1899 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Trophy Finals, Finals Week 4, 30 September, Agricultural Society Trophy
The Final for the Agricultural Society Trophy was played between the Premiers, Wallaroo, and the Pirates. The Pirates put a fantastic team in the field, all in sound condition. They had the measure of Wallaroo, demonstrating excellent defence. The team had an answer for each of the plays that Wallaroo had. During the game, Wallaroo had one moment where they were looking like scoring. However, a pass was fumbled, resulting in a lost opportunity. As in previous years, the Pirates had come good at the right time of the year. This was the third consecutive year that the Pirates had won the Agricultural Society Trophy.


1899 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Lower Grades
The MRFU also conducted Second Grade and Third Grade competitions.


1899 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Lower Grades, Second Grade
The following teams were involved in the Second Grade competition in 1899: Adelphi, Arncliffe, Endeavour, Glebe, Manly Federal, Mosman, Newtown, North Sydney, Permanent Artillery, Redfern Waratah, South Sydney, Sydney University B, Wallaroo II, Waverley. At the conclusion of the season, Glebe and South Sydney faced each other in the Final. The game was drawn with a replay organised for a later date. Glebe won the replay 14 to 3 and were declared premiers.


1899 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Lower Grades, Third Grade
The following teams were involved in the Third Grade competition in 1899: Balmain Carlingford, Bondi, Botany, Burwood, East Sydney, Forest Lodge Cambridge, Hurstville, Manly Wentworth, Newtown II, Pioneer, Strathfield, Sydney University III, Warrigal, Waverley Oaks, Permanent Artillery, South Sydney II, Redfern Waratah II. At the conclusion of the season, Forest Lodge Cambridge beat Waverley Oaks in the Final 10 to 6.


1899 Miami Redskins football team
The 1899 Miami Redskins football team was an American football team that represented Miami University during the 1899 college football season. Under new head coach George Greenleaf, Miami compiled a 1–5 record.


1899 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team
The 1899 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team represented Michigan Agricultural College (MAC) in the 1899 college football season. In their first year under head coach Charles Bemies, the Aggies compiled a 2–4–1 record and outscored their opponents 142 to 127. Bemies was the first professional coach to lead the MAC football team. In the third game in the Michigan State–Notre Dame football rivalry, Notre Dame won the game at South Bend, Indiana, by 40 to 0 score as Notre Dame's captain McDonald scored five touchdowns.


1899 Michigan State Normal Normalites football team
The 1899 Michigan State Normal Normalites football team represented Michigan State Normal College (later renamed Eastern Michigan University) during the 1899 college football season. In their first and only season under head coach Dwight Watson, the Normalites compiled a record of 1–1–1 and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 29 to 23. George L. Wood was the team captain. They played the University of Michigan freshman team to 5-5 tie, lost to Michigan Agricultural College by an 18-0 score, and defeated the Toledo YMCA team, 24-0.


1899 Michigan Wolverines baseball team
The 1899 Michigan Wolverines baseball team represented the University of Michigan in the 1899 college baseball season. The Wolverines were led by head coach Henry Clarke. They won the Western Conference for the first time with a record of 5–2, 14–5 overall.


1899 Michigan Wolverines football team
The 1899 Michigan Wolverines football team was an American football team that represented the University of Michigan in the 1899 Western Conference football season. In their third and final season under head coach Gustave Ferbert, the team compiled an 8–2 record (1–1 against conference opponents), tied for third in the Western Conference, and outscored opponents by a total of 176 to 43.


1899 Michigan Wolverines football team
The team opened the season with seven consecutive shutouts, outscoring opponents in those contests by a total of 109 to 0. However, Michigan finished the season by going 2–2 in its final four games, losing to Penn and Wisconsin. After the 1899 season, Ferbert resigned as Michigan's head coach to travel to Alaska to participate in the Klondike Gold Rush.


1899 Michigan Wolverines football team
Allen Steckle was the team captain. Leo J. Keena was the team's leading scorer with 32 points on five touchdowns (five points each) and seven goals from touchdown (one point each). Three Michigan players were named to the 1899 College Football All-America Team, as selected by The Philadelphia Inquirer: end Neil Snow, halfback John McLean, and tackle Richard France. Snow, McLean, and France were also named to the 1899 All-Western college football team.


1899 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Game 1: Hillsdale
On September 30, 1899, Michigan defeated Hillsdale by an 11–0 score at Regents Field in Ann Arbor. Fullback Leo J. Keena scored Michigan's first touchdown less than two minutes into the game, and the kick for goal was unsuccessful. J. Elliott McAfee scored Michigan's second touchdown, still in the first half, and Keena kicked the goal from touchdown. Neither team scored in the second half The game was played halves of 20 and 15 minutes.


1899 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Game 2: Albion
On October 7, 1899, Michigan defeated Albion by a 26–0 score at Regents Field in Ann Arbor. Michigan scored three touchdowns in the first half on runs of 18 yards by Clayton Teetzel and 22 yards by Everett Sweeley, and an 85-yard punt return by Arthur Fitzgerald. Michigan missed on all three kicks for goal in the first half and led, 15–0, at halftime. Michigan scored two more touchdowns in the second half, the first on a short run by Eben Wilson with Neil Snow kicking the goal. Michigan's final touchdown was scored by Albert E. Herrnstein on a 45-yard run. The kick for goal was unsuccessful. The game was played in 20-minute halves.


1899 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Game 3: Western Reserve
On October 14, 1899, Michigan defeated Western Reserve by a 17–0 score at Regents Field in Ann Arbor. After 15 minutes of play in the first half, right tackle Allen Steckle scored a touchdown on a short run, and Neil Snow kicked the goal. In the second half, Charles Frank Juttner, a substitute right tackle, scored on a "revolving play" from the one-yard line, and Snow again kicked the goal. Michigan scored a third touchdown when fullback Everett Sweeley recovered a fumble and returned it 20 yards for a touchdown. Snow's kick for goal was unsuccessful. The game was played in halves of 25 and 20 minutes.


1899 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Game 4: Notre Dame
On October 18, 1899, Michigan defeated Notre Dame by a 12–0 score before a crowd of 2,000 spectators at Regents Field in Ann Arbor. The field was soft and slippery from heavy rain that fell the day before the game. Both teams played "plain football with a little punting". Michigan scored its first touchdown when Albert E. Herrnstein blocked a Notre Dame punt, Charles Frank Juttner fell on the ball, and Leo J. Keena then scored on a short run. John McLean scored Michigan's other touchdown in the second half. Neil Snow kicked both goals from touchdown. Clayton Teetzel also had runs of 45 and 40 yards in the second half. The game was played in halves of 25 and 20 minutes.


1899 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Game 5: Michigan alumni
On October 21, 1899, Michigan played its annual exhibition game with an alumni team made up of Michigan players from prior years. A large crowd that included university president James Burrill Angell attended the game at Regents Field. The game, played in 20-minute halves, ended in a scoreless tie. The alumni team included H. G. Hadden (left end), Frederick W. Henninger (left tackle), Richard France (left guard), Edwin Denby (center), Horace Greely Prettyman (right guard), John W. F. Bennett (right end), William Wilson Talcott (quarterback), Gustave Ferbert (left halfback), Charles Widman (right halfback), and John A. Bloomingston (fullback).


1899 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Game 6: at Illinois
On October 28, 1899, Michigan defeated Illinois by a 5–0 score before a crowd of 1,000 spectators at Illinois Field in Champaign, Illinois. After a scoreless first half, right tackle Charles McDonald scored a touchdown on a short run to cap a 50-yard drive. Charles E. Street returned a punt 75 yards. Leo J. Keena had two punts blocked, but kicked another one 50 yards. Michigan's defensive play was outstanding. After Illinois blocked a punt, it gained possession at Michigan's five-yard line, and a holding penalty moved the ball half the distance further toward the goal line. Michigan stopped the Illini on four consecutive downs. The game was played in 30-minute halves.


1899 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Game 7: vs. Virginia
On November 4, 1899, Michigan defeated Virginia by a 38–0 score at Bennett Park in Detroit. Two special trains from Ann Arbor delivered the football team, band, and students to Detroit's Michigan Central Station on the morning of the game. The Michigan fans, described the Detroit Free Press as a "megaphone brigade", paraded loudly through the streets of Detroit before the game.


1899 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Game 7: vs. Virginia
The playing field at Bennett Park was in good condition despite snow and rain that fell the prior day. The game began at 3:45 p.m. Michigan tallied three touchdowns in the first half and four in the second half. Michigan's touchdowns were scored by Richard France, Hugh White (two), Clark Leiblee, Allen Steckle (two), and Charles McDonald. Neil Snow kicked three goals from touchdown. The game was played in 30-minute halves.


1899 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Game 8: at Penn
Michigan traveled to Philadelphia to play the University of Pennsylvania Quakers on November 11, 1899. At the time, Penn was one of the three top football teams in the country. Michigan scored first on a 22-yard touchdown run by John McLean around Penn's left end. Neil Snow missed the kick for the goal after touchdown, and Michigan led 5 to 0 at halftime.


1899 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Game 8: at Penn
Penn's All-American Truxtun Hare scored a touchdown in the second half (also missing its goal after touchdown attempt) to tie the score at 5 to 5. Michigan re-took the lead when McLean and Allen Steckle carried the ball to Pennsylvania's ten-yard line, and Michigan tackle, Charles McDonald, then carried the ball over the goal line for Michigan's second touchdown. Michigan's Everett Sweeley missed the goal after touchdown, and Michigan led 10 to 5. With less than seven minutes left in the game, Hare scored his second touchdown of the game, and Pete Overfield kicked the goal after touchdown to give the Quakers the win with a final score of 11 to 10.


