1900 Brooklyn Superbas season, Postseason, Chronicle-Telegraph Cup
The Chronicle-Telegraph Cup was held just once, in 1900, and was sponsored by the Pittsburgh Chronicle Telegraph, a newspaper in the hometown of the National League's second-place finisher, the Pittsburgh Pirates. It pitted the Pirates against the Superbas in a best-of-five postseason series, with all the games taking place in Pittsburgh. The Superbas won the series, 3 games to 1.


1900 Brown Bears football team
The 1900 Brown Bears football team represented Brown University during the 1900 college football season.


1900 Buchtel football team
The 1900 Buchtel football team represented Buchtel College in the 1900 college football season. The team did not have a coach; their captains were Edson Robinson and Hugh Price. Buchtel was outscored by their opponents by a total of 55–66.


1900 Building
The 1900 Building is a historic U.S. building located at 1900 South Harbor City Boulevard, Melbourne, Florida. This three story building was constructed in 1924 and originally opened as the Melbourne Hotel. The building housed several businesses through the years, including a bank, specialty stores and professional offices. The building has seen significant architectural changes over the years, with the reconstruction of the corner tower, elimination of the original windows, reconstruction of the covered walkways, and elimination of the dome atop the tower. The building received its current name from its address -- "1900" South Harbour City Boulevard.


1900 CAHL season
The 1900 Canadian Amateur Hockey League (CAHL) season was the second season of the league. Teams played an eight-game schedule. Again, the Montreal Shamrocks were the league champion with a record of seven wins and one loss.


1900 CAHL season, League business, Executive
McGill University applied to join the league but was turned down.


1900 CAHL season, League business, Executive
The use of netting for the goal was demonstrated with a model produced by Frank Stocking, goaltender of the Quebec club at the annual meeting. After an exhibition game between the Shamrocks and Victorias, the use of goal nets was approved for league play, and used for the season. The netting connected the two upright posts, but there was no crossbar across the top.


1900 CAHL season, League business, Executive
The use of hockey gloves was quite common and shin guards were now mostly in use inside the stockings though some players still used the old style outside the stockings.


1900 CAHL season, Season
Star rover Graham Drinkwater retired from the Victorias before the season.


1900 CAHL season, Season, Highlights
The Shamrocks won the championship losing only one game, and that, after the league championship was decided. This was the second year in a row for the Shamrocks, who were a mediocre team before this stretch of success and would return to it the next year.


1900 CAHL season, Stanley Cup challenges, Shamrocks vs. Winnipeg
The MHA's Winnipeg Victorias issued another challenge for the Cup. This time, a best-of-three series was played against the defending champion Montreal Shamrocks. Winnipeg won the first game, 4–3, but Montreal prevailed in the next two games, 3–2 and 5–4.


1900 CAHL season, Stanley Cup challenges, Shamrocks vs. Halifax
In March, the Shamrocks then received another challenge for the Cup. However, the Halifax Crescents of the Halifax City Hockey League did not pose much of a threat as Montreal crushed them, 10–2 and 11–0.


1900 CAHL season, Player statistics, Goaltending averages
Note: GP = Games played, GA = Goals against, SO = Shutouts, GAA = Goals against average


1900 CCNY Lavender football team
The 1900 CCNY Lavender football team represented the City College of New York during the 1900 college football season.


1900 Calgary municipal election
The 1900 Calgary municipal election took place on December 10, 1900 to elect a Mayor and nine Aldermen to sit on the seventeenth Calgary City Council from January 7, 1901 to January 6, 1902. The election for Mayor was very close, with the Calgary Herald reporting James Stuart Mackie defeating his opponent Silas Alexander Ramsay by a single vote.


1900 California Golden Bears football team
The 1900 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California, Berkeley during the 1900 college football season. The team competed as an independent under head coach Addison Kelly and compiled a record of 4–2–1.


1900 Canadian federal election
The 1900 Canadian federal election was held on November 7, 1900 to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 9th Parliament of Canada. As a result of the election, the Liberal Party, led by Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier, was re-elected to a second majority government, defeating the Conservative Party and Liberal-Conservatives led by Charles Tupper.


1900 Canadian federal election, National results
* Party did not nominate candidates in the previous election.


1900 Canadian federal election, National results
x - indicates less than 0.005% of the popular vote.


1900 Canadian federal election, National results
1 Ralph Smith is reported to have run as an Independent Labour candidate in Vancouver. He was elected defeating both a Liberal and Conservative, but immediately joined the Liberal Party caucus when he took his seat in the House of Commons. Some records suggest that he ran as a Liberal in 1900. He was subsequently re-elected as a "Liberal" in 1904 and 1908, and was defeated in 1911. He is listed in these tables as having been elected as a Liberal.


