18th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Passage of Cumberland Mountains and Tennessee River and Chickamauga Campaign August 16-September 22. Davis Cross Roads or Dug Gap September 11. Battle of Chickamauga September 19 21. Rossville Gap September 21. Siege of Chattanooga, Tenn., September 24-November 23. Reopening Tennessee River October 26–29. Brown's Ferry October 27. Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign November 23–27. Orchard Knob November 23–24. Missionary Ridge November 25. Engaged in engineer duty at Chattanooga until October 20, 1864.


18th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 184 men during service; 4 officers and 72 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 107 enlisted men died of disease.


18th Oklahoma Legislature
The Eighteenth Oklahoma Legislature was a meeting of the legislative branch of the government of Oklahoma, composed of the Oklahoma Senate and the Oklahoma House of Representatives. The state legislature met in regular session at the Oklahoma State Capitol in Oklahoma City from January 7 to May 23, 1941, during the term of Governor Leon C. Phillips.


18th Oklahoma Legislature
As Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma, James E. Berry served as the President of the Senate. H. M. Curnutt served as the President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate. E. Blumhagen served as Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives.


18th Oklahoma Legislature, Leadership, Senate
As Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma, James E. Berry served as the President of the Senate, giving him a tie-breaking vote and the authority to serve as the presiding officer. H. M. Curnutt of Barnsdall, Oklahoma, was elected by state senators to serve as the President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate, which gave him the authority to organize the Oklahoma Senate and to serve as the presiding officer.


18th Oklahoma Legislature, Leadership, House of Representatives
The Democratic caucus held the majority of seats in the Oklahoma House of Representatives in 1941, allowing them to elect E. Blumhagen of Watonga, Oklahoma, as the Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives and A. E. Montgomery  of Tulsa as Speaker Pro Tempore.


18th Operations Group
The 18th Operations Group is the operational flying component of the United States Air Force 18th Wing, stationed at Kadena Air Base, Okinawa, Japan.


18th Operations Group
The 18th OG is the largest combat operations group in the Air Force with eight squadrons, one flight, 842 active-duty members and approximately 80 aircraft, including the F-15 Eagle, E-3 Sentry, KC-135 Stratotanker and the HH-60 Pave Hawk.


18th Operations Group
The group is one of the oldest in the United States Air Force, being a successor organization of the 18th Pursuit Group, one of the 15 original combat air groups formed by the Army before World War II.


18th Operations Group, Units
The group's nine squadrons (Tail Code: ZZ) and flight include:


18th Operations Group, History, Heraldry
The fighting cock emblem, approved in 1931, symbolizes the courage and aggressiveness of a combat organization.


18th Operations Group, History, Operations, Origins
The 18th Wing has the unique distinction of being the only wing never stationed in the Continental United States. 18th Wing heritage began on 21 January 1927, when the War Department activated a provisional pursuit group at Wheeler Field, Hawaii. Shortly thereafter the group was re-designated the 18th Pursuit Group with the following squadrons:


18th Operations Group, History, Operations, Origins
The "fighting cock" Group insignia with "Unguibus et Rostro", "With Talon and Beak" was chosen by 18th Pursuit Group CO Maj. Carlyle H. Walsh in February 1931, and officially approved in 1932. Major Kenneth M. Walker (for whom Walker AFB, New Mexico was later named) assumed command in March 1940, having on his staff Captain Roger W. Ramey (for whom Ramey AFB Puerto Rico was named), and Lieutenants Bruce K. Holloway, K. P. Bocquist, John G. Simpson, and William F. Savidge.


18th Operations Group, History, Operations, Origins
The Group was flying Boeing P-26 Peashooters, then upgraded into the radial-engined Curtiss P-36 Hawks before being re-equipped with Curtiss P-40s a few months prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japanese naval aircraft which immediately drew the United States into World War II.


18th Operations Group, History, Operations, Origins
In the immediate months before the Pearl Harbor attack, the group was expanded as follows:


18th Operations Group, History, Operations, World War II
The Imperial Japanese attack on 7 December 1941, severely hurt the group – its only two P-40C Warhawks of the 44th Pursuit Squadron to get airborne were immediately shot down, and the rest of the group's aircraft were heavily damaged. Over 60 P-40Cs were destroyed on the ground at Wheeler. The group, assigned to Seventh Air Force in February 1942, had to be re-equipped before it could resume training and begin patrol missions.


18th Operations Group, History, Operations, World War II
During March 1943, the group moved to the South Pacific Theater and rejoined the war effort as part of Thirteenth Air Force and began operations from Guadalcanal. Flew protective patrols over US bases in the Solomons; later, escorted bombers to the Bismarcks, supported ground forces on Bougainville, and attacked enemy airfields and installations in the northern Solomons and New Britain. Used Lockheed P-38 Lightnings; Bell P-39 Airacobra; Northrop P-61 Black Widows, and Douglas P-70 Havoc aircraft. The following operational squadrons were assigned to the 18th Fighter Group:


18th Operations Group, History, Operations, World War II
The 18th FG moved to New Guinea in August 1944 equipped with P-38s. Escorted bombers to targets in the southern Philippines and Borneo, and attacked enemy airfields and installations in the Netherlands Indies.


18th Operations Group, History, Operations, World War II
Received a Distinguished Unit Citation for actions at Ormoc Bay: on 10 November 1944 the group withstood intense flak and vigorous opposition from enemy interceptors to attack a Japanese convoy that was attempting to bring in additional troops for use against American forces that had landed on Leyte; on the following day a few of the group's planes returned to the same area, engaged a large force of enemy fighters, and destroyed a number of them.


18th Operations Group, History, Operations, World War II
Moved to the Philippines in January 1945. Supported ground forces on Luzon and Borneo, attacked shipping in the central Philippines, covered landings on Palawan, attacked airfields and railways on Formosa, and escorted bombers to such widely scattered targets as Borneo, French Indochina, and Formosa.


18th Operations Group, History, Operations, World War II
At the end of the war, the group moved to Clark Field on Luzon and became part of Far East Air Forces after the war. Flew patrols and trained with Lockheed F-80 Shooting Stars, with the distinction of being the first overseas fighter unit to be jet-equipped.


18th Operations Group, History, Operations, World War II
The group lost all personnel in March 1947 but was re-manned in September 1947. Equipped first with Republic F-47 Thunderbolts, later with North American F-51 Mustangs, and still later (1949) with F-80s.


18th Operations Group, History, Operations, World War II
In August 1948, it became a subordinate unit to the newly activated 18th Fighter Wing. On 20 January 1950, the wing was re-designated the 18th Fighter-Bomber Wing.


18th Operations Group, History, Operations, Korean War
The 18th Fighter-Bomber Wing was reassigned to Korea in July 1950 and entered combat. Its organization was as follows:


18th Operations Group, History, Operations, Korean War
At the outbreak of the Korean War, the 18th FBG's 12th FBS provided personnel to form the "Dallas" fighter squadron, which rushed into battle. In late July, the group headquarters with two of its squadrons (12th and 67th FBSs) deployed with F-80s from the Philippines to Taegu AB (K-2), South Korea.


18th Operations Group, History, Operations, Korean War
From 28 July to 3 August, the 18th Group operated directly under Fifth Air Force then passed to the control of the 6002nd Fighter (later, Tactical Support) Wing. Pilots exchanged their F-80s for F-51 Mustangs. Combat targets included tanks and armored vehicles, locomotives and trucks, artillery and antiaircraft guns, fuel and ammunition dumps, warehouses and factories, and troop concentrations.


18th Operations Group, History, Operations, Korean War
In August, advancing enemy forces and insufficient aircraft parking at Taegu forced the group to move to Japan, but it returned to South Korea the following month to support UN forces in a counteroffensive. Because the front advanced so rapidly, operations from Pusan (K-9) soon became impractical, and the group moved in November to Pyongyang East (K-24), North Korea. The 2nd SAAF Squadron joined the 18th in mid-November.


18th Operations Group, History, Operations, Korean War
Maj Louis Sebille was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his action on 5 August 1950: although his plane was badly damaged by flak while attacking a concentration of enemy trucks, Maj Sebille continued his strafing passes until he crashed into an armored vehicle.


18th Operations Group, History, Operations, Korean War
The Chinese Communist (CCF intervention) caused the group to move twice in as many weeks, first to Suwon AB (K-13), South Korea, then to Chinhae (K-10). From there the 18th FBG continued to support ground forces and carry out armed reconnaissance and interdiction missions. From November 1950 through January 1951, it earned a Distinguished Unit Citation for destroying roughly 2,400 enemy vehicles and severely damaging almost 500 more.


18th Operations Group, History, Operations, Korean War
From early 1951 until January 1953, the group and its tactical squadrons, moving from base to base in South Korea, operated separately from the rest of the 18th FBW. The group earned its second Distinguished Unit Citation from 22 April to 8 July 1951, when it flew 6,500 combat sorties while operating from sod, dirt filled, and damaged runways to counter the enemy's 1951 spring offensive.


18th Operations Group, History, Operations, Korean War
When in January 1953 the group rejoined the wing at Osan-ni AB (K-55), its squadrons transitioned to F-86 Sabrejets without halting the fight against the enemy. It flew its first F-86 counter air mission on 26 February 1953. In the final days of the war, the 18th FBG attacked dispersed enemy aircraft at Sinuiju and Uiju Airfields.


18th Operations Group, History, Operations, Korean War
The group remained in Korea for some time after the armistice.


18th Operations Group, History, Operations, Cold War
In 1955, deployed to Formosa to support Nationalist Chinese evacuation of Tachen Islands. During subsequent active periods from 1978 to 1981 trained for air operations in western Pacific region


18th Operations Group, History, Operations, Modern era
The designation of the wing changed on 1 October 1991 to the 18th Wing with the implementation of the Objective Wing concept. With the objective wing, the mission of the 18th expanded to the Composite Air Wing concept of multiple different wing missions with different aircraft. The operational squadrons of the wing were assigned to the 18th Operations Group.


18th Operations Group, History, Operations, Modern era
The mission of the 18th OG was expanded to include aerial refueling with Boeing KC-135R/T Stratotanker tanker aircraft (909th ARS); and surveillance, warning, command and control Boeing E-3B/C Sentry (961st AACS), and communications. Added airlift mission in June 1992 with the Beech C-12 Huron, transporting mission critical personnel, high-priority cargo and distinguished visitors.


