1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States, Texas
The highest measured wind speed was 100 mph (160 km/h) just after 6:15 p.m. on September 8 (00:15 UTC September 9), but the Weather Bureau's anemometer was blown off the building shortly after that measurement was recorded. Contemporaneous estimates placed the maximum sustained wind speed at 120 mph (190 km/h). However, survivors reported observing bricks, slate, timbers, and other heavy objects becoming airborne, indicating that winds were likely stronger. Later estimates placed the hurricane at the higher Category 4 classification on the Saffir–Simpson scale. The lowest recorded barometric pressure was 964.4 mbar (28.48 inHg), but this was subsequently adjusted to the storm's official lowest measured central pressure of about 936 mbar (27.6 inHg).


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States, Texas
Few streets in the city escaped wind damage and all streets suffered water damage, with much of the destruction caused by storm surge. All bridges connecting the island to the mainland were washed away, while approximately 15 mi (24 km) of railroad track was destroyed. Winds and storm surge also downed electrical, telegraph, and telephone wires. The surge swept buildings off their foundations and dismantled them. Many buildings and homes destroyed other structures after being pushed into them by the waves, which even demolished structures built to withstand hurricanes. Every home in Galveston suffered damage, with 3,636 homes destroyed.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States, Texas
Approximately 10,000 people in the city were left homeless, out of a total population of nearly 38,000. The Tremont Hotel, where hundreds of people sought refuge during the storm, was severely damaged. All public buildings also suffered damage, including city hall – which was completely deroofed – a hospital, a city gas works, a city water works, and the custom house. The Grand Opera House also sustained extensive damage, but was quickly rebuilt.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States, Texas
Three schools and St. Mary's University were nearly destroyed. Many places of worship in the city also received severe damage or were completely demolished. Of the 39 churches in Galveston, 25 experienced complete destruction, while the others received some degree of damage. During the storm, the St. Mary's Orphans Asylum, owned by the Sisters of Charity of the Incarnate Word, was occupied by 93 children and 10 sisters. As tides began approaching the property, the sisters moved the children into the girl's dorm, as it was newer and sturdier.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States, Texas
Realizing they were under threat, the sisters had the children repeatedly sing Queen of the Waves to calm them. As the collapse of the building appeared imminent, the sisters used a clothesline to tie themselves to six to eight children. The building eventually collapsed. Only three of the children and none of the sisters survived. The few buildings that survived, mostly solidly built mansions and houses along the Strand District, are today maintained as tourist attractions.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States, Texas
Early property damage estimates were placed at $25 million.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States, Texas
However, itemized estimates from 1901 based on assessments conducted by the Galveston News, the Galveston chamber of commerce, a relief committee, and multiple insurance companies indicated that the storm caused just over $17 million in damage throughout Galveston, including about $8.44 million to residential properties, $500,000 to churches, $656,000 to wharves and shipping properties, $580,000 to manufacturing plants, $397,000 to mercantile buildings, $1.4 million to store merchandise, $670,000 to railroads and telegraph and telephone services, $416,000 to products in shipment, $336,000 to municipality properties, $243,000 to county properties, and $3.16 million to United States government properties. The total also included $115,000 in damage to schools and approximately $100,000 in damage to roads.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States, Texas
The area of destruction – an area in which nothing remained standing after the storm – consisted of approximately 1,900 acres (768.9 ha) of land and was arc-shaped, with complete demolition of structures in the west, south, and eastern portions of the city, while the north-central section of the city suffered the least amount of damage. In the immediate aftermath of the storm, a 3 mi (4.8 km) long, 30 ft (9.1 m) wall of debris was situated in the middle of the island. As severe as the damage to the city's buildings was, the death toll was even greater. Because of the destruction of the bridges to the mainland and the telegraph lines, no word of the city's destruction was able to reach the mainland at first.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States, Texas
On the morning of September 9, one of the few ships at the Galveston wharfs to survive the storm, the Pherabe, set sail and arrived in Texas City on the western side of Galveston Bay with a group of messengers from the city. When they reached the telegraph office in Houston early on September 10, a short message was sent to Texas Governor Joseph D. Sayers and U.S. President William McKinley: "I have been deputized by the mayor and Citizen's Committee of Galveston to inform you that the city of Galveston is in ruins."


