1904 Summer Olympics
Tensions caused by the Russo–Japanese War and difficulties in traveling to St. Louis resulted in very few top-class athletes from outside the US and Canada taking part in the 1904 Games. Only 62 of the 651 athletes who competed came from outside North America, and only between 12 and 15 nations were represented in all. Some events subsequently combined the US national championship with the Olympic championship. The current three-medal format of gold, silver and bronze for first, second and third place was introduced at the 1904 Olympics.


1904 Summer Olympics, Background
Chicago, Illinois, won the bid to host the 1904 Summer Olympics, but the organizers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis would not accept another international event in the same timeframe.


1904 Summer Olympics, Background
The exposition organization began to plan for its own sports activities, informing the Chicago OCOG that its own international sports events intended to eclipse the Olympic Games unless they were moved to St. Louis. Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the modern Olympic movement, stepped in and awarded the Games to St. Louis.


1904 Summer Olympics, The Games, Highlights
Boxing, dumbbells, freestyle wrestling and the decathlon made their debuts. The swimming events were held in a temporary pond near Skinker and Wydown Boulevards, where "lifesaving demonstrations" of unsinkable lifeboats for ocean liners took place.


1904 Summer Olympics, The Games, Highlights
One of the most remarkable athletes was the American gymnast George Eyser, who won six medals even though his left leg was made of wood, and Frank Kugler won four medals in freestyle wrestling, weightlifting and tug of war, making him the only competitor to win a medal in three different sports at the same Olympic Games.


1904 Summer Olympics, The Games, Highlights
Chicago runner James Lightbody won the steeplechase and the 800 m and then set a world record in the 1500 m. Harry Hillman won both the 200 m and 400 m hurdles and also the flat 400 m. Sprinter Archie Hahn was champion in the 60 m, 100 m and 200 m. In this last race, he set an Olympic record in 21.6, a record that stood for 28 years. In the discus, after American Martin Sheridan had thrown exactly the same distance as his compatriot, Ralph Rose (39.28 m), the judges gave them both an extra throw to decide the winner. Sheridan won the decider and claimed the gold medal. Ray Ewry again won all three standing jumps.


1904 Summer Olympics, The Games, Highlights
The team representing Great Britain was awarded a total of two medals, both won by Irish athletes. The top non-USA athlete was Emil Rausch of Germany, who won three swimming events. Zoltán Halmay of Hungary and Charles Daniels of the United States each won two swimming gold medals. Galt Football Club from Canada won the gold medal in football.


1904 Summer Olympics, The Games, Highlights
The organizers of the World's Fair held "Anthropology Days" on August 12 and 13. Since the 1889 Paris Exposition, human zoos, as a key feature of world's fairs, functioned as demonstrations of anthropological notions of race, progress, and civilization. These goals were followed also at the 1904 World's Fair. Fourteen hundred indigenous people from Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, East Asia, Africa, the Middle East, South America and North America were displayed in anthropological exhibits that showed them in their natural habitats.


1904 Summer Olympics, The Games, Highlights
Another 1600 indigenous people displayed their culture in other areas of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition (LPE), including on the fairgrounds and at the Model School, where American Indian boarding schools students demonstrated their successful assimilation. The sporting event itself took place with the participation of about 100 paid indigenous men (no women participated in Anthropology Days, though some, notably the Fort Shaw Indian School girls basketball team, did compete in other athletic events at the LPE). Contests included "baseball throwing, shot put, running, broad jumping, weight lifting, pole climbing, and tugs-of-war before a crowd of approximately ten thousand".


1904 Summer Olympics, The Games, Highlights
According to theorist Susan Brownell, world's fairs – with their inclusion of human zoos – and the Olympics were a logical fit at this time, as they "were both linked to an underlying cultural logic that gave them a natural affinity". Also, one of the original intentions of Anthropology Days was to create publicity for the official Olympic events.


1904 Summer Olympics, Sports
The 1904 Summer Olympic program featured 16 sports encompassing 94 events in 17 disciplines. Swimming and diving are considered two disciplines of the same sport, aquatics. The number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses.


1904 Summer Olympics, Sports, New sports
Boxing made its Olympic debut at the St. Louis Games. The sport has since featured at every Summer Olympics, except for the 1912 Stockholm Games.


1904 Summer Olympics, Sports, Demonstration sports
Basketball, hurling, American football and baseball were featured as demonstration sports. Gaelic football was also an unofficial demonstration sport at the 1904 Olympics. There was a demonstration bout of women's boxing.


1904 Summer Olympics, Sports, Demonstration sports
Water polo is also mentioned in the games reports for the 1904 Summer Olympics. At the time it was not considered to be a demonstration sport, but, as of 2020, the IOC does not include it in its records.


1904 Summer Olympics, Venues
Five sports venues were used for the 1904 Summer Olympics. The venues included Glen Echo Country Club, the first golf course constructed west of the Mississippi River, which had opened in 1901. Three Olympic sports were hosted at Forest Park, the site of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition which was being held concurrently with the Olympics: the Life Saving Exhibition Lake at Forest Park was used for the diving, swimming, and water polo events.


1904 Summer Olympics, Venues
Creve Coeur Lake became the first park of St. Louis County in 1945. The Lake has hosted rowing regattas since 1882 and still hosts them as of 2010. Francis Olympic Field and Gymnasium are still in use on the Washington University in St. Louis campus as of 2021. An ornamental gate commemorating the 1904 Games was constructed outside the stadium immediately after the Exposition. A swimming pool was added to the gymnasium in 1985. Forest Park, constructed in 1876, is still in use as of 2021 and attracts over 12 million visitors annually. Glen Echo Country Club remains in use as a golf course today as of 2021.


1904 Summer Olympics, Participating nations
Athletes from twelve nations competed in St. Louis. Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of known competitors for each nation. Due to the difficulty of getting to St. Louis in 1904, and European tensions caused by the Russo-Japanese War, only 62 athletes from outside North America participated in the Olympics.


1904 Summer Olympics, Participating nations, Disputed
Some sources also list athletes from the following nations as having competed at these Games.


1904 Summer Olympics, Medal count
These are the top ten nations to win medals at the 1904 Games.


1904 Summer Olympics, Medal count, Notes on medalists
The nationalities of some medalists are disputed, as many American athletes were recent immigrants to the United States who had not yet been granted US citizenship.


1904 Summer Olympics, Medal count, Notes on medalists
In 2009, historians from the International Society of Olympic Historians discovered that cyclist Frank Bizzoni, believed to be an American, was still an Italian citizen when he competed in 1904: he was granted US citizenship in 1917.


1904 Summer Olympics, Medal count, Notes on medalists
The International Olympic Committee also considers Norwegian-American wrestlers and gold medalists Charles Ericksen and Bernhoff Hansen to have competed for the United States. However, In 2012, Norwegian historians found documentation showing that Ericksen did not receive American citizenship until March 22, 1905, and that Hansen probably never received American citizenship. The historians have therefore petitioned the IOC to have the athletes registered as Norwegians. In May 2013, it was reported that the Norwegian Olympic Committee had filed a formal application for changing the nationality of the wrestlers in the IOC's medal database; as of August 2021, no decision has yet been made.


1904 Summer Olympics, Medal count, Notes on medalists
Francis Gailey competed in 1904 as an Australian. He immigrated to America in 1906, sailing to San Francisco in the SS Sonoma, and worked as a banker in California, living for a time in Ontario, Canada, where he married Mary Adams, and finally settled in 1918 in southern California, managing orange-grove plantations.


1904 Summer Olympics, Medal count, Notes on medalists
Multi-medalist Frank Kugler of Germany, a member of the St. Louis Southwest Turnverein team, was granted US citizenship in 1913.


1904 Summer Olympics, Medal count, Notes on medalists
Gustav Tiefenthaler was born in Switzerland, but the family moved to the United States when he was young. He represented the South Broadway AC in St. Louis. At the Olympics, Tiefenthaler wrestled one bout and lost, but earned a bronze medal.


1904 Summer Olympics, Medal count, Notes on medalists
The IOC lists also French-American Albert Corey as an American for his marathon silver medal, but (together with four undisputed Americans) as part of a mixed team for the team race silver medal.


1904 Summer Olympics, Medal count, Notes on medalists
The IOC counts one gold, one silver, and two bronze medals won by the American fencer Albertson Van Zo Post for Cuba instead of the United States: the IOC also shows Charles Tatham as Cuban for individual fencing events and American for the team event, but he was an American.


1904 Summer Olympics medal table
The 1904 Summer Olympics were held in St. Louis, Missouri, United States from July 1 to November 23, 1904, as part of the St. Louis World's Fair.


1904 Summer Olympics medal table
A total of 651 athletes from 12 nations participated in 94 events in 16 sports at these games. This list includes medals awarded in each of those events, excluding those awarded in the sport of water polo, which is mentioned in the games reports for the 1904 Summer Olympics but which currently is not included in the International Olympic Committee's medal database. The United States won all three medals in that competition, with a New York team taking first place, a Chicago team taking second, and a team from Missouri taking third.


1904 Summer Olympics medal table
Nine participating nations earned medals, in addition to two medals won by mixed teams. In the early Olympic Games, several team events were contested by athletes from multiple nations. Retroactively, the IOC created the designation "mixed team" (with the country code ZZX) to refer to these groups of athletes. During the 1904 games, athletes participating in mixed teams won medals in athletics and fencing. Some athletes won medals both individually and as part of a mixed team, so these medals are tabulated under different nations in the official counts.