1899 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Game 8: at Penn
Although Michigan lost by a final score of 12 to 11 on Penn's Franklin Field, the Wolverines gained national respect with a good showing against the Quakers. The New York Times reported on the results of the game as follows:


1899 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Game 8: at Penn
"The game was a royal battle from start to finish, and was marked by both brilliant and poor playing by both teams. Pennsylvania earned her victory because she had to play harder for her two touch-downs than did Michigan. The latter team, although beaten, was not disgraced, for the Western boys made their Eastern rivals work hard for every inch of ground they gained. ... The game was a beautiful one for the spectators to look at. Both teams were about as evenly matched as they could be.


1899 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Game 8: at Penn
The Quakers excelled in line bucking and in kicking, while Michigan far outplayed Pennsylvania when it came to skirting the ends. McLean, Michigan's left half back, was almost invariably used for end running, and his brilliant sprinting around Pennsylvania's ends often brought applause from the followers of the Quakers. The interference accorded him was almost perfect, and this, in a great measure, helped him in gaining ground."


1899 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Game 8: at Penn
The game also featured a duel between two of the best centers in the country, Penn's Pete Overfield and Michigan's William Cunningham. Cunningham was Michigan's first ever All-American in 1898, when he was selected as a first-team All-American by Caspar Whitney, and Overfield was picked by Walter Camp as the first-team All-American of 1898. The New York Times reported on the match-up of Cunningham and Overfield as follows: "The duel between Cunningnam and Overfield, the centre rushes, was interesting. Both are high-class players, and they played with a dash that was inspiring. Cunningham had much the better of it during the first half, but in the second period Overfield, through better staying qualities, made big holes through Michigan's bulky centre."


1899 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Game 9: Case
On November 18, 1899, Michigan defeated Case Scientific School by a 28–6 score at Regents Field in Ann Arbor. Michigan played several substitutes in the first half, and Case took a 6–0 lead on a 40-yard touchdown run by Sullivan. Later in the first half, Leo J. Keena ran 20 yards for a touchdown, and Case led, 6–5, at halftime. Michigan's starters, including John McLean and Charles Street, were put into the game in the second half, and the Wolverines scored 23 unanswered points during that period. McLean started the second-half scoring with a 28-yard touchdown run. Additional touchdowns were scored by Charles McDonald, Allen Steckle, and Charles Juttner. Keena kicked three goals from touchdown for Michigan. The game was played in 25-minute halves.


1899 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Game 10: Kalamazoo
On November 25, 1899, Michigan defeated Kalamazoo by a 24–0 score before 400 spectators at Regents Field in Ann Arbor. Leo J. Keena scored a touchdown for Michigan in the first half, and Michigan led, 6–0, at halftime. Keena scored another touchdown in the second half, and additional touchdowns were scored by Milo White and Everett Sweeley. Keena kicked three goals from touchdown, and Sweeley kicked one. The game was played in halves of 30 and 20 minutes.


1899 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Game 11: vs. Wisconsin
On Thanksgiving Day, November 30, 1899, Michigan lost to Wisconsin by a 17–5 score before 22,000 spectators at West Side Park in Chicago. Excursion trains brought fans from Wisconsin and Michigan, and the brass bands from both schools also attended. Wisconsin won in large part due to the kicking of Pat O'Dea. O'Dea accounted for five points with a field goal from the 35-yard line and kicked a long punt to McLean which was fumbled behind the goal line where it was recovered by Wisconsin for a touchdown. O'Dea was later ejected from the game for slugging. Wisconsin's weak spot in the game was at left end, where Eddie Cochems gave up many long runs by Michigan, including the Wolverines' lone touchdown on a 45-yard run by McLean.


1899 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Game 11: vs. Wisconsin
There were reports that Michigan's strategy was to put O'Dea out of the game, and he was subjected to a number of rough hits by Richard France and William Cunningham. On one play, France "came into him like a battering ram after he had punted the ball." O'Dea warned France that if he did it again "there would be trouble." After another punt, France came for O'Dea again, and O'Dea slugged France in the face.


1899 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Game 11: vs. Wisconsin
A Wisconsin newspaper account described the incident as follows: "Meantime O'Dea had been laying out France, hitting him with such force that the big guard was stretched out and but for the time gained through the wrangle at the end of the goal line and the speedy ending of the half, would hardly have been able to continue playing. O'Dea claimed that the knockout blow was accidental." The game's referee saw the blow, and O'Dea was ejected from the game.


1899 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Post-season
Prior to 1898, no player from a "Western" school had been selected as a college football All-American. William Cunningham became Michigan's first All-American in 1898. The 1899 College Football All-America Team, as selected by the Philadelphia Inquirer,  included three Michigan players:


1899 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Post-season
After the 1899 season, Ferbert resigned as Michigan's head coach to travel to Alaska to participate in the Klondike Gold Rush. He returned from Alaska several years later as a millionaire.


1899 Michigan Wolverines football team, Personnel, Varsity letter winners
The following 13 players received varsity "M" letters for their participation on the 1899 football team:


1899 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team
The 1899 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team represented the University of Minnesota in the 1899 college football season. The Golden Gophers compiled a 6–3–2 record (0–3 against Western Conference opponents) and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 149 to 79.


1899 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team
Jack Harrison and William C. Leary and were head coaches for the 1899 season. They coached the team as a part of a new alumni coaching program. Although most around the program considered the experiment a success, the program was discontinued with the hiring of the University's first full-time salaried coach, Henry L. Williams. The 1899 season was the only season under head coaches Leary and Harrison. This season's 0–3 record left Minnesota in a last place tie with Illinois.


1899 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team
Northrop Field was first used as the home field of the University of Minnesota this year with most of the credit for securing it going to former coach Frederick S. Jones and former Governor John S. Pillsbury.


1899 Mississippi gubernatorial election
The 1899 Mississippi gubernatorial election took place on November 7, 1899, in order to elect the Governor of Mississippi. Incumbent Democrat Anselm J. McLaurin was term-limited, and could not run for reelection to a second term.


1899 Mississippi gubernatorial election, General election
In the general election, Democratic candidate Andrew H. Longino, a former state senator, easily defeated Populist candidate R. K. Prewitt.


1899 Missouri Tigers football team
The 1899 Missouri Tigers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Missouri as an independent during the 1899 college football season. The team compiled a 9-2 record and outscored its opponents by a combined total of 242 to 56. Dave Fultz was the head coach for the second of two seasons. The team played its home games at Rollins Field in Columbia, Missouri.


1899 Monaghan County Council election
The first election to Monaghan County Council took place in April 1899 as part of that year's Irish local elections.


1899 Monaghan County Council election, Campaign
Under the Chairmanship of Col. John Leslie, the county Unionist Association met in early January to decide how to proceed, as there was an expectation that the party would be largely frozen out of the election, winning no more than five or six seats. As a result, the association attempted to build stronger links with Independent candidates, whilst also committing itself to contesting every possible seat. To achieve this, the association set up a Voters' Association, under the Honorary Presidency of W. Martin.


1899 Montana Agricultural football team
The 1899 Montana Agricultural football team was an American football team that represented the Agricultural College of the State of Montana (later renamed Montana State University) during the 1899 college football season. In its first and only season under head coach W. J. Adams, the team compiled a 3–0 record and did not allow opponents to score a point, scoring 54 points to 0 for the opposition. After three  prior losses to the University of Montana, the 1899 team won the program's first victories in the Montana–Montana State football rivalry that has since been played more than 100 times.


1899 Montana football team
The 1899 Montana football team represented the University of Montana in the 1899 college football season. They were led by first-year head coach Guy Cleveland, and finished the season with a record of one win and two losses (1–2).


1899 NYU Violets football team
The 1899 NYU Violets football team was an American football team that represented New York University as an independent during the 1899 college football season. In their only year under head coach James Ogilvie, the team compiled a 2–6 record.


1899 Navy Midshipmen football team
The 1899 Navy Midshipmen football team represented the United States Naval Academy during the 1899 college football season. In their third season under head coach Bill Armstrong, the Midshipmen compiled a 5–3 record, shut out five opponents, and outscored all opponents by a combined score of 94 to 27.


1899 Nebraska Bugeaters football team
The 1899 Nebraska Bugeaters football team represented the University of Nebraska in the 1899 college football season. The team was coached by first-year head coach Alonzo Edwin Branch and played their home games at Antelope Field in Lincoln, Nebraska. They competed as an independent.


1899 Nebraska Bugeaters football team
Following the departure of Fielding H. Yost following the 1898 season, Nebraska hired Branch, a recent graduate of Williams College with little football coaching experience. In his only season as head coach, Branch led Nebraska to its first losing season, and only sub-.500 record in its first 38 years of football.


1899 Nebraska Bugeaters football team
This was NU's final season as the "Bugeaters", as the university officially changed its nickname to "Cornhuskers" in 1900.


1899 Nebraska Bugeaters football team, Roster
Bell, Johnny HBBenedict, Raymond HBBrew, Fred TCarver, Fred FBCortelyou, Spencer ECrandall, Harry QBDasenbrock, John GDrain, Ralph QBGordon, Anthony FBHunter, Fred HBKingsbury, Raymond FBKoehler, John CPearse, Arthur RTPloughead RGReasoner, Ira TRinger, John LGTukey, Harry QBTyson CWallace LTWestover, John LTWilliams, Charles Erwin HB


1899 Nebraska Bugeaters football team, Game summaries, at Lincoln High
Nebraska met the Lincoln High School football team in a pre-season exhibition game for the second time. It is unclear whether the score was the result of a tightly contested game, or an act of sportsmanship by the university team against high schoolers.


1899 Nebraska Bugeaters football team, Game summaries, at Iowa State
Nebraska suffered its worst-ever defeat to open the 1899 season, trailing 28–0 at halftime and losing 33–0. Iowa State had begun preparation for the football season prior to that start of the school year, a practice not commonplace at the time.


1899 Nebraska Bugeaters football team, Game summaries, KC Medics
After allowing 33 points to Iowa State the week prior, Nebraska's defense held KC off the scoreboard in a scoreless first half. A second-half touchdown from each team culminated in a 6–6 tie.


