1897 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1897 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1897 Cincinnati football team
The 1897 Cincinnati football team was an American football team that represented the University of Cincinnati as an independent during the 1897 college football season. In their first season under head coach Tom Fennell, the Bearcats compiled a 9–1–1 record. William Bass was the team captain. The team played its home games at Union Ball Park in Cincinnati.


1897 Cincinnati football team
Following their regular season schedule, which they completed with a record of 7–1–1, losing only to the Carlisle Indians, Cincinnati played two post-season games in New Orleans. The Bearcats were invited to New Orleans by the Southern Athletic Club to play a football game on New Year's Day. Cincinnati easily defeated the Athletic Club team, and at the victory party following the win, students from nearby Louisiana State University (LSU) invited the Cincinnati players to come to their school to play another game. The Cincinnati–LSU game, which took place a few days later and pre-dated the first Rose Bowl Game by five years, resulted in a 28–0 (exact score varies by source) Cincinnati win. This game could be considered, the school's athletic department contemplates, as the first bowl game in Cincinnati football history.


1897 Cincinnati football team, Further reading
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1897 Cisleithanian legislative election
Legislative elections to elect the members of the ninth Imperial Council were held in March 1897 in Cisleithania, the northern and western ("Austrian") crown lands of Austria-Hungary. These elections were first in Cisleithania held under the curial system with universal, but still not equal, suffrage.


1897 Cisleithanian legislative election, Badeni electoral reform
Count Kasimir Felix Badeni had led the Cisleithanian government since 1895. In February 1896, the government submitted a proposal for fundamental reform of the electoral system. The so-called Badeni electoral reform kept the curial electoral system, but in addition to four existing curiae (landowners, trade and industry chambers, large and medium farmers, and male city residents who were annually paying at least 10 guilders of taxes), the fifth, general curiae, was added. While voting rights were limited in the four original curiae (fiscally defined, therefore, allowing voting to only those who have paid taxes on prescribed minimum amount), the fifth curia included all men older than 24. In May 1896, Badeni electoral reform was approved by the Imperial Council.


1897 Cisleithanian legislative election, Results
Voting took place in several stages during March 1897, with the last elections being held in the fifth curiae on March 12, 1897.


1897 Cisleithanian legislative election, Results
The elections significantly changed relations in the Imperial Council, with a strong trend in the degradation of the original dominant German Progressive Party being set. This trend went in favor of the newly founded German People's Party and the Christian Social Party. The elections also brought a further fragmentation of the political scene; the three strongest parliamentary clubs (Young Czechs, Polish Club, and German Progressive Party) had only 168 seats, and the new Imperial Council had 17 parliamentary clubs. Meanwhile, the Social Democrats were still weakening, winning only 15 seats.


1897 Cisleithanian legislative election, Results, Seats
In May 1897, the Imperial Council had 16 political groups and individual parties:


1897 Cisleithanian legislative election, Aftermath
After the elections, Badeni tried to negotiate with the aim of creating a stable pro-government parliamentary majority. However, he did not consider the German Progressive Party or the radical nationalist Pan-German League, but preferred to try to gain support among conservative German-Austrian politicians, including the liberal German Constitutional Party. After the German Constitutional Party refused to give support to the minority government, Badeni announced on April 2, 1897 that his government would resign, but did not go through with the resignation. Meanwhile, negotiations on forming a government continued.


1897 Cisleithanian legislative election, Aftermath
On April 4, a framework agreement was set, effectively restoring the conservative so-called Iron Circle from the 1880s, which consisted of the German Catholic People's Party, the Young Czech Party, the Polish club and the Czech Party of Conservative Landowners. Badeni remained Prime Minister. However, the government did not last long as Badeni resigned on November 28, 1897 under the pressure from the German nationalists over the language regulations.


1897 City of Dunedin by-election
The City of Dunedin by-election 1897 was a by-election held in the multi-member City of Dunedin electorate during the 13th New Zealand Parliament, on 13 October 1897.


1897 City of Dunedin by-election, Background
The by-election was caused by the death of incumbent MP Henry Fish and was won by Alexander Sligo. On nomination day (5 October) Alexander Sligo, Hugh Gourley and William Hutchison were the nominated candidates. Sligo contested the election as the Conservative candidate whilst Gourley and Hutchinson both stood in Liberal interests. Alexander Sligo was subsequently elected the following week.


1897 Clemson Tigers football team
The 1897 Clemson Tigers football team represented Clemson Agricultural College in the 1897 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The Tigers completed their season as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association with a record of 2–2, with wins over South Carolina and a Charlotte YMCA team, and losses to Georgia and North Carolina. All games were played in the opposing school's home city. William M. Williams served as the team's coach for his first season while W. T. Brock was the captain. The team was state champion.


1897 Cleveland Spiders season
The 1897 Cleveland Spiders finished with a 69–62 record and a fifth-place finish in the National League.


1897 Cleveland Spiders season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1897 Cleveland Spiders season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1897 Cleveland Spiders season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1897 Cleveland Spiders season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1897 Colgate football team
The 1897 Colgate football team represented Colgate University in the 1897 college football season. The team captain for the 1897 season was Walter Cramp.


1897 College Football All-America Team
The 1897 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans for the 1897 college football season, as selected by Walter Camp for Harper's Weekly. Caspar Whitney had selected the Harper's Weekly All-American Team from 1891 to 1896, but Whitney was on a world's sports tour during the 1897 season, and Camp therefore substituted for Whitney.


1897 Colonial Conference
The 1897 Colonial Conference was a conference between the Secretary of State for the Colonies and the 11 self-governing colonies of the British Empire. The conference was convened in London by Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain in 1897 on the occasion of Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria. Chamberlain's intention was to draw the self-governing colonies into closer co-operation with the United Kingdom.


1897 Colonial Conference
Delegates were sent to the conference by Canada, Newfoundland Colony, New Zealand the Australian self-governing colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia, and the South African colonies of Cape Colony and the Colony of Natal.


1897 Colonial Conference
Chamberlain proposed the creation of a permanent Imperial Council made up of delegates from the colonies to act as an Empire-wide parliament with the power to bind the colonies on imperial matters but this was rejected by the colonies due to fears of loss of autonomy. Chamberlain also propose that colonies increase their contributions to the Royal Navy but only some colonies agreed to increase their contributions and no permanent arrangement was agreed to.


1897 Colonial Conference
Chamberlain also proposed a customs union between the colonies and Britain while Canada proposed preferential trade but no decision was made by the delegates.


1897 Colonial Conference, Participants
The conference was hosted by Queen Victoria, with her Colonial Secretary and the premiers of various colonies:


1897 Colorado Silver and Gold football team
The 1897 Colorado Silver and Gold football team was an American football team that represented the University of Colorado during the 1897 college football season. Head coach Fred Folsom led the program to its fourth consecutive conference championship. The team recorded a mark of 5–0 in the CFA and 7–1 overall.


1897 Columbian Orange and Blue football team
The 1897 Columbian Orange and Blue football team was an American football team that represented Columbian University (now known as George Washington University) as an independent during the 1897 college football season. In their second season under head coach Graham Nichols, the team compiled a 4–5–1 record.


1897 Cork Senior Football Championship
The 1897 Cork Senior Football Championship was the 11th staging of the Cork Senior Football Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887.


1897 Cork Senior Football Championship
Dohenys won the championship following a 0-05 to 0-04 defeat of Kanturk in a replay of the final at Cork Park. It remains their only championship title.


1897 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
The 1897 Cork Senior Hurling Championship was the 11th staging of the Cork Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887.


1897 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
Ballyhea were the defending champions, however, they were defeated by Blackrock.


1897 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
On 19 September 1897, Blackrock won the championship following a 5-8 to 0-0 defeat of Aghada in the final. This was their seventh championship title overall and their first in two championship seasons.


1897 Cornell Big Red football team
The 1897 Cornell Big Red football team was an American football team that represented Cornell University during the 1897 college football season. In their first season under head coach Pop Warner, the Big Red compiled a 5–3–1 record and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 133 to 42. Three Cornell players received honors on the 1897 College Football All-America Team: quarterback George Young, Cornell (Walter Camp-2, Outing-1); end William McKeever (Camp-2); and end Lyndon S. Tracy, Cornell (Camp-3).


1897 County Championship
The 1897 County Championship was the eighth officially organised running of the County Championship, and ran from 3 May to 30 August 1897. Lancashire County Cricket Club won the championship for the first time, narrowly beating Surrey.


1897 Croatian parliamentary election
Croatian parliamentary elections were held from 19 to  22 May 1897. The People's Party emerged as the victor.


1897 Croatian parliamentary election, Background
The 1897 elections were held during the autocratic rule of Croatian ban Károly Khuen-Héderváry. His primary task as the ban of Croatia was to preserve the Croatian-Hungarian union. Héderváry had maintained good relations with the Hungarian Liberal Party, while he relied on the National Party in Croatia to maintain the status quo. Héderváry's supporters had won the parliament majority in each of the three previous elections held during his reign, in 1884, 1887 and 1892. At the time of the election, the National Party held the parliamentary majority.


1897 Croatian parliamentary election, Background
Due to the makeup of the electoral law, only 2% of the nation's citizens could vote, i.e. men over thirty years old, who could pay 30 forints in tax. Furthermore, Héderváry had reorganized the districts in such a way, that certain districts were majority Serbian, and he had relied on their mutual antagonization.


1897 Croatian parliamentary election, Background
Ban Khuen-Héderváry was unpopular for large groups of Croatian citizens for several reasons: he had suppressed Croatian nationalism, aimed at magyarization of the railways and administration, imposing the Hungarian language at schools, settling Hungarian people in areas of Croatia, as well as lessening of local autonomy.


1897 Croatian parliamentary election, The election
The National Party presented itself as allies of Héderváry and the Croatian-Hungarian union. The opposition to the National Party was at the time fragmented, as the Croatian Party of Rights had split into three groups: the Croatian Party of Rights, the Independent Croatian Party of Rights and the Pure Croatian Party of Rights. In August of 1986, the matica of Croatian Party of Rights and Independent National Party formed a coalition. Another opposition party was the Social Democratic Party of Croatia and Slavonia, however, due to their small size they weren't a major player in the elections.


