18p-, Signs and symptoms, Psychiatry
There is an increased incidence of psychiatric conditions within the distal 18p- population. In one study, 2 of 3 people with 18p- had an anxiety disorder, 1 of 3 had a communication disorder, and 1 of 3 had a motor skills disorders, and 1 of 3 had a stereotypic movement disorder. Additional research with a larger number of subjects is necessary to confirm these findings.


18p-, Signs and symptoms, Cognition and adaptive skills
Cognitive ability in individuals with 18p- varies widely, with most falling in the mild to moderate range of impairment, though there have been some reports of people with impairment in the severe to profound range. These individuals may have had holoprosencephaly, which is frequently associated with severe impairment.


18p-, Signs and symptoms, Cognition and adaptive skills
Speech deficits are quite common within this population. Frequently, expressive speech lags behind other developmental parameters.


18p-, Signs and symptoms, Dysmorphology
Common facial features include a flat and broad nasal bridge; epicanthic folds; wide mouth; short philtrum; everted lower lip; small and slightly receding chin during childhood. The ears may be low-set and posteriorly rotated. The posterior hairline may be low.


18p-, Genetics
18p- describes a deletion of the short arm of chromosome 18. About half of the people with deletions have a breakpoint at the centromere. Those with it are said to have centromeric 18p-, and those without are said to have non-centromeric 18p-.


18p-, Diagnosis
Suspicion of a chromosome abnormality is typically raised due to the presence of developmental delays or birth defects. Diagnosis of 18p- is usually made via a blood sample. A routine chromosome analysis, or karyotype, is usually used to make the initial diagnosis, although it may also be made by microarray analysis. Increasingly, microarray analysis is also being used to clarify breakpoints. Prenatal diagnosis is possible via amniocentesis of chorionic villus sampling.


18p-, Diagnosis, MRI
In some children without "classic" holoprosencephaly, microforms of holoprosencephaly may be noted on MRI, including missing olfactory tracts and bulbs and absent or hypoplastic corpus callosum.


18p-, Treatment
At present, treatment for 18p- is symptomatic, meaning that the focus is on treating the signs and symptoms of the conditions as they arise. To ensure early diagnosis and treatment, it is suggested that people with 18p- undergo routine screenings for hearing and vision problems.


18p-, Names
The preferred terminology for this condition is 18p-. In the past, it has been referred to as partial monosomy 18p and, rarely, as "de Grouchy syndrome, type 1".


18p-, Research
Currently, research is focusing on identifying the role of the genes on 18p in causing the signs and symptoms associated with deletions of 18p. This will ultimately enable predictive genotyping.


18p-, Research
TGIF-Mutations and deletions of this gene have been associated with holoprosencephaly. Penetrance is incomplete, meaning that a deletion of one copy of this gene is not in and of itself sufficient to cause holoprosencephaly. Ten to fifteen percent of people with 18p- have holoprosencephaly, suggesting that other genetic and environmental facts play a role in the etiology of holoprosencephaly in these individuals.


18th & Addison
18th & Addison is an American Punk Rock duo from Toms River, New Jersey, formed in 2013. The band consists of vocalists and guitarists Tom Kunzman and Kait DiBenedetto. The group released their Little Parasites EP in 2015 its debut studio album Makeshift Monster in 2016, an EP titled Vultures in 2018, and their Old Blues/Modern Love EP in 2019.


18th & Addison, History, 2013–14: Formation
18th & Addison formed in November 2013 as an acoustic duo by Tom Kunzman and Kait DiBenedetto. Kunzman was formerly in the punk band A Criminal Risk and DiBenedetto was one of MTV's first recording artists with her then solo project. She is also the guitarist in the band What's Eating Gilbert, the side project of Chad Gilbert of seminal pop/punk band New Found Glory. The duo met through playing local shows at a youth center. Realizing over time how much they have in common, they started hanging out more and writing songs during their downtime.


18th & Addison, History, 2013–14: Formation
After the dissolution of their respective bands, the transition was seamless and inevitable. When the band transitioned from acoustic to live, first they would cover songs and then started writing their own songs acoustically. According to DiBenedetto, "What was so cool about the recording process was being able to plug in electric guitars, drums, and figure out bass lines. Bringing it to life for us was a little bit different than other bands where they do write all the songs electric maybe at a band practice or something and then bring them to life. For us, it was a totally different way of bringing the songs to life because we were writing them on acoustic guitars, so then it made the songs sound bigger and better than we thought they would. It's been awesome to see how energetic the songs are live."


18th & Addison, History, 2013–14: Formation
The band name came to the duo "one day hanging out at Kait's house. 'Addison' references where Kait grew up, then adding 18, Tom's house number. "We didn't want the name to just be one word, so we thought if we added my house number, it would fill it out nicely and it stuck. 18th & Addison sounds more like a destination or something to me. Plus, that name really represents us as a duo which was and is a big deal to us," said Kunzman. The meaning behind the name is the band's homes, families, and "where we were when this all started for us meaning our relationship as well as our music."


18th & Addison, History, 2013–14: Formation
The first song the band wrote together was "Running" which was later used on their debut extended play. DiBenedetto said the song was, "So old that it was a song before we even thought to take this band serious."


18th & Addison, History, 2015–2017: Debut EP and Makeshift Monster
18th & Addison's debut was their EP, Little Parasites, which was released on January 20, 2015 and contained 7 tracks. "The both of us feel really, really good about this being our first release together" says Kunzman. "'Little Parasites' is pretty much a culmination of everything we've learned in our past with our old bands, and a lot of self-realization outside of music. It's probably really corny to call it "honest" but that's exactly what it is.


18th & Addison, History, 2015–2017: Debut EP and Makeshift Monster
We're always learning about ourselves, the world we live in, and life in general and this EP captures where we are, and who we are as people at this time and it's exactly how we want it. I definitely speak for the both of us when I say we haven't been more excited or proud of anything in our entire lives." The EP's lead single was, "Jealousy."


18th & Addison, History, 2015–2017: Debut EP and Makeshift Monster
After promoting their EP through shows around the U.S., in June 2016, 18th & Addison announced they were releasing their first studio album in July through their own label. Makeshift Monster was released on July 15, 2016 and included 11 tracks; the record's lead single was, "War."


18th & Addison, History, 2015–2017: Debut EP and Makeshift Monster
In June 2017, it was announced that 18th & Addison made it as finalists on Ernie Ball: PLAY Warped Tour 2017 and were to play in Camden, New Jersey on July 7. Near the end of their set, Kunzman proposed to DiBenedetto on stage and they became engaged at their first appearance at Warped Tour.


18th & Addison, History, 2015–2017: Debut EP and Makeshift Monster
On September 13, 18th & Addison shared that they wrote a song titled, "Crumble and Crawl" for the short film "Cold & Calculated" which Kunzman would have a role in. Six days later, the band premiered the music video for "Moving Mountains" through New Noise Magazine. They released their cover of "You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch" on the day of Thanksgiving as a free download exclusively on their website up until the end of the year.


18th & Addison, History, 2018: VULTURES
On February 13, 2018, 18th & Addison announced that they would be opening for New Found Glory on the Sick Tour XL in May. They announced on March 3 that their second EP titled, "VULTURES," was to be released on June 1, 2018. The lead single from the album, "Time Bomb," was released on April 13 and its music video premiered on the 20th through mxdwn.


18th & Addison, History, Ace Frehley "Spaceman"
On October 19, 2018 it was announced that DiBenedetto and Kunzman were featured co-writers on the song "Mission To Mars", track seven on Ace Frehley's (former guitarist of KISS) brand new album "Spaceman".


18th & Addison, History, 2019 and "Old Blues / Modern Love"
On May 28 the band announced they would be releasing a new single titled "Leeches". This would be the first mention of new music since releasing their EP 'Vultures' in June 2018. Although no mention of a release date just yet, the band posted a Spotify presave link on our social media platforms.


18th & Addison, History, 2019 and "Old Blues / Modern Love"
On July 11, 2019, just two months after announcing the single, Wiretap Records announced that they had signed the band and that a new EP would be due out in September.


18th & Addison, History, 2019 and "Old Blues / Modern Love"
On September, 6th, 2019, the band released their 4-song EP, "Old Blues / Modern Love". The band has described this release as their favorite thus far and it features their single "Leeches". The band released a music video for "Leeches" and represents letting go of the negativity around you and moving on.


18th & Addison, History, 2019 and "Old Blues / Modern Love"
On October 25th, 2019, Kait and Tom married after almost 9 years of dating.


18th & Addison, History, “Broke Down in Babylon”
In 2021, 18th & Addison released their single “Broke Down in Babylon” featuring Fred Mascherino of Taking Back Sunday. Amidst the crippling conditions of Covid 19, the band decided to self release, direct and film the music video for Broke Down in Babylon themselves from their home using only an iPhone, an old lighting rig, and white table cloths as a backdrop. This video also features Fred Mascherino.


18th & Addison, Musical style and influences
18th & Addison's music style has generally been regarded as alternative rock and pop punk.


18th & Addison, Musical style and influences
18th & Addison has expressed appreciation for Chuck Ragan The Clash, Elvis Presley, Alkaline Trio, New Found Glory and Panic! At The Disco.


18th & Addison, Musical style and influences
Kunzman cited Hot Water Music as a, "huge inspiration," to the band and Dibenedetto cited Mest as what brought her and Kunzman together. DiBenedetto's personal influences are Elvis Presley, The Everly Brothers, Green Day, New Found Glory, and Good Charlotte. Kunzman's are Green Day, The Clash, Rancid, Alkaline Trio, Social Distortion and Blink-182.


18th & California and 18th & Stout stations
18th & California station and 18th & Stout station are a pair of RTD light rail stations in Downtown Denver, Colorado, United States. Operating as part of the D, F, H, and L lines, the stations were opened on October 8, 1994, and are operated by the Regional Transportation District. These stations have one track each, and are one city block apart. 18th & California is served only by northbound trains and 18th & Stout is served only by southbound trains. This is a transfer point for any passenger traveling to stops north of this station along Welton Street towards the 30th & Downing station. The L Line serves these stops.


18th & Crystal station
18th & Crystal is a northbound-only bus rapid transit station in Arlington, Virginia, located near the intersection of 18th Street South and Crystal Drive. The stop is on a mixed-traffic segment of the Metroway that is restricted to buses during certain hours. It provides service along the route to northern Crystal City.