1899 Nebraska Bugeaters football team, Game summaries, Missouri
Despite a valiant defensive performance, Nebraska's offensive woes continued in an 11–0 loss, the second of five times NU was shut out in 1899.


1899 Nebraska Bugeaters football team, Game summaries, at KC Medics
After playing to a 6–6 tie weeks earlier, Nebraska could not keep pace with the KC Medics in their second meeting.


1899 Nebraska Bugeaters football team, Game summaries, Iowa
Nebraska was shut out for the third consecutive week by Iowa in Omaha.


1899 Nebraska Bugeaters football team, Game summaries, at Drake
Nebraska defeated Drake 12–6 in what would be the first and only college football head coaching win for Branch (after a brief stint at Miami (OH), he ended his career with a record of 1–11–1).


1899 Nebraska Bugeaters football team, Game summaries, Kansas
Despite a strong second-half performance against Kansas in Lincoln, Nebraska was unable to overcome a 24–5 deficit. The team's performance was so poor that rumors began to spread suggesting team captain and starting halfback Charles Williams may quit the team.


1899 Nebraska Bugeaters football team, Game summaries, at South Dakota
Nebraska led 5–0 in its first-ever game against South Dakota, but were unable to capitalize on scoring opportunities in the first half. A second-half touchdown gave South Dakota a 6–5 victory. Team captain Charles Williams left the NU program following the game.


1899 Nebraska Bugeaters football team, Game summaries, Grinnell
Grinnell became the fifth team to shut out Nebraska in 1899, defeating the Bugeaters 12–0 on a muddy, wet afternoon in Omaha.


1899 Nevada State Sagebrushers football team
The 1899 Nevada State Sagebrushers football team was an American football team that represented Nevada State University (now known as the University of Nevada, Reno) as an independent during the 1899 college football season. In its first and only season under head coach A. King Dickson, the team compiled a 3–2 record.


1899 Nevada State Sagebrushers football team, Previous season
The Sagebrushers finished the 1898 season 4–1. Head coach F. F. Ellis was replaced by A. King Dickson.


1899 New Brunswick general election
The 1899 New Brunswick general election was held on 18 February 1899, to elect 46 members to the 30th New Brunswick Legislative Assembly, the governing house of the province of New Brunswick, Canada. The election was held before the adoption of party labels.


1899 New Brunswick general election
Of forty-six MLAs, forty supported the government, four formed the opposition, and the other two were neutral. The government of Henry Emmerson was re-elected.


1899 New Hampshire football team
The 1899 New Hampshire football team was an American football team that represented New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts during the 1899 college football season—the school became the University of New Hampshire in 1923. The team finished with a record of 3–3–1 or 4–2, per 1899 sources or modern sources, respectively.


1899 New Hampshire football team, Schedule
Scoring during this era awarded five points for a touchdown, one point for a conversion kick (extra point), and five points for a field goal. Teams played in the one-platoon system and the forward pass was not yet legal. Games were played in two halves rather than four quarters.


1899 New Hampshire football team, Schedule
A December editorial in The New Hampshire College Monthly stated that the team's record was 3–3–1, whereas College Football Data Warehouse and the University's media guide list a record of 4–2.


1899 New Hampshire football team, Schedule
Contemporary sources are clear that the Vermont game was played in Vermont; modern sources list the site as Durham.


1899 New Hampshire football team, Schedule
The October 21 game was the first meeting between the New Hampshire and Boston College football programs. The November 4 game was the first meeting between the New Hampshire and Vermont football programs.


1899 New Richmond tornado
The 1899 New Richmond Tornado was an estimated F5 tornado which formed on the early evening of Monday, June 12, 1899 and tore a 45-mile long path of destruction through St. Croix, Polk and Barron counties in west-central Wisconsin, leaving 117 people dead, twice as many injured and hundreds homeless. The worst devastation wrought by the tornado was at the city of New Richmond, Wisconsin, which took a direct hit from the storm. Over half the town was left in ruins by the tornado, which also caused lesser damage to several other communities in the area. More than $300,000 (USD) ($9,332,000 in today's dollars) in damage was reported. Today, it ranks as the ninth deadliest tornado in United States history, as well as the deadliest ever recorded in Wisconsin.


1899 New Richmond tornado, New Richmond, Wisconsin Tornado
June 12, 1899, was the day of the Gollmar Brothers Circus, which drew hundreds of visitors in addition to the town's 1,800 inhabitants. Around 3:00 p.m., clouds began to build, and the sky became quite dark. As the circus ended for the day around 4:30 PM, a heavy rain, with some hail, began to fall. The rain let up around 5:00 PM, and people began to head home for the day. By 6:00 PM, the streets of New Richmond were full of tourists, travelers and residents.


1899 New Richmond tornado, New Richmond, Wisconsin Tornado
Meanwhile, the impending disaster which was to befall the region was just beginning to unfold. The tornado was reported to have first touched down around 5:30 PM about five miles south of Hudson, on the eastern bank of Lake St. Croix. The tornado was described as a "boiling cloud", which seemed to skirt the hills to the east of Lake St. Croix, and then began moving off to the northeast.


1899 New Richmond tornado, New Richmond, Wisconsin Tornado
Passing clear of Hudson and following both the Willow River and the Omaha Railroad, the tornado swept away several farms near the rural communities of Burkhardt and Boardman as it traveled northeast. Four fatalities were reported at Boardman. 55-year-old Kate Heffron was the first reported fatality, as she was killed when the tornado demolished her home and farm. The home and farm of 70-year-old Louisa Hurd also sustained a direct hit, as Ms. Hurd and 13-year-old Gertie Wears were both killed when her home was swept away.


1899 New Richmond tornado, New Richmond, Wisconsin Tornado
Wears had stopped in along with her father and brother to visit, both of whom managed to reach the cellar before the storm hit. John Neitge, a young farmer from Deer Park who had been driving through with his intended bride had also stopped at the Hurd farm to seek shelter from the storm. He was struck and killed by flying debris, she was uninjured.


1899 New Richmond tornado, New Richmond, Wisconsin Tornado
There was little warning in New Richmond. The tornado was completely illuminated by lightning, but it was visible for only a few minutes before it reached the town, as the view was largely obstructed by buildings and large trees. Initially, several of the town's residents recalled hearing a faint rumble in the distance which many mistook for the sound of a passing train. Before long the tornado became more visible, and those who did come to realize the danger approaching began to alert those around them, and panic ensued in the streets as people scrambled to take shelter.


1899 New Richmond tornado, New Richmond, Wisconsin Tornado
Despite the best efforts of the storm's early spotters, a great many of the town's residents were not fully aware of the oncoming storm until it was almost upon them. Shortly after 6 PM, the tornado tore into the southwest corner of the city. This neighborhood was where many of the town's wealthiest and most influential residents lived, many of them having first come to the area as pioneers from New England in the 1850s. They included the owners of some of New Richmond's most prominent businesses, residing in stately homes built in styles derived from those seen back east. Within a few moments, as many as fifty homes were leveled in this area.


1899 New Richmond tornado, New Richmond, Wisconsin Tornado
The greatest destruction caused to the city by the tornado was to the town's business district, a three-block stretch of Main Street between First and Fourth Street lined with stores, offices and tenements built of brick and stone. Because of the direction the storm had approached the city from and the angle at which it entered the city, the tornado virtually swallowed the entire business district.


1899 New Richmond tornado, New Richmond, Wisconsin Tornado
It was here that a large majority of the fatalities occurred, as many of those who thought they would be safe within the confines of the reinforced structures were killed by cascades of falling debris as the buildings on Main Street were swept away. A 1.5-ton safe from the city bank was thrown a full block away. Probably one of the greatest demonstrations of the tornado's strength was seen at the Nicollet Hotel, a newly constructed three-story brick building located adjacent to the Willow River. The tornado swept the building clean down to the foundation, killing at least five people.


1899 New Richmond tornado, New Richmond, Wisconsin Tornado
Almost simultaneously, the town's Methodist Church was completely obliterated, the only remnant being the 1.1-ton cast iron bell, which was found nearly 200 feet from the church foundation. As the tornado cleared Main Street, it tore the iron-frame bridge spanning the Willow River from its fitting and onto the adjacent riverbank in a twisted heap. The City Hall was completely flattened, the adjacent water tower sent toppling to the northeast and dumping its contents into First Street and transforming it into a muddy deluge.


1899 New Richmond tornado, New Richmond, Wisconsin Tornado
The tornado then moved into the east side of New Richmond, where many of the city's working class residents lived. As many as forty homes in this neighborhood were completely obliterated, leaving the neighborhood virtually unrecognizable. Within a period of roughly seven to ten minutes, over half of New Richmond was laid to ruins.


1899 New Richmond tornado, New Richmond, Wisconsin Tornado
After departing New Richmond, the tornado moved on toward the northeast, continuing along a course almost parallel to the Omaha Railroad line, with most of its destruction after that point confined to rural areas, with only two fatalities occurring north of town. The tornado struck several farms in the Stanton area, passing barely a mile north of the village of Deer Park before crossing into Polk County.


1899 New Richmond tornado, New Richmond, Wisconsin Tornado
The storm came within two miles of the village of Clear Lake, proving to be a great scare for its residents as it reminded many of a similar tornado which struck Clear Lake in September 1884. A large number of farms in the area suffered considerable damage, and many families were left homeless. One farmer, Sam Olson was killed instantly when the tornado flattened his farmstead, leaving his wife and son gravely injured. Northeast of Clear Lake, the tornado tore through the logging community of Pineville, where another farmer, Michael Kennetz, was killed when his home was swept away.


1899 New Richmond tornado, New Richmond, Wisconsin Tornado
Several homes and farms in the vicinity of the hamlet of Richardson and the village of Clayton were blown away, leaving several families destitute. The storm continued east into Barron County, where the farming community of Arland sustained a direct hit, with virtually the entire settlement being demolished, but no fatalities or serious injuries being reported. The tornado dissipated a few miles southwest of the city of Barron, although the storm was still strong enough to cause a considerable amount of damage to the town.