1900 Canadian federal election, National results
2 Arthur Puttee of Winnipeg was elected as a Labour candidate in a 1900 by-election, and was re-elected as an Independent Labour MP in the subsequent 1900 election.


1900 Canadian federal election, Results by province
xx - indicates less than 0.05% of the popular vote.


1900 Carlisle Indians football team
The 1900 Carlisle Indians football team represented the Carlisle Indians football team of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School during the 1900 college football season. The Indians were coached by Pop Warner in his second year as head coach. The team compiled a record of 6–4–1 and outscored opponents 207 to 92.


1900 Carlisle Indians football team
Carlisle defeated Southern champion Virginia. In that game Virginia's Bradley Walker once grabbed Hawley Pierce, Carlisle's biggest player, and carried him ten yards with him dangling over his shoulder.


1900 Central Michigan Normalites football team
The 1900 Central Michigan Normalites football team represented Central Michigan Normal School, later renamed Central Michigan University, as an independent during the 1900 college football season. They only played one game, a 20–5 win against Cadillac High School. Their head coach was unknown.


1900 Centre football team
The 1900 Centre football team represented Centre College in the 1900 college football season. Centre finished its season with a record of 4–1–1 and outscored their opponents 54–17. Their first game, scheduled against Cincinnati, was cancelled after fifteen minutes of play due to lightning.


1900 Challenge Cup
The 1900 Challenge Cup was the 4th staging of rugby league's oldest knockout competition, the Challenge Cup.


1900 Challenge Cup
The final was contested by Swinton and Salford at Fallowfield Stadium in Manchester  on Saturday 28 April 1900. Swinton won 16–8 in front of a crowd of 17,864. The cup was presented by Mrs Smith, wife of the President of the Northern Union.


1900 Challenge Cup, First round
The 30 ties of the first round were all played on Saturday 17 March 1900. 64 teams had been in the draw but Holbeck and Bramley received byes as their opponents, Whitehaven Town and Rothwell respectively withdrew from the competition before the games were played.


1900 Challenge Cup, First round
The two drawn matches were replayed on Tuesday 20 March; Batley beat Castleford 5–0 and Oldham beat Manningham 18–3.


1900 Challenge Cup, Second round
The second-round games were played on Saturday 24 March 1900.


1900 Challenge Cup, Third round
The third round matches were played on Saturday 31 March 1900.


1900 Challenge Cup, Third round
The Widnes v Bramley tie was replayed on Tuesday 3 April with Widnes winning 8–0. Runcorn and Bradford replayed their game the following evening and drew again, this time 3–3. With the quarter-finals to be played on the following Saturday, the two clubs had to play a second replay on the following, Thursday, evening. In this third meeting Runcorn came out on top 6–2 in a match played on neutral ground at Broughton Rovers.


1900 Challenge Cup, Quarter-finals
Saturday 7 April 1900 saw the four quarter final games played.


1900 Challenge Cup, Quarter-finals
Leeds parish Church and Runcorn replayed the match on 11 April and Leeds Parish Church won 8–6.


1900 Chicago Maroons football team
The 1900 Chicago Maroons football team was an American football team that represented the University of Chicago during the 1900 Western Conference football season. In their ninth season under head coach Amos Alonzo Stagg, the Maroons compiled a 9–5–1 record, finished in sixth place in the Western Conference with a 2–3–1 record against conference opponents, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 204 to 135.


1900 Chicago Orphans season
The 1900 Chicago Orphans season was the 29th season of the Chicago Orphans franchise, the 25th in the National League and the 8th at West Side Park. The Orphans tied with the St. Louis Cardinals for fifth in the National League with a record of 65–75.


1900 Chicago Orphans season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1900 Chicago Orphans season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1900 Chicago Orphans season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1900 Chicago Orphans season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1900 Chicago Physicians and Surgeons football team
The 1900 Chicago Physicians and Surgeons football team was an American football team that represented the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Chicago  in the 1900 college football season.


1900 Cincinnati Reds season
The 1900 Cincinnati Reds season was a season in American baseball. The team finished seventh in the National League with a record of 62–77, 21.5 games behind the Brooklyn Superbas.


1900 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season
After a disappointing sixth-place finish in 1899, the Reds began to rebuild for the future in 1900. Manager Buck Ewing was replaced after leading the Reds for five seasons, in which the team had a 394–297 record. However, they never finished above third place in the National League during Ewing's tenure. The team named Bob Allen as manager. Allen was a player-manager for the Philadelphia Phillies for their last thirty-five games in 1890, in which the team went 25–10. He last played in the National League in 1897 with the Boston Beaneaters, and played for the Phillies between 1890–1894.