18th & Crystal station, History
18th & Crystal opened to the public as one of the original Metroway stations; the station opened for service on August 24, 2014.


18th & Crystal station, History
Initially, the station was a sidewalk-level bus stop. It was upgraded on April 17, 2016.


18th & E. Broad Historic District
The 18th & E. Broad Historic District is a historic district on Broad Street in the Near East Side of Columbus, Ohio. The district was added to the Columbus Register of Historic Properties in 1988. Its properties were added to the E. Broad St. Multiple Resources Area on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.


18th (Croatian) Eastern Bosnian Brigade
The 18th (Croatian) Eastern Bosnian Brigade was a World War II military unit of the Yugoslav Partisans. It was formed in October 1943 in the Husino village (in today's Bosnia and Herzegovina) after the capitulation of Italy forced the Germans to move a large part of their forces to the Adriatic coast (in order to disarm the Italian army before the Partisans did). The formation of the unit allowed the Partisans to liberate the lightly guarded city of Tuzla and hold it for 40 days, before the Germans retook it in Operation Ferkel.


18th (Croatian) Eastern Bosnian Brigade
During these forty days, the Partisans mobilised over 5,000 citizens of Tuzla and neighboring villages from which a total of three brigades would be formed and become the 27th Eastern Bosnian Division. The 18th Brigade was composed of: coal miners from Kreka, Bukinja, and Moluh; villagers from Spreča river valley and Majevica, mostly Croats; around 80 former Croatian Home Guard officers, NCO's, soldiers and Gendarmes (who joined the brigade and defected to Partisan side during the capture of Tuzla). This totalled 600 men in three battalions—many of whom were unarmed.


18th (Croatian) Eastern Bosnian Brigade
The Brigade's first casualty was not suffered in combat, Stjepan Presečen from the 2nd Battalion died from a heart attack during the march to Bresko. The Brigade spent the next few weeks training and gathering weapons with occasional skirmishes with Chetnik forces. Some twenty men deserted brigade during the first week of its existence, forcing the staff to work on discipline and moral.


18th (Eastern) Division
The 18th (Eastern) Division was an infantry division of the British Army formed in September 1914 during the First World War as part of the K2 Army Group, part of Lord Kitchener's New Armies. From its creation the division trained in England until 25 May 1915 when it landed in France and spent the duration of the First World War in action on the Western Front, becoming one of the elite divisions of the British Army. During the Battle of the Somme in the latter half of 1916, the 18th Division was commanded by Major General Ivor Maxse.


18th (Eastern) Division, Formation history
The division was formed in September 1914 during the First World War as part of the K2 Army Group, part of Lord Kitchener's New Armies. It was formed in the Colchester area but re-located to Salisbury Plain in May 1915. Major-General Ivor Maxse took command in October 1914.


18th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards
The 18th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards, presented by AARP the Magazine, honored films and television shows released in 2018 and were announced on February 4, 2019. The awards recognized films created by and about people over the age of 50. The ceremony was hosted by actor and comedian Martin Short, and was broadcast on PBS on February 15, 2019 as part of its Great Performances series.


18th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards, Awards, Winners and Nominees
Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().


18th AVN Awards
The 18th AVN Awards ceremony, presented by Adult Video News (AVN), took place January 8, 2001 at the Venetian Hotel Grand Ballroom, at Paradise, Nevada, U.S.A. During the ceremony, AVN presented AVN Awards in 77 categories honoring the best pornographic films released between Oct. 1, 1999 and Sept. 30, 2000. The ceremony was produced by Gary Miller and directed by Mark Stone. Adult film star Jenna Jameson hosted the show for the second time.


18th AVN Awards
The year's biggest winner was Dark Angels with six awards, including best Video Feature and Best Director—Video for Nic Andrews, however, Watchers won for Best Film while capturing three additional trophies. Other multiple winners included: Les Vampyres with five awards, Dream Quest with four and Raw and West Side each with three.


18th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees
The nominees for the 19th AVN Awards were announced in November 2000. Dream Quest led the way with 20, followed by Watchers with 18, Les Vampyres with 17, West Side with 16, Raw with 15, Dark Angels with 14, Jekyll and Hyde with 12 and A Midsummer Night's Cream, Artemesia and In the Days of Whore with 10 apiece.


18th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees
The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on January 8, 2001.


18th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Major awards
Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().


18th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Honorary AVN Awards, Hall of Fame
AVN Hall of Fame inductees for 2001 were: Kaitlyn Ashley, John T. Bone, Asia Carrera, Bud Lee, Shayla La Veaux, Clive McLean, Earl Miller, Tiffany Mynx, Reb Sawitz, Sunset Thomas, Bob Vosse, Honey Wilder, Sam Xavier


18th AVN Awards, Presenters and performers
The following individuals presented awards or performed musical numbers or comedy. The show's trophy girls were Haven and Lacey.


18th AVN Awards, Ceremony information
The awards show marked the premiere of its new trophy design, which Adult Video News called "an original 3-D Lucite monolith that hailed the long awaited Demise of the Golden Bitch."


18th AVN Awards, Ceremony information
The year's show featured a "Pussy Cam", a floor-level camera near the stage's podium, which offered attendees an infrequent glimpse of female stars lingerie or lack thereof. In his moment at the podium, actor Mark Davis offered female attendees equal time by dropping his trousers for the audience's supposed benefit.


18th AVN Awards, Ceremony information
The show was recorded and a DVD of the show was published and distributed by VCA Interactive.


18th AVN Awards, Ceremony information, Performance of year's movies
Dream Quest was announced as the adult movie industry's top selling movie and was also the top renting movie of the previous year.


18th AVN Awards, Ceremony information, Critical reviews
The show received a negative reception from Adult DVD Talk. An article by Groundskeeper Willie was titled, "The Adult Video Snooze Awars" and besides having found the show slow and monotonous with occasional gaffes, he also took organizers to task for not using film or video clips during the show, even in the major categories.


18th AVN Awards, Ceremony information, Critical reviews
Hustler magazine agreed that "the ceremony dragged on for what seemed like an eternity but still managed to entertain, despite the shaky hositn gskills of cock-shy Jenna Jameson" and also decried the $195 fee for admission tickets.


18th Abduction
18th Abduction is the nineteenth novel in the Women's Murder Club novel series by James Patterson and Maxine Paetro.


18th Abduction, Plot
San Francisco Police Sergeant Lindsay Boxer is the main character of this book. It has two plots. The main plot involves three schoolteachers, who suddenly vanish after a night out after school. One turns up murdered with no clues as to who killed her or why or where the other two teachers are. The second plot involves Lindsay's husband, Joe Molinari. A woman who survived a deadly attack on her village in another country many years before comes to Joe with a story that she has seen a war criminal who was involved in this attack in San Francisco. Both Lindsay and Joe look very hard for any clues they can find in both these cases.


18th Abduction, Reviews
A positive review came from the Times of India. The review said, "With two intriguing storylines running side by side, the book is hard to put down and will be over faster than the reader anticipated." Book Reporter also liked this book, saying, "Longtime readers of the Women’s Murder Club know what to expect with each installment, and this latest entry more than delivers on all counts."


18th Abduction, Reviews
This book was number one on The New York Times list of best sellers for Combined Print & E-Book Fiction for the week of May 19, 2019.


18th Academy Awards
The 18th Academy Awards was the first such ceremony after World War II. As a result, the ceremony featured more glamour than had been present during the war. Plaster statuettes that had been given out during the war years were replaced with bronze statuettes with gold plating. Despite this, director Billy Wilder's grim and socially significant drama The Lost Weekend took the top honors. It became the first film to win both the Academy Award for Best Picture and the Palme d'Or. Joan Crawford was absent, claiming she had pneumonia (although it was said it was because she was sure she would not win the Oscar for Best Actress for Mildred Pierce). As it turned out, she did win, and the award was delivered to her while in bed that night.


18th Academy Awards
This was the first year in which every film nominated for Best Picture won at least one Oscar, and also the first time that a sequel (The Bells of St. Mary's) had been nominated for Best Picture.


18th Academy Awards, Awards
Nominations announced on January 27, 1946. Winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface.


18th Aggressor Squadron
The 18th Aggressor Squadron is a subordinate unit of the 354th Fighter Wing based at Eielson Air Force Base in Alaska, and flies the Block 30 General Dynamics F-16C/D aircraft.


18th Aggressor Squadron, Mission
The 18th Aggressor Squadron prepares combat Air Force, joint and allied aircrews through challenging, realistic threat replication, training, test support, academics and feedback.


18th Aggressor Squadron, History
Activated in 1940 as a Southwest Air District pursuit squadron, equipped with a variety of 1930s-era pursuit aircraft. Re -equipped with P-38 Lightning fighters and deployed to Alaska, engaged in combat during the Aleutian Campaign, 1942–1943. Remained in Alaska as part of the air defense forces until inactivated in August 1946.


18th Aggressor Squadron, History, Air Defense Command
Reactivated in 1952 as part of Air Defense Command as an air defense squadron, initially equipped with F-86A Sabre day fighters, initially being assigned to Minneapolis Airport, Minnesota with a mission for the air defense of the Upper Great Lakes region. Re -equipped in 1954 with F-89D Scorpions and moved to Ladd AFB, Alaska for interceptor duty in the Fairbanks area as part of Alaskan Air Command. Returned to the CONUS in 1957 and upgraded to F-102 Delta Dagger interceptors at the new Wurtsmith Air Force Base, Michigan.


18th Aggressor Squadron, History, Air Defense Command
Reassigned to Grand Forks AFB, North Dakota in 1960 and received the new McDonnell F-101B Voodoo supersonic interceptor, and the F-101F operational and conversion trainer. The two-seat trainer version was equipped with dual controls, but carried the same armament as the F-101B and were fully combat-capable. Inactivated in April 1971 as part of the drawdown of ADC interceptor bases, the aircraft being passed along to the Air National Guard.


18th Aggressor Squadron, History, Modern era
In 1997, elements of the 18th FS deployed to Singapore and Malaysia to take part in dissimilar air combat tactic training as part of Exercises Commando Sling and Cope Taufan, respectively. The Cope Taufan deployment marked the first time Pacific Air Forces' F-16s had flown against MiG-29s.