1904 Summer Olympics medal table
The United States won 239 medals, setting a record that still stands today. The Soviet Union came closest to beating the record with 195 medals at the 1980 Summer Olympics and currently is in second place. The Soviets, however, won a record 80 gold medals, surpassing 78 golds won by the Americans in 1904. However, the United States subsequently won 83 gold medals in the 1984 Summer Olympics, setting another all-time record. Gold medals were awarded to event winners for the first time at the 1904 games. Prior to that, a silver medal was awarded to first-place finishers and a bronze medal to second-place finishers.


1904 Summer Olympics medal table, Medal table
This is the full table of the medal count of the 1904 Summer Olympics, based on the medal count of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). There are sources, besides the International Olympic Committee (IOC), that display variations in the medal totals, but as the governing body of the Olympic Games, the IOC is considered the most authoritative source for the purposes of this article. These rankings sort by the number of gold medals earned by a country. The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If, after the above, countries are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically. This follows the system used by the IOC.


1904 Svenska Mästerskapet
The 1904 Svenska Mästerskapet was the ninth season of Svenska Mästerskapet, the football Cup to determine the Swedish champions. Örgryte IS won the tournament by defeating Djurgårdens IF in the final with a 2–1 score.


1904 Swarthmore Quakers football team
The 1904 Swarthmore Quakers football team was an American football team that represented Swarthmore College as an independent during the 1904 college football season. The team compiled a 6–3 record and outscored their opponents by a total of 187 to 28. George H. Brooke was the head coach


1904 Swarthmore Quakers football team
The team featured drop kicker Wilmer G. Crowell. He made a 40-yard field goal against Lehigh, and 55-yard and 48-yard field goals against Franklin & Marshall.


1904 Syracuse Orangemen football team
The 1904 Syracuse Orangemen football team represented Syracuse University during the 1904 college football season. The head coach was Charles P. Hutchins, coaching his first season with the Orangemen.


1904 TCU football team
The 1904 TCU football team represented Texas Christian University (TCU) as an independent during the 1904 college football season. Le by C. E. Cronk in his first and only year as head coach, TCU compiled a record of 1–4–1. They played their home games in Waco, Texas.


1904 Tacoma Tigers season
The 1904 Tacoma Tigers season was the first season for the Tacoma Tigers baseball team after relocating from Sacramento, California. Playing in the Pacific Coast Conference (PCL), the Tigers compiled a 130–94 record and won the pennant.


1904 Tacoma Tigers season
The team had been the Sacramento Senators in 1903. Mike Fisher, sometimes spelled Mique Fisher, was the team's owner and manager. In December 1903, Fisher announced he was moving the team to Tacoma, Washington. Fisher said at the time that the team was unable to make money in Sacramento.


1904 Tacoma Tigers season
The 1904 PCL season was divided into two parts with a plan to have the leader in the first part play the leader in the second part in a championship series. Tacoma had the best record in the first part of the season. In a controversial decision, one of Tacoma's victories over Portland was disallowed, creating a tie with the Los Angeles Angels for the second part. The Angels and Tigers then met in a championship series in the first half of December 1904.


1904 Tacoma Tigers season
In the 10-game series, Tacoma won five games, Los Angeles won four games, and one game ended in a tie with the game being called due to darkness at the end of the ninth inning. Because neither team won a majority of the ten games, the decision was put to PCL's directors to award the pennant. On December 15, 1904, the directors met in San Francisco and awarded the pennant to Tacoma.


1904 Tacoma Tigers season, Pitchers
Bobby Keefe, a native of Folsom, California, played for Sacramento in 1903 and followed as the team relocated to Tacoma. He appeared in 55 games in 1908 and compiled a 34–15 record with a 2.40 earned run average (ERA). He went on to play for the New York Yankees in 1907 and for the Cincinnati Reds in 1911 and 1912.


1904 Tacoma Tigers season, Pitchers
Orval Overall, a native of Farmersville, California, played his first season of professional baseball in 1904. He appeared in 61 games and compiled a 32–25 record with a 2.78 ERA.


1904 Tacoma Tigers season, Pitchers
Bill Thomas, a native of Florin, California, was also a member of the Sacramento club in 1903. In 1904, he appeared in 55 games for Tacoma, compiling a 27–24 record with a 2.87 ERA.


1904 Tacoma Tigers season, Pitchers
Jim St. Vrain, a Missouri native, spent a portion of the 1903 season with the Tacoma baseball team in the Pacific Northwest League. In 1904, he appeared in 38 games for Tacoma, compiling an 18–13 record with a 3.16 ERA.


1904 Tacoma Tigers season, Infielders
The 1904 Tacoma team was led by an infield that included shortstop Truck Eagan. Eagan, a San Francisco native, played for Sacramento from 1901 to 1903. In 1904, he led the PCL with 24 home runs, nearly double the home run count of the runner up. He also led the team, and ranked third in the PCL, with a .311 batting average in 736 at bats. He also had 49 doubles, six triples, and a .492 slugging percentage.


1904 Tacoma Tigers season, Infielders
The Tigers received strong support from three other infielders, each with at least 200 hits as follows:


1904 Tacoma Tigers season, Infielders
Two players shared principal responsibility at the catcher position. Charlie Graham, a Sacramento native, had played for Sacramento in 1902 and 1903. In 1904, Graham appeared in 149 games and compiled a .246 average. Wallace Hogan, a native of Santa Clara, had played for Sacramento since 1901. In 1904, Hogan appeared in 127 games with a .206 batting average.


1904 Tacoma Tigers season, Outfielders
Center fielder Mike Lynch, a Minnesota native, had played for the Tacoma team in the Pacific Northwest League in 1901 and 1903. He briefly played for the Chicago Orphans during the 1902 season. In 1904, he appeared in 219 games for Tacoma, led the club with 51 doubles, tallied 204 hits, and compiled a .254 batting average.


1904 Tacoma Tigers season, Outfielders
Left fielder George McLaughlin, a San Francisco native, had played for the Sacramento team since 1899. During the 1904 season, he appeared in 226 games, tallied 206 hits and six home runs, and compiled a .257 batting average and a .356 slugging percentage.


1904 Tacoma Tigers season, Outfielders
Right fielder Charles Doyle, a native of San Jose, California, had played for Sacramento since 1898. In 1904, he appeared in 181 games and had a .233 batting average.


1904 Tacoma Tigers season, Statistics, Batting
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; SLG = Slugging percentage


1904 Tacoma Tigers season, Statistics, Pitching
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; PCT = Win percentage; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1904 Tempe Normal Owls football team
The 1904 Tempe Normal Owls football team was an American football team that represented Tempe Normal School (later renamed Arizona State University) as an independent during the 1904 college football season. In their sixth season under head coach Frederick M. Irish, the Owls compiled a 4–0 record, shut out all four opponents, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 116 to 0. The team won games against the Phoenix High School (two games: 15–0, 30–0) and the Phoenix Indians (two games: 24–0, 47–0).


1904 Tennessee Docs football team
The 1904 Tennessee Docs football team represented University of Tennessee College of Medicine as an independent during the 1904 college football season.


1904 Tennessee Volunteers football team
The 1904 Tennessee Volunteers football team represented the University of Tennessee in the 1904 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The team was led by its fourth new coach in six years, Sax Crawford, who coached the team for a single season. On November 24, Tennessee beat Alabama for the first time in school history. Fullback Sam McAllester wore a belt with handles, and was thrown by teammates for a touchdown.


1904 Tennessee gubernatorial election
The 1904 Tennessee gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1904. Democratic nominee James B. Frazier defeated Republican nominee Jessie M. Littleton with 55.72% of the vote.


1904 Tenterfield state by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Tenterfield on 14 September 1904 because Charles Lee had been appointed Secretary for Public Works in the Carruthers ministry. Until 1907, members appointed to a ministerial position were required to face a by-election. These were generally uncontested. On this occasion a poll was required in Bingara (Samuel Moore), Glebe (James Hogue) and Tenterfield and all were comfortably re-elected. The four other ministers, Joseph Carruthers (St George), James Ashton (Goulburn), Broughton O'Conor (Sherbrooke) and Charles Wade (Gordon), were re-elected unopposed.


1904 Tenterfield state by-election
Robert Pyers (Progressive) was the former member for The Richmond which had been partly absorbed by Tenterfield for the August 1904 election and Pyers had been defeated by Lee.


1904 Texas A&M Aggies football team
The 1904 Texas A&M Aggies football team represented Texas A&M during the 1904 college  football season.


1904 Texas Longhorns football team
The 1904 Texas Longhorns football team represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 1904 college football season. In their second year under head coach Ralph Hutchinson, the Longhorns compiled a 6–2 and outscored opponents by a collective total of 219 to 88.


1904 Tie Cup Final
The 1904 Tie Cup Final was the final match to decide the winner of the Tie Cup, the 5th. edition of the international competition organised by Argentine and Uruguayan Associations together


1904 Tie Cup Final
Argentine Rosario A.C. beat Uruguayan side, CURCC (the first team of that country to play a final as the previous editions had been contested only by Argentine sides) at Flores Old Ground stadium by 3–2 after extra time, winning its second title in this competition.


1904 Tie Cup Final, Overview
Twelve teams took part of the competition, 8 from Argentina and 4 from Uruguay, after Flores and Montevideo Wanderers desisted to participate.


1904 Tie Cup Final, Overview
In quarter finals, Rosario A.C. had beaten Rosario Central 2–0 (E.C. Jewell, Wells) in Plaza Jewell. The club then thrashed Barracas A.C. (that had previously eliminated Alumni) 5–3, also in Plaza Jewell. Rosario A.C. was losing the match 2–3 with only 19 minutes remaining to play. Uruguayan footballers Gaudencio Pigni and brothers Carlos and Bolívar Céspedes (that had escaped from their country due to the Civil War) played for Barracas A.C.


