.


19 Puppis
The secondary member, component B, is a magnitude 11.2 star at an angular separation of 2.1″ from the primary. Four visual companions have been reported. These are component C, at magnitude 13.2 and separation 30.7", D, at magnitude 8.9 and separation 57.8", E, at magnitude 9.37 and separation 70.1", and F, at magnitude 10.74 and separation 114.1".


19 Recordings
19 Recordings Inc. (registered in the United Kingdom as 19 Recordings Ltd.) is a New York-based record label owned by 19 Entertainment. Founded in London by British entrepreneur Simon Fuller in 1999 as the music division of 19 Entertainment, the label is one of the top record imprints as compiled by Billboard in 2012. 19 Recordings has the exclusive rights to sign contestants of the television series Idols. Since 2005, it shifted its main operations to the United States following CKX, Inc.'s (Industrial Media) acquisition of 19 Entertainment.


19 Recordings
From 1999 to 2000, EMI has distributed its recordings. From 2001 to 2004, releases by most of the artists signed to 19 Recordings were distributed by Bertelsmann Music Group (BMG). Following BMG's merger with Sony Music Entertainment to form Sony BMG, RCA Music Group has distributed releases by 19 Recordings from 2005 to 2010. From 2011 to 2016, 19 Recordings partnered with Universal Music Group for distribution through Interscope Geffen A&M (2011–2014) and Big Machine Records (2015–2016).


19 Recordings
From 2018 to 2020, Disney Music Group distributed releases by 19 Recordings through Hollywood Records (2017–2020). As of 2021, 19 Recordings partnered with BMG Rights Management (not to be confused with the merged Sony BMG) for distribution.


19 Recordings, History
Fuller, who had previously managed the careers of musicians Annie Lennox, Cathy Dennis, and Spice Girls in the 1990s, founded 19 Recordings as the music division of 19 Entertainment. The first artist Fuller signed to 19 Recordings was the English indie band 21st Century Girls in 1999, who released its only single "21st Century Girls", which only peaked at the top 20 on the UK Singles Chart. The English pop group S Club 7, the second act to be signed to 19 Recordings and Polydor Records, achieved better success. S Club 7 went on to sell over 14 million albums worldwide until their disbandment in 2003. After disbanding in 1990, the British duo Eurythmics reunited in 1999 and was signed to RCA Records and 19 Recordings, and released their final studio album Peace (1999) to commercial success.


19 Recordings, History
In 2001, Fuller created the singing competition series Pop Idol, which became an instant success in British television and has had international versions in over 48 countries. Pop Idol's first winner, Will Young was signed to 19 Recordings and RCA Records in 2002, became one of the most successful British recording artists of the 2000s. Young's debut single, ""Anything Is Possible"/"Evergreen" (2002), became the best-selling single of the 2000s, won a BRIT Award and an Ivor Novello Award. Other Pop Idol contestants signed with 19 Recordings include Gareth Gates, Sam & Mark, Michelle McManus, and Sarah Whatmore, had moderate success.


19 Recordings, History
19 Recordings has since retained the exclusive rights to sign contestants of all versions of Idols around the world and has released compilation albums related to Idols ever since. In 2003, two members of the Spice Girls, Victoria Beckham and Emma Bunton, were signed to 19 Recordings and Polydor Records. Beckham released her final single "This Groove"/Let Your Head Go" (2003) and Bunton released her second album, Free Me (2003), to commercial success.


19 Recordings, History
In 2002, American Idol, whose format was based on Pop Idol, became one of the most successful programs in the history of American television. Its first winner, Kelly Clarkson, was immediately signed to RCA Records and 19 Recordings in 2002 and became 19 Recordings' most successful artist with over 20 million albums sold worldwide.


19 Recordings, History
Clarkson's second studio album, Breakaway (2004), also became 19 Recordings' best-selling release with worldwide sales of over 12 million copies and has won two Grammy Awards in 2006; Breakaway, along with Young's second studio album, Friday's Child (2003), both became 19 Recordings' best-selling album in the United Kingdom with sales of over 1.5 million each. Clarkson's single "Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)" (2012), also became 19 Recordings' best-selling single after selling over 5 million copies worldwide and has been nominated for 3 Grammy Awards, including Record of the Year and Song of the Year in 2013. Other contestants from American Idol, such as Ruben Studdard, Clay Aiken, Fantasia Barrino, Carrie Underwood, Daughtry, and Jordin Sparks, also followed suit with commercial success. Underwood's debut album Some Hearts (2005), became 19 Recordings's best-selling release in the United States with sales of 7 million copies.


19 Recordings, History
Beginning in 2006, 19 Recordings also began to sign artists who were unrelated to Idols, such as Annie Lennox, Amy Studt, Orianthi, and Sons of Sylvia. 19 Recordings co-released The Annie Lennox Collection (2008) with RCA Records to commercial success. Albums by Studt, Orianthi, and Sons of Sylvia were released to minimal success.


19 Recordings, History
In February 2014, 19 Recordings sued Sony Music Entertainment for $10 million in damages, claiming that Sony is robbing them in royalties from digital revenue from streaming platforms such as Spotify, Google, and Apple. As of January 2018, a settlement in principle was reached.


19 Red Roses
19 Red Roses (Danish: Nitten røde roser) is a 1974 Danish crime film directed by Esben Høilund Carlsen and starring Henning Jensen.


19 Red Roses, Plot
The film follows Detective Ancher (Poul Reichhardt) and his team as they investigate a series of murders that happened over a period of days. Seemingly unrelated at first, the investigators soon deduce that the killings are connected and stem from an incident that associates of the victims were all involved in.


19 Red Roses, Sequel
The film was followed with a sequel, Terror, in 1977. All of the major characters returned for this followasup.


19 Rocket Regiment
19 Rocket Regiment was a rocket artillery regiment of the South African Artillery.


19 Rocket Regiment, History, Origin
This Citizen Force Regiment was formed as 19 Missile Regiment on 1 January 1979 in Potchefstroom. Captured Soviet rocket artillery weapons allowed South Africa to develop its own rocket artillery systems. The introduction of rocket artillery such as the Valkiri launcher system activated the requirement for units such as this to train and then integrate into battlegroups. The Valkiri launcher first saw service in 1982.


