1906 Porto Alegre general strike, The strike, Return to work
The economic difficulties faced by the strikers, the internal divergences between anarchists and socialists and the intransigence of the bosses ended up wearing the movement. The police also banned the organization of workers' rallies at factories, so that they did not exercise coercion over those who abandoned the movement and returned to work. Xavier da Costa and Carlos Cavaco sought to give an honorable end to the movement. On October 13, Xavier da Costa met with Alberto Bins and proposed the reduction of the workday for eight hours and 45 minutes as a condition for the end of the strike.


1906 Porto Alegre general strike, The strike, Return to work
Entrepreneurs did not accept the proposal because they understood that the requirement of a quarter of an hour was just to humiliate the industrialists. Entrepreneurs decided to maintain the offer of nine hours and, if needed, close their establishments. According to Alberto Bins, the factories could re-establish the ten-hour workday and "oblige, by hunger, the workers return to work."


1906 Porto Alegre general strike, The strike, Return to work
On the 17th, according to the Jornal do Commercio, the workers who were on strike began to return to work, "how much some exalted seek all the means of deviating them from factories," although recognizing that some of the most important shopping and industrial establishments of the city - such as the property of Alberto Bins - remained stopped.


1906 Porto Alegre general strike, The strike, Return to work
A little earlier, on the 14th, the same newspaper pointed to the existence of two postures between foreign workers relating to the continuity of the strike, mixing ethnic and ideological criteria, in stating that the Germans, "which are socialists, understand that they must return to work, accepting what has been proposed by industrialists", while the "Polish and Italians, anarchists, are opposed to work."


1906 Porto Alegre general strike, The strike, Return to work
On the 18th, entrepreneurs reported a notice reaffirming the maintenance of the nine-hour day and communicating that "will only be understood in regulation and other internal issues with commissions composed exclusively from their respective factories or works." Due to the intransigence of entrepreneurs, the strikers had no choice but to accept the nine hour day. Xavier da Costa and Carlos Cavaco, however, sought to preserve the organization of the working class and their leadership positions at the time of return to work.


1906 Porto Alegre general strike, The strike, Return to work
On the 19th, at the headquarters of FORGS, there was a meeting of commissions in charge of solving the continuation of the strike. Xavier da Costa and Cavaco defended the return to work. For these leaders, the most important thing was to keep the gains already achieved by the movement: the reduction of the workday to nine daily hours, and the salary increase obtained by some sectors.


1906 Porto Alegre general strike, The strike, Return to work
The local press declared the end of the strike on October 21, announcing that the workers would return to work the following day. However, many workers involved in the strike - especially the most qualified - did not want to go back to work, preferring to set up small workshops or transfer to other locations. The Union of the Hatters of Rio de Janeiro had to provide passages to the workers of this craft interested in working in that city, and on October 15, still during the movement, workers at the Tcheiron Hats factory departed to Rio. On October 26, After the end of the strike, some groups of workers embarked for Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Buenos Aires. The marble workers, for their part, did not conform to the agreement and kept striking, managing to achieve the eight-hour workday.


1906 Porto Alegre general strike, The strike, Return to work
Despite this the Jornal do Commercio said, on October 18, that employees who returned to work were greeted "affectionately" by the bosses, the workers' press denounced a series of abuses and persecutions in the return to work. At the socks factory, a woman was fired for offering a bouquet of flowers to a chief striker and the bosses only accepted the return of their employees after each of them asked them "please"; at the factory spinning and tissues, the wages of the strikers were reduced and women complained of ill-treatment by their supervisors.


1906 Porto Alegre general strike, The strike, Return to work
On November 15, the anarchist newspaper A Luta denounced that the entrepreneurs in the city decided to adopt "a kind of work libraries", a bosses' list of dismissed workers which indicated the reason for their dismissal, and which would be required by "too many bosses to whom the unemployed worker would ask for work." In total, about one hundred workers were fired for having participated in the strike. In the face of the persecution, the possibility of restarting the stoppage. However, the strike was not resumed, since much of the employees were accepted in their factories or workshops and the nine-hour workday was fulfilled by their bosses.


1906 Porto Alegre general strike, Results
The strike ended with partial victories for the workers, with the reduction of the working day to nine hours, and some sectors, such as that of the marble workers, were able to achieve the enforcement of the initial claim of the eight-hour workday. The movement also reinforced class solidarity among the workers of Porto Alegre, that for the first time occupied the public space of the city to claim their demands and made it visible the existence of a class conflict in a context marked by the advancement of capitalist production relations. On the other hand, entrepreneurs were also forced to organize and take ordinary steps when signing an agreement.


1906 Porto Alegre general strike, Results
According to historian Isabel Bilhão, the greatest achievement of the movement is "in the fact that it engenders the foundation of various workers' entities, the cohesion of some existing and the rearticulation of others."


1906 Porto Alegre general strike, Results
In addition to the establishment of the FORGS - which ultimately extended to the interior of Rio Grande do Sul and become the most important organization of the Gaucho working class - the movement saw the creation of the Marbles Union, the Masons' Union, the Union of Madeira Workers, the Union of Carpenters, the Union of Hatters, the Union of Weavers, the Union of Tailors and Grêmio Das Graphic Arts. Among the associations already existing and who have been strengthened from the strike, were the International Workers' Union, where the anarchists were organized, and the Allgemeiner Arbeiter Verein, an association of German socialist workers.


1906 Porto Alegre general strike, Results
Although it strengthened the organization of the city's workers, on the other hand the strike also consolidated the split between anarchists and socialists. Socialists sought to maintain the movement within the limits of the constituted order, establishing trading channels with entrepreneurs and emphasizing the importance of partial achievements. After the end of the strike, the Socialists were politically strengthened, especially Francisco Xavier da Costa and Carlos Cavaco, who led the stoppage.


1906 Porto Alegre general strike, Results
The anarchists, although they have driven movement with their demand of the eight-hour workday from the stoppage in the Aloys Friedrichs workshop, were allied with the direction of the strike and did not take part in the foundation of the FORGS. Even so, they continued to encourage the mobilization and organization of workers from the bases, challenging the proposals and attitudes of the socialists, especially the recognition of them as legitimate workers' interlocutors, and did not agree with the negotiated solution between entrepreneurs and the socialist leadership. Despite this, they saw the reduction of the workday to nine hours a partial achievement and recognized the importance of the movement to strengthen the class consciousness of the gauchos workers.


1906 Prima Categoria, Final round, Results
(*) The match was suspended on 1–0 and repeated in a neutral ground.


1906 Prima Categoria, Footnotes
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1906 Princeton Tigers football team
The 1906 Princeton Tigers football team represented Princeton University in the 1906 college football season. The team finished with a 9–0–1 record and was retroactively named as the national champion by the Helms Athletic Foundation and National Championship Foundation. They outscored their opponents 205 to 9.


1906 Purdue Boilermakers football team
The 1906 Purdue Boilermakers football team was an American football team that represented Purdue University during the 1906 college football season. In their first season under head coach Myron E. Witham, the Boilermakers compiled an 0–5 record, finished in last place in the Big Nine Conference with an 0–3 record against conference opponents, and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 86 to 5. W. A. Wellinghoff was the team captain.


1906 Queanbeyan state by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Queanbeyan on 24 November 1906 because the seat of Alan Millard (Liberal Reform) was declared vacant because he was convicted of a felony, misappropriating £5 of a client's money.


1906 Rhode Island gubernatorial election
The 1906 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1906. Democratic nominee James H. Higgins defeated incumbent Republican George H. Utter with 49.92% of the vote.


1906 Richmond Spiders football team
The 1906 Richmond Spiders football team was an American football team that represented Richmond College—now known as the University of Richmond—as a member of the Eastern Virginia Intercollegiate Athletic Association (EVIAA) during the 1905 college football season. Led by second-year head coach E. A. Dunlap, Richmond compiled a record of 6–5–1.


1906 Rollins Tars football team
The 1906 Rollins Tars football team represented Rollins College in the sport of American football as an independent during the 1906 college football season.


1906 Russian legislative election
Legislative elections were held in the Russian Empire from 26 March to 20 April 1906 to elect the 497 members of the State Duma. The elections returned a significant bloc of moderate socialists and deputies from the liberal Kadet party, both of which demanded further reforms following the 1905 Russian revolution. For this reason, it is sometimes called the Duma of Public Anger (Дума народного гнева).


1906 Russian legislative election
Due to its hostility to the autocratic Tsarist government, the elected Duma was dissolved by Nicholas II only ten weeks after first meeting.


1906 Russian legislative election, Background
The State Duma was created in a wave of violent attacks against imperial officials and public upheaval, which culminated in a national strike in October 1905 as part of the Russian Revolution of 1905. This paved the way for Russia's first parliament. With the nation's infrastructure all but paralyzed, Tsar Nicholas II signed a historic manifesto of 17 October 1905, promising civil rights to the population and creating Russia's first elected state legislature. This parliament, named the duma, would have the right of veto over laws, meaning that no bills could become law without the duma's approval.


1906 Russian legislative election, Background
The elections were boycotted by the some socialist groups and the Bolsheviks. Among the political parties formed were the peasant leaders' Labour Group (Trudoviks), liberal-intelligentsia Constitutional Democratic party (the Kadets), the less liberal Union of October 17 (the Octobrists), and the positively reactionary Union of Land-Owners.


1906 Russian legislative election, Background
The Kadets wanted the reforms introduced in the October Manifesto to go further, desiring a written constitution and guarantees of a constituent assembly. The Kadets campaigned on a platform advocating a ministry responsible to the Duma and possessing its confidence, the introduction of a four tail suffrage (direct, secret, universal and equal), with no discrimination as to religion, nationality, class or sex, the abolition of the death penalty and an amnesty for political prisoners. Their primary political aim was to build the duma into a strong, popular body similar to the British House of Commons.