18th Operations Group, History, Operations, Modern era
In February 1993, the 18th gained responsibility for coordinating rescue operations in the Western Pacific and Indian Ocean with the addition of the 33d Rescue Squadron (33d RQS).


18th Operations Group, History, Operations, Modern era
In November 1999, the 18th underwent another change as one of its three F-15 units, the 12th Fighter Squadron, was reassigned to the 3d Wing at Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska.


18th Orgburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
The 18th Orgburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was elected by the 1st Plenary Session of the  18th Central Committee, in the immediate aftermath of the 18th Congress. It was the last Orgburo, as its functions were transferred to an enlarged Secretariat at the 19th Congress before the Orgburo itself was abolished.


18th PMPC Star Awards for Television
The 18th PMPC Star Awards for Television took place at the Aliw Theater, Pasay, Philippines on October 23, 2004 and was broadcast on RPN Channel 9 on Saturday Night Playhouse. The awards night was hosted by Lorna Tolentino, Boy Abunda and Piolo Pascual.


18th PMPC Star Awards for Television, Nominees
These are the nominations for the 18th Star Awards for Television. The winners are in bold.


18th PP National Congress
The 2017 PP congress—officially the 18th PP National Congress—was held between 10 and 12 February 2017. The congress slogan was "Spain, forward" (Spanish: España, adelante). Mariano Rajoy was re-elected for a fourth consecutive term in office with 95.7% of the delegate vote.


18th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)
The 18th Panzer Division (German: 18. Panzer-Division) was a German World War II armoured division that fought on the Eastern Front from 1941 until its disbandment in 1943.


18th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), Formation
The 18th Panzer Division was formed on 26 October 1940 at Chemnitz from parts of the 4th Infantry Division, 14th Infantry Division, and four battalions of submersible tanks. They had originally been intended for Operation Sea Lion (Seelöwe), the planned German invasion of United Kingdom. Of these four tank battalions, two formed the 18th Panzer Regiment and the other two the 28th Panzer Regiment of the 18th Panzer Division. In March 1941 the 18th Panzer Division was reorganized, the 28th Panzer Regiment was disbanded, one of its battalions became the third battalion of the 18th Panzer Regiment, the other battalion was transferred to the 3rd Panzer Division.


18th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), Service
The 18th Panzer Division first saw action during the German invasion of the Soviet Union, Operation Barbarossa, on 22 June 1941. The 18th Panzer Division fought as part of XLVII Panzer Corps, and over the next six months was involved in seizing Smolensk, Bryansk and the assault on Tula. The division suffered heavy losses in the first month of the war, losing half its tanks and a third of its manpower in June and July. With the start of the Soviet counter offensive in December 1941 the 18th Panzer Division was driven back to Oryol with heavy losses.


18th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), Service
In the summer of 1942, the 18th Panzer Division took part in the initial drive on Stalingrad, but was soon transferred to the central section of the front. The 18th Panzer Division took part in security warfare in the spring of 1943. In the summer of 1943, the division fought in the Battle of Kursk, and suffered heavy losses. After Kursk the 18th Panzer-Division suffered from poor morale and frequent desertions and was disbanded, with the division's personnel being used to build the 18th Artillery Division.


18th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht), War crimes
According to Omer Bartov, the 18th Panzer Division was heavily engaged in the looting of food from Soviet civilians to the point that the latter starved to death. At the beginning of the invasion orders were given to execute wounded Soviet soldiers as these were seen as an unnecessary burden. In "bandit-fighting" operations, the division command gave out orders to shoot anybody suspected of supporting alleged partisans. Within the division, harsh measures were employed against any soldier found guilty of dissent or reluctant to fight, leading to a number of executions.


18th Parliament of British Columbia
The 18th Legislative Assembly of British Columbia sat from 1934 to 1937. The members were elected in the British Columbia general election held in November 1933. The Liberal Party, led by Thomas Dufferin Pattullo, formed the government. The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) formed the official opposition.


18th Parliament of British Columbia
Henry George Thomas Perry served as speaker for the assembly.


18th Parliament of British Columbia, Members of the 18th General Assembly
The following members were elected to the assembly in 1933.:


18th Parliament of Ontario
The 18th Legislative Assembly of Ontario was in session from October 30, 1929, until May 16, 1934, just prior to the 1934 general election. The majority party was the Ontario Conservative Party led by George Howard Ferguson.


18th Parliament of Ontario
George Stewart Henry replaced Ferguson as party leader and Premier in December 1930 after Ferguson was named Canadian High Commissioner in London.


18th Parliament of Turkey
The 18th term of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey lasted from 29 November 1987 to 20 October 1991. There were 450 MPs in the parliament. Motherland Party (ANAP) held the majority. Social Democrat Populist Party (SHP) and True Path Party (DYP) were the other parties.


18th Parliament of Turkey, Main parliamentary milestones
Some of the important events in the history of the parliament are the following:


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment
The 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment (also known as the 163rd Pennsylvania Volunteers) was a cavalry regiment of the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was present for 50 battles, beginning with the Battle of Hanover in Pennsylvania on June 30, 1863, and ending with a skirmish at Rude's Hill in Virginia during March 1865. A majority of its fighting was in Virginia, although its first major battle was in Pennsylvania's Gettysburg campaign. It was consolidated with the 22nd Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment on June 24, 1865, to form the 3rd Provisional Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment
The regiment was organized at Pittsburgh and Harrisburg between October and December 1862. Green County was the source of recruits for three companies, while additional recruits came from elsewhere in the state. Companies L and M were late additions to the regiment, and were originally meant to be part of a 19th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment. Recruits for these two companies were mostly from the Philadelphia area.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment
The regiment served in the Army of the Potomac and the Army of the Shenandoah. Among major battles where it saw action were the Battle of the Wilderness, the Third Battle of Winchester, and the Battle of Cedar Creek. It had five officers and 55 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded. Disease killed two more officers and 232 enlisted men. Captured members of the regiment were kept in Libby Prison in Richmond and Andersonville Prison in Georgia, among others. The regiment was commanded by two colonels: Timothy M. Bryan and Theophilus F. Rodenbough; Lieutenant Colonel William P. Brinton and Major John W. Phillips also commanded the regiment in the field.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Formation and organization
Between December 20, 1860, and February 1, 1861, seven southern states seceded from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America. Fighting began on April 12, 1861, when local militia attacked United States troops at Fort Sumter in South Carolina. This is considered the beginning of the American Civil War. Four additional states seceded during the next three months. Ending the rebellion took longer than government leaders expected, and President Abraham Lincoln called for more troops on July 2, 1862.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Formation and organization
In response to Lincoln's call for volunteer troops, Companies A through K (there was no J) were mustered into the 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment from August through November. The regiment was also known as "One Hundred and Sixty-third Pennsylvania Volunteers". Four of the companies were first organized in Pittsburgh, while six of the companies were organized at Camp Simmons near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Companies A, C, and G were recruited from Greene County, and Companies B and D were recruited from Crawford County. Major sources for additional recruits were Allegheny, Cambria, Dauphin, Lycoming, and Washington counties. Captain James E. Gowen of Company E was promoted to lieutenant colonel on November 25, 1862, and was the regiment's highest-ranking officer over the next few months. The other original leaders were Majors Joseph Gilmore, William B. Darlington, and Henry B. Van Voorhis.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Formation and organization
In early December 1862 the regiment moved by rail to the Bladensburg, Maryland area, close to Washington, D.C. They received training at this location, and were armed with a saber and Merrill carbine. Cavalry soldiers considered this carbine inferior and "comparatively worthless". Timothy M. Bryan Jr. was appointed colonel and commander of the regiment effective December 24, but did not assume command until May 1863. A West Point  graduate, he had been an officer in the regular U.S. Army, and had previously been a lieutenant colonel with the 12th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Formation and organization
Without Bryan, the regiment had its first mounted drill on December 25. Beginning January 1863, the regiment was attached to Colonel Percy Wyndham's Cavalry Brigade for the defense of Washington. The 5th New York Cavalry and 1st Vermont Cavalry Regiments were also part of Wyndam's brigade. Camp for the 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry was moved to Virginia on January 1, 1863, and settled a week later on the Little River Turnpike about 2 miles (3.2 km) from Fairfax Courthouse.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Early action
Historian Robert W. Black observes "the 18th Pennsylvania would become a fine regiment", but "in January 1863, it was a collection of civilians in uniform, poorly equipped and armed." Their first scouting task was on January 11, when a portion of the regiment went on a late-night patrol with the 1st Virginia Cavalry Regiment, which was loyal to the Union. January and February were spent on picket duty, scouting missions, and drilling. A major foe in this area of Virginia was Major John Mosby and his partisan Rangers.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Early action
Soldiers of the brigade considered Mosby's force "very formidable", and pickets were always under the threat of a surprise attack. On January 18, Mosby captured 11 pickets from the regiment. A few days letter, he sent a few of the captured men back to the regiment with a message that said the regiment needs to be better equipped and armed because it did not currently pay to capture them.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Early action
The regiment was finally completed on February 1 when Companies L and M were added. The recruits for those companies were from the Philadelphia area. They were originally intended to be part of a 19th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, but that initial organization failed and they were added to the 18th. When the two companies were added, the regiment became part of Colonel Richard Butler Price's Independent Cavalry Brigade, XXII Army Corps, Department of Washington.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Early action
On March 1, Gowen was discharged, and the regiment's new lieutenant colonel was William Penn Brinton, who was promoted from captain in the 2nd Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment. The regiment continued to show its inexperience on March 1 when Major Joseph Gilmore led 200 men on a westward reconnaissance toward Aldie, Virginia. Gilmore did not follow all of his orders, and mistook some men from the 1st Vermont Cavalry for enemy soldiers. He turned his command and fled at full speed from the Vermont cavalry—which caused him to be court-martialed.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Early action
In April, the regiment became part of the Third Brigade, Brigadier General Julius Stahel's Cavalry Division, XXII Army Corps. Improvements were made to the regiment over the next 3 months. On April 1, revolvers, new sabers, and belts were issued. Bryan joined the regiment on May 3—bringing experience and training from West Point and the regular army. Burnside carbines were issued on June 21—an inferior weapon but an improvement over the Merrill carbines originally issued.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Gettysburg Campaign
The Army of the Potomac, including its two cavalry divisions, moved northward from Fredericksburg, Virginia, toward Frederick, Maryland, crossing the Potomac River on June 25 and 26, 1863. Stahal's cavalry division (including the 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry) was detached from defending Washington so that it could join the Army of the Potomac and help defend Pennsylvania from an invasion by General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. The regiment began moving north on June 25.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Gettysburg Campaign
The entire Union army force was reorganized on June 28 at Frederick, and the regiment became part of the 3rd Division of the Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac. Brigadier General Judson Kilpatrick was the division's commander. The division's First Brigade consisted of the 1st Vermont, 1st West Virginia (formerly the loyal 1st Virginia), 5th New York, and 18th Pennsylvania cavalry regiments. The first three regiments were veteran units, but the 18th Pennsylvania had not yet seen a major fight.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Gettysburg Campaign
Brigadier General Elon J. Farnsworth commanded the First Brigade, and Brigadier General George Armstrong Custer commanded the Second Brigade—which consisted of regiments from Michigan. Major General Joseph Hooker was relieved of command, at his request, of the Army of the Potomac, and he was replaced by Major General George Meade. The cavalry corps commander was Major General Alfred Pleasonton. Brinton commanded the 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Gettysburg Campaign, Battle of Hanover
Kilpatrick's division was detached eastward as the army moved from Frederick, Maryland, to Pennsylvania. Its mission was to prevent Confederate cavalry under the command of Major General James Ewell Brown "Jeb" Stuart from joining the rest of Lee's army. On June 30 the division proceeded to the small town of Hanover, Pennsylvania. Kilpatrick, his staff, and his bodyguards (one company from the 1st Ohio Cavalry Regiment) led the division. They were followed by Custer's Second Brigade, the artillery, and then the First Brigade. Farnsworth rode at the front of the First Brigade with the 1st Vermont Cavalry Regiment.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Gettysburg Campaign, Battle of Hanover
The 1st West Virginia and 5th New York Cavalry Regiments followed them. The 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment had rear guard duty. The extreme rear guard consisted of 40 men from Company L and Company M led by Lieutenant Henry C. Potter, and they were about 1 mile (1.6 km) behind the main portion of the regiment. A small group of "less than a dozen" men, led by Captain Thadeus Freeland of Company E, protected the right flank as it moved a few miles east of the road to Hanover. Not far from Gitt's Mill, Freeland's men and an enemy scouting party from the 13th Virginia Cavalry Regiment spotted each other, and a long-range shot killed one of the Confederates—the first casualty of the Battle of Hanover.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Gettysburg Campaign, Battle of Hanover
Freeland and his men rode toward the regiment to warn of the danger, but instead found more men from the 13th Virginia Cavalry Regiment, which quickly surrounded the Pennsylvanians and captured them without firing a shot. When Potter and his men were about 1 mile (1.6 km) from Hanover, they found their path to town blocked by the same group of about 60 Confederates who demanded their surrender. Potter's men responded by firing at the enemy soldiers and charging through them toward town.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Gettysburg Campaign, Battle of Hanover
They were followed by the enemy force and came upon the rest of the 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry—dismounted and mingling with the locals. Lieutenant Samuel H. Tresonthick was the only officer in the rear. Most of the division had already passed through the town, but ahead of the 18th Pennsylvania was the 5th New York Cavalry, which was also enjoying refreshments and greetings provided by the locals.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Gettysburg Campaign, Battle of Hanover
Soon the Confederates fired an artillery shot into town, and Union soldiers faced attacks from the 13th Virginia Cavalry, a battalion from the 2nd North Carolina Cavalry Regiment, and finally the 9th Virginia Cavalry Regiment. Most of the Union fighters in the streets were from the 18th Pennsylvania and 5th New York Cavalry Regiments. After close-quarter  fighting, the Confederates withdrew to the cover of their artillery in the hills. The streets were full of dead and wounded men and horses. Kilpatrick directed a counterattack by portions of Farnsworth's First Brigade and Custer's Second Brigade.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Gettysburg Campaign, Battle of Hanover
The counterattack silenced the Confederate big guns, and Stuart's men were driven away in this inconclusive battle. Casualties for all participants on both sides totaled to 228. Casualties for the 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment were four killed, 30 wounded, and 52 missing. Some of the men received saber wounds, including Lieutenant John Britton.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Gettysburg Campaign, Battle of Gettysburg
On July 1, Farnsworth's Brigade was in the Abbottstown-Berlin area of Pennsylvania. They chased rebel cavalry and captured several prisoners. On July 2, the division moved closer to Gettysburg, and was on the right side of the entire Union army—close to New Oxford and Hunterstown. On July 3, the First Brigade moved to the left wing of the army, about 2.5 miles (4.0 km) from Gettysburg near two hills known as Little Round Top and Big Round Top. For most of the day, the 18th Pennsylvania was at the rear of the brigade, and conducted only a few scouting tasks with small groups of soldiers.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Gettysburg Campaign, Battle of Gettysburg
Late in the afternoon, the brigade was ordered to make mounted charges through rocky and wooded terrain. The cavalry regiments were positioned with the 18th Pennsylvania on the left, the 1st West Virginia in the middle, and the 1st Vermont on the right. The 1st West Virginia Cavalry made the first charge. They became nearly surrounded by enemy soldiers from the 1st Texas Infantry Regiment and had to retreat to safety using sabers. The 18th Pennsylvania went next. They charged across a field through woods interspersed with boulders where they confronted the same Texas infantry, who were protected by a stone fence. The Confederates fired too high, which kept the regiment from suffering serious losses—but the charge was repulsed.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Gettysburg Campaign, Battle of Gettysburg
The 1st Vermont Cavalry charged next, although Farnsworth thought the charge was unwise. The First and Second Battalions of the 1st Vermont Cavalry made the mounted change, while the Third Battalion was placed behind a stone wall as a reserve if the charge was repulsed. Farnsworth rode with the Second Battalion. Although this charge by the 1st Vermont Cavalry is often described as a single charge, it was really a series of charges that were able to cross the rebel skirmish line before being repulsed. A total of 67 of the estimated 300 Vermont men in the charge were killed, wounded, or missing. Farnsworth was killed, and at least one cavalry leader was critical of Kilpatrick's decision to order a mounted charge in terrain that was not ideal for cavalry.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Gettysburg Campaign, Battle of Gettysburg
After the charges, the 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry returned to the open field and formed a dismounted skirmish line. The fighting ended that evening in a drenching rain. About 166,000 soldiers fought in "the bloodiest single battle of the entire war"—with casualties in this Union victory estimated to be 23,000 for the Union force and 28,000 for the Confederates. Casualties for the 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry were one killed, five wounded, and eight missing.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Gettysburg Campaign, Battle of Williamsport
After the Battle of Gettysburg, Lee's army retreated toward Williamsport, Maryland, where it planned to cross the Potomac River to the relative safety of Virginia. In this retreat, Lee sent a wagon train of wounded men on a longer and more northerly route to Virginia. The healthy part of Lee's army used a southwestern route to Williamsport that went through mountainous terrain. Kilpatrick's division, after receiving reinforcements at Emmitsburg, Maryland, was part of the Union pursuit.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Gettysburg Campaign, Battle of Williamsport
As Meade's army pursued Lee, several battles and skirmishes occurred—including a fight by Kilpatrick's division in the mountains at Monterey Pass where a Confederate wagon train was captured. Both portions of Lee's army, the wagon train of wounded men and the healthy soldiers, needed to pass through Hagerstown, Maryland, on their separate routes to Williamsport. The Battle of Williamsport, also known as Battle of Hagerstown, was part of Meade's attempt to prevent Lee's escape.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Gettysburg Campaign, Battle of Williamsport
Most of the 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry's fighting took place in Hagerstown, which is located on the National Road six miles (9.7 km) from the Potomac River. On the morning of July 6, Kilpatrick attacked rebel-occupied Hagerstown. Four companies from the 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry made charges into town. Captain William C. Lindsay led Companies A and B with Captain Ulric Dahlgren, who was not part of the regiment but was an Acting Volunteer Aid to the division's commanding general. Lindsay, Sergeant Joseph Brown (Company B), and others were killed in close fighting in the streets of the town.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Gettysburg Campaign, Battle of Williamsport
Dahlgren took command and was wounded in the leg, which eventually required an amputation. Companies L and M, led by Captain Enos J. Pennypacker, also made charges into town. Pennypacker's horse was killed and he was severely wounded, and Lieutenants William L. Laws and Henry C. Potter were among the men captured. Laws later died at Libby Prison. Losses for the regiment were eight killed, 19 wounded, and 71 missing. Captain Charles J. Snyder of the 1st Michigan Cavalry Regiment, who was temporarily leading a group from the 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry, was also killed.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Gettysburg Campaign, Battle of Williamsport
Over the next few days, the regiment skirmished at Boonesboro, Funkstown, and Hagerstown (again)—and suffered no casualties. At Falling Waters on July 14, they were not engaged. Lee's army crossed the Potomac at Williamsport and Falling Waters on July 14. The Army of the Potomac eventually crossed back to Virginia, and the headquarters of the 3rd Division was established near Warrenton.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Bristoe and Mine Run campaigns
For the rest of the summer of 1863, the regiment spent its time in Virginia and was involved in picket duty, scouting, and a few skirmishes. The regiment's horses were gradually replenished. In August, the 2nd New York Cavalry Regiment was added to the First Brigade while the 1st Vermont Cavalry moved to Custer's Second Brigade, and Brigadier General Henry E. Davies Jr. became commander of the First Brigade.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Bristoe and Mine Run campaigns
The Army of the Potomac's Bristoe campaign began October 9 and was fought against the Army of Northern Virginia. Several of the battles in this campaign were near railroad stations belonging to the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, including the Battle of Bristoe Station and the Second Battle of Rappahannock Station. Major Van Voorhis commanded the 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry at the start of the Bristoe Campaign.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Bristoe and Mine Run campaigns
The most difficult fighting for the 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry in the Bristoe campaign happened near Brandy Station on October 11. After the division became surrounded, the 18th Pennsylvania was among the regiments that charged through the enemy. Van Voorhis was seriously wounded, ultimately losing an arm, and was captured along with three other officers and 32 enlisted men. Casualties for the regiment were one killed, three wounded, and 53 missing for a total of 57 of the brigade's 119 casualties listed by the brigade commander. Despite the casualties, Davies said the charge by the brigade was "most successful" and "repulsed the rebels". He also praised Van Voorhis for "gallantly charging at the head of his regiment at Brandy Station."