19 Rocket Regiment, History, Command
The regiment resorted originally under the Artillery School for administrative purposes. By 1963 the regiment was transferred to Eastern Transvaal Command, and again for administrative purposes it was then added to 26 Field Artillery Regiment. From 1986, the regiment finally operated independently. For conventional purposes the regiment was affiliated to 7 Infantry Division.


19 Rocket Regiment, History, Weapons
19 Rocket Regiment comprised 191 Battery, utilizing the Valkiri in six launcher batteries. On 24 October 1984, Lance Bombardier Evans and Gunner English successfully fired the first rockets.


19 Rocket Regiment, Associated Units relationships
Batteries of this regiment were allocated to full-time regiments such as 32 Battalion and Transvaal State Artillery.


19 September 2010 Baghdad bombings
The 19 September 2010 Baghdad bombings were a series of bomb attacks in Baghdad, Iraq that killed at least 31 people, in two neighbourhoods of the capital. Over a hundred more were wounded. On 24 September the Islamic state of Iraq claimed responsibility for the attack.


19 September 2010 Baghdad bombings, Background
Iraqis blamed the political deadlock in their country for the attacks as Iraqi authorities are struggling to form a unity government since March 2010 elections which rendered no single bloc to form a majority win and hence depending upon each other for forming a coalition government.


19 September 2010 Baghdad bombings, Background
Further the attacks in recent days also coincided with the USA's decision to downsize its troops in Iraq and handing over the security to Iraqi forces.


19 September 2010 Baghdad bombings, Attacks
On 19 September 2010 two car bombs exploded in the Iraqi capital almost simultaneously at around 10:10 am. The first (and most powerful) car bomb exploded in the residential Mansour district killing 10 people. The attack was in front of the local sales office of Asiacell (an Iraqi mobile phone company), although it is not clear if this was the specific target.


19 September 2010 Baghdad bombings, Attacks
Minutes later, a second attack occurred, in the predominantly Shia neighborhood of Al Kadhimiyah. Apparently aimed at an office of the Iraqi Federal Police and the National Security Ministry in Adan Square, it killed approximately 21 people and injured 71. A witness described the attack; "It was a minibus – the driver stopped and told people nearby that he was going to go see a doctor, a few minutes later, it exploded."


19 September 2010 Baghdad bombings, Perpetrators and aftermath
On 24 September Al-Qaida's the Islamic state of Iraq front group in Iraq claimed responsibility for the attack.


19 September Network against Coup d'Etat
The 19 September Network against Coup d'État is a Thai activist group organized to protest the 2006 Thailand coup d'état.


19 September Network against Coup d'Etat
According to Sombat Ngamboon-anong, who registered the 19sep.org domain, The Network's website, 19sept.org was shut down by the hosting service on orders of the Thai Information and Communications Technology Ministry.


19 September Network against Coup d'Etat
The group organized a petition signing at the Siam Paragon shopping center in Bangkok at 18.00 Friday 22 September 2006. The Student Activity Information Resource, led by Chotisak On-soong took part in the petition signing.


19 September Network against Coup d'Etat
The group planned to hold a public hearing in protest against martial law on 18 November 2006 at Thammasat University. After the public hearing, the group planned to parade from the university to the Democracy Monument, and then proceed to Army Headquarters.


19 Somethin'
"19 Somethin'" is a song written by David Lee and Chris DuBois and recorded by American country music singer Mark Wills. It was released in September 2002 as the first single from his Greatest Hits compilation album and spent six weeks at #1 on the Hot Country Songs chart in early 2003. It reached #23 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was the longest-lasting of Wills's Number One hits. It would go on to become the #2 country song of the decade on Billboard's Hot Country Songs Chart.


19 Somethin', Content
The song begins with singer's reminiscence of his formative years, the 1970s and 1980s. In the first verse and chorus, various 1970s-related bits of pop culture are referenced, such as Farrah Fawcett, eight tracks, and Stretch Armstrong; the first verse also mentions the videogame Pac-Man ("I had the Pac-Man pattern memorized.") The first chorus begins with the line "It was 1970-somethin' / In the world that I grew up in." Verse two, similarly, references 1980s pop culture, such as the Rubik's Cube, black Pontiac Trans Ams, and MTV. The second chorus likewise begins with "It was 1980-somethin'."


19 Somethin', Content
In the song's bridge, the singer then expresses his desire to escape to his childhood years: "Now I've got a mortgage and an SUV / All this responsibility makes me wish sometimes / That it was 1980-somethin’."


19 Somethin', Reception, Critical
An uncredited article in The Charlotte Observer said that the success of "19 Somethin'" was "doubly great" because it was a #1 single and because it was up-tempo, in comparison to Wills's earlier ballads, such as "Don't Laugh at Me" and "Wish You Were Here".


19 Somethin', Reception, Awards
"19 Somethin'" was nominated for Single of the Year at the 38th annual Academy of Country Music awards in May 2003.


19 Somethin', Chart positions
"19 Somethin'" debuted at #56 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of October 5, 2002. It was his second Number One, the first being "Wish You Were Here" in May 1999.


19 South LaSalle Street
19 South LaSalle Street, formerly known as the Central YMCA Association Building, is a building in downtown Chicago, Illinois. It was constructed in 1893 and designed by the architecture firm Jenney & Mundie.


19 South LaSalle Street, History
19 South LaSalle Street was constructed as the Central YMCA Association Building in 1893, and completed shortly before the Panic of 1893. The structure, designed by William LeBaron Jenney and William Bryce Mundie as Jenney & Mundie, was eventually renamed for its address, 19 South LaSalle Street. Modern-day 19 South LaSalle Street is owned by Cloverfield, Inc. and operated by Colonnade Management, Inc. as a mixed-use retail and office building. Law offices and companies such as Vivid Ascent, an integrated marketing firm, and Sprint, which has a retail location in the building, operate out of 19 South LaSalle Street.