1900 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season
During the off-season, the Reds' longtime second baseman, Bid McPhee, retired from playing. McPhee played with the Reds since their inception in 1882, and in his hall of fame career, he batted .272 with 53 home runs and 1072 RBI while scoring 1684 runs with 2258 hits. McPhee led the American Association in home runs in 1886 with eight, and in triples in 1887 with nineteen. To replace McPhee, the Reds moved third baseman Harry Steinfeldt over to second before they acquired Joe Quinn in the early part of the 1900 season.


1900 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season
The team acquired pitchers Ed Scott and Doc Newton from the Indianapolis Hoosiers of the Western League. Neither the 29-year-old Scott nor the 22-year-old Newton had any major league experience.


1900 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season
Offensively, Jake Beckley once again proved to be the leader, as he hit a team high .341 with two home runs and 94 RBI. Jimmy Barrett had a breakout season, batting .316 with five home runs and 42 RBI, while having the team lead in runs with 114 and stolen bases with 44. Sam Crawford, in his first season as a regular, hit .260 with a team high seven home runs and drove in 59 runs.


1900 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season
Scott led the pitching staff with 17 wins, 31 complete games and 315 innings pitched in 42 games. Noodles Hahn finished just behind Scott in wins with 16, while he had a team best 3.20 ERA in 39 games. Hahn led the league with four shutouts, and 132 strikeouts.


1900 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season, Season summary
The Reds started off the year on a good note, going 6–3 in their first nine games to sit in a first place tie with the Philadelphia Phillies. That would be the high point of the season, as Cincinnati would eventually going into a 3–18 slump to completely fall out of the pennant race and well below the .500 level. Wins would be scarce for the Reds, as they finished the year with a 62–77 record, which placed them in seventh place in the eight team National League, 21.5 games behind the Brooklyn Superbas.


1900 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season, Season summary
On July 5–6, 1900, the Reds only had one hit each in consecutive games at League Park against the Superbas. Jerry Nops threw the one-hitter on July 5, while Frank Kitson tossed the second one-hitter the next day. The Reds would not endure such a feat until April 25–26, 2013 against the Washington Nationals. On July 12, Hahn threw a no-hitter against the Phillies.


1900 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1900 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1900 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1900 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1900 Cincinnati football team
The 1900 Cincinnati football team was an American football team that represented the University of Cincinnati as an independent during the 1900 college football season. In their second season under head coach Daniel A. Reed, the Bearcats compiled a 3–5–1 record. Burt Charles was the team captain. The team played its home games at Union Ball Park in Cincinnati.


1900 City of Auckland by-election
The City of Auckland by-election was a by-election in the New Zealand electorate of City of Auckland, an urban seat in the Auckland region, in the upper North Island.


1900 City of Auckland by-election, Summary
The by-election was held on 27 April 1900, and was precipitated by the death of sitting MP William Crowther. The seat was won by Liberal candidate Joseph Witheford who defeated four other candidates including Prime Minister Richard Seddon's personally endorsed candidate, the former Mayor of Auckland James Job Holland.


1900 Clemson Tigers football team
The 1900 Clemson Tigers football team represented the Clemson Tigers of Clemson Agricultural College in the sport of American football during the 1900 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. Under first year head coach John Heisman, the team posted a 6–0 record and Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) championship.


1900 Clemson Tigers football team
The Tigers outscored their opponents 222–10; the 64–0 win over Davidson on opening day was then the largest score ever made in the South and the season's only home game. The only close game was with the  South Atlantic school VPI.


1900 Clemson Tigers football team, Before the season
Walter Riggs led the effort to raise the $415.11 to hire Auburn's football coach John Heisman, the first Clemson coach who had experience coaching at another school. As Riggs recalled, "By 1899 the Clemson football team had risen steadily until its material was equal to that of any southern college, and the time had come to put on the long-planned finishing touch." Heisman once described his style of play at Clemson as "radically different from anything on earth".


1900 Clemson Tigers football team, Before the season
The team took the field in jerseys and stockings bearing distinctive orange and purple stripes. Norman Walker was team captain.


1900 Clemson Tigers football team, Season summary, Davidson
Clemson opened the season at home in Calhoun on October 19, winning over Davidson 64–0, then the largest score ever made in the South.


1900 Clemson Tigers football team, Season summary, Wofford
The Tigers beat Wofford 21–0 on October 22. Clemson agreed that every point scored after the first four touchdowns would not count.


1900 Clemson Tigers football team, Season summary, South Carolina
Going into the South Carolina game, Clemson had been strong on offense, but weak on defense. Kinsler and Douthit were both injured. The Tigers rolled up a 51–0 score on South Carolina.