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Bristoe and Mine Run campaigns
On November 18 most of the regiment went on a scouting mission towards the Rapidan River. While the regiment was away, their camp was attacked. Pickets, a small camp guard, and sick men were the only defenders. A regimental flag, 49 men, the assistant surgeon, horses, wagons, and all of the camp equipment were captured.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Bristoe and Mine Run campaigns
The Army of the Potomac's Mine Run campaign began November 26 and continued fighting against the Army of Northern Virginia. General Pleasonton continued to command the cavalry corps, but there were a few changes that affected the 18th Pennsylvania. While Davies still commanded the First Brigade, Custer now commanded the 3rd Division, and Bryan took over field command of the 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry. On November 26, the regiment fought dismounted near Raccoon Ford on the Rapidan River. Fighting continued in early December, including artillery duels. On December 11, the regiment went to winter quarters at Stevensburg, Virginia.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Grant's Overland Campaign
During March 1864, Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant became commander of all Union armed forces. Although Grant did not replace Meade as commander of the Army of the Potomac, he kept his headquarters with Meade's and provided direction. Major General Philip Sheridan was appointed commander of Meade's cavalry corps. Kilpatrick was assigned to another command, and Major General James H. Wilson replaced him as commander of Sheridan's 3rd Division. Colonel John B. McIntosh replaced Davies as commander of the cavalry division's First Brigade—which consisted of the 18th Pennsylvania, 1st Connecticut, 2nd New York, and 5th New York Cavalry Regiments. In April, Majors Darlington and Van Voorhis rejoined the regiment, missing a leg and an arm respectively.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Grant's Overland Campaign, Battle of the Wilderness
The 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry fought on the first day of the Battle of the Wilderness with Brinton commanding the regiment. On May 3, the Army of the Potomac received orders to be ready to move at midnight. Wilson's 3rd Division led the way, with the First Brigade on the army's right and the Second Brigade on the left. Bryan (18th Pennsylvania Cavalry) commanded the First Brigade (including the 18th Pennsylvania) while Colonel George H. Chapman commanded the Second. After crossing the Rapidan River at Germanna Ford, the 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry led the advance all the way to Wilderness Tavern.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Grant's Overland Campaign, Battle of the Wilderness
At 5:00 am on May 5, the brigade began moving south toward Catharpin Road, leaving the 5th New York Cavalry, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel John Hammond and armed with repeating rifles, to guard a western approach on Orange Plank Road. Hammond soon discovered that he was facing an entire infantry corps under the command of Lieutenant General A. P. Hill. Hammond was gradually pushed back beyond Parker's Store, causing Wilson to be cut off from the rest of the Union army.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Grant's Overland Campaign, Battle of the Wilderness
Wilson continued south and then moved west on the Catharpin Road with Chapman's brigade leading and Bryan's brigade, without the 5th New York Cavalry, bringing up the rear. Just beyond Craig's Meeting House, Chapman encountered about 1,000 men under the command of Confederate Brigadier General Thomas L. Rosser. Chapman's brigade, led by the 1st Vermont Cavalry, was able to push Rosser back about 2 miles (3.2 km) until Rosser outflanked him and caused a retreat.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Grant's Overland Campaign, Battle of the Wilderness
With Hill's infantry on the Orange Plank Road on Wilson's north side and Rosser's cavalry occupying the Catharpin Road on his south side, Wilson was in danger of having his entire division captured. He discovered a wagon track north of a road called Roberson's Run that led east and began a retreat with Chapman leading and Bryan in the rear. The 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry, commanded by Brinton, again protected the rear and was ordered to hold for one half hour before attempting to rejoin Wilson. After crossing the Po River, the wagon track led to Catharpin Road and Wilson was barely able to get his command on the road to the safety of Todd's Tavern.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Grant's Overland Campaign, Battle of the Wilderness
When Brinton and the 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry arrived at the same intersection, they found it occupied by dismounted Confederate cavalry. Darlington and the First Battalion charged but were driven back by crossfire. The Second Battalion, commanded by Major John W. Phillips, also charged and was driven back. Both Phillips and Darlington were wounded, and Darlington's wound was severe enough that he had to be left with the enemy. The regiment nearly became surrounded by cavalry, infantry, and an artillery battery, and escaped through a pine thicket and across a swamp. It rejoined Wilson's division that evening, surprising those who believed the entire regiment had been captured. In addition to the two wounded majors, Captain Frederick Zarracher was captured, and 39 men were killed, wounded, or captured.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Grant's Overland Campaign, Sheridan's raid
For the next two weeks, the fighting shifted southeast to Spotsylvania Court House. The 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry left Fredericksburg at dawn on May 8. Wilson's division, including the 18th Pennsylvania, charged into Spotsylvania Courthouse, driving the enemy from town. Continuing the fight dismounted against enemy infantry, they held the town for about one hour before they were driven back and eventually replaced by infantry. Brinton had his horse shot but escaped injury despite having a bullet pierce his clothing. Casualties were estimated by one captain to be "about ten men and horses killed and wounded".


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Grant's Overland Campaign, Sheridan's raid
On May 9, Sheridan detached the cavalry from the Army of the Potomac and began a movement toward Richmond. On the morning of the May 10, the division was awakened by enemy artillery, and pickets led by Captain Marshall S. Kingsland of the 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry intercepted enemy attackers. Kingsland was reinforced with the entire regiment, which held off the enemy while Sheridan's entire force crossed the North Anna River.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Grant's Overland Campaign, Sheridan's raid
Custer's First Brigade of Merritt's 1st Division burned the Beaverdam railroad station and rescued 350 Union prisoners on their way to Richmond while the 18th Pennsylvania protected the First Brigade's right. After crossing the South Anna River on May 10, Sheridan's force encountered a Confederate force led by Stuart on May 11 in a cavalry and artillery fight at Yellow Tavern on the main road to Richmond's north side. Stuart was mortally wounded in fighting against Custer's Brigade. McIntosh's report said his brigade (including the 18th Pennsylvania but without the 5th New York) at Yellow Tavern was only "slightly engaged". The 18th Pennsylvania had one enlisted man wounded in action on May 9 and 10, and no casualties on May 11.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Grant's Overland Campaign, Sheridan's raid
In the pre-dawn of May 12, Sheridan's advance was caught in a fight with the Richmond fortification and Stuart's cavalry, and Wilson's First Brigade became separated from the Second Brigade that it was following in "pelting rain and howling thunder." A portion of the 18th Pennsylvania found enemy infantry on two sides, and a general fight began at the bridge on Meadow Bridge Road. A major from the 18th Pennsylvania described the day as "the greatest anxiety I ever experienced". Despite the anxiety, the 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry had only three men wounded.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Grant's Overland Campaign, Sheridan's raid
Merritt's 1st Division captured the bridge and drove the enemy back. Fighting renewed at Mechanicsville for a few hours, but the Confederates were driven away and Sheridan's force camped near New Bridge that evening. Over the next few days, Sheridan moved by White Oak Swamp to Malvern Hills where they were accidentally shelled for a brief time by Union gunboats on the James River. On May 15 and 16 they camped at Haxall's Landing on the James River. On May 17, they moved north toward the Pamunkey River. The regiment was not involved in fighting for the next 10 days as they moved north. Sheridan reported on May 20 that he found "little subsistence and forage" at White House landing (on the river) and wanted "ammunition first and supplies of all kinds".