19 South LaSalle Street, Architecture
19 South LaSalle Street has been described as one of Jenney's most "uncompromising" facades due to its rectangularity which is only interrupted by horizontal banding at the 11th and 12th stories. Although, the horizontal courses and the building's shifting design are typical of Jenney's work around this time period. 19 South LaSalle is designed in an "L" shape with its more narrow 54 foot facade facing toward LaSalle Street while a longer, more elaborate 187 foot facade faces a small alley known as Arcade Place. The building stands 16 stories and was originally topped with a peaked roof which was replaced by an additional three stories. 19 South LaSalle Street was mentioned in the 2004 American Institute of Architects Guide to Chicago.


19 Squadron SAAF
19 Squadron SAAF is a current squadron of the South African Air Force operating as a transport/utility helicopter squadron. It was formed in 1939 as part of the Air Force airways Wing, flying transport aircraft but was disbanded after a few months. It was re-formed from No. 227 Squadron RAF in 1944 and disbanded again after the end of World War II. It was again re-established in 1970 as a helicopter squadron – a role which it still performs today.


19 Squadron SAAF, History
19 Squadron was formed on 1 September 1939 together with 17 Squadron. It formed part of the Airways Wing at Swartkop Air Station flying ex-South African Airways Junkers Ju 52/3m's but was disbanded on 1 December the same year. The squadron did not participate in the Second World War until 12 August 1944 when 227 Squadron RAF was renumbered as 19 Squadron SAAF at Biferno in Italy. The squadron was deployed flying Beaufighters and was involved in operations in Italy, Greece and Yugoslavia until it was disbanded on 10 July 1945 after the end of the war.


19 Squadron SAAF, History
On 1 March 1970 a Flight of 17 Squadron was transformed into 19 Squadron and equipped with SA330 Pumas at AFB Swartkop with A Flight flying from Swartkop and B Flight operating from AFB Durban for a period of time. "A" Flight was moved to AFB Louis Trichardt on 1 January 1991, with the rest of the squadron moving on 1 January 1992 flying Aérospatiale Alouette III's. The squadron moved to AFB Hoedspruit on 1 January 2004 where it is currently based. 19 Squadron became the first squadron to be equipped with the Oryx helicopter in early 1994.


19 Standards (Quartet) 2003
19 Standards (Quartet) 2003 is a live album 4CD box set by American composer and saxophonist Anthony Braxton recorded in Europe in 2003 and released on the Leo label in 2010.


19 Standards (Quartet) 2003, Reception
The AllMusic review by arwulf arwulf states, "This was the third four-CD set drawing upon recordings from the group's European tours during that busy and productive year. The creative small group dynamic developed by Braxton over several decades is very much in evidence as he interacts with bassist Andy Eulau, percussionist Kevin Norton, and guitarist Kevin O'Neil. Braxton's choices are astute and varied enough to make this an exceptionally satisfying effort". All About Jazz reviewer Glenn Astarita noted "they inject a modernist edge into the roads previously traveled. With sterling musicianship, the quartet expressively melds sheer firepower with elegance, and a persuasive mode of execution, which seeds a refreshing ambiance into these time-honored standards".


19 Tauri
19 Tauri is a double star in the constellation of Taurus and a member of the Pleiades open star cluster (M45).


19 Tauri
It consists of a binary pair designated 19 Tauri A together with a single star visual companion, 19 Tauri B. 'A's' two components are themselves designated 19 Tauri Aa (officially named Taygeta /teɪˈɪdʒɪtə/, the traditional name for the entire system) and Ab.


19 Tauri
Based on parallax measurements obtained during the Hipparcos mission, 19 Tauri A is approximately 440 light-years from the Sun.


19 Tauri, Nomenclature
19 Tauri is the system's Flamsteed designation. It also bears the little-used Bayer designation q Tauri. The designations of the two constituents as 19 Tauri A and B, and those of A's components - 19 Tauri Aa and Ab - derive from the convention used by the Washington Multiplicity Catalog (WMC) for multiple star systems, and adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU).


19 Tauri, Nomenclature
The system bore the traditional name Taygeta (or Taygete). Taygete was one of the Pleiades sisters in Greek mythology. In 2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalogue and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN approved the name Taygeta for the component 19 Tauri Aa on 21 August 2016 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names.


19 Tauri, Properties
19 Tauri A presents as a blue-white B-type subgiant with an apparent magnitude of +4.30. It is a spectroscopic binary, whose component stars have magnitudes of +4.6 and +6.1. They are separated by 0.012 arcseconds and complete one orbit every 1313 days.


19 Tauri, Properties
The 8th magnitude visual companion, 19 Tauri B, is 69 arcseconds away. It is thought to be a yellow star somewhat more massive and larger than the Sun, and further away than the Pleiades cluster.


19 Tauri, Properties
19 Tauri was once reported to be variable, but has since been measured to be one of the least variable of stars.


19 Varieties of Gazelle
19 varieties of gazelle: poems of the Middle East is a poetry book, by Naomi Shihab Nye. It was a finalist for the 2002 National Book Award, Young People's Literature.


19 Varieties of Gazelle
The poems explore the lives of people in the Middle East, in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks.


19 Varieties of Gazelle
Publishers Weekly said the book was "an excellent way to invite exploration and discussion of events far away and their impact here at home."


19 Vulpeculae
19 Vulpeculae is star located approximately 1,690 light years from Earth in the northern constellation of Vulpecula. It is a probable member of the open cluster NGC 6882. This object is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.40. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −19 km/s.


19 Vulpeculae
This is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of K2 IIIa, having already consumed the hydrogen at its core and evolved away from the main sequence. It has nearly five times the mass of the Sun but has expanded to around 100 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 2,889 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,200 K.


19 Wheels
19 Wheels was an American alternative rock band from East Lansing, Michigan. It was founded by Chris Johnston (vocals, guitar), Scott Owens (guitar), Tim Marzorati (bass); drummer Rob Dickey joined in 2000.