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States, Texas
The messengers reported an estimated five hundred dead; this was initially considered to be an exaggeration. The citizens of Houston knew a powerful storm had blown through and had prepared to provide assistance. Workers set out by rail and ship for the island almost immediately. Rescuers arrived to find the city completely destroyed.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States, Texas
A survey conducted by the Morrison and Fourmy Company in early 1901 indicated a population loss of 8,124, though the company believed that about 2,000 people left the city after the storm and never returned. On this basis, the death toll is no less than 6,000, while estimates range up to 12,000. It is believed 8,000 people—20% of the island's population—had lost their lives. Most had drowned or been crushed as the waves pounded the debris that had been their homes hours earlier. A number of fatalities also occurred after strong winds turned debris into projectiles.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States, Texas
Many survived the storm itself but died after several days being trapped under the wreckage of the city, with rescuers unable to reach them. The rescuers could hear the screams of the survivors as they walked on the debris trying to rescue those they could. More people were killed in this single storm than the total of those killed in at least the next two deadliest tropical cyclones that have struck the United States since. The Galveston hurricane of 1900 remains the deadliest natural disaster in U.S. history.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States, Midwest
After moving northward from Texas into Oklahoma, the storm produced winds of near 30 mph (48 km/h) at Oklahoma City. The extratropical remnants of the cyclone then re-intensified to the equivalence of a tropical storm and continued to strengthen, bringing strong winds to the Midwestern United States. High winds in Missouri toppled a brick wall under construction in St. Joseph, killing a man and severely injuring another. In Illinois, particularly hard hit was the city of Chicago, which experienced wind gusts up to 84 mph (135 km/h). Thousands of dollars in damage occurred to roofs, trees, signs, and windows.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States, Midwest
Several people were injured and two deaths occurred in the city, one from a live wire and the other was a drowning after a boat capsized in Lake Michigan. In Wisconsin, a bateau with 18 people on board sank in the Eau Claire River, drowning 6 men and nearly taking the lives of the others. Heavy rains fell in parts of Minnesota. The Minneapolis–Saint Paul area recorded 4.23 in (107 mm) of precipitation over a period of 16 hours. Farther north, several washouts occurred, especially in the northern areas of the state. A bridge, along with a few train cars, were swept away during a washout in Cold Spring.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States, Midwest
In Michigan, the storm produced winds around 60 mph (97 km/h) at Muskegon. Tides from Lake Michigan were the highest in several months. According to The Times Herald, the city of Marshall experienced "the severest windstorm of the season", which uprooted trees and damaged several buildings. Throughout the state, winds left at least $12,000 in losses to peach orchards, with many peach trees uprooted. Significant losses to apples and pears also occurred. Rough seas in Lake Erie resulted in several maritime incidents offshore Ohio.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States, Midwest
The John B. Lyon, a 255 ft (77.7 m) steamer, capsized about 5 mi (8.0 km) north of Conneaut. Fourteen out of sixteen crew members drowned. A survivor suggested that the ship being overloaded may have been a factor in its sinking. About 10 mi (16 km) farther north, the schooner Dundee sank, causing at least one death. In another incident nearby, the steamer City of Erie, with about 300 passengers aboard, was hit by a wave that swept over the bulwarks. The engine slowed and the steamers later reached safety in Canada with no loss of lives.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States, Midwest
In Toledo, strong winds disrupted telegraph services. Winds also blew water out of parts of the Maumee River and Maumee Bay to such an extent that they were impassable by vessels due to low water levels. A number of vessels were buried in mud several feet deep, while about 20 others were beached.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States, New York
Of the many cities in New York affected by the remnants of the hurricane, Buffalo was among the hardest hit. There, winds peaked at 78 mph (126 km/h), downing hundreds of electrical, telegraph, and telephone wires, while numerous trees toppled and some branches fell onto roadways. An oil derrick blew away and landed on the roof of a house, crushing the roof and nearly killing the occupants. A newly built iron works building was virtually destroyed, causing a loss of about $10,000.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States, New York
At the Pan-American Exposition, the storm damaged several structures, including part of the government building, while two towers were destroyed. Losses at the exposition alone were conservatively estimated at $75,000. One death occurred in Buffalo after a woman inadvertently touched a downed electrical wire obscured by debris. Several nearby resorts received extensive damage. At Woodlawn Beach, several dozens of small boats and a pier were destroyed. Nearly all vessels owned by the Buffalo Canoe Club suffered severe damage or destruction at Crystal Beach. A toboggan slide and a restaurant were also destroyed. Losses in Crystal Beach reached about $5,000. Heavy crop losses occurred over western New York, with fallen apples and peaches completely covering the ground at thousands of acres of orchards. Losses reportedly ranged in the hundreds of thousands of dollars.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States, New York
The rapidly moving storm was still exhibiting winds of 65 mph (105 km/h) while passing well north of New York City on September 12. The New York Times reported that pedestrian-walking became difficult and attributed one death to the storm. A sign pole, snapped by the wind, landed on a 23-year-old man, crushing his skull and killing him instantly, while two others were knocked unconscious. Awnings and signs on many buildings broke and the canvas roofing at the Fire Department headquarters was blown off.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States, New York
Closer to the waterfront, along the Battery seawall, waves and tides were reported to be some of the highest in recent memory of the fishermen and sailors. Spray and debris were thrown over the wall, making walking along the waterfront dangerous. Small craft in New York Harbor were thrown off course and tides and currents in the Hudson River made navigation difficult. In Brooklyn, The New York Times reported that trees were uprooted, signs and similar structures were blown down, and yachts were torn from moorings with some suffering severe damage. Because of the direction of the wind, Coney Island escaped the fury of the storm, though a bathing pavilion at Bath Beach suffered damage from wind and waves.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States, New England
In Connecticut, winds gusted up to about 40 mph (64 km/h). The apple crops, already endangered by drought conditions, suffered severe damage, with The Boston Globe noting that there was, "hardly an apple left on a tree in the entire state". In the town of Orange, twelve large tents at a fair were ripped. At another fair in New Milford, fifteen tents collapsed, forcing closure of the fair. Along the coast, the storm produced abnormally high tides, with tides reaching their highest heights in six years at Westbrook. Water reached the bulkheads and remained there for several hours. In Rhode Island, the storm left damage in the vicinity of Providence. Telegraph and telephone services were interrupted, but not to such a large extent. Some small crafts in Narragansett Bay received damage, while apple orchards experienced slight losses.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States, New England
Lightning produced by the storm ignited several brush fires in Massachusetts, particularly in the southeastern portions of the state, with winds spreading the flames. In Plymouth and other nearby towns, some residents evacuated from the fires by boat. Most cottages around the Big Long, Gallows, Halfway, and Little Long ponds were reduced to burning coals. In Everett, orchards in the Woodlawn section suffered complete losses of fruit. Two wooden frame building were demolished, while winds also toppled fences throughout the city. Winds damaged many telephone and electric wires in Cambridge.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States, New England
A lineman sent to fix the electrical wires nearly died when a pole snapped during a fierce wind gust. Orchards in the city suffered near complete loss and many shade trees were also damaged. At least a few chimneys toppled and several others were left leaning. A bathhouse at Harvard University lost a portion of its tin roof and its copper cornices. At Cape Cod, a wind speed of 45 mph (72 km/h) was observed at Highland Light in North Truro. Waves breached the sand dunes at multiple locations along the cape, with water sweeping across a county road at Beach Point in North Truro. A number of fishing boats sank and several fish houses received severe damage. One man drowned in a lake near Andover while canoeing during the storm.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States, New England
Strong winds in Vermont generated rough seas in Lake Champlain. Early reports indicated that a schooner sunk near Adams Ferry with no survivors, but the vessel was later found safely anchored at Westport, New York. According to a man near the lake, all water from the New York portion of the lake was blown to the Vermont side, crashing ashore in waves as high as 15 to 20 ft (4.6 to 6.1 m). In the state capital of Montpelier, several large trees at the state house were uprooted. Within Montpelier and vicinity, farmers suffered some losses to apples and corn.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States, New England
Telephone and telegraph services were almost completely cut off. In Vergennes, a number of telephone wires snapped, while many apples, pears, and plums were blown off the trees. Additional damage to fruit and shade trees occurred in Middlebury and Winooski. The city of Burlington experienced its worst storm in many years. Winds downed all telephone and telegraph wires, whereas many trees had severe damage. Some homes were deroofed.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States, New England
In New Hampshire, the storm left wind damage in the city of Nashua. Winds tore roofs off a number of buildings, with several roofs landing on the streets or telephone wires. Chimneys in each section of the city collapsed; many people narrowly escaped injury or death. In Nashua and the nearby cities of Brookline and Hollis, thousands of dollars in losses occurred to apple crops, described as "practically ruined". The city of Manchester was affected by "one of the most furious windstorms which visited this city in years". Telephone and telegraph communications were nearly completely out for several hours, while windows shattered and trees snapped. Street railway traffic experienced delays. In Maine, the storm downed trees and chimney and caused property damage in the vicinity of Biddeford.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, Canada
From September 12–September 14, the extratropical remnants of the Galveston hurricane affected six Canadian provinces, resulting in severe damage and extensive loss of life. In Ontario, storm surge in Lake Ontario ranged from 8 to 10 ft (2.4 to 3.0 m), wreaking havoc on vessels, beaching several boats, destroying a number of boats, and setting some others adrift. Many other vessels canceled or postponed their departures. Winds reached as high as 77 mph (124 km/h) in Toronto, breaking windows throughout the city.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, Canada
A fire broke out at a flour mill in Paris, and the flames were fanned by the storm, resulting in $350,000 in damage to the mill and 50 other stores and offices. High winds downed electrical, telegraph, and telephone lines in many areas. Total crop damage in Ontario alone amounted to $1 million. Impact to crops was particularly severe at St. Catharines, where many apple, peach, pear, and plum orchards were extensively damaged, with a loss of thousands of dollars. One person died in Niagara Falls, when a man attempted to remove debris from a pump station, but he was swept away into the river instead. Maximum rainfall in Canada reached 3.9 in (100 mm) in Percé, Quebec.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, Canada
In Nova Scotia, damage was reported in the Halifax area. A plethora of fences and trees fell over, while windows shattered and a house under construction collapsed. Two schooners were driven ashore at Sydney and a brigantine was also beached at Cape Breton Island. Another schooner, known as Greta, capsized offshore Cape Breton Island near Low Point, with the fate of the crew being unknown. On Prince Edward Island, a few barns, a windmill, and a lobster factory were destroyed. Falling trees downed about 40 electrical wires.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, Canada
A house suffered damage after its own chimney fell and collapsed through the roof. Strong winds also tossed a boxcar from its track. A bridge and wharf at St. Peters Bay were damaged. Fruit crops were almost entirely ruined throughout Prince Edward Island. The majority of loss of life in Canada occurred due to numerous shipwrecks off the coasts of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Newfoundland, and Prince Edward Island. The overall death toll in Canadian waters is estimated to be between 52 and 232, making this at least the eighth deadliest hurricane to affect Canada. The large discrepancy between the fatality figures is due to the fact that many people were reported missing. Thus, the exact number of deaths is unknown.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Aftermath
The city of Galveston was effectively obliterated. With the city in ruins and railroads to the mainland destroyed, the survivors had little to live on until relief arrived. On September 9, Galveston city officials established the Central Relief Committee for Galveston Storm Sufferers (CRC), chaired by Mayor Walter C. Jones. The CRC was composed of subcommittees for specifics aspects of relief efforts, including burial of the deceased, correspondence, distribution of food and water, finances, hospitalization and rehabilitation for the injured, and public safety.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Aftermath
The dead bodies were so numerous that burying all of them was impossible. Initially, bodies were collected by "dead gangs" and then given to 50 African American men – who were forcibly recruited at gunpoint – to load them onto a barge. About 700 bodies were taken out to sea to be dumped. However, after gulf currents washed many of the bodies back onto the beach, a new solution was needed. Funeral pyres were set up on the beaches, or wherever dead bodies were found, and burned day and night for several weeks after the storm. The authorities passed out free whiskey to sustain the distraught men conscripted for the gruesome work of collecting and burning the dead.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Aftermath
With thousands dead and roughly 2,000 survivors leaving the city and never returning according to a Morrison and Fourmy Company survey, Galveston initially experienced a significant population decline. Between 1907 and 1914, Congregation B'nai Israel rabbi Henry Cohen and philanthropist Jacob Schiff spearheaded the Galveston Movement. Cohen, Schiff, and others created the movement to draw Jewish immigrants away from the crowded area along the East Coast and toward cities farther west, such as Galveston.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Aftermath
Although approximately 10,000 Jewish immigrants arrived in Galveston during this period, few settled in the city or the island, but about one-fourth of them remained in Texas. The 1910 Census reported a population of 36,891 people in Galveston. Although a decline from the 1900 Census, the population loss of thousands of people was nearly reversed.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Aftermath
In the months prior to the hurricane, valet Charles F. Jones and lawyer Albert T. Patrick began conspiring to murder wealthy businessman William Marsh Rice in order to obtain his wealth. Patrick fabricated Rice's legal will with the assistance of Jones. Rice's properties in Galveston suffered extensive damage during the storm. After being informed of the damage, Rice decided to spend $250,000, the entire balance of his checking account, on repairing his properties. With the duo realizing that they would fail to obtain Rice's wealth, Patrick convinced Jones to kill Rice with chloroform as he slept.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Aftermath
Immediately after murdering Rice, Jones forged a large check to Patrick in Rice's name. However, Jones misspelled Patrick's name on the check, arousing suspicion and eventually resulting in their arrests and convictions. Rice's estate was used to open an institute for higher learning in Houston in 1912, which was named Rice University in his honor.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Aftermath, Rebuilding
Survivors set up temporary shelters in surplus United States Army tents along the shore. They were so numerous that observers began referring to Galveston as the "White City on the Beach". In the first two weeks following the storm, approximately 17,000 people resided in these tents, vacant storerooms, or public buildings. Others constructed so-called "storm lumber" homes, using salvageable material from the debris to build shelter. The building committee, with a budget of $450,000, opened applications for money to rebuild and repair homes. Accepted applicants were given enough money to build a cottage with three 12 by 12 ft (3.7 by 3.7 m) rooms. By March 1901, 1,073 cottages were built and 1,109 homes had been repaired.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Aftermath, Rebuilding
Winifred Bonfils, a young journalist working for William Randolph Hearst, was the first reporter on the line at the hurricane's ground zero in Galveston. She delivered an exclusive set of reports and Hearst sent relief supplies by train. By September 12, Galveston received its first post-storm mail. The next day, basic water service was restored, and Western Union began providing minimal telegraph service. Within three weeks of the storm, cotton was again being shipped out of the port.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Aftermath, Rebuilding
A number of cities, businesses, organizations, and individuals made monetary donations toward rebuilding Galveston. By September 15, less than one week after the storm struck Galveston, contributions totaled about $1.5 million. More than $134,000 in donations poured in from New York City alone. Five other major cities – St. Louis, Chicago, Boston, Pittsburgh, and Philadelphia – had also donated at least $15,000 by September 15. By state, the largest donations included $228,000 from New York, $67,000 from Texas, $56,000 from Illinois, $53,000 from Massachusetts, and $52,000 from Missouri. Contributions also came from abroad, such as from Canada, Mexico, France, Germany, England, and South Africa, including $10,000 each from Liverpool and Paris. Andrew Carnegie made the largest personal contribution, $10,000, while an additional $10,000 was donated by his steel company.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Aftermath, Rebuilding
It was one of those monstrosities of nature which defied exaggeration and fiendishly laughed at all tame attempts of words to picture the scene it had prepared. The churches, the great business houses, the elegant residences of the cultured and opulent, the modest little homes of laborers of a city of nearly forty thousand people; the center of foreign shipping and railroad traffic lay in splinters and debris piled twenty feet above the surface, and the crushed bodies, dead and dying, of nearly ten thousand of its citizens lay under them.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Aftermath, Rebuilding
Clara Barton, founder of the American Red Cross, after viewing the destruction in Galveston