1906 Russian legislative election, Background
Incoming Prime Minister Pyotr Stolypin aimed to use the Duma to pass considerable reform. He hoped that land reform would modernise Russia and make it more competitive with other European powers. He also hoped to introduce reforms that would increase industrial output, which later became very successful.


1906 Russian legislative election, Voting system
The electoral laws were promulgated in December 1905 and introduced franchise to male citizens over 25 years of age, and electing through four electoral colleges. The elections were therefore not universal as they excluded women, soldiers, officers and some nationalities. Nor were they equal since the constituencies differed greatly in size, and six curia were established which gave much more weight to the votes of landowners and peasants (those most loyal to the Tsar) than workers.


1906 Russian legislative election, Voting system
The voting system was further complicated by the fact that representatives were not always directly elected. Only nobles elected their representatives directly to the duma, while the rest of voters elected representatives to an electoral 'college', which in turn elected duma members. As a result, 1 noble's vote was equivalent to 2 townsman’s votes, 15 peasant votes and 45 urban worker votes.


1906 Russian legislative election, Composition
As official records are vague about the party composition of the Duma, these figures must be understood as educated guesswork. Among the Leftists, Kadets alleged that 2 members belonged to the Social-Democrats and 17 were Socialist Revolutionaries. This was despite the fact that the Social Democrat and SR parties both boycotted the elections. More recent records have shown that there were 17 Menshevik Social Democrats, who collaborated with the Kadets.


1906 Russian legislative election, Composition
There were over 100 members who did not affiliate themselves with any party. Most of these deputies were leftist peasants.


1906 Russian legislative election, Composition, Elected members
Out of the 36 Duma members from the Congress Kingdom, 34 were Poles who subsequently joined the Polish Club. Another 19 Polish Duma members were elected in Belarus and Ukraine.


1906 Russian legislative election, Composition, Elected members
There were also twelve Jewish deputies. The Jewish Labour Bund had made an electoral agreement with the Lithuanian Labourers' Party (Trudoviks), which resulted in the election to the Duma of two (non-Bundist) candidates in the Lithuanian provinces: Shmaryahu Levin for the Vilnius province and Leon Bramson for the Kaunas province.


1906 Russian legislative election, Composition, Elected members
Among the other Jewish deputies were Maxim Vinaver, chairman of the League for the Attainment of Equal Rights for the Jewish People in Russia (Folksgrupe) and cofounder of the Constitutional Democratic Party (Kadets), Nissan Katzenelson (Courland province, Zionist, Kadet), Moisey Ostrogorsky (Grodno province, Kadet), attorney Simon Yakovlevich Rosenbaum (Minsk province, Zionist, Kadet), Mikhail Isaakovich Sheftel (Ekaterinoslav province, Kadet), Bruk Victor Jacobson. Three of the Jewish deputies joined the Labour faction, the nine other joined the Kadet fraction. According to Rufus Learsi, five of them were Zionists, including Shmaryahu Levin, Victor Jacobson and Simon Yakovlevich Rosenbaum.


1906 Russian legislative election, Composition, Elected members
Two out of twelve, Grigori Borisovich Iollos (Poltava province) and Mikhail Herzenstein, both from the Constitutional Democratic Party, were assassinated by the Black Hundreds antisemite terrorist group.


1906 Russian legislative election, Majority
Although no one party held a majority of seats after the election, the Kadets became the leading party in the First Duma, and formed a voting majority by virtue of a union with the Trudoviks to their left, some groups representing ethnic minorities, and about 20 non-party deputies. This loose voting coalition would hold together for the entirety of the First Duma.


1906 Russian legislative election, Aftermath, Fundamental Laws
In April 1906, only weeks after the election, the Sergei Witte's Cabinet issued the Fundamental Laws of 1906, setting the limits of this new political order. The tsar was confirmed as absolute leader, with complete control of the executive, foreign policy, church, and armed forces. The State Duma was shifted, becoming a lower chamber below the reformed State Council of Imperial Russia, which had been the Russian legislative body since 1810. Legislation had to be approved by the Duma, the Council and the emperor to become law – but in "exceptional conditions" the government could bypass the Duma.


1906 Russian legislative election, Aftermath, Fundamental Laws
The Fundamental Laws introduced a special provision, Article 87, which allowed the government to ex officio issue new legislation during breaks between sessions of the State Duma. Later on, Tsar Nicholas II would frequently use this provision in order to carry out the laws that had not been supported by the State Duma. The tsar also maintained his rights on ministers' appointments.


1906 Russian legislative election, Aftermath, Session
The State Duma (and the State Council - the upper house) convened for the first time on 27 April 1906. On 10 May Sergey Muromtsev, a Law Professor at the Saint Petersburg University, was elected President of the Duma. Professor Muromtsev, a leading figure of the liberal Kadet party, tried to maintain some degree of order and dignity in this difficult assembly. He was much praised for the way he chaired the debates, always keeping to the strictest legality, but always pursuing a constitutional and anti-autocratic agenda.


1906 Russian legislative election, Aftermath, Session
The anti-autocracy was evident from the first days of the First Duma. In response to the Tsar's opening speech on 5 May, the assembly called for amnesty for political prisoners, real political freedom and equality. Eight days later, the chairman of the Council of Ministers, Prime Minister Ivan Goremykin, rejected all these claims. The State Duma in turn adopted a resolution of non confidence of the government and demanded Prime Minister Goremykin's resignation. During the 72-day session of the First Duma, a total of 391 requests about illegal actions of the government were filed. Only two laws were passed: a ban on capital punishment and measures to help provinces that had been hit by a famine. The latter was the only law initiated by the government which was approved by delegates.


1906 Russian legislative election, Aftermath, Session
The issue discussed most by the First Duma was land reform.


1906 Russian legislative election, Aftermath, Dissolution and protests
Due to the growing tensions between the State Duma and Tsar Nicholas II's Council of Ministers, prominently Prime Minister Goremykin, the assembly was dismissed by Imperial ukase after only 10 weeks, on 21 July 1906. The Tsar said that instead of drawing up laws, the deputies were investigating the authorities and thereby intruding on his authority. The government was also angered by the passing of the vote of no confidence in Prime Minister Ivan Goremykin.


1906 Russian legislative election, Aftermath, Dissolution and protests
In a sign of frustration at the dissolution, members of the liberal Cadets party declared that the elected Duma should continue its work and proposed that it should retreat to Vyborg, Finland. Duma representatives subsequently released the Vyborg Manifesto, which criticised the government and called for citizens to protest by refusing to join the army or pay taxes. Despite the hopes of the Kadets and the fears of the government, there was no widespread popular reaction to the Vyborg Manifesto. However, an assassination attempt on Pyotr Stolypin led to the establishment of field trials for terrorists.


1906 Russian legislative election, Aftermath, Dissolution and protests
For signing this Vyborg Appeal, the Cadets (including Duma President Muromtsev) were arrested and imprisoned for some months - and consequently excluded from future Duma elections and made ineligible to vote. This paved the way for an alternative makeup for the Second Duma of 1907, and greatly reduced the power of the Cadets.


1906 Russian legislative election, Aftermath, Dissolution and protests
Some analysists have asserted that the dissolution of the First Duma by the government was a mistake, since it had a strong centre and could perhaps have acted effectively with the government given time.


1906 Rutgers Queensmen football team
The 1906 Rutgers Queensmen football team represented Rutgers University in the 1906 college football season. In their first season under head coach Frank Gorton, the Queensmen compiled a 5–2–2 record and outscored their opponents, 123 to 30. The team captain was Douglas J. Fisher.


1906 SAFA Grand Final
The 1906 SAFA Grand Final was an Australian rules football competition. Port Adelaide beat North Adelaide by 60 to 39.


1906 SAFA season
The 1906 South Australian Football Association season was the 30th season of the top-level Australian rules football competition in South Australia.


1906 Saint Louis Blue and White football team
The 1906 Saint Louis Blue and White football team was an American football team that represented Saint Louis University as an independent during the 1906 college football season. In its first season under head coach Eddie Cochems, the team compiled a perfect 11–0 record and outscored opponents by a total of 407 to 11.


1906 Saint Louis Blue and White football team
The forward pass became legal in 1906, and Saint Louis is credited by some with having thrown the first legal forward pass in a September 5, 1906, game against Carroll College. Football authority and College Football Hall of Fame coach David M. Nelson wrote that "E. B. Cochems is to forward passing what the Wright brothers are to aviation and Thomas Edison is to the electric light." Halfback Bradbury Robinson led the team's early passing attack.


1906 Sammarinese Constitutional Assembly election
Grand and General Council elections were held in San Marino on 25 March 1906.


1906 Sammarinese Constitutional Assembly election
The Arengo was reconstituted on 25 March, meeting in the Basilica del Santo Marino, and restored its own power to elect the Grand and General Council. It then elected a new Council, with the elected members setting out the conditions for general elections later in the year.


1906 Sammarinese citizenry meeting
The Sammarinese Citizenry Meeting of 1906 was a session of the Arengo (assembly of all householders) in San Marino. It was the first such meeting in three centuries. It ended oligarchic rule and resulted in the first modern democratic elections in the country.


1906 Sammarinese citizenry meeting
Since the Middle Ages the Meeting (Arengo in Italian) had been declared the supreme authority of the Republic. However, during the 17th century, the Meeting created the Princely and Sovereign Council to rule the country. The Council itself refused for centuries to convene the Meeting, passing a law introducing the co-option of its members, so to become fully independent.


1906 Sammarinese citizenry meeting
At the beginning of the 20th century, the Sammarinese Socialist Party called for the restoration of democracy in the country. After some delays, the Meeting was summoned on 25 March 1906 in the main Parish Church. Householders were asked whether the system of co-option of councillors for life should continue, and whether the size of councils should be proportionate to the population of the communities they represented. The first proposal was rejected by 90.65% of voters and the second was approved by 94.89%. Consequently, the first-ever elections in the country were held on June 10, 1906.