1899 New Richmond tornado, Aftermath
Because the storm had blown down telegraph lines in the area, two riders immediately set off for Roberts, ten miles to the south, and sent messages into St. Paul with news of the tornado. Altogether, the tornado and the subsequent fires that raged throughout the following night destroyed the entire business district along with more than half the residences in town, which combined added up to more than 300 buildings.


1899 New Richmond tornado, Aftermath
The only significant surviving structures were the Lumber and Roller Mills located on the banks of the Willow River, the latter of which was narrowly missed by the tornado, the town's public school and the Catholic Church, which acted as either makeshift shelters or morgues. Only the extreme northwestern and southeastern portions of the city were spared. The town's electrical plant and water facilities were destroyed, so fires ran rampant through the scattered debris. Many bodies found in the aftermath were burnt beyond recognition— it was impossible to tell if they died from the tornado or from being trapped and burned alive.


1899 New Richmond tornado, Aftermath
In the days after the tornado, the list of those killed in the tornado gradually grew, as several who had been injured later died in various St. Paul hospitals. On June 22, 57-year-old Ward Gould died from complications caused by internal injuries sustained in the storm, officially bringing the death toll to 117; four at Boardman, two in Polk County, and the remainder in the vicinity of New Richmond, including five victims who were never identified.


1899 New Richmond tornado, Aftermath
66 were residents of New Richmond, another 31 had resided in the adjacent townships of Richmond, Stanton and Erin Prairie, and the remainder were mostly from other communities nearby, such as Hudson, Stillwater, Star Prairie, Baldwin and Glenwood City. Among the dead were 26 children under the age of 16, including a 10-year-old boy whose body was never found.


1899 New Richmond tornado, Aftermath
The town was so completely damaged that it had to be essentially rebuilt. Damage claims exceeded $300,000 ($7 million in 2006 dollars), however, damages may have been as high as $600,000 ($14 million in 2006 dollars).


1899 New Richmond tornado, Historical significance
The tornado that struck New Richmond is estimated to be an F5 on the original Fujita scale, and would today be categorized an EF5 on the Enhanced Fujita scale, with winds in excess of 200 miles per hour, making it the third of only six F5 tornadoes ever recorded in Wisconsin. Surveys of the damage caused at New Richmond and elsewhere determined the tornado had a damage path of roughly 400-500 yards, or slightly over a quarter-mile in width.


1899 New Richmond tornado, Historical significance
In Terms of fatalities, the New Richmond Tornado presently ranks as the ninth deadliest tornado in United States history. At the time of its occurrence, it ranked as the third deadliest tornado in American history, outflanked only by the 1840 Great Natchez Tornado and the 1896 St. Louis-East St. Louis tornado. Since 1899, the record has only been surpassed six times, those being the Amite-Purvis Tornado in 1908, the Tri-State Tornado in 1925, the Tupelo and Gainesville tornadoes in 1936, the 1947 Woodward Tornado and most recently the 2011 Joplin Tornado.


1899 New Richmond tornado, Historical significance
According to the research compiled by meteorologist and tornado expert Thomas P. Grazulis, the New Richmond Tornado was the first determined F/EF5 in American history to cause a death toll exceeding 100, as the rating for the Natchez tornado has never been officially determined and the St. Louis-East St. Louis tornado ranked as only an F4. In addition, the Amite-Purvis (1908 Dixie tornado outbreak), and Gainesville (1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak), tornadoes have also both been classified as only F4 tornadoes, making the New Richmond Tornado the fifth deadliest F/EF5 in American history.


1899 New Year Honours
The New Year Honours 1899 were appointments by Queen Victoria to various orders and honours of the United Kingdom and British India.


1899 New Year Honours
They were published in The Times on 2 January 1899, and the various honours were gazetted in The London Gazette on 2 January 1899, 10 January 1899, and on 13 January 1899.


1899 New Year Honours
The recipients of honours are displayed or referred to as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour and where appropriate by rank (Knight Grand Cross, Knight Commander, etc.) then divisions (Military, Civil).


1899 New York Giants season
The 1899 New York Giants season was the franchise's 17th season. The team finished in tenth place in the National League with a 60–90 record, 42 games behind the Brooklyn Superbas.


1899 New York Giants season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1899 New York Giants season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1899 New York Giants season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1899 New York Giants season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1899 New York Giants season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1899 New Zealand general election
The New Zealand general election of 1899 was held on 6 and 19 December in the European and Māori electorates, respectively, to elect 74 MPs to the 14th session of the New Zealand Parliament. The election was again won by the Liberal Party, and Richard Seddon remained Prime Minister.


1899 New Zealand general election, 1896 electoral redistribution
The last electoral redistribution was undertaken in 1896 for the 1896 election, and the same electorates were used again. 34 seats were located in the North Island, 36 were in the South Island, and the remaining four were Māori electorates. Since the 1890 electoral redistribution, the four main centres had electorates with three seats each.


1899 New Zealand general election, The election
The 1899 election was held on Wednesday, 6 December in the general electorates, and on Tuesday, 19 December in the Māori electorates to elect a total of 74 MPs to the 14th Parliament. A total number of 373,744 (77.6%) voters turned out to vote. In three electorates there was only one candidate, and they were thus returned unopposed. Two of those were Liberal candidates: Richard Seddon in the Westland electorate, and John McKenzie in the Waihemo electorate. The third was an opposition representative, William Russell, who stood in the Hawke's Bay electorate.


1899 New Zealand general election, The election
Two candidates died during the election campaign. A third, Henry Augustus Field, died two days after having been re-elected in the Otaki electorate.


1899 New Zealand general election, Results, Party totals
The following table gives party strengths and vote distribution according to Wilson (1985), who records Maori representatives as Independents prior to the 1905 election.


1899 New Zealand general election, Results, Electorate results
Seventy-four MPs were elected across sixty-two single-member, and four three-member electorates. The table below show the results of the 1899 general election:


1899 Normal School of Arizona Normals football team
The 1899 Normal School of Arizona Normals football team was an American football team that represented the Normal School of Arizona (later renamed Arizona State University) as an independent during the 1899 college football season. In its second season of varsity football (an 1897 team played one game), the Normals compiled a 3–0 record. The team captain was Walter Shute. The team was known by the nickname "Normals".


1899 Normal School of Arizona Normals football team
The season began with the first two victories in program history, one over the Phoenix Indian School, and the other over Phoenix High School. On November 30, 1899, the team played and won its first intercollegiate football game, an 11–2 victory over the University of Arizona. The game was the inaugural meeting in the Arizona–Arizona State football rivalry and was played in front of an estimated 300 spectators at the Carillo Gardens amusement center near the Santa Cruz River in Tucson.


1899 North Antrim by-election
The North Antrim by-election of February 1899 was held on 25 February 1899. The by-election was held following the resignation of the previous member Hugh McCalmont who was a member of the Irish Unionist Party. It was won unopposed by the Irish Unionist Party candidate William Moore.


1899 North Carolina A&M Aggies football team
The 1899 North Carolina A&M Aggies football team represented the North Carolina A&M Aggies of North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts during the 1899 college football season. In W. C. Riddick's second season at head coach the Aggies compiling a record of 1–2–2, scored 29 points on their opponents and allowing 69.


1899 North Carolina Tar Heels football team
The 1899 North Carolina Tar Heels football team represented the University of North Carolina in the 1899 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. They played eleven games with a final record of 7–3–1. The team captain for the 1899 season was Samuel Shull.


1899 North Dakota Agricultural Aggies football team
The 1899 North Dakota Agricultural Aggies football team was an American football team that represented North Dakota Agricultural College (now known as North Dakota State University) as an independent during the 1899 college football season. They only played one game, and lost, to North Dakota.


1899 North Dakota Flickertails football team
The 1899 North Dakota Flickertails football team was an American football team that represented University of North Dakota during the 1899 college football season. The team compiled a 6–0 record and outscored opponents by a total of 179 to 5.


1899 North Dakota Flickertails football team
The team was led by first-year head coach Harry C. "Babe" Loomis. Loomis was the school's first paid football coach, receiving $200 for the season.


1899 North Dakota Flickertails football team
The team captain was Lynn Frazier who later served as Governor of North Dakota from 1817 to 1921. Another player William Nuessle became chief justice of the North Dakota Supreme Court. A third, William Lemke, served as Attorney General of North Dakota from 1921 to 1922.


1899 Northern Illinois State Normal football team
The 1899 Northern Illinois State Normal football team represented Northern Illinois State Normal College as an independent in the 1899 college football season. 1899 was the first year that the school fielded a football team. They were led by head coach John A. H. Keith. The team finished the season with a 1–0–2 record.


1899 Northumberland colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Northumberland on 20 June 1899 because of the death of Richard Stevenson (Protectionist).


1899 Northwestern Purple football team
The 1899 Northwestern Purple team represented Northwestern University during the 1899 college football season. In their first year under head coach Charles M. Hollister, the Purple compiled a 7–6 record (2–2 against Western Conference opponents) and finished in third place in the Western Conference.


1899 Notre Dame football team
The 1899 Notre Dame football team was an American football team that represented the University of Notre Dame in the 1899 college football season. In their first season with James McWeeney as coach, the team compiled a 6–3–1 record, shut out five opponents, and outscored all opponents by a total of 169 to 55.


1899 Ohio Green and White football team
The 1899 Ohio Green and White football team was an American football team that represented Ohio University as an independent during the 1899 college football season. They played 4 games and had a 2–2 record.


1899 Ohio State Buckeyes football team
The 1899 Ohio State Buckeyes football team represented Ohio State University in the 1899 college football season. They played all their home games at Ohio Field and were coached by John B. Eckstorm. They were the first Buckeyes football team to go undefeated, finishing 9–0–1.


1899 Ohio gubernatorial election
The 1899 Ohio gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1899. Republican nominee George K. Nash defeated Democratic nominee John R. McLean with 45.94% of the vote.