1900 Galveston hurricane, Aftermath, Rebuilding
Clara Barton, the founder and president of the American Red Cross and famous for her responses to crises in the latter half of the 19th century, responded to the disaster and visited Galveston with a team of eight Red Cross workers. This would be the last disaster that Barton responded to, as she was 78-years old at the time and would retire in 1904. After Barton and the team observed the catastrophe, the Red Cross set-up a temporary headquarters at a four-story warehouse in the commercial district.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Aftermath, Rebuilding
Her presence in Galveston and appeals for contributions resulted in a substantial amount of donations. Overall, 258 barrels, 1,552 pillow cases, and 13 casks of bedding, clothing, crockery, disinfectants, groceries, hardware, medical supplies, and shoes were received at the warehouse, while $17,341 in cash was donated to the Red Cross. Contributions, both monetary gifts and supplies, were estimated to have reached about $120,000.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Aftermath, Rebuilding
Before the hurricane of 1900, Galveston was considered to be a beautiful and prestigious city and was known as the "Ellis Island of the West" and the "Wall Street of the Southwest". However, after the storm, development shifted north to Houston, which reaped the benefits of the oil boom, particularly after the discovery of oil at Spindletop on January 10, 1901. The dredging of the Houston Ship Channel began by 1909, which opened in 1914, ending Galveston's hopes of regaining its former status as a major commercial center.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Aftermath, Rebuilding
The Galveston city government was reorganized into a commission government in 1901, a newly devised structure wherein the government is made of a small group of commissioners, each responsible for one aspect of governance. This was prompted by fears that the existing city council would be unable to handle the problem of rebuilding the city. The apparent success of the new form of government inspired about 500 cities across the United States to adopt a commission government by 1920. However, the commission government fell out of favor after World War I, with Galveston itself switching to council–manager government in 1960.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Aftermath, Protection
To prevent future storms from causing destruction like that of the 1900 hurricane, many improvements to the island were made. The city of Galveston hired a team of three engineers to design structures for protection from future storms – Alfred Noble, Henry Martyn Robert, and H. C. Ripley. The three engineers recommended and designed a seawall. In November 1902, residents of Galveston overwhelmingly approved a bond referendum to fund building a seawall, passing the measure by a vote of 3,085–21.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Aftermath, Protection
The first 3 mi (4.8 km) of the Galveston Seawall, 17 ft (5.2 m) high, were built beginning in 1902 under the direction of Robert. In July 1904, the first segment was completed, though construction of the seawall continued for several decades, with the final segment finished in 1963. Upon completion, the seawall in its entirety stretched for more than 10 mi (16 km).


1900 Galveston hurricane, Aftermath, Protection
Another dramatic effort to protect Galveston was its raising, also recommended by Noble, Robert, and Ripley. Approximately 15,000,000 cu yd (11,000,000 m3) of sand was dredged from the Galveston shipping channel to raise the city, some sections by as much as 17 ft (5.2 m). Over 2,100 buildings were raised in the process of pumping sand underneath, including the 3,000-st (2,700-t) St. Patrick's Church. According to historian David G. McComb, the grade of about 500 blocks had been raised by 1911. The seawall was listed among the National Register of Historic Places on August 18, 1977, while the seawall and raising of the island were jointly named a National Historical Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers on October 11, 2001.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Aftermath, Protection
In 1915, a storm similar in strength and track to the 1900 hurricane struck Galveston. The 1915 storm brought storm surge up to 12 ft (3.7 m), testing the integrity of the new seawall. Although 53 people on Galveston Island lost their lives in the 1915 storm, this was a great reduction from the thousands who died in 1900. Other powerful tropical cyclones would test the effectiveness of the seawall, including Hurricane Carla in 1961, Hurricane Alicia in 1983, and Hurricane Ike in 2008. Carla primarily caused severe coastal flood-related damage to structures unprotected by the seawall.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Aftermath, Protection
Following Hurricane Alicia, the Corps of Engineers estimated that the seawall prevented about $100 million in damage. Despite the seawall, Ike left extensive destruction in Galveston due to storm surge, with preliminary estimates indicating that up to $2 billion in damage occurred to beaches, dwellings, hospitals, infrastructure, and ports. Damage in Galveston and surrounding areas prompted proposals for improvements to the seawall, including the addition of floodgates and more seawalls.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Aftermath, Open Era and beyond
In historiography, the hurricane and the rebuilding afterward divide what is known as the Golden Era (1875–1900) from the Open Era (1920–1957) of Galveston. The most important long-term impact of the hurricane was to confirm fears that Galveston was a dangerous place to make major investments in shipping and manufacturing operations; the economy of the Golden Era was no longer possible as investors fled. However, the city experienced a significant economic rebound beginning in the 1920s, when Prohibition and lax law enforcement opened up new opportunities for criminal enterprises related to gambling and bootlegging in the city. Galveston rapidly became a prime resort destination enabled by the open vice businesses on the island. This new entertainment-based economy brought decades-long prosperity to the island.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Aftermath, Open Era and beyond
To commemorate the hurricane's 100th anniversary in 2000, the 1900 Storm Committee was established and began meeting in January 1998. The committee and then-Mayor of Galveston, Roger Quiroga, planned several public events in remembrance of the storm, including theatrical plays, an educational fundraising luncheon, a candlelight memorial service, a 5K run,  the rededication of a commemorative Clara Barton plaque, and the dedication of the Place of Remembrance Monument.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Aftermath, Open Era and beyond
At the dedication of the Place of Remembrance Monument, the Sisters of Charity of the Incarnate Word sang Queen of the Waves and placed 10 roses and 90 other flowers around the monument to commemorate the 10 nuns and 90 children who perished after the hurricane destroyed the St. Mary's Orphans Asylum. Speakers at the candlelight memorial service included U. S. Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison, who was born in Galveston; Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration D. James Baker; and CBS Evening News anchor Dan Rather, who gained fame for his coverage during Hurricane Carla in 1961. The Daily News published a special 100th anniversary commemorative edition newspaper on September 3, 2000.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Aftermath, Open Era and beyond
The last reported survivor of the Galveston hurricane of 1900, Maude Conic of Wharton, Texas, died November 14, 2004, at the claimed age of 116, although the 1900 census and other records indicate she was about 10 years younger than that.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Aftermath, Open Era and beyond
The Galveston Historical Foundation maintains the Texas Seaport Museum at Pier 21 in the port of Galveston. Included in the museum is a documentary titled The Great Storm, that gives a recounting of the 1900 hurricane.


1900 Geelong Football Club season
The 1900 VFL season was the Geelong Football Club's fourth season in the Victorian Football League and its second with Peter Burns as captain.


1900 Geelong Football Club season
Geelong finished the home and away with 9 wins and 5 losses, finishing in second position. In the final series, Geelong finished with 2 wins and 1 loss, finishing in second position on the Section B Ladder. Geelong failed to qualify for the Grand Final.


1900 Geelong Football Club season, Playing List
Only three players played in all 17 matches this season, with a total of 31 players being used. Teddy Lockwood was the leading goalkicker with 24 this season. A total of 12 players made their debuts in the VFL, and Mick Donaghy, made his debut for Geelong, having departed from Carlton. Five players reached the 50 game milestone.


1900 Geelong Football Club season, Season Summary
Geelong were again competitive this season finishing with a 9-5 record in the home-and-away season. In the sectional rounds, Geelong's loss to Melbourne, and lack of a large victory against Collingwood and St Kilda, led to Geelong finishing in third position and being eliminated from the major premiership.


1900 Geneva Covenanters football team
he 1900 Geneva Covenanters football team was an American football team that represented Geneva College as an independent during the 1900 college football season. Led by first-year head coach Samuel G. Craig, the team compiled a record of 5–1–1.


1900 Georgetown Blue and Gray football team
The 1900 Georgetown Blue and Gray football team represented Georgetown University during the 1900 college football season.


1900 Georgia Bulldogs football team
The 1900 Georgia Bulldogs football team represented the Georgia Bulldogs of the University of Georgia during the 1900      Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The Bulldogs competed as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) and completed the season with a 2–4 record; no improvement at all over the previous year's mark under coach Gordon Saussy (2–3–1). Although the season started well with back-to-back victories, including Georgia's fourth straight victory over Georgia Tech, it ended with four consecutive losses. In fact, Georgia was outscored 99–0 in the last two games of the season at the hands of North Carolina and Auburn.


1900 Georgia Bulldogs football team
Matters were not helped by the fact that Georgia only had three starting players return to the team from the 1899 team. One of the star players on the 1900 team was a young man who weighed only 110 pounds, but made up for his lack of size with skill, speed, agility and leadership skills. A notable player from the 1900 season was center Harold Hirsch. Hirsch played for Georgia during the 1900 and 1901 seasons and later became an influential attorney. In 1932, the University of Georgia School of Law moved into a building called the Harold Hirsch Law Building, named for Hirsch.


1900 Georgia Bulldogs football team, References, Additional sources
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1900 Georgia Tech football team
The 1900 Georgia Tech football team represented the Georgia Institute of Technology during the 1900 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The Georgia Tech Athletic Association was started after the winless season.


1900 Gordon Bennett Cup
The 1900 Gordon Bennett Cup, formally titled the I Coupe Internationale, was a motor race held on 14 June 1900, on public roads between Paris and Lyon in France. It was staged to decide the inaugural holder of the Gordon Bennett Cup, which was the first prize to be awarded for motorsport on an international level. The 568.66 km (353.35 mi) route started at Paris and headed south-west as far as Châteaudun. The route then took the competitors south-easterly, passing through Orléans, Nevers, and Roanne before reaching the finish at Lyon.


1900 Gordon Bennett Cup
The race was won by Fernand Charron, who represented France and drove a car manufactured by Panhard. Léonce Girardot, also representing France on a Panhard, was the only other driver to finish. Five drivers had entered the race; three representing France, the maximum number any one country were permitted, one from Belgium, and one from the United States of America.


1900 Gordon Bennett Cup, Background
Prior to 1900, automobile racing consisted of city-to-city races, organised by various national automobile clubs. The Gordon Bennett Cup was established by American millionaire James Gordon Bennett, Jr. with the intention of encouraging automobile industries internationally through sport. Bennett had moved to Paris in 1887 and came up with the idea of an international competition between representatives of national motoring clubs.