1904 Tie Cup Final, Overview
On the other hand, CURCC had become finalist after beating Albion (4–0), Nacional (2–1) and Lomas (4–1) on successive stages.


1904 Tie Cup Final, Overview
This final was the last relevant match played at Flores Ground, a field that could not host a large number of spectators due to its poor infrastructure. Because of that (and the cold weather) only 1,200 persons attended the match.


1904 Tie Cup Final, Overview
Rosario scored the first goal in the 10th minute when Le Bas shot to the CURCC's goal after a pass by Parr. In the second half, Camacho ran to the goal, being fouled by Wells when he was about to shot. Pena converted the penalty kick to goal for the 1–1 tie, which would be the final score within the 90 minutes.


1904 Tie Cup Final, Overview
An extra time of 30' had to be played to crown a champion. In the 5th minute, Wells scored the 2nd goal for Rosario. The rest of the match saw Rosario shooting to CURCC goal but their kicks were stopped by Uruguayan goalkeeper Villalba. With only 5 minutes remaining, Alberto Le Bas scored the 3rd goal for the local squad. Three minutes later, Aniceto Camacho scored the 2nd for CURCC for the definitive 3–2 result.


1904 Tie Cup Final, Overview
This achievement contributed to consolidate Rosario Athletic as the strongest team of Rosario, being the first team from the city to win an international competition. Nevertheless, the club would abandon the practise of football in the 1910s, focusing on rugby union and field hockey.


1904 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
The 1904 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship was the 15th staging of the Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Tipperary County Board in 1887.


1904 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
Thurles won the championship after receiving a walkover from Lahorna de Wets in the final. It was their second championship title overall and their first title since 1887.


1904 Toledo Athletic Association football team
The 1904 Toledo Athletic Association football team was an American football team that represented the Toledo Athletic Association in the 1904 college football season.


1904 Toronto Argonauts season
The 1904 Toronto Argonauts season was the club's 18th season of organized league play since its inception in 1873. The team finished in a three-way tie for first place in District 1 of the senior series of the Ontario Rugby Football Union with two wins and two losses, and lost the resulting tie-break semi-final game to the Toronto Rugby Club.


1904 Toronto Argonauts season, Regular season
For the 1904 season, the ORFU senior series was configured into two three-team districts, the champions of which faced each other in a playoff to determine the league champions. By virtue of tie-break victories over the Argonauts and Peterborough, the Toronto Rugby Club were crowned District 1 champions.


1904 Tour de France
The 1904 Tour de France was the second Tour de France, held from 2 to 24 July. With a route similar to its previous edition, 1903 Tour de France winner Maurice Garin seemed to have repeated his win by a small margin over Lucien Pothier, while Hippolyte Aucouturier won four of the six stages. But the race became a victim of its own success, plagued by scandals; cyclists were accused of having taken trains during the race. Twelve cyclists, including the first four of the final classification and all stage winners, were disqualified by the Union Vélocipédique Française (UVF). Henri Cornet, originally the fifth-place finisher, was awarded the victory four months after the race. The problems caused the Tour de France to be provisionally cancelled, and subsequently the 1905 Tour de France was run with different rules from the 1903 and 1904 editions.


1904 Tour de France, Innovations and changes
The initial Tour de France of 1903 had been a large success, and it was quickly decided to organise it again in 1904. The route was identical, with the same six stages. The rules were the same as in 1903, with one exception: cyclists could not enter in just one stage, but had to join for the entire race. The favourites for the victory were Garin, Pothier and Aucouturier, who had performed well in the 1903 Tour de France. Among the competitors was Henri Paret who, at 50 years old, still holds the record of oldest Tour de France cyclist.


1904 Tour de France, Innovations and changes
In the 1903 Tour de France, the organisation guaranteed that the first 50 cyclists in the final general classification would earn at least 5 francs per day. In 1904, if not more than 50 cyclists would finish, also cyclists who dropped out during the race would still get 5 francs for the days they had been in the race. This rule was added to attract cyclists who otherwise would not enter, because the Tour needed enough competitors to remain credible.


1904 Tour de France, Race incidents
In the first stage, the riders fell after only a few kilometres. Lipman broke a finger, and became the first rider to abandon this Tour. Around 100 km in the race, Lucien Pothier lost ten minutes to the main group, led by Maurice Garin, because of a broken bicycle. In Cosne, at 174 km, Pothier had reached the leading group. Aucouturier had lost more than one hour at that point. Just before the next control post in Nevers, Aucouturier fell on his face, and continued the race covered in blood.


1904 Tour de France, Race incidents
In the last part of the race, Maurice Garin and Lucien Pothier rode away from the others. They were attacked by four masked men in a car, but still finished as the first two, with Garin beating Pothier by 50 m. The many flat tires and crashes of Aucouturier, seemingly the results of sabotage, gave him a time loss of several hours.


1904 Tour de France, Race incidents
After the stage, three cyclists were punished: Aucouturier and Samson received fines of 500 and 250 francs, Aucouturier for having a cyclist not in the race following him, Samson for riding in the slipstream of a car. Chevallier, who had finished third, was disqualified for resting in a car for 45 minutes.


1904 Tour de France, Race incidents
During the stage, Ferdinand Payan had been disqualified. Some sources indicate he was helped by a motor, other that he was helped by riders not in the race. In that first stage, Garin had asked the race official Lefèvre for food, which was illegal. Lefèvre, who knew that Garin was the star of the race, broke the rules and gave him the food, because he did not want to be responsible for Garin leaving the race because of hunger. The news that Garin had received illegal help quickly spread, and caused the fanatical crowd to take action.


1904 Tour de France, Race incidents
For the second stage, the organisers had made the option to postpone the start by two hours, in case the mistral wind was making cycling difficult. This was not necessary, so the riders started at midnight as planned.


1904 Tour de France, Race incidents
During this stage, Antoine Fauré lead close to his hometown, and 200 fans tried to stop the rest of the cyclists from following him. Garin hurt his hand during the incident, and Giovanni Gerbi was knocked unconscious, and had to give up with broken fingers. The situation was only solved after race officials fired shots in the air. Further on, nails and broken glass had been spread along the road, which caused many flat tires. Because of this help, Fauré was the first on top of the Col de la République, but was taken over by the favourites later.


1904 Tour de France, Race incidents
Aucouturier won the sprint. When the riders reached Marseille, they complained that there had been too many incidents in this stage, and the stage results should be cancelled. In the last part, they had been stopped by a large group of cyclists. Maurice Garin had been attacked, and his arm had been injured: he finished the stage steering with only one hand. There was so much confusion at the last controle post, that the exact arrival times of the cyclists were not recorded.


1904 Tour de France, Race incidents
In the third stage, the Tour reached Nîmes, near the home town of Payan, whose fans were angry because of his disqualification. They threw rocks at the riders, and barricaded the road. The cyclists had troubles passing through Nîmes, and several were injured. The most important event for the general classification was when César Garin's bicycle was broken by attackers; he had to find a new bicycle, which took him 15 minutes. Further on, nails and broken glass were spread along the road. Many riders punctured, but there were no serious falls. The cyclists passed this part walking. After Nîmes, a leading group of five cyclists was formed: Maurice Garin, Pothier, Aucouturier, Cornet and Beaugendre. Aucouturier and Cornet escaped, and Aucouturier won, beating Cornet in the sprint.


1904 Tour de France, Race incidents
The fourth stage was run without the incidents that plagued the first three stages. Pothier, Maurice and César Garin and Beaugendre reached Bordeaux together, and the stage was decided by the final kilometre in the velodrome, where Pothier recorded the fastest time.


1904 Tour de France, Race incidents
In the fifth stage, nails on the road again causing punctures. As mechanical assistance was not allowed, Cornet had to ride the last 40 km on two flat tires. Aucouturier won this stage, his third one, but was way behind in the general classification, which Garin lead, with only 28 seconds margin to Pothier.


1904 Tour de France, Race incidents
In the sixth stage, Aucouturier, Garin and Dortignac escaped in the last kilometres. Aucouturier signed first at the control post in Ville-d'Avray. From that point, the race was neutralised until the velodrome Parc-des-Princes, where the riders would ride the final kilometre. At the moment that the riders arrived in Paris, it started to rain. The organisers decided together with the cyclists to exclude the final kilometre from the race, and make the control post in Ville-d'Avray the end of the race. This made Aucouturier the winner of the stage. Maurice Garin finished second, which made him the overall winner.


1904 Tour de France, Initial results before disqualifications
Initially, Maurice Garin was declared the winner, having led the race from start to end. Hippolyte Aucouturier won four stages. In total, 27 cyclists finished. For each cyclist, the times they had needed in each stage was added up for the general classification. The cyclist with the least accumulated time after the last stage was the winner.


1904 Tour de France, Disqualification
During the race, nine riders were excluded because of, among other actions, illegal use of cars or trains. The Tour organisers were happy with the result, but the Union Vélocipédique Française (UVF) started an investigation after complaints from other cyclists. Their investigative committee heard testimony from dozens of competitors and witnesses, and, in December 1904, disqualified all the stage winners and the first four finishers (Maurice Garin, Pothier, César Garin, and Aucouturier). Ten of those disqualified were banned for one year, Maurice Garin for two years and the remaining two for life. In total, 29 riders were punished. The reasons for the disqualification were never made public.


1904 Tour de France, Disqualification
Fifth-placed Henri Cornet, aged 19, then became the youngest ever winner of the Tour. Cornet had also been warned after he had received a lift by a car. Only 15 cyclists from the original 27 that finished were not disqualified.


1904 Tour de France, Disqualification
Following the disqualifications, the Tour de France came nearest in history to being permanently cancelled. The race organiser Henri Desgrange, said he would never run the race again because it had been overtaken by the "blind emotions" of those who attacked or helped riders as they passed. Desgrange was also upset that the UVF had imposed judgement on his race when he had already disciplined riders as he saw fit.