1899 Oklahoma Sooners football team
The 1899 Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the University of Oklahoma in the 1899 college football season. In their fifth year of football, and third year under head coach Vernon Louis Parrington, the Sooners compiled a 2–1 record, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 61 to 28. This season was the first in which the team played a current NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision opponent, Arkansas.


1899 Oldham by-election
The Oldham by-election of 1899 occurred in the summer of that year, and involved a by-election to fill both seats in the two-member Oldham Parliamentary borough. The block voting method allowed each elector to vote for two candidates.


1899 Oldham by-election
The election resulted in the Liberal Party winning both seats from the Conservatives who had previously held them, but the election is notable mainly for being the first to be fought by future Conservative Prime Minister, Winston Churchill.


1899 Oldham by-election, Background
At the beginning of 1899, the two members of parliament for Oldham were Robert Ascroft and James Oswald. However, Oswald had been chronically ill for many months and had been absent from his Parliamentary duties and his constituency. He had indicated that he would not seek re-election and left a resignation note with the Conservative Party and instructed them to use it if they thought it to be expedient. Ascroft was an active in Parliament but was struck down with pneumonia at his home in Croydon on 12 June, becoming partially unconscious. Over the next few days, his condition did not improve, and by 18 June there was said to be "very little hope". He died on the afternoon of 19 June.


1899 Oldham by-election, Background
Ascroft's sudden death created an opportunity for the Conservative Party to use Oswald's resignation note and hold a double by-election, but the party delayed the decision until Ascroft's funeral, on 23 June. It was later observed that Ascroft had been very popular in the town but failed to maintain a group of election campaign workers, presumably in the hope that his personal support would be enough. The forcing of a by-election therefore surprised Oldham Conservatives.


1899 Oldham by-election, Background
Nevertheless, on 26 June, Oswald's resignation note was sent in and so he was appointed Steward of the Manor of Northstead as a way of resigning his seat.


1899 Oldham by-election, Candidates
Before his illness, Ascroft had already met with Churchill at the House of Commons to ask him to replace Oswald and run as the second candidate at the next election. The date of a joint follow-up meeting in Oldham had been fixed for some time when Churchill noticed in the newspapers that Ascroft had died. The Conservative Party officers met in Oldham on the evening of 23 June as arranged to hear from Churchill and unanimously adopted him as the party's candidate for the single by-election to replace Ascroft.


1899 Oldham by-election, Candidates
The meeting then decided to leave the question of a second candidate to another meeting on the following night. Churchill was known principally as the son of Lord Randolph Churchill, a senior Conservative politician who had died four years earlier. Although only 24, the young Churchill had begun a journalistic career as a war correspondent with the Morning Post. According to one observer, society then knew Churchill as "a brilliant and irrepressible talker".


1899 Oldham by-election, Candidates
The second Conservative candidate turned out to be James Mawdsley, who was secretary of the Amalgamated Association of Operative Cotton Spinners, an unusual case of a Conservative who was an active trade unionist. The choice of Mawdsley as Conservative candidate had been kept secret and surprised several Conservatives, who were not in the very small meeting at which the candidates were adopted. There was some discussion of which of the two very different Conservative candidates, the aristocrat or the labour representative, would be more popular in Oldham.


1899 Oldham by-election, Candidates
Only one name was initially put forward for the Liberal Party selection, that of Alfred Emmott; however, by the time the selection meeting took place on the evening of Monday 26 June it was clear that there would be a double vacancy and so he was adopted together with Walter Runciman. Emmott had been a member of Oldham Corporation for nearly 20 years and was the town's nayor in 1891 to 1892. He had been invited but declined the offer of the Liberal candidacy in 1886. Runciman was the 28-year-old son of Walter Runciman, 1st Baron Runciman, a shipping magnate.


1899 Oldham by-election, Campaign
The writ for a new election for both seats was moved in the House of Commons by the Conservative chief whip William Walrond on Tuesday 27 June. Polling day was set for Thursday 6 July.


1899 Oldham by-election, Campaign
As the previous election had been close, the by-election campaign was an intense one in which the candidates addressed meetings "at breakfast time, during the dinner hour, and in the evening". One of the main campaign issues was the Clerical Tithes Bill, which the Conservative-dominated government was promoting, which would give additional help to Church of England clergy and to Church schools. Oldham included many Nonconformists who were opposed to the Bill. When the issue of the Bill was raised, the Liberal candidates opposed it, arguing that Parliament was not the place to discuss matters of faith. Churchill initially supported it on the basis that legislation was needed to maintain law and order.


1899 Oldham by-election, Campaign
A Protestant delegation representing several organisations was pleased with the pledge to support the Bill and strongly endorsed Churchill and Mawdsley. However, when Churchill, who later admitted that he knew nothing of the issue, found out how unpopular the Bill was, he declared in a speech three days before polling day that he would have voted against it, in accordance with the wishes of his constituents.


1899 Oldham by-election, Campaign
Churchill made a campaigning visit to Hollinwood, then known as a strongly anti-Conservative area, as his father had done in previous elections. His appearance prompted a heckler to declare, "Eh, lad, thou art a chip of t'owd block". On 3 July, the two Conservative candidates received a delegation on women's suffrage, to which Churchill declared himself opposed, as it would lessen the respect for women "which all men very rightly have". Mawdsley, however, declared his support.


1899 Oldham by-election, Campaign
The presence of trade unionist Mawdsley as a Conservative candidate caused some degree of protest. The Royton branch of his union passed, 107 to 54, a motion protesting at his candidature, and Mawdsley was asked why he had not come forward as a Labour candidate when he was invited to in 1895. Mawdsley replied that there had been a decision to run two candidates: one being Liberal-Labour and the other (himself) a Conservative-Labour candidate. He further said that he would support a Liberal-Labour candidate. The Independent Labour Party, despite not standing a candidate, held a meeting, calling on working men to free themselves from both established parties.


1899 Oldham by-election, Campaign
It was reported that the Conservatives accepted Mawdsley as a candidate on the assumption that if elected, he would be allowed to express his own views on trade union issues.


1899 Oldham by-election, Results
On polling day, the Conservatives were said to have been outnumbered by Liberals in the number of carriages conveying voters to the polls, by 130 to 90. Lady Randolph Churchill turned up in a striking blue dress and sunshade. Churchill himself tried to obtain a motor car from Coventry to bring voters to the polls, but it broke down at Stafford and never arrived. Polling closed at 8 pm.


1899 Oldham by-election, Results
Shortly after 11 pm the result was announced from the town hall:


1899 Oldham by-election, Aftermath
The loss of both seats caused some recriminations in Conservative circles. Henry Howorth, in a letter to The Times, took it as an object lesson that "playing at pitch and toss" with Conservative principles would not lead to a victory and that it was better that the party went into opposition than "surrender to every Socialistic demand".


1899 Oldham by-election, Aftermath
Churchill had impressed as an election candidate, being described as "working like a Trojan". However, the correspondent for The Times felt that his speeches concentrated more on good phrases than on good arguments and that his popularity was superficial.


1899 Ole Miss Rebels football team
The 1899 Ole Miss Rebels football team represented the University of Mississippi during the 1899 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The season closed with a defeat of Tulane.


1899 Open Championship
The 1899 Open Championship was the 39th Open Championship, held 7–8 June at Royal St George's Golf Club in Sandwich, England. Defending champion Harry Vardon won the Championship for the 3rd time, by five strokes from runner-up Jack White.


1899 Open Championship
A meeting was held immediately before the tournament is response to a request from a majority of the professionals asking for an increase in prize money from £90 to £200, since the professionals felt "that the money offered as prizes was scarcely in keeping with the importance of the event". In response a small increase in prize money to £115 was announced to start in 1900.


1899 Open Championship
All entries played 36 holes on the first day with all those within 19 strokes of the leader making the cut and playing 36 holes on the final day, with the additional provision that the final day's field had to contain at least 32 professionals.


1899 Open Championship
There was some good scoring in the first round with a number of low scores. James Kinnell, Vardon and Tom Williamson led on 76 with a further nine players under 80. A stronger wind in the afternoon led to some higher scores but Vardon and J.H. Taylor both returned a score of 76 while James Braid scored 78. Vardon reached the turn in 33 and had a three at the 10th but then took 28 to cover the next five holes. He eventually came home in 43. Taylor was out in 36 and back in 40. After the first day, Vardon led on 152 with Taylor on 153 and Braid and Willie Park Jr. on 156. Many of the other players found conditions difficult and the cut was extended to 175 to include the requisite number of professionals.


1899 Open Championship
Scoring was higher on the second morning with only the amateur Freddie Tait and Albert Tingey breaking 80. Vardon's 81 was good enough to extend his lead to three shots from Taylor and seven strokes from the rest of the field. In the afternoon, Vardon reached the turn in 34 and, with Taylor reaching the turn in 42, he had built up a large lead. Despite playing badly and taking 35 for the last seven holes, he won comfortably. White had the best round of the tournament with a final round 75 after matching Vardon's first nine of 34. Park faded with a final round of 89. Tait was the leading amateur in his last Open Championship before his death in February 1900.


1899 Oregon Agricultural Aggies football team
The 1899 Oregon Agricultural Aggies football team represented Oregon Agricultural College (now known as Oregon State University) as an independent during the 1899 college football season. In their first and only season under head coach Hiland Orlando Stickney, the Aggies compiled a 3–2 record and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 76 to 60. The Aggies lost to Oregon (0-38). Fred Walters was the team captain.


1899 Oregon Agricultural Aggies football team, Further reading
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1899 Oregon Agricultural Aggies football team, Further reading
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1899 Oregon Webfoots football team
The 1899 Oregon Webfoots football team represented the University of Oregon in the 1899 college football season. It was the Webfoots' sixth season, they competed as an independent and were led by head coach Frank W. Simpson in his second year. They finished the season with a record of three wins, two losses and one tie (3–2–1).


1899 Osgoldcross by-election
The Osgoldcross by-election, 1899 was a parliamentary by-election  for the House of Commons constituency of Osgoldcross in the West Riding of Yorkshire held on 5 July 1899.