1900 Gordon Bennett Cup, Background
Among the principles of the competition were that each country was limited to three entries, that the race to determine the winner of the cup would be between 550 and 650 kilometres and that the race would be held annually between 15 May and 15 August. Bennett commissioned a trophy, which he offered to the custody of the Automobile Club de France (ACF) who he also entrusted to draft the technical rules for the competition, and to arrange the inaugural event. The latter responsibility would then be bestowed on the motoring club who's representative won the previous year's race.


1900 Gordon Bennett Cup, Background
In April 1900, a race for motor-tricycles was held from Paris-Roubaix. It was marred by many incidents, including a collision between two competitors which left two spectators injured, one of whom was the wife of the Deputy for the Department of the Seine. Soon after, motor racing was banned within the Department of the Seine, which was then extended by the Ministry of the Interior to all of France. Any exception to the law was required to be made through the central government, who had the choice of whether to grant a permit to allow a race to go ahead.


1900 Gordon Bennett Cup, Background
Despite rumours of building a purpose-built race track or moving the race to Italy, the race was eventually given permission to take place on public roads over the route between Paris and Lyons. However the final decision on whether the race should take place was not made until the afternoon of 12 June, less than two days before it was due to start, as the ACF had to persuade local authorities to allow the race to travel through their area.


1900 Gordon Bennett Cup, Route
The Autocar magazine had suggested that the route should take the competitors in a straight-line, so as to minimize the chance of foreign entrants getting lost. The initial route proposed by the ACF in January 1900 would take the competitors from Paris to Lyon by the most direct route, heading south through Étampes, Pithiviers, and Montargis before reaching Nevers and going on to Lyon. However, this proved too short a distance to be permitted under the regulations, and a diversion was added that saw the cars initially head south-west from Paris towards Chartres and to Châteaudun. From there, they'd turn to head south-easterly towards Orléans, passing through Gien and Briare before rejoining the originally planned route at Nevers. They would then proceed towards Moulins, Roanne, and l'Arbresle before reaching the finish at Lyons. The total distance to be covered was 353.35 miles (568.66 km).


1900 Gordon Bennett Cup, Route
The late confirmation of the race taking place meant that route was, in places at least, lacking in terms of both signposting and crowd control. In addition, complaints were made that no map detailing the exact route was supplied to the competitors. Livestock and animals encroaching onto the road would prove to be a considerable hazard during the race.


1900 Gordon Bennett Cup, Entries and cars
Each country was limited to a maximum of three entries for the race. The cars were required to be manufactured in their entirety in the country they represented, including the tyres. The ACF racing regulations imposed a minimum weight limit—excluding fuel, tools, upholstery, wings, lights and light fittings—of 400 kilograms (882 lb) upon each car. Each car also had to be occupied by two people at all times: a driver and a riding mechanic. In the event the combined weight of the two occupants was less than 120 kilograms (265 lb), ballast was to be added to the car to make up the difference.


1900 Gordon Bennett Cup, Entries and cars
The ACF decided to choose its three drivers by balloting their representatives, the result of which was that Rene de Knyff, Fernand Charron, and Léonce Girardot were chosen as the three French entries for the event. Accusations of bias were made, due to de Knyff being a director of Panhard, and Charron and Giradot both being in the business of selling Panhard cars. Nevertheless, the result of the ballot stood and the three would drive a Panhard, powered by a 5.3-litre (325 cu in) four-cylinder engine producing 24 brake horsepower (18 kW).


1900 Gordon Bennett Cup, Entries and cars
The Belgian automobile club originally indicated they would also enter the maximum complement of three cars, however in the end only Camille Jenatzy was entered for the race. His car was listed as a Snoeck-Bolide, and was effectively a French-designed Lefebvre-Bolide car built under licence in Belgium by Etablissements Mathias Snoeck, in order to meet the requirement that all parts of the car be produced in the country that it represents.


1900 Gordon Bennett Cup, Entries and cars
Germany were also due to compete in the race; Eugen Benz was entered in a car manufactured by his father Karl Benz. It was powered by a two-cylinder engine which produced 15 bhp (11 kW). However, the entry was withdrawn shortly before the start, Eugen Benz citing the short notice given of the race taking place as his reason, although he had already travelled to Paris. The final entries came from the USA, Alexander Winton and Anthony L. Riker who were to drive cars bearing Winton's name.


1900 Gordon Bennett Cup, Entries and cars
Although both arrived in Paris, only one car was designed as a racer, and Riker did not start the race. Winton's car was underpowered compared to its competitors, with a one-cylinder 3.7-litre (226 cu in) engine producing 16 bhp (12 kW). Uniquely amongst the cars, the Winton featured tiller steering rather than a steering wheel. The four nations were each allocated a colour, which their representatives' cars would be painted. These were blue for France, yellow for Belgium, white for Germany, and red for the USA.


1900 Gordon Bennett Cup, Race
Competitors gathered at the start line in Ville-d'Avray on the outskirts of Paris in the early hours of the morning of 14 June 1900. The race began at 3.14 am, at the drop of the starter's flag, with all five cars setting off together. Over the first five miles (8 km) of the race, to Versailles, there was one minute between the leader Giradot and fifth-place Winton. Giradot continued to extend his lead, and by the time the competitors reached Limours, approximately 30 km into the race, Giradot had extended his lead to three minutes over Charron in second place, de Knyff was in third, Belgium's Jenatzy in fourth, and Winton, the American, was fifth.


1900 Gordon Bennett Cup, Race
The next part of the race took the competitors from Chartres, through Bonneval to Châteaudun, a 44 km stretch of road that was largely straight. Unofficial timings yielded average speeds over this section, with the leader Giradot averaging 35.3 mph. Charron was the fastest, averaging 41.1 mph and Jenatzy averaged 36.7 mph. Top gear had failed on de Knyff's Panhard, and this slowed his speed down to an average of around 30 mph. However, Winton was by far the slowest of the five cars over this section, with an average speed of just 20 mph.


1900 Gordon Bennett Cup, Race
From Châteaudun, the route headed south-easterly towards Orléans. Along this section, at Saint-Jean-de-la-Ruelle, Charron hit a gutter that ran across the road whilst travelling at speeds in excess of 50 mph, bending the back axle of his Panhard. Spectators warned the cars that followed of the hazard, by holding a green flag 30 yards in advance to give the cars time to slow down before reaching the danger. Winton became the first driver to retire from the race, stopping at Orleans with a buckled wheel. The race order at Orléans, 173 km from the start, was Giradot leading by 17 minutes from Charron, with de Knyff third and a further 39 minutes behind, and Jenatzy fourth and three minutes further back.


1900 Gordon Bennett Cup, Race
As Giradot was leaving Orléans, he swerved to avoid a horse that was in the road, and in doing so collided with a kerb stone, which damaged his Panhard's steering and broke one of the back wheels. The repairs to his back wheel took around 80 minutes, which meant that Charron assumed the race lead. de Knyff retired from the race at Glen, leaving two French cars and one Belgian car in the race.


1900 Gordon Bennett Cup, Race
Charron and Giradot ran at a similar pace as they covered the 93 km distance between Gien and Nevers, the difference between the two over the section being just two minutes in Charron's favour. Charron gained slightly more of an advantage between Nevers and Moulins, completing the section in a time approximately four minutes faster than Giradot. At Moulins, with 376 of the 569 km of the race completed, Jenatzy retired from the race, his car suffered from issues with its gears and ignition, and sustained damage after colliding with five or six dogs along the route.


1900 Gordon Bennett Cup, Race
The gap between Charron and Giradot, now the only two drivers left in the race, stayed around an hour-and-a-half for most of the remainder of the race. 12 km from the finish in Lyons, a St. Bernard dog ran into the road in front of Charron's Panhard, which was travelling at nearly 100 km/h and the two collided. The body of the dog wedged itself between the steering gear and the springs of the Panhard, causing Charron to lose control and the car to veer off to the left.


1900 Gordon Bennett Cup, Race
It passed through two trees at the side of the road, fell into a ditch and then went through a field before rejoining the road, again narrowly avoiding more trees. Despite the excursion, the only major damage to the Panhard was that a water pump had fallen loose. Charron therefore continued with his riding mechanic, Fournier, holding the pump in place for the remaining 12 km to the finish in Lyons.


1900 Gordon Bennett Cup, Race
Charron arrived at the finish control point, where a small crowd waited, at 12:23 pm, completing the race in nine hours and nine minutes, meaning he had averaged a speed of 38.6 mph. Giradot was the only other car to reach the finish, arriving at 2:00 pm having taken one hour, thirty-six minutes and twenty-three seconds longer than Charron to complete the course.


1900 Gordon Bennett Cup, Post-race
Charron's victory representing the ACF meant that France were the winners of the inaugural Gordon Bennett cup race, and the country would again host the contest the following year.


1900 Gordon Bennett Cup, Post-race
The race was not viewed as a successful event. The large gap between the only two cars to reach the end had made the finish an anticlimax. The limited number of entrants, that only two of them were from outside France and that the only two cars to finish were French also led to the race failing to make much of an impression internationally. American periodical The Horseless Age wrote at the time "it is the impression (in the USA) that the race was very badly organized, that insufficient preparations had been made for it and that it must be looked upon as a failure".


1900 Gordon Bennett Cup, Post-race
In a bid to address these concerns, the next two Gordon Bennett Cup races would be run in conjunction with another city-to-city event, which allowed the Gordon Bennett race to share resources with another race which didn't have limits on entry and hence had a much larger field of cars. The cup wouldn't be competed for in a standalone race again until the 1903 edition.


1900 Grand National
The 1900 Grand National was the 62nd renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 30 March 1900.


1900 Greensburg Athletic Association season
The 1900 Greensburg Athletic Association season was Greensburg Athletic's 10th and last season season. The American football team finished with a record of 3–6–1.


1900 Harvard Crimson football team
The 1900 Harvard Crimson football team represented Harvard University in the 1900 college football season. In its second season under head coach Benjamin Dibblee, Harvard compiled a 10–1 record, shut out seven of 11 opponents, and outscored all opponents by a total of 205 to 44. The 1900 team won its first 10 games, but closed the season with a 28–0 loss against rival Yale.


1900 Harvard Crimson football team
Walter Camp selected three Harvard players as first-team selections to his 1900 College Football All-America Team. They were ends John Hallowell and Dave Campbell and quarterback Charles Dudley Daly.