19 Wheels, History
The group was initially known as Hannibals before changing their name to Nineteen Wheels.


19 Wheels, History
The group first attracted attention with their 1996 EP, The Tempermill Recordings, which led to a spot touring on the ESPN Extreme Games Tour in 1996. They later signed to Aware Records for their 1997 release, Six Ways from Sunday. After Aware entered into a joint venture with Columbia, Six Ways from Sunday was reissued in an "amended version" in October of 1997. In a review of the album, Allmusic noted, "The band maintains a muscular, tight sound throughout, thanks in large part to superb bass and drum work."


19 Wheels, History
19 Wheels' album, Sugareen, was self-released, and was produced by another Michigan local, Donny Brown of the band Verve Pipe. It sold over 14,000 copies. They followed this up with the EP Jawbreaker in 2004, produced by Bob Ezrin.


19 Wheels, History
While working with Ezrin, the group members questioned whether they would continue working together. By this time, several had wives and families, had taken steady jobs, and had moved to different parts of the state of Michigan; Owens and Marzorati were still living near Lansing, while Johnston had moved to Ferndale and Dickey to Grand Rapids. Late in 2005, they decided to break up, releasing one final EP and playing their final show on November 25, 2005 at The Intersection in Grand Rapids.


19 Wheels, History
19 Wheels' track "Reactor" was featured on Ford's website for the new 2010 Ford Fusion.


19 You + Me
"19 You + Me" is the debut single by American country music duo Dan + Shay. It was released in October 2013 as the first single from their debut album for Warner Bros. Nashville. The album, Where It All Began, was released on April 1, 2014. The song was written by Dan + Shay and Danny Orton. It received 59 adds in its first week at country radio, becoming the most added debut single of 2013.


19 You + Me
"19 You + Me" peaked at numbers 7 and 11 on both the Billboard Hot Country Songs and Country Airplay charts respectively. It also reached outside the top 40 of the Hot 100 at number 42. The song was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and has sold 720,000 units in the United States as of October 2014. It received similar chart success in Canada, reaching number 23 on the Country chart and number 47 on the Canadian Hot 100.


19 You + Me, Critical reception
The song received a positive review from Taste of Country which praised the "warm details" and "emotion." It said that "young artists aren’t often able to tell stories as effectively as those with a little more age, but Dan Smyers and Shay Mooney can count on vivid lyrics to help them through." It went on to say that "the instrumentation is country with pop leanings" and "they add some missing sensitivity to the current landscape."


19 You + Me, Music video
The music video was directed by Brian Lazzaro and shot in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, in which they mention Myrtle Beach in the song. Some of the locations they shot at were the Fun Plaza arcade on Ocean Blvd and the Myrtle Beach Boardwalk.


19 You + Me, Commercial performance
"19 You + Me" debuted at number 55 on the US Billboard Country Airplay chart for the week of October 26, 2013. It also debuted at number 49 on the US Billboard Hot Country Songs chart for the week of November 9, 2013. The song debuted at number 96 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart for the week of January 18, 2014. As of October 2014 the song has sold 720,000 copies in the United States. On December 17, 2015, the song was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over a million digital copies in the United States.


19 You + Me, Commercial performance
"19 You + Me" was certified Gold by Music Canada in December 2016.


19 and Crazy
"19 and Crazy" is a song recorded by American country music duo Bomshel. It was released in September 2009 as the third single from their debut album Fight Like a Girl. Kelley Shepard and Kristy Osmunson, who comprise Bomshel, co-wrote the song with Mark Irwin and Josh Kear. Osmunson, Kear, and Irwin also produced the track.


19 and Crazy, Content
"19 and Crazy" is an up-tempo country song that centralizes on its female narrator, who states a desire to retain the lifestyles of her late teenage years.


19 and Crazy, Critical reception
Kevin J. Coyne of Country Universe gave the song a B rating. He stated that "the song has an incessant driving beat that straddles the fence between urgency and just plain annoyingly fast." Bobby Peacock of Roughstock gave a positive review, saying that it was similar in theme to Mark Wills' "19 Somethin'" but adding, "it's tempered by a sense of maturity by the opening stanza, where she realizes she[… ]might tell her children not to do all of the crazy things that she did."


19 and Crazy, Music video
The video was directed by Eric Welch, and features the duo on their touring.


19 and Crazy, Chart performance
"19 and Crazy" debuted at number 55 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart dated October 3, 2009. On the chart dated November 7, 2009, it became Bomshel's second consecutive Top 40 country hit. It peaked at number 33 in December 2009.


19 de Abril
19 de Abril is a town in Rocha Department in Uruguay. 19 de Abril had 205 inhabitants in 2011.


19 de Noviembre
"19 de Noviembre" ("November 19th") is a song performed by Colombian singer-songwriter Olvidemonos for his seventh studio album El Amor de Mi Tierra (1999). It was written by the singer Juan Gabriel and Angie Chirino. EMI Latin released the song as the third single from the record.


19 días y 500 noches
19 días y 500 noches ("19 days and 500 nights") is an album by Spanish singer-songwriter Joaquín Sabina. It was released in 1999 on the BMG and Ariola labels. In 2015, it was selected by Billboard magazine as one of the "50 Essential Latin Albums of the Last 50 Years".


19 equal temperament
In music, 19 equal temperament, called 19 TET, 19 EDO ("Equal Division of the Octave"), or 19 ET, is the tempered scale derived by dividing the octave into 19 equal steps (equal frequency ratios). Each step represents a frequency ratio of 19√2, or 63.16 cents (Play (help·info)).


19 equal temperament
The fact that traditional western music maps unambiguously onto this scale (unless it presupposes 12-EDO enharmonic equivalences) makes it easier to perform such music in this tuning than in many other tunings.


19 equal temperament
19 EDO is the tuning of the syntonic temperament in which the tempered perfect fifth is equal to 694.737 cents, as shown in Figure 1 (look for the label "19 TET"). On an isomorphic keyboard, the fingering of music composed in 19 EDO is precisely the same as it is in any other syntonic tuning (such as 12 EDO), so long as the notes are "spelled properly" — that is, with no assumption that the sharp below matches the flat immediately above it (enharmonicity).