18th Aggressor Squadron, History, Modern era
The unit deployed to Ahmad al-Jaber Air Base, Kuwait, October–December 1998 to support Operation Southern Watch.


18th Aggressor Squadron, History, Modern era
Later, the squadron deployed to Incirlik Air Base, Turkey, September–December 2000, in support of Operation Northern Watch. For this deployment, the squadron employed 5 F-16 aircraft and 110 personnel, conducting the first ever Combat Search and Rescue support tasking for an F-16 squadron.


18th Aggressor Squadron, History, Modern era
After the 11 September 2001 attacks, the 18th FS was called to provide eight aircraft for Alaska NORAD air defense during Operation NOBLE EAGLE, though the aircraft were not launched.


18th Aggressor Squadron, History, Modern era
The squadron's next deployment was to Ahmed Al Jaber Air Base from December 2001 to March 2002 to support simultaneous combat operations for Operations Southern Watch and Operation Enduring Freedom. They flew more than 3,200 hours in only 3 months, an amazing feat for the 142 Blue Foxes who deployed with only 10 aircraft. During that time, the 18th FS flew missions in support of Operation Anaconda, including one in the Shah-i-Kot Valley on 2 March when U.S. forces, engaged in a firefight with Taliban and Al Qaeda forces, called for aerial assistance.


18th Aggressor Squadron, History, Modern era
A number of Blue Foxes responded, dropping bombs with pinpoint accuracy on the opposing forces. Lt . Col . Burt Bartley, the 18 FS commander at the time, received the Silver Star for strafing and dropping 500 lbs Laser-guided bombs on what would later be known as "The Battle for Roberts Ridge".


18th Aggressor Squadron, History, Modern era
The squadron deployed to Andersen Air Force Base, Guam in support of Operation Noble Eagle during March 2003. The unit also participated in Exercise Commando Sling in October 2003.


18th Aggressor Squadron, History, Red Flag – Alaska
As part of the change from COPE THUNDER to Red Flag-Alaska, the 18th FS converted to the 18th Aggressor Squadron. This squadron trains in the same manner as the aggressors at Nellis Air Force Base, learning the flying styles and abilities of foreign air forces in order to train USAF pilots against realistic opposition. Aircraft changes entail sending all 18 of its Block 40 F-16 Fighting Falcons to Kunsan Air Base, Korea, and receiving 18 Block 30 F-16s from Kunsan.


18th Aggressor Squadron, History, Red Flag – Alaska
In 2013, the Air Force, responding to the Department of Defense strategy guidance of December 2012, proposed consolidating all fighter units in Alaska at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson. This would involve the move of the 18th from Eielson Air Force Base to Elmendorf. While the move was pending, in response to the sequestration of defense funds, the squadron's aircraft were grounded in the middle of April for a period of three months. The squadron move was strongly opposed by civic leaders from both Fairbanks and Anchorage, Alaska.


18th Aggressor Squadron, History, Red Flag – Alaska
The civic leaders were joined by the Alaska congressional delegation, who wrote language barring the use of funds in the Defense Appropriations Bill to move the squadron, and delayed the promotion of a lieutenant general until the Air Force addressed their questions concerning the move. The widespread opposition in Alaska to the squadron's move caused the Department of Defense to withdraw its recommendation and leave the squadron at Eielson.


18th Aggressor Squadron, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


18th Agon Cup
The 18th Agon Cup began on 21 April 2011 – 1 October 2011. Two Korean amateur players were invited to the preliminaries, with both qualifying. Ha Sungbong defeated professionals Yanigasawa Satoshi and Furuya Yutaka. Kim Sungjin defeated 25th Honinbo and Japan's top title holder Cho Chikun. He also defeated Kato Atsushi. In the main tournament, he was knocked out by Iyama Yuta Meijin in the first round. Iyama Yuta came out as the winner. He beat Yamashita Keigo at the final. The winner's prize was ¥10,000,000.


18th Air Refueling Squadron
The 18th Air Refueling Squadron is a United States Air Force Reserve squadron, assigned to the 931st Air Refueling Wing at McConnell Air Force Base, Kansas. It operates the Boeing KC-135R Stratotanker aircraft conducting air refueling missions. If mobilized the squadron would be gained by Air Mobility Command.


18th Air Refueling Squadron
The squadron was first activated during World War II as the 18th Transport Squadron. After training in the United States, the squadron deployed to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, where, as the 18th Troop Carrier Squadron,  it participated in all major airborne assault operations and earned a Distinguished Unit Citation. From April until June of 1944, it deployed to the China Burma India Theater to augment forces in Burma. Following V-E Day, the squadron served under Air Transport Command in the Caribbean returning American soldiers to the United States. The squadron was again briefly active in the Caribbean area during the later 1940s.


18th Air Refueling Squadron
The squadron was active again from 1952, when it absorbed the resources of a reserve unit that had been mobilized for the Korean War. It was again active from 1961 until 1972, when it participated in military exercises, provided airlift, and trained aircrew for deployment to Southeast Asia.


18th Air Refueling Squadron, Mission
The squadron operates the KC-135 Stratotanker aircraft, conducting aerial refueling missions.


18th Air Refueling Squadron, History
"During World War II the 18th flew airborne assaults on Sicily, Myitkyina, Burma, and Southern France in addition to supporting partisans in Northern Italy from January to May 1945 and conducting aerial transportation in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations (MTO) and briefly in the China-Burma-India Theater (CBI). It flew strategic and tactical airlift missions from 1948 to 1954 and 1962 to 1967. The squadron provided tactical airlift training for US and subsequently South Vietnamese pilots and crews from 1969 to 1972.


18th Air Refueling Squadron, History
This unit has flown worldwide air refueling missions since 1995."


18th Air Refueling Squadron, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


18th Air Support Operations Group
The 18th Air Support Operations Group is a combat support group of the United States Air Force. It is located at Pope Field, North Carolina. The group was originally the 18th Air Support Communications Squadron and served in the Mediterranean and European Theaters of Operations during World War II as an air communications squadron.


18th Air Support Operations Group
The 18th ASOG provides tactical command and control of air power assets for the U.S. Army's XVIII Airborne Corps. In this role its subordinate squadrons provide tactical combat command and control to the Joint Forces Air Component Commander and Joint Forces Land Component Commander.


18th Air Support Operations Group, History
The organization was originally activated in April 1943 as the 18th Air Support Communication Squadron. The squadron trained in the southeastern United States under Third Air Force until February 1944, when it deployed to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations and was assigned to XII Air Support Command. The unit was redesignated the 18th Tactical Air Communications Squadron and moved to Italy in April. It was disbanded in Italy in June 1944.


18th Air Support Operations Group, History
The squadron was reconstituted and activated in Germany on 15 April 1945, where it became part of Ninth Air Force. It returned to the United States in July and was inactivated in the summer of 1946. The squadron was disbanded while inactive in October 1948.


18th Air Support Operations Group, History
In June 1992, the unit was reconstituted and redesignated as the 18th Air Support Group. It assumed much of the responsibilities of the inactivating 507th Air Control Wing. It was redesignated 18th Air Support Operations Group on 1 July 1994.


18th Air Support Operations Group, Organization
In addition to group headquarters, the 18th ASOG includes a number of subordinate squadrons. These units are located at Pope Field except as indicated and include the following.


18th Airlift Squadron
The 18th Airlift Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was to the 305th Operations Group, Air Mobility Command, stationed at McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey.


18th Airlift Squadron, History, The early years
From activation in April until July 1942 the 18th ferried aircraft from the United States to the South Pacific and Southwest Pacific theaters of operations. Most flights originated from McClellan Field and proceeded via the Hawaiian Islands, Christmas Island, Canton Island, Fiji Islands, and New Caledonia, to Australia. From July 1942 until disbandment in October 1943, the 18th serviced outbound aircraft, briefed crews of these aircraft and controlled flights until they reached Hawaii.


18th Airlift Squadron, History, The early years
Reactivated on 18 July 1954, at McGuire AFB, New Jersey, the squadron came under the Military Air Transport Service (MATS). It became operational in September, transporting passengers, cargo and mail in C-118s to South America, Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia, as well as within the US. It participated in operations, exercises, and maneuvers of the US armed services and transported important US and foreign officials. It also provided airlift support for the United Nations (UN).


18th Airlift Squadron, History, The early years
In December 1956 and January 1957 the unit airlifted over 9,700 Hungarian refugees from Rhein Main AB, West Germany to the United States. In 1961 the 18th began flying C-135s. The first major deployment with these new aircraft was to the Arctic with 2,300 Army personnel for cold weather training. In 1963, it participated in the airlift of UN forces and cargo to the Congo and airlifted personnel and cargo to New Zealand in support of Antarctic operations. It changed in 1965 from mostly European flights to airlift support of forces in South Vietnam. It then participated in an airlift to the Dominican Republic in March 1965 with US forces to preserve order. On 1 February 1966, shortly after being designated the 18th Military Airlift Squadron (MAS), all personnel were reassigned, and on 15 June 1966 the squadron inactivated.


18th Airlift Squadron, History, The modern era
The squadron became a C-141 unit when activated in July and organized in August 1968. On 15 August, it flew its first mission to Southeast Asia (SEA). Most regular scheduled flights until 1969 were to SEA in support of the Vietnam War. Typically, the trip from McGuire AFB and back took from five to seven days. Between March and June 1972, flights to SEA took a major share of C-141 missions. With the exception of these missions, the 18th MAS usually flew over the Atlantic to Greenland, Europe, the Middle East and Africa. Each year from activation in 1968 to 1974, the squadron resupplied scientific stations in the Antarctic involved in Operation Deep Freeze. For three or four months each year, between October and February, it flew to New Zealand from McGuire, and then shuttled from New Zealand to the Antarctic.


18th Airlift Squadron, History, The modern era
The 18th was frequently involved in the airlift for the US Army's airborne exercises and supported other US services and NATO forces. It provided airlift support for Presidential and Vice-Presidential trips within the US and overseas. It supported NASA's Apollo program until 1971. The squadron frequently flew humanitarian missions for the relief of victims of earthquakes, hurricanes, floods and snowstorms; this included flights to Pakistan in 1970 and 1971; Managua, Nicaragua, in 1972 and 1973; Guatemala, Italy and Turkey in 1976; the Dominican Republic in 1978; and the Yemen Arab Republic in December 1982.