1906 Sammarinese citizenry meeting, Results, Maintaining the co-optation
Do you want to maintain the oligarchic co-optation of the Council?


1906 Sammarinese citizenry meeting, Results, Council apportionment
Do you want to equally divide the council seats between the city and the countryside?


1906 Sammarinese general election
General elections were held in San Marino on 10 June 1906.


1906 Sammarinese general election, Electoral system
The electoral law to was passed on 5 May by the Council elected in March. All householders and graduates over 25 years of age could vote. The republic was divided in nine multi-member constituencies according to their population; the City of San Marino had 22 seats, Serravalle had 12 seats, Faetano had 6 seats, Acquaviva, Chiesanuova, Domagnano and Montegiardino had 4 seats, and Fiorentino and San Giovanni had 2 seats


1906 Sammarinese general election, Electoral system
All councillors were elected in their constituency using a plurality-at-large voting.


1906 Sammarinese general election, Results
Elected candidates belonged to the liberal group which had supported the democratic action of the citizenry meeting or were members of the sole organised party, the Sammarinese Socialist Party, which claimed to have won 29 seats. These two factions formed the first democratic government of the country.


1906 San Francisco earthquake
The 1906 San Francisco earthquake struck the coast of Northern California at 5:12 a.m. on Wednesday, April 18, with an estimated moment magnitude of 7.9 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme). High-intensity shaking was felt from Eureka on the North Coast to the Salinas Valley, an agricultural region to the south of the San Francisco Bay Area. Devastating fires soon broke out in the city and lasted for several days. More than 3,000 people died, and over 80% of the city of San Francisco was destroyed. The events are remembered as one of the worst and deadliest earthquakes in the history of the United States. The death toll remains the greatest loss of life from a natural disaster in California's history and high on the lists of American disasters.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Tectonic setting
The San Andreas Fault is a continental transform fault that forms part of the tectonic boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate. The strike-slip fault is characterized by mainly lateral motion in a dextral sense, where the western (Pacific) plate moves northward relative to the eastern (North American) plate. This fault runs the length of California from the Salton Sea in the south to Cape Mendocino in the north, a distance of about 810 miles (1,300 km). The maximum observed surface displacement was about 20 feet (6 m); geodetic measurements show displacements of up to 28 feet (8.5 m).


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Earthquake
The 1906 earthquake preceded the development of the Richter magnitude scale by three decades. The most widely accepted estimate for the magnitude of the quake on the modern moment magnitude scale is 7.9; values from 7.7 to as high as 8.3 have been proposed. According to findings published in the Journal of Geophysical Research, severe deformations in the earth's crust took place both before and after the earthquake's impact.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Earthquake
Accumulated strain on the faults in the system was relieved during the earthquake, which is the supposed cause of the damage along the 450-kilometre-long (280 mi) segment of the San Andreas plate boundary. The 1906 rupture propagated both northward and southward for a total of 296 miles (476 km). Shaking was felt from Oregon to Los Angeles, and as far inland as central Nevada.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Earthquake
A strong foreshock preceded the main shock by about 20 to 25 seconds. The strong shaking of the main shock lasted about 42 seconds. There were decades of minor earthquakes – more than at any other time in the historical record for northern California – before the 1906 quake.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Earthquake
Previously interpreted as precursory activity to the 1906 earthquake, they have been found to have a strong seasonal pattern and are now believed to be due to large seasonal sediment loads in coastal bays that overlie faults as a result of the erosion caused by hydraulic mining in the later years of the California Gold Rush.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Earthquake
For years, the epicenter of the quake was assumed to be near the town of Olema, in the Point Reyes area of Marin County, due to local earth displacement measurements. In the 1960s, a seismologist at UC Berkeley proposed that the epicenter was more likely offshore of San Francisco, to the northwest of the Golden Gate. The most recent analyses support an offshore location for the epicenter, although significant uncertainty remains. An offshore epicenter is supported by the occurrence of a local tsunami recorded by a tide gauge at the San Francisco Presidio; the wave had an amplitude of approximately 3 inches (7.6 cm) and an approximate period of 40–45 minutes.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Earthquake
Analysis of triangulation data before and after the earthquake strongly suggests that the rupture along the San Andreas Fault was about 500 kilometres (310 mi) in length, in agreement with observed intensity data. The available seismological data support a significantly shorter rupture length, but these observations can be reconciled by allowing propagation at speeds above the S-wave velocity (supershear). Supershear propagation has now been recognized for many earthquakes associated with strike-slip faulting.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Earthquake
Recently, using old photographs and eyewitness accounts, researchers were able to estimate the location of the hypocenter of the earthquake as offshore from San Francisco or near the city of San Juan Bautista, confirming previous estimates.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Earthquake, Intensity
The most important characteristic of the shaking intensity noted in Andrew Lawson's (1908) report was the clear correlation of intensity with underlying geologic conditions. Areas situated in sediment-filled valleys sustained stronger shaking than nearby bedrock sites, and the strongest shaking occurred in areas of former bay where soil liquefaction had occurred. Modern seismic-zonation practice accounts for the differences in seismic hazard posed by varying geologic conditions. The shaking intensity as described on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale reached XI (Extreme) in San Francisco and areas to the north like Santa Rosa where destruction was devastating.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Earthquake, Aftershocks
The main shock was followed by many aftershocks and some remotely triggered events. As with the 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake there were fewer aftershocks than would have been expected for a shock of that size. Very few of them were located along the trace of the 1906 rupture, tending to concentrate near the ends of the rupture or on other structures, away from the San Andreas Fault itself, such as the Hayward Fault.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Earthquake, Aftershocks
The only aftershock in the first few days of near M 5 or greater occurred near Santa Cruz at 14:28 PST on April 18, with a magnitude of about 4.9 MI. The largest aftershock happened at 01:10 PST on April 23, west of Eureka, California, with an estimated magnitude of about 6.7 MI , with another of the same size more than three years later at 22:45 PST on October 28 near Cape Mendocino.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Earthquake, Aftershocks
Remotely triggered events included an earthquake swarm in the Imperial Valley area, which culminated in an earthquake of about 6.1 MI  at 16:30 PST on April 18, 1906. Another event of this type occurred at 12:31 PST on April 19, 1906, with an estimated magnitude of about 5.0 MI , and an epicenter beneath Santa Monica Bay.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Damage
Early death counts ranged from 375 to over 500. However, hundreds of fatalities in Chinatown went ignored and unrecorded. The total number of deaths is still uncertain, but various reports presented a range of 700–3,000+. In 2005, the city's Board of Supervisors voted unanimously in support of a resolution written by novelist James Dalessandro ("1906") and city historian Gladys Hansen ("Denial of Disaster") to recognize the figure of 3,000 plus as the official total.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Damage
Most of the deaths occurred in San Francisco itself, but 189 were reported elsewhere in the Bay Area; nearby cities, such as Santa Rosa and San Jose, also suffered severe damage. In Monterey County, the earthquake permanently shifted the course of the Salinas River near its mouth. Where previously the river emptied into Monterey Bay between Moss Landing and Watsonville, it was diverted 6 miles (9.7 km) south to a new channel just north of Marina.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Damage
Between 227,000 and 300,000 people were left homeless out of a population of about 410,000; half of those who evacuated fled across the bay to Oakland and Berkeley. Newspapers described Golden Gate Park, the Presidio, the Panhandle and the beaches between Ingleside and North Beach as covered with makeshift tents. More than two years later, many of these refugee camps were still in operation.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Damage
The earthquake and fire left long-standing and significant pressures on the development of California. At the time of the disaster, San Francisco had been the ninth-largest city in the United States and the largest on the West Coast, with a population of about 410,000. Over a period of 60 years, the city had become the financial, trade, and cultural center of the West; operated the busiest port on the West Coast; and was the "gateway to the Pacific", through which growing U.S. economic and military power was projected into the Pacific and Asia.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Damage
Over 80% of the city was destroyed by the earthquake and fire. Though San Francisco rebuilt quickly, the disaster diverted trade, industry, and population growth south to Los Angeles, which during the 20th century became the largest and most important urban area in the West. Many of the city's leading poets and writers retreated to Carmel-by-the-Sea where, as "The Barness", they established the arts colony reputation that continues today.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Damage
The 1908 Lawson Report, a study of the 1906 quake led and edited by Professor Andrew Lawson of the University of California, showed that the same San Andreas Fault which had caused the disaster in San Francisco ran close to Los Angeles as well. The earthquake was the first natural disaster of its magnitude to be documented by photography and motion picture footage and occurred at a time when the science of seismology was blossoming.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Damage, Other cities
Although the impact of the earthquake on San Francisco was the most famous, the earthquake also inflicted considerable damage on several other cities. These include San Jose and Santa Rosa, the entire downtown of which was essentially destroyed.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Fires
As damaging as the earthquake and its aftershocks were, the fires that burned out of control afterward were even more destructive. It has been estimated that up to 90% of the total destruction was the result of the subsequent fires. Within three days, over 30 fires, caused by ruptured gas mains, destroyed approximately 25,000 buildings on 490 city blocks. Some were started when San Francisco Fire Department firefighters, untrained in the use of dynamite, attempted to demolish buildings to create firebreaks. The dynamited buildings themselves often caught fire. The city's fire chief, Dennis T. Sullivan, who would have been responsible for coordinating firefighting efforts, had died from injuries sustained in the initial quake. In total, the fires burned for four days and nights.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Fires
Due to a widespread practice by insurers to indemnify San Francisco properties from fire, but not earthquake damage, most of the destruction in the city was blamed on the fires. Some property owners deliberately set fire to damaged properties, to claim them on their insurance. Capt . Leonard D. Wildman of the U.S. Army Signal Corps reported that he "was stopped by a fireman who told me that people in that neighborhood were firing their houses...they were told that they would not get their insurance on buildings damaged by the earthquake unless they were damaged by fire".