1904 Tour de France, Disqualification
An angry exchange ensued between Desgrange and the UVF but the letters and the detailed complaints that led to the UVF's actions were lost when the Tour de France archives were transported south in 1940 to avoid the German invasion and were never seen again.


1904 Tour de France, Disqualification
Until the end of his life, Garin always said that he was the rightful winner of the 1904 Tour de France, but according to Les Woodland, Garin confessed to a friend that he had cheated.


1904 Tour de France, Final results
After the disqualifications, the first four cyclists of the initial classification were disqualified. In the new classification, only 15 cyclists had finished:


1904 Tour de France, Aftermath
Because of the scandals associated with this Tour, Desgrange wanted to stop the race. He however changed his mind, and the rules were changed to prevent cyclists from cheating: the 1905 Tour de France would be decided with a points system. Tour de France 1904 winner Cornet would enter the Tour de France for seven more times, but would never again play an important role.


1904 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 3
The 1904 Tour de France was the 2nd edition of Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Tour began in Paris on 2 July and Stage 3 occurred on 13 July with a flat stage to Toulouse. The race finished at the Parc des Princes in Paris on 23 July.


1904 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 3, Stage 1
2 July 1904 — Paris (Montgeron) to Lyon, 467 km (290.2 mi)


1904 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 3, Stage 1
Lucien Pothier and César Garin were disqualified after the Tour and Pierre Chevalier was eliminated after the stage.


1904 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 3, Stage 2
9 July 1904 — Lyon to Marseille, 374 km (232.4 mi)


1904 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 3, Stage 3
13 July 1904 — Marseille to Toulouse, 424 km (263 mi)


1904 Tour de France, Stage 4 to Stage 6
The 1904 Tour de France was the 1st edition of Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Tour began in Paris on 2 July and Stage 4 occurred on 17 July with a flat stage from Toulouse. The race finished at the Parc des Princes in Paris on 23 July.


1904 Tour de France, Stage 4 to Stage 6, Stage 4
17 July 1904 — Toulouse to Bordeaux, 268 km (166.5 mi)


1904 Tour de France, Stage 4 to Stage 6, Stage 5
20 July 1904 — Bordeaux to Nantes, 425 km (264.1 mi)


1904 Tour de France, Stage 4 to Stage 6, Stage 6
23 July 1904 — Nantes to Paris, 471 km (293 mi)


1904 Trinity Blue and White baseball team
The 1904 Trinity Blue and White baseball team represented the Trinity Blue and White baseball team of Trinity College in the 1904 college baseball season. The team was led by left-handed pitcher Arthur Bradsher's 13 wins. Chadwick led the team in batting average with .338


1904 Tulane Olive and Blue football team
The 1904 Tulane Olive and Blue football team represented Tulane University during the 1904 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season.


1904 Tusculum Pioneers football team
The 1904 Tusculum Pioneers football team represented Tusculum College  during the 1904 college football season. They played two games, against Bingham and Carson–Newman, and lost both. It was the fourth season in school history.


1904 U.S. National Championships (tennis)
List of champions of the 1904 U.S. National Championships tennis tournament (now known as the US Open). The men's tournament was held from 21 August to 31 August on the outdoor grass courts at the Newport Casino in Newport, Rhode Island. The women's tournament was held from 21 June to 25 June on the outdoor grass courts at the Philadelphia Cricket Club in Philadelphia, PA. It was the 24th U.S. National Championships and the second Grand Slam tournament of the year.


1904 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Men's Singles
Holcombe Ward (USA) defeated  William Clothier (USA) 10–8, 6–4, 9–7


1904 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Men's doubles
Holcombe Ward (USA) /  Beals Wright (USA) defeated  Kreigh Collins (USA) /  Raymond Little (USA) 1–6, 6–2, 3–6, 6–4, 6–1


1904 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Women's doubles
May Sutton (USA) /  Miriam Hall (USA) defeated  Elisabeth Moore (USA) /  Carrie Neely (USA) 3–6, 6–3, 6–3


1904 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Mixed doubles
Elisabeth Moore (USA) /  Wylie Grant (USA) defeated  May Sutton (USA) /  Trevanion Dallas (USA) 6–2, 6–1


1904 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles
Holcombe Ward defeated William Clothier 10–8, 6–4, 9–7 in the All Comers' Final to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1904 U.S. National Championships. Defending champion Laurence Doherty did not defend his title in the Challenge Round. The event was held at the Newport Casino in Newport, R.I., USA.


1904 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles
May Sutton won the singles tennis title of the 1904 U.S. Women's National Singles Championship by defeating reigning champion Elisabeth Moore 6–1, 6–2 in the challenge round. Sutton had won the right to challenge Moore by defeating Helen Homans 6–1, 6–1 in the final of the All Comers' competition. The event was played on outdoor grass courts and held at the Philadelphia Cricket Club in Wissahickon Heights, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia from June 21 through June 25, 1904.


1904 U.S. Open (golf)
The 1904 U.S. Open was the tenth U.S. Open, held July 8–9 at Glen View Club in Golf, Illinois, a suburb northwest of Chicago. Defending champion Willie Anderson won the third of his four U.S. Open titles, five strokes ahead of runner-up Gilbert Nicholls.


1904 U.S. Open (golf)
Anderson shared the lead with Stewart Gardner at 75 on Friday morning, but a 78 in the afternoon dropped him two behind after 36 holes. In the third round on Saturday morning, Fred Mackenzie shot 74 to take a two-stroke lead over Anderson and Gardner after 54 holes. Mackenzie and Gardner fell back in the afternoon; Mackenzie's 80 took him down to third and Gardner's 85 dropped him to sixth. Anderson had 72 for the lowest round in U.S. Open history, and his 303 also established a new championship low. Nicholls posted a 73 in the final round to finish ascend the leaderboard to second place.


1904 U.S. Open (golf)
Anderson was the first to successfully defend a U.S. Open title, and he would become the first to win three straight the following year, yet to be equaled.


1904 U.S. Open (golf)
For the first time, the U.S. Open adopted a cut after 36 holes, eliminating those more than fifteen shots behind tenth place.


1904 U.S. Open (golf), Past champions in the field
Did not play: Harry Vardon (1900), Willie Smith (1899), Fred Herd (1898), Joe Lloyd (1897).


1904 U.S. Open (golf), Round summaries, Final round
Amateurs: C. Egan (329), Hunter (331), Edwards (332), Phelps (348), Clingman (349), W. Egan (363)


1904 UCI Track Cycling World Championships
The 1904 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were the World Championship for track cycling. They took place in London, United Kingdom from 3 to 10 September 1904. Four events for men were contested, two for professionals and two for amateurs.


1904 USC Methodists football team
The 1904 USC Methodists football team was an American football team that represented the University of Southern California during the 1904 college football season. The team competed as an independent under head coach Harvey Holmes, compiling a 6–1 record.


1904 USFSA Football Championship
Statistics of the USFSA Football Championship in the 1904 season.


1904 United States House of Representatives elections
Elections to the United States House of Representatives were held in 1904 to elect members of the 59th Congress, and coincided with the election to a full term of President Theodore Roosevelt.


1904 United States House of Representatives elections
Roosevelt's popularity swept many Republican house candidates into office, cementing their majority over the opposition Democratic Party. Because Roosevelt came from a liberal wing of the Republican Party, his ideology was prevalent among freshman representatives. Progressive Republicanism mobilized a new base of support and proved to be especially popular among the Protestant middle-class workers who held jobs in business or in the front offices of industrial facilities.


1904 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries
The previous election of 1902 saw 3 Independent Republicans elected in the Pittsburgh area of Pennsylvania.


1904 United States House of Representatives elections, Early election dates
In 1904, three states, with 8 seats among them, held elections early:


1904 United States House of Representatives elections, Non-voting delegates, New Mexico Territory
New Mexico Territory elected its non-voting delegate November 8, 1904.


1904 United States House of Representatives elections in California
The United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1904 was an election for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 8, 1904. Republicans won the three Democratic-held districts, giving California an all-Republican House delegation, which it would maintain until 1910.


1904 United States House of Representatives elections in Florida
Elections to the United States House of Representatives in Florida for three seats in the 59th Congress were held November 8, 1904, alongside the election for President and the election for governor.


1904 United States House of Representatives elections in Florida, Background
In 1902, all three districts were uncontested, with two incumbents being re-elected and one freshman Representative being elected to the newly created 3rd district. In 1904, the Republicans and the Socialists ran against the dominant Democrats in all three districts, without success.


1904 United States House of Representatives elections in Florida, Election results
Robert Wyche Davis (D) in the 2nd district did not run for re-election in 1904. He had served for four terms, first being elected in 1896.


1904 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina
The 1904 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina were held on November 8, 1904 to elect seven representatives Representatives for one two-year terms from the state of South Carolina. All five incumbents who ran were re-elected and the open seats in the 2nd congressional district and 6th congressional district were retained by the Democrats. The composition of the state delegation thus remained solely Democratic.


1904 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 1st congressional district
Incumbent Congressman George Swinton Legaré of the 1st congressional district, in office since 1903, defeated two Republican challengers.


1904 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 2nd congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Theodore G. Croft of the 2nd congressional district, in office since 1904, did not seek re-election. James O'H. Patterson won the Democratic primary and defeated Republican Isaac Myers in the general election.


1904 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 3rd congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Wyatt Aiken of the 3rd congressional district, in office since 1903, defeated I.H. McCalla in the Democratic primary and Republican John Scott in the general election.


1904 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 4th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Joseph T. Johnson of the 4th congressional district, in office since 1901, defeated Republican challenger J.D. Adams.