1900 Clemson Tigers football team, Season summary, Georgia
Before the game with Georgia, students in the dorms barraged Clemson players with bits of coal. Clemson went on to beat the Bulldogs for the first time, pulling away in the second half to overwhelm the Bulldogs 39–5, and achieve the season's first great victory.


1900 Clemson Tigers football team, Season summary, Georgia
The starting lineup was Bellows (left end), Dickerson (left tackle), George (left guard) Kinsley (center), Woodward (right guard), Walker (right tackle), Lynah (right end), Lewis (quarterback), Forsyth (left halfback), Hunt (right halfback), Douthit (fullback).


1900 Clemson Tigers football team, Season summary, V. P. I.
In Charlotte, Clemson beat VPI 12–5 in the first-ever meeting between the two schools. The game was shortened due to darkness. Hunter Carpenter starred for VPI.


1900 Clemson Tigers football team, Season summary, Alabama
The season closed on Thanksgiving against the Alabama Crimson White, Clemson's first meeting with Alabama, at Birmingham's North Birmingham Park. The Tigers won 35–0. Clemson back Claude Douthit scored four touchdowns.


1900 Clemson Tigers football team, Season summary, Alabama
After the Tigers forced an Alabama punt to open the game, Douthit scored three consecutive touchdowns for Clemson en route to an 18–0 lead. Douthit scored first on a 5-yard run, next on a short reception and finally on a second short touchdown run. M. N. Hunter then scored for Clemson on a long run just before the break and made the halftime score 23–0. In the second half, the Tigers extended their lead to 35–0 behind a long Jim Lynah touchdown run and Douthit's fourth score of the day on a short run. With approximately four minutes left in the game, both team captains agreed to end the game early due to an unruly crowd and impending darkness.


1900 Clemson Tigers football team, Postseason
The Tigers ended the season with the outright SIAA title. It was both Clemson and Heisman's first conference championship and undefeated, untied season. The season saw "the rise of Clemson from a little school whose football teams had never been heard of before, to become a football machine of the very first power."


1900 Clemson Tigers football team, Players, Depth chart
The following chart provides a visual depiction of Clemson's lineup during the 1900 season. The chart mimics the offense in a T formation.


1900 Colgate football team
The 1900 Colgate football team represented Colgate University in the 1900 college football season. Colgate reports the record for the season as 3–7, however, a reporting error in early record keeping mistakenly tracked a loss to Colgate Academy as a win.


1900 College Football All-America Team
The 1900 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various individuals who chose College Football All-America Teams for the 1900 college football season. The only two individuals who have been recognized as "official" selectors by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) for the 1900 season are Walter Camp and Caspar Whitney, who had originated the College Football All-America Team eleven years earlier in 1889. Camp's 1900 All-America Team was published in Collier's Weekly, and Whitney's selections were published in Outing magazine.


1900 College Football All-America Team, Consensus All-Americans
In its official listing of "Consensus All-America Selections," the NCAA designates players who were selected by either  Camp or Whitney as "consensus" All-Americans. Using this criteria, the NCAA recognizes 15 players as "consensus" All-American for the 1900 football season. The consensus All-Americans are identified in bold on the list below ("All-American selections for 1900") and include the following:


1900 College Football All-America Team, Concerns of Eastern bias
The All-America selections by Camp and Whitney were dominated by players from the East and the Ivy League in particular. In 1900, all 15 consensus All-Americans came from Eastern universities, and 13 of 15 played in the Ivy League. The Yale Bulldogs (Camp's alma mater) had seven players who were designated as consensus All-Americans. The only two consensus All-Americans from schools outside the Ivy League were Walter Smith of Army and Walter E. Bachman of Lafayette College.


1900 College Football All-America Team, Concerns of Eastern bias
The dominance of Eastern players led to criticism over the years that the All-America selections were biased against players from the leading Western universities, including Chicago, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Notre Dame. No players from western schools received first-team or second-team All-American honors in 1900. Two western players were selected by Camp for his third team: Page, a fullback for Minnesota; and Clyde Williams, a quarterback for Iowa.


1900 College Football All-America Team, Unofficial selectors
In addition to Camp and Whitney, other sports writers and publications selected All-America teams in 1900, though such lists have not been recognized as "official" All-America selections by the NCAA. The list below includes the All-America selections made by Charles Sargent for Leslie's Weekly and George W. Orton for The Philadelphia Inquirer. Only four players were unanimously selected by Camp, Whitney, Sargent, and Orton. They were James Bloomer, Gordon Brown, Truxton Hare, and end John Hallowell of Harvard.


1900 College Football All-Southern Team
The 1900 College Football All-Southern Team consists of American football players selected to the College Football All-Southern Teams selected by various organizations in 1900. Clemson won the SIAA championship. Most said Virginia ranked best in the south.