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Fires
One landmark building lost in the fire was the Palace Hotel, subsequently rebuilt, which had many famous visitors, including royalty and celebrated performers. It was constructed in 1875 primarily financed by Bank of California co-founder William Ralston, the "man who built San Francisco". In April 1906, the tenor Enrico Caruso and members of the Metropolitan Opera Company came to San Francisco to give a series of performances at the Grand Opera House. The night after Caruso's performance in Carmen, the tenor was awakened in the early morning in his Palace Hotel suite by a strong jolt.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Fires
Clutching an autographed photo of President Theodore Roosevelt, Caruso made an effort to get out of the city, first by boat and then by train, and vowed never to return to San Francisco. Caruso died in 1921, having remained true to his word. The Metropolitan Opera Company lost all of its traveling sets and costumes in the earthquake and ensuing fires.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Fires
Some of the greatest losses from fire were in scientific laboratories. Alice Eastwood, the curator of botany at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, is credited with saving nearly 1,500 specimens, including the entire type specimen collection for a newly discovered and extremely rare species, before the remainder of the largest botanical collection in the western United States was destroyed in the fire. The entire laboratory and all the records of Benjamin R. Jacobs, a biochemist who was researching the nutrition of everyday foods, were destroyed. The original California flag used in the 1846 Bear Flag Revolt at Sonoma, which at the time was being stored in a state building in San Francisco, was also destroyed in the fire.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Fires
The fire following the earthquake in San Francisco cost an estimated $350 million at the time (equivalent to $7.67 billion in 2019). The devastating quake leveled about 80% of the city.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Response
The city's fire chief, Dennis T. Sullivan, was gravely injured when the earthquake first struck and later died from his injuries. [ Nash, Jay R. Darkest Hours, p. 492] The interim fire chief sent an urgent request to the Presidio, a United States Army post on the edge of the stricken city, for dynamite. General Frederick Funston had already decided that the situation required the use of federal troops.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Response
Telephoning a San Francisco Police Department officer, he sent word to Mayor Eugene Schmitz of his decision to assist and then ordered federal troops from nearby Angel Island to mobilize and come into the city. Explosives were ferried across the bay from the California Powder Works in what is now Hercules.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Response
During the first few days, soldiers provided valuable services like patrolling streets to discourage looting and guarding buildings such as the U.S. Mint, post office, and county jail. They aided the fire department in dynamiting to demolish buildings in the path of the fires. The Army also became responsible for feeding, sheltering, and clothing the tens of thousands of displaced residents of the city. Under the command of Funston's superior, Major General Adolphus Greely, Commanding Officer of the Pacific Division, over 4,000 federal troops saw service during the emergency. Police officers, firefighters, and soldiers would regularly commandeer passing civilians for work details to remove rubble and assist in rescues. On July 1, 1906, non-military authorities assumed responsibility for relief efforts, and the Army withdrew from the city.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Response
On April 18, in response to riots among evacuees and looting, Mayor Schmitz issued and ordered posted a proclamation that "The Federal Troops, the members of the Regular Police Force and all Special Police Officers have been authorized by me to kill any and all persons found engaged in Looting or in the Commission of Any Other Crime". In addition, accusations of soldiers themselves engaging in looting also surfaced.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Response
Early on April 18, 1906, retired Captain Edward Ord of the 22nd Infantry Regiment was appointed a Special Police Officer by Mayor Eugene Schmitz and liaised with Major General Adolphus Greely for relief work with the 22nd Infantry and other military units involved in the emergency. Ord later wrote a long letter to his mother on the April 20 regarding Schmitz's "Shoot-to-Kill" Order and some "despicable" behavior of certain soldiers of the 22nd Infantry who were looting. He also made it clear that the majority of soldiers served the community well.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Aftermath
Property losses from the disaster have been estimated to be more than $400 million in 1906 dollars. This is equivalent to $8.76 billion in 2019 dollars. An insurance industry source tallies insured losses at $235 million, the equivalent to $5.15 billion in 2019 dollars.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Aftermath
Political and business leaders strongly downplayed the effects of the earthquake, fearing loss of outside investment in the city which was badly needed to rebuild. In his first public statement, California governor George Pardee emphasized the need to rebuild quickly: "This is not the first time that San Francisco has been destroyed by fire, I have not the slightest doubt that the City by the Golden Gate will be speedily rebuilt, and will, almost before we know it, resume her former great activity". The earthquake itself is not even mentioned in the statement. Fatality and monetary damage estimates were manipulated.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Aftermath
Almost immediately after the quake (and even during the disaster), planning and reconstruction plans were hatched to quickly rebuild the city. Rebuilding funds were immediately tied up by the fact that virtually all the major banks had been sites of the conflagration, requiring a lengthy wait of seven-to-ten days before their fire-proof vaults could cool sufficiently to be safely opened. The Bank of Italy had evacuated its funds and was able to provide liquidity in the immediate aftermath.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Aftermath
Its president also immediately chartered and financed the sending of two ships to return with shiploads of lumber from Washington and Oregon mills which provided the initial reconstruction materials and surge. In 1929, Bank of Italy was renamed and is now known as Bank of America. Eleven days after the earthquake a rare Sunday baseball game was played in New York City (which would not allow regular Sunday baseball until 1919) between the Highlanders (soon to be the Yankees) and the Philadelphia Athletics to raise money for quake victims.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Aftermath
William James, the pioneering American psychologist, was teaching at Stanford at the time of the earthquake and traveled into San Francisco to observe first-hand its aftermath. He was most impressed by the positive attitude of the survivors and the speed with which they improvized services and created order out of chaos. This formed the basis of the chapter "On some Mental Effects of the Earthquake" in his book Memories and Studies.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Aftermath
H. G. Wells had just arrived in New York on his first visit to America when he learned, at lunch, of the San Francisco earthquake. What struck him about the reaction of those around him was that "it does not seem to have affected any one with a sense of final destruction, with any foreboding of irreparable disaster. Every one is talking of it this afternoon, and no one is in the least degree dismayed.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Aftermath
I have talked and listened in two clubs, watched people in cars and in the street, and one man is glad that Chinatown will be cleared out for good; another's chief solicitude is for Millet's 'Man with the Hoe.' 'They'll cut it out of the frame,' he says, a little anxiously. 'Sure.' But there is no doubt anywhere that San Francisco can be rebuilt, larger, better, and soon. Just as there would be none at all if all this New York that has so obsessed me with its limitless bigness was itself a blazing ruin. I believe these people would more than half like the situation."


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Aftermath
The earthquake was crucial in the development of the University of California, San Francisco and its medical facilities. Until 1906, the school faculty had provided care at the City-County Hospital (now the San Francisco General Hospital), but did not have a hospital of its own. Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, more than 40,000 people were relocated to a makeshift tent city in Golden Gate Park and were treated by the faculty of the Affiliated Colleges.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Aftermath
This brought the school, which until then was located on the western outskirts of the city, in contact with significant population and fueled the commitment of the school towards civic responsibility and health care, increasing the momentum towards the construction of its own health facilities. Finally, in April 1907, one of the buildings was renovated for outpatient care with 75 beds. This created the need to train nursing students, and, in 1907, the UC Training School for Nurses was established, adding a fourth professional school to the Affiliated Colleges.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Aftermath
The grandeur of citywide reconstruction schemes required investment from Eastern monetary sources, hence the spin and de-emphasis of the earthquake, the promulgation of the tough new building codes, and subsequent reputation sensitive actions such as the official low death toll. One of the more famous and ambitious plans came from famed urban planner Daniel Burnham.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Aftermath
His bold plan called for, among other proposals, Haussmann-style avenues, boulevards, arterial thoroughfares that radiated across the city, a massive civic center complex with classical structures, and what would have been the largest urban park in the world, stretching from Twin Peaks to Lake Merced with a large atheneum at its peak. But this plan was dismissed during the aftermath of the earthquake.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Aftermath
For example, real estate investors and other land owners were against the idea due to the large amount of land the city would have to purchase to realize such proposals. City fathers likewise attempted at the time to eliminate the Chinese population and export Chinatown (and other poor populations) to the edge of the county where the Chinese could still contribute to the local taxbase. The Chinese occupants had other ideas and prevailed instead. Chinatown was rebuilt in the newer, modern, Western form that exists today. The destruction of City Hall and the Hall of Records enabled thousands of Chinese immigrants to claim residency and citizenship, creating a backdoor to the Chinese Exclusion Act, and bring in their relatives from China.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Aftermath
While the original street grid was restored, many of Burnham's proposals inadvertently saw the light of day, such as a neoclassical civic center complex, wider streets, a preference of arterial thoroughfares, a subway under Market Street, a more people-friendly Fisherman's Wharf, and a monument to the city on Telegraph Hill, Coit Tower.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Aftermath
The earthquake was also responsible for the development of the Pacific Heights neighborhood. The immense power of the earthquake had destroyed almost all of the mansions on Nob Hill except for the James C. Flood Mansion. Others that hadn't been destroyed were dynamited by the Army forces aiding the firefighting efforts in attempts to create firebreaks. As one indirect result, the wealthy looked westward where the land was cheap and relatively undeveloped, and where there were better views. Constructing new mansions without reclaiming and clearing old rubble simply sped attaining new homes in the tent city during the reconstruction.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Aftermath
Reconstruction was swift, and largely completed by 1915, in time for the 1915 Panama–Pacific International Exposition which celebrated the reconstruction of the city and its "rise from the ashes".