19 equal temperament, History and use
Division of the octave into 19 equal-width steps arose naturally out of Renaissance music theory. The ratio of four minor thirds to an octave (648:625 or 62.565 cents – the "greater diesis") was almost exactly a nineteenth of an octave. Interest in such a tuning system goes back to the 16th century, when composer Guillaume Costeley used it in his chanson Seigneur Dieu ta pitié of 1558. Costeley understood and desired the circulating aspect of this tuning.


19 equal temperament, History and use
In 1577, music theorist Francisco de Salinas in effect proposed it. Salinas discussed 1⁄3 comma meantone, in which the fifth is of size 694.786 cents. The fifth of 19 EDO is 694.737 cents, which is less than a twentieth of a cent narrower: imperceptible and less than tuning error. Salinas suggested tuning nineteen tones to the octave to this tuning, which fails to close by less than a cent, so that his suggestion is effectively 19 EDO.


19 equal temperament, History and use
In the 19th century, mathematician and music theorist Wesley Woolhouse proposed it as a more practical alternative to meantone temperaments he regarded as better, such as 50 EDO.


19 equal temperament, History and use
The composer Joel Mandelbaum wrote his Ph.D. thesis on the properties of the 19 EDO tuning, and advocated for its use. In his thesis, he argued that it is the only viable system with a number of divisions between 12 and 22, and furthermore that the next smallest number of divisions resulting in a significant improvement in approximating just intervals is the 31 tone equal temperament. Mandelbaum and Joseph Yasser have written music with 19 EDO. Easley Blackwood has stated that 19 EDO makes possible "a substantial enrichment of the tonal repertoire".


19 equal temperament, Notation
19-EDO can be represented with the traditional letter names and system of sharps and flats by treating flats and sharps as distinct notes; in 19-EDO only B♯ is enharmonic with C♭, and E♯ with F♭. This article will use that notation.


19 equal temperament, Interval size
Here are the sizes of some common intervals and comparison with the ratios arising in the harmonic series; the difference column measures in cents the distance from an exact fit to these ratios.


19 equal temperament, Interval size
For reference, the difference from the perfect fifth in the widely used 12 TET is 1.955 cents flat, the difference from the major third is 13.686 cents sharp, the minor third is 15.643 cents flat, and the (lost) harmonic minor seventh is 31.174 cents sharp.


19 equal temperament, Scale diagram
Because 19 is a prime number, repeating any fixed interval in this tuning system cycles through all possible notes; just as one may cycle through 12 EDO on the circle of fifths, since a fifth is 7 semitones, and number 7 does not divide 12 evenly (7 is coprime to 12).


19 in 99
"19 In 99" is a song by American singer and songwriter Nick Carter. It was the second official single from his third solo album All American.


19 in 99, Music video
The music video of "19 in 99" was released on February 5, 2016, on Vevo and YouTube. The video was directed by Kevin Estrada and produced by Paul Bock and the Production company being Two Bridges Film.


19 in 99, Music video
In the video, Nick Carter, now a settled dad uses the opportunity of his wife and children going to the beach and he staying home, and reminisces his younger days while he was "19 in 99" (meaning he was 19 in 1999). He remembers Santa Monica and surfing, listens to 2Pac music on a boombox that he carries on his shoulder whereas and his girlfriend listens to Nirvana. It makes him go back in time and playing video games and running on skateboards, and remembers the days when he and his bandmates led a non-stop party life and spent all their money, just to "live like kings underneath the Hollywood sign".


19 in 99, Music video
A.J. McLean, a bandmate makes a cameo appearance as a pizza deliver in the music video, watching through a window in astonishment and bemusement as Carter through the window with Carter performing a re-enactment of a scene from the Backstreet Boys' song "I Want It That Way".


19 in 99, Music video
He tries to tidy the wrecked place before the family returns home but to no avail as he greets them with a practical joke as they come in.


19 par Patricia Kaas
19 par Patricia Kaas is the 2009 compilation album by French singer Patricia Kaas.


19 posyolok
19 posyolok (Russian: 19 посёлок) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Shatura Urban Settlement of Shatursky District, Russia. The population was 25 as of 2010.


19 posyolok, Geography
19 posyolok is located 269 km northwest of Shatura (the district's administrative centre) by road.


19 to 20
19 to 20 is the debut extended play by South Korean singer Jimin Park, released on August 23, 2016 by JYP Entertainment.


19 to 20, Background and release
On August 10, JYP Entertainment confirmed that Park Jimin currently prepared her comeback in mid-August. On August 16, Jimin dropped teaser image for her comeback with title track ″Try″, which set to be released on August 23. On August 19, the music video teaser for title track was released and confirmed to released album titled ″19 to 20″ on August 23.


19(1)(a)
19(1)(a) is an upcoming Indian Malayalam-language film written and directed by debutant Indhu V.S. The film stars Vijay Sethupathi, Nithya Menen, Indrans and Indrajith Sukumaran. The film marks Sethupathi's debut in a lead role in Malayalam and his second Malayalam film after Marconi Mathai.


19(1)(a), Production
19(1)(a) is produced by Anto Joseph Film Company and it marks the directorial debut of Indhu V.S. It also marks the debut of Vijay Sethupathi in Malayalam in a character role. In the movie Maarconi Mathai, he appeared as himself. The film's shooting was completed in January 2021. On April 2021, director Indhu V.S announced that the movie will not be having theatrical release due to Covid Pandemic and is looking for an OTT release.


19+
19+ is a Polish paradocumentary series airing on TVN. It premiered on 7 November 2016. The series focused on a group of students that has just graduated from secondary school and are embarking on their adult lives. The main character, Mela, has started up a videoblog about her life and those of her friends, and the series shows her and others recording videos, as well as scenes from their unrecorded lives.


19,20-Dihydroervahanine A
19,20-Dihydroervahanine A is an alkaloid, a natural product which is found in the root of the South-East Asian plant Tabernaemontana divaricata. It inhbits acetylcholinestearease more potently than galantamine in vitro.