1897 Currie Cup
The 1897 Currie Cup was the fourth edition of the Currie Cup, the premier domestic rugby union competition in South Africa.


1897 Currie Cup
The tournament was won by  Western Province for the fourth time, who won all four of their matches in the competition.


1897 Dartmouth football team
The 1897 Dartmouth football team represented Dartmouth College in the 1897 college football season.


1897 Dartmouth football team
Dartmouth played only seven games during the 1897 season, the fewest of any year under head coach William Wurtenburg. The squad completed the year with a mediocre 4–3 record. Despite going 2–0 in conference games, the team lost three consecutive games in major shutouts. The season began with a shutout of Phillips Exeter Academy, but quickly turned for the worse. Harvard returned to Dartmouth's schedule and defeated them 13–0. The loss was followed by blowout defeats by Penn and Princeton, with Dartmouth losing by combined score of 64–0. The squad took a week-long break, which allowed them to recover and defeat conference opponents Amherst and Williams by more than fifty points in each game to win a fifth consecutive championship. As with the previous year, the season concluded with a defeat of the Newton Athletic Club.


1897 Dartmouth football team
Several members of the team would later become college football coaches, including John B. Eckstorm, Joseph Wentworth, Frank Cavanaugh, David Carr MacAndrew, Joseph H. Edwards, Fred Crolius, and Charles J. Boyle.


1897 Darwin cyclone
The 1897 cyclone was a tropical cyclone that destroyed the city of Darwin in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is considered the worst cyclone to strike the Northern Territory of Australia prior to Cyclone Tracy in 1974. Prior to contemporary naming conventions, the storm became known as the "Great Hurricane".


1897 Darwin cyclone, Damage
The cyclone hit Darwin in the evening of the 6 January 1897, peaking between 3.30am and 4.30am on 7 January. It dumped 292mm of rain on Darwin, then known as Palmerston. It uplifted roofs, uprooted trees and telegraph poles destroying almost all of the buildings. The only remaining structures include the historic Victoria Hotel, doctors residence, BAT House, the Commercial and E. S. & A. Banks and the Court House. These remaining structures housed scores of homeless residents after the cyclone.


1897 Darwin cyclone, Damage
There were 28 fatalities, mostly Chinese and Aboriginal people. One family was reported to have run from three different houses as they were destroyed around them, surviving without injury. Illness spread throughout the predominately homeless population after the cyclone. While little is known about the Aboriginal loss of life, the deaths of a couple of women who sought refuge in the Roman Catholic Church before its collapse were documented.


1897 Darwin cyclone, Damage
The other major loss of life occurred on Darwin Harbour, with the deaths of many "coloured persons" working in the pearling industry. Of 29 vessels in the harbour at the time, 18 were wrecked, mostly pearling luggers such as the Flowerdale, Maggie, Roebuck, Cleopatra, Olive, Florence, Revenge, Jack, Black Jack, Brisbane and Galatea. The government steam launch and three sampans were also damaged. Many crews donated to the rebuilding efforts. The pearling fleet was quickly restored and expanded and by 1898, 55 vessels were operational.


1897 Darwin cyclone, Damage
The damage is estimated to have cost over £150,000 in 1897 values.


1897 DePauw football team
The 1897 DePauw football team was an American football team that represented DePauw University in the 1897 college football season. In its second season with Arthur Hamrick as coach, the team compiled a 2–6 record, and were outscored by their opponents 70 to 23. DePauw was shut out six times and did not score a single point against a collegiate football team in six contests. In a games against Plainfield Central Academy, a disagreement over a touchdown in the first half led to a forfeit win for DePauw.


1897 Detroit College Tigers football team
The 1897 Detroit College Tigers football team  was an American football team that represented Detroit College (renamed the University of Detroit in 1911) as an independent during the 1897 college football season. In its second season under head coach William S. Robinson, the team compiled a 1–2 record and was outscored by opponents by a combined total of 36 to 28. The team played one game against the Michigan Military Academy (a 26–24 loss) and two games against Detroit High School (one win and one loss). The result of the loss was disputed due to the fact that the high school game had two players who were not students.


1897 Diamond Jubilee Honours
The Diamond Jubilee Honours for the British Empire were announced on 22 June 1897 to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria on 20 June 1897.


1897 Diamond Jubilee Honours
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.


1897 Diamond Jubilee Honours, Honours for cities and boroughs
The Queen has also been pleased to direct that the Chief Magistrates of the cities of Leeds and Sheffield shall in future bear the title of Lord Mayor.


1897 Diamond Jubilee Honours, Honours for cities and boroughs
Her Majesty has also been pleased to direct that the following boroughs shall be raised to the rank of cities :—


1897 Dickinson football team
The 1897 Dickinson football team was an American football team that represented Dickinson College as an independent during the 1897 college football season. The team compiled a 7–3–2 record and outscored opponents by a total of 146 to 69. Nathan Stauffer was the team's head coach.


1897 Drake Bulldogs football team
The 1897 Drake Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented Drake University as an independent during the 1897 college football season. In its first season under head coach A. B. Potter, the team compiled a 2–3 record and outscored opponents by a total of 66 to 34.


1897 Drexel Dragons football team
The 1897 Drexel Dragons football team did not have a head coach.


1897 Dutch general election
General elections were held in the Netherlands on 15 June 1897. The Liberal Union remained the largest party, winning 48 of the 100 seats in the House of Representatives.


1897 Edinburgh Corporation election
An Election to the Edinburgh Corporation was held on 2 November 1897, alongside municipal elections across Scotland, and the wider British local elections. Contests took place in 5 of the cities’ 13 wards, with candidates in the remaining 8 being returned unopposed. Three Portobello wards also held elections. The election was relatively quiet, with no particularly important issues being raised. As a result, the main focus of the election was on the Lord Provost and the personalities of the individual candidates.


1897 Edinburgh Corporation election
The Liberal Sir Mitchell Mitchell-Thomson, 1st Baronet took over as Provost following the election, replacing the Unionist Sir Andrew McDonald.


1897 Edmonton municipal election
The 1897 municipal election was held December 13, 1897. This was the last election to elect a full town council for a one-year term, as the 1898 election was conducted under a staggered system. The election was to elect the town council (consisting of a mayor and six aldermen, each elected for a one-year term), five trustees for the public school division and four trustees for the separate school division.


1897 Edmonton municipal election, Voter turnout
Voter turnout figures for the 1897 municipal election are no longer available.


1897 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Public school trustees
Thomas Bellamy, R J W Mathers, A G Randall, James Ross, and Hedley C. Taylor were elected. Detailed results are no longer available.


1897 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Separate (Catholic) school trustees
N D Beck, Sandy Larue, Antonio Prince, and Georges Roy were elected. Detailed results are no longer available.


1897 English cricket season
1897 was the eighth season of County Championship cricket in England. Lancashire won the championship for the first time, thanks mainly to only three losses in twenty-six matches. Surrey won more games, and beat Lancashire twice, but one more loss than Lancashire meant that they would have to be content with second place.


1897 English cricket season
They could have taken the championship if they had beaten Sussex in the last game at Hove but, after gaining a five-run lead on first innings, Surrey let Billy Murdoch, C. B. Fry and George Bean make half-centuries, and rain spoiled their chances of winning on the final day. At the bottom of the table, Derbyshire suffered a run of 16 matches without victory to finish last in the table and, with the end of the 1896 season having yielded three matches without a win, Derbyshire's streak ran to 19 matches without a win.


1897 European Rowing Championships
The 1897 European Rowing Championships were rowing championships held on Lake Maggiore in the Italian commune of Pallanza on 8 September. The competition was for men only, four nations competed (Belgium, France, Italy, and Switzerland), and the regatta had four boat classes (M1x, M2+, M4+, M8+). At the FISA Congress held on the same day as these championships, it was decided that the double scull boat class would be introduced in the following year.


1897 European Rowing Championships, Event schedule
Four races took place on 8 September 1897. As only four nations competed, no heats had to be rowed. The regatta used a 2000 m course:


1897 FA Cup Final
The 1897 FA Cup Final was contested by Aston Villa and Everton at Crystal Palace. Aston Villa won 3–2, with goals by John Campbell, Fred Wheldon and Jimmy Crabtree. Everton's goals came from Jack Bell and Dickie Boyle.


1897 FA Cup Final
With results elsewhere going their way, Villa confirmed their status as League champions on this day. This makes them the only team to date to achieve the league and cup "double" on the same day.


1897 Fairmount Wheatshockers football team
The 1897 Fairmount Wheatshockers football team was an American football team that represented Fairmount College (now known as Wichita State University) as an independent during the 1897 college football season. They played in one game, a 12 to 4 win over Wichita High School. Their coach was T. H. Morrison.


1897 Fairmount Wheatshockers football team
They played their one game at Wichita High School, on Garfield Gridiron. It was played in front of "over 1,000". The first half was 35 minutes long and the second was 25 minutes. Their team captain was Dowd and their quarterback was Frank Hunter. The opening kickoff was sent to the Fairmount 35 and was returned 10 yards by Gohegan. The high school later forced a fumble which was followed by "a beautiful run" by Sheldon which gained 60 yards.


1897 Fairmount Wheatshockers football team
The high school was unable to score on their drive as they were continually forced backwards and eventually committed a safety. That made the score 2 to 0 Fairmount. About 13 minutes later Fairmount scored their first touchdown, which was worth 4 points with the conversion. The teams would then exchange possessions until the half ended. The second half started at 4:01 p.m. and started with a Fairmount kickoff. On the drive Wichita was able to score their first and only touchdown. With a few minutes remaining, Fairmount scored another touchdown to end the game, 12 to 4.


1897 Gallaudet Bison football team
The 1897 Gallaudet Bison football team represented the Gallaudet Bison of Gallaudet University, a college for deaf-mutes, in the 1897 college football season.