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Aftermath
Since 1915, the city has officially commemorated the disaster each year by gathering the remaining survivors at Lotta's Fountain, a fountain in the city's financial district that served as a meeting point during the disaster for people to look for loved ones and exchange information.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Aftermath, Housing
The Army built 5,610 redwood and fir "relief houses" to accommodate 20,000 displaced people. The houses were designed by John McLaren, and were grouped in eleven camps, packed close to each other and rented to people for two dollars per month until rebuilding was completed. They were painted navy blue, partly to blend in with the site, and partly because the military had large quantities of navy blue paint on hand. The camps had a peak population of 16,448 people, but by 1907 most people had moved out. The camps were then re-used as garages, storage spaces or shops.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Aftermath, Housing
The cottages cost on average $100 to put up. The $2 monthly rents went towards the full purchase price of $50. Most of the shacks have been destroyed, but a small number survived. One of the modest 720 sq ft (67 m2) homes was purchased in 2006 for more than $600,000. The last official refugee camp was closed on June 30, 1908.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Aftermath, Housing
A 2017 study found that the fire had the effect of increasing the share of land used for nonresidential purposes: "Overall, relative to unburned blocks, residential land shares on burned blocks fell while nonresidential land shares rose by 1931. The study also provides insight into what held the city back from making these changes before 1906: the presence of old residential buildings. In reconstruction, developers built relatively fewer of these buildings, and the majority of the reduction came through single-family houses.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Aftermath, Housing
Also, aside from merely expanding nonresidential uses in many neighborhoods, the fire created economic opportunities in new areas, resulting in clusters of business activity that emerged only in the wake of the disaster. These effects of the fire still remain today, and thus large shocks can be sufficient catalysts for permanently reshaping urban settings."


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Aftermath, Relief
During the first few days after news of the disaster reached the rest of the world, relief efforts reached over $5,000,000. London raised hundreds of thousands of dollars. Individual citizens and businesses donated large sums of money for the relief effort: Standard Oil gave $100,000; Andrew Carnegie gave $100,000; the Dominion of Canada made a special appropriation of $100,000 and even the Bank of Canada in Ottawa gave $25,000.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Aftermath, Relief
The U.S. government quickly voted for one million dollars in relief supplies which were immediately rushed to the area, including supplies for food kitchens and many thousands of tents that city dwellers would occupy the next several years. These relief efforts were not enough to get families on their feet again, and consequently the burden was placed on wealthier members of the city, who were reluctant to assist in the rebuilding of homes they were not responsible for. All residents were eligible for daily meals served from a number of communal soup kitchens and citizens as far away as Idaho and Utah were known to send daily loaves of bread to San Francisco as relief supplies were coordinated by the railroads.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Aftermath, Insurance payments
Insurance companies, faced with staggering claims of $250 million, paid out between $235 million and $265 million on policyholders' claims, often for fire damage only, since shake damage from earthquakes was excluded from coverage under most policies. At least 137 insurance companies were directly involved and another 17 as reinsurers. Twenty companies went bankrupt, and most excluded shake damage claims.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Aftermath, Insurance payments
Lloyd's of London reports having paid all claims in full, thanks to the leadership of Cuthbert Heath, more than $50 million and the insurance companies in Hartford, Connecticut, report also paying every claim in full, with the Hartford Fire Insurance Company paying over $11 million and Aetna Insurance Company almost $3 million.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Aftermath, Insurance payments
After the 1906 earthquake, global discussion arose concerning a legally flawless exclusion of the earthquake hazard from fire insurance contracts. It was pressed ahead mainly by re-insurers. Their aim: a uniform solution to insurance payouts resulting from fires caused by earthquakes. Until 1910, a few countries, especially in Europe, followed the call for an exclusion of the earthquake hazard from all fire insurance contracts. In the U.S., the question was discussed differently. But the traumatized public reacted with fierce opposition.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Aftermath, Insurance payments
On August 1, 1909, the California Senate enacted the California Standard Form of Fire Insurance Policy, which did not contain any earthquake clause. Thus the state decided that insurers would have to pay again if another earthquake was followed by fires. Other earthquake-endangered countries followed the California example. The insurance payments heavily affected the international financial system. Gold transfers from European insurance companies to policyholders in San Francisco led to a rise in interest rates, subsequently to a lack of available loans and finally to the Knickerbocker Trust Company crisis of October 1907 which led to the Panic of 1907.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Aftermath, Economy
A 2020 study found that cities that were more severely affected by the earthquake "experienced lower population increases relative to less affected cities until the late 20th century." The author attribute this to migrants opting not to go to severely affected cities while migrating to the American West.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Centennial commemorations
The 1906 Centennial Alliance was set up as a clearing-house for various centennial events commemorating the earthquake. Award presentations, religious services, a National Geographic TV movie, a projection of fire onto the Coit Tower, memorials, and lectures were part of the commemorations. The USGS Earthquake Hazards Program issued a series of Internet documents, and the tourism industry promoted the 100th anniversary as well.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Centennial commemorations
Eleven survivors of the 1906 earthquake attended the centennial commemorations in 2006, including Irma Mae Weule (May 11, 1899 – August 8, 2008), who was the oldest survivor of the quake at the time of her death in August 2008, aged 109. Vivian Illing (December 25, 1900 – January 22, 2009) was believed to be the second-oldest survivor at the time of her death, aged 108, leaving Herbert Hamrol (January 10, 1903 – February 4, 2009) as the last known remaining survivor at the time of his death, aged 106. Another survivor, Libera Armstrong (September 28, 1902 – November 27, 2007), attended the 2006 anniversary, but died in 2007, aged 105.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Centennial commemorations
Shortly after Hamrol's death, two additional survivors were discovered. William Del Monte, then 103, and Jeanette Scola Trapani (April 21, 1902 – December 28, 2009), 106, stated that they stopped attending events commemorating the earthquake when it became too much trouble for them. Del Monte and another survivor, Rose Cliver, then 106, attended the earthquake reunion celebration on April 18, 2009, the 103rd anniversary of the earthquake. Cliver (October 9, 1902 – February 18, 2012) died in February 2012, aged 109.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Centennial commemorations
Nancy Stoner Sage (February 19, 1905 – April 15, 2010) died, aged 105, in Colorado just three days short of the 104th anniversary of the earthquake on April 18, 2010. Del Monte attended the event at Lotta's Fountain on April 18, 2010, and the dinner at John's Restaurant the night before. 107-year-old George Quilici (April 26, 1905 – May 31, 2012) died in May 2012, and 113-year-old Ruth Newman (September 23, 1901 – July 29, 2015) in July 2015. William Del Monte (January 22, 1906 – January 11, 2016), who died 11 days shy of his 110th birthday, was thought to be the last survivor.


1906 San Francisco earthquake, Centennial commemorations
In 2005 the National Film Registry added San Francisco Earthquake and Fire, April 18, 1906, a newsreel documentary made soon after the earthquake, to its list of American films worthy of preservation.


1906 Scottish Cup Final
The 1906 Scottish Cup Final was played on 28 April 1906 at Ibrox Park in Govan (today part of Glasgow) and was the final of the 33rd season of the Scottish Cup. Heart of Midlothian and Third Lanark contested the match, won 1–0 by Hearts thanks to an 81st-minute goal from George Wilson.


1906 Serbian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Serbia on 11 June 1906. The result was a victory for the People's Radical Party, which won 91 of the 160 seats. Nikola Pašić remained Prime Minister.


1906 Sewanee Tigers football team
The 1906 Sewanee Tigers football team represented the Sewanee Tigers of Sewanee: The University of the South in the 1906 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season.


1906 Sheriff of London Charity Shield
The 1906 Sheriff of London Charity Shield was the ninth Sheriff of London Charity Shield, contested for the first time by Liverpool F.C. and the 8th time by Corinthian. The match was eagerly anticipated due to Corinthian having only lost a single match in the season and Liverpool being widely regarded as among the best teams in the country.


1906 Sheriff of London Charity Shield, Build-up
Before the game, both sides were understood to be eager to secure the trophy, with the Corinthians being particularly anxious to possess it after having had to surrender it the year before to Sheffield Wednesday. Liverpool were described by The Morning Post as being "the most consistent professional side of the year", while the Corinthians were described by the Evening Mail as having "one of their greatest years" and by The Sportsman as having had "an exceptional season".


1906 Sheriff of London Charity Shield, Build-up
Reports suggested that despite strong winds, the weather conditions were perfect and that both sides were at full strength.


1906 Sheriff of London Charity Shield, Match
The first goal of the game by Hewitt was described by the Staffordshire Sentinel as a "brilliant goal", while both keepers had many shots to save during the 1st half. Liverpool led 2-0 at half-time with goals from Hewitt and Raybould.


1906 Sheriff of London Charity Shield, Match
The display from Corinthian was regarded as disappointing, only looking dangerous when the game was near concluded. Liverpool's performance in the 2nd half was superb, adding a further 3 goals to the single one scored by S. S. Harris for Corinthian. It was difficult to pick out any individual performances, as according to the Globe newspaper, "the defence was perfect, the forwards worked with ease and precision, while the halves, especially Raisbeck, were much too good for the Corinthian forwards".


1906 Sheriff of London Charity Shield, Match
The game would be the only time Liverpool contested the Sheriff of London Charity Shield in what would be the penultimate contest in the competition. Arthur Kinnaird, 11th Lord Kinnaird presented the shield and medals to the victors. A gate receipt revenue of £776 was also a new record for the competition.


1906 South Australian state election
State elections were held in South Australia on 3 November 1906, apart from the Northern Territory, which voted on 10 November. This was a double dissolution election, and in the South Australian House of Assembly, all 42 seats were up for election. The incumbent United Labor Party (ULP) government led by Premier of South Australia Thomas Price with coalition partner the Liberal and Democratic Union (LDU) led by Archibald Peake, defeated the conservative opposition led by Leader of the Opposition Richard Butler. Each of the 13 districts elected multiple members, with voters casting multiple votes.