18th Airlift Squadron, History, The modern era
It provided, on occasion, airlift for the US State Department and in April 1972 transported two musk oxen to China in exchange for two giant pandas. On 13 and 14 April of that year it airlifted supplies to Israel in support of that country's defense against its Arab neighbors. It also provided the airlift of UN Peace-Keeping forces to the Middle East after the ceasefire, between 19 November and 16 December 1973. The squadron participated, between April and June 1975, in the airlift of Vietnamese refugees from SEA to the United States.


18th Airlift Squadron, History, The modern era
It airlifted French and Belgian troops to Zaire in May and June 1978 to protect and evacuate Europeans threatened by civil war. In Ju1y-October 1980, it helped airlift an F-4 wing to Egypt in support of first the joint USAF/Egyptian Air Force exercise. On 9–12 May 1983, the first all-woman C-141 crew, members of the 18th MAS, flew from McGuire AFB to Rhein Main AB, Germany on an aeromedical evacuation mission.


18th Airlift Squadron, History, The modern era
Inactivated in July 1995 as part of the retirement of the C-141 Starlifter.


18th Alabama Infantry Regiment
The 18th Alabama Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War.


18th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Service
The 18th Alabama Infantry Regiment was mustered in at Auburn, Alabama, on September 4, 1861.


18th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment surrendered  at Meridian, Mississippi, on May 4, 1865.


18th Alberta Legislature
The 18th Alberta Legislative Assembly was in session from May 15, 1975, to February 14, 1979, with the membership of the assembly determined by the results of the 1975 Alberta general election held on March 26, 1975. The Legislature officially resumed on May 15, 1975, and continued until the fourth session was prorogued on November 3, 1978 and dissolved on February 14, 1979, prior to the 1979 Alberta general election on March 14, 1979.


18th Alberta Legislature
Alberta's eighteenth government was controlled by the majority Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta for the second time, led by Premier Peter Lougheed. The Official Opposition was led by Robert Curtis Clark of the Social Credit Party. The Speaker was Gerard Amerongen who would serve in the role until he was defeated in the 1986 Alberta general election.


18th Alberta Legislature, Second session
During the second session the government introduced The Alberta Heritage Savings Trust Fund Act (Bill 35) creating a sovereign wealth fund to invest oil and gas revenue to ensure the exploitation of non-renewable resources would be of long-term benefit for Alberta. The Alberta Heritage Savings Trust Fund had been announced by Premier Peter Lougheed a year earlier with the intent of diverting funds from the Alberta Petroleum Marketing Commission on the sale of crude oil from April 1, 1974 to diversify and strengthen the economy, improve the life of Albertans, stimulate the economy, and continue to grow with interest.


18th Ale Kino! Festival
The 18th annual Ale Kino! International Young Audience Film Festival was held from 15 to 20 May 2000. A number of 54 movies took part.


18th Ale Kino! Festival
The movies were presented in four cinemas in Poznań: Apollo, Olimpia, Rialto and Muza.


18th Ale Kino! Festival
The movies were judged by professional and children jury, as well as by International Centre of Films for Children and Young People (CIFEJ).


18th Alpini Regiment
The 18th Alpini Regiment (Italian: 18° Reggimento Alpini) is an inactive regiment of the Italian Army's mountain infantry speciality, the Alpini, which distinguished itself in combat during World War I and World War II.


18th Alpini Regiment, History
The regiment was formed on 13 September 1991 by elevating the existing "Edolo" Battalion to regiment. Between 1 November 1886 and 1 October 1975 the battalion was one of the battalions of the 5th Alpini Regiment. After the 5th Alpini Regiment was disbanded during the 1975 Italian Army reform the battalion, based in Meran, became one the battalions of the Alpine Brigade "Tridentina".


18th Alpini Regiment, History
As the traditions and war flag of the 5th Alpini Regiment were assigned to the "Morbegno" battalion, the Edolo battalion was granted a new war flag on 12 November 1976 by decree 846 of the President of the Italian Republic Giovanni Leone.


18th Alpini Regiment, History
The two Gold Medals of Military Valour and the Messina earthquake Medal of Merit awarded to the 5th Alpini Regiment, were duplicated for the new flag of the Edolo battalion, and the Silver Medal of Military Valour awarded to the Edolo battalion for its conduct at Derna on 29 May 1913 during the Italian conquest of Libya was transferred from the flag of the 5th Alpini to the Edolo's flag.


18th Alpini Regiment, History
The main task of the regiment was the training of the recruits for the Alpini regiments based in the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol region of northern Italy. On 1 March 1998 the regiment was assigned to the Alpine Corps Command, but with the suspension of compulsory military service the regiment was dissolved on 30 September 2004.


18th Alpini Regiment, Structure
When the regiment was disbanded it had the following structure:


18th Annual Anugerah Musik Indonesia
The 18th Annual Anugerah Musik Indonesia was held on September 22, 2015, at the Ecovention in Pademangan, North Jakarta. The show was broadcast live on RCTI and was hosted by Arie Untung.


18th Annual Anugerah Musik Indonesia
The show was a collaboration between Anugerah Musik Indonesia Foundation and RCTI. The theme of the show was Stop Pembajakan! (stop piracy). Musicians, singers, and composers were nominated for 53 different awards. The event was divided into three segments: AMI Awards Gala Night, Lifetime Achievement Awards, and The Winner's Concert.


18th Annual Anugerah Musik Indonesia
Tulus led the nominations with nine, and also became the biggest winner of the night with six wins, including Best of the Best Album for Gajah, Best of the Best Production Work for "Jangan Cintai Aku Apa Adanya", and Best Pop Male Solo Artist. Other winners included Cita Citata and Trio Lestari, who won three awards. Sheila On 7, Isyana Sarasvati, Andien, Kotak, etc. took home two trophies each.


18th Annual Anugerah Musik Indonesia
Bob Tutupoli received the "AMI Legend Award" for his body of work through his career.


18th Annual Anugerah Musik Indonesia, Nominees and winners
The nominees were announced on September 11, 2015. Winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface.


18th Annual Grammy Awards
The 18th Annual Grammy Awards were held February 28, 1976, and were broadcast live on American television. They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the year 1975.


18th Annual Latin Grammy Awards
The 18th Annual Latin Grammy Awards was held on November 16, 2017, at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas. It was broadcast on Univision at 8PM ET\PT. This marked the tenth year Las Vegas hosts the Latin Grammy Awards and also marked the telecasts return to the MGM Grand Garden Arena.


18th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Postponement of Nominations Announcement
Nominations were to be announced on September 20, 2017. However, due to the earthquake in Mexico which occurred a previous day, as well as other natural disasters that affected Spanish-speaking communities, the Latin Recording Academy did not announce the nominations until Tuesday, September 26.


18th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Postponement of Nominations Announcement
This marked the second time when the Latin Recording Academy had to delay or cancel one of their signature events. In 2001, the Latin Recording Academy was forced to cancel the 2nd Annual Latin Grammy Awards due to the September 11 attacks. Instead, the winners of those awards were announced at a press conference the following month. The 18th Annual Latin Grammy Awards were still held on time, on November 16, 2017, despite the delay of the announcement of the nominations.


18th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Nominees and winners, General
Rubén Blades with Roberto Delgado & Orquesta — Salsa Big Band


18th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Nominees and winners, General
Daddy Yankee, Erika Ender and Luis Fonsi — "Despacito" (Luis Fonsi featuring Daddy Yankee)


18th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Nominees and winners, Urban
Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber — "Despacito" (Remix)


18th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Nominees and winners, Urban
Rafael Arcaute, Igor Koshkendey and Residente — "Somos Anormales" (Residente)


18th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Nominees and winners, Rock
Diamante Eléctrico — "Déjala Rodar" (tie)Andrés Calamaro — "La Noche" (tie)


18th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Nominees and winners, Tropical
Rubén Blades and Roberto Delgado & Orquesta — Salsa Big Band


18th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Nominees and winners, Tropical
Jorge Celedón and Sergio Luis Rodríguez — Ni Un Paso Atrás


18th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Nominees and winners, Tropical
Jon Secada featuring The Charlie Sepúlveda Big Band — To Beny Moré with Love


18th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Nominees and winners, Regional Mexican
Banda El Recodo de Cruz Lizárraga — Ayer y Hoy


18th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Nominees and winners, Regional Mexican
Juan Treviño — "Siempre Es Así" (Juan Treviño featuring AJ Castillo)


18th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Nominees and winners, Portuguese language
Tiago Iorc — Troco Likes Ao Vivo: Um Filme de Tiago Iorc


18th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Nominees and winners, Portuguese language
Ana Caetano and Tiago Iorc, songwriters — "Trevo (Tu)" (Anavitória featuring Tiago Iorc)


18th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Nominees and winners, Classical
Eddie Mora directing The Orquesta Sinfónica Nacional de Costa Rica — Música De Compositores Costarricenses Vol. 2


18th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Nominees and winners, Production
Josh Gudwin and Tom Coyne — Mis Planes Son Amarte (Juanes)


18th Arabian Gulf Cup
The 18th Arabian Gulf Cup (Arabic: was the كأس الخليج العربي) 18th edition of the Arabian Gulf Cup. It took place in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates from 17 to 30 January 2007.


18th Arabian Gulf Cup
The tournament was won by hosts UAE, who beat neighbors Oman 1–0 in the final, courtesy of a goal by Ismail Matar who finished the tournament as top scorer with five goals in all. The UAE became the fifth country to lift the title after Kuwait, Iraq, Qatar and Saudi Arabia.


18th Arabian Gulf Cup
In the competition there was also some very serious disciplinary problems with a total of 38 yellow cards and 7 red cards awarded in only 12 matches. As in previous Gulf Cups there have also been bad refereeing calls.


18th Ariel Awards
The 18th Ariel Awards ceremony, organized by the Mexican Academy of Film Arts and Sciences (AMACC) took place on April 22, 1976, in Mexico City. During the ceremony, AMACC presented the Ariel Award in 13 categories honoring films released in 1975. Actas de Marusia was the most nominated film with twelve nominations that resulted in nine wins, including Best Picture and Best Director. Actas de Marusia was selected to represent Mexico at the 48th Academy Awards and received a nomination, which it lost to Dersu Uzala from the Soviet Union.