1900 Haskell Indians football team
The 1900 Haskell Indians football team was an American football team that represented the Haskell Indian Institute (now known as Haskell Indian Nations University) as an independent during the 1900 college football season. In its first season under head coach Alfred G. Ellick, Haskell compiled a 9–1 record and shut out six of ten opponents.


1900 Hastings and Macleay colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Hastings and Macleay on 1 March 1900 because Edmund Barton (Protectionist) resigned to travel to London with Alfred Deakin and Charles Kingston to explain the federation bill to the British Government. Francis Clarke was the former member who had resigned in 1898 to allow Barton to re-enter parliament.


1900 Hoboken Docks fire
The 1900 Hoboken Docks fire occurred on June 30, 1900, and killed at least 326 persons in and around the Hoboken, New Jersey piers of the Norddeutscher Lloyd (NDL) shipping company. The piers were located in New York Harbor, at the foot of 3rd and 4th Streets in Hoboken,  across the North River (Hudson River) from Manhattan in New York City. The area, a few blocks north of Hoboken Terminal, is now mostly part of the Hudson River, without docks; a waterfront bicycle path lines it. There is, however, a "Pier C Park" on the northern side of the disaster area, which juts out into the water.


1900 Hoboken Docks fire
The fire began when cotton bales stored on NDL's southernmost wharf caught fire, and winds carried the flames to nearby barrels of volatile liquids, such as turpentine and oil, which exploded in rapid succession. It burned NDL's Hoboken piers to the waterline, consumed or gutted nearby warehouses, gutted three of NDL's major transatlantic liners, and damaged or destroyed nearly two dozen smaller craft. Most of the victims were seamen and other workers, but included women visiting one of the ships.


1900 Hoboken Docks fire, Ocean liner losses
Many of the deaths occurred as the flames reached several of NDL's transatlantic steamships docked at the piers, including the Saale, Main, and Bremen. These ocean liners, which caught fire while their coal-fired steam engines were cold, became deathtraps for dozens of seamen and visitors who were unable to reach safety on deck, squeeze through portholes, or otherwise escape.


1900 Hoboken Docks fire, Ocean liner losses
Saale was gutted, with the highest death toll. After she became engulfed in flames, her mooring lines were cut, leaving her to drift as fire reached those further below deck. Finally towed after she drifted toward New York piers, she settled in the Jersey flats near Liberty Island. Her death toll included her captain (August Johann Mirow), and members (primarily women) of a group known as Christian Endeavor, who were visiting the ship before the fire started.


1900 Hoboken Docks fire, Ocean liner losses
Main was furthest from the fire's starting point, but was soon engulfed with fire. She was unable to get loose from her moorings for more than seven hours, until the fire was nearly over. Damaged nearly beyond repair, Main was ultimately towed to Weehawken, New Jersey, where she was beached. Amazingly, 16 coal trimmers who had survived the fire hiding in a coal bunker then crawled out of the hulk. Two days after the fire began, the red-hot ship continued to smolder and smoke, which further delayed rescue and recovery efforts.


1900 Hoboken Docks fire, Ocean liner losses
Bremen also burned intensely. After her crew threw off her mooring lines, she drifted until she was towed to mid-stream by tugs. She eventually ran aground upriver near Weehawken. More than 200 people were on board when the fire began, including visitors. Initial reports indicated that all managed to leave the ship, but many jumped and may not have reached shore.


1900 Hoboken Docks fire, Ocean liner losses
Many who died in the fires were interred at the Flower Hill Cemetery, North Bergen.


1900 Hoboken Docks fire, Ocean liner losses
The holder of the Blue Riband at the time of the fire. NDL's Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse was also docked in the company's Hoboken piers, but fared better than its sister ships. She was the first of the steamers that tugs tried to pull away from the pier (15 minutes after the fire began). Although she was afire at several places, fireboats soon put out those fires, and in the end she suffered little serious damage.


1900 Hoboken Docks fire, Ocean liner losses
The fire erupted on a Saturday that was considered a “half-holiday” when no departures were scheduled. Had any of the ships been ready to sail, the loss of life and property would have been much greater.


1900 Hoboken Docks fire, Other losses
The fire also destroyed several Campbell Stores warehouses, built by the Hoboken Land & Improvement Company, the nearby piers of the Scandinavian America Line and a railroad shed. According to The New York Times, the railroad shed belonged to West Shore Railroad, although it was more likely a shed of Hoboken Shore Railroad (which connected the West Shore Railroad's lines at the Weehawken Terminal to the Hoboken docks). A shed of Hamburg America Line was partly chopped down during the fire by the fire service to avoid spreading of the fire to the Hamburg America Line piers. The total value of property losses due to the fire was estimated (the morning after the fire) at $6.175 million, and (the following year) at $5.35 million.


1900 Hoboken Docks fire, Aftermath
The NDL replaced its Hoboken piers with larger, stronger and more fireproof structures. The new steel piers were known as Hoboken Pier Nos. 1, 2, and 3. All of the damaged ocean liners returned to maritime service, Saale under a different name (the SS J. L. Luckenbach).


1900 Hoboken Docks fire, Aftermath
On the first anniversary of the fire, a large granite monument was dedicated in Flower Hill Cemetery in North Bergen, New Jersey above a mass grave containing unidentifiable bodies of the victims, listing the names of the dead and missing.


1900 Hoboken Docks fire, Aftermath
News stories of the fire had described below-deck crew “trying in vain to force their way through the small portholes, while the flames pressed relentlessly upon them.” The fire prompted arguments that portholes on all ships should be at least 11 in × 13 in (28 cm × 33 cm) in size, to make it easier for them to serve as a means of escape. Others responded that making portholes larger would be cost-prohibitive, or come at the expense of structural strength. In the end, regulations required portholes to be big enough for a person of reasonable size to escape.


1900 Hoboken Docks fire, Aftermath
Five years later, a fire consumed the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad's Hoboken ferry piers.


1900 Hoboken Docks fire, Aftermath
The piers immediately south of the NDL piers, owned before World War I by Hamburg America Line, were later also destroyed by fire. In 1921, two of the three piers (Hoboken Pier Nos. 5 and 6) were consumed in a fire that also scorched the SS Leviathan. In August 1944, Pier No. 4 burned, killing three and briefly setting afire the SS Nathaniel Alexander, a Liberty ship.


1900 Holy Cross football team
The 1900 Holy Cross football team was an American football team that represented the College of the Holy Cross as an independent in the 1900 college football season.


1900 Holy Cross football team
In their third year under head coach Maurice Connor, the team compiled a 4–4–1 record. W.C.T. O'Sullivan was the team captain.


1900 Holy Cross football team
The Holy Cross Football Fact Book shows a 5–3–1 record for 1900, but the results table does not match contemporary press reports, with the Andover, Colby and Wesleyan games given the wrong dates, and a win over Worcester Academy shown instead of the loss to Williams.


1900 Holy Cross football team
Holy Cross played its home games at two off-campus fields in Worcester, Massachusetts, the Worcester Oval and the Worcester College Grounds.


1900 Home Nations Championship
The 1900 Home Nations Championship was the eighteenth series of the rugby union Home Nations Championship. Six matches were played between 6 January and 17 March. It was contested by England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales.


1900 Home Nations Championship, Results, Scoring system
The matches for this season were decided on points scored. A try was worth three points, while converting a kicked goal from the try gave an additional two points. A dropped goal and a goal from mark were both worth four points. Penalty goals were worth three points.


1900 Home Nations Championship, The matches, England vs. Wales
England: Gamlin (Devonport Albion), SF Coopper (Blackheath), GW Gordon-Smith (Blackheath), AT Brettargh (Liverpool OB), Elliot Nicholson (Birkenhead Park), RHB Cattell (Moseley) capt., GH Marsden (Morley), James Baxter (Birkenhead Park), A Cockerham (Bradford Olicana), Wallace Jarman (Bristol), CT Scott (Cambridge Uni), FJ Bell (Northern), Robert William Bell (Cambridge Uni), S Reynolds (Richmond), W Cobby (Hull)


1900 Home Nations Championship, The matches, England vs. Wales
Wales: Billy Bancroft (Swansea) capt., Llewellyn (Llwynypia), Dan Rees (Swansea), George Davies (Swansea), Billy Trew (Swansea), Lou Phillips (Newport), Llewellyn Lloyd (Newport), Bob Thomas (Swansea), Jere Blake (Cardiff), William Williams (Pontymister), Fred Miller (Mountain Ash), Alfred Brice (Aberavon), Jehoida Hodges (Newport), George Boots (Newport), Dick Hellings (Llwynypia)


1900 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Wales vs. Scotland
Wales: Billy Bancroft (Swansea) capt., Llewellyn (Llwynypia), Gwyn Nicholls (Cardiff), George Davies (Swansea), Billy Trew (Swansea), Lou Phillips (Newport), Llewellyn Lloyd (Newport), Bob Thomas (Swansea), Jere Blake (Cardiff), William Williams (Pontymister), Fred Miller (Mountain Ash), Alfred Brice (Aberavon), Jehoida Hodges (Newport), George Boots (Newport), George Dobson (Cardiff)


1900 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Wales vs. Scotland
Scotland: H Rottenburg (London Scottish), JE Crabbie (Edinburgh Acads), WH Morrison (Edinburgh Acads), Alec Boswell Timms (Edinburgh Uni), T Scott (Langholm), Jimmy Gillespie (Edinburgh Acads), FH Fasson (London Scottish), John Dykes (London Scottish), GC Kerr (Edingburugh Wands), WMC McEwan (Edinburgh Acads) TM Scott (Hawick), Mark Coxon Morrison (Royal HSFP) capt., FW Henderson (London Scottish), WJ Thomson (West of Scotland), David Bedell-Sivright (Cambridge Uni)


1900 Home Nations Championship, The matches, England vs. Ireland
England: Gamlin (Devonport Albion), GC Robinson (Percy Park), GW Gordon-Smith (Blackheath), JT Taylor (Castleford), Elliot Nicholson (Birkenhead Park), JC Marquis (Birkenhead Park), GH Marsden (Morley), James Baxter(Birkenhead Park), JH Shooter (Morley), John Daniell (Cambridge Uni) capt., CT Scott (Cambridge Uni), H Alexander (Birkenhead Park), Robert William Bell (Cambridge Uni), S Reynolds (Richmond), Alexander Todd (Blackheath)