1897 Geelong Football Club season
The 1897 VFL Season was the Geelong Football Club's first season in the Victorian Football League and its first with Jack Conway as captain. Geelong finished the home and away season with 11 wins and 3 losses, finishing in first position and winning the minor premiership. In the final series, Geelong finished with 2 wins and 1 loss, finishing in second position.


1897 Geelong Football Club season
The club best and fairest was won by Joe McShane and the leading goalkicker was Eddy James with 27 goals. Eddy James also won the season's leading goalkicker medal equaling Jack Leith of Melbourne.


1897 Geelong Football Club season, Playing List
This was the first ever Geelong Football Club squad in the Victorian Football League, as such, these players all made their debuts in the league. Six players played a total of seventeen games, and Eddy James kicked the most goals with 27. A total of 34 players played for Geelong at least once this season.


1897 Geelong Football Club season, Season Summary, May
Geelong began their campaign against Essendon at the Corio Oval. The Geelong team, composed largely of new players, were unable to score in the first half. Behind by three goals, Geelong were unable to make a comeback despite an improvement. Geelong lost by 23 points. In Round 2, Geelong travelled to the Melbourne Cricket Ground to play Melbourne. Geelong had no chance all day as Melbourne defeated Geelong by 45 points. Geelong were much better in the last quarter, though it did not change the outcome of the game.


1897 Geelong Football Club season, Season Summary, May
In Round 3, Geelong again travelled to Melbourne, this time to Victoria Park to play Collingwood. It was a shock to many to see Geelong be competitive as the unbeaten Collingwood were given "such a scare as they have not had for a long time past." A gallant Geelong were losers by four points. After three rounds, zero wins, three loses. In Round 4, Geelong recorded its first win against Carlton at the Corio Oval. It was a very fast match, with great kicking and marking skills. A great second quarter was enough for Geelong to win by 22 points.


1897 Geelong Football Club season, Season Summary, June
When an in-form South Melbourne visited Geelong in Round 5, the wisest did not expect such a demolition. Geelong put the first 23 points on the board and led at half time by 34 points. South Melbourne were in a hopeless position, and though they improved, Geelong were winners by 48 points. Fitzroy were next to visit Geelong, though with some difficulty as the train to Geelong was delayed for 45 minutes. And so by the fourth quarter, the match was being played in complete darkness. Alas, though with poor goal kicking, Geelong were again victors by seventeen points.


1897 Geelong Football Club season, Season Summary, June
Geelong travelled to Melbourne to play St Kilda at the Junction Oval. It could be said that Geelong were heavily favored coming into the match against the winless Saints. It was a complete domination by the better twenty, Geelong by 83 points. Geelong scored the highest score in the season with 114 and which remained the league record until 13 May 1899 when Essendon scored a total of 116 against Melbourne. Thus concluded the first round-robin, Geelong had four wins and three losses and were sitting in fourth position.


1897 Geelong Football Club season, Season Summary, June
When Geelong met Essendon at the East Melbourne Cricket Ground in Round 8, there was much anticipation about the quality of the match, with two top teams to do battle. It was a terrific hard-fought match for the first three quarters, with Geelong leading by two points at the final change. In the last quarter, all the play was at the Essendon goal, Geelong winners by 25 points.


1897 Geelong Football Club season, Season Summary, July
After a crushing defeat to Melbourne earlier in the season, Geelong made amends in a low-scoring affair at the Corio Oval. Only one goal was kicked in the entire match by Geelong's Eddy James. Geelong winners by five points. In Round 10, Geelong hosted Collingwood at the Corio Oval. Geelong's performance was declared by many old footballers as the "finest exhibition... from Geelong they had seen in years past." Despite Tom Maguire's injury, and thus playing with 19 men, Geelong held Collingwood to one goal all day to win by 42 points.


1897 Geelong Football Club season, Season Summary, July
When Geelong travelled to Princes Park to play Carlton, few gave Carlton any chance of winning. Though it was a crowded and disorganised game, Geelong won by 50 points. In Round 11, Geelong travelled to Melbourne to play South Melbourne at the Lake Oval. In front of a large crowd, the game was close for the first three quarters. However, it was Geelong who lasted longer and were winners by twelve points. For the third week in a row, Geelong travelled to Melbourne, this time to the Brunswick Street Oval to play Fitzroy.


1897 Geelong Football Club season, Season Summary, July
Fitzroy had only won 4 games from 12, and when Fitzroy were only one point behind at three-quarter time, the in-form visitors experienced an "uncomfortable shake-up". Geelong scored twelve points to one in the final quarter to win a close match by twelve points. With two matches left and being ten premiership points ahead of fifth place South Melbourne, Geelong qualified for the round-robin finals.


1897 Geelong Football Club season, Season Summary, August
In the last match of the home-and-away season, Geelong hosted St Kilda at the Corio Oval. The winless St Kilda had one last chance to "break their duck", and they had no chance of qualifying for the finals. As Geelong had qualified for the finals in the week prior, the match was a dead rubber. St Kilda never had a chance, scoring only a goal "bare" in each of the first three quarters. Geelong winners by 78 points. Thus, concluded the home-and-away season, with Geelong finishing on top of the ladder by percentage with 11 wins and 3 losses.


1897 Geelong Football Club season, Season Summary, August
There was a great deal of controversy surrounding which ground the finals should be played on. Originally, it was decided that the ground would be determined by lots. However, league representatives from the metropolitan clubs had a meeting and decided none of the finals matches shall be played in Geelong. Geelong was therefore scheduled to play Essendon at the Melbourne Cricket Ground on the 14 August. The first round of the round-robin finals were postponed after torrential rain. It was then decided to redraw the first round of finals matches with the match containing Geelong to be played at the Corio Oval. The result of the draw was as follows: Melbourne vs. Collingwood at the Melbourne Cricket Ground; Geelong vs. Essendon at the Corio Oval.


1897 Geelong Football Club season, Season Summary, August
Geelong's finals campaign began as its home-and-away season began, meeting Essendon at the Corio Oval. A strong southerly wind meant that most of the scoring would be done at the north end of the ground. Geelong started strong, but was wasteful, as inaccurate kicking saw the first term end with Geelong leading 11–2. With the wind against Geelong in the second quarter, a great defensive display allowed the hosts to maintain a lead at half-time 12–10.


1897 Geelong Football Club season, Season Summary, August
As happened in the first quarter, Geelong was wasteful in front of goal in the third quarter, being twelve points ahead at the final change. With twelve minutes to play, Geelong was still twelve points ahead, but it was Essendon kicking four goals in the last quarter who were victors by six points, ending Geelong's eleven game run. With a loss in the first match, Geelong needed two wins to have any chance of winning the premiership. Geelong met the loser of the other first-round final, Melbourne on Fitzroy's ground, the Brunswick Street Oval.


1897 Geelong Football Club season, Season Summary, August
Melbourne had a westerly wind towards their goals in the first quarter, and made full advantage of it, leading 20–3 at the first break. Geelong chipped away at Melbourne's lead in the second term but was still behind by eight points at the main break. Geelong was again better in the third quarter though did not have much to show for it, being behind by three points at the final break. A few behinds later at the scores were level midway through the last quarter. Moments later, Eddy James scored the final goal of the match with Geelong holding on to win by nine points.


1897 Geelong Football Club season, Season Summary, September
Per the finals system, for Geelong to be premiers, they are required to beat Collingwood, for Essendon to lose to Melbourne, and to beat Essendon in a play-off the following week. Geelong met Collingwood at the East Melbourne Cricket Ground in the final match of the round-robin series. Geelong started very well, with a strong northerly wind blowing, Geelong took full advantage of it scoring five goals, two behinds to nil. Though Collingwood had the wind in the second quarter, they failed to take advantage, and the half time score was 44–18.


1897 Geelong Football Club season, Season Summary, September
The two clubs, who prior, were on friendly terms, showed an unsportsmanlike display for most of the third quarter. The main culprits, one from each team, were Harry Dowdall of Collingwood, and Jim McShane of Geelong. Alas, the quarter was fairly even, eight points to seven. With Geelong ahead by 27 points at the final change, many thought there was no chance for Collingwood to come back. However, with the wind in the fourth quarter, Collingwood held Geelong scoreless but was unable to score enough points to claim victory. Geelong winners by four points. Though Geelong won the match, they did not win the premiership, because at the same time Essendon had beaten Melbourne to claim the premiership as they were undefeated in the finals series.


1897 Geneva Covenanters football team
The 1897 Geneva Covenanters football team was an American football team that represented Geneva College as an independent during the 1897 college football season. Led by first-year head coach Ross Fiscus, Geneva compiled a record of 3–4–1.


1897 Gentofte train crash
In the Gentofte train crash at Gentofte station, Denmark, on the island of Zealand, on 11 July 1897 an express train passed a signal cautioning danger and collided with a stationary passenger train waiting at the station. There were 40 deaths and more than 100 people were injured.


1897 Georgia Bulldogs football team
The 1897 Georgia Bulldogs football team represented the Georgia Bulldogs of the University of Georgia during the 1897 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The Bulldogs competed as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) and completed the season with a 2–1 record. In the 1897 season, Georgia beat Georgia Tech for the first time and met both Clemson and Virginia for the first time. This was the Georgia Bulldogs' first season under the guidance of head coach Charles McCarthy.


1897 Georgia Bulldogs football team
It was in the Virginia game of 1897 that tragedy struck the Georgia Bulldogs. In the second half of that game, a Georgia fullback named Richard Vonalbade ("Von") Gammon, was fatally injured in a play. In reaction to his death, the Georgia, Georgia Tech and Mercer football teams disbanded, the Atlanta Journal ran a headline proclaiming, the "Death Knell of Football" and the Georgia legislature passed a bill to outlaw football in the state of Georgia.


1897 Georgia Bulldogs football team
As the bill sat on the desk of Georgia Governor William Yates Atkinson, a letter that Gammon's mother, Rosalind Burns Gammon, had written to the state legislature was revealed. In her letter, she pleaded with the legislators not to pass the bill because her son so loved football. As a result, reading her letter, Governor Atkinson vetoed the bill to ban football in Georgia.


1897 Georgia Tech football team
The 1897 Georgia Tech football team represented the Georgia Institute of Technology during the 1897 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season.