1904 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 5th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman David E. Finley of the 5th congressional district, in office since 1899, defeated T. Yancey Williams in the Democratic primary and Republican C.P. White in the general election.


1904 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 6th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Robert B. Scarborough of the 6th congressional district, in office since 1901, opted to retire. J. Edwin Ellerbe, brother of former South Carolina Governor William Haselden Ellerbe, won the Democratic primary and defeated Republican E.H. Deas in the general election.


1904 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 7th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Asbury Francis Lever of the 7th congressional district, in office since 1901, defeated Republican challenger C.C. Jacobs.


1904 United States elections
The 1904 United States elections elected the members of the 59th United States Congress. It occurred during the Fourth Party System. Republicans maintained control of the Presidency and both houses of Congress. For the first time since the 1828 election, no third party or independent won a seat in Congress.


1904 United States elections
In the Presidential election, Republican President Theodore Roosevelt defeated Democratic judge Alton Parker from New York. Parker, a conservative Bourbon Democrat, won the Democratic nomination on the first ballot, as former President Grover Cleveland and former presidential nominee William Jennings Bryan both declined to run. Roosevelt dominated both the popular vote and the electoral college, carrying every state outside the South. Roosevelt, who succeeded William McKinley after the latter was assassinated in 1901, became the first vice president to succeed to the presidency and later win election to the presidency in his own right. The election also saw Florida hold the first presidential primary, although Florida delegates were not bound by the results of the primary.


1904 United States elections
Republicans won major gains in the House, boosting their majority.


1904 United States elections
In the Senate, the Republicans picked up one seat, and maintained a commanding majority.


1904 United States gubernatorial elections
United States gubernatorial elections were held in 1904, in 33 states, concurrent with the House, Senate elections and presidential election, on November 8, 1904 (except in Arkansas, Georgia, Maine and Vermont, which held early elections).


1904 United States gubernatorial elections
In Wyoming, a special election was held following the death of Governor DeForest Richards in April 1903.


1904 United States presidential election
The 1904 United States presidential election was the 30th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 8, 1904. Incumbent Republican President Theodore Roosevelt defeated the Democratic nominee, Alton B. Parker. Roosevelt's victory made him the first president who ascended to the presidency upon the death of his predecessor to win a full term in his own right.


1904 United States presidential election
Roosevelt took office in September 1901 following the assassination of his predecessor, William McKinley. After the February 1904 death of McKinley's ally, Senator Mark Hanna, Roosevelt faced little opposition at the 1904 Republican National Convention. The conservative Bourbon Democrat allies of former President Grover Cleveland temporarily regained control of the Democratic Party from the followers of William Jennings Bryan, and the 1904 Democratic National Convention nominated Alton B. Parker, Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals. Parker triumphed on the second ballot of the convention, defeating newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst.


1904 United States presidential election
As there was little difference between the candidates' positions, the race was largely based on their personalities; the Democrats argued the Roosevelt presidency was "arbitrary" and "erratic." Republicans emphasized Roosevelt's success in foreign affairs and his record of firmness against monopolies. Roosevelt easily defeated Parker, sweeping every US region except the South, while Parker lost multiple states won by Bryan in 1900, as well as his home state of New York. Two third-party candidates, Eugene V. Debs of the Socialist Party and Silas C. Swallow of the Prohibition Party, each took over 1% of the popular vote.


1904 United States presidential election
Roosevelt's popular vote margin of 18.8% was the largest since James Monroe's victory in the 1820 presidential election, and would be the biggest popular vote victory in the century between 1820 and Warren Harding's 1920 landslide. With Roosevelt's landslide victory, he became the first presidential candidate in American history to receive at least 300 electoral votes in a victorious campaign in which the votes have not been disallowed.


1904 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination
As Republicans convened in Chicago on June 21–23, 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt's nomination was assured. He had effectively maneuvered throughout 1902 and 1903 to gain control of the party to ensure it. A dump-Roosevelt movement had centered on the candidacy of conservative Senator Mark Hanna from Ohio, but Hanna's death in February 1904 had removed this obstacle. Roosevelt's nomination speech was delivered by former governor Frank S. Black of New York and seconded by Senator Albert J. Beveridge from Indiana. Roosevelt was nominated unanimously on the first ballot with 994 votes.


1904 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination
Since conservatives in the Republican Party denounced Theodore Roosevelt as a radical, they were allowed to choose the vice-presidential candidate. Senator Charles W. Fairbanks from Indiana was the obvious choice, since conservatives thought highly of him, yet he managed not to offend the party's more progressive elements. Roosevelt was far from pleased with the idea of Fairbanks for vice-president. He would have preferred Representative Robert R. Hitt from Illinois, but he did not consider the vice-presidential nomination worth a fight. With solid support from New York, Pennsylvania, and Indiana, Fairbanks was easily placed on the 1904 Republican ticket in order to appease the Old Guard.


1904 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination
The Republican platform insisted on maintenance of the protective tariff, called for increased foreign trade, pledged to uphold the gold standard, favored expansion of the merchant marine, promoted a strong navy, and praised in detail Roosevelt's foreign and domestic policy.


1904 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination
In 1904, both William Jennings Bryan and former President Grover Cleveland declined to run for president. Since the two Democratic nominees of the past 20 years did not seek the presidential nomination, Alton B. Parker, a Bourbon Democrat from New York, emerged as the frontrunner.


1904 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination
Parker was the Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals and was respected by both Democrats and Republicans in his state. On several occasions, the Republicans paid Parker the honor of running no one against him when he ran for various political positions. Parker refused to work actively for the nomination, but did nothing to restrain his conservative supporters, among them the sachems of Tammany Hall. Former President Grover Cleveland endorsed Parker.


1904 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination
The Democratic Convention that met in St. Louis, Missouri, on July 6–9, 1904, has been called "one of the most exciting and sensational in the history of the Democratic Party." The struggle inside the Democratic Party over the nomination was to prove as contentious as the election itself. Though Parker, out of active politics for twenty years, had neither enemies nor errors to make him unavailable, a bitter battle was waged against Parker by the more liberal wing of the party in the months before the convention.


1904 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination
Despite the fact that Parker had supported Bryan in 1896 and 1900, Bryan hated him for being a Gold Democrat. Bryan wanted the weakest man nominated, one who could not take the control of the party away from him. He denounced Judge Parker as a tool of Wall Street before he was nominated and declared that no self-respecting Democrat could vote for him.


1904 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination
Inheriting Bryan's support was publisher, now congressman, William Randolph Hearst of New York. Hearst owned eight newspapers, all of them friendly to labor, vigorous in their trust-busting activities, fighting the cause of "the people who worked for a living." Because of this liberalism, Hearst had the Illinois delegation pledged to him and the promise of several other states. Although Hearst's newspaper was the only major publication in the East to support William Jennings Bryan and Bimetallism in 1896, he found that his support for Bryan was not reciprocated. Instead, Bryan seconded the nomination of Francis Cockrell.


1904 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination
The prospect of having Hearst for a candidate frightened conservative Democrats so much that they renewed their efforts to get Parker nominated on the first ballot. Parker received 658 votes on the first roll call, 9 short of the necessary two-thirds. Before the result could be announced, 21 more votes were transferred to Parker. As a result, Parker handily won the nomination on the first ballot with 679 votes to 181 for Hearst and the rest scattered.


1904 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination
After Parker's nomination, Bryan charged that it had been dictated by the trusts and secured by "crooked and indefensible methods." Bryan also said that labor had been betrayed in the convention and could look for nothing from the Democratic Party. Indeed, Parker was one of the judges on the New York Court of Appeals who declared the eight-hour law unconstitutional.


1904 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination
Before a vice-president could be nominated, Parker sprang into action when he learned that the Democratic platform pointedly omitted reference to the monetary issue. To make his position clear, Parker, after his nomination, informed the convention by letter that he supported the gold standard. The letter read, "I regard the gold standard as firmly and irrevocably established and shall act accordingly if the action of the convention today shall be ratified by the people. As the platform is silent on the subject, my view should be made known to the convention, and if it is proved to be unsatisfactory to the majority, I request you to decline the nomination for me at once, so that another may be nominated before adjournment."


1904 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination
It was the first time a candidate had made such a move. It was an act of daring that might have lost him the nomination and made him an outcast from the party he had served and believed in all his life.


1904 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination
Former Senator Henry G. Davis from West Virginia was nominated for vice-president; at 80, he was the oldest major-party candidate ever nominated for national office. Davis had received the nomination because it was believed he could deliver his state for the Democrats. Davis had an honorable career in politics and was also a millionaire mine owner, railroad magnate, and banker.


1904 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination
Parker protested against "the rule of individual caprice," the presidential "usurpation of authority," and the "aggrandizement of personal power." But his more positive proposals were so backward-looking, such as his proposal to let state legislatures and the common law develop a remedy for the trust problem, that the New York World characterized the campaign as a struggle of "conservative and constitutional Democracy against radical and arbitrary Republicanism."


1904 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination
The Democratic platform called for reduction in government expenditures and a congressional investigation of the executive departments "already known to teem with corruption"; condemned monopolies; pledged an end to government contracts with companies violating antitrust laws; opposed imperialism; insisted upon independence for the Philippines; and opposed the protective tariff. It favored strict enforcement of the eight-hour work day; construction of a Panama Canal; the direct election of senators; statehood for the Western territories; the extermination of polygamy; reciprocal trade agreements; cuts in the army; and enforcement of the civil service laws. It condemned the Roosevelt administration in general as "spasmodic, erratic, sensational, spectacular, and arbitrary."


1904 United States presidential election, Nominations, Socialist Party nomination
The Election of 1904 was the first election in which the Socialist Party participated.