1906 South Australian state election, Background
The ULP became part of a unique "lab-lib" government, the Price-Peake administration minority government, following the 1905 election. The ministry was a coalition between the ULP led by Price, and the liberal group led by Peake. The deadlock over the franchise issue continued with the Legislative Council. After yet another attempt at reform, rejected by the Council, Price resigned his ministry, but when Butler, as leader of the opposition, was unable to form a ministry, Price/Peake remained in office. After more conflict with the Council, Price and Peake obtained an early election, and campaigned as a "ministerial alliance".


1906 South Australian state election, Background
At the same time, Peake agreed to pressure from within his group to form a new party – the Liberal and Democratic Union (LDU). This drew its membership from small wheat farmers, and at this stage, the LDU was firmly in favour of franchise reform, willing to be in coalition with the ULP, and opposed to both the conservative Australasian National League (ANL) and the Farmers and Producers Political Union (FPPU).


1906 South Australian state election, Background
The ULP, on the fewest seats prior to the 1905 election, in just one election became the single largest party, increasing their primary vote to 41.3 (+22.2) percent and increasing their representation from five to 15 seats. After the new lower house first met, the ULP forced the incumbent conservative government to resign with the support of eight liberals. It was the start of the first stable Labor government in the world.


1906 South Australian state election, Background
In 1906, the ULP as the single largest party increased their primary vote to 44.8 (+3.5) percent with their seat representation increasing from 15 to 20 seats in the 42-member lower house, falling short by just two seats of a parliamentary majority. The ULP won all 12 city seats from the three city multi-member electorates, Adelaide, Port Adelaide and Torrens, with a policy of development and progress, expansion of business and honest government: "they would not be frightened by the nonsense that had been talked about socialism". The ULP continued to govern with the support of the LDU until Premier Price's death in 1909, after which Peake formed a minority government until the 1910 election when the ULP formed South Australia's first majority government.


1906 South Carolina gubernatorial election
The 1906 South Carolina gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1906, to select the governor of the state of South Carolina, United States. Martin Frederick Ansel won the Democratic primary and ran unopposed in the general election to become the 89th governor of South Carolina.


1906 South Carolina gubernatorial election, Democratic primary
The South Carolina Democratic Party held its primary for governor on August 28 and Martin Frederick Ansel emerged as the frontrunner. Ansel was vocal in his opposition to the Dispensary system set up by Ben Tillman and instead favored the local county option established by the Bryce law in 1904. His chief rival, progressive reformer Richard Irvine Manning III, sought to maintain a statewide Dispensary and work to remove all the corrupt officials in it. The public sentiment at the time felt that nobody with even the best intentions could clean up the Dispensary and therefore Ansel won the Democratic runoff on September 11 against Manning. He essentially became the next governor of South Carolina because there was no opposition in the general election.


1906 South Carolina gubernatorial election, General election
The general election was held on November 6, 1906, and Martin Frederick Ansel was elected the next governor of South Carolina without opposition. Being a non-presidential election and few contested races, turnout was much less than the previous gubernatorial election.


1906 South Dakota gubernatorial election
The 1906 South Dakota gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1906. Incumbent Republican Governor Samuel H. Elrod ran for re-election, but was defeated for renomination at the Republican convention by former Attorney General Coe I. Crawford. In the general election, Crawford was opposed by the Democratic nominee, former State Representative John A. Stransky of Brule County. Crawford had little difficulty defeating Stransky in a landslide, largely matching Elrod's margin of victory from two years earlier.


1906 South Dakota gubernatorial election, Republican convention
In January 1906, former Attorney General Coe I. Crawford, who unsuccessfully ran for Governor in 1904, announced that he would challenge Governor Samuel H. Elrod for renomination, queueing up a contest between the insurgent wing of the party, led by U.S. Senator Robert J. Gamble, and the stalwart wing of the party, also referred to as the "machine." As county delegates were elected to the convention, Crawford-affiliated delegates won a clear majority, though both sides claimed that they would win. In the end, however, Crawford defeated Elrod at the convention by a wide margin, winning 893 votes to Elrod's 476, with Crawford's political allies winning the convention's nomination, as well.


1906 South Dakota gubernatorial election, Democratic conventions
In the weeks leading to the Democratic convention in June 1906, no clear frontrunner for the Party's nomination emerged. Former Governor Andrew E. Lee was mentioned as a possibility, though he declined to run. Former Hughes County Sheriff and former Deputy U.S. Marshal Ben Ash and former State Representative John A. Stransky were the other two potential candidates. Stransky ended up winning the nomination.


1906 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season
The 1906 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season was the college football games played by the member schools of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association as part of the 1906 college football season. The season began on September 29.


1906 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season
At the end of 1905 football looked about to be abolished due to all of the reoccurring violence during games. Football was a sport that had degenerated into dangerous tactics such as: the flying wedge, punching, kicking, piling-on, and elbows to the face. Almost any violent behavior was allowed. Fatalities and injuries mounted during the 1905 season.


1906 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season
As a result, the 1906 season was played under a new set of rules. The rules governing intercollegiate football were changed to promote a more open and less dangerous style of play. An intercollegiate conference, which would become the forerunner of the NCAA, approved radical changes including  the legalization of the forward pass, allowing the punting team to recover an on-side kick as a live ball, abolishing the dangerous flying wedge, creating a neutral zone between offense and defense, and doubling the first-down distance to 10 yards, to be gained in three downs.


1906 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season
According to Fuzzy Woodruff, Davidson tossed the first legal forward pass in the South in the win over Georgia.


1906 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season
Clemson and Vanderbilt tied for the SIAA title, but few writers chose the Tigers over the vaunted Commodores. Coach Dan McGugin called the Carlisle victory "the crowning feat of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association season." For some, Vanderbilt's eleven was the entire All-Southern team. Running back Owsley Manier was the first Southern player chosen third-team All-American by Walter Camp.


1906 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season, Results and team statistics
PPG = Average of points scored per gamePAG = Average of points allowed per game


1906 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season, Awards and honors, All-Southern team
The composite All-Southern  eleven representing the consensus of newspapers as published in Fuzzy Woodruff's A History of Southern Football 1890-1928 included:


1906 Southwestern Louisiana Industrial football team
The 1906 Southwestern Louisiana Industrial football team was an American football team that represented the Southwestern Louisiana Industrial Institute (now known as the University of Louisiana at Lafayette) as an independent during the 1906 college football season. In their only year under head coach Herbert McNaspy, the team compiled a 1–0–1 record.


1906 St George's, Hanover Square by-election
The St George's, Hanover Square by-election of 1906 was held on 15 June 1906. The by-election was held due to the resignation of the incumbent Conservative MP, Heneage Legge. It was won by the Liberal Unionist candidate Alfred Lyttelton, who was elected unopposed.


1906 St. Louis Browns season
The 1906 St. Louis Browns season was a season in American baseball. It involved the Browns finishing 5th in the American League with a record of 76 wins and 73 losses.


1906 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1906 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1906 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1906 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1906 St. Louis Cardinals season
The 1906 St. Louis Cardinals season was the team's 25th season in St. Louis, Missouri and the 15th season in the National League. The Cardinals went 52–98 during the season and finished 7th in the National League.


1906 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1906 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1906 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1906 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1906 State of the Union Address
The 1906 State of the Union Address was written by Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th president of the United States, on Monday, December 3, 1906. He did not speak directly to the 59th United States Congress. He said, "The readiness and efficiency of both the Army and Navy in dealing with the recent sudden crisis in Cuba illustrate afresh their value to the Nation. This readiness and efficiency would have been very much less had it not been for the existence of the General Staff in the Army and the General Board in the Navy; both are essential to the proper development and use of our military forces afloat and ashore."


1906 Stetson Hatters football team
The 1906 Stetson Hatters football team represented the private Stetson College in the sport of American football during the 1906 college football season.


1906 Surry Hills state by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Surry Hills on 21 July 1906 because of the resignation of John Norton (Independent). Norton blamed William Holman for an article in The Worker commenting on Norton's unnatural silence over the land scandals involving Paddy Crick and William Willis. Norton made a personal attack on Holman in parliament, challenging him to resign and both would contest Holman's seat of Cootamundra.


1906 Surry Hills state by-election, Aftermath
The Cootamundra by-election was held the following week, however Norton withdrew from the contest. H. V. Evatt argues that the most likely explanation for Norton's attack was to remove Labour's best debater at a critical time. Norton returned to parliament at the 1907 election for Darling Harbour.


1906 Svenska Mästerskapet
The 1906 Svenska Mästerskapet was the eleventh season of Svenska Mästerskapet, the football Cup to determine the Swedish champions. Örgryte IS won the tournament by defeating Djurgårdens IF in the final with a 4–3 score.


1906 Swansea earthquake
The 1906 Swansea earthquake hit near the town of Swansea, Glamorgan, Wales on 27 June. It was one of the most damaging to hit Britain during the twentieth century, with a small area reaching an intensity of VII on the Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale.


1906 Swansea earthquake, Location, date and time
At 9.45am on 27 June 1906, a powerful earth tremor was felt across much of South Wales, its epicentre being placed just offshore of Port Talbot. The quake, which struck just a few weeks after the devastating 1906 San Francisco earthquake, was felt as far afield as Ilfracombe, Birmingham and southwest Ireland.


1906 Swansea earthquake, Cause
Swansea is located near the southwestern ends of two major fault structures; the Neath Disturbance and the Swansea Valley Disturbance, movement on either of which or on any of several adjoining faults may have caused the quake.


1906 Swansea earthquake, Magnitude
The magnitude of the earthquake was measured at 5.2 on the Richter magnitude scale.


1906 Swansea earthquake, Impact
The earthquake was felt by many people, though recorded injuries were minimal: a young man, Thomas Westbury, and a three-year-old boy, Thomas Lewis, were hit by falling bricks and a girl was injured by the toppling of tin plates at Cwmavon. Reports told of bricks falling from chimneys across the city and the Mumbles lighthouse "rocked on its foundations."