1900 College Football All-Southern Team
Caspar Whitney, the originator of the concept of the All-America team, selected an All-Southern eleven for Outing.


1900 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
O = selected by Caspar Whitney in Outing. Whitney ruled Walker, Nalle, and Devlin ineligible


1900 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
WH = selected by W. H. Hoge. It had substitutes, denoted with a small S. He picked "Walker" of Sewanee as a sub back, but must have meant Wilson.


1900 Colorado Agricultural Aggies football team
The 1900 Colorado Agricultural Aggies football team represented Colorado Agricultural College (now known as Colorado State University) in the Colorado Football Association (CFA) during the 1900 college football season. In their first season under head coach George Toomey, the Aggies compiled a 1–3 record and were outscored by a total of 109 to 16.


1900 Colorado Silver and Gold football team
The 1900 Colorado Silver and Gold football team was an American football team that represented the University of Colorado as a member of the Colorado Football Association (CFA) during the 1900 college football season. Head coach Theron W. Mortimer replaced Fred Folsom, who returned the following season. The team posted a mark of 6–4 overall overall and 1–2 in the CFA.


1900 Colorado gubernatorial election
The 1900 Colorado gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1900. Democratic nominee James Bradley Orman defeated Republican nominee Frank C. Goudy with 53.78% of the vote.


1900 Columbia Blue and White football team
The 1900 Columbia Blue and White football team was an American football team that represented Columbia University as an independent during the 1900 college football season. In its second season under head coach George Sanford, the team compiled a 7–3–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 124 to 77, including six shutouts. Bill Morley was the team captain.


1900 Columbia Blue and White football team
Columbia's sports teams were commonly called the "Blue and White" in this era, but had no official nickname. The name "Lions" would not be adopted until 1910.


1900 Columbia Blue and White football team
The team played its home games at Columbia Field in New York City.


1900 Connecticut Aggies football team
The 1900 Connecticut Aggies football team represented Connecticut Agricultural College, now the University of Connecticut, in the 1900 college football season. This was the fifth year that the school fielded a football team. The Aggies were led by second year head coach T. D. Knowles, and completed the season with a record of 4–3–1.


1900 Connecticut gubernatorial election
The 1900 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1900. Republican nominee George P. McLean defeated Democratic nominee S. L. Bronson with 53.02% of the vote.


1900 Cork Senior Football Championship
The 1900 Cork Senior Football Championship was the 14th staging of the Cork Senior Football Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887.


1900 Cork Senior Football Championship
On 20 January 1901, Fermoy won the championship following a 1-09 to 1-06 defeat of Kinsale in the final at Turners Cross. This was their fourth championship title overall while they also became the first team to win three successive titles.


1900 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
The 1900 Cork Senior Hurling Championship was the 14th staging of the Cork Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887. The draw for the opening round fixtures took place on 20 May 1900. The championship began on 1 July 1900 and ended on 24 March 1901.


1900 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
St. Finbarr’s were the defending champions, however, they were beaten by Dungourney in the first round.


1900 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
On 24 March 1901, Redmonds won the championship following a 1-09 to 2-03 defeat of Dungourney in the final. This was their second championship title overall and their first in eight championship seasons.


1900 Cornell Big Red football team
The 1900 Cornell Big Red football team was an American football team that represented Cornell University during the 1900 college football season. In their second season under head coach Percy Haughton, the Big Red compiled a 10–2 record and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 167 to 55. Two Cornell players received honors on the 1900 College Football All-America Team: fullback Raymond Starbuck (Caspar Whitney-1); and tackle Edward R. Alexander (Walter Camp-3).


1900 County Championship
The 1900 County Championship was the eleventh officially organised running of the County Championship, and ran from 7 May to 1 September 1900. Yorkshire County Cricket Club won their fourth championship title, remaining unbeaten throughout the season. Lancashire finished as runners-up, their best position since winning the Championship in 1897.


1900 Cuban Constitutional Assembly election
Constitutional Assembly elections were held in Cuba on 15 September 1900. The result was a victory for the Republican–Democratic Coalition (an alliance of the Republican Party and Democratic Union Party), which won 18 of the 31 seats.


1900 Cuban local elections
Municipal elections were held in Cuba on June 16, 1900. The elections were held under the auspices of the U.S. Military Government with a system of restricted suffrage. 7% of the Cuban population took part in the polls, which saw some important victories for pro-independence sectors.


1900 Cuban local elections, Military Order No. 164
The elections for posts for municipal mayors, treasurers and judges were convened by the U.S. Military Government in Cuba, through the Military Order No. 164, issued on April 18, 1900. According to the Military Order, elections were to be held on June 16, 1900 and the elected officials would take office on July 1, 1900. The elected officials would hold office for one year.