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Grant's Overland Campaign, Sheridan's raid
By May 27, the brigade had already returned to Grant; camped at Butler's Bridge on the North Anna River, and was rejoined by the 5th New York Cavalry. During May, Wilson relieved Bryan from command of the 18th Pennsylvania because he "failed to act swiftly enough" in a small fight with Major General Fitzhugh Lee's cavalry, and Brinton became commander. Casualties for the 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry for the period of May 22 through June 1 were two enlisted men killed, two officers and three enlisted men wounded, and three enlisted men captured or missing.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Grant's Overland Campaign, Battle of Cold Harbor
The regiment fought in the Battle of Cold Harbor, which began May 31 and lasted through June 12. In this Confederate victory, the Union Army had about 12,000 casualties while the Confederates had about 4,000. Much of this difference in casualties was caused by Union infantry assaults on well-entrenched enemy troops, especially on June 3. On the morning of May 31, McIntosh's brigade crossed the Pamunkey River at Hanovertown and drove the enemy back toward the town. Around sundown, the 18th Pennsylvania led a dismounted advance that pushed the enemy out of the town.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Grant's Overland Campaign, Battle of Cold Harbor
Brinton and Phillips were slightly wounded, and two captains were severely wounded. Brinton led the regiment and the 2nd Ohio Cavalry on a June 10 scout of Shady Grove Road, while the other half of the brigade probed Richmond Road. On June 10, the 18th Pennsylvania had just established a picket line when the 9th Virginia Cavalry attacked one side. That portion of the regiment retreated in confusion, but entrenched United States Colored Troops who had been sent to support McIntosh stopped the enemy. Losses for the 18th Pennsylvania were described as "considerable". The brigade covered the rear of the army on June 12 and June 13.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Grant's Overland Campaign, Post Cold Harbor
The regiment, under Brinton's command, advanced in a move toward White Oak Swamp on June 15, and had had to fight infantry in a wooded area while unassisted. Lieutenant Samuel McCormick was killed and now-Captain Tresonthick was mortally wounded on that day at St. Mary's Church in an engagement that lasted nearly five hours.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Grant's Overland Campaign, Post Cold Harbor
Most of the June 15 fighting was dismounted, and the regiment later learned that their action was "part of the attempt to deceive the enemy, to make him believe and think that the whole army was on the north side of the James River, and would attempt to reach Richmond from that direction." Casualties for the 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry for the period of June 2 through June 15 were one officer and two enlisted men killed, one officer and 33 enlisted men wounded, and 28 enlisted men captured or missing, with most of the regiment's casualties for this period coming on June 15.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Grant's Overland Campaign, Post Cold Harbor
The regiment moved to the rear of Major General Horatio Wright's VI Corps on June 22. On the next day, Wilson's division departed on what would become known as the Wilson–Kautz Raid, but the 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry and 3rd New Jersey Cavalry remained behind and reported to Wright. An official report lists Phillips as commander of the regiment on June 30. During July, the regiment spent most of its time on picket duty. On August 5, the regiment moved to City Point and boarded a steamship destined for Alexandria, Virginia.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Grant's Overland Campaign, Post Cold Harbor
A few days later, after their arrival in Alexandria, the regiment became armed with Spencer repeating rifles. They departed for the Shenandoah Valley on August 11. The rest of Wilson's division was also ordered to move to the Shenandoah Valley, and the division became part of Sheridan's Army of the Shenandoah.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley
On July 31, 1864, Grant decided to have Sheridan be his field commander to fight Confederate Lieutenant General Jubal Early in the Shenandoah Valley. On August 1, Sheridan was relieved of command from the Army of the Potomac, "but not from command of the cavalry as a corps organization." To satisfy the Lincoln administration's concern about Sheridan's young age, Grant intended to have Major General David Hunter be the head of an army that was the consolidation of four military districts, but have Sheridan be the leader in the field.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley
On August 5, Grant ordered Hunter to "Concentrate all your available force without delay in the vicinity of Harper's Ferry....", and sent him more cavalrymen. Hunter asked to be relieved entirely, and his request was granted—putting Sheridan in command of the new army. The 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry arrived at Harper's Ferry on August 12. The regiment patrolled  and skirmished on both sides of the Potomac River—including Charlestown, Bolivar Heights, and Shepherdstown in West Virginia; Berryville in Virginia; and Boonsboro and Sharpsburg in Maryland. Sheridan's army began with Wright's VI Corps and three cavalry divisions. The 18th Pennsylvania remained in the same chain of command, as part of McIntosh's First Brigade in Wilson's 3rd Division, and remained under Brinton's command.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, Third Battle of Winchester
The Third Battle of Winchester, also known as the Battle of Opequon, is considered by some historians to be the most important American Civil War battle in the Shenandoah Valley. A total of 54,000 men from both sides participated in this Union victory on September 19. Against Early's Army of the Valley, Sheridan had two divisions of cavalry, two infantry corps under Wright and Brigadier General William H. Emory (XIX Corps), and the Army of West Virginia, consisting of both infantry and cavalry, led by Brigadier General George Crook. Casualties for both sides totaled to over 8,600.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, Third Battle of Winchester
McIntosh's brigade left camp near Berryville around 2:00 am on September 19 and moved on the Berryville Pike toward Winchester. Two regiments from McIntosh's brigade, the 2nd New York and 5th New York, led the initial advance across the creek. The 18th Pennsylvania and 2nd Ohio Cavalries led the rest of the brigade across and joined the two New York regiments. Enemy pickets fled through a second group of pickets that belonged to the 23rd North Carolina Infantry Regiment.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, Third Battle of Winchester
Three more North Carolina Confederate infantry regiments, the 5th, 20th, and 12th, held off the New Yorkers and caused them to retreat. McIntosh responded with artillery and an attack by the 18th Pennsylvania. The 18th Pennsylvania made mounted attacks on infantry breastworks. The regiment's Third Battalion, led by now-Captain Britton, led the first charge followed by the Second and First Battalions. It took three charges before the 5th and 20th North Carolina Infantry Regiments were driven back to a secondary position. Brinton's horse was wounded before the final charge, and he was wounded and captured in the final charge.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, Third Battle of Winchester
In describing the charges, one battalion commander said, "we lost heavily". With Brinton gone, Phillips, commander of the Second Battalion, became the regiment's commander. Later in the day, McIntosh was seriously wounded leading a dismounted charge. His wound required amputation of his leg below the knee, and Lieutenant Colonel George A. Purington replaced him. Casualties for the regiment were seven men killed and 12 wounded, plus one officer captured. Brinton escaped in the night and returned to the regiment on the next day.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, Tom's Brook
On October 3, Custer took command of the 3rd Cavalry Division. The division continued destroying crops, barns, and mills in the valley as it moved north, which depleted the food and infrastructure used to supply the Confederate Army. During this time, the division was followed and harassed by Confederate cavalry. On October 9, the First Brigade (now led by Colonel Alexander Pennington) took the advance in an attack against enemy cavalry. At first met with "stubborn resistance", Custer sent the 18th Pennsylvania supported by two other regiments to turn the enemy's flank.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, Tom's Brook
On Custer's command, all regiments charged—resulting in the capture of all enemy artillery, wagons, and ambulances while the enemy fled. One soldier wrote "I never saw such a complete rout in my life." Custer reported "Never since the opening of this war had there been witnessed such a complete and decisive overthrow of the enemy's cavalry" and that a pursuit was made "vigorously for nearly twenty miles." The battle became jokingly referred to as the Woodstock Races.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, Battle of Cedar Creek
The Battle of Cedar Creek was fought on October 19, 1864. In this Union victory, Early's Confederate force surprised the Union Army at Cedar Creek, Virginia, and appeared to be destined for a victory until Sheridan arrived and rallied his troops. The 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry was assigned the task of supporting a battery that was exchanging fire with enemy artillery, and suffered some casualties when a shell burst directly over the regiment. Casualties for the regiment were one killed and six wounded.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, Battle of Cedar Creek
On November 12, the regiment was involved in a skirmish at Cedar Creek. Enemy cavalry drove in Union pickets early in the morning and attacked near the Union camp. Pennington's First Brigade was sent to fight the attackers. Although the enemy soldiers were driven off, the 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry became cut off from the brigade. Philips was commanding the regiment at the time, and Confederate cavalry under the command of Rosser captured him and 164 others. Phillips and Lieutenant Henry J. Blough were sent to Libby Prison in Richmond.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, Battle of Cedar Creek
Private Nathan Monz (Company D) and Private John L. Stall (Company E) were killed—the last two soldiers in the regiment to be killed in action. Pennington censured the regiment for its conduct in this action. The regiment was censured again and described as setting "a very bad example to the brigade" for its action near Mount Jackson on November 22, when it left rear guard duty and "was not to be found until after the brigade was relieved from duty".


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, Winter camp
For the next few weeks, the regiment camped near Winchester and performed picket duty and scouting tasks. A portion of the regiment went to Cedar Creek Valley to hunt bushwhackers. The regiment also went on a scouting mission near Moorefield, West Virginia. In December the regiment went to Camp Remount in Pleasant Valley, Maryland. There they went into winter camp and turned in their worn-out horses. The Third Battalion received new horses while the other two battalions remained dismounted through the winter. Darlington and Van Voorhis had now mustered out, and Phillips was in a Confederate prison. Captain William H. Page of Company L was promoted to major with an effective date of December 1, and twice-wounded Britton of Company F was promoted to major effective December 3. Brinton mustered out January 13, 1865.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, Battle of Waynesboro
While the regiment's two dismounted battalions remained in camp, the mounted Third Battalion departed from camp on February 25, 1865, and reached Winchester on the next day. Sheridan had two divisions of cavalry and planned to join Grant near Richmond. The plan changed on March 2 when Sheridan's army approached Waynesboro, Virginia and found Early's Army of the Shenandoah. Custer's division did the fighting, and most of Early's army was killed or captured. All of Early's headquarters equipment and artillery were captured although Early himself evaded capture. The 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry's Third Battalion, commanded by Captain George W. Nieman, and the 5th New York Cavalry, were held in reserve in this battle.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Shenandoah Valley, Battle of Waynesboro
After the battle, the battalion was part of a force that escorted about 1,600 prisoners north to Winchester. On March 7 during the trip north, Rosser's cavalry attacked the Union force at Rude's Hill near Mount Jackson. A counterattack led by the 5th New York drove off the Confederates in hand-to-hand fighting. The Union force and all prisoners arrived at Winchester on March 7. Here, they were under the command of Major General Winfield Scott Hancock, who had temporary command of Union forces around Winchester.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Conclusion
For the next few weeks of 1865, the battalion camped at Kernstown near Winchester. On April 9, the surrender of Lee's army was announced. The battalion went on scouting missions, guarded wagon trains, and had picket duty over the next two weeks. On April 26, the rest of the regiment returned from Camp Remount and joined the battalion. The regiment camped in Staunton, Harrisonburg, Mt. Jackson, and Cedar Creek over the next few weeks. On May 5 they were joined by some of their officers who returned from Confederate prisons.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Conclusion
Colonel Theophilus F. Rodenbough joined the regiment on May 12 and took command. On the same day, Private John Kies died from wounds suffered earlier—the last soldier in the regiment to die from action. For the rest of the month, the regiment moved toward Cumberland and camped nearby. Portions of the regiment mustered out in early June. Company E mustered out on July 1—the same day part of Company C was put under arrest for insubordination. On July 20, the 18th and 22nd Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiments were combined and became the 3rd Provisional Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment—with an effective date retroactive to June 24. The new regiment served in West Virginia until it was mustered out of service on October 31, 1865.


18th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, Conclusion
During the war, the 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry had five officers and 55 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded. An additional two officers and 232 enlisted men died from disease. Over half of the men that died from disease died in Confederate prisons, and almost two thirds of those that died in prisons died at Andersonville Prison.


18th People's Choice Awards
The 18th People's Choice Awards, honoring the best in popular culture for 1991, were held on March 17, 1992, at Universal Studios Hollywood, in Universal City, California. They were hosted by Kenny Rogers, and broadcast on CBS.


18th People's Choice Awards
Aaron Spelling received a special tribute to celebrate his long career in television.


18th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
The 18th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was elected by the 18th Central Committee in the aftermath of the 18th Congress.


18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party
The 18th Central Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party (Chinese: 中国共产党第十八届中央政治局) was elected by the 18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) on 15 November 2012, which was formally elected by the 18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. It was nominally preceded by the 17th Politburo. It was succeeded by the 19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party.


18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party, Explanation on composition
At the beginning of its term, the 25 Politburo members held the following portfolios: seven members of the CCP Politburo Standing Committee, six regional party leaders, two military figures, five leaders of central party organs and commissions, three Vice Premiers, the Vice President, and the head of the national trade union federation. The internal composition was largely similar to the previous Politburo, with only a few portfolio changes.