1897 Grand National
The 1897 Grand National was the 59th renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 26 March 1897.


1897 Greensburg Athletic Association season
The 1897 Greensburg Athletic Association season was their eighth season in existence. The team finished 10–1.


1897 Guilford Quakers football team
The 1897 Guilford Quakers football team represented Guilford College during the 1897 college football season.


1897 Harvard Crimson football team
The 1897 Harvard Crimson football team represented Harvard University in the 1897 college football season. The Crimson finished with a 10–1–1 record and shut out 10 of 12 opponents under first-year head coach William Cameron Forbes, who later served as Governor-General of the Philippines (1908–13) and Ambassador of the United States to Japan (1930–32). The 1897 team won its first ten games by a combined 227-5 score. It then closed the season playing to a scoreless tie with Yale and losing by a 15-6 score against Penn.


1897 Harvard Crimson football team
Two Harvard players received consensus honors on the 1897 College Football All-America Team: center Allan Doucette and halfback Benjamin Dibblee. Other notable players on Harvard's 1897 team included end Norman Cabot and tackle Malcolm Donald.


1897 Haskell Indians football team
The 1897 Haskell Indians football team was an American football team that represented the Haskell Indian Institute (now known as Haskell Indian Nations University) as an independent during the 1897 college football season. The team compiled a 1–4 record and failed to register any points in its four losses. The team's sole victory was over Midland College of Atchison, Kansas. The 1895 season was the school's third competing in football. No record has been found identifying a coach for the team, though Frank Sweet was identified as the manager. The team played no home games.


1897 Haverford football team
The 1897 Haverford football team was an American football team that represented Haverford College as an independent during the 1897 college football season. The team compiled an 8–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 153 to 22. Thomas Branson was the coach, and Varney was the captain.


1897 Hind
1897 Hind, provisional designation 1971 UE1, is a Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 26 October 1971, by Czech astronomer Luboš Kohoutek at Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg, Germany. The asteroid was named after English astronomer John Russell Hind.


1897 Hind, Orbit and classification
Hind is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest groups of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,260 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic.


1897 Hind, Orbit and classification
A first precovery was taken at Palomar Observatory in 1956, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 15 years prior to its discovery.


1897 Hind, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Hind measures 5.0 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.307, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo of 0.24 – derived from 8 Flora, the family's largest member and namesake – and calculates a diameter of 5.7 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.4.


1897 Hind, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In July 2005, Hind had originally been identified as a relatively fast rotator, as photometric observations by astronomers Reiner Stoss, Jaime Nomen, Salvador Sanchez and Raoul Behrend gave a rotation period of 0.82±0.01 hours, or less than 50 minutes (U=1). However, the lightcurve was only fragmentary. In August 2012, it was superseded with more accurate observation at the Australian Riverland Dingo Observatory that gave a slower period of 2.6336±0.0001 hours with a brightness variation of 0.09 in magnitude (U=2).


1897 Hind, Naming
This minor planet was named after English astronomer John Russell Hind (1823–1895), discoverer of ten minor planets including 7 Iris and 8 Flora, the namesake of the family the asteroid belongs to. Hind worked for many years at George Bishop's Observatory near London where he made his discoveries. He was also superintendent of the British Nautical Almanac Office in the second half of the 19th century. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1975 (M.P.C. 3827).


1897 Holy Cross football team
The 1897 Holy Cross football team was an American football team that represented the College of the Holy Cross as an independent in the 1897 college football season.


1897 Holy Cross football team
In its second and final year under head coach Alfred C. N. Peterson, the team compiled a 4–3–1 record. E.F. Shanahan was the team captain.


1897 Holy Cross football team
Holy Cross played its home games at two off-campus fields in Worcester, Massachusetts, the Worcester Oval and the Worcester College Grounds.


1897 Home Nations Championship
The 1897 Home Nations Championship was the fifteenth series of the rugby union Home Nations Championship. Four matches were played between 9 January and 13 March. It was contested by England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Wales only completed one match during this championship as the Welsh Rugby Union withdrew from the International Rugby Board in February 1897 due to the Gould Affair, and was therefore ineligible to play any further international matches.


1897 Home Nations Championship
The rules at the time stated the final table would be decided on match points and then points scored. As all teams finished with two match points, the championship was theoretically drawn, but England claimed the title through their greater score, even though they lost their first two games and conceded more tries and points than any of the other three countries. Most sources list the results of the 1897 championship as "not completed" due to the tied results.


1897 Home Nations Championship, Results, Scoring system
The matches for this season were decided on points scored. A try was worth three points, while converting a kicked goal from the try gave an additional two points. A dropped goal and a goal from mark were both worth four points. Penalty goals were worth three points.


1897 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Wales vs. England
Wales: Billy Bancroft (Swansea), Cliff Bowen (Llanelli), Gwyn Nicholls (Cardiff), Arthur Gould (Newport) capt., Tom Pearson (Newport), Selwyn Biggs (Cardiff), Daniel Jones (Aberavon), Jack Evans (Llanelli), Arthur Boucher (Newport), Jack Rhapps (Penygraig), Bill Morris (Llanelli), Harry Packer (Newport), Dick Hellings (Llwynypia), Fred Cornish (Cardiff), Dai Evans (Penygraig)


1897 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Wales vs. England
England J. F. Byrne (Moseley), FA Byrne (Moseley),  Ernest Fookes (Sowerby Bridge), EM Baker (Oxford Uni), T Fletcher (Seaton), Cyril Wells (Harlequins), EW Taylor (Rockcliff) capt., F Jacob (Cambridge Uni), JH Baron (Bingley), PJ Ebdon (Wellington), RF Oakes (Hartlepool Rovers), WB Stoddart (Liverpool), Frank Stout (Gloucester), W Ashford (Richmond), RH Mangles (Richmond)


1897 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Ireland vs. England
Ireland J Fulton (NIFC), W Gardiner (NIFC), S Lee (NIFC), Lawrence Bulger (Dublin Uni. ), TH Stevenson (Queen's Uni, Belfast), Louis Magee (Bective Rangers), GG Allen (Derry), JE McIlwaine (NIFC), JH Lytle (Lansdowne), WG Byron (NIFC), M Ryan (Rockwell College), J Ryan (Rockwell College), EG Forrest (Wanderers) capt., Andrew Clinch (Wanderers), CV Rooke (Monkstown)


1897 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Ireland vs. England
England J. F. Byrne (Moseley), G.C. Robinson (Percy Park),  Ernest Fookes (Sowerby Bridge), JT Taylor (Castleford), WL Bunting (Richmond), S Northmore (Millom), EW Taylor (Rockcliff) capt., F Jacob (Cambridge Uni), JH Baron (Bingley), PJ Ebdon (Wellington), RF Oakes (Hartlepool Rovers), WB Stoddart (Liverpool), Frank Stout (Gloucester), W Ashford (Richmond), RH Mangles (Richmond)


1897 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Scotland vs. Ireland
Scotland: AR Smith (Oxford Uni), W Neilson (London Scottish), GT Campbell (London Scottish), CJN Fleming (Edinburgh Wanderers), T Scott (Hawick), RC Greig (Glasgow Acads), M Elliot (Hawick), Robert MacMillan (London Scottish) capt., JH Dods (London Scottish), MC Morrison (Royal HSFP), WMC McEwan (Edinburgh Acads), TM Scott (Hawick), RC Stevenson (London Scottish), GO Turnbull (West of Scotland), Alex Laidlaw (Hawick)


1897 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Scotland vs. Ireland
Ireland Pierce O'Brien-Butler (Monkstown), W Gardiner (NIFC), Lucius Gwynn (Dublin Uni. ), Lawrence Bulger (Dublin Uni. ), TH Stevenson (Belfast Albion), Louis Magee (Bective Rangers), GG Allen (Derry), JE McIlwaine (NIFC), JH Lytle (Lansdowne), WG Byron (NIFC), M Ryan (Rockwell College), Jim Sealy (Dublin Uni. ), EG Forrest (Wanderers) capt., Andrew Clinch (Wanderers), CV Rooke (Monkstown)


1897 Home Nations Championship, The matches, England vs. Scotland
England J. F. Byrne (Moseley), G.C. Robinson (Percy Park),  Ernest Fookes (Sowerby Bridge), Osbert Mackie (Cambridge Uni), WL Bunting (Richmond), Cyril Wells (Harlequins), EW Taylor (Rockcliff) capt., F Jacob (Cambridge Uni), J Pinch (Lancaster), E Knowles (Millom), RF Oakes (Hartlepool Rovers), WB Stoddart (Liverpool), HW Dudgeon (Richmond), LF Giblin (Cambridge Uni), JAS Davidson (Aspatria)


1897 Home Nations Championship, The matches, England vs. Scotland
Scotland: AR Smith (Oxford Uni), W Neilson (London Scottish), Alf Bucher (Edinburgh Acads), AW Robertson (Edinburgh Acads), T Scott (Hawick), JW Simpson (Royal HSFP), M Elliot (Hawick), Robert MacMillan (London Scottish) capt., JH Dods (London Scottish), MC Morrison (Royal HSFP), WMC McEwan (Edinburgh Acads), TM Scott (Hawick), RC Stevenson (London Scottish), GO Turnbull (West of Scotland), Andrew Balfour (Cambridge Uni)


1897 ICA Track Cycling World Championships
The 1897 ICA Track Cycling World Championships were the World Championship for track cycling. They took place in Glasgow, United Kingdom from 30 July - 2 August 1897. Four events for men were contested, two for professionals and two for amateurs.


1897 Illinois Fighting Illini football team
The 1897 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois during the 1897 Western Conference football season. In their third season under head coach George Huff, the Illini compiled a 6–2 record and finished in fourth place in the Western Conference. Tackle Don Sweney was the team captain.


1897 Indiana Hoosiers football team
The 1897 Indiana Hoosiers football team was an American football team that represented Indiana University during the 1897 college football season. In their second season under head coach Madison G. Gonterman, the Hoosiers compiled a 6–1–1 record and outscored their opponents 150 to 32.