1900 Home Nations Championship, The matches, England vs. Ireland
Ireland: PE O'Brien-Butler (Monkstown), Gerry Doran (Lansdowne), C Reid (NIFC), JB Allison (Queen's Uni, Belfast), Edward Fitzhardinge Campbell (Monkstown), Louis Magee (Bective Rangers) capt., JH Ferris (Queen's Uni, Belfast), F Gardiner (NIFC), M Ryan (Rockwell College), Samuel Irwin (Queen's Uni, Belfast), CE Allen (Derry), PC Nicholson (Dublin U), Arthur Meares (Dublin U), Jim Sealy (Dublin U), JJ Coffey (Lansdowne)


1900 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Ireland vs. Scotland
Ireland: Cecil Boyd (Dublin U), Gerry Doran (Lansdowne), BRW Doran (Lansdowne), JB Allison (Queen's Uni, Belfast), IG Davidson (NIFC), Louis Magee (Bective Rangers) capt., JH Ferris (Queen's Uni, Belfast), F Gardiner (NIFC), M Ryan (Rockwell College), HAS Irvine (? ), CE Allen (Derry), PC Nicholson (Dublin U), TJ Little (Bective Rangers), Jim Sealy (Dublin U), J Ryan (Rockwell College)


1900 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Ireland vs. Scotland
Scotland: H Rottenburg (London Scottish), WH Welsh (Edinburgh Acads), AR Smith (London Scottish), Alec Boswell Timms (Edinburgh Uni), T Scott (Langholm), RT Nielson (West of Scotland), JT Mabon (Jed-Forest), John Dykes (London Scottish), GC Kerr (Edingburugh Wands), James Greenlees (Cambridge Uni), TM Scott (Hawick) capt., JA Campbell (Cambridge Uni), FW Henderson (London Scottish), WP Scott (West of Scotland), R Scott (Hawick)


1900 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Scotland vs. England
Scotland: H Rottenburg (London Scottish), WH Welsh (Edinburgh Acads), AR Smith (London Scottish), GT Campbell (London Scottish), T Scott (Langholm), RT Nielson (West of Scotland), Jimmy Gillespie (Edinburgh Acads), LHI Bell (Edinburgh Acads), GC Kerr (Edinburgh Wands), WMC McEwan (Edinburgh Acads), A MacKinnon (London Scottish), Mark Coxon Morrison (Royal HSFP) capt., HO Smith (Watsonians), WP Scott (West of Scotland), R Scott (Hawick)


1900 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Scotland vs. England
England: HT Gamlin (Devonport Albion), GC Robinson (Percy Park), GW Gordon-Smith (Blackheath), WL Bunting (Moseley), R Forrest (Wellington), JC Marquis (Birkenhead Park), GH Marsden (Morley), James Baxter (Birkenhead Park), JH Shooter (Morley), John Daniell (Cambridge Uni) capt., AFC Luxmoore (Richmond), H Alexander (Birkenhead Park), Robert William Bell (Cambridge Uni), S Reynolds (Richmond), Alexander Todd (Blackheath)


1900 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Ireland vs. Wales
Ireland: J Fulton (NIFC), EF Campbell (Monkstown), BRW Doran (Lansdowne), JB Allison (Queen's Uni, Belfast), IG Davidson (NIFC), Louis Magee (Bective Rangers) capt., JH Ferris (Queen's Uni, Belfast), Arthur Meares (Wanderers), M Ryan (Rockwell College), Samuel Irwin (Queen's Uni, Belfast), CE Allen (Derry), PC Nicholson (Dublin U), TJ Little (Bective Rangers), Thomas Arnold Harvey (Dublin U), J Ryan (Rockwell College)


1900 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Ireland vs. Wales
Wales: Billy Bancroft (Swansea) capt., Llewellyn (Llwynypia), Gwyn Nicholls (Cardiff), George Davies (Swansea), Billy Trew (Swansea), Lou Phillips (Newport), Selwyn Biggs (Cardiff), Bob Thomas (Swansea), Jere Blake (Cardiff), William Williams (Pontymister), Fred Miller (Mountain Ash), Alfred Brice (Aberavon), Jehoida Hodges (Newport), George Boots (Newport), Dick Hellings (Penygraig)


1900 Homestead Library & Athletic Club football season
The 1900 Homestead Library & Athletic Club football team won the professional football championship of 1900. The team was affiliated with the Homestead Library & Athletic Club in Homestead, Pennsylvania, near Pittsburgh. The team featured a lineup of former college All-Americans paid by Pittsburgh Pirates' minority-owner William Chase Temple.


1900 Homestead Library & Athletic Club football season, Organization
In 1898, William Chase Temple took over the Duquesne Country and Athletic Club, becoming the first individual team owner in professional football. In 1900, most of the Duquesne players were hired by the Homestead Library & Athletic Club, by offering them higher salaries.


1900 Homestead Library & Athletic Club football season, Organization
Over the next two season (1900 and 1901), Homestead fielded the best professional football team in the country and did not lose a game. The 1900 team reportedly paid its player "from $50 to $100 a game plus 'expenses.'"


1900 Homestead Library & Athletic Club football season, Organization
After two years as captain of the Duquesne team, Dave Fultz from Brown University was hired by Homestead and served as the team's captain.


1900 Homestead Library & Athletic Club football season, Organization
Other players for the 1900 Homestead team included Pete Overfield (center from Penn), Bemus Pierce, Art Poe (end from Princeton), Otto Wagenhurst (from Penn), Charlie Gelbert (end from Penn), Church (tackle from Princeton), John Hall (end from Yale), George Young (from Cornell), J. A. Gammons (from Brown University), Willis Richardson (from Brown), Artie Miller (from the Carlisle Indian School), Lewis (from Georgetown), Winstein (guard from Brown), Edward (guard from Princeton), Young (quarterback from Cornell), and Kennedy (quarterback from the University of Chicago).


1900 Homestead Library & Athletic Club football season, Season summary
Before the season, the schedule was announced as: October 6 vs. Pittsburgh College, October 13 vs. Altoona, October 20 @ Greensburg, October 27 vs. Detroit A.C., November 3 @ Latrobe, November 6 vs. Duquesne C. & A.C., November 10 vs. Greensburg, November 17 vs Lehigh, November 24 vs. Latrobe, November 29 vs. Bucknell.


1900 Hull–Ottawa fire
The Hull-Ottawa fire of 1900 was a devastating fire in 1900 that destroyed much of Hull, Quebec, and large portions of Ottawa, Ontario.


1900 Hull–Ottawa fire, Incident
Around 10 AM on April 26 a defective chimney on a house in Hull caught fire, which quickly spread between the wooden houses due to windy conditions. Within two hours the blaze had destroyed several surrounding blocks. At that point it began to spread along the river, where there were large lumber companies on the banks and islands, and huge amounts of stacked lumber that quickly ignited. By 1 PM the fire jumped the river on embers and set the Ottawa side ablaze.


1900 Hull–Ottawa fire, Incident
Two thirds of Hull was destroyed, including 40 per cent of its residential buildings and most of its largest employers along the waterfront. The fire also spread across the Ottawa River, carried by wind borne embers and destroyed a large swath of western Ottawa from the Lebreton Flats south to Dow's Lake. About one fifth of Ottawa was destroyed  with almost everything in the band between Booth Street and the rail line leveled. Much of the city's industry was destroyed, including two major ironworks, two flourmills, and both the Ottawa Electric Railway and Electric Lighting Company. Parliament was adjourned following the loss of power.


1900 Hull–Ottawa fire, Incident
Prevailing wind patterns and the higher elevation of central Ottawa prevented the fire from spreading east. The fire break created by the rail line also preserved the Hintonburg area. The fire engines 'The Conqueror' and 'La France' had to be abandoned to the flames, and the call went out to five communities for assistance in fighting the blaze, including Montreal and Toronto. Montreal was able to send a fire engine by rail, which arrived in less than two hours.


1900 Hull–Ottawa fire, Incident
Dynamiting houses to block the fire's spread was considered, but this plan was rejected in view of the danger that falling debris from the blast would only spread the conflagration further. The fire was largely contained by midnight thanks to a shift in winds and the efforts of firefighters as well as the Ottawa Militia.


1900 Hull–Ottawa fire, Incident
Seven people were killed in the blaze, and fifteen thousand were made homeless, including 14% of the population of Ottawa and 42% of Hull's population. Property losses amounted to $6,200,000 in Ottawa and $3,300,000 in Hull, with insurance covering 50% of the damage in Ottawa but only 23% of the damage in Hull. More were killed by disease in the densely packed tent cities where the people were forced to live afterwards. Worldwide response to the disaster generated $957,000 in aid, including $4.86 from distant Chile.


1900 Hull–Ottawa fire, Legacy
A Souvenir photo views of the big fire, Ottawa & Hull, April 26, 1900, was produced. A postcard was produced showing the aftereffects of the Ottawa Hull Fire of April 26, 1900, with a view of The Hotel Cecil on the south side of Wellington Street in Ottawa.


1900 Idaho gubernatorial election
The 1900 Idaho gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1900. Democratic nominee Frank W. Hunt defeated Republican nominee D. W. Standrod with 50.87% of the vote.


1900 Illinois Fighting Illini football team
The 1900 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois during the 1900 Western Conference football season. In their first season under head coach Fred Smith, the Illini compiled a 7–3–2 record and finished in eighth place in the Western Conference. End/halfback Arthur R. Hall was the team captain.


1900 Illinois gubernatorial election
The 1900 Illinois gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1900.


1900 Illinois gubernatorial election
Incumbent Republican Governor John Riley Tanner retired in order to unsuccessfully run for U.S. Senate.


1900 Illinois gubernatorial election
Republican nominee Richard Yates Jr. defeated Democratic nominee Samuel Alschuler with 51.49% of the vote.


1900 Illinois gubernatorial election, Democratic nomination, Results
The Democratic state convention was held on June 26 and 27, 1900 at the State Capitol in Springfield.


1900 Illinois gubernatorial election, Republican nomination, Results
The Republican state convention was held from May 8, 1900 at Peoria.


1900 Illinois lieutenant gubernatorial election
The 1900 Illinois lieutenant gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1900. It saw the reelection of incumbent  Republican William Northcott.