18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party, Explanation on composition
The number of Standing Committee members decreased from nine to seven. The party leaders of the direct-controlled municipalities of Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, and Chongqing, the province of Guangdong, and the far western region of Xinjiang were represented on the Politburo; this arrangement was unchanged from the previous Politburo. The two vice-chairmen of the Central Military Commission, the national trade union head, the head of the party's Organization and Propaganda departments, and all Vice-Premiers were represented on the Politburo; again this arrangement was totally consistent with the composition of the previous Politburo.


18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party, Explanation on composition
The long-term head of the Policy Research Office, Wang Huning, gained a seat on the Politburo. This was the first time the head of this office was represented at the Politburo level. Prior to the start of his Politburo term, Wang sat on the Central Secretariat. Similarly, Li Zhanshu, who was appointed director of the party's General Office, was also given a seat on the Politburo, while his predecessors generally did not enjoy this 'privilege'. The Secretary of the Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission, Meng Jianzhu, did not earn a seat on the Standing Committee, unlike his predecessor Zhou Yongkang.


18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party, Explanation on composition
Moreover, no Politburo member directly took on the role that Li Changchun played as "propaganda chief" in the previous Politburo; instead, Standing Committee member Liu Yunshan was named both executive Secretary of the Secretariat in charge of party affairs, he was also seen as having 'taken over' Li Changchun's post as informal "propaganda chief". Liu Yandong, who continued her term from the 17th Politburo, was promoted from State Councilor to Vice-Premier; therefore no State Councilors sat on the 18th Politburo.


18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party, Explanation on composition
Apart from the seven Standing Committee members, only three others maintained their membership from the previous Politburo: Liu Yandong, Li Yuanchao, and Wang Yang, meaning that 15 out of the 25 members were newcomers. Li held the office of Vice-President, which was previously held by Xi Jinping, and Wang was transferred from his post as Guangdong party secretary to become Vice Premier. Li and Wang theoretically meet the age requirements to advance one level higher to the Standing Committee at the 19th Party Congress, the only two-term Politburo members apart from Xi Jinping and Li Keqiang who met this requirement.


18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party, Explanation on composition
Two women, Sun Chunlan and Liu Yandong, sat on the Politburo, the first time this has happened since 1973 (when Ye Qun and Jiang Qing were part of the Politburo). No ethnic minorities earned a seat on the council.


18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party, Explanation on composition, Changes during term
When Ling Jihua was removed from office as the head of the United Front Work Department due to a corruption investigation in December 2014, Sun Chunlan left her post as party secretary of Tianjin to take lead of the United Front Department. This meant that Tianjin temporarily lost its representation on the Politburo. Conversely, it also made Sun the first United Front Department head to sit on the Politburo in decades. In September 2016, Zhang Chunxian was transferred out of Xinjiang to become the deputy leader of the Leading Group for Party Building.


18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party, Explanation on composition, Changes during term
Guo Jinlong retired from his post as party secretary of Beijing in May 2017 to become Vice Chairman of the Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization. Sun Zhengcai was placed under investigation by the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection in July 2017 and therefore was removed from office as party secretary of Chongqing.


18th Pomeranian Uhlan Regiment
18th Pomeranian Uhlan Regiment (Polish language: 18 Pulk Ulanów Pomorskich, 18 p.ul.) was a cavalry unit of the Polish Army in the Second Polish Republic. Formed in April 1919 in Poznan, it fought in the Polish-Soviet War and the Invasion of Poland. In the interbellum period, the regiment was garrisoned in Grudziadz (since September 1923). Pomeranian uhlans became famous for the legendary Charge at Krojanty, after which the unit ceased to exist.


18th Pomeranian Uhlan Regiment, Beginnings
In April 1919, following the order of commandant of Greater Poland Front, General Jozef Dowbor-Musnicki, a cavalry unit was formed in Poznan. In July 1919, the unit was named 4th Greater Poland Uhlan Regiment, with Colonel August Brochwitz-Donimirski (former officer of the Imperial German Army) as its commandant.


18th Pomeranian Uhlan Regiment, Beginnings
By late October 1919, First Squadron of the regiment was fully equipped and trained. The unit was tasked with seizing parts of formerly German province of West Prussia, which were attached to Poland (see Polish Corridor). On January 18, 1920, it entered Torun, to be later moved to Grudziadz after the Germans had abandoned this city. In February 1920, its name was officially changed into the 18th Pomeranian Uhlan Regiment, and in late May 1920, the regiment was sent to the Soviet front.


18th Pomeranian Uhlan Regiment, Beginnings
In early summer 1920, Pomeranian uhlans fought in northeastern corner of the Second Polish Republic, along the Daugava (river), where it engaged Soviet cavalry under Hayk Bzhishkyan. On July 5, 1920, it was encircled by the enemy near Druja. To escape Soviet captivity, the uhlans decided to swim across the Daugava, and enter the territory of neutral Latvia. Polish soldiers reached Daugavpils, and on July 22 were transported by rail to Riga. Six days later, 60 Polish soldiers were loaded on the Pomeranian, but the bulk of the regiment remained in Riga.


18th Pomeranian Uhlan Regiment, Beginnings
On August 11, Latvia signed a peace treaty with Soviet Russia. Fearing disarmament by the Latvian authorities, the Poles marched towards the port of Memel, which at that time was a free city, occupied by French troops. The regiment reached Palanga, where it was disarmed. After several days, the uhlans in mufti, were loaded on boats, and on August 18 arrived at Danzig. Unable to anchor at this port, the regiment finally left the boats at nearby Gdynia. On August 22, the unit returned to Torun.


18th Pomeranian Uhlan Regiment, Beginnings
The Pomeranian uhlans remained in Torun until mid-September 1920, when they were transported by rail to Hajnowka. At that time, the regiment had 32 officers, 630 soldiers and 610 horses. On September 19, the unit was attached to Operational Group of General Wladyslaw Jung, and was sent to the frontline near Wolkowysk, to fight in the Battle of the Niemen River. Pomeranian uhlans remained in eastern Poland until May 5, 1921, when they returned to Grudziadz.


18th Pomeranian Uhlan Regiment, 1939 Invasion of Poland
On August 26, 1939, the regiment, commanded by Colonel Kazimierz Masztalerz, became part of Chojnice Group of Polish Army. The unit was tasked with protecting the area of Chojnice and nearby Rytel.


18th Pomeranian Uhlan Regiment, 1939 Invasion of Poland
The Germans attacked Polish positions on September 1, 1939, at 5 a.m. After initial clashes, the uhlans were forced to withdraw. In the evening of the first day of the war, the Charge at Krojanty took place.


18th Pomeranian Uhlan Regiment, 1939 Invasion of Poland
Following the charge, and subsequent Luftwaffe attack near Drzycim, the regiment ceased to exist as a cohesive unit (September 4). Among those KIA at Krojanty, was Colonel Mastalerz himself.


18th Pomeranian Uhlan Regiment, Symbols
The regimental flag was funded by residents of Pomerelia, and handed to the unit in Torun, on May 29, 1923. In recognition of extraordinary service of Pomeranian uhlans during the Polish-Soviet War, the flag was awarded Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari.


18th Pomeranian Uhlan Regiment, Symbols
The badge of the regiment, approved in April 1925, featured the Pomeranian Griffin. The regiment had its own zurawiejka.


18th Primetime Emmy Awards
The 18th Emmy Awards, later known as the 18th Primetime Emmy Awards, were handed out on May 22, 1966, at the Hollywood Palladium. The ceremony was hosted by Danny Kaye and Bill Cosby.


18th Primetime Emmy Awards
The top show of the night was The Dick Van Dyke Show, which won its fourth consecutive top series award, and tied the record (since broken) of five major wins. The ceremony returned to a more traditional format, after experimenting the previous year.


18th Primetime Emmy Awards, Winners and nominees
Winners are listed in bold and series' networks are in parentheses.


18th Producers Guild of America Awards
The 18th Producers Guild of America Awards (also known as 2007 Producers Guild Awards), honoring the best film and television producers of 2006, were held at The Century Plaza Hotel in Los Angeles, California on January 20, 2007. The nominations were announced on December 4, 2006, and January 3, 2007.


18th Producers Guild of America Awards, Winners and nominees, Stanley Kramer Award
Awarded to the motion picture that best illuminates social issues.


18th Producers Guild of America Awards, Winners and nominees, Vanguard Award
Awarded in recognition of outstanding achievement in new media and technology.


18th Quebec Cinema Awards
The 18th Quebec Cinema Awards ceremony (French: Gala du cinéma québécois 2016) were held on March 20, 2016 to honour films made with the participation of the Quebec film industry in 2015.


18th Quebec Cinema Awards
The ceremony was the first to be held since Québec Cinéma dropped the "Jutra Awards" name from its awards program, following the publication in February 2016 of allegations that namesake director Claude Jutra had been a pedophile. The organization established a committee to determine a new permanent name for the awards, which announced the new Prix Iris name in October 2016.


18th Quebec Cinema Awards
Winners at the 2016 ceremony received a new wooden statue, replacing the previous trophy created by Charles Daudelin. The new trophy was created by Montreal's Nouveau Studio; it is made of solid maple, painted white, with gold and acrylic leaves. With only three weeks to design and produce the new statue following the renaming of the award, it would not have been possible to cast the trophies out of bronze.


18th Quebec Cinema Awards
The Passion of Augustine won in six categories including Best Picture and Best Director (Léa Pool). Other multiple winners were My Internship in Canada with three, and Felix and Meira, Snowtime!, and Brooklyn, with two each.


18th Quebec Legislature
The 18th Quebec Legislature is the provincial legislature that existed in Quebec, Canada from August 24, 1931, to October 30, 1935. The Liberal Party led by Louis-Alexandre Taschereau had a majority of seats in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec and remained in power in the government.


18th Quebec Legislature, Member list
This was the list of members of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec that were elected in the 1931 election:


18th Reconnaissance Regiment
18th Reconnaissance Regiment (Polish: 18 Pułk Rozpoznawczy) is a unit of the Polish Land Forces and is based in Białystok. It was formed from the former 18th Territorial Defense Battalion, which in turn was the former 18th Mechanized Brigade. It is the most recently formed unit of the Polish army, and one of three reconnaissance regiments.