18th Arizona State Legislature
The 18th Arizona State Legislature, consisting of the Arizona State Senate and the Arizona House of Representatives, was constituted in Phoenix from January 1, 1947 to December 31, 1948, during the fourth of Sidney Preston Osborn's four consecutive terms as Governor of Arizona. The number of senators and house members remained constant at 19 and 58, respectively. The Democrats controlled one hundred percent of the senate. while the Republicans gained four house seats, to a total of five.


18th Arizona State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Phoenix on January 13, 1947; and adjourned on March 20. There were seven special sessions, the first of which was held from June 9 through June 23, 1947, the second was held from June 18 – July 1, 1947, the third was held between January 5 – 21, 1948, the fourth from January 22- February 17, 1948, the fifth spanned February 18 – March 12, 1948, The sixth was from March 12–25, 1948, and the seventh from September 13 – October 14, 1948.


18th Arizona State Legislature, State Senate, Members
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.


18th Arizona State Legislature, House of Representatives, Members
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.


18th Arizona Territorial Legislature
The 18th Arizona Territorial Legislative Assembly was a session of the Arizona Territorial Legislature which met in Phoenix, Arizona. The session ran from January 21 to March 21, 1895. Due to the abrupt manner in which the session ended, none of the usual appropriations bills were passed by the legislature.


18th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Background
Governor L. C. Hughes had taken office shortly before the close of the previous session. The governor's time in office since then had been tumultuous with many influential territorial members of his own political party calling for his removal from office.


18th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Background
A separate issue dealt with the location of the territorial prison. While sentiment at the time called for the prison to be moved from Yuma to Prescott, House Speaker J. H. Carpenter, representing Yuma County, Arizona, wanted the prison to remain in his district.


18th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session
The session began on January 21, 1895, and ran for sixty days.


18th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Governor's address
Governor L. C. Hughes gave his address to a joint meeting of both houses of the legislature on January 22, 1895. His primary areas of concern were education, economic development, taxation, and improving the territory's moral climate.


18th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Governor's address
In the area of education, the governor announced the territory had over 11,000 students enrolled in public schools being taught by 288 teachers. The University of Arizona in turn had expanded its educational services while simultaneously reducing its operating expenses by US$6,500. Hughes wished to reduce the territory's high property tax rates, but to do so required the long-standing issue of undervalued appraisals to be addressed. Toward this end he recommended all property be listed at its full value on the tax rolls and that all tax exemptions be removed. To aid economic development, the governor asked for creation of several new positions. The included territorial architect, commissioner of agriculture, territorial irrigation engineer, and quarantine and health officers along with a board of immigration to encourage new settlers to move to the territory.


18th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Governor's address
Hughes wished to reduce governmental operating costs and asked for all extraneous government positions to be terminated. To this end he recommended combining control of the territorial insane asylum, prison, and other related institutions into a single oversight board instead of maintaining separate board of directors for each institution. Explicitly exempted from this recommendation were the boards of regents for the University of Arizona and territorial normal schools.


18th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Governor's address
Dealing with moral concerns, Hughes asked for the sale of lottery tickets to be prohibited and provisions be made for the care of the blind, deaf, and mentally impaired individuals. He also sought to compel territorial officers to enforce territorial laws dealing the sale of alcohol to minors, notorious cohabitation, and houses of prostitution. This was on top of concerns about Sabbath laws, promoting rest on Sundays and passed by the 16th Arizona Territorial Legislature, being openly ignored by most territorial residents.


18th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Governor's address
Finally Hughes was troubled with the "purity of elections", saying "In this connection I call attention to the pernicious practice which requires candidates for office to treat and drink with voters, and deposit money in saloons for 'free drinks' which is no less a bribe to the saloon keepers and the electors for political support. The custom is demoralizing and debauching to all concerned, and prevents many good citizens from becoming candidates for important elective offices."


18th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Legislation
The legislature acted upon a number of the Governor's requests. A new election law banned any candidate for office from asking another person to consume beer or other spirituous liquors. Counties were instructed to provide food, lodging, and medical assistance to indigent persons. The most influential act came when the legislature combined the functions of oversight boards for territorial prison, reform school and insane asylum into a Board of Territorial Control. A county level office of commissioner of agriculture was also created.


18th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Legislation
In other actions, the Governor was authorized to grant paroles. All school districts with at least 2,000 residents were authorized to create a high school. As a defense preparedness action, the legislature authorized creation of a military styled "American Guard" to be composed of students in territorial public schools. The guard was open to any boy age eleven or older. The session also authorized a US$5,000 reward to Governor Lewis Wolfley for his previous work to restructure the territorial debt in a manner that generated a US$59,006.40/year reduction in interest payments. The measure was passed over a veto by Governor Hughes.


18th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Legislation
The final act of the session was creation of Navajo County from western Apache County. Holbrook was selected as the county seat. While there was no serious opposition to creation of the new county the prolonged discussion over the new county had the effect of blocking a motion to move the territorial prison from Yuma to Prescott from being debated in the House of Representatives. Shortly after bill to create Navajo County was passed, as the clock struck midnight on the sixtieth day of the session, Speaker J. H. Carpenter declared the House adjourned sine die.


18th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Legislation
This was done even though prior sessions, when faced with a similar situation, had established the practice of either stopping the clock or turning the hands back to give the legislators extra time to finish their business. This prevented discussion on moving the territorial prison from occurring but, as a consequence of this action, the normal appropriation bills were not passed.


18th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Aftermath
The law creating a commissioner of agriculture in each county specified that the officer holder was to be nominated by the Territorial Governor but the position's $50/month salary was to be paid from county funds. Many county Board of Supervisors refused to pay this sum, especially after Governor Hughes chose newspapermen who were useful political allies for the governor but lacked much knowledge of agriculture. A lawsuit over the issue eventually determined the new office was legally created but did little good for Hughes as the ruling came shortly before he was removed from office.


18th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Aftermath
The abrupt adjournment of the House of Representatives resulted in the session passing no appropriation bills. For the next two years territorial auditors paid accounts without explicit legal authority. Despite the probable illegality of these actions, no serious questions were made into the payments and the auditors were not disciplined.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Carroll's)
The 18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment or Carroll's Arkansas Infantry Regiment was an infantry formation in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was raised in April 1862 under the command of Col. D Carroll. It served east of the Mississippi in several actions before being surrendered at Port Hudson in July 1863. Re -organized, the regiment was finally merged with several other Arkansas units to form the 2nd Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment. There was another regiment designated as the 18th Arkansas. When Lieutenant-Colonel John Sappington Marmaduke's 1st Arkansas Infantry Battalion was increased to a regiment, it was briefly designated as the 18th (Marmaduke's) Arkansas Infantry Regiment. Marmaduke's regiment was subsequently redesignated as the 3rd Confederate Infantry Regiment.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Carroll's), Organization
The regiment was organized at DeValls Bluff, Arkansas, on April 2, 1862, composed of ten volunteer companies from central Arkansas:


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Carroll's), Organization
David W. Carroll, captain of Company A, was appointed colonel; John N. Daly, a private in Company I, was appointed lieutenant-colonel; and Robert Hamilton Crockett, a private in Company E, was appointed major.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Carroll's), Service, Fort Pillow
Soon after being organized, the regiment was ordered to Mississippi, along with the rest of General Earl Van Dorn's Army of the West. The unit boarded a steamer at Des Arc and moved down White River, out at its mouth, then up the Mississippi River and landed at Memphis, Tennessee. The Confederate commander at Memphis reported on April 7 that Colonel Carroll's command with 817 soldiers was present and armed with endfield rifles. The unit was assigned to the Brigade of Brigadier General Albert Rust. The regiment was immediately ordered with the remainder of Rust's Brigade to Fort Pillow, approximately 50 miles (80 km) north of Memphis. The unit moved via steamer to Fort Pillow. At Fort Pillow the regiment saw their first enemy fire, during the bombardment of Fort Pillow by Union gunboats.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Carroll's), Service, Fort Pillow
The new regiment got off to an inauspicious, indeed, a tragic start. Measles broke out among the men almost immediately, and by the time the regiment arrived at its assigned station at Fort Pillow, near Fulton, Tennessee, it had become a full-fledged epidemic. It is possible to track the movements of the regiment in April 1862 by following the bodies. The unfortunate soldiers of the 18th Arkansas were dying in great numbers, and every camp between DeValls Bluff and Fort Pillow contained the graves of those who had died during the night.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Carroll's), Service, Fort Pillow
At Fort Pillow, the regiment was literally decimated by the epidemic. The extremely muddy conditions and very poor quality of the water supply at Fort Pillow undoubtedly contributed to these losses. By the time the epidemic had run its course, over a fourth of the men were dead, discharged or simply stricken from the rolls. The unit remained at Fort Pillow for about two weeks. The unit left Fort Pillow on April 26, moved back to Memphis and then on to Corinth, Mississippi.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Carroll's), Service, Fort Pillow
In early May 1862 the Confederate Army underwent an army-wide reorganization due to the passage of the Conscription Act by the Confederate Congress in April 1862. All twelve-month regiments had to re-muster and enlist for two additional years or the duration of the war; a new election of officers was ordered; and men who were exempted from service by age or other reasons under the Conscription Act were allowed to take a discharge and go home. Officers who did not choose to stand for re-election were also offered a discharge. The reorganization was accomplished among all the Arkansas regiments in and around Corinth, Mississippi, following the Battle of Shiloh. Colonel Carroll was forced to resign due to illness, and was succeeded by Lieutenant-Colonel Daly.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Carroll's), Service, Iuka-Corinth Campaign
During the Iuka-Corinth Campaign, the 18th Arkansas was assigned along with the 19th, 20th and 21st Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Craven's), and the 8th Arkansas Infantry Battalion to Brigadier General William L. Cabell's brigade of Brigadier General Dabney H. Maury's Division of Major General Sterling Price's Corps the Confederate (Army of the West).