1900 Cuban local elections, Military Order No. 164
Candidates for mayoral seats had to present themselves to the de facto mayors named by the Military Government, and provide a register of signatures of between 250-500 voters (depending on the size of the municipality) from the town in support of the candidature.


1900 Cuban local elections, Military Order No. 164
The Military Order also specified that Scrutinizing Centres (Juntas Escrutinadoras) would be formed across the island, with the task of appointing voters eligible to take part in the elections as well as to supervising the counting of votes.


1900 Cuban local elections, Electorate
Out of a population of 1,572,797, a total of 150,648 were given voting rights. 110,816 of those eligible took part in the elections. Voting was completely restricted to males. Furthermore, the voter had to be Cuban-born, the son of Cuban-born whilst their parents were temporarily abroad, or a former Spaniard who had renounced his citizenship. The minimum age for eligible voters was 20. They had to be resident in the municipality where they intended to vote for at least thirty days ahead of registration on the electoral roll, as well as being free of felony convictions.


1900 Cuban local elections, Electorate
Moreover, they had to be literate and own property worth at least US$250. However, the U.S. military governor, Leonard Wood, was wary of the risk of dissent from Cuban ex-army men, and the literacy requirement was waived for soldiers and ex-soldiers. The property prerequisite was also waived for soldiers of the Liberation Army.


1900 Cuban local elections, Electorate
By not adopting universal suffrage, the U.S. administration hoped to secure a victory for pro-American conservative forces. The decision to implement limited suffrage had been taken in Washington months before the polls. In the American political debate, it was often argued that the Cuban masses were illiterate and unsuited to have a say in politics. General James H. Wilson rebuffed Cuban demands for universal suffrage as 'rot'. Furthermore, he stated that "[s]uffrage, like any other privilege of citizenship, should be based upon qualifications and its exercise not permitted merely because one happens to belong to the male species." The U.S. Secretary of War Elihu Root thought that limited suffrage would be useful to ensure that Cuba would not fall into "perpetual revolutions" and instead would provide a stable conservative leadership for "control of Cubans by Cubans".


1900 Cuban local elections, Campaigning
The electoral process was marred by irregularities. In the province of Las Villas, there was a campaign of violent intimidation carried out by the party of the provincial governor José Miguel Gómez, the Federal Republican Party of Las Villas. The campaign successfully forced all potential competitors away from the polls, and the party won the election in the province by default.


1900 Cuban local elections, Campaigning
During the entire first half of 1900, Military Governor Wood himself worked behind the scenes for the sake of supporting pro-American conservative sectors, trying to cobble together viable conservative electoral coalitions.


1900 Cuban local elections, Results
In many parts of the islands the elections were a success for the independentista Cuban National Party, much to the dismay of the U.S. administration. In Havana, the Cuban National Party candidate Alejandro Rodríguez won with 12,027 votes. The electoral victories of the independentista sector emboldened pro-independence Cubans to exert more pressure on the Americans, for example through raising demands for speedy implementation of the Joint Resolution.


1900 Cuban local elections, Results
In Santiago de Cuba, the Republican candidate Tómas Padró Griñán was elected. In Matanzas, the elections were won by Republicans.


1900 Cuban local elections, Results
The manning of polling stations and counting of votes were done by Cubans, and U.S. soldiers were not present at the polling stations. However, after the elections the elected mayor had to swear an oath of allegiance to the U.S. Military Government before taking office.


1900 Cuban local elections, Aftermath
After the holding of the municipal polls, the military government issued another military order on July 25, 1900, convening elections to a Constituent Assembly.


1900 Cuban local elections, Aftermath
Less than a year later, on June 1, 1901, fresh local elections were held.


1900 Danish local elections
The Danish regional elections of 1900 were held in December of that year. A total of 435 municipal council members were elected. In addition, 1,817 members of various parish (Danish, sogn) councils (Danish, sogneråd) were selected by the middle class, and 2,535 parish council members by the upper class.


1900 Dartmouth football team
The 1900 Dartmouth football team was an American football team that represented Dartmouth College as an independent during the 1900 college football season. In its first and only season under head coach Frederick E. Jennings, the team compiled a 2–4–2 record and was outscored by a total of 68 to 38. Frank Lowe was the team captain. The team played its home games at Alumni Oval in Hanover, New Hampshire.


1900 Delaware gubernatorial election
The 1900 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1900. Though Governor Ebe W. Tunnell was eligible for re-election under the newly adopted 1897 constitution, the state convention ended up nominating Peter J. Ford, a prominent businessman.