18th Reconnaissance Regiment, History
On 23 April 2009 the Polish Minister of National Defense, Bogdan Klich, announced that the 18th Territorial Defense Battalion would be reorganized to create a reconnaissance regiment. The 18th Reconnaissance Regiment was formed on 1 July 2009. On 15 October 2009 the 18th Reconnaissance Regiment was authorised to use the standard of the 18th Territorial Defense Battalion until 15 August 2010.


18th Reconnaissance Regiment, History
On 11 November 2010, representatives of the 18th Reconnaissance Regiment, on behalf of the Minister of National Defense Bogdan Klich, paid tribute at the grave of the late ordinary orthodox archbishop of the Polish Army, Miron Chodakowski. The delegation was composed of the regimental commander Lieutenant Colonel Chris Lenkiewicz, Major Slawomir Ratyński and Captain Jan Busłowicz. The ceremony took place in the crypt church of the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary located in Supraśl, near Bialystok.


18th Reconnaissance Regiment, History
On 30 June 2011, the regiment received its regimental standard from Polish President Bronislaw Komorowski at a ceremony in Kosciuszko Square, Białystok before the monument to Marshal Józef Piłsudski. In late 2012 the regiment was posted to Afghanistan as part of the 12th rotation of the Polish Military Contingent there. It was proposed in 2014 that the model used to form the 18th Reconnuassance Regiment be used to establish further units and form a new reconnaissance brigade to be stationed in North-West Poland. The regiment took part in the Lynx 15 military exercises in December 2015.


18th Reconnaissance Regiment, Regimental standard
The new standard bears the national colors and emblem, and also expresses symbolic elements associated with the Bialystok coat of arms and contains commemorative badges of merit from the military units formerly stationed there:


18th Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry
The 18th Regiment of the Bengal Native Infantry was a unit of the Bengal Native Infantry that was formed in 1776, then mutinied in 1857 and was disbanded.


18th Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry, Chronology
In 1861, after the mutiny, the title was given to the Alipore Regiment which later became the 18th Infantry.


18th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention
The 18th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention (Turkish: 18. CHP Olağanüstü Kurultayı) took place on 5 and 6 September 2014 in order to elect a leader of the Republican People's Party (Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi - CHP), a Turkish centre-left political party. Initially, an ordinary convention was due to be held in 2014, two years after the previous one in 2012. However, the party's incumbent leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu accepted calls for an extraordinary convention to be held following the loss of the CHP's presidential candidate Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu in the presidential election held in August. The ordinary convention will thus be held in 2015 instead.


18th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention
The result was a victory for incumbent leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu, who was re-elected with 64.1% of the delegates' votes. He had initially been nominated for the leadership with the signatures of 944 delegates (84.2%). His rival Muharrem İnce congratulated Kılıçdaroğlu and conceded defeat.


18th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Background
CHP leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu announced that his party would support Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu's candidacy for the presidency, claiming further that he himself had thought of İhsanoğlu as an adequate candidate. Besides the controversy over İhsanoğlu's alleged lack of secular credentials, Kılıçdaroğlu drew criticism for not consulting MPs on his choice of candidate. When İhsanoğlu came a distant second with 38.44% of the vote in the presidential election, several MPs within the CHP voiced opposition to Kılıçdaroğlu's choice of candidate and called for an extraordinary convention to be held before the June 2015 general election.


18th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Background
Such MPs included Emine Ülker Tarhan, Muharrem İnce and Süheyl Batum, with İnce claiming that former CHP leader Deniz Baykal also supported his opposition to Kılıçdaroğlu. Initially, Kılıçdaroğlu expressed regret for bringing the rebellious MPs into the party, accusing them of not helping in the presidential campaign and thus contributing to rival candidate Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's victory in the first round. Regardless, Kılıçdaroğlu and the CHP Youth Wing both accepted the notion to hold an extraordinary convention with a leadership election in September 2014, nullifying the need to obtain signatures before any convention can be proposed.


18th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Background
The convention is expected to take 3 days, either between 9–11 September or 14–17 September.


18th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Background
78 of 81 province heads of CHP except Yalova, Düzce and Isparta expressed their support to Kılıçdaroğlu.


18th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Candidates, Declined candidates
Metin Feyzioğlu, who currently serves as the President of the Turkish Bars Association, stated that he would not be a candidate for the CHP leadership on 16 August. Feyizoğlu had become famous for his opposition to Recep Tayyip Erdoğan when the two publicly quarrelled at the State Council's 146th anniversary ceremony. In late August 2014, Feyizoğlu stated that he did not regard the convention as democratic due to being held at such short notice and claimed that he would have been a candidate had the convention met "democratic standards".


18th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention, Opinion polls
Although normal CHP members or supporters could not vote, opinion polls were conducted to gauge voter's preferences before the convention.


18th Reserve Division (German Empire)
The 18th Reserve Division (18. Reserve-Division) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I. The division was formed on mobilization of the German Army in August 1914. The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I. At the beginning of the war, it formed the IX Reserve Corps with the 17th Reserve Division.


18th Reserve Division (German Empire), Recruitment
The division was composed primarily of troops from Schleswig-Holstein, the Hanseatic Cities, and the Mecklenburg grand duchies. The 31st Reserve Infantry Regiment was a Hanseatic regiment, primarily recruited in Hamburg and Bremen. The 84th and 86th Reserve Infantry Regiments were raised in Schleswig, with one battalion of the 84th Reserve Infantry Regiment raised in the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. The 90th Reserve Infantry Regiment was raised in the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. The 9th Reserve Jäger Battalion was raised in Lauenburg, a former duchy on the Baltic coast which had passed from Denmark to Prussia in 1864.


18th Reserve Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle
The 18th Reserve Division fought on the Western Front alongside its sister division, the 17th Reserve Division. It fought across Belgium in August 1914 and then occupied the line on the Aisne until September 1915. It then went to Flanders and the Artois, where it remained engaged in positional warfare until June 1916. From mid-July to late October 1916, it fought in the Battle of the Somme with only one interlude away from the front. The division then remained in the trenchlines along the Yser until May 1917. In May it fought in the Battle of Arras.


18th Reserve Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle
It remained in the Flanders region for the rest of the year and into 1918 and fought in the Battle of Passchendaele. In 1918, it occupied various parts of the line and fought against several Allied offensives, including in the second Battle of Cambrai. In 1918, Allied intelligence rated the division as second class.


18th Reserve Division (German Empire), Order of battle on mobilization
The order of battle of the 18th Reserve Division on mobilization was as follows:


18th Reserve Division (German Empire), Order of battle on March 8, 1918
The 18th Reserve Division was triangularized in March 1915. Over the course of the war, other changes took place, including the formation of artillery and signals commands and a pioneer battalion. The order of battle on March 8, 1918, was as follows:


18th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)
The 18th Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Soviet Union's Red Army during the Russian Civil War, Polish–Soviet War, Winter War and World War II. The division was formed a total of five times during this period.


18th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), First Formation
The 18th Rifle Division was formed on 26 November 1918 at Arkhangelsk from troops from Archangel, Belsky and Kotlassky areas.


18th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), First Formation
During the period from November 1918 to May 1921 the division was part of the 6th Army, 7th Army, 15th Army, 4th Army, Reserve Group of the Western Front, 3rd Army, 15th Army, 9th Army, and 11th Armies. It participated in the liberation of Archangel and Onega. In the spring of 1920 the division was part of the Western Front and took part in the invasion of Poland. After being defeated at the Battle of Warsaw the division retreated to East Prussia where it was briefly interned.


18th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), First Formation
In November 1920 the division was assigned to the Caucasus Front where it participated in the battles with the white-green in the Kuban region and participated in the Erivan operation. In 1921 the division was located in Yaroslavl, Moscow Military District.


18th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), First Formation
It was a territorial division after the end of the Russian Civil War until the late 1930s, when it was upgraded to cadre status and dispatched to Petrozavodsk, Leningrad Military District.


18th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), First Formation
From 20 November 1939 to March 1940 the division was assigned to the 56th Rifle Corps, 8th Army (Soviet Union) during the Winter War, the division led the attack on Uomaa-Kitilä-Impilahti-Sortavala. The division was encircled near Lemetti and defeated. In early 1940 due to the loss of its banner and heavy losses the division was disbanded. The remains of the division were reassigned to the 71st Rifle Division.


18th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), First Formation
Currently, the division banner as a trophy stored in museum collections in Finland.


18th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), First Formation, Subordinate Units
Armies of the Bear list the following subordinate units: This is likely the OB prior to the expansion of the Soviet Army and the reorganization of the regiments in early 1939


18th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second Formation
It was established at Kazan on 15 August 1939 from the Ulyanovsk-based 86th Rifle Division as the 111th Rifle Division, and on 2 February 1940 (Russian Wiki), or April 1940 (Avanzini and Crofoot) was renamed as the 18th Rifle Division.


18th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second Formation
Until June 1941 was stationed in Kazan, from the middle of June 1941 to the beginning of the transfer of the western frontier. On 22 June 1941 the 208th Infantry Regiment and the majority of other regiments had arrived in the west. Still located in Kazan was the commander of the division, and all the rear units. The division was assigned to 61st Rifle Corps, 20th Army (Soviet Union). The division initially took up positions west of Orsha, but on 5 July was moved to south of Orsha taking up positions on the left bank of the Dnieper River covering the area from Orsha to near Shklow.


18th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second Formation
The corps ordered the division to push two battalions supported by antitank weapons to the Drut River 40–45 km from the main line of defense. These units were quickly cut off from the rest of the division by advancing German forces. The division fully entered battle on 9 July and by 11 July German forces had crossed the Dnieper River north of Shklow and quickly surrounded the division. The division received its order to withdraw on 18 July and on 19 July was in an encircled defensive position near Pishchikov. east of the Dnieper River. A small part of the division was able to break out of the ring on 23 July and joined the group led by General Boldin, which broke out of the encirclement on 15 August 1941.


18th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Second Formation
For its actions defending the Dnieper River the division was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. The division was officially disbanded on 19 September 1941.


18th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Third Formation
It was reestablished in September 1941 from the 18th Division of the Moscow People's Militia. It then fought at the Battle of Moscow. Became 11th Guards Rifle Division in January 1942.