1904 United States presidential election, Nominations, Socialist Party nomination
The Socialist Party of America was a highly factionalized coalition of local parties based in industrial cities and usually was rooted in ethnic communities, especially German and Finnish. It also had some support in old Populist rural and mining areas in the West.


1904 United States presidential election, Nominations, Socialist Party nomination
Prominent socialist Eugene V. Debs was nominated for president and Benjamin Hanford was nominated for vice-president.


1904 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
The campaigning done by both parties was much less vigorous than it had been in 1896 and 1900. The campaign season was pervaded by goodwill, and it went a long way toward mending the damage done by the previous class-war elections. This was due to the fact that Parker and Roosevelt, with the exception of charisma, were so similar in political outlook.


1904 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
So close were the two candidates that few differences could be detected. Both men were for the gold standard; though the Democrats were more outspokenly against imperialism, both believed in fair treatment for the Filipinos and eventual liberation; and both believed that labor unions had the same rights as individuals before the courts. The radicals in the Democratic Party denounced Parker as a conservative; the conservatives in the Republican Party denounced Theodore Roosevelt as a radical.


1904 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
During the campaign, there were a couple of instances in which Roosevelt was seen as vulnerable. In the first place, Joseph Pulitzer's New York World carried a full page story about alleged corruption in the Bureau of Corporations. President Roosevelt admitted certain payments had been made, but denied any "blackmail." Secondly, in appointing George B. Cortelyou as his campaign manager, Roosevelt had purposely used his former Secretary of Commerce and Labor. This was of importance because Cortelyou, knowing the secrets of the corporations, could extract large contributions from them.


1904 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
The charge created quite a stir and in later years was proven to be sound. In 1907, it was disclosed that the insurance companies had contributed rather too heavily to the Roosevelt campaign. Only a week before the election, Roosevelt himself called E. H. Harriman, the railroad king, to Washington, D.C., for the purpose of raising funds to carry New York.


1904 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign
Insider money, however, was spent on both candidates. Parker received financial support from the Morgan banking interests, just as Bourbon Democrat Cleveland had before him. Thomas W. Lawson, the Boston millionaire, charged that New York state Senator Patrick Henry McCarren, a prominent Parker backer, was on the payroll of Standard Oil at the rate of twenty thousand dollars a year. Lawson offered Senator McCarren $100,000 (equivalent to $2.9 million today) if he would disprove the charge. According to one account, "No denial of the charge was ever made by the Senator." One paper even referred to McCarren as "the Standard Oil serpent of Brooklyn politics."


1904 United States presidential election, General election, Results
Theodore Roosevelt won a landslide victory, taking every Northern and Western state. He was the first Republican to carry the state of Missouri since Ulysses S. Grant in 1868. In voting Republican, Missouri repositioned itself from being associated with the Solid South to being seen as a bellwether swing state throughout the 20th century. The vote in Maryland was extremely close. For the first time in that state's history, secret paper ballots, supplied at public expense, and without political symbols of any kind, were issued to each voter.


1904 United States presidential election, General election, Results
Candidates for Electors were listed under the presidential and vice presidential candidates for each party; there were four parties recognized in the election: Democratic, Republican, Prohibition, and Socialist. Voters were free to mark their ballots for up to eight candidates of any party. While Roosevelt's victory nationally was quickly determined, the election in Maryland remained in doubt for several weeks. On November 30, Roosevelt was declared the statewide victor by just 51 votes. However, as voters had voted for individual presidential electors, only one Republican elector, Charles Bonaparte, survived the tally. The other seven top vote recipients were Democrats.


1904 United States presidential election, General election, Results
Roosevelt won the election by more than 2.5 million popular votes, making him the first president to win a primarily two-man race by more than a million votes (Abraham Lincoln, in 1860, received >1,000,000 more votes than the second-place finisher in the popular vote, but this was only because the democrats were split into 3 factions). Roosevelt won 56.4% of the popular vote; that, along with his popular vote margin of 18.8%, was the largest recorded between James Monroe's uncontested re-election in 1820 and the election of Warren G. Harding in 1920. Of the 2,754 counties making returns, Roosevelt carried 1,611 (58.50%) and won a majority of votes in 1,538; he and Parker were tied in one county (0.04%).


1904 United States presidential election, General election, Results
Thomas Watson, the Populist candidate, received 117,183 votes and won nine counties (0.33%) in his home state of Georgia. He had a majority in five of the counties, and his vote total was double the Populist's showing in 1900 but less than one eighth of the party's total in 1892.


1904 United States presidential election, General election, Results
Parker carried 1,133 counties (41.14%) and won a majority in 1,057. The distribution of the vote by counties reveals him to have been a weaker candidate than William Jennings Bryan, the party's nominee four years earlier, in every section of the nation, except for the deep South, where Democratic dominance remained strong, due in large part to pervasive disfranchisement of blacks. In 17 states, the Parker–Davis ticket failed to carry a single county, and outside the South carried only 84.


1904 United States presidential election, General election, Results
This was the last election in which the Republicans won Colorado, Nebraska, and Nevada until 1920.


1904 United States presidential election, General election, Geography of results
Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote


1904 United States presidential election, General election, Close states
Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (3 electoral votes):


1904 United States presidential election in Alabama
The 1904 United States presidential election in Alabama took place on November 8, 1904. All contemporary 45 states were part of the 1904 presidential election. Alabama voters chose eleven electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1904 United States presidential election in Alabama
Alabama was won by the Democratic nominees, Chief Judge Alton B. Parker of New York and his running mate Henry G. Davis of West Virginia.


1904 United States presidential election in Arkansas
The 1904 United States presidential election in Arkansas took place on November 8, 1904. All contemporary 45 states were part of the 1904 United States presidential election. Voters chose nine electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1904 United States presidential election in Arkansas
Arkansas was won by the Democratic nominees, Chief Judge Alton B. Parker of New York and his running mate Henry G. Davis of West Virginia.


1904 United States presidential election in California
The 1904 United States presidential election in California took place on November 8, 1904 as part of the 1904 United States presidential election. State voters chose 10 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1904 United States presidential election in California
California voted for the Republican incumbent, Theodore Roosevelt, in a landslide over the Democratic challenger, New York judge Alton B. Parker.


1904 United States presidential election in Colorado
The 1904 United States presidential election in Colorado took place on November 8, 1904. All contemporary 45 states were part of the 1904 United States presidential election. State voters chose five electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1904 United States presidential election in Colorado
Colorado was won by the Republican nominees, incumbent President Theodore Roosevelt of New York and his running mate Charles W. Fairbanks of Indiana.


1904 United States presidential election in Colorado
Roosevelt's victory in Colorado was part of a national landslide. He was the only Republican candidate to win the state between 1888 and 1920.


1904 United States presidential election in Connecticut
The 1904 United States presidential election in Connecticut took place on November 8, 1904, as part of the 1904 United States presidential election. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1904 United States presidential election in Connecticut
Connecticut overwhelmingly voted for the Republican nominee, President Theodore Roosevelt, over the Democratic nominee, former Chief Judge of New York Court of Appeals Alton B. Parker. Roosevelt won Connecticut by a margin of 19.97%.


1904 United States presidential election in Delaware
The 1904 United States presidential election in Delaware took place on November 8, 1904. All contemporary 45 states were part of the 1904 United States presidential election. State voters chose three electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1904 United States presidential election in Delaware
Delaware was won by the Republican nominees, incumbent President Theodore Roosevelt of New York and his running mate Charles W. Fairbanks of Indiana.


1904 United States presidential election in Florida
The 1904 United States presidential election in Florida was held on November 8, 1904. Voter chose five representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice-President.


1904 United States presidential election in Florida, Background
With the disenfranchisement of African-Americans by a poll tax in 1889, Florida become a one-party Democratic state, which it was to remain until the 1950s, apart from the anti-Catholic vote against Al Smith in 1928. Unlike southern states extending into the Appalachian Mountains or Ozarks, or Texas with its German settlements in the Edwards Plateau, Florida completely lacked upland or German refugee whites opposed to secession.


1904 United States presidential election in Florida, Background
Thus Florida's Republican Party between 1872 and 1888 was entirely dependent upon black votes, a fact graphically seen when one considers that – although very few blacks in Florida had ever voted within the previous fifty-five years – at the time of the landmark court case of Smith v. Allwright, half of Florida's registered Republicans were still black. Thus disfranchisement of blacks and poor whites left Florida as devoid of Republican adherents as Louisiana, Mississippi or South Carolina.


1904 United States presidential election in Florida, Background
Nevertheless, Florida's one-party Democratic rule was to be marginally interrupted in the 1900s by considerable Socialist and Populist growth, centred in Tampa and Jacksonville, and southern Lee County with its "Koreshan Unity" sect Immigrants and farmers fearing loss of tenure were able to give Eugene Debs, in the second of his five Presidential runs, over ten percent of the vote in several counties of South Florida, and Populist Thomas E. Watson substantial votes in many pineywoods counties. However, this did not threaten the Democrats' monopoly on statewide power except in Calhoun County which Democratic nominee Alton Parker held by just two votes and William Jennings Bryan was to lose in 1908.


1904 United States presidential election in Georgia
The 1904 United States presidential election in Georgia took place on November 8, 1904, as part of the wider United States Presidential election. Voters chose 13 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1904 United States presidential election in Georgia, Background
Following Reconstruction, Georgia would be the first former Confederate state to substantially disenfranchise its newly enfranchised freedmen, doing so in the early 1870s. This largely limited the Republican Party to a few North Georgia counties with substantial Civil War Unionist sentiment – chiefly Fannin but also to a lesser extent Pickens, Gilmer and Towns. The Democratic Party served as the guardian of white supremacy against a Republican Party historically associated with memories of Reconstruction, and the main competition became Democratic primaries, which state laws restricted to whites on the grounds of the Democratic Party being legally a private club.