1897 Indiana State Sycamores football team
The 1897 Indiana State Sycamores football team represented Indiana State University in the 1897 college football season. This was the second team for the university and played  a schedule of six games; however, no records remain to record the scores or even the results. The coach was R. Clark; also described as the team manager, the roster consisted of at least 11 lettermen.


1897 Indiana State Sycamores football team
This season marked the Sycamores first games vs. other colleges; though all game results are unknown.


1897 Iowa Agricultural Cyclones football team
The 1897 Iowa Agricultural Cyclones football team represented Iowa Agricultural College (later renamed Iowa State University) as an independent during the 1897 college football season. Under head coaches Pop Warner and Bert German, the Cyclones compiled a 3–1 record and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 40 to 22. There was no team captain for the 1897 season.


1897 Iowa Agricultural Cyclones football team
Between 1892 and 1913, the football team played on a field that later became the site of the university's Parks Library.


1897 Iowa Hawkeyes football team
The 1897 Iowa Hawkeyes football team  represented the University of Iowa during the 1897 college football season. The team was coached by Otto Wagonhurst, the last coach in Iowa Hawkeyes football history to coach for only one season. The next year, Iowa hired Alden Knipe as the team's head coach.


1897 Iowa Senate election
In the 1897 Iowa State Senate elections Iowa voters elected state senators to serve in the twenty-seventh Iowa General Assembly. Elections were held in 21 of the state senate's 50 districts. State senators serve four-year terms in the Iowa State Senate.


1897 Iowa Senate election
A statewide map of the 50 state Senate districts in the 1897 elections is provided by the Iowa General Assembly


1897 Iowa Senate election
The 1897 elections occurred before primary elections were established in Iowa by the Primary Election Law in 1907. The general election took place on November 2, 1897.


1897 Iowa Senate election
Following the previous election, Republicans had control of the Iowa Senate with 43 seats to Democrats' 7 seats.


1897 Iowa Senate election
To claim control of the chamber from Republicans, the Democrats needed to net 19 Senate seats.


1897 Iowa Senate election
Republicans maintained control of the Iowa State Senate following the 1897 general election with the balance of power shifting to Republicans holding 39 seats and Democrats having 11 seats (a net gain of 4 seats for Democrats).


1897 Iowa gubernatorial election
The 1897 Iowa gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1897. Republican nominee L. M. Shaw defeated Democratic nominee Frederick Edward White with 51.27% of the vote.


1897 Italian general election
General elections were held in Italy on 21 March 1897, with a second round of voting on 28 March. The "Ministerial" left-wing bloc, led by Giovanni Giolitti remained the largest in Parliament, winning 327 of the 508 seats.


1897 Italian general election, Historical background
The humiliating defeat of the Italian army at Adwa in March 1896 in Ethiopia during First Italo-Ethiopian War, brought about Francesco Crispi's resignation after riots broke out in several Italian towns.


1897 Italian general election, Historical background
The ensuing Antonio di Rudini cabinet lent itself to Cavallotti’s campaign, and at the end of 1897 the judicial authorities applied to the Chamber of Deputies for permission to prosecute Crispi for embezzlement. A parliamentary commission of inquiry discovered only that Crispi, on assuming office in 1893, had found the secret service coffers empty, and had borrowed money from a state bank to fund it, repaying it with the monthly installments granted in regular course by the treasury. The commission, considering this proceeding irregular, proposed, and the Chamber adopted, a vote of censure, but refused to authorize a prosecution.


1897 Italian general election, Historical background
The crisis consequent upon the disaster of Adowa enabled Rudinì to return to power as premier and minister of the interior in a cabinet formed by the veteran Conservative, General Ricotti. He signed the Treaty of Addis Ababa that formally ended the First Italo–Ethiopian War recognizing Ethiopia as an independent country. He endangered relations with Great Britain by the unauthorized publication of confidential diplomatic correspondence in a Green-book on Abyssinian affairs.


1897 Italian general election, Historical background
Di Rudinì recognized the excessive brutality of the repression of the Fasci Siciliani under his predecessor Crispi. Many Fasci members were pardoned and released from jail.


1897 Italian general election, Historical background
A new party participated to the election, the Italian Republican Party (PRI), led by Carlo Sforza. The PRI traces its origins from the time of Italian unification and, more specifically, to the democratic-republican wing represented by figures such as Giuseppe Mazzini, Carlo Cattaneo and Carlo Pisacane.


1897 Kamudi Temple entry agitation
The Kamudi Temple entry agitation was an agitation by the Nadar community to enter the Meenakshi Sundareswarar Temple in Kamudi or Kamuthi on 1897. On the night of May 14, 1897 the Nadars forecfully entered the temple and inside the Sanctum Sanctorum and made rituals. The Nadars were opposed as they were not considered as a high caste to enter the temple. Criminal cases were filed against the Nadars and they made to compensate for the purification rituals after their entry. The attempt to enter the temple represents an important step in the history of Kamudi.


1897 Kamudi Temple entry agitation
Earlier In 1895, when Nadars struggled for their right to access the temples of Kamuthi, there were riots in Kalugumalai called Kalugumalai riots of 1895.


1897 Kamudi Temple entry agitation, Background
Earlier In 1895, when Nadars struggled for their right to access the temples of Kamuthi, there were riots in Kazhugumalai called Kazhugumalai riots. The Kamudi taluk villages are governed by the people of the Marava community. But the Nadar community is dominant in Kamudi town. Each community has a completely separate temple in Kamudi for worship. Founded by Sundara Pandya, a Pandya king, the Kamudi Meenakshi Sundareswarar Temple was ruled by the Raja of Ramanathapuram. The Nadars of Ramnad District made another attempt to secure their rights to enter and worship. Their rights were asserted on the grounds that they were Kshatriyas. But the assertion was opposed by Baskara Sethupathy, the Raja of Ramnad and the traditional trustee of the Temple and the Maravars.


1897 Kamudi Temple entry agitation, Background
In November 1895, the Nadars of kamuthi petitioned to the Meenakshi Sundaraswara temple, which was under Ramnad M. Baskara Sethupathi's trusteeship of the Raj, for permission to hold a ritual feast. Their petition was accepted, but it should be performed without the entry of Nadars into the temple. An anti-Nadar coalition was created by Vellasami Thevar, the inherited ruler of a vast land under the Raja of Ramnad and the grandfather of the late Muthuramalinga Thevar. He made a confederacy of castes form the surrounding villages to not buy things for the Nadars. He prohibited the Nadars from asserting their freedom. He ordered the allegiance of the society of Maravar and insisted a distinction between all castes.


1897 Kamudi Temple entry agitation, Temple entry
On the night of May 14, 1897, despite the forceful opposition by the temple servants, a party of fifteen Nadars from the Irulappa Nadar family forcefully managed to enter the Meenakshi Sundareswarar Temple at Kumudi with Kavadi, torches and drums. They went to the Sanctum Sanctorum and approached the principal deity re-lighted the extinguished torches and presented coconuts, swung before it, lighted camphor, and offered poojas to the main deity. Finally, the holy image was touched by them. But the Maravars and the Ramnad Zamindar opposed it.


1897 Kamudi Temple entry agitation, Cases
A criminal case was filed against fifteen Nadars for the disgracing of the temple and ordered the compensation of Rs. 2500 for purification rituals backed by 75 witness accounts of all castes and a collection of evidence from the caste history of Nadars as the Nadars tried to establish their privileges as a high caste to access the temple and also to partake in the pooja and worship conducted in the very same way and except the Brahmin.


1897 Kamudi Temple entry agitation, Court judgments
On 20 July 1899, a permanent order was issued by the sub-judge of Madurai East to prohibit the Nadars from entering the temple indefinitely in the future. An extra police force was deployed at Kamudi at the expense of the residents for a period of 5 years from November 5, 1900, in order to prevent any conflict between the Nadars and the Marvars.


1897 Kamudi Temple entry agitation, Court judgments
Dissatisfied with the district court's decision in Madurai, the Nadars made an appeal to the Madras High Court. Under the guidance of Rathnaswami Nadar, a prominent Abkari contractor of Tanjore, the Nadars, in the meantime, tried to find an agreement with the Raja of Ramnad. As per the agreement, the Nadars agreed to pay nearly 7000/- rupees to allow the Nadars to access and worship at the temple of Kamudi.


1897 Kamudi Temple entry agitation, Court judgments
But the British who wanted to maintain a status quo, did not like these developments and communicated with the Raja and caused the Nadars to withdraw the agreement because the British wanted to secure their status, and they didn't want to engage in the Hindu temples' caste-based worship system. The Raja himself recognized the severe nature of the issue and accepted that the agreement be removed.


1897 Kamudi Temple entry agitation, Court judgments
But the Madras High Court upheld the lower court's decision. When the Madras high court decision went against the Nadars, the Nadars collected an amount of Rs 42,000 and brought their case to the Privy Council London, which was the largest appeal body in the British Empire. In 1908, the Privy Council upheld the judgment of the High Court. The Privy Council argued that the status of the Nadars seemed to be only above the Pallars and Pariahs, who were barred from Hindu temples to pray.


1897 Kamudi Temple entry agitation, Court judgments
Around the same time, the Privy Council acknowledged the right to pray in the Hindu temples of the Vellalars and other growing castes generally classified as Sudras. The Nadars expected a favorable decision, but in vain, from the European officials. The relationship between the Nadars and the Maravars deteriorated with the Kamudi temple entry and the judgment by the Privy Council of London.


1897 Kansas Jayhawks football team
The 1897 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the Western Interstate University Football Association during the 1897 college football season. In their first season under head coach Wylie G. Woodruff, the Jayhawks compiled an 8–2 record (2–1 against conference opponents), finished second in the conference, shut out seven of ten opponents, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 253 to 16. The Jayhawks played their home games at McCook Field in Lawrence, Kansas. A. R. Kennedy was the team captain.


1897 Kansas State Aggies football team
The 1897 Kansas State Aggies football team represented Kansas State Agricultural College during the 1897 college football season.


1897 Kentucky Derby
The 1897 Kentucky Derby was the 23rd running of the Kentucky Derby. The race took place on May 12, 1897.