1899 Osgoldcross by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the sitting Liberal MP, Sir John Austin. Austin had been MP for Osgoldcross  since 1886 but he found himself in dispute with his constituency Liberal Association when he voted against certain measures in Parliament which were supported by the Liberal Party nationally. Some of these issues were on religious questions and Sir John Austin was a Roman Catholic. In some quarters the dispute with Sir John Austin was seen as an attack on him because of his religion, although he had a record of getting on well with his traditionally nonconformist constituency.


1899 Osgoldcross by-election, Vacancy
However one of the issues that Austin championed was opposing the power of local authorities to impose a veto on liquor sales and this brought him into conflict with many of his pro-temperance chapel Liberals. A meeting of the Osgoldcoss Liberal Association was held at Pontefract on 15 June 1899 and a vote of no confidence in Austin was passed. A further motion of regret at his actions was also passed but, no doubt in an effort to heal the breach between MP and local party, it was declared that Austin had broken no pledges made in his election addresses.


1899 Osgoldcross by-election, Candidates, Austin
Following the vote of censure against him Sir John Austin decided to resign his seat and appeal directly to his constituents on the points at issue. He chose to contest the election as a Liberal and was sometimes also referred to in the press as a Radical. However, in view of his breach with the official party Austin is referred to here as an Independent Liberal.


1899 Osgoldcross by-election, Candidates, Liberals
The local Liberal Association were divided in loyalty, with some believing Austin’s record required their support. A meeting at Castleford on 23 June 1899, chaired by Mr Arthur Hartley the chairman of Osgoldcross Liberals, at which Austin declared himself to be a loyal supporter of Liberal leader Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, selected Austin as Liberal candidate to fight the by-election.


1899 Osgoldcross by-election, Candidates, Liberals
However another meeting of Liberals at Pontefract the same day adopted Charles Henry Roberts, the son-in-law of Lady Carlisle, as an Independent Liberal or Radical to contest the seat and this decision was endorsed by a further mass meeting at the Market Hall at Goole later that night, chaired by the president of the Osgoldcross Liberals, Frederick Andrews. Roberts declared that he supported the entire Liberal programme as formulated by William Ewart Gladstone and the meeting endorsed his candidacy saying they wanted a man who was a Liberal “all along the line”. He also described himself as the Local Veto (i.e. pro-temperance) candidate. For this reason, Roberts is described  here as the official Liberal candidate.


1899 Osgoldcross by-election, Candidates, Others
There had been a history of contested elections in Osgoldcross in recent years. In 1885 there had been a Conservative candidate. In 1886  Austin  had  taken  the  seat  off  the  sitting Liberal Unionist  MP, and in 1895 another Conservative had tried his luck. However this time, perhaps preferring not to intrude on the private grief of the Liberal Party, no other party put forward a candidate to take advantage of the Liberal split.


1899 Osgoldcross by-election, The result
Sir John Austin retained his seat by a clear and comfortable majority, increasing his majority from 1,065 to 2,925, having obtained well over 50% of the poll. It seems likely that Sir John received many votes from Conservative supporters who had no candidate of their own to vote for  and who wanted to discomfort the Liberal Party nationally.


1899 Pacific Tigers football team
The 1899 Pacific Tigers football team represented the University of the Pacific during the 1899 college football season.


1899 Paris–Roubaix
The 1899 Paris–Roubaix was the fourth edition of the Paris–Roubaix, a classic one-day cycle race in France. The single day event was held on 2 April 1899 and stretched 268 km (167 mi) from Paris to its end in a velodrome in Roubaix. The winner was Albert Champion from France.


1899 Pembroke Urban District Council election
Elections to the Pembroke Urban District Council took place on Monday 16 January 1899 as part of that year's Irish local elections.


1899 Pembroke Urban District Council election
Unlike some of the elections elsewhere in Ireland, the election was not explicitly contested on Nationalist/Unionist grounds. Instead, the election largely saw a new group of 'Ratepayers' candidates, together with several Independents, challenge the incumbent Town Commissioners on their historic administration of the district.


1899 Pembroke Urban District Council election
The result saw Nationalists elected to the council for the first time.


1899 Pembroke Urban District Council election
Following the election Sir Robert Jackson was elected Chairman, replacing Col. Davoren.


1899 Penn Quakers football team
The 1899 Penn Quakers football team represented the University of Pennsylvania in the 1899 college football season.


1899 Penn State football team
The 1899 Penn State football team was an American football team that represented Pennsylvania State College—now known as Pennsylvania State University–as an independent during the 1899 college football season. The team was coached by Sam Boyle and played its home games on Beaver Field in University Park, Pennsylvania.


1899 Peruvian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Peru in 1899. Eduardo López de Romaña of the Civilista Party was elected with 97% of the vote.


1899 Philadelphia Phillies season
The following lists the events of the 1899 Philadelphia Phillies season.


1899 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1899 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1899 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1899 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1899 Philadelphia mayoral election
The Philadelphia mayoral election of 1899 saw the election Samuel Howell Ashbridge.


1899 Philippine local elections
Local elections were held for provincial and municipal posts throughout the Philippine archipelago starting May 7, 1899. The first local elections under the American occupation were held in Baliuag, Bulacan, supervised by US General Henry W. Lawton.


1899 Pittsburgh College football team
The 1899 Pittsburgh College football team was an American football team that represented Pittsburgh Catholic College of the Holy Ghost—now known as Duquesne University—during the 1897 college football season.


1899 Pittsburgh Pirates season
The 1899 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the 18th season of the Pittsburgh Pirates franchise and their 13th in the National League. The Pirates finished seventh in the National League with a record of 76–73.


1899 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1899 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1899 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1899 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1899 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1899 Porto plague outbreak
The 1899 Porto plague outbreak was an epidemic of bubonic plague centered in the city of Porto, in the north of Portugal.


1899 Porto plague outbreak
The arrival of plague in the Portuguese city of Porto signalled the first outbreak of the third plague pandemic in Europe, attracting international attention, due to fears of a return of the Black Death in the continent. It also pitched local and national authorities as well as medical experts in heated arguments about the nature of the disease and the way to contain it, namely, the controversial decision to surround the city by a military-enforced cordon sanitaire for four months, imposed by the government of Prime Minister José Luciano de Castro.


1899 Porto plague outbreak
The city's Medical Health Officer, Ricardo Jorge, head of the city's Municipal Services of Health and Hygiene and of the Municipal Bacteriological Laboratory, led the efforts to contain the disease and personally gathered laboratory proof to correctly identify the responsible infectious agent: this earned him a great reputation as a modern sanitarian and bacteriologist and launched his highly successful national and international career.


1899 Porto plague outbreak
There were 132 deaths attributed to the plague outbreak, out of 320 total cases. Eminent bacteriologist Luís da Câmara Pestana contracted the disease after receiving a small scratch while examining a plague corpse during the outbreak, and died shortly afterwards.


1899 Porto plague outbreak
The plague outbreak had considerable political, social, and economic repercussions: it exacerbated class divisions and tensions between republicans in Porto and the royalist government in Lisbon (the centuries-old Portuguese Monarchy and would be replaced by the Portuguese First Republic in a revolution just 10 years later). Portugal's public health legislation was modernised in the years following the crisis; the Directorate-General of Health was established in response to the outbreak; it remains the country's leading agency for public health and disease prevention.


1899 Portuguese legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Portugal on 26 November 1899. The result was a victory for the Progressive Party, which won 91 seats.


1899 Preakness Stakes
The 1899 Preakness Stakes was the 24th running of the $1,000 added Preakness Stakes, a horse race for three-year-old Thoroughbreds run on May 30, 1899 at the Gravesend Race Track on Coney Island, New York. The mile and a sixteenth race was won by Half Time over runner-up Filigrane. The race was run on a track rated fast in a final time of 1:47 flat that equaled the Gravesend track record for the distance.


1899 Preakness Stakes
The 1899 Kentucky Derby was run on May 4 and the 1899 Belmont Stakes on May 25, five days before the Preakness. For jockey Richard Clawson, the win aboard Half Time was his second in the 1899 Classics having won the Belmont aboard Jean Bereaud in which he had defeated Half Time.


1899 Preakness Stakes
The 1919 Preakness Stakes would mark the first time the race would be recognized as the second leg of a U.S. Triple Crown series.


1899 Princeton Tigers football team
The 1899 Princeton Tigers football team represented Princeton University in the 1899 college football season. The team finished with a 12–1 record and was retroactively named as the national champion by the Billingsley Report and Parke H. Davis. Harvard compiled a 10–0–1 record and was selected as the national champion by three other selectors. They outscored their opponents 185 to 21.


1899 Puerto Rico census
The 1899 Puerto Rico census (or Porto Rico as it was then commonly called), was the first national population census held in Porto Rico under U.S. control by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. War Department. It is also the tenth-census combined with the previous censuses taken by Spain. The day used for the census was Friday November 10, 1899. The total population of the island of Puerto Rico was counted as 953,243 - an increase of 154,678 or 16% over the previous 1887 Census taken by the Spanish government.


1899 Puerto Rico census, Population schedule
The population schedule used in the census, translated into English and reduced in size is as follows:Situation


1899 Puerto Rico census, Method of tabulation
It was taken that to save time, the tabulation should be done by machine and not by the old hand-tally system. As the machines invented by Mr Herman Hollerith were successfully used in the earlier eleventh and were to be used for the twelfth U.S. census, it was adopted.


1899 Puerto Rico census, Population and dwellings, Birthplace
The number of foreign-born returned by the census is 13,872 or about 1.5% of the total population. There were few regions in the western hemisphere in which the proportion of natives is so high and that of the foreign-born so low. Of the total number of foreigners 5,935 or 43 per cent were found in the three cities of San Juan, Ponce and Mayagüez. Of the total foreign-born 7,690 or 55 per cent were born in Spain.