1900 Delaware gubernatorial election
On the Republican side, the split from four years earlier threatened to divide the party once again. The Addicks and anti-Addicks Republicans nominated separate candidates for Governor. The anti-Addicks (or "Regular Republicans") nominated attorney Martin B. Burris, while the Addicks (or "Union Republicans") nominated Dr. George W. Marshall. Both factions, however, nominated John Hunn for Lieutenant Governor.


1900 Delaware gubernatorial election
Though initial negotiations between the factions failed to produce a reconciliation, a tentative agreement developed to form a joint ticket, adopting Hunn as a compromise for Governor splitting nominations for statewide offices among the two factions. Ultimately, the parties came to an agreement, and a joint ticket was nominated for the general election.


1900 Delaware gubernatorial election
In the general election, Hunn ended up defeating Ford by a decisive margin, reclaiming the governorship for the Republican Party. Republicans would end up holding onto the office until 1936.


1900 Democratic National Convention
The 1900 Democratic National Convention was a United States presidential nominating convention that took place the week of July 4, 1900, at Convention Hall in Kansas City, Missouri.


1900 Democratic National Convention
The convention nominated William Jennings Bryan for president and former Vice President Adlai E. Stevenson was nominated for vice president. The ticket was to lose the general election to the Republican ticket of William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt.


1900 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Declined
Bryan had little opposition for the nomination after Spanish–American War hero Admiral George Dewey dropped out in May after being quoted in newspapers that he thought the President's job would be easy, because the president merely followed the orders of Congress to enforce laws. Bryan's strongest opposition at the convention came from Richard Croker of New York's Tammany Hall. Bryan was also nominated by a branch of the Populist Party.


1900 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Declined
The 1900 Democratic National Convention was the first time a woman served as a delegate to a major party convention. Elizabeth M. Cohen of Salt Lake City, Utah, became a delegate when one of the Utah delegates could not serve, and she seconded the nomination of William Jennings Bryan.


1900 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Declined
The convention marked the first time that a member of royalty attended a U.S. national nominating convention as a delegate. David Kawananakoa, heir to the throne of the Kingdom of Hawaii, represented the newest United States territory. Prince David was to break a tie about inserting a free silver plank into the convention platform. The Democrats included planks in the platform denouncing Republican imperialism and expansion, as had been demonstrated in the Spanish–American War.


1900 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Declined
Kansas City had the convention thanks to its new Convention Hall, which opened on February 22, 1899. The hall was destroyed in a fire on April 4, 1900, but was rebuilt in 90 days in time for the convention. Harry S. Truman served as a page at the convention.


1900 Democratic National Convention, Vice Presidential candidates
At the start of the convention, former Representative Charles A. Towne of Minnesota was considered the favorite for the vice presidential nomination, as both the Populists and the Silver Republican Party backed Towne. Other names mentioned as possible candidates included former New York Senator David B. Hill, former New York Senator Edward Murphy Jr. and John W. Keller, New York City's Commissioner of Public Charities.


1900 Democratic National Convention, Vice Presidential candidates
Seven names were placed in nomination: Adlai Stevenson, David B. Hill, Charles A. Towne, Abraham W. Patrick, Julian S. Carr, John W. Smith, and J. Hamilton Lewis. Former Representative Lewis thanked the convention for its generosity but did not wish to be considered for the vice presidency. Governor Smith declined to allow the use of his name, and it was withdrawn before the result was announced. Former Senator Hill was opposed to including a pro-silver plank in the party platform, so he spoke against his own nomination and declared that he would not take it if offered. Former Vice President Stevenson won the nomination with the help of Bryanites who wanted to keep Hill off of the ticket. The choice of Stevenson alienated the Populists and Silver Republicans, who had planned to nominate the Democratic ticket.


1900 Detroit College Tigers football team
The 1900 Detroit College Tigers football team  was an American football team that represented Detroit College (renamed the University of Detroit in 1911) as an independent during the 1900 college football season. In its first season under head coach John C. Mackey, the team compiled a 3–2 record and outscored its opponents by a combined total of 71 to 23. Five of the team's opponents were high schools. The only intercollegiate game was an 11-0 victory over Loyola University Chicago.


1900 Detroit Tigers season
The 1900 Detroit Tigers season was the Tigers' first in the American League, which received recognition as a major league one year later in 1901. The Tigers finished in fourth place out of eight teams with a record of 71–67, 12-1/2 games behind Charles Comiskey's Chicago White Stockings. Detroit's home games were played at Bennett Park. George Stallings was the manager.


1900 Detroit Tigers season
Outfielder Dick Harley led the team with a .325 batting average, 77 runs scored, and 47 stolen bases. Sport McAllister led in slugging percentage (.383), and Frank Dillon led in extra-base hits (30).