1897 Kentucky State College Blue and White football team
The 1897 Kentucky State College Blue and White football team represented Kentucky State College—now known as the University of Kentucky—during the 1897 college football season.


1897 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
The 1897 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship was the ninth staging of the Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Kilkenny County Board.


1897 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
On 10 July 1898, Tullaroan won the championship after a 3-11 to 2-01 defeat of Mooncoin in the final. This was their fourth championship title over all and their first in two championship seasons.


1897 LSU Tigers football team
The 1897 LSU Tigers football team represented the LSU Tigers of Louisiana State University during the 1897 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. Coach Allen Jeardeau returned for his second but final year at LSU in 1897 for two games in Baton Rouge. A yellow fever outbreak throughout the South caused the postponement of LSU's classes starting, and the football season being cut back to only two games.


1897 LSU Tigers football team, Schedule
The 0–26 loss to the Bearcats is disputed. Some sources list the final score as Cincinnati 28, LSU 0.


1897 Lafayette football team
The 1897 Lafayette football team represented Lafayette College in the 1897 college football season. Lafayetted shut out eight opponents and finished with a 9–2–1 record in their first year under head coach Parke H. Davis. Significant games included victories over Penn State (24–0) and Lehigh (34–0 and 22–0), a 4–4 tie with Cornell, and losses to Princeton (0–57) and Penn (0–46). The 1895 Lafayette team outscored its opponents by a combined total of 256 to 113.


1897 Lafayette football team
Three Lafayette players received recognition on the 1897 College Football All-America Team. They are: guard Charles Rinehart (Walter Camp, 2nd team, Outing magazine, 1st team); halfback George B. Walbridge (Camp, 3rd team); and fullback Edward G. Bray (Outing, 2nd team).


1897 Lagos strike
The Lagos strike of 1897 was a labour strike in Lagos Colony (modern-day Lagos in Nigeria) which has been described as the first "major labour protest of the colonial period" in African history.


1897 Lagos strike
Lagos was one of the major ports in West Africa and was a busy entrepot through which trade between the coast and the interior was processed. The city's economy expanded widely during the 19th century. At the time of the strike, Lagos was a colony under the governorship of Henry McCallum. McCallum, who had held a number of important colonial posts in Asia, decided to launch a major reform of the administration and economy of Lagos. Among these reforms was the driving down of wages paid to indigenous workers to increase the supply of labour.


1897 Lagos strike
The reforms led to unrest among workers in the Public Works Department (PWD). The final trigger for the strike was a decision to alter the working hours of employees of the PWD. The strike broke out on 9 August 1897 and involved nearly 3,000 workers. The colony's police, the Public Force, experienced a minor mutiny on 10 August, meaning that McCallum was unable to repress the workers by force. The strikers' demands were opposed by the indigenous, Europeanised middle-class.


1897 Lagos strike
During negotiations with the strikers, McCallum made notable concessions. The planned pay reductions were abandoned, while the working hours reforms were tempered by the introduction of a lunch break. The strikers returned to work and the strike is considered successful.


1897 Latrobe Athletic Association season
The 1897 Latrobe Athletic Association season was their third season in existence. The team finished 10–2–1. This season, Latrobe became the first team to be made entirely of professional players and play an entire season together.


1897 Lehigh football team
The 1897 Lehigh football team was an American football team that represented Lehigh University as an independent during the 1897 college football season. In its first and only season under head coach Samuel M. Hammond, the team compiled a 3–7 record and was outscored by a total of 261 to 84.


1897 Liberian general election
General elections were held in Liberia in 1897. In the presidential election, incumbent William D. Coleman of the True Whig Party (the sole legal party) was elected. The former Vice-President had originally taken office following the death of President Joseph James Cheeseman in November 1896.


1897 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
The 1897 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship was the ninth staging of the Limerick Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Limerick County Board in 1887.


1897 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
Kilfinane won the championship after a 4-09 to 4-08 defeat of Cappamore in the final. It was their first championship title.


1897 Liverpool City Council election
Elections to Liverpool City Council were held on Thursday 1 November 1897. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.


1897 Liverpool City Council election, Ward results
Comparisons are made with the 1895 election results, as the retiring councillors were elected in that year.


1897 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No.25, Brunswick
Caused by the death of Councillor Charles Arden (Conservative,  Brunswick, elected 1 November 1896) on 29 November 1897.


1897 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No.3, South Walton, 25 January 1898
Caused by the death of  Councillor Dr. Henry Richard Powell (Conservative, South Walton, elected 1 November 1896).


1897 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No.12, Edge Hill, 26 April 1898
Caused by the death of Councillor Jonathan Parry (Conservative, Edge Hill, elected 1 November 1895) on 5 March 1898.


1897 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 3 South Walton, 20 July 1898
The Right Honourable Sir Arthur Bower Forwood, Bart. MP was elected as an Alderman by the Council on 1 June 1898.


1897 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 3 South Walton, 20 July 1898
The Right Honourable Sir Arthur Bower Forwood, Bart.MP resigned as an Alderman on 1 June 1898.


1897 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 3 South Walton, 20 July 1898
Councillor John Ellison (Conservative, South Walton, elected 1 November 1895) was elected as an Alderman by the city Council


1897 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No.24, Sefton Park, 18 October 1898
Caused by the resignation of Councillor Augustus Frederick Warr MP (Conservative, Sefton Park, elected 1 November 1895 which was reported to the Council on 5 October 1898.


1897 Liverpool Exchange by-election
The Liverpool Exchange by-election, 1897 was a by-election held in England on 10 November 1897 for the House of Commons constituency of Liverpool Exchange.


1897 Liverpool Exchange by-election
The Liberal unionist candidate, Charles McArthur held the seat with a very small majority over his Liberal opponent.


1897 Liverpool Exchange by-election, Vacancy
The seat had become vacant in October 1897 when the Liberal Unionist Member of Parliament (MP), John Bigham, had been appointed as a judge of the Queen's Bench division of the High Court.


1897 Liverpool Exchange by-election, Vacancy
He had held the seat since the 1895 general election, having contested it unsuccessfully in 1892.


1897 Liverpool Exchange by-election, Candidates
Immediately after Bigham's appointment was announced, The Times newspaper reported on Saturday 16 October that the Liberal Unionist candidate was likely to be Charles McArthur, an average adjuster from Liverpool and former chairman of the city's chamber of commerce. Business people in Liverpool welcomed the prospect of McArthur's candidacy, but while the Liberals met that weekend to consider their options, they postponed a decision.


1897 Liverpool Exchange by-election, Candidates
On Monday 18th, the McArthur accepted a formal invitation to be the Unionist candidate, and he accepted the nomination. Some local Unionists felt that this constituency should be represented by a ship-owner, but others noted McArthur was as much involved in shipping as the owners. He told the selection meeting that his main priority would be to protect the commercial and shipping interests of Liverpool, and that he objected to the River Mersey being "made a cesspool for Manchester" through the construction of the Manchester Ship Canal.


1897 Liverpool Exchange by-election, Candidates
The Liberals interviewed H. Wade Deacon, who had been the Liberal candidate in Widnes at the previous general election,but he refused for personal reasons. They were still without a candidate by the evening of Tuesday 19th, when local ship-owners met to discuss the election. The businessmen were aggrieved at the Unionist government's treatment of shipping and at the unsympathetic reception received by a recent delegation to the President of the Board of Trade, Charles Ritchie. They agreed that it was important to have an MP who supported the ship-owners.


1897 Liverpool Exchange by-election, Candidates
The Times leader-writers observed on 20 October that if the Liberals fielded a prominent ship-owner, McArthur would have a hard fight on his hands. The following day the Liberals selected Russell Rea, the managing director of ship-owning company R. & J. H. Rea. However, in the early 1880s Liverpool-born Rea had relocated his head office to Leadenhall Street in London, and lived in Hackney. His main line of business was in shipping coal for the South Wales coalfields, and despite his shipping interests, The Times reported a claim that Rea was not a member of the Liverpool Steamship-Owners Association.


1897 Liverpool Exchange by-election, Candidates
On the 19th, the local branch of the Irish National League pledged itself to support "any candidate who is thoroughy sound on the Home Rule question".


1897 Liverpool Exchange by-election, Candidates
On the 24th, the Speaker of the House of Commons William Gully gave notice in the London Gazette that by accepting appointment as a judge, Bigham had vacated his seat. The Speaker therefore intended to issue the writ of election in 6 days time. The writ was received on 2 November, and nominations were set for 5 November, with polling on the 10th.


1897 Liverpool Exchange by-election, The constituency
The Exchange division included the central business district of Liverpool, which had long been Conservative-leaning, but the constituency had been held by the Liberals for most of existence. Since 1885, it had always been a marginal seat, in which the largest majority had been the 4.4% lead won by Bigham in 1895.


1897 Liverpool Exchange by-election, The constituency
St Anne's and Vauxhall wards contained some of the worst slums in Liverpool, with about 2,000 Irishmen who were all expected to vote Liberal because of that party's support for Irish Home Rule. However, their numbers had been reduced since the general election by the demolition of many condemned buildings, which had removed over 150 Liberal-supporting voters from the electoral register.


1897 Liverpool Exchange by-election, The constituency
Both sides took care to try to trace voters who had moved home since the register was compiled. This was easier for the Unionists, whose merchant supporters were easily identified. However, the working-class Liberal-supporters moved more often, sometimes trying to evade location by creditors or school inspectors. The Liberals found an effective solution by distributing printed lists of untraced voters, asking for information on their current addresses.


1897 Liverpool Exchange by-election, Campaign
Rea made support for Irish Home Rule the first item in his election address, and his meeting in Picton Hall on 5 November was addressed by T. P. O'Connor, the Nationalist MP for Liverpool Scotland. George Baden-Powell, the Conservative MP for Liverpool Kirkdale, denounced Rea's stance in a letter to McArthur. He claimed that Rea "surrenders himself as the 'white slave' of their masters, the Nationalists, whose one avowed aim is the disintegration of the United Kingdom, the certain forerunner of the breakup of our great and valiant empire".