1899 Puerto Rico census, Population and dwellings, Race
With reference to race, the population of Porto Rico is divided by the census into two main classes - those who are and those who are not  White. The number belonging to each of these classes is as follows:


1899 Puerto Rico census, Population and dwellings, Race
The colored in the table includes very few (75) Chinese and many persons of mixed white and Black African blood as well as pure Black. Somewhat more than three-fifths of the population of Porto Rico are white and nearly two-fifths are partly or  entirely negro or Black. By the 1899 census five-sixths (83.6 per cent) of the total colored were returned as of mixed blood.


1899 Purdue Boilermakers football team
The 1899 Purdue Boilermakers football team was an American football team that represented Purdue University during the 1899 college football season. The Boilermakers compiled a 4–4–1 record and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 122 to 100 in their second season under head coach Alpha Jamison. Edward C. Robertson was the team captain.


1899 Queen's County Council election
Queen's County Council (now Laois County Council) was created in 1899 under the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 and  the first local elections for the county council, and the councils of the five rural districts within Queen's County, were held on 6 April 1899, simultaneous with elections in the other administrative counties. The first Queen's County Council comprised 32 councillors serving a three-year term:


1899 Queensland colonial election
Elections were held in the Australian state of Queensland between 1 March 1899 and 25 March 1899 to elect the members of the state's Legislative Assembly.


1899 Queensland colonial election, Key dates
Due to problems of distance and communications, it was not possible to hold the elections on a single day.


1899 Queensland colonial election, Results
Queensland colonial election, 11 March 1899Legislative Assembly << 1896–1902 >>


1899 Rhode Island gubernatorial election
The 1899 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was held on April 5, 1899. Incumbent Republican Elisha Dyer Jr. defeated Democratic nominee George W. Greene with 56.36% of the vote.


1899 Richmond Spiders football team
The 1899 Richmond Spiders football team was an American football team that represented Richmond College—now known as the University of Richmond—as an independent during the 1899 college football season. Led by Julien Hill in his first and only year as head coach, Richmond compiled a record of 2–2.


1899 River Plate Rugby Union Championship
The 1899 River Plate Rugby Union Championship was the inaugural season of the first rugby union club championship held in Argentina, organised by the "River Plate Rugby Union" (current Argentine Rugby Union). It was contested by the five founding members of the RPRU: Belgrano, Rosario, Lomas, Buenos Aires, and Flores.


1899 River Plate Rugby Union Championship
Uruguayan club Montevideo C.C. was invited to take part of the competition but they declined to participate due to the long travel time to Argentina by ship.


1899 River Plate Rugby Union Championship
In the inaugural game, Lomas defeated Buenos Aires by 11-4. Lomas would be the first Argentine champion, winning the title at the end of the season.


1899 River Plate Rugby Union Championship, Results
List of matches played in the season. Some results are missed (w=indicates win, l=indicates lost). Rosario A.C. entered directly in the semifinals. Buenos Aires FC played its home matches at Lomas.


1899 River Plate Rugby Union Championship, Results, Semifinals
The forwards of Buenos Aires were treated with little respect by their opponents, who, in the scrums and in the open game, were much superior. No game ever started in this sensational way, since 20 seconds into the kick-off, Rosario registered a try between the clubs, a feast that gave the visitors a great shock, of which, we are inclined to think that they never recovered. As usual, the visitors were entertained in the most hospitable way, and in spite of having been defeated, they enjoyed the trip.


1899 River Plate Rugby Union Championship, Results, Semifinals
After the game, the two teams and some of their friends met the President Mr. Diego Le Bas, for the usual toasts. The best of the teams was the winner and the BAFC Captain, hit the nail on the head, when he proposed a toast in honor of the health of the Plaza captain saying: If Buenos Aires could not win, there was no other Club for which they preferred to be knocked out than Rosario's.


1899 River Plate Rugby Union Championship, Results, Final
The final was played at Flores Old Ground in Caballito, Buenos Aires. All proceeds were donated to the British Hospital of Buenos Aires. In a match where both teams showed to be equalled in strength of play, Lomas won the game when they were awarded a free-kick that captain F.H. Jacobs scored for a 3–0 win.


1899 River Plate Rugby Union Championship, Aftermath
It was the first and only championship contested by Flores A.C. A pioneer in several sports disciplines in Argentina, Flores A.C. had played its first match on 19 July 1896, against Buenos Aires F.C.. In 1907 Flores Athletic sold some of its facilities to neighbor Club Ferro Carril Oeste, for m$n 700. It is believed that the club was dissolved after this transaction.


1899 River Plate Rugby Union Championship, Aftermath
Before disspearing, Flores had also took part in the first Primera División championship in 1891. The polo team of the institution also won the fourth edition of Abierto de Polo in 1894.


1899 Rosenska Pokalen
Rosenska Pokalen 1899, part of the 1899 Swedish football season, was the first Rosenska Pokalen tournament played. Three teams participated and two matches were played, both on 24 September 1899. Gefle IF won the tournament ahead of runners-up AIK.


1899 Rotherham by-election
The Rotherham by-election, 1899 was a parliamentary by-election held on 23 February 1899 for the House of Commons constituency of Rotherham in the West Riding of Yorkshire.


1899 Rotherham by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the sitting Liberal MP, the Rt. Hon. Sir Arthur Dyke Acland, fearful of a breakdown in his health and following the death of his father in 1898.


1899 Rotherham by-election, Candidates, Liberals
Acland’s possible resignation had been spoken of publicly since the summer of 1898 and the local Liberal Association had met in July of that year to discuss the implications. They were reluctant to lose Acland as their MP in view of his standing and record in politics and government but a formal request to him to reconsider his decision to stand down made by Rotherham Liberals  fell on deaf ears. However, Acland was willing to delay his resignation to enable the local party to find a suitable replacement and the search began at the end of July. Their choice was William Henry Holland, a 49-year-old textile manufacturer, originally from Manchester where he had had a successful career in local government having been an Alderman on Manchester City Council. He was also formerly MP for Salford North.


1899 Rotherham by-election, Candidates, Conservatives
Rotherham was considered a safe Liberal seat. It had been represented by Acland for the Liberals since its creation for the 1885 general election and Acland had always enjoyed comfortable majorities. In fact at the two elections preceding the by-election, a by-election in 1892 when he had to resign on appointment as Vice-President of the Committee of the Council on Education, and the 1895 general election, Acland had been returned unopposed. This time however, with the prospect of facing a new candidate, the Conservatives chose to fight. They selected a barrister from York, R H Vernon Wragge, to be their man.


1899 Rotherham by-election, The campaign
Holland relied heavily on the personal support of the former MP. Acland, although too unwell to campaign on the ground, sent letters of support praising Holland as worthy of the confidence of Liberals and Radicals in Rotherham. Holland also obtained the backing of the local Irish community in view of his support for the question of Irish Home Rule.


1899 Rotherham by-election, The campaign
Wragge leant on the record of the Unionist government and the support by telegram of the prime minister. He also enlisted a number of local MPs and peers  to support him at his meetings in the constituency.


1899 Rotherham by-election, The result
Holland held the seat for the Liberal Party with nearly 60% of the poll but with a reduced majority on the last contested election, the 1892 general election. However, the Liberals had been victorious in the country in 1892 and the same tide could not be said to be running through the nation in 1899. In addition Holland was previously unknown in the constituency and was replacing a popular local MP.


1899 Rush Medical football team
The 1899 Rush Medical football team was an American football team that represented Rush Medical College in the 1899 college football season. The Medics compiled a 3–3–1 record, against a plethora of major college football opponents, including Northwestern, Notre Dame, a 9–2 Wisconsin team, and an 8–0–1 Iowa eleven, all on the road.


1899 Russian student strike
The 1899 Russian student strike was a student movement with the aim of establishing a constitutional, liberal, or progressive government in Russia. Russia's first ever student strike started at St Petersburg University.


1899 Russian student strike, Background
Russia had no university until Moscow University was founded in 1755. Uniquely, it was shunned by the clergy (it was a secular institution) and the nobility (it didn't count towards finishing their service duty). There were no more before the nineteenth century. By 1914 there were ten universities, half in Russia proper (Moscow, St Petersburg, Saratov, Kazan and Tomsk) and the other half in minority regions (Warsaw, Odessa, Kiev, Kharkov and Tartu).


1899 Russian student strike, Background
Until Alexander II became tsar in 1855, Russian students tended to be politically apathetic. In 1850 Nicholas I, fearful of the 1848 revolutions spreading, limited the student population. Inspectors punished students for not wearing uniforms or having long hair or not attending military drills. These restrictions went with Alexander II's accession. From 1855-1858 the population of St. Petersburg University increased from 476 to 1,026. Its students set up a journal in 1856, then its editorial board created a friendly society (kassa) and a student body (skhodka) to discuss students' concerns, complete with an elected president.


1899 Russian student strike, Background
These institutions were illegal under the 1863 statute. Student radicalism was partly created by this and the even more repressive statute on August 23, 1884. The latter meant it was the minister of education, not the faculty council, who appointed the Rector and Curator. The Curator was the only one who could convene faculty council meetings and appoint department deacons. The council could communicate with the ministry only through him. The Curator appointed an inspector to discipline the students and decide who would get scholarships.


1899 Russian student strike, Strike
St. Petersburg put up with student partying in Nevsky Prospekt every February 8. This was the anniversary of the founding of St. Petersburg University. Students would march through the city drinking, singing, and dancing. These marches became increasingly violent.


1899 Russian student strike, Strike
February 8, 1895: Students and janitors brawl in front of Palkin restaurant.


1899 Russian student strike, Strike
December 20, 1897: 500 students attend a protest and demand a meeting with the university rector, but only the Kiev Gendarme Chief, Vasily Fedorovich Novitsky, is able to forcibly make the rector meet with them. The meeting provides no substantial results.


1899 Russian student strike, Strike
February 8, 1898: The students try the same thing, this time fighting the police who disperse them.