1906 Swarthmore Quakers football team
The 1906 Swarthmore Quakers football team was an American football team that represented Swarthmore College as an independent during the 1906 college football season. The team compiled a 7–2 record. George H. Brooke was the head coach.


1906 Swiss foodstuffs referendum
A referendum on foodstuffs was held in Switzerland on 10 June 1906. Voters were asked whether they approved of a new federal law concerning foodstuffs and basic commodities. The proposal was approved by 62.6% of voters.


1906 Swiss foodstuffs referendum, Background
The referendum was an optional referendum, which only a majority of the vote, as opposed to the mandatory referendums, which required a double majority; a majority of the popular vote and majority of the cantons.


1906 Syracuse Orangemen football team
The 1906 Syracuse Orangemen football team represented Syracuse University during the 1906 college football season. The head coach was Frank "Buck" O'Neill, coaching his first season with the Orangemen.


1906 TCU football team
The 1906 TCU football team represented Texas Christian University (TCU) as an independent during the 1906 college football season. Led by Emory J. Hyde in his second year as head coach, TCU compiled a record of 2–5. They played their home games in Waco, Texas.


1906 Targa Florio
The 1906 Targa Florio was the inaugural running of the Targa Florio, an open road endurance automobile race held in the mountains of Sicily near Palermo. Founded by wealthy Sicilian wine producer, Vincenzo Florio, it was held at Madonie on 6 May 1906 and run over 3 laps of the 92.473 mile circuit, totalling 277.42 miles.


1906 Targa Florio
The entry list was badly affected by a dock strike in Genoa but the race was won by the Italian driver Alessandro Cagno in an Itala.


1906 Tasmanian state election
The 1906 Tasmanian state election was held on 29 March 1906 in the Australian state of Tasmania to elect 35 members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly.


1906 Tasmanian state election
John Evans became Premier of Tasmania on 12 July 1904 and was the incumbent premier at the election. At the election, Labour increased its seats to 7, and now held the balance of power.


1906 Tempe Normal Owls football team
The 1906 Tempe Normal Owls football team was an American football team that represented Tempe Normal School (later renamed Arizona State University) as an independent during the 1906 college football season. In their eighth and final season under head coach Frederick M. Irish, the Owls compiled a 0–2 record and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 22 to 6.


1906 Tennessee Volunteers football team
The 1906 Tennessee Volunteers football team represented the University of Tennessee in the 1906 college football season. James DePree served his second and final season as head coach at Tennessee. Roscoe Word, a three time captain for the Volunteers, became the team's first assistant coach.


1906 Tennessee gubernatorial election
The 1906 Tennessee gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1906. Democratic nominee Malcolm R. Patterson defeated Republican nominee Henry Clay Evans with 54.42% of the vote.


1906 Texas A&M Aggies football team
The 1906 Texas A&M Aggies football team represented Texas A&M during the 1906 college football season.


1906 Texas Longhorns football team
The 1906 Texas Longhorns football team represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 1906 college football season. In their second year under head coach H. R. Schenker, the Longhorns compiled a 9–1 record and outscored opponents by a collective total of 201 to 60.


1906 The Castlereagh state by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of The Castlereagh on 24 November 1906 because of the death of Hugh Macdonald (Labour).


1906 The Citadel Bulldogs football team
The 1906 The Citadel Bulldogs football team represented The Citadel Academy in the 1906 college football season. This was the second year of intercollegiate football at The Citadel, with Ralph Foster serving as coach. The Board of Visitors would not permit the cadets to travel outside the city of Charleston for games, and all games are believed to have been played at Hampton Park at the site of the old race course. The 1906 season saw several milestones. This was the only Citadel team to finish undefeated and to shut out all of its opponents. This was also the season in which blue and white were adopted as school colors for athletic competition.


1906 Tie Cup Final
The 1906 Tie Cup Final was the final match to decide the winner of the Tie Cup, the 4th. edition of the international competition organised by the Argentine and Uruguayan Associations together. For the fifth time since 1900, there were two Argentine teams in the final, Alumni and Belgrano A.C., both from the Belgrano neighborhood, that also had a strong rivalry.


1906 Tie Cup Final
The match was held in the former stadium of Quilmes Atlético Club (located on Guido and Sarmiento streets), on 30 August 1906. Alumni won its third Tie Cup trophy after beating Belgrano A.C. 10–1, the highest result in the history of the Tie Cup finals.


1906 Tie Cup Final
It was the last edition played under a group stage. Since 1907, the Tie Cup would be contested by the winners of the respective competitions in each country, Copa de Competencia Jockey Club (Argentina) and Copa de Competencia (Uruguay), playing a unique match to decide the champion.


1906 Tie Cup Final, Overview
Playing in a single-elimination tournament, Alumni beat Estudiantes (BA) 4–2 in Palermo, Reformer (3–2 in Campana), Belgrano Extra (presumibably a second team of Belgrano A.C.) 2–1 at Sociedad Sportiva Argentina. In semifinals, Alumni defeated Uruguayan Montevideo Wanderers 2–0 at Estadio Gran Parque Central.


1906 Tie Cup Final, Overview
On the other hand, Belgrano beat San Isidro 6–0 as visitor, Quilmes (2–2 at San Martín, 5–3 in Quilmes), reaching the semifinal where the squad defeated Rosario Central 5–2 in Quilmes.


1906 Tie Cup Final, Overview
The final was played at Quilmes A.C. Stadium, and Alumni easily defeated Belgrano with a 10–1, achieving the highest score in a Tie Cup Final. Eliseo Brown was the keyplayer of the match, scoring 5 goals. According to media coverage, Alumni made a great performance, with the team showing coordinated movements (specially from its attacking players, who were absolutely effective showing great accuracy in their passing and shots).


1906 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
The 1906 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship was the 17th staging of the Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Tipperary County Board in 1887.


1906 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
Thurles won the championship after a 4-11 to 3-06 defeat of Lahorna de Wets in the final. It was their third championship title overall and their first title since 1904.


1906 Toronto Argonauts season
The 1906 Toronto Argonauts season was the Argonaut Football Club's 9th season of organized league play since joining the Ontario Rugby Football Union 1898, and its final season playing in the ORFU senior series. The team finished in second place in the series with four wins and two losses, while the Hamilton Tigers qualified for the Dominion playoffs by winning the series with a perfect record.


1906 Toronto Argonauts season
After playing the 1905 season under the name "Toronto-Argonauts" following a merger with the Toronto Rugby Club, on September 7 the club decided to revert to the simpler "Argonaut Rugby Club" name.


1906 Toronto Argonauts season
Having managed the club to a 4-2 record in 1905, W. A. Hewitt returned for a second season as manager in 1906. On September 26 the club announced the appointment of Chaucer Elliott as coach, making Elliott the first coach in club history.


1906 Tour de France
The 1906 Tour de France was the fourth of the edition Tour de France, and second to use the point system. Taking place from 4 to 29 July the total race distance was 4,637 kilometres (2,881 mi) run over 13 stages, with the winner averaging 24.463 kilometres per hour (15.201 mph). New in this year were the mountain climbs in the Massif Central. Like its predecessors, it still had cheating and sabotage taking place. Four competitors were disqualified for taking trains as a shortcut and spectators threw nails in the road. However, this did not stop René Pottier from taking a big lead in the first stages. Free of tendinitis that plagued his 1905 chances, he dominated the entire race.


1906 Tour de France, Innovations and changes
Tour organiser Henri Desgrange had been happy with the increased length of the 1905 Tour de France, and decided to put even more stages in the 1906 version.


1906 Tour de France, Innovations and changes
The introduction of mountain stages had also been successful, so this year not only the Vosges were included, but also the Massif Central.


1906 Tour de France, Innovations and changes
The increased length made it possible to follow the borders of France, and in 1906 the perimeter was closely followed.


1906 Tour de France, Innovations and changes
The points system in the 1905 Tour de France had been successful enough in reducing cheating, so the Tour organisers used it again in the 1906 Tour de France, with a few changes: whereas in 1905, time differences still had some effect on the points distribution, in 1906 time differences were unimportant, and points were only given for the order in which the cyclists finished. The winner of the stage received one point, the second rider two points, et cetera. After the eighth stage, only 16 cyclists were remaining, and the results from the first eight stages were recalculated, with only the remaining cyclists, and the points were redistributed among the remaining riders in accordance with their positions in those stages.


1906 Tour de France, Innovations and changes
The first stage ended in Lille and the second stage started in Douai; this was the first time that a stage did not start where the previous stage ended. Also for the first time, the Tour went outside France: in the second stage, Germany (Alsace-Lorraine was then part of Germany) was visited, then several days later Italy (Ventimiglia) and Spain (Irun) too.


1906 Tour de France, Innovations and changes
The 1906 Tour also saw the introduction of the flamme rouge (red flame), a red flag that indicates that the cyclists only have one kilometre to go.


1906 Tour de France, Participants
There were 100 cyclists signed up for the race, but only 76 of them came to the start. One of the absentees was Henri Cornet, winner of the 1904 Tour de France. Four cyclists were Belgian, one was Luxembourgian (later winner François Faber), two were German, and the rest were French. Louis Trousselier, winner of the 1905 Tour de France, was present. The riders were not grouped in teams, but some cyclists had the same sponsor, even though they were not allowed to work together. Before the race started, most was expected from Cadolle, Aucouturier, Georget, Pottier, Trousselier, Dortignac and Petit-Breton.


1906 Tour de France, Participants
As in 1905, the cyclists were divided in two categories, the coureurs de vitesse and the coureurs sur machines poinçonnées, where the riders in the first category were allowed to change bicycles, which could be an advantage in the mountains, where they could use a bicycle with lower gears. In 1905, sponsors had not been so enthusiastic about entering their cyclists in this category, but in 1906 they had learned that it had a commercial advantage to have cyclists starting in the poinçonnées category, because the average French citizen could identify more with them. In 1906, more than half of the cyclists started in the poinçonnées category, including Lucien Petit-Breton, one of the pre-favourites.