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Carroll's), Service, Iuka-Corinth Campaign
The 18th Arkansas fought at the Battle of Iuka, Mississippi, September 16, 1862, and then ensured its place in history at the Second Battle of Corinth, Mississippi, October 4, 1862. From all contemporary accounts, the 18th Arkansas performed with magnificent courage at Corinth. Mustering a little over 300 men on the morning of the battle, only 43 answered the roll at the end of the day. Forming in a line of battle, the 18th Arkansas made a breath-taking charge under an enfilading fire from the entrenched Federal troops.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Carroll's), Service, Iuka-Corinth Campaign
Climbing through and over fallen timber, the 18th Arkansas relentlessly advanced right up to the enemy's breastworks, where the withering fire melted the regiment away. Colonel Daly, leading the charge, sword in hand, was mortally wounded. Captain Parish, of Company H, immediately assumed command and rallied the regiment to continue the charge. Although he, too, was shot down, he survived the battle and received a meritorious promotion to lieutenant-colonel for his gallant conduct.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Carroll's), Service, Port Hudson
Colonel Daly died of his wounds on October 5, 1862, and was succeeded by Col. Robert Hamilton Crockett, of Arkansas County. Following the battle of Corinth, the 18th Arkansas and its sister regiments of the 2nd Brigade were ordered to Port Hudson, Louisiana. Sorely depleted after the events of April to October 1862, the 18th Arkansas underwent several field consolidations with other units while assigned to the Department of Mississippi and East Louisiana. Field consolidations were considered to be temporary, and the component regiments continued to maintain separate muster rolls. On January 7, 1863 Major General Franklin Gardner issued General Order No. 5 which consolidated several under strength Arkansas units:


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Carroll's), Service, Port Hudson
The troops of this post will be organized into brigades, arranged at the breastworks as follows  ...


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Carroll's), Service, Port Hudson
The order was modified in February 1863 and the 18th Arkansas was placed in a consolidated regiment with the 14th and 23rd Arkansas Infantry Regiments. Logan's consolidated regiment consisted of the 11th and the Griffith's 17th Arkansas. The Johnson's 15th Arkansas was assigned to Crockett's consolidated regiment instead of the 17th.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Carroll's), Service, Port Hudson
The regiment endured forty-eight day siege, and was surrendered to General Nathaniel P. Banks on July 9, 1863. Following the surrender the officers were sent as prisoners to Johnson's Island Military Prison. Two audacious lieutenants of Company K, however, James W. Hellums and George P. Atkins, escaped from their captors by jumping from the Union transport into the muddy water of the Mississippi River between Napoleon and Helena, swam ashore, and eventually reached the Confederate lines.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Carroll's), Service, Camden Expedition, Red River Campaign
After the fall of Port Hudson, the enlisted personnel of the 18th Arkansas returned to Arkansas and served as mounted infantry as a part of Colonel Thomas Pleasant Dockery Brigade during the Camden Expedition in the Spring of 1864. As part of Dockery's Brigade, remnants of the regiment saw action at the Battles of Prairie D'Ane, Marks' Mills, and Jenkins Ferry.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Carroll's), Service, Final year of the war
There are few records of the 18th Arkansas after the fall of Port Hudson. They spent the remainder of the war in the Trans-Mississippi Army. The remnants of the regiment reorganized in southwest Arkansas, but were eventually consolidated with the remnants of the 23rd Arkansas and other Port Hudson units to form the 2nd Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment. The consolidated regiment was assigned along with the 1st and 3rd Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiments to the 2nd (McNair's) Arkansas Brigade, 1st (Churchill's) Arkansas Division, 2nd Corps, Trans-Mississippi Department, from September 1864 to May 1865.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Carroll's), Service, Final year of the war
On 22 January 1865, Major General Churchill was ordered to move his division to Minden, Louisiana, and occupy winter quarters. Union commanders in the Department of the Gulf reported on March 20, 1865 that General McNair's brigade was located at Minden, Louisiana, with the rest of Churchill's Division. In early April 1865, the division concentrated near Shreaveport Louisiana, and then moved to Marshall Texas by mid April 1865.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Carroll's), Final Consolidation and Surrender
The 2nd Arkansas Consolidated Infantry was surrendered with the Department of the Trans-Mississippi, General Kirby Smith commanding, May 26, 1865. When the Trans-Mississippi Department surrendered, all of the Arkansas infantry regiments were encamped in and around Marshall, Texas (war-ravaged Arkansas no longer able to subsist the army). The regiments were ordered to report to Shreveport, Louisiana, to be paroled. Virtually none of them did so. Some soldiers went to Shreveport on their own to be paroled, but the regiments simply disbanded without formally surrendering. For the most part, the men simply went home.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Carroll's), Notes
This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document: ", National Park Service".


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's)
The 18th Arkansas Infantry (Marmaduke's) (1861–1865) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War. The unit was also briefly identified as the 1st Arkansas Infantry Battalion. The unit was most often referred to as the 3rd Confederate Infantry Regiment. The designation "Confederate Infantry Regiment" was intended to convey the difference between Provisional Confederate Army units and Regular Confederate Army Units, with Provisional units being those regiments who received a state designation such as "XX Arkansas Infantry Regiment". In practice, the designation was most often utilized when Regiments were assembled utilizing companies from more than one Confederate state. The "3rd Confederate Infantry Regiment" is occasionally misidentified as the 3rd Arkansas Infantry Regiment commanded by Colonel Van H. Manning.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Organization
The 18th Arkansas Infantry started out as 7 of 22 companies which comprised the so-called "Hindman Legion." Col. Thomas C. Hindman had recruited ten companies at his own expense for the 2nd Arkansas Infantry Regiment, and then an additional seven companies at his own expense which, along with four cavalry companies and an artillery battery, became known as the Hindman Legion.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Organization
The "Legion" was not approved as an organization, and, after being mustered into the Confederate service on July 27, 1861, reverted to a regiment (the 2nd Arkansas Infantry Regiment), an infantry battalion (the 1st Arkansas Infantry Battalion) and a cavalry battalion (the 6th Arkansas Cavalry Battalion). Capt . John S. Marmaduke was assigned as commander of the 1st Arkansas Infantry Battalion and promoted to lieutenant-colonel on August 1, 1861.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Organization
A company from the 15th Tennessee Infantry was transferred to the 1st Arkansas Battalion, and two additional companies were added on December 18, 1861, which brought the battalion up to ten companies. On January 1, 1862, the unit was formally designated as a regiment, the 18th Arkansas Infantry, and Marmaduke was promoted to colonel. On January 31, 1862, the regiment was redesignated as the 3rd Confederate Infantry because it contained units from multiple states. Capt . John S. Marmaduke was assigned as commander of the 1st Arkansas Battalion and promoted to lieutenant-colonel on August 1, 1861.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Organization
A company from the 15th Tennessee Infantry was transferred to the 1st Arkansas Battalion, and two additional companies were added on December 18, 1861, which brought the battalion up to ten companies. On January 1, 1862, the unit was formally designated as a regiment—the 18th Arkansas Infantry—and Marmaduke was promoted to colonel. On January 31, 1862, the regiment was redesignated as the 3rd Confederate Infantry.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Organization
The 3rd Confederate Infantry was composed of the following companies:


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Organization
Note: Companies I and K were composed primarily of suspected members of the so-called Arkansas Peace Society, who were arrested and sent to Little Rock by members of the 45th Arkansas Militia Regiment, where they were given the choice of Confederate service or imprisonment. Most of the men were from Searcy County. The officers were non-Peace Society men appointed by the Governor.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Service record
Assigned to Hindman's Brigade, Hardee's Division in the Army of Central Kentucky from December 1861 through January 1862. The unit was involved in an engagement at Rowlett's Station, Kentucky, on December 17, 1861. Assigned to Hindman's (later Liddell's) brigade, Army of Mississippi in March, 1862 where it participated in the Battle of Shiloh on April 6–7, 1862 and in the Corinth Campaign from April through June of that year. At the battle of Shiloh the 3rd Confederate bore the guiding colors of Hindman's Brigade and captured the first prisoners of the day.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Service record
Colonel Marmaduke was mentioned with praise in the official reports. In the second day's battle he was wounded and disabled, and while in hospital was recommended for promotion to the rank of brigadier-general. Colonel Marmaduke commanded his brigade of Arkansans during the Siege of Corinth, and later was ordered to the Department of the Trans-Mississippi.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Service record
In early May 1862 the Confederate forces underwent an army-wide reorganization due to the passage of the Conscription Act by the Confederate Congress in April 1862. All twelve-month regiments had to re-muster and enlist for two additional years or the duration of the war; a new election of officers was ordered; and men who were exempted from service by age or other reasons under the Conscription Act were allowed to take a discharge and go home. Officers who did not choose to stand for re-election were also offered a discharge. The reorganization was accomplished among all the Arkansas regiments in and around Corinth, Mississippi, following the Battle of Shiloh.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Service record
In the reorganization of Confederate forces before the start of the Kentucky Campaign, the 3rd Confederate, now under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Henry Virtner Keep was assigned to Brigadier General Sterling A. M. Wood's 4th Brigade of Major General Simon Bolivar Buckner's 3rd Division of Major General William Joseph Hardee's Corps of the Army of Mississippi. The regiment participated in Battle of Perryville, Kentucky, in October 1862.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Service record
In November 1862, following the Kentucky Campaign, General Bragg united his Army of Mississippi and the General Kirby Smith's Army of Kentucky to create the Army of Tennessee. In the reorganization, Wood's Brigade, including the 3rd Confederate now under the command of Major John F. Cameron, was assigned to Cleburne's Division and fought in the Battle of Stones River. Major J. F. Cameron filed the after action report of the 3rd Confederate Infantry following the battle of Stone's River (Murfreesboro):


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Service record
SIR: I have the honor to make the following report of killed, wounded, missing, and prisoners belonging to the Third Confederate Regiment, together with the part taken by my command, in action at Murfreesborough December 31, 1862:


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Service record
My command took position on the left of the brigade on Tuesday, [December] 30, and remained on the field until the army fell back.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Service record
During the engagement of Wednesday fought in line of battle, but finding my command more efficient when deployed, I moved in front of the brigade about 12 o'clock Wednesday. The brigade was ordered to charge the enemy, strongly posted in a skirt of timber some 500 yards distant, a corn-field intervening. Having no support, it was repulsed. I withdrew my command under cover of a captured hospital, when I reorganized my regiment and rejoined my brigade. During the afternoon the brigade was ordered to the support of Gen. Johnson, being too much to the left of that command.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Service record
The enemy immediately appeared in our front. I deployed my regiment on the right of the fourth company and opened fire. The enemy's line was posted behind a fence. With the aid of 50 straggles, I charged the fence, driving the enemy, capturing their colors and about 30 prisoners. The brigade then opened up upon the retreating Abolitionists, killing great numbers.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Service record
My command being much reduced, Gen. Wood honored me with a position on his staff during the fight of Thursday, Friday, and Saturday.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Service record
The conduct of both officers and men of my command, without exception, was worthy of all praise. I would call the attention of the general to the conduct of Lieut. Frank Foster, jr., of the Forty-fifth Mississippi Regt. Ever by my side, he displayed great gallantry and coolness. Seizing the standard, he rallied hundreds of panic-stricken men, thereby reforming our then thin ranks.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Service record
Lieut. [ H. H.] Davis, Company E, was badly wounded and left at hospital at Murfreesborough. All the remainder of my wounded arewithin our lines.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Service record
By the time of the Battle of Chickamauga, the 3rd Confederate had been field consolidated with the 5th Confederate Infantry due to battle losses and placed under the command of Colonel James A. Smith. The consolidated 3rd/5th Confederate Infantry was assigned to the brigade of Brigadier General Lucius E. Polk in Cleburn's Division of the Army of Tennessee.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Service record
HDQRS. THIRD AND FIFTH CONFEDERATE REGTS.,Near Chattanooga, October 5, 1863.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Service record
SIR: I have the honor to submit the following report of the part taken by my regiment in the battle of September 19 and 20, on Chickamauga Creek:


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Service record
The regiment entered the action first on the 19th with the brigade about sundown, passing over the Sixth and Seventh Arkansas Regt. 's, of Liddell's brigade, which were lying down. We had proceeded but a short distance to the front when the enemy opened fire on our sharpshooters. They were immediately withdrawn. The enemy's artillery opened destructive fire on our advancing lines, which together with fire from infantry behind temporary works, stopped us for a short time. The right of the brigade, however, meeting with less resistance, pushed on, and getting on his flank he soon retired in confusion, leaving a 12-pounder James gun and a caisson, having set another on fire.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Service record
I was here directed by Lieut.-Gen. Hill to halt my regiment, as it had, by directing itself on Wood's brigade, become somewhat detached from the remainder of the brigade. This ended the contest for to night, most of the fighting having been done since dark. My loss in this affair was about 25 men, most of them [receiving] slight wounds.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Service record
We remained in line during the night of the 19th, replenished our supply of ammunition, and were ready to move again at daylight. We were not, however, engaged until about 10 o'clock on the 20th, having received our rations from the rear in the meantime.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Service record
When the attack was renewed we met the enemy at his works, which were located on the crest of a rise that commanded the space in front of it. The strife at this point was fearful. Such showers of grape, canister, and small-arms I have never before witnessed. We remained here until our supply of ammunition was exhausted without losing or gaining ground. Through the misapprehension of an order, or from some other cause unknown to me, the right of my regiment gave way, and it was with some difficulty that order was restored and the line re-established. Failing as we did to drive the enemy from his position, and our ammunition being exhausted, we were ordered by Brig.-Gen. Polk to fall back.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Service record
Our loss in this engagement was very heavy. Among the fallen was Capt. W. J. Morris, a brave and worthy officer. He died of his wounds a few days after. We next attacked our stubborn foe about 4 o'clock in the evening, and some 400 or 500 yards to the right of our position in the morning. His resistance here was, for long, as obstinate as in the morning; but we finally proved too much for him, and he took refuge behind his second line of works, about 200 yards to the rear of his first. He made but a short stand here and then fled in confusion across the open field in rear, leaving many prisoners in our hands.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Service record
In this last engagement the loss of the regiment was heavier than in either of those that preceded it. It was here that Capt. George Moore, of Company H, was instantly killed by a cannon ball. Capt . James [H.] Beard, the best and bravest soldier I ever saw, was mortally wounded. Many other true and gallant men likewise fell here.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Service record
Among the survivors conspicuous for their gallantry and good conduct I would mention Maj. R. J. Person, Capt. M. H. Dixon, Adjt. M. M. Smith, and Liuet. O. H. Smith. A list of the killed, wounded, and missing has already been furnished.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Service record
Report of Capt. M. H. Dixon, Third Confederate Infantry, commanding Third and Fifth Confederate Infantry.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Service record
SIR: From a position behind what I learned to be Taylor's Ridge, covering the road and railroad bridge, the regiment advanced in line of battle some 300 or 400 yards to the summit of the hill. Our sharpshooters encountered the enemy's, and immediately after he appeared in line of battle, making his way up the opposite steep.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Service record
The firing was opened on both sides, and continued for about three-quarters of an hour, the enemy pressing with great obstinacy and perseverance in the face of the continuous fire until he was within 30 or 40 yards of our line, the more adventurous and daring leading to within that number of feet. These were mostly killed or wounded and captured. After sustaining, as he must have done, a heavy loss the enemy broke and fled down the hill.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Service record
Our loss, 2 killed and 17 wounded. Among the latter, Lieut. Col. J. C. Cole, who was shot-and believed mortally-while directing and encouraging his men. Upon the fall of Lieut.-Col. Cole, the command devolved upon Capt. W. A. Brown, senior officer present, until my arrival with a detachment of the regiment ordered to guard Shallow Ford Bridge.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Service record
The officers distinguished for gallant bearing are Capt. Brown, Lieut. 's R. H. Hayes, E. H. Fite, and Sergt. Maj. W. B. Clark.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Service record
I have the honor, to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Service record
When General Joseph E. Johnston assumed command of the Army of Tennessee to oppose General Sherman's Atlanta Campaign, the 3rd Confederate was assigned to Govan's Brigade. The 3rd Confederate participated in the battles of Dalton, Resaca, New Hope Church, Kennesaw Mountain, Atlanta, and the Siege of Atlanta. During the Battle of Atlanta on July 22, 1864, the 3rd Confederate had only 62 effectives and reported 9 casualties.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Service record
The regiment and it colors were captured, along with much of Govan's Brigade at the Battle of Jonesboro, Georgia, on Sept. 1, 1864. Due to a special cartel between Union General Sherman and Confederate General John B. Hood, the unit was quickly paroled and exchanged for Union prisoner held at Andersonville Prison. The regiment re-entered service approximately a month later.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Service record
The 3rd Arkansas and the rest of Govan's Brigade were released and exchanged just in time to participate in General John B. Hood's disastrous Franklin-Nashville Campaign. Brigade effective strength was approximately 550, plus or minus a dozen or so, so each battalion fielded around 100-110 rifles. The 3rd Confederate had 47 men left on the march into Franklin and so the 3rd found itself once again consolidated with the 5th Confederate Infantry under the command of Lieutenant Colonel E.A. Howell. The remnants of Govan's Brigade that survived the Tennessee Campaign remained with the Army of Tennessee through its final engagements in the 1865 Carolinas Campaign.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Consolidation and Surrender
The remnants of ten depleted Arkansas regiments, along with one mostly Arkansas regiment, in the Army of Tennessee were consolidated into a single regiment at Smithfield, North Carolina, on April 9, 1865. The 1st Arkansas, was lumped together with the 2nd, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 15th, 19th and 24th Arkansas Infantry Regiments and the 3rd Confederate Infantry Regiment as the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry on April 9, 1865. On April 26, 1865, the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment was present with the Army of Tennessee when it surrendered in Greensboro, North Carolina.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Flag
This flag was issued in the spring of 1864 and bears characteristics similar to the other Hardee pattern flags issued to the division of Major General Patrick Cleburne, Army of Tennessee. It was captured on September 1, 1864, by the 113th Ohio Volunteer Infantry at the Battle of Jonesboro, Georgia. In his report dated September 10, 1864 Captain Toland Jones noted that "we captured the battle-flag of the Third Confederate Infantry Regiment inscribed with the names of seven different battles." The flag was eventually forwarded to the U.S. War Department where it was assigned Capture Number 227. The flag was mistakenly identified as belonging to an Alabama unit and when the Confederate battleflags were returned to the states in 1905, the flag was mistakenly returned to Alabama. In 2001, the flag was transferred to the Old State House Museum in Little Rock, Arkansas.


18th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Marmaduke's), Battle participation
The 3rd Confederate Infantry took part in the following battles:


18th Armoured Division (Syria)
The 18th Armoured Division (Arabic: الفرقة المدرعة الثامنة عشر or الفرقة المدرعة 18) is one of two autonomous reserve divisions of the Syrian Arab Army, the other being the 17th Division.


18th Armoured Division (Syria), Structure
This is the smallest conventional division in the Syrian Arab Army with only about 7,000 men.


18th Armoured Division (Syria), Syrian Civil War
The division was in a reserve role leading up to the summer of 2013. Since then it has been heavily engaged in the Syrian Civil War.


18th Armoured Division (Syria), Syrian Civil War
The European Council named Major General Wajih Mahmud as commander of the 18th Armored Division in the Official Journal of the European Union on 15 November 2011, sanctioning him for violence committed in Homs. Henry Boyd of the IISS noted that "... in Homs, the 18th Armored Division was reinforced by Special Forces units and ... by elements of the 4th Division under Maher’s de facto command."


18th Armoured Division (Syria), Syrian Civil War
On 13 August, clashes took place in Deir ez-Zor city in the Rashdin suburb, as army attempted to liberate it from the militants. Rebels earlier attacked the cardiac hospital in the city, no reports of losses. 4 rebels killed by clashes in al-Jbeila, Hawiqa and Sina'a neighborhoods.


18th Armoured Division (Syria), Syrian Civil War
As of 20 August, the western Hawiqa neighborhood, including the local Baath Party headquarters, had fallen to the rebels. The opposition claimed that 160 government soldiers and dozens of rebels had died in the fight for Hawiqa. Government forces retaliated by bombarding the rebels from their positions in the Joura and Ghazi Ayyash districts. The Free Syrian Army-affiliated Ahfad al-Rasul Brigade, recently supplied by Qatar with anti-aircraft missiles, played an important role in taking Hawiqa.