18th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Fourth Formation
Recreated in February 1942 at Ryazan in the Moscow Military District from a cadre of the 16th Sapper Brigade. Spent four months in the District and assigned to the 1st Reserve Army in STAVKA Reserves. The division was located under the Staling Front Reserves by 10 July and reassigned to the 4th Tank Army. The division participated in unsuccessful counterattack on 22 July 1942. From 3–12 August the division was involved in intense fighting in a small bend of the Don River north-west of Stalingrad. Sustaining heavy casualties on 15–16 August and making another unsuccessful counterattack on 17 August. Due to its significant losses the division was put in reserve on 23 September 1942.


18th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Fourth Formation
After spending three months in the Moscow Military District rebuilding near Tambov the division was sent to the Volkhov Front before the end of the year and assigned to the 2nd Shock Army. In mid-January 1943 the division broke through the German encirclement, breaking the Siege of Leningrad and joining the forces of the Leningrad Front. The 18th Rifle Division is credited with capturing the first Tiger Tank.


18th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Fourth Formation
The division would participate in the Svir-Petrozavodsk Offensive. In late September 1944 the division was assigned to the Soviet-Finish border southwest of Sortavala. The division was placed in the STAVKA reserves in mid-November 1944 assigned to the 19th Army's 132nd Rifle Corps.


18th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Fourth Formation
Reassigned to the 2nd Belorussian Front along with its higher headquarters the division participated in the East Pomeranian Strategic Offensive Operation and fought at Danzig, Poland.


18th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Fourth Formation
Major General Alexander Yakushov commanded the division from July 1945 to its disbandment. It was stationed on Bornholm after the end of the war with the corps, part of the 43rd Army in the Northern Group of Forces from June 1945, and was disbanded in June 1946 after the corps was withdrawn to Poland on 4 May 1946.


18th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 5th formation
In 1955, it was reformed from the 194th Rifle Division at Kirov in the Ural Military District with the 10th Rifle Corps. On 5 June 1956 it became the 43rd Mechanized Division. It was relocated to Chkalov (Orenburg). On 4 June 1957, the 43rd Mechanized Division became the 130th Motor Rifle Division at Chkalov. The division disbanded on 1 July 1959.


18th Robert Awards
The 18th Robert Awards ceremony was held on 4 February 2001 in Copenhagen, Denmark. Organized by the Danish Film Academy, the awards honoured the best in Danish and foreign film of 2000.


18th Royal Garhwal Rifles
The 18th Royal Garhwal Rifles was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. It was formed in 1922, after the Indian government decided to reform the army, moving away from single-battalion regiments to multi-battalion regiments. They were the only Indian Infantry regiment to remain intact without being amalgamated. They were renumbered 18th Royal Garhwal Rifles with three active battalions and the 4th battalion becoming the 10th training battalion. After the partition of India in 1947, it was allocated to the new Indian Army and renamed The Garhwal Rifles.


18th Royal Garhwal Rifles, World War II (1939–45)
During World War II, five more battalions of the Garhwal Rifles were raised. These were: the 4th (re-raised having been converted into a training battalion and designated 10th Battalion earlier), the 5th, 6th, 7th and 25th (Garrison) battalion. The Regiment saw active service in almost all of the theatres of the war, including: Burma, Malaya, Egypt, Iraq, Eritrea, Abyssinia.


18th Royal Garhwal Rifles, World War II (1939–45)
The 2nd and 5th Battalions were captured in the fall of Singapore and remained in captivity until the end of the war.


18th Royal Garhwal Rifles, World War II (1939–45)
The Regiment's casualties during the war were high, with some 350 killed and approximately 1,400 wounded.


18th Royal Garhwal Rifles, World War II (1939–45)
Following the war the 1st and 3rd Battalions served briefly in a garrison role in Sumatra and Italy before returning to India. The 4th Battalion was used to reconstitute the 2nd Battalion in May 1946. The 5th Battalion was not raised again and the 6th Battalion was disbanded at war's end.


18th Royal Hussars
The 18th Royal Hussars (Queen Mary's Own) was a cavalry regiment of the British Army, first formed in 1759. It saw service for two centuries, including the First World War before being amalgamated with the 13th Hussars to form the 13th/18th Royal Hussars in 1922.


18th Royal Hussars, History, Early history
The regiment was first raised by Charles, Marquess of Drogheda as the 19th Regiment of (Light) Dragoons in 1759; it was also known as Drogheda's Light Horse. It was renumbered the 18th Regiment of (Light) Dragoons in 1763, and briefly the 4th Regiment of Light Dragoons in 1766 before reverting to the 18th in 1769. Arthur Wellesley was briefly a junior officer in the regiment between October 1792 and April 1793. The regiment undertook a one-year tour in Saint-Domingue between February 1796 and February 1797. It was in action at the Battle of Bergen in September 1799 during the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland.


18th Royal Hussars, History, Early history
In 1805 it took the title of the 18th (King's Irish) Regiment of (Light) Dragoons, named for George III, and redesignated as hussars in 1807, becoming the 18th (King's Irish) Regiment of (Light) Dragoons (Hussars). The regiment landed at Lisbon in July 1808 for service in the Peninsular War. It fought at the Battle of Benavente in December 1808 and at the Battle of Cacabelos in January 1809 before taking part in the Battle of Corunna and the subsequent return to England later that month.


18th Royal Hussars, History, Early history
The regiment was ordered to support Sir Arthur Wellesley's Army on the Iberian Peninsula and landed at Lisbon in February 1813. It saw action at the Battle of Morales in June 1813, and the Battle of Vitoria in June 1813. It went on to fight at the Battle of Sorauren in July 1813 and, having advanced into France, at the Battle of the Nive in December 1813, at the Battle of Orthez in February 1814 and at the Battle of Toulouse in April 1814. It returned home in July 1814.


18th Royal Hussars, History, Early history
The regiment took part in the Hundred Days landing at Ostend in April 1815. It charged  the centre of the French position at the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815. It then remained in France as part of the Army of Occupation brigaded with the  12th (Prince of Wales's) Regiment of (Light) Dragoons under the overall command of Major-General Sir Hussey Vivian. It was disbanded in Ireland in 1821.


18th Royal Hussars, History, Re-formed
The regiment was reformed in Leeds in 1858, as the 18th Regiment of (Light) Dragoons from a nucleus taken from the 15th Hussars, and was renamed the 18th Hussars in 1861.


18th Royal Hussars, History, Re-formed
The regiment was deployed to South Africa in 1899 for service in the Second Boer War. At the outbreak of hostilities on 11 October 1899 it was one of only two regular cavalry regiments in South Africa. In the Battle of Talana Hill, on 20 October, part of the regiment was cut off by Boer forces and about 249 officers and men, including Lieutenant Colonel Benhardt Moller, were taken prisoner. The reorganised regiment subsequently saw action during the Siege of Ladysmith. They stayed in South Africa throughout the war, which ended June 1902 with the Peace of Vereeniging. Four months later, 590 officers and men left Cape Town on the SS Englishman in late September 1902, and arrived at Southampton in late October, when they were posted to Aldershot Garrison.


18th Royal Hussars, History, Re-formed
In 1903 it was named the 18th (Princess of Wales's Own) Hussars, for Princess Mary, being retitled the 18th (Victoria Mary, Princess of Wales's Own) Hussars in 1905 and the 18th (Queen Mary's Own) Hussars in 1910 to mark her coronation as Queen Consort.


18th Royal Hussars, History, Re-formed
The regiment, having been based at Tidworth Camp at the start of the First World War, landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of the 2nd Cavalry Brigade in the 1st Cavalry Division in August 1914 for service on the Western Front. The regiment was retitled as the 18th (Queen Mary's Own) Royal Hussars in 1919  and then as the 18th Royal Hussars (Queen Mary's Own) in 1921. It amalgamated with the 13th Hussars to form the 13th/18th Royal Hussars in 1922. On amalgamation, the 18th formed A Squadron of the 13/18, leading to A Sqn being known as "The 18th Hussar Squadron".


18th Royal Hussars, Regimental museum
The regimental collection is held by the Discovery Museum in Newcastle upon Tyne.


18th SAARC summit
The eighteenth summit of 'South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation' (SAARC) was held in Kathmandu, the capital of Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal during 26–27 November 2014. The theme of the summit was Deeper Integration for Peace and Prosperity, focused on enhancing connectivity between the member states for easier transit-transport across the region. Sushil Koirala, the then Nepalese Prime Minister, was the main host of the event which took place in Rastriya Sabha Griha  The summit took place after an interval of three years as the previous summit was held in 2011 in Maldives.


18th SAARC summit, Background
On 26 May 2014, head of state/head of government of all SAARC nations attended the Swearing-in ceremony of Narendra Modi in New Delhi and the following day they have held high level discussion with the newly appointed Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi which was dubbed as the mini SAARC summit in the media. There it was agreed to revitalize the SAARC initiative and a summit was agreed upon in Nepal at the earliest. Started on November 26, the two-day SAARC Summit was the 18th session of the multilateral organisation. times of India


18th SAARC summit, Participants
The following heads of state/heads of government of the eight member countries participated in the summit in Kathmandu.


18th SAARC summit, Agenda
Foreign Ministers of the eight member states signed an agreement on energy cooperation namely 'SAARC Framework Agreement for Energy Cooperation (Electricity)' in the presence of their heads of state and government during the concluding ceremony of the 18th SAARC Summit on 27 November. Although Pakistan stalled, citing insufficient internal preparations, signing of two other agreements on Vehicular Traffic and Railways respectively.


18th SAARC summit, Agenda
Although Nepalese Prime Minister Sushil Koirala, current SAARC Chair, expressed his hope that the 'Regulation of Passenger and Cargo Vehicular Traffic amongst SAARC Member States', and 'SAARC Regional Agreement on Railways' would be signed later after the Transport Ministers of these countries reviewed them. It was also decided that Pakistan will host the next summit in 2016.


18th SAARC summit, Agenda
The India-Pakistan stand-off on the first day threatened to jeopardize the entire summit process as Pakistan seemed to be in the mood to block every Indian led proposal. But the next day things have changed when the two Prime Ministers met privately at the retreat session which led to Pakistan agreeing one out of three proposed agreements and they also met and shook hands publicly during the closing ceremony and this 'transient peace' in the relation was believed to brokered by the Nepalese side as a face-saving measure for the Kathmandu summit.