1897 Liverpool Exchange by-election, Campaign
Shipping interests dominated much of the campaign, and some Unionist-supporting shipowners were ready to use the election to force the government's hand on the abolition of light dues. On the 25th, McArthur told workers that his opponents were "exploiting" the light dues issue, but that he was equally committed to their abolition, preferring that navigational aids should be funded by central government. Rea held a meeting at Liverpool Town Hall, where Northwich MP Sir John Brunner accused McArthur of bluffing.


1897 Liverpool Exchange by-election, Campaign
However, Rea's opposition to the Workmen's Compensation Act damaged his standing with labourers.


1897 Liverpool Exchange by-election, Result
Polling took place on Wednesday 10 November and both parties worked hard to get out their voters, with each using teams of cyclists to get out the vote. Rumours circulated of votes being cast on behalf of dead people, and two people were charged with that sort of personation.


1897 Liverpool Exchange by-election, Result
Early polling was high in nationalist areas, giving the Liberals confidence of victory, but a steady flow of voters in other areas shifted the balance. In Irish areas such as St Anne's Street and Great Crosshall street, bottles were thrown at the carriages of Conservative supporters.


1897 Liverpool Exchange by-election, Result
The votes were counted that evening in Liverpool Town Hall, and as the tallies were completed it was reported that Rea had won the seat with a majority of 47 votes. Local newspapers reported a Liberal victory, but a recount found a bundle of misplaced ballot papers, and shortly after 10pm the result was declared by the Lord Mayor John Houlding as a 54-vote majority for McArthur.


1897 Liverpool Exchange by-election, Aftermath
McArthur was re-elected in 1900, but was defeated at the next election, in 1906. He was returned as the MP for Liverpool Kirkdale at a by-election in 1907, and held the seat until his death in 1910.


1897 Liverpool Exchange by-election, Aftermath
Rea was elected in 1900 as the MP for Gloucester, and held the seat until his defeat in January 1910. Later that year he won a by-election for South Shields, and held that seat until his death in 1916, having served briefly as a Junior Lord of the Treasury.


1897 Liverpool School Board election
Elections to the Liverpool School Board were held in November 1897. These were held every three years, when all fifteen Board Members were elected. In 1897 there were twenty candidates for the fifteen Board member positions.


1897 Liverpool School Board election
After the election, the composition of the School Board was:


1897 Louisville Colonels season
The 1897 Louisville Colonels baseball team finished with a 52–87 record and eleventh place in the National League.


1897 Louisville Colonels season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1897 Louisville Colonels season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1897 Louisville Colonels season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1897 Louisville Colonels season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1897 Louisville Colonels season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1897 Marshall Thundering Herd football team
The 1897 Marshall Thundering Herd football team represented Marshall University in the 1897 college football season. The team did not have a coach, and were outscored by their opponents 6–32 in three games.


1897 Maryland Aggies football team
The 1897 Maryland Aggies football team represented the Maryland Agricultural College (now the University of Maryland) in the 1897 college football season. The team was led by second-year head coach Grenville Lewis.


1897 Massachusetts Aggies football team
The 1897 Massachusetts Aggies football team represented Massachusetts Agricultural College in the 1897 college football season. The team played its home games at Alumni Field in Amherst, Massachusetts. Massachusetts finished the season with a record of 2–5–1.


1897 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1897 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1897.


1897 Massachusetts legislature
The 118th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1897 during the governorship of Roger Wolcott. George P. Lawrence served as president of the Senate and John L. Bates served as speaker of the House.


1897 Massachusetts legislature
The 1897 legislature is the high-water mark for the Massachusetts Republican Party, which held 35 seats in the Senate and 202 in the House. Republicans have not surpassed either number since, though they would match their high of 35 Senate seats again in 1920.


1897 Mercer Baptists football team
The 1897 Mercer Baptists football team represented Mercer University in the 1897 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. They finished with a record of 0–1–1 and were outscored by their opponents 0–26.


1897 Metropolitan Rugby Union season
The 1897 Metropolitan Rugby Union season was the 24th season of the Sydney Rugby Premiership. Six clubs competed from May till September 1897. The season culminated in the premiership, which was won by Randwick who were undefeated during the season. Randwick were crowned premiers by virtue of finishing the season on top of the table. This was the first premiership run under the new Metropolitan Rugby Football Union.


1897 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Teams
Six clubs signed up with the Metropolitan Rugby Football Union to play the Senior Premiership. Each of the teams had participated in the premiership previously. The Paddington club had been disqualified from the competition at the end of the previous season due to unpaid Union fees. As a result, the club was newly formed at the beginning of the season. Paddington kept the identity and the history of the former club.


1897 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Season Summary
Early in the 1897, at the annual meeting for the New South Wales Rugby Football Union, a motion was passed to form a branch union to take over the running of club football. This new union was named the Metropolitan Rugby Football Union.


1897 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Season Summary
There was some discussion about the quality of play that football was producing in 1897. Some quarters declared that the standard had deteriorated over the past few seasons. However, it was suggested by others in the media that football was moving from individual heroics to team brilliance. The addition of talented players from the Junior ranks was welcomed with many of these players selected for representative honours.


1897 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Season Summary
The 1897 Sydney Rugby Premiership saw Randwick Football Club present its best performance to take all before it. The club were undefeated in all games during the season and won all three main awards, the Sydney Cricket Ground Trophy, Agricultural Society Trophy and the Premiership. Unfortunately, the Agricultural Society Trophy was stripped from the club and awarded to their opponents due to a technicality. Before playing the Semi final, Randwick requested to allow the New Zealander, Tom Pauling, to play for the team. The Union allowed him to play but, due to a protest by the Pirates after the completion of the final, the decision was revised. With the new decision, the Pirates were awarded the Agricultural Society Trophy.


1897 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Season Summary
After the introduction of new Juniors to the team, the Pirates Football Club transformed their season. During the previous season, the team failed to win a single game and began the new year with a pair of losses. With the arrival of Conlon, Boyd, Evers, McMahon, Ellis, Warman and Baird the team displayed improved form only slightly below that of the Premiers. The team were present in both trophy finals and finished the season runners-up. After the protest against Randwick was upheld, the Pirates were awarded with the Agricultural Society Trophy. Hopes were high for the future.


1897 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Season Summary
The two older clubs, Sydney University and Wallaroo, experienced less than their usual success during the season. Both teams were in the middle of a rebuilding phase, with older and more experienced players retiring from the game. New young blood was filtering into the ranks with hope that the clubs would soon be back to their high-class best. The 'Varsity displayed an upturn in their performance from previous seasons, giving the club promise for the future. Victory over the Pirates and an excellent game against the Premiers were the highlights of the season.


1897 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Season Summary
Wallaroo experienced their worst season for a decade. This could be attributed to the injuries to key players, Row and Kelly. The team won only two games during the season and were unable to recruit Juniors of merit. With an infusion of new blood mixing with the sound, experienced players, it is believed that Wallaroo could achieve success once again.


1897 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Trophy Finals, Finals Week 1, 19 June & 17 July, Sydney Cricket Ground Trophy
The top four teams on the ladder qualified to compete for the Sydney Cricket Ground Trophy. Games were decided by draw with Wentworth and the Pirates facing off for the second successive week. This game ended with a 3 all draw and was replayed on 17 July. In the replay, the Pirates won easily 17 points to 6. In the second semi, Randwick had the better team resulting in a loss for Wallaroo 17 to 3.


1897 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Trophy Finals, Finals Week 1, 19 June & 17 July, Agricultural Society Trophy
After missing out on playing for the SCG Trophy, the Sydney University Football Club still qualified for the Agricultural Society Trophy. As no other teams were still in existence to contend for the trophy, University proceeded directly to the next week of finals.


1897 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Trophy Finals, Finals Week 2, 24 July & 7 August, Sydney Cricket Ground Trophy
There was much anticipation for the final, as many believed that the Pirates were the only club to end Randwick's unbeaten run. With the game played on a wet and muddy day, the result was almost what the crowd wanted. The ground was in such poor condition that the referee took a turn in the mud and humorously wore a muddy stain to show for it. The Pirates played a stronger wet-weather game and were able to hold Randwick to a nil all draw.


1897 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Trophy Finals, Finals Week 2, 24 July & 7 August, Sydney Cricket Ground Trophy
The replay final saw similar cold and squally weather. Despite the conditions, the game was commended for its fine display with both teams playing well. The score was 3 all at half time with Randwick eventually coming away as winners. The fact that Randwick did not score more points was due to the excellent defence of their opponents. Overall, the victors were the better team.


1897 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Trophy Finals, Finals Week 2, 24 July & 7 August, Agricultural Society Trophy
The Wentworth club continued their slow decline from the highs of the previous season. After losing three out of their last four games, several fresh players were brought in to compete against the 'Varsity. For the first 15 to 20 minutes of the game, the two teams were equal. After that, University played with greater 'life' to win the game and progress. Wallaroo were awarded a bye and progressed into the semi finals.


1897 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Trophy Finals, Finals Week 3, 28 August, Agricultural Society Trophy
Much of the brightness had disappeared by the time of the semi finals. Representative duties robbed the games of the finest players, with the two semi finals being played at the inconveniently distant Kensington Racecourse. Even with a weak team, Randwick were able to defeat a lacklustre University 24 to 3. The second semi saw a more even contest between the Pirates and Wallaroo. The game was closely fought until the eventual victors were able to take the lead near the end of the match.


1897 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Trophy Finals, Finals Week 4, 28 August, Agricultural Society Trophy
Prior to the final being played, the Metropolitan Rugby Union reversed their decision to allow the New Zealander, Tom Pauling, to play for Randwick. However, the eventual Premiers were determined to include him in their squad. As a result, there was much ill feeling from the Pirates towards Randwick. This manifested itself in the game with players being called to explain their actions at a later hearing. Both teams were missing players due to representative duties which gave the crowd much hope for a Pirates victory. Eventually, Randwick were victorious, being more able to penetrate the defence of the opposition and make every play count. After the game, the Union made the decision to strip Randwick of the trophy and award it to the Pirates.