1900 Indiana Hoosiers football team
The 1900 Indiana Hoosiers football team was an American football team that represented Indiana University Bloomington during the 1900 Western Conference football season. In their third season under head coach James H. Horne, the Hoosiers compiled a 4–2–2 record and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 110 to 29.


1900 Indiana gubernatorial election
The 1900 Indiana gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1900 in all 92 counties in the state of Indiana. Winfield T. Durbin was elected governor over his Democratic opponent, John W. Kern.


1900 Indiana gubernatorial election, Nominations
Durbin was nominated to run for governor in 1900, and easily won the convention vote.


1900 Indiana gubernatorial election, Nominations
Opinion was strongly against Democrats, and the leading members of the party refused to run for governor that year. The party fielded John Kern, a former state senator, to oppose Durbin.


1900 Indiana gubernatorial election, General election
Durbin became the first governor to win by majority in twenty-five years. Durbin's primary goal as governor was to bring efficiency to the state, and reform the government to function more economically, and to enact progressive legislation.


1900 International Lawn Tennis Challenge
The 1900 International Lawn Tennis Challenge was the first edition of what is now known as the Davis Cup.


1900 International Lawn Tennis Challenge, History
The tournament was conceived in 1899 by four members of the Harvard University tennis team who came up with the idea of challenging the British to a tennis competition. Once the idea received the go-ahead from the United States Lawn Tennis Association and the British Lawn Tennis Association, Dwight F. Davis, one of the four Harvard players, designed a tournament format and spent money from his own pocket to purchase an appropriate sterling silver trophy from Shreve, Crump & Low. The first match between the United States and the British Isles was held at the Longwood Cricket Club in Boston, Massachusetts in 1900. The American team, of which Davis was a part, won the first three matches and the Challenge.


1900 Iowa Hawkeyes football team
The 1900 Iowa Hawkeyes football team represented the University of Iowa in the 1900 Western Conference football season. This was the first season the Hawkeyes played in the Western Conference.


1900 Iowa State Cyclones football team
The 1900 Iowa State Cyclones football team represented Iowa State College of Agricultural and Mechanic Arts (later renamed Iowa State University) as an independent during the 1900 college football season. In their first and only season under head coach C. E. Woodruff, the Cyclones compiled a 2–5–1 record and were outscored by opponents by a combined total of 100 to 38. L. M. Chambers was the team captain.


1900 Iowa State Cyclones football team
Between 1892 and 1913, the football team played on a field that later became the site of the university's Parks Library.


1900 Isle of Wight by-election
The 1900 Isle of Wight by-election was held on 23 May 1900 after the resignation of the incumbent Conservative Sir Richard Webster to become Master of the Rolls which meant accepting a peerage. The seat was retained by the Conservative candidate John Seely. The Liberal candidate, Godfrey Baring was the chairman of the Isle of Wight County Council and would become the Liberal MP in 1906.


1900 Italian Football Championship
The 1900 Italian Football Championship season was won by Genoa.


1900 Italian Football Championship, Qualifications, Lombardy
Milan was the only registered team. The team was admitted directly to Round 2.


1900 Italian Football Championship, References and sources
This article about an Italian association football competition is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1900 Italian general election
General elections were held in Italy on 3 June 1900, with a second round of voting on 10 June. The "ministerial" left-wing bloc remained the largest in Parliament, winning 296 of the 508 seats.


1900 Italian general election, Electoral system
The election was held using 508 single-member constituencies. However, prior to the election the electoral law was amended so that candidates needed only an absolute majority of votes to win their constituency, abolishing the second requirement of receiving the votes of at least one-sixth of registered voters.


1900 Italian general election, Historical background
Upon the fall of Antonio Starabba di Rudinì in June 1898, General Luigi Pelloux was entrusted by King Umberto with the formation of a cabinet, and took for himself the post of minister of the interior. He resigned office in May 1899 over his Chinese policy, but was again entrusted with the formation of a government. His new cabinet was essentially military and conservative, the most decisively conservative since 1876.


1900 Italian general election, Historical background
He took stern measures against the revolutionary elements in southern Italy. The Public Safety Bill for the reform of the police laws, taken over by him from the Rudinì cabinet, and eventually promulgated by royal decree. The law made strikes by state employees illegal; gave the executive wider powers to ban public meetings and dissolve subversive organisations; revived the penalties of banishment and preventive arrest for political offences; and tightened control of the press by making authors responsible for their articles and declaring incitement to violence a crime. The new coercive law was fiercely obstructed by the Socialist Party of Italy (PSI), which, with the Left and Extreme Left, succeeded in forcing General Pelloux to dissolve the Chamber in May 1900, and to resign office after the general election in June.


1900 K Street
1900 K Street is a high-rise building located in Washington, D.C., United States. The building broke ground in 1995, with its construction being completed in 1996. The building rises to 52 metres (171 ft), containing 13 floors and a total floor area of 102,851 m2. The architect of the building was Cesar Pelli & Associates Architects, who designed the postmodern architectural style of the building, which is built with glass and steel material. The building serves for office use. The building is managed by Hines, Inc.


1900 Kansas Jayhawks football team
The 1900 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas as an independent during the 1900 college football season. In August 1900, Lawrence W. Boynton, a recent graduate of Cornell, accepted an offer to serve as the Kansas football coach. In their only season under Boynton, the Jayhawks compiled a 2–5–2 record and were outscored by opponents by a combined total of 118 to 75. The Jayhawks played their home games at McCook Field in Lawrence, Kansas. Charles Wilcox was the team captain.


1900 Kansas State Aggies football team
The 1900 Kansas State Aggies football team represented Kansas State Agricultural College during the 1900 college football season.


1900 Kansas gubernatorial election
The 1900 Kansas gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1900. Incumbent Republican William Eugene Stanley defeated People's Party nominee John W. Breidenthal with 52.25% of the vote.


1900 Katyusha
1900 Katyusha (prov. designation: 1971 YB) is a stony background asteroid from the inner asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 16 December 1971, by Russian astronomer Tamara Smirnova at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj, on the Crimean peninsula and named in honor of Yekaterina Zelenko, the only woman to credited with conducting an aerial ramming.


1900 Katyusha, Orbit and classification
Katyusha is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest groups of stony asteroids in the inner main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,200 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic.


1900 Katyusha, Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of Ukrainian Yekaterina Zelenko (1916–1941), a war pilot and Hero of the Soviet Union, known for being the only woman who had ever executed an aerial ramming. The asteroid's name "Katyusha" is a petname for Ekaterina.


1900 Katyusha, Physical characteristics
It rotates around its axis with a period of 9.4999 hours and with a brightness variation of 0.72 magnitude, indicating a non-spheroidal shape.


1900 Katyusha, Physical characteristics
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Katyusha measures between 8.820 and 9 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.29 and 0.299. Katyusha has been characterized as a S-type asteroid.


1900 Kendall Orange and Black football team
The 1900 Kendall Orange and Black football team represented Henry Kendall College (later renamed the University of Tulsa) during the 1900 college football season. The team compiled a 2–1 record. In its only intercollegiate game, the team defeated Bacone College by a 33–0 score. The team also defeated Krebs High School (11–5) and lost to the Cherokee Male Seminary (0–18).


1900 Kentucky Derby
The 1900 Kentucky Derby was the 26th running of the Kentucky Derby. The race took place on May 3, 1900. The winning time of 2:06.25 set a new Derby record.


1900 Kentucky State College Blue and White football team
The 1900 Kentucky State College Blue and White football team represented Kentucky State College—now known as the University of Kentucky—during the 1900 college football season.


1900 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
The 1900 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship was the 12th staging of the Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Kilkenny County Board.


1900 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
Mooncoin won the championship after a 5-09 to 1-15 defeat of Freshford in the final. This was their second championship title overall and their first in 12 championship seasons.


1900 LSU Tigers football team
The 1900 LSU Tigers football team represented the LSU Tigers of Louisiana State University during the 1900 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. After a year with coach John P. Gregg, the Tigers rehired Edmond Chavanne for the head coaching position at LSU football. The 1900 season featured two games against Millsaps, one at Tulane, and one against Louisiana State University alumni.


1900 Lafayette football team
The 1900 Lafayette football team represented Lafayette College in the 1900 college football season. Lafayette shut out seven opponents and finished with a 9–2 record in their second year under head coach Samuel B. Newton. Significant games included victories over Lehigh (34–0 and 18–0), and Cornell (17–0), and losses to Princeton (0–5) and Penn (5–12). The 1900 Lafayette team outscored its opponents by a combined total of 214 to 25.


1900 Lafayette football team
Three Lafayette players received recognition on the 1900 College Football All-America Team. They are: center Walter E. Bachman (Caspar Whitney, 1st team); guard Trout (Whitney, 2nd team); and fullback David Dudley Cure (Walter Camp, 2nd team; deemed "ineligible" by Whitney).


1900 Latrobe Athletic Association season
The 1900 Latrobe Athletic Association season was their sixth season in existence. The team finished 5-3.


1900 Lehigh football team
The 1900 Lehigh football team was an American football team that represented Lehigh University as an independent during the 1900 college football season. In its first and only season under head coach Walter R. Okeson, the team compiled a 5–6 record and was outscored by a total of 172 to 79.


1900 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
The 1900 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship was the 12th staging of the Limerick Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Limerick County Board in 1887.


1900 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
Sallymount won the championship after a 7-01 to 2-04 defeat of Rathkeale in the final. It remains their only championship title.


1900 Liverpool City Council election
Elections to Liverpool City Council were held on Thursday 1 November 1900.


1900 Liverpool City Council election
There were a total of 30 wards, each with one seat up for election, with the exception of Walton, which was a new ward with 3 councillors elected at this election. There were 5 new seats at this election : Anfield (1 seat); Walton (3 seats) and Wavertree (1 seat). Of the 32 seats up for election 17 seats were contested and 15 uncontested.


1900 Liverpool City Council election, Ward results
Comparisons are made with the 1897 election results, as the retiring councillors were elected in that year.


1900 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic election
On 9 November 1900, Councillor William Roberts (Conservative, Dingle, elected 1 November 1899) was elected by the Council (Councillors and Aldermen) as an Alderman and assigned to the newly created ward of Walton.


1900 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 21 Abercromby, 29 January 1901
The resignation of Alderman Alexander Garnett (Conservative, elected as an alderman in 1883 1889 and 1895) was reported to the council on 5 December 1900.