1904 United States presidential election in Georgia, Background
However, politics after the first demobilization by a cumulative poll tax was chaotic. Third-party movements, chiefly the Populist Party, gained support amongst poor whites and the remaining black voters in opposition to the planter elite. The fact that Georgia had already substantially reduced its poor white and black electorate two decades ago, alongside pressure from urban elites in Atlanta, and the decline of isolationism due to the success of the Spanish–American War, meant the Populist movement substantially faded in the late 1890s. However, Populism would revive in 1904 when it became clear a conservative would be nominated by the Democratic Party, whilst Watson did not find it difficult to get a somewhat demoralized party’s nomination over William V. Allen.


1904 United States presidential election in Georgia, Vote
Watson would campaign in the state in August, but as Georgia had not voted Republican even during Reconstruction neither major party candidate visited the state. Watson would collapse from his campaigning at the end of September, No polls were taken until October 29, by which time the state was naturally viewed as certain for Parker. Parker would eventually win Georgia with over five-eighths of the vote, although he declined by about three percent from William Jennings Bryan’s performance four years previously. Incumbent Republican President Theodore Roosevelt and Watson ran a very close race for second, with the President edging the Populist for this position.


1904 United States presidential election in Idaho
The 1904 United States presidential election in Idaho took place on November 8, 1904. All contemporary 45 states were part of the 1904 United States presidential election. State voters chose three electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1904 United States presidential election in Idaho
Although the Republican Party had not carried Idaho in any of the state’s three previous presidential elections, at state level the Gem State had begun in 1902 to be very much a one-party Republican state, which it has largely remained since apart from the New Deal era of the 1930s and 1940s. Moreover, Democratic nominee Alton Brooks Parker’s defense of the Gold Standard, which harked back to Grover Cleveland, aroused no enthusiasm in Idaho. Nor did his opposition to Roosevelt’s policy of imperialism in the Pacific, whilst Roosevelt’s strong efforts to regulate big businesses were extremely popular in the remote Northwest. Parker was also affected by the perception that the Bryan Democrats had failed severely as a party of reform.


1904 United States presidential election in Idaho
As a result, Roosevelt was able to achieve the first-ever Republican victory in Idaho by an overwhelming margin – 40.38 percentage points – in the process emulating William Jennings Bryan’s 1896 sweep of all Idaho’s counties.


1904 United States presidential election in Illinois
The 1904 United States presidential election in Illinois took place on November 8, 1904. All contemporary 45 states were part of the 1904 United States presidential election. State voters chose 27 electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1904 United States presidential election in Illinois
Illinois was won by the Republican nominees, incumbent President Theodore Roosevelt of New York and his running mate Charles W. Fairbanks of Indiana.


1904 United States presidential election in Indiana
The 1904 United States presidential election in Indiana took place on November 8, 1904. All contemporary 45 states were part of the 1904 United States presidential election. State voters chose 15 electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1904 United States presidential election in Indiana
Indiana was won by the Republican nominees, incumbent President Theodore Roosevelt of New York and his running mate Charles W. Fairbanks of Indiana.


1904 United States presidential election in Iowa
The 1904 United States presidential election in Iowa took place on November 8, 1904. All contemporary 45 states were part of the 1904 United States presidential election. Iowa voters chose thirteen electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1904 United States presidential election in Iowa
Iowa was won by the Republican nominees, incumbent President Theodore Roosevelt of New York and his running mate Charles W. Fairbanks of Indiana.


1904 United States presidential election in Kansas
The 1904 United States presidential election in Kansas took place on November 8, 1904. All contemporary 45 states were part of the 1904 United States presidential election. Kansas voters chose ten electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1904 United States presidential election in Kansas
Kansas was won by the Republican nominees, incumbent President Theodore Roosevelt of New York and his running mate Charles W. Fairbanks of Indiana.


1904 United States presidential election in Kentucky
The 1904 United States presidential election in Kentucky took place on November 8, 1904. All contemporary 45 states were part of the 1904 United States presidential election. Kentucky voters chose 13 electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1904 United States presidential election in Kentucky, Background and vote
Ever since the Civil War, Kentucky had been shaped politically by divisions created by that war between secessionist, Democratic counties and Unionist, Republican ones, although the state as a whole leaned Democratic throughout this era and the GOP had carried the state only once – by a very marrow margin in 1896 when northern parts of the state were affected by hostility towards William Jennings Bryan, and state native John M. Palmer drew votes from the Democrats.


1904 United States presidential election in Kentucky, Background and vote
Kentucky was won by the Democratic nominees, Chief Judge Alton B. Parker of New York and his running mate Henry G. Davis of West Virginia. Despite Parker losing nationally in a landslide, he marginally improved on Bryan’s win from 1900, although doing less well than predicted a week beforehand, when polls suggested Parker would win by 22 thousand votes or twice his actual plurality.


1904 United States presidential election in Louisiana
The 1904 United States presidential election in Louisiana took place on November 8, 1904. All contemporary 45 states were part of the 1904 United States presidential election. State voters chose nine electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1904 United States presidential election in Louisiana
Louisiana was won by the Democratic nominees, Chief Judge Alton B. Parker of New York and his running mate Henry G. Davis of West Virginia.


1904 United States presidential election in Maine
The 1904 United States presidential election in Maine took place on November 8, 1904 as part of the 1904 United States presidential election. Voters chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1904 United States presidential election in Maine
Maine overwhelmingly voted for the Republican nominee, President Theodore Roosevelt, over the Democratic nominee, former Chief Judge of New York Court of Appeals Alton B. Parker. Roosevelt won Maine by a margin of 38.95%.


1904 United States presidential election in Maryland
The 1904 United States presidential election in Maryland took place on November 8, 1904. All contemporary 45 states were part of the 1904 United States presidential election. State voters chose eight electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1904 United States presidential election in Maryland
The winner in Maryland depended on the votes, supposedly due to the “Wilson Law” designed to make it easier for Democrats to cast ballots for both Presidential electors and Congress by a simple turning down of a single fold in the ballot paper. Seven electoral votes were won by the Democratic nominees, Chief Judge Alton B. Parker of New York and his running mate Henry G. Davis of West Virginia, while the Republican nominees, President Theodore Roosevelt of New York and his running mate Charles W. Fairbanks of Indiana, won the popular vote and one electoral vote. Roosevelt’s popular vote margin is the second-closest presidential election margin by number of votes on record, behind Henry Clay's four-vote 1832 win, also in Maryland.


1904 United States presidential election in Massachusetts
The 1904 United States presidential election in Massachusetts took place on November 8, 1904 as part of the 1904 United States presidential election. Voters chose 16 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1904 United States presidential election in Massachusetts
Massachusetts voted for the Republican nominee, President Theodore Roosevelt, over the Democratic nominee, former Chief Judge of New York Court of Appeals Alton B. Parker. Roosevelt won the state by a margin of 20.68%.


1904 United States presidential election in Michigan
The 1904 United States presidential election in Michigan took place on November 8, 1904, as part of the 1904 United States presidential election. Voters chose 14 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1904 United States presidential election in Michigan, Background
Following the Panic of 1893 and the Populist movement, Michigan would turn from a competitive Republican-leaning state into a rigidly one-party polity dominated by the Republican Party. The dominance of the culture of the Lower Peninsula by anti-slavery Yankees would be augmented by the turn of formerly Democratic-leaning German Catholics away from that party as a result of the remodelled party’s agrarian and free silver sympathies, which became rigidly opposed by both the upper class and workers who followed them. A brief turn of the strongly evangelical Cabinet Counties toward the Populist movement in the 1896 United States presidential election would reverse itself following the return to prosperity under President William McKinley, so that these joined in Republican hegemony until the Great Depression.


1904 United States presidential election in Michigan, Background
In the 1894 elections, the Democratic Party lost all but one seat in the Michigan legislature, and the party would only make minor gains there for the next third of a century. Unlike the other states of the Upper Midwest, the Yankee influence on the culture of the Lower Peninsula was so strong that left-wing third parties did not provide significant opposition to the Republicans, nor was there more than a moderate degree of coordinated factionalism within the hegemonic Michigan Republican Party.


1904 United States presidential election in Michigan, Vote
Although Michigan’s few Democrats had cast their vote for eventual nominee Alton Brooks Parker, they ultimately did nothing to campaign for him during his fall campaign, as polls consistently showed that Michigan would vote overwhelmingly Republican. Incumbent Republican Theodore Roosevelt did briefly visit the state during his campaign, but did no extensive work because the state was believed so safe. Predictions of a Roosevelt margin of 200,000 were conservative as in the end he defeated Parker by over 227,000 votes.


1904 United States presidential election in Michigan, Vote
Roosevelt carried all 83 of Michigan’s counties, and furthermore carried them all by double digits; his lowest vote share in any county was 56.95%, in Monroe County. Parker broke forty percent only in Monroe County and thirty percent in just fourteen counties. In most of the sparsely populated Upper Peninsula, Roosevelt carried over eighty percent of the vote, and in two counties even exceeded ninety percent.


1904 United States presidential election in Minnesota
The 1904 United States presidential election in Minnesota took place on November 8, 1904. All contemporary 45 states were part of the 1904 United States presidential election. Minnesota voters chose 11 electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1904 United States presidential election in Minnesota
Minnesota was won by the Republican nominees, incumbent President Theodore Roosevelt of New York and his running mate Charles W. Fairbanks of Indiana. The ticket won the state by a margin of 55.14%.