19-2 (2011 TV series)
19-2 is a French-Canadian police drama television series. Set in Montreal, the show centres on the professional and personal lives of patrol officers from Poste 19 of the Service Police Metropolitan, a fictitious version of the Service de police de la Ville de Montréal. The series name comes from the callsign of the patrol car of the main characters.


19-2 (2011 TV series)
It aired on public broadcaster Radio-Canada starting in 2011 and concluded in 2015. An English-language adaptation premiered on Bravo on January 29, 2014 and concluded production in 2017. The fourth and final season of the English version premiered on CTV in Canada on July 31, 2017.


19-2 (2011 TV series), Synopsis
Nicolai "Nick" Berrof and his partner Jean-Pierre Harvey are shot responding to a burglary. While Berrof is spared by his body armour, Harvey is shot in the head and left hospitalized for life. Replacing Harvey is Benoît Chartier, a veteran constable from the Sûreté du Québec, who transferred to Montreal to escape troubles in his hometown. As officers from Poste 19 deal with the challenges of police work, they struggle with their own personal challenges as well. Chartier is estranged from his family after he personally arrests his own father for drunk driving. Berrof struggles with his divorce with his colleague and wife Detective Isabelle Latendresse. Tyler Joseph struggles with alcoholism. Jean-Marc Brouillard abuses his wife. Commander Marcel Gendron struggles to protect the station's image in the face of pressure from the public and his superiors alike.


19-2 (2011 TV series), Synopsis
By the end of the first season, Chartier's former employer, the SQ, assigns him to find a mole within the station. The second season centres around his hunt for the mole with Berrof being the prime suspect. After being gravely wounded in a shooting, Tyler attempts to defeat his alcoholism. Brouillard and Pouliot build a relationship after having been partnered together. And Gendron's daughter disappears amidst the discovery of a child pornography ring.


19-2 (2011 TV series), Synopsis
The third season begins in the aftermath of the mole's suicide. Having taken the hunt for the mole to the extreme, Berrof must deal with the consequences of his actions. Chartier, betrothed to Berrof's sister, unwittingly becomes the target of Berrof's powerful enemies. Berrof becomes implicated deeper and deeper into Montreal's underworld as his crime-troubled past and law enforcement present collide.


19-2 (2011 TV series), Episodes
The original French version started filming in 2010 and premiered on 2 February 2011 and ended on 6 April 2011. 39% of Quebeckers were watching the pilot when it aired. On 15 June 2011, the chain renewed the contract for another season, which was filmed in 2012 and premiered on 28 January 2013. It ended on 1 April 2013. By the end of 2013, Radio-Canada ordered a third season to be produced, which was filmed in 2014 and premiered on 28 January 2015. The series finale aired on 1 April 2015.


19-2 (2011 TV series), Reception
Reviews have been positive overall. Police officers in Quebec have liked the series, seeing a way to make viewers more aware of their daily lives.


19-2 (2011 TV series), Reception
During the first season, the show attracted about 1.3 million viewers per week, which made it the most popular series in Quebec of the winter. It peaked at 1,447,000 viewers on 23 February 2011, and the season finale got 1,302,000 viewers, the top in its time slot.


19-2 (2011 TV series), Reception
In its second season, critics unanimously praised the first episode, which was based on the 2006 Dawson College shooting. It was watched by 1,554,000 viewers, about 39 percent of the viewers that evening in Quebec. (A shot-for-shot remake of this episode, filmed at the same school and also directed by Daniel Grou (Podz), was broadcast as the second-season premiere of the English version of the series.)


19-2 (2011 TV series), Reception
The series has been nominated for several awards, including the Prix Artis and the Zapettes d'Or. The series, with 18 nominations at the Gémeaux 2011, and won 12 at the gala that took place on 18 September 2011.


19-2 (2014 TV series)
19-2 is a Canadian police procedural crime drama television series developed by Bruce M. Smith, based on the Canadian French-language series of the same name created by Réal Bossé and Claude Legault. It was produced by Sphere Media Plus and Echo Media, in association with Bell Media; Smith served as showrunner. The series premiered on Bravo in Canada on January 29, 2014, and aired for three seasons, before it moved to CTV for its fourth and final season. It finished its four-year run on September 18, 2017, with 38 episodes.


19-2 (2014 TV series)
Set in Montréal, 19-2 follows the professional and personal lives of patrol officers from the Montréal Police Service's Station 19, which covers an inner-city area of the City. The series' name comes from the callsign of the patrol car of the two main characters. Adrian Holmes and Jared Keeso star as Nick Barron and Ben Chartier.


19-2 (2014 TV series)
The two are joined by principal cast members Benz Antoine, Mylène Dinh-Robic, Laurence Leboeuf, Dan Petronijevic, Conrad Pla, Bruce Ramsay, Sarah Allen, Victor Cornfoot, Tyler Hynes and Maxim Roy, with Richard Chevolleau, Lisa Berry, Tattiawna Jones, Alexander De Jordy, Krista Bridges, Joe Pingue, and Darcy Laurie joining them in later seasons.


19-2 (2014 TV series)
19-2 has received positive reviews from critics, with particular praise for its characterization, pacing, writing, and acting. The series has been nominated for 37 Canadian Screen Awards, winning 5, including Best Dramatic Series and Best Performance by an Actor for both Holmes and Keeso, and was also nominated for Best Drama Series at the 44th International Emmy Awards.


19-2 (2014 TV series), Series overview
Nick Barron and his partner Jean-Pierre Harvey are shot responding to a burglary. While Barron is spared by his body armour, Harvey is shot in the head and left hospitalized for life. Replacing Harvey is Ben Chartier, a veteran constable from the Sûreté du Québec (SQ), who transferred to Montreal to escape troubles in his hometown. As officers from Station 19 deal with the challenges of police work, they struggle with their own personal challenges as well. Chartier is estranged from his family after he personally arrests his own father for drunk driving.