1900 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 21 Abercromby, 29 January 1901
Councillor Maxwell Hyslop Maxwell the younger (Conservative, Abercromby, elected 1 November 1898) was elected by the council as an alderman on 2 January 1901.


1900 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 26 Dingle, 27 November 1900
Caused by the election of Councillor William Roberts (Conservative, Dingle, elected 1 November 1899) was elected by the Council (Councillors and Aldermen) as an Alderman and assigned to the newly created ward of Walton.


1900 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 11 Kensington, 28 February 1901
The resignation of Alderman Sir Thomas Hughes (Conservative, elected as an alderman on 19 March 1891 and 9 November 1895) was reported to the council on 2 January 1901.


1900 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 11 Kensington, 28 February 1901
Councillor Dr. Thomas Clarke (Conservative, Kensington, elected 2 November 1898) was elected as an alderman by the council on 6 February 1901.


1900 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 10 Low Hill, 28 February 1901
The resignation of Councillor Charles Stewart Dean (Conservative, Low Hill, elected 1 November 1899) was reported to the Council on 6 February 1901.


1900 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 20 Great George
The resignation of Councillor John Henderson (Great George, elected 25 November 1898) was reported to the council on 6 March 1901.


1900 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 3 Anfield, 10 May 1901
Caused by the death of Councillor Robert Atwood Beaver (Conservative, Anfield, elected 1 November 1900) on 12 April 1901.


1900 Liverpool School Board election
Elections to the Liverpool School Board were held on Friday 16 November 1900. These were held every three years, when all fifteen board members were elected. There were nineteen candidates for the fifteen board member positions.


1900 Liverpool School Board election
After the elections, the composition of the school board was:


1900 London University by-election
The London University by-election of 1900 was a parliamentary by-election held for the House of Commons constituency of London University on 6–10 February 1900. It was won by the Liberal Unionist party candidate Sir Michael Foster.


1900 London University by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the elevation to the peerage of the sitting Liberal Unionist Party MP Sir John Lubbock. Lubbock had held the seat since 1880, having previously been one of the MPs for the multi-member seat of Maidstone.


1900 London University by-election, Result
Sir Michael Foster won the election with a majority of 15 percent.


1900 London University by-election, Result
The election result was formally announced in the theatre of the university on 12 February 1900, following which Foster gave a short speech. He stated that the graduates of the university had for the first time returned a fellow graduate as their member, and told them he would be independent in his opinions even if he supported the present Unionist government.


1900 Los Angeles mayoral election
The 1900 election for Mayor of Los Angeles took place on December 3, 1900. Meredith P. Snyder was elected.


1900 Louisiana gubernatorial election
The 1900 Louisiana gubernatorial election was held on April 17, 1900. This was the first state election after the adoption of Louisiana's 1898 constitution, which disenfranchised nearly all of the state's Black voters, who had been the core supporters of the Republican Party. The constitution had been prompted by the unusually strong voter support for Republicans and Populists in the 1896 Louisiana gubernatorial election.


1900 Louisiana gubernatorial election
With most of its voters disenfranchised, Louisiana's Republican Party had virtually no electoral support, as in most Southern states between Reconstruction and the civil rights era. In addition, a factional split among the few white Republicans who remained meant two different tickets in the governor's race, one (the "Lily-Whites") led by Donelson Caffery, Jr., son of Louisiana Senator Donelson Caffery, who was a Democrat.


1900 Louisiana gubernatorial election
As Louisiana had not yet adopted party primaries, this meant that the Democratic Party convention nomination vote was the real contest over who would be governor. The election resulted in the election of Democrat William Wright Heard as governor of Louisiana.


1900 Maine gubernatorial election
The 1900 Maine gubernatorial election took place on September 10, 1900.


1900 Maine gubernatorial election
Incumbent Governor Llewellyn Powers did not seek re-election. Republican candidate John Fremont Hill defeated Democratic candidate Samuel L. Lord.


1900 Maltese general election
General elections were held in Malta on 16 and 17 September 1900, the third in three years. Only one of the thirteen elected seats was contested.


1900 Maltese general election, Background
The elections were held under the Knutsford Constitution. Ten members were elected from single-member constituencies, whilst a further three members were elected to represent nobility and landowners, graduates and the Chamber of Commerce.


1900 Maltese general election, Results
A total of 9,301 people were registered to vote, although votes were only cast in one constituency.


1900 Marshall Thundering Herd football team
The 1900 Marshall Thundering Herd football team represented Marshall University in the 1900 college football season. The team did not have a coach, and outscored their opponents 20–0 in three games.


1900 Marshall Thundering Herd football team
The 1900 season marked the second undefeated season in a row for Marshall.


1900 Maryland Aggies football team
The 1900 Maryland Aggies football team represented Maryland Agricultural College (later part of the University of Maryland) in the 1900 college football season. In their first and only season under head coach F. H. Peters, the Aggies compiled a 3–4–1 record and outscored their opponents, 68 to 67. The team did not play any intercollegiate football games in 1900, with all eight games being played against local high schools, preparatory schools, an athletic club, and a military academy (Charlotte Hall Military Academy).


1900 Massachusetts Aggies football team
The 1900 Massachusetts Aggies football team represented Massachusetts Agricultural College in the 1900 college football season. The team was coached by Fred W. Murphy and played its home games at Alumni Field in Amherst, Massachusetts. The 1900 season was Brown's last as head coach of the Aggies. Massachusetts finished the season with a record of 5–5.


1900 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1900 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1900. Incumbent Republican Governor W. Murray Crane was re-elected to a second term in office.


1900 Massachusetts legislature
The 121st Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1900 during the governorship of Winthrop M. Crane. George Edwin Smith served as president of the Senate and James J. Myers served as speaker of the House.


1900 Metropolitan Rugby Union season
The 1900 Metropolitan Rugby Union season was the 27th season of the Sydney Rugby Premiership. It was the first season run for clubs that represented a district. Eight clubs (seven representing a district, the remaining club representing Sydney University) competed from May till August 1900. The season culminated in the first district premiership, which was won by Glebe. Glebe were crowned premiers by virtue of finishing the season on top of the table.


1900 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Background
As early as 1893 it had been suggested to change the current structure of the premiership to a district-based formula. The idea was that district teams would distribute the top players amongst more teams creating a more equal competition. This would encourage crowds at matches to grow in size. However, members of the union were reluctant and voted against the proposal. This was based upon the grounds that the current clubs had a strong supporter base that may be lost if their club was barred from the competition. As well, it was believed that crowd sizes were adequate and not in fear of falling. The idea of district competition continued to be discussed over the following seasons.


1900 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Background
At a NSWRFU meeting in early August, 1896, a motion was proposed and carried concerning district football. The proposal recommended that the County of Cumberland (Sydney and surrounding suburbs) be separated into eight districts and that the Senior and First Junior matches be played between these clubs. The eight districts proposed were North Sydney, Redfern, Glebe, St. George, Balmain, Paddington, Western Suburbs and East Sydney. The proposal included the University club who would only include players who were undergraduates. Districts were arranged upon electorate lines. The NSWRFU rejected the proposal in a heated and passionate meeting with the votes 44 to 16.


1900 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Background
On 26 September 1898, at a meeting of the Metropolitan Rugby Football Union, the following recommendation was proposed, "That the football competition next season shall be competed for by clubs whose members are residents of such districts as may be allowed to each club." A ballot was taken and the recommendation won 22 to 12. A committee was set up to draw up a scheme to divide the Sydney region into eight districts, including Sydney University. However, the change was postponed to start in 1900 due to the eminent arrival of the English team and being able to adequately form a competitive team.


1900 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Background
In 1900 a meeting of the Metropolitan Rugby Football Union was held and a recommendation to establish district football in the coming season was made. The motion was carried with a majority in favour. In response, existing clubs indicated their support for the new competition by either disbanding the current club or removing themselves from the senior competition. Meetings were held across the city over the coming months to form the various district clubs.


1900 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Teams
Eight clubs contested the season; seven clubs representing a district and one club representing Sydney University. The 'Varsity were allowed to continue in the Premiership with the restriction that all players were required to be either current or former students. Each of the district clubs were newly formed with the foundations in former clubs.


1900 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Teams
Formed on 22 March 1900Ground: Rushcutters Bay OvalCaptain: Percy Macnamara


1900 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Teams
Formed on 23 March 1900Ground: North Sydney OvalCaptain: Paddy Lane


1900 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Teams
Formed on 19 August 1865Ground: University OvalCaptain: Harry Wood & Horace Jones


1900 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Season summary
The 1900 Sydney Rugby Premiership and the move to a district-based structure was deemed a success. Greater public interest in football was seen with crowd attendances at games a positive. At the final round of the season, the top-of-the-table clash between Glebe and Sydney University at University Oval saw approximately 7,000 in attendance.


1900 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Season summary
The winning club, Glebe, demonstrated more consistency during the season than the other clubs. After starting the season with four wins in the first seven rounds, they consistently developed their team until they were regarded as the finest team over the remaining seven rounds. They also benefitted from a very low injury toll to their players. Glebe won the two lower grade competitions to add to their first grade triumph.


1900 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Season summary
Sydney University performed very well to become runners-up considering they had a terrible injury toll. This included their captain HD Wood whose career was ended due to his injuries. Their success was mostly due to players such as Harry Blaney and Frank Futter who scored nearly half of their tries.


1900 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Season summary
For a greater part of the season, North Sydney were favourites for the premiership having only lost one game in the first ten rounds. However, when the club met Glebe in round eleven, they lost the game and three of their players were injured. The next round saw another injury to a player. North Sydney lost the last four remaining games (rounds 11 to 14) and with that the premiership.


1900 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Lower grades
The MRFU also conducted Second Grade and Third Grade competitions for teams representing the district clubs. Glebe were victorious in both lower grade competitions and were thus declared club champions across all three grades. Overall, the club had only lost two games across all three grades, being undefeated in both lower grade competitions.


1900 Metropolitan Rugby Union season, Lower grades, Second grade
All of the clubs competing in the First Grade competition entered a team in Second Grade. Teams were: North Sydney, South Sydney, Eastern Suburbs, Western Suburbs, Newtown, Glebe, Balmain and Sydney university. At the conclusion of the season, Glebe finished the season undefeated at the top of the table and were declared Premiers.