1906 Tour de France, Race overview
As in previous years, the spectators tried to assist their preferred riders by trying to impede their opponents. On the first stage, nails had been thrown on the road, and all cyclists except Lucien Petit-Breton punctured. This stage was won by Emile Georget in a sprint.


1906 Tour de France, Race overview
In the second stage, René Pottier, who had shown his climbing abilities in the previous edition, aimed for the victory. He was stopped after 175 kilometres (109 mi) with mechanical failure, and he lost 58 minutes. The other main contenders worked together to stay away from Pottier, but Pottier chased them for 200 kilometres (120 mi), caught them 25 kilometres (16 mi) before the finish, and even left them behind, winning the stage with a margin of 1'30" on Petit-Breton and more than 9 minutes on the rest.


1906 Tour de France, Race overview
In the third stage, four cyclists (Julien Gabory, Henri Gauban, Gaston Tuvache and Maurice Carrere) were disqualified for taking the train. The Ballon d'Alsace, which had been the first real mountain in the Tour de France the previous year, was featured again. Just as the year before, it was mounted first by Pottier. The stage was also won by Pottier, more than 45 minutes ahead of the rest.


1906 Tour de France, Race overview
Pottier also won the fourth stage. In the fifth stage, he was leading by one hour at the halfway point. A cycling legend says that he decided to stop, entered a bar and ordered a bottle of wine, and drank it almost completely. When he saw the first other cyclists passing by, Pottier mounted his bicycle again, went after them, and won the stage. By this point, Pottier was leading the overall classification firmly. The winner of the 1905 Tour de France, Louis Trousselier, had had a bad first half of the Tour, and was many points behind.


1906 Tour de France, Race overview
Trousselier rediscovered his form in the second half of the race, won the 7th, 9th, 10th and 11th stages, and was challenging the second place of Georges Passerieu. Passerieu defended his position by winning the 12th stage. In the last stage, Pottier showed his strength by winning the stage, after finishing together in Paris with Passerieu.


1906 Tour de France, Results, Stage results
After the 13th stage, the race was followed by two timed exhibition laps on the Velodrome in Paris, the result of which was not counted for the overall classification. The winner was Emile Georget, who finished the 1,332 metres (4,370 ft) in 2:07.20.


1906 Tour de France, Results, General classification
One hundred cyclists had entered for the 1906 Tour de France; only 82 of them showed up at the start. Only 49 cyclists finished the first stage, and the number of active cyclists quickly fell to 37 in stage two, 29 in stage three, until 16 after stage eight. At that point, the points given in the first eight stages were redistributed among the remaining riders in accordance with their positions in those stages. At the end of the Tour de France, only 14 cyclists finished. The cyclists were not grouped in teams; some cyclists had the same sponsor, but they were not allowed to work together.


1906 Tour de France, Results, Other classifications
Lucien Petit-Breton was the winner of the "machines poinçonnées" category.


1906 Tour de France, Results, Other classifications
The organising newspaper l'Auto named René Pottier the meilleur grimpeur. This unofficial title is the precursor to the mountains classification.


1906 Tour de France, Aftermath
The Tour organisers did not make many changes the rules or route for the next race, because they had worked in the 1906 Tour de France. The revised points system would be kept in this form until 1911, only to be changed a little bit in 1912 before being replaced by the time system in 1913. The flamme rouge that was introduced in 1906 to indicate the final kilometre of a stage was kept and is still in use.


1906 Tour de France, Aftermath
René Pottier would not defend his title in the 1907 Tour de France, because he would commit suicide before, after discovering that his wife had had an affair while he was riding the Tour. Petit-Breton and Georget would start again in the 1907 Tour and duel for the overall victory, which would be won by Petit-Breton.


1906 Tour de France, Aftermath
To honor Pottier's achievements on the Ballon d'Alsace, a monument was placed for him on top of that mountain.


1906 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 7
The 1906 Tour de France was the 4th edition of Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Tour began in Paris on 4 July and Stage 7 occurred on 16 July with a flat stage to Toulouse. The race finished in Paris on 29 July.


1906 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 7, Stage 1
4 July 1906 — Paris to Lille, 275 km (170.9 mi)


1906 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 7, Stage 2
11 July 1906 — Douai to Nancy, 400 km (248.5 mi)


1906 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 7, Stage 3
14 July 1906 — Nancy to Dijon, 416 km (258 mi)


1906 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 7, Stage 4
16 July 1906 — Dijon to Grenoble, 311 km (193 mi)


1906 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 7, Stage 5
18 July 1906 — Grenoble to Nice, 345 km (214 mi)


1906 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 7, Stage 6
20 July 1906 — Nice to Marseille, 292 km (181 mi)


1906 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 7, Stage 7
20 July 1906 — Marseille to Toulouse, 480 km (300 mi)


1906 Tour de France, Stage 8 to Stage 13
The 1906 Tour de France was the 4th edition of Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Tour began in Paris on 4 July and Stage 8 occurred on 18 July with a flat stage from Toulouse. The race finished in Paris on 29 July.


1906 Tour de France, Stage 8 to Stage 13, Stage 8
18 July 1906 — Toulouse to Bayonne, 300 km (186.4 mi)


1906 Tour de France, Stage 8 to Stage 13, Stage 9
20 July 1906 — Bayonne to Bordeaux, 338 km (210.0 mi)


1906 Tour de France, Stage 8 to Stage 13, Stage 10
22 July 1906 — Bordeaux to Nantes, 391 km (243 mi)


1906 Tour de France, Stage 8 to Stage 13, Stage 11
24 July 1906 — Nantes to Brest, 321 km (199 mi)


1906 Tour de France, Stage 8 to Stage 13, Stage 12
26 July 1906 — Brest to Caen, 415 km (258 mi)


1906 Tour de France, Stage 8 to Stage 13, Stage 13
29 July 1906 — Caen to Paris, 259 km (161 mi)


1906 Tulane Olive and Blue football team
The 1906 Tulane Olive and Blue football team represented Tulane University during the 1906 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season.


1906 U.S. National Championships (tennis)
List of champions of the 1906 U.S. National Championships tennis tournament (now known as the US Open). The men's tournament was held from 21 August to 29 August on the outdoor grass courts at the Newport Casino in Newport, Rhode Island. The women's tournament was held from 19 June to 23 June on the outdoor grass courts at the Philadelphia Cricket Club in Philadelphia, PA. It was the 26th U.S. National Championships and the second Grand Slam tournament of the three played that year.


1906 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Men's doubles
Holcombe Ward (USA) /  Beals Wright (USA) defeated  Fred Alexander (USA) /  Harold Hackett (USA) 6–3, 3–6, 6–3, 6–3


1906 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Women's doubles
Ann Burdette Coe (USA) /  Ethel Bliss Platt (USA) defeated  Helen Homans (USA) /  Clover Boldt (USA) 6–4, 6–4


1906 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Mixed doubles
Sarah Coffin (USA) /  Edward Dewhurst (AUS) defeated  Margaret Johnson (USA) /  J.B. Johnson (USA) 6–3, 7–5


1906 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles
William Clothier defeated defending champion Beals Wright in the Challenge Round 6–3, 6–0, 6–4 to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1906 U.S. National Championships. Clothier had defeated Karl Behr in the All Comers' Final.


1906 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles
The event was held at the Newport Casino in Newport, R.I., USA.


1906 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles
Helen Homans won the singles tennis title of the 1906 U.S. Women's National Singles Championship by defeating Maud Barger-Wallach  6–4, 6–3 in the final of the All Comers' tournament. Elisabeth Moore was the reigning champion but did not defend her title in the Challenge Round. The event was played on outdoor grass courts and held at the Philadelphia Cricket Club in Wissahickon Heights, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia from June 19 through June 23, 1906.


1906 U.S. Open (golf)
The 1906 U.S. Open was the twelfth U.S. Open, held June 28–29 at Onwentsia Club in Lake Forest, Illinois, a suburb north of Chicago. Alex Smith won the first of his two U.S. Open titles, seven strokes ahead of runner-up Willie Smith, his younger brother and the 1899 champion.


1906 U.S. Open (golf)
Willie Anderson, three-time defending champion and club pro at Onwentsia, was the heavy favorite. He trailed Alex Smith by two strokes after the first 36 holes on Thursday, and by three after the third round on Friday morning, but an 84 that afternoon dropped him to a distant fifth. Smith posted rounds of 73-74-73-75 for 295, a U.S. Open record and the first sub-300 winning score. Not only did his brother Willie finish in second, his brother-in-law James Maiden tied for third.


1906 U.S. Open (golf)
Smith's win marked the end of a streak where Scottish-born players won seven consecutive major championships.


1906 U.S. Open (golf)
For the first time, no player from the inaugural U.S. Open in 1895 participated. Horace Rawlins, the first champion, had played in every edition until this year.


1906 U.S. Open (golf), Past champions in the field
Did not play: Harry Vardon (1900), Fred Herd (1898), Joe Lloyd (1897), Horace Rawlins (1895).


1906 U.S. Open (golf), Round summaries, Final round
Amateurs: Egan (313), Wood (327), Hunter (332), Sellers (337), Potter (342).


1906 UCI Track Cycling World Championships
The 1906 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were the World Championship for track cycling. They took place in Geneve, Switzerland from 29 July to 5 August 1906. Four events for men were contested, two for professionals and two for amateurs.


1906 USC Methodists football team
The 1906 USC Methodists football team was an American football team that represented the University of Southern California during the 1906 college football season. The team competed as an independent under head coach Harvey Holmes, compiling a 2–0–2 record.


1906 USFSA Football Championship
Statistics of the USFSA Football Championship in the 1906 season.


1906 United Kingdom general election
The 1906 United Kingdom general election was held from 12 January to 8 February 1906.