19-2 (2014 TV series), Series overview
Barron struggles with his continuing feelings for his estranged wife, colleague Detective Isabelle Latendresse. Tyler Joseph struggles with alcoholism. Jean-Marc Brouillard abuses his wife. Commander Marcel Gendron struggles to protect the station's image in the face of pressure from the public and his superiors alike. By the end of the first season, Chartier's former employer, the SQ, assigns him to find a mole within the station.


19-2 (2014 TV series), Series overview
The second season begins with Barron and Chartier responding to reports of a snake at a daycare centre. Chartier encounters an armed civilian: Barron's cousin Cassius Clemont. Barron's unsavoury relationship with Clemont makes Barron the prime suspect of the SQ's investigation into the mole in 19. When Chartier brings Barron into the investigation, Barron and Clemont burgle a suspect's house and make a rash decision that endangers both of them. The third season starts in the aftermath of the mole's suicide.


19-2 (2014 TV series), Series overview
The reputation of Station 19 has been destroyed by the revelation of the mole, along with other incidents such as the arrest of Brouillard for domestic violence. Cassie Clemont is discovered dead, having been brutally tortured for days. Barron and Chartier must deal with the fallout of Barron's actions, as the station is scrutinized by an inspector from Internal Affairs.


19-2 (2014 TV series), Series overview
The series features a fourth season that was not based on the 2011 French version and is completely original, containing 8 additional episodes.


19-2 (2014 TV series), Production, Development
In July 2012, CBC Television ordered a pilot for an English-language adaptation of the popular French-language television series 19-2 created by and starring Réal Bossé and Claude Legault, to be adapted by Bruce M. Smith and directed by Louis Choquette. CBC Television did not pick up the series for its 2013 season; instead, the adapted series was picked up by Bravo for a season of ten episodes in June 2013 at the Banff World Media Festival, with Smith serving as showrunner.


19-2 (2014 TV series), Production, Development
The series was renewed for a second season in April 2014, a third in April 2015, and a fourth in May 2016. On September 23, 2016, Bell Media announced that the fourth season would be the show's final season. The series had a $500,000 per episode budget bump over the original series.


19-2 (2014 TV series), Production, Casting
In August 2012, Adrian Holmes and Jared Keeso were cast as Nick Barron and Ben Chartier, respectively. In September 2013, Bravo announced that Benz Antoine would reprise his role as Tyler Joseph from the original series, with Maxim Roy, Laurence Leboeuf, Dan Petronijevic, Mylène Dinh-Robic, Conrad Pla, and Bruce Ramsay cast as Detective Isabelle Latendresse, Audrey Pouliot, J.M. Brouillard, Beatrice Hamelin, Sergeant Julien Houle, and District Commander Marcel Gendron, respectively. Additional cast include Sarah Allen as Catherine Lariviere, Victor Cornfoot as Jean-Pierre Harvey, and Tyler Hynes as Vince Legare.


19-2 (2014 TV series), Production, Casting
In July 2014, Richard Chevolleau and Lisa Berry joined the cast for the second season as Cassius "Kaz" Clemont and Rita George, respectively. Tattiawna Jones, who recurred as Amelie de Grace, throughout the first season, was subsequently promoted to the principal cast in the second season. In August 2015, Alexander De Jordy was announced to be cast as Richard Dulac, while Krista Bridges was announced as Inspector Elise Roberge, and Joe Pingue as Charlie Figo. Darcy Laurie joined the cast for the fourth season as Sergeant Roy Suarez.


19-2 (2014 TV series), Production, Filming
Filming for the series took place in Montreal, primarily at a decommissioned police station. On the show filming in Montreal, executive producer Jocelyn Deschênes stated, "CBC said – 'We want to see Montreal'. They asked for it. Montreal hasn't been shown that much on English-Canadian TV and it's a very cinematic city. They really want us to show Montreal from angles that we've never seen." Production on the pilot took place at the end of September 2012, for ten days, while production on the remaining episodes began in September 2013, and concluded in December.


19-2 (2014 TV series), Production, Filming
Production on the second season began in July 2014 until October. The season two premiere, "School", features an uninterrupted, 13-minute single-camera tracking shot of a school shooting, based on the 2006 Dawson College shooting in Montreal. Podz, director of the French-Canadian version of the show who had helmed the school-shooting episode in that series, was brought back to helm the episode of the English-Canadian adaptation. The scene, which was shot in the same school as the original, involved intense research and rehearsal, at least a half-dozen rooms, a two-storey building, roughly a hundred extras, and required thirteen takes. Production on the third season began in August 2015, while filming for the fourth and final season began in September 2016. Filming for the series ended in December 2016.


19-2 (2014 TV series), Release, Broadcast
19-2 aired on Bravo in Canada, for its first three seasons, each consisting of 10 episodes, before it moved to CTV for its fourth and final season, consisting of eight episodes. The first season originally aired from January 29 to April 2, 2014, while the second season aired from January 19 to March 23, 2015. A third season premiered on June 20, 2016, concluding on August 22, and the fourth season premiered on July 31, 2017, and concluded on September 18.


19-2 (2014 TV series), Release, Broadcast
In the United States, the series airs on the streaming service Acorn TV, with the first season premiering on January 18, 2016, the second on May 16, the third on October 24, and the fourth on September 22, 2017. Spike UK aired the series in the United Kingdom for the first two seasons.


19-2 (2014 TV series), Release, Home media
The complete first season was first released on DVD in Region 1 on April 26, 2016, with the complete second season released on August 30, 2016, the complete third season released on December 13, 2016, and the complete fourth season is scheduled to be released on November 7, 2017. CraveTV has exclusive Canadian streaming rights to the series, with all episodes available on the video on demand service and new episodes of the fourth season available one day earlier, 10 p.m. on Sunday, than their original broadcast on CTV, beginning on July 30, 2017. Episodes of the first three seasons were available on Bravo.ca, and the Bravo GO app after their broadcast premiere.


19-2 (2014 TV series), Reception, Audience viewership
The premiere episode of 19-2 was watched by 140,000 viewers, making it Bravo's most-watched premiere of an original Canadian series since The Borgias in 2011. Its conventional television debut aired on CTV the following day on January 30, 2014, and was watched by 872,000 viewers. The second episode was watched by a mere 76,000 viewers, which was attributed to many viewers who watched the premiere on CTV assuming the main network was its home.