1899 Russian student strike, Strike
The Ministry of Education decided to ban the street parties in 1899. The rector V I Sergeevich warned that partying students would be arrested for hooliganism. The students were appalled as they had already decided to be more restrained that year. They felt humiliated because the notice was published in the papers too.


1899 Russian student strike, Strike
February 8, 1899: The students are blocked by the police at the Dvortsovyi bridge (connecting the university's Vasilevskii Island to the city centre), then turn towards Rumiantsev square where mounted police ambush them. They respond to the students' snowballs with whips.


1899 Russian student strike, Strike
February 9: 3,000 students attend a skhodka. They call a student strike and elect an 11 strong Organization Committee. At this stage, few students wanted a political protest.


1899 Russian student strike, Strike
February 15: The strike spreads to Moscow University and Technological Institute. By now, 68 students had been arrested in St Petersburg.


1899 Russian student strike, Strike
February 16: The faculty council calls for the release of the arrested students, withdrawal of police from university grounds and for a temporary closure of the university.


1899 Russian student strike, Strike
February 20: Nicholas II called an investigatory commission on Witte's advice.


1899 Russian student strike, Strike
March 1: The Organization Committee calls a skhodka to decide if the strike should continue. It votes to halt the strike.


1899 Russian student strike, Strike
March 5: Moscow University also votes to end the strike after their rector Tikhomirov promises to petition the police to release arrested students.


1899 Russian student strike, Strike
March 8: Moscow's rector angers the students by banning student meetings without his permission. They vote 2-1 to resume the strike.


1899 Russian student strike, Strike
March 16–17: The St Petersburg skhodka meets twice, voting 825-601 in favour of a new strike.


1899 Russian student strike, Strike
March 18: The university is closed and all students suspended. They have five days to petition for reentry on condition that they stay out of the skhodka and other student groups.


1899 Russian student strike, Strike
March 20–21: The Okhrana expel all Organization Committee members from St. Petersburg. Students are forced to take their oral exams at the end of March to disrupt the strike. Students make it impossible for the exams to happen.


1899 Russian student strike, Strike
June: The Ministry of Education announces more dormitories and professors; also students have to enrol at the university nearest their secondary school.


1899 Russian student strike, Strike
July 29: 'Temporary Rules' allow for disruptive students to be conscripted as punishment.


1899 Rutgers Queensmen football team
The 1899 Rutgers Queensmen football team was an American football team that represented Rutgers University during the 1899 college football season. The 1899 Rutgers team compiled a 2–9 record and was outscored by opponents by a combined total of 245 to 114. William V. B. Van Dyck was the team's coach, and William E. McMahon was the team captain.


1899 SAFA Grand Final
The 1899 SAFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football competition. South Adelaide beat Norwood 42 to 14.


1899 SAFA season
The 1899 SAFA season was the 23rd edition of the top level of Australian Rules football to be played in South Australia. South Adelaide went on to record its 8th premiership.


1899 SAFA season, Electorate football
The 1899 season saw the introduction of compulsory electorate football in Adelaide, forcing players to play for the club in the district in which they resided.


1899 SAFA season, Electorate football
In the last decade, football in Adelaide had been suffering from reduced public interest, and the three weaker teams (West Adelaide, North Adelaide and West Torrens) always operated at a financial loss, exacerbated by their poor records on field.


1899 SAFA season, Electorate football
It was thought that by introducing electorate football, the talent would be spread more evenly across the six teams, making for more entertaining matches and higher attendances across all teams. The proposed changes were fought by South Adelaide and Port Adelaide, who threatened to leave the SAFA and form their own league if they were brought in. As a compromise, the scheme was brought in on a one-year trial basis, before ultimately being accepted permanently.


1899 SAFA season, Minor rounds
The minor rounds comprised twelve matches. South Adelaide finished as the minor premiers, one point ahead of Norwood.


1899 SAFA season, Major rounds
The major premiership was contested under the same system which had been adopted by the Victorian Football League in 1898 (except adapted for six teams instead of eight). The six teams were broken into two sections: section A comprised South Adelaide (1st), Port Adelaide (3rd) and West Adelaide (5th); section B comprised Norwood (2nd), West Adelaide (4th) and North Adelaide (6th). Each section played an individual round-robin; then, the section winners played off in a final. The minor premiers, South Adelaide, would then have the right to challenge the winner of the final to a Grand Final for the major premiership.


1899 Salvadoran presidential election
Presidential elections were held in El Salvador in January 1899. Provisional president General Tomás Regalado was the only candidate. No results were posted.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane
The 1899 San Ciríaco hurricane, also known as the 1899 Puerto Rico Hurricane or The Great Bahamas Hurricane of 1899, was the longest-lived Atlantic hurricane on record, and the second-longest-lived tropical cyclone globally on record (in terms of tropical duration) after 1994's Hurricane John in the Pacific. It was also one of the deadliest Atlantic hurricanes in recorded history, with an estimated  3,800 fatalities. The third tropical cyclone and first major hurricane of the season, this storm was first observed southwest of Cape Verde on August 3.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane
It slowly strengthened while heading steadily west-northwestward across the Atlantic Ocean and reached hurricane status by late on August 5. During the following 48 hours, it deepened further, reaching Category 4 on the modern day Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale (SSHWS) before crossing the Leeward Islands on August 7. Later that day, the storm peaked with winds of 150 mph (240 km/h). The storm weakened slightly before making landfall in Guayama, Puerto Rico with winds of 140 mph (220 km/h) on August 8. Several hours later, it emerged into the southwestern Atlantic as a Category 3 hurricane.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane
The system paralleled the north coast of Dominican Republic and then crossed the Bahamas, striking several islands. Thereafter, it began heading northward on August 14, while centered east of Florida. Early on the following day, the storm re-curved northeastward and appeared to be heading out to sea. However, by August 17, it turned back to the northwest and made landfall near Hatteras, North Carolina early on the following day. No stronger hurricane has made landfall on the Outer Banks since the San Ciriaco hurricane.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane
The storm weakened after moving inland and fell to Category 1 intensity by 1200 UTC on August 18. Later that day, the storm re-emerged into the Atlantic. Now heading northeastward, it continued weakening, but maintained Category 1 intensity. By late on August 20, the storm curved eastward over the northwestern Atlantic. It also began losing tropical characteristics and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone at 0000 UTC on August 22, while located about 325 miles (525 km) south of Sable Island.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane
However, after four days, the system regenerated into a tropical storm while located about 695 miles (1,120 km) west-southwest of Flores Island in the Azores on August 26. It moved slowly north-northwestward, until curving to the east on August 29. Between August 26 and September 1, the storm did not differentiate in intensity, but began re-strengthening while turning southeastward on September 2. Early on the following day, the storm again reached hurricane intensity. It curved northeastward and passed through the Azores on September 3, shortly before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane
In Guadeloupe, the storm unroofed and flooded many houses. Communications were significantly disrupted in the interior portions of the island. Impact was severe in Montserrat, with nearly every building destroyed and 100 deaths reported. About 200 small houses were destroyed on Saint Kitts, with estates suffering considerable damage, while nearly all estates were destroyed on Saint Croix. Eleven deaths were reported on the island. In Puerto Rico, the system brought strong winds and heavy rainfall, which caused extensive flooding. Approximately 250,000 people were left without food and shelter. Additionally, telephone, telegraph, and electrical services were completely lost. Overall, damage totaled approximately $20 million, with over half were losses inflicted on crops, particularly coffee.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane
At the time, it was the costliest and worst tropical cyclone in Puerto Rico. It was estimated that the storm caused 3,369 fatalities on the island territory. In the Bahamas, strong winds and waves sank 50 small crafts, most of them at Andros. Severe damage was reported in Nassau, with over 100 buildings destroyed and many damaged, including the Government House. A few houses were also destroyed on Bimini. The death toll in the Bahamas was at least 125. In North Carolina, storm surge and rough sea destroyed fishing piers and bridges, as well as sank about 10 vessels.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane
Hatteras Island was almost entirely inundated with 4 to 10 feet (1.2 to 3.0 m) of water, and many homes were damaged. There was also much destruction at Diamond City, on the Shackleford Banks near Cape Lookout. There were at least 20 deaths in the state of North Carolina. In the Azores, the storm also caused one fatality and significant damage on some islands.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Meteorological history
A tropical storm of unknown origins developed about 480 miles (770 km) southwest of the southwesternmost islands of Cape Verde at 00:00 UTC on August 3. According to an article by the United States Hydrographic Office, the British steamship Grangense encountered the system later that day, while located about 1,800 miles (2,900 km) east-southeast of Guadeloupe. According to the ship's log, there was a "sudden change in the weather", falling barometric pressures, and increasingly rough seas. Further, the storm "showed all the symptoms of a genuine West Indian hurricane underdeveloped." The captain, who followed a route from Europe to Brazil for many years, noted that he never experienced "any weather of cyclonic character so far to the eastward before".


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Meteorological history
Thereafter, the storm strengthened and reached winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) early on August 4. Intensification halted until late on the following day, at which time the storm reached hurricane status. Around 18:00 UTC on August 6, it became a Category 2 hurricane. Early the next day, the system deepened to a Category 3. While approaching the Lesser Antilles, it continued to strengthen, reaching Category 4 status around midday on August 7. Shortly thereafter, the hurricane passed through the Lesser Antilles and made landfall on Guadeloupe. At 18:00 UTC on August 7, the system attained its peak intensity with a maximum sustained wind speed of 150 mph (240 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 930 mbar (27 inHg), observed by a weather station on Montserrat.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Meteorological history
The hurricane weakened slightly while moving west-northward across the Caribbean Sea and made landfall in Guayama, Puerto Rico late on August 8 with winds of 140 mph (220 km/h). August 8 was the namesday of Saint Cyriacus, hence the hurricane's nickname. Several weather stations across the island reported low barometric pressures, with a reading as low as 939 mbar (27.7 inHg) in Guayama. Wind shifts were also experienced across the island, primarily in the south and the west.