1904 United States presidential election in Minnesota
Roosevelt carried all of Minnesota's counties, becoming the first Republican presidential candidate to do so. No Republican would sweep all of the state's counties again until Warren G. Harding in 1920. In addition, with 73.98% of the popular vote, Minnesota would be Roosevelt's third strongest victory in terms of percentage in the popular vote after Vermont and North Dakota.


1904 United States presidential election in Mississippi
The 1904 United States presidential election in Mississippi took place on November 8, 1904. All contemporary 45 states were part of the 1904 United States presidential election. Mississippi voters chose ten electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1904 United States presidential election in Mississippi
Mississippi was won by the Democratic nominees, Chief Judge Alton B. Parker of New York and his running mate Henry G. Davis of West Virginia.


1904 United States presidential election in Missouri
The 1904 United States presidential election in Missouri took place on November 8, 1904. Voters chose 18 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1904 United States presidential election in Missouri
Missouri voted for the Republican nominee, President Theodore Roosevelt, over the Democratic nominee, former Chief Judge of New York Court of Appeals Alton B. Parker. Roosevelt won the state by a narrow margin of 3.91%.


1904 United States presidential election in Missouri
With his victory, Roosevelt became the third Republican presidential candidate to win Missouri, but the first one since Ulysses S. Grant in 1868. In voting for the GOP, Missouri repositioned itself from being associated with the Solid South to being seen as a bellwether swing state throughout the twentieth century.


1904 United States presidential election in Montana
The 1904 United States presidential election in Montana took place on November 8, 1904 as part of the 1904 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1904 United States presidential election in Montana
Montana overwhelmingly voted for the Republican nominee, President Theodore Roosevelt, over the Democratic nominee, former Chief Judge of New York Court of Appeals Alton B. Parker. Roosevelt won Montana by a landslide margin of 20.42%. It was the first time Montana was won by a Republican candidate since it was won by Benjamin Harrison in 1892.


1904 United States presidential election in Nebraska
The 1904 United States presidential election in Nebraska took place on November 8, 1904. All contemporary 45 states were part of the 1904 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1904 United States presidential election in Nebraska
Nebraska was won by the Republican nominees, incumbent President Theodore Roosevelt of New York and his running mate Charles W. Fairbanks of Indiana. Roosevelt won the state by a margin of 37.94 percentage points.


1904 United States presidential election in Nevada
The 1904 United States presidential election in Nevada took place on November 8, 1904, as part of the 1904 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1904 United States presidential election in Nevada
Nevada was won by the Republican ticket of incumbent President Theodore Roosevelt (NY) and Senator Charles W. Fairbanks (IN) by a margin of 23.79%, roughly mirroring the results of the national popular vote. After the state had voted overwhelmingly for James B. Weaver and William Jennings Bryan during the three previous elections, Roosevelt claimed the state for the Republican Party for the only time between 1888 and 1920.


1904 United States presidential election in Nevada
Roosevelt won every county in the state, becoming the first Republican presidential candidate to do so; this has since only been repeated by Richard Nixon in 1972, Ronald Reagan in 1984, and George H.W. Bush in 1988.


1904 United States presidential election in Nevada
Following this election, Nevada would eventually become a bellwether that has reflected the result in 26 of the 29 presidential elections since (the exceptions were in 1908, 1976 and 2016).


1904 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
The 1904 United States presidential election in New Hampshire took place on November 8, 1904 as part of the 1904 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1904 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
New Hampshire voted for the Republican nominee, President Theodore Roosevelt, over the Democratic nominee, former Chief Judge of New York Court of Appeals Alton B. Parker. Roosevelt won the state by a margin of 22.28%.


1904 United States presidential election in New Jersey
The 1904 United States presidential election in New Jersey took place on November 8, 1904. All contemporary 45 states were part of the 1904 United States presidential election. New Jersey voters chose 12 electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1904 United States presidential election in New Jersey
New Jersey was won by the Republican nominees, incumbent President Theodore Roosevelt of New York and his running mate incumbent Vice President Charles W. Fairbanks of Indiana. Roosevelt and Fairbanks defeated the Democratic nominees, Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals Alton B. Parker of New York and his running mate Senator Henry G. Davis of West Virginia  Also in the running was the Socialist Party candidate, Eugene V. Debs, who ran with Ben Hanford.


1904 United States presidential election in New Jersey
Roosevelt carried New Jersey with 56.68% of the vote to Parker's 38.05%, a victory margin of 18.63%.


1904 United States presidential election in New Jersey
Like much of the Northeast, New Jersey in the early decades of the 20th century was a staunchly Republican state, having not given a majority of the vote to a Democratic presidential candidate since 1892. While winning a landslide victory nationwide, Roosevelt easily held New Jersey in the Republican column in 1904.


1904 United States presidential election in New Jersey
On the county level map, Roosevelt carried 17 of the state's 21 counties, breaking 60% of the vote in 7 counties. Parker's most significant win was urban Hudson County, which he won along with the 3 rural counties in western North Jersey, Warren, Sussex, and Hunterdon, which had long been non-Yankee Democratic enclaves in the otherwise Republican Northeast.


1904 United States presidential election in New Jersey
Amidst Roosevelt's nationwide landslide, New Jersey's election result in 1904 made the state less than 1% more Democratic than the national average. Roosevelt's victory in New Jersey was underwhelming in part because of Alton Parker's popularity in the New York City area, his victory in New York City spilling over to allow him to win heavily populated urban Hudson County, New Jersey just across the Hudson River, which is part of the New York City metro area.


1904 United States presidential election in New York
The 1904 United States presidential election in New York took place on November 8, 1904. All contemporary 45 states were part of the 1904 United States presidential election. Voters chose 39 electors to the Electoral College, who selected the president and vice president.


1904 United States presidential election in New York
New York was the home state of both major party nominees, Republican nominee, incumbent President Theodore Roosevelt and Democratic nominee, Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals Alton B. Parker. The Empire State was won by Roosevelt and his running mate Charles W. Fairbanks of Indiana, defeating Parker and his running mate Senator Henry G. Davis of West Virginia. Also in the running was the Socialist Party candidate, Eugene V. Debs, who ran with Ben Hanford.


1904 United States presidential election in New York
Roosevelt carried New York with 53.13% of the vote to Parker’s 42.28%, a victory margin of 10.85%. Debs finished a distant third, receiving 2.28% of the vote in the state.


1904 United States presidential election in New York
While New York would continue its Republican dominance of the Fourth Party System, with the Empire State being the home state of both major party candidates in 1904, the state’s results were relatively close despite Roosevelt’s nationwide landslide. The state was about 8 points more Democratic than the national average primarily due to Alton Parker’s popularity in the New York City area, with Parker winning majorities in Manhattan, The Bronx, and Queens, and winning a plurality on Staten Island.


1904 United States presidential election in North Carolina
The 1904 United States presidential election in North Carolina took place on November 8, 1904. All contemporary 45 states were part of the 1904 United States presidential election. North Carolina voters chose 12 electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1904 United States presidential election in North Carolina, Background and vote
Following the overthrow of its Populist/Republican fusion government by white Democrats in the 1898 Wilmington coup d‘etat, North Carolina would see a radical restructuring of its politics due to the disenfranchisement of its large African-American population. These African-American voters had provided a substantial proportion of Republican Party support ever since that party first appeared in the state following Reconstruction. However, unlike the Deep South, even without black voting the Republican Party retained substantial support from whites in the mountain and northwestern Piedmont areas that had resisted secession and viewed the Democratic Party as a “war party”. This would allow the GOP, without threatening statewide Democratic hegemony, to gain one-third of the statewide vote in general elections.


1904 United States presidential election in North Carolina, Background and vote
This radically altered Republican Party would turn almost overnight towards a “lily-white” strategy based on attempting to appeal to businessmen who found the Democratic Party too anti-business and too favourable to using low-cost black labor instead of whites. The GOP had to some extent followed this strategy in the years before black disenfranchisement because it wanted to appeal to the state’s budding industrialists, who were critical of Democratic policies favoring free trade over high tariffs.


1904 United States presidential election in North Carolina, Background and vote
Although this strategy had allowed William McKinley to retain almost the same share of North Carolina’s reduced electorate in 1900 that he had won with large-scale black voting in 1896, Republican nominee Theodore Roosevelt would decline substantially in 1904, due to a shift to a more pro-business Democratic candidate and opposition to Roosevelt’s hosting of Booker T. Washington. The Republicans were reduced to their traditionally Unionist mountain strongholds, with the exception of former Populist Senator Marion Butler's home county of Sampson, which persisted in its newfound Republican orientation.


1904 United States presidential election in North Carolina, Background and vote
North Carolina was won by the Democratic nominees, Chief Judge Alton B. Parker of New York and his running mate Henry G. Davis of West Virginia.


1904 United States presidential election in North Dakota
The 1904 United States presidential election in North Dakota took place on November 8, 1904. All contemporary 45 states were part of the 1904 United States presidential election. Voters chose four electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1904 United States presidential election in North Dakota
North Dakota was won by the Republican nominees, incumbent President Theodore Roosevelt of New York and his running mate Charles W. Fairbanks of Indiana. The ticket won the state by a margin of 54.73%.


1904 United States presidential election in North Dakota
With 75.12% of the popular vote, North Dakota was Roosevelt's second strongest victory in terms of percentage in the popular vote after Vermont.


1904 United States presidential election in Ohio
The 1904 United States presidential election in Ohio was held on November 8, 1904 as part of the 1904 United States presidential election. State voters chose 23 electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1904 United States presidential election in Ohio
Ohio was decisively won the Republican Party candidate, incumbent President Theodore Roosevelt, with 59.75% of the popular vote. The Democratic Party candidate, Alton B. Parker, garnered a meager 34.32% of the popular vote.