18th Armoured Division (Syria), Syrian Civil War
On the same day, the Army hit rebel forces in Hawiqa district with tanks and multiple rocket launchers, and also battled them in territory separating Hawiqa from the district of Joura, opposition sources in the city said. The government was trying to regain Hawiqa because it could not afford the rebels to be so close to its most important stronghold of Joura and the Army camp there. Air force intelligence and military intelligence, two important security compounds in the city, were also located in the nearby Ghazi Ayyash district, and came within the range of rebel rocket-propelled grenades.


18th Armoured Division (Syria), Syrian Civil War
Researchers estimated in late 2019 that the 167th Brigade was the last remaining operational brigade of the division. In addition, ".. As of November 2018, the division consisted of only 4,000 men — including reservists and civilian employees — largely concentrated within the 167th Brigade."


18th Army (German Empire)
The 18th Army (German: 18. Armee / Armeeoberkommando 18 / A.O.K. 18) was an army level command of the German Army in World War I. It was formed against France on 27 December 1917 from the former Heeresgruppe Woyrsch command. It served exclusively on the Western Front and was dissolved on 2 January 1919.


18th Army (German Empire), History
18th Army was one of three armies (along with 17th Army and 19th Army) formed in late 1917 / early 1918 with forces withdrawn from the Eastern Front. They were in place to take part in Ludendorff's German spring offensive. The Germans had realised that their only remaining chance of victory was to defeat the Allies before the overwhelming human and matériel resources of the United States could be deployed. They also had the temporary advantage in numbers afforded by nearly 50 divisions freed by the Russian withdrawal from the war (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk).


18th Army (German Empire), History
At the end of the war it was serving as part of Heeresgruppe Deutscher Kronprinz.


18th Army (German Empire), History, Order of Battle, 30 October 1918
By the end of the war, the 18th Army was organised as:


18th Army (German Empire), Commanders
18th Army was commanded throughout its existence by General der Infanterie Oskar von Hutier (previously commander of 8th Army).


18th Army (Soviet Union)
The 18th Army of the Soviet Union's Red Army was formed on 21 June 1941 on the basis of HQ Kharkov Military District and armies of the Kiev Special Military District.


18th Army (Soviet Union)
The Army's commander in 1941 was General-Lieutenant Andrew Kirilovych Smirnov. The Army composition on the beginning of the war was:


18th Army (Soviet Union)
It was caught soon after the start of Operation Barbarossa in 1941 in a huge encirclement south of Kiev along with the 6th Army and 12th Armies. This encirclement was part of the Battle of Uman. A further formation was shattered during the Battle of the Sea of Azov in September–October 1941.


18th Army (Soviet Union)
On 1 October 1943 the army consisted of 20th Rifle Corps (8th Guards Rifle Brigade, 81st and 83rd Naval Rifle Brigades), 55th Guards Rifle Division, 89th Rifle Division, 176th, 318th, 414th Rifle Divisions, 107th Rifle Brigade, 255th Naval Infantry Brigade, 10th Guards Separate Antitank Battalion, artillery, armoured forces, and engineers.


18th Army (Soviet Union)
As part of Southern, North-Caucasian, Transcaucasian Front, and the 1st and 4th Ukrainian Fronts the 18th Army conducted defensive operations in right-bank Ukraine, participated in Donbass, the Rostov defensive and offensive operations, and in the fight for Caucasus. Based on the experience of the Kerch - Eltigen landing operation, the Army was uniquely identified as 18th Desant Army (Russian: 18-я десантная армия) for amphibious operations, between 15 February and 5 April 1944 around Malaya Zemlya.


18th Army (Soviet Union)
The Army reverted to its previous designation for the clearing of right-bank Ukraine, Hungary, Poland and Czechoslovakia. For much of this period the 24th Rifle Division served with 18th Army, and the Division was still serving with the Army in May 1945, along with the 17th Rifle Corps (8th and 138th Rifle Divisions) and a Fortified Region.


18th Army (Soviet Union)
After World War II, the 18th Army was transformed into a Mountain Army in the territory of the Carpathian Military District and Northern Bukovina. This army was disbanded in May 1946. Some of its elements, along with parts of the 52nd Army were used to form the 8th Mechanised Army.


18th Army (Wehrmacht)
The 18th Army (German: 18. Armee) was a World War II field army in the German Wehrmacht.


18th Army (Wehrmacht)
Formed in November 1939 in Military Region (Wehrkreis) VI, the 18th Army was part of the offensive into the Netherlands (Battle of the Netherlands) and Belgium (Battle of Belgium) during Fall Gelb and later moved into France in 1940. The 18th Army was then moved East and participated in Operation Barbarossa in 1941.


18th Army (Wehrmacht)
The Army was a part of the Army Group North until early 1945, when it was subordinated to Army Group Kurland. In October 1944, the army was encircled by the Red Army offensives and spent the remainder of the war in the Courland Pocket.


18th Army Corps (France)
The French 18th Army Corps was a French military unit created on November 1870 by the vice admiral Fourichon.


18th Army Corps (Russian Empire)
The 18th Army Corps was an Army corps in the Imperial Russian Army.


18th Army Group
The 18th Army Group was an Allied formation in the Second World War. It was formed on 20 February 1943 when British Eighth Army advancing from the east and British First Army advancing into Tunisia from the west came close enough to require coordinated command during the Tunisia Campaign.


18th Army Group, History
The 18th Army Group was commanded by General Sir Harold Alexander and came under General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Commander-in-Chief Allied Forces Headquarters (AFHQ).


18th Army Group, History
Its principal formations were the British Eighth Army, under Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery and the British First Army under Lieutenant-General Kenneth Anderson. Eighth Army had three British Army corps under its command which contained a variety of forces from the British Empire. They were British X Corps, British XIII Corps and British XXX Corps. They had fought across virtually the whole North African shore to the east of Tunisia after winning a victory at the Second Battle of El Alamein in November 1942.


18th Army Group, History
First Army had four corps under its command, but the corps themselves were far more varied in national origin. Two were of British origin; V Corps and IX Corps. The other corps were U.S. II Corps and French XIX Corps. First Army controlled the forces that had landed in Morocco and Algeria in November 1942 in the first of the great Allied amphibious assaults of the war, Operation Torch.


18th Army Group, History
18th Army Group was faced by two German Armies, Panzer Army Afrika under Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel and 5th Panzer Army under Generaloberst Hans-Jürgen von Arnim. The two German commanders disliked each other, and so often strategy was not coordinated.


18th Army Group, History
Both the First Army and Eighth Army had enjoyed very quick initial success in their campaigns after November 1942. Once they reached Tunisia two things halted them. One was overextension of lines of communication and the other was the greater concentration of German troops that the smaller defended area produced. First Army in particular received stinging blows from Rommel at the Battle of Kasserine Pass. Rommel's veteran formations slammed into II Corps and the green American troops did not perform well. It was only after reinforcements of more experienced troops and quantities of artillery had been rushed in that the situation was stabilised.


18th Army Group, History
Following the Kasserine Pass engagement and an Allied consolidation, a fresh attack was launched. First Army led the main attack, with Eighth Army providing support along the eastern coast of Tunisia. That attack lead eventually in May 1943 to the surrender of Axis forces in Africa. 250,000 men were taken prisoner, a number equal to that at Stalingrad on the Eastern Front earlier in the year.


18th Army Group, History
General Alexander sent the message, "We are masters of the North African shore." 18th Army Group was disbanded in Tunisia on 15 May 1943.


18th Artillery Division (Wehrmacht)
The 18th Artillery Division (German: 18. Artillerie-Division) was a German artillery division formed during World War II in 1943. Being the first independent mobile artillery force it never raised to its planned strength. The division fought at the Eastern Front, suffered heavy losses and was disbanded in 1944.


18th Artillery Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history
The 18th Artillery Division was formed by combining the staff and some of the remaining corps troops from the 18th Panzer Division, being disbanded on October 1, with other stray units. This division was the first unit planned as an independent and mobile artillery force; and the planned strength for the division was never achieved. A special element of this division was that it had its own (heavy) infantry element, the Schützen-Abteilung 88 (tmot) (also known as Art.-Kampf-Btln. 88 and Art.-Alarm-Abteilung 18). Having the mission of defending the artillery in all dangerous situations this battalion, thoroughly trained in rear guard actions, saved the division from total destruction no less than three times.


18th Artillery Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history
The division was part of the XXXVIII Army Corps in the 1st Panzer Army. It was in action until late March 1944, when it was encircled in the Kamenets-Podolsky pocket. With the defeat of the Army Group North Ukraine in April 1944, the division’s combat path came to an end. Though it managed to break through it was depleted and lost all of its heavy equipment. It was listed as an integral unit for the last time in April 1944 as Kampfgruppe 18. Art.Div . ; and was disbanded in practice in April 1944.


18th Artillery Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history
Until November 4, 1944, it was engaged in mostly infantry battles; and due to heavy casualties the division nearly ceased to exist. It was formally disbanded on July 27, 1944. The remaining officers and men from staff and corps troops were used to form the Panzerkorps Großdeutschland and the artillery regiments were reformed into several independent artillery brigades.


18th Attack Squadron
The 18th Attack Squadron is a squadron of the United States Air Force. It is assigned to the 432d Operations Group, and has been stationed at Creech Air Force Base, Nevada since 2009. The squadron conducts strike, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance missions, operating the General Atomics MQ-1 Predator unmanned aerial vehicle.


18th Attack Squadron
The squadron was first activated as a fighter unit, the 381st Fighter Squadron, in 1943. After deploying to the European Theater of Operations and engaging in combat for six months, the squadron was converted, along with the other squadrons of the 363d Fighter Group, to an reconnaissance unit as the 161st Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron. It continued in combat until V-E Day, earning a Belgian Fourragère after being twice cited in the Order of the Day of the Belgian Army. The squadron returned to the United States in the fall of 1945 and was inactivated.


18th Attack Squadron
The squadron was reactivated in 1946 and performed both reconnaissance and training, primarily from Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina until 1959. It was redesignated the 18th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron in 1950 because its number, 161, fell in a block reserved for Air National Guard units. It moved to Europe, where it performed reconnaissance for United States Air Forces Europe until 1970, when it returned to Shaw. The squadron was inactivated there in 1979.