19-2 (2014 TV series), Reception, Audience viewership
Due to this, Bell Media decided to air a second "special primetime" broadcast of the second episode on February 9, which led to a series-high for the show's third airing on Bravo, with 178,000 viewers tuning in. Regarding Bell Media's cross-platform promotion, Scott Henderson concluded, "It shows that the sampling works. It may have taken a few weeks to find the home, but now the series is doing well." After factoring DVR recordings, the second episode on Bravo was watched by a total of 150,000 viewers, up 96 percent from the preliminary data.


19-2 (2014 TV series), Reception, Audience viewership
The first season finished as Bravo's number one new series of the 2014–15 television season, drawing an average of nearly 200,000 viewers per episode, and reaching a total of 3 million unique viewers. The second season grew its timeslot audience, 10 p.m. on Monday, by 54 percent compared to the same weeks in the previous year and over the course of the season reached a total of 2.5 million viewers.


19-2 (2014 TV series), Reception, Critical response
In a review for HuffPost Canada Denette Wilford wrote: "19-2 is not just your average procedural. It's a character-driven drama that follows two not-so-different men from very different worlds as they learn to work with one another. The acting is solid and organic, the pace is perfect, the writing is real and natural and believable, and the stories hit home." A.R. Wilson of Digital Journal also reviewed it positively saying, "Instead of depending on constant action sequences and endless doses of adrenaline, it spaces its major crimes out, patiently mining the aftermaths of these events for compelling storylines... It's realistically written, beautifully acted, and gorgeously shot in and around Montreal. Most of all, it's a keenly observed character drama that manages to make the cop show genre feel fresh by placing people over procedural."


19-2 (2014 TV series), Reception, Critical response
Phil Harrison and Gwilym Mumford for The Guardian said "This Canadian series, set in Montréal's Precinct 19, boasts all the tropes of post-Shield police dramas: antiheroes, mavericks, shaky verité camerawork. Yet what 19-2 lacks in originality it makes up for in action from the off".


19-2 (2014 TV series), Reception, Critical response
The New York Times's Neil Genzlinger described the series as "a slow burn" and stated, "There are tropes in 19-2 – the police genre is too crowded for there not to be – but the writing is sublime, turning each episode into a sort of tone poem, a slice of urban and police life carefully observed. The series is in the tradition of shows like The Wire, portraying law enforcement less flashily and less noisily than others, and thus more accurately."


19-2 (2014 TV series), Reception, Critical response
Bill Brownstein of the Montreal Gazette said, "19-2 works so effectively because it grasps the reality of both conflicted cops and citizens in this city. Nothing is black and white here. Characters come in a variety of shades. All of which makes the chemistry between partners Barron and Chartier so credible and so captivating."


19-2 (2014 TV series), Reception, Critical response
Conversely, The Globe and Mail's John Doyle was more critical of the series, feeling "the set-up is as plain as a poke in your eye", noting "The series flirts with grimness but points to the timidity of Canadian drama at the moment – its limitations and inability to challenge and horrify as well as entertain. Both Adrian Holmes and Jared Keeso are fine, it's the material that is less soulful and nuanced than it seems."


19-2 (2014 TV series), Reception, Critical response
Nancy deWolf Smith of The Wall Street Journal praised the season two premiere, "School", calling it "the most agonizingly realistic sequence imaginable of a mass shooting and the close-action chase after an active shooter." She added, "Something about the setting, and the differences – even subtle ones – in the way Canadians approach issues such as race, sex, gender and justice, also makes 19-2 exciting in a wholly new way." Wilford also applauded the season two opener and wrote, "Look, every hour of 19-2 is quality television and, at times, it can be a little too sombre. The premiere is like nothing you've ever seen, from the way it was shot, to every actor involved, to the subject matter... It's a powerful, compelling, exhausting hour – one that definitely should not be missed."


19-2000
"19-2000", sometimes written "19/2000", is a song from the British virtual band Gorillaz' self-titled debut album Gorillaz. It was the second single from the album, released on 25 June 2001 in the United Kingdom. "19-2000" reached number six on the UK Singles Chart and number 34 on the US Billboard Mainstream Top 40 chart. It was particularly successful in New Zealand, where it reached number one for a week in September 2001.


19-2000, Background
"19-2000" released was accompanied by a completely new version of the song, called the "Soulchild Remix", which was produced by music producers Damien Mendis and Stuart Bradbury. Mendis was asked to remix a track off the album in the hope that it would give it crossover potential, in the same way as the Ed Case remix of "Clint Eastwood" had. Mendis was given a copy of all their demos and finished tracks for the album, being told to "pick [a song] that you can produce, remix or whatever into a hit single". Mendis was unsure which track to choose, and only when he was told that Jamie Hewlett was already working on the video for "19-2000", did he make his decision. Tina Weymouth and Miho Hatori contributed backing vocals to "19–2000", whilst Damon Albarn performed the vocals on the verses.


19-2000, Music video
The video, directed by Jamie Hewlett and Pete Candeland, is animated, both in 2-D and 3-D. It features Gorillaz riding in their Geep (as mentioned in the 2005 MTV Cribs episode, featuring the Gorillaz) along a twisted highway, encountering roller coaster style loops, a killer UFO, and – when Murdoc decides not to take an exit leading toward a church – a giant moose. Murdoc tries to blow up the moose with a pair of missiles, but the moose sneezes right before impact, sending them back to the car, which explodes and skids along the highway on fire.


19-2000, Music video
The members of Gorillaz appear to have black ash all over them from the blast. In between these various encounters the Gorillaz pass and perform things in time with the rhythm—such as a field of nodding donkeys, or the light posts passing them at the beginning, and a couple of sections where the buggy does several versions of the wheelie (including side wheelies, otherwise known as Skiing) and even appears to break the sound barrier. There are two versions of this video, one to fit the original mix and one to fit the Soulchild remix.