1897 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Lower Grades
The MRFU also conducted three junior competitions: First Juniors, Second Juniors, Third Juniors and Fourth Juniors.


1897 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Lower Grades, First Juniors
Ten clubs signed up for First Juniors. The teams that played were: Newtown, Petersham, Summer Hill Oaklands, Marrickville, University II, North Sydney, Mercantile, Homebush, Strathfield and Buccaneer. At the end of the regular rounds, the Buccaneer club were sitting at the top of the ladder. In the semi finals, Buccaneer won against Summer Hill Oaklands and Homebush defeated Mercantile. In the final, Homebush defeated Buccaneer 9 points to 4 to win the premiership.


1897 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Lower Grades, Second Juniors
Thirteen clubs submitted a team for Second Juniors. Teams were: Redfern Waratah, Richmond, University III, Parramatta Ormonde, Glebe, Manly Federal, Stanmore Institute, Adelphi, Rockdale, Pirates II, Waverley, Kogarah and Lyric. When the regular games were completed, Redfern Waratah, Glebe, Manly Federal and Rockdale qualified for the semi finals. The final saw Manly Federal defeated Redfern Waratah 9 points to nil. Manly Federal were declared premiers.


1897 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Lower Grades, Third Juniors
Eighteen clubs initially signed up to play Third Juniors. However, seventeen teams played in the competition. These teams were: Adelphi II, Bay View, Summer Hill Oaklands II, Granville Royal, East Sydney, Newtown Cambridge, Woollahra Junior, Chelsea, Avoca, Adler, Richmond II, Leichhardt Gladstone, Gladesville, Grosvenor, Endeavour, Iona and Homebush II. At the conclusion of the regular rounds, the final four teams playing in the semi finals were Newtown Cambridge, Endeavour, Leichhardt Gladstone and Bayview. The final saw Endeavour play Bayview for the premiership. Endeavour won the match 3 points to nil to remain undefeated for the year.


1897 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Lower Grades, Fourth Juniors
Sixteen clubs submitted a team to play Fourth Juniors. Teams in the competition were: Newtown Orlando, Newtown Avenue, Alexandria Premier, Balmain Waratah, Buccaneer II, Manly Federal II, Victoria, Chelsea II, St Mary's Union, Redfern Waratah II, Forest Lodge Cambridge, Carolina, Endeavour II, Pirates III, Redfern Cambridge and Willoughby Federal. The semi finals saw Victoria win against Balmain Waratah and Forest Lodge Cambridge defeat Alexandria Premiers. The final saw Forest Lodge Cambridge win against Victoria 6 points to 3 to be declared premiers.


1897 Miami Redskins football team
The 1897 Miami Redskins football team was an American football team that represented Miami University during the 1897 college football season. Under new head coach Herbert J. McIntire, Miami compiled a 2–4–1 record.


1897 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team
The 1897 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team was an American football team that represented Michigan Agricultural College (MAC), now known as Michigan State University, during the 1897 college football season. The Aggies compiled a 4–2–1 record and outscored their opponents 146 to 106.


1897 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team
The 1897 season was the first in which the MAC football team had a coach. Henry Keep, an engineering student who had transferred from the University of Michigan, was the first coach.


1897 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team
The 1897 season also featured the first installment of the Michigan State–Notre Dame football rivalry. Notre Dame won the game at South Bend, Indiana, by 34 to 6 score. Fullback Wells scored a touchdown for the Aggies.


1897 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team
During the 1897 season, MAC also played two games each against nearby Olivet College and Alma College. The Aggies defeated Alma in both games and secured one win and one tie against Olivet.


1897 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team
A game against Michigan State Normal School (later Eastern Michigan University) was cancelled, because MAC accused the Normal School of fielding a team that was "not made up entirely of college men."


1897 Michigan State Normal Normalites football team
The 1897 Michigan State Normal Normalites football team represented Michigan State Normal School (later renamed Eastern Michigan University) during the 1897 college football season. In their first and only season under head coach Andrew Bird Glaspie, the Normalites compiled a record of 2–3 and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 62 to 36. George L. Wilson was the team captain.


1897 Michigan Wolverines football team
The 1897 Michigan Wolverines football team was an American football team that represented the University of Michigan in the 1897 Western Conference football season. In its first season under head coach Gustave Ferbert, the team compiled a 6–1–1 record (2–1 against conference opponents), finished third in the Western Conference, and outscored opponents by a total of 166 to 31.


1897 Michigan Wolverines football team
The team suffered its first setback with a scoreless tie against Ohio Wesleyan in the second game of the season. The season also featured the first game between Michigan and Ohio State, with Michigan winning the game by a score of 34 to 0. Michigan won its first two Western Conference games against Purdue (34–4) and Minnesota (14–0), but lost the final game of the season to Amos Alonzo Stagg's Chicago Maroons by a score of 21 to 12.


1897 Michigan Wolverines football team
The team captain was halfback James R. Hogg. Hogg also led the team in scoring with 56 points on six touchdowns (four points each) and 16 goals from touchdown (two points each).


1897 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season
After losing the final game of the 1896 season due to the kicking of the University of Chicago's Clarence Herschberger, the Michigan football team began practice early in 1897, gathering in late August. The team announced that, as a direct result of the 1896 loss to Chicago, a "radical change" was being made in the method of play. Michigan promised to produce an improved kicking game, with more hard work being dedicated to kicking than any other part the game.


1897 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season
The expectations for the 1897 team were low. Michigan had lost most of the players from the 1895 championship team. One eastern newspaper described the talent level in Ann Arbor as follows: "The University of Michigan football team of '97, as compared with Michigan teams of tho past few years, is decidedly weak and uncertain. It is not as good by any means as the eleven of last fall. It is not in the same class with the champion eleven of '95. What it lacks is first, weight, second, experience, and third, 'ginger.' There are other lacks as well, but those three are most noticeable."


1897 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season
Adding to the difficulties, Michigan's team captain, J.B. Wombacher, contracted typhoid fever and was unable to report to the university in September. Wombacher had played every game at center for Michigan in 1896. Shortly before his illness, The World of New York had published a football preview feature in which Wombacher had been touted as the key to Michigan's success: "The man who will captain the Unlversity of Michigan eleven is a big, strapping fellow, who was forced into the game by his classmates because of his size and ability to get over the ground.


1897 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season
His name is John B. Wombacher, and he hails from Peoria, Ill. He plays centre rush and is something terrific." Wombacher was unable to play in 1897, remaining at his parents' home in Peoria to recuperate from the illness. Halfback, James R. Hogg, was elected to replace Wombacher as the 1897 team captain.


1897 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season
Another key Michigan player was injured before the season began. In late September 1897, Michigan end, Clayton Teetzel, fell during a practice session and "bit off half of his tongue," and was compelled "to live on milk for a week."


1897 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Game 1: Michigan State Normal
On October 2, 1897, Michigan defeated Michigan State Normal (later renamed Eastern Michigan University) by a 24–0 score before 1,200 spectators at Regents Field in Ann Arbor. Michigan scored four touchdowns (five points each) and four goals from touchdown (one point each). Left tackle Charles Juttner scored the first touchdown on a five-yard run after five minutes of play in the first half, and right halfback James Hogg kicked the goal for a 6–0 lead at halftime. Three touchdowns followed in the second half, two by Hogg and one by left halfback James R. Henry. Hogg kicked all four goals from touchdown. The game was played in 15-minute halves.


1897 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Game 2: Ohio Wesleyan
On October 9, 1897, Michigan and Ohio Wesleyan played to a scoreless tie at Regents Field in Ann Arbor. Michigan played many substitutes in the game. Ohio Wesleyan was led by head coach Fielding H. Yost, who also started the game at right tackle and later moved to left halfback. The U. of M. Daily accused Yost of employing "several 'ringers'" on his squad.


1897 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Game 2: Ohio Wesleyan
The newspaper also criticized the rough tactics, including "hair pulling, choking and bruising,"  of Yost's squad and noted: "The visitors made good an assertion made the night before to the effect that they would do anything to win, and continually played off-side, slugged and made foul tackles, while incompetent officials stood around in the role of spectators." Yost led his 1897 team to a 7–1–1 record, including a victory over Ohio State.


1897 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Game 3: Ohio State
On October 16, 1897, Michigan defeated Ohio State by a 34–0 score at Regents Field in Ann Arbor. The game was the first between the schools and marked the beginning of the Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry.


1897 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Game 3: Ohio State
Michigan scored six touchdowns, all in the first half, including three by G. D. Stuart (including a 26-yard run) and one each by Frederic Hannan (10-yard run), James Hogg, and Hazen Pingree Jr. Hogg kicked five goals from touchdown. Left guard William Caley with opening "holes of the biggest kind" and with making blocks to enable the backs to make long runs. In the second half, Michigan played "for the most part a kicking game," forcing Ohio State to move the length of the field to score. According to one account, the play in the second half "assumed the form of a practice game," as players were substituted and kicking and defense were the feature for the rest of the game. The game was played in halves of 20 and 15 minutes.


1897 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Game 3: Ohio State
Michigan's starting lineup for the first game against Ohio State was Clayton Teetzel (left end), Herbert Lehr (left tackle), Muir Snow (left guard), Fred Savage (center), William Caley (right guard), Charles Juttner (right tackle), John W. F. Bennett (right end), William Wilson Talcott (quarterback), G. D. Stuart (left halfback), James Hogg (right halfback), and Frederic Hannan (fullback). Michigan substitutes appearing in the game were Norwood Ayers (left end), William Baker (right tackle), Hazen Pingree Jr. (left halfback), and John McLean (left halfback).


1897 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Game 4: Oberlin
On October 23, 1897, Michigan won by a 16–6 score over the football team from Oberlin College. The game was played in halves of 25 and 20 minutes at Regents Field in Ann Arbor. Oberlin scored first off a blocked punt. Less than a minute into the game, a poor snap from Cunningham to Hannan was fumbled, and by the time Hannan recovered, his punt went into the line and was blocked. The ball bounced into the hands of Beatty of Oberlin who ran to a touchdown through a clear field. The first half ended with Oberlin leading, 6–0.