1900 Detroit Tigers season
Roscoe Miller led the team with a 19-9 win-loss record for a .679 win percentage. Jack Cronin led in innings pitched (372) and strikeouts (121).


1900 Detroit Tigers season
After the 1900 season, the Detroit Free Press wrote that not since the 1887 Detroit Wolverines won the National League championship had baseball been as "liberally supported" in Detroit, and the club's gate receipts had been "a source of envy to other magnates in the league." The paper noted that owners James D. Burns and George Stallings had spent large sums of money for "releases of star players" and had paid "major league salaries" to the majority of the players.


1900 Detroit Tigers season, Players, Batting
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; R = Runs scored; SB = Stolen bases


1900 Detroit Tigers season, Players, Pitching
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; PCT = Win percentage; SO = Strikeouts


1900 Dickinson football team
The 1900 Dickinson football team was an American football team that represented Dickinson College as an independent during the 1900 college football season. The team compiled a 5–5 record and outscored opponents by a total of 119 to 83. Sam Boyle was the head coach.


1900 Drake Bulldogs football team
The 1900 Drake Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented Drake University as an independent during the 1900 college football season. In its first season under head coach Charles Best, the team compiled a 6–3 record and outscored opponents by a total of 129 to 45.


1900 Drexel Dragons football team
The 1900 Drexel Dragons football team represented the Drexel Institute—now known as Drexel University–as an independent during the 1900 college football season. The team did not have a head coach.


1900 Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities by-election
The Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities by-election of 1900 was a parliamentary by-election held in Scotland in May 1900 for the House of Commons constituency of Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities.


1900 Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities by-election
As a university constituency, the constituency had no geographical basis. Instead, its electorate consisted of the graduates of Edinburgh University and St Andrews University.


1900 Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was held to fill the vacancy caused by the death on 11 April 1900 of 70-year-old Conservative Party Member of Parliament (MP) Sir William Overend Priestley. An eminent obstetrician, Priestley had held the seat since a by-election in May 1896.


1900 Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities by-election, Candidates
The Conservative Party selected as its candidate the 65-year-old Sir John Batty Tuke. He was a Yorkshire-born, Edinburgh-educated, pioneering psychiatrist based at the Royal Edinburgh Hospital, who had been knighted in 1898.


1900 Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities by-election, Candidates
Nomination day was set as Thursday 3 May, but the seat had last been contested at the 1885 general election. The Conservatives did not expect a contest in the by-election, and speculation that the novelist J. M. Barrie would stand as a Liberal Party candidate ended on 30 April when Barrie sent a telegram declining nomination.


1900 Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities by-election, Result
The nomination process was held in the Senate Hall of the University of Edinburgh on 3 May 1900, where the Principal Sir William Muir presided over a gathering of only about 20 people. Tuke was nominated by Professor Thomas Annandale of Edinburgh, and seconded by Professor Scott Lang of the University of St Andrews.


1900 Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities by-election, Result
No other candidate was nominated, so Tuke was declared elected.


1900 Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities by-election, Aftermath
Tuke was re-elected unopposed at general election in September/October 1900. At the 1906 general election, he was re-elected in a two-way contest with John Strachey (journalist), a Free Trader. He stood down at the January 1910 general election.


1900 Edmonton municipal election
The 1900 municipal election was held December 10, 1900 for the purpose of electing a mayor and three aldermen to sit on the Edmonton Town Council, as well as five public school trustees and four separate school trustees.


1900 Edmonton municipal election
There were six aldermanic positions on the council at the time, but three of them were already filled. Robert Lee and Alfred Brown had both been elected for a two-year term in 1899, and were still in office. Colin Strang had also been elected for a two-year term, but had resigned; James Blowey had been appointed by council to fill his seat, and he was still in office.


1900 Edmonton municipal election, Voter turnout
212 voters voted out of 400 eligible voters, for a turnout of 53.0%.


1900 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Aldermen
Vote totals defeated candidates for this election are no longer available. (Vote count exceeded number of voters who voted because each voter could cast up to three votes under the Block Voting system.)


1900 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Public school trustees
Thomas Bellamy, Matthew McCauley, William Short, Alex Taylor, and Hedley C. Taylor were elected. Detailed results are no longer available.


1900 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Separate (Catholic) school trustees
Nicolas Dubois Dominic Beck, Joseph Henri Picard, Antonio Prince, and Georges Roy were elected. Detailed results are no longer available.


1900 English beer poisoning
In 1900, more than 6,000 people in England were poisoned by arsenic-tainted beer, with more than 70 of the afflicted dying as a result. The food safety crisis was caused by arsenic entering the supply chain through impure sugar which had been made with contaminated sulphuric acid. The illness was prevalent across the Midlands and North West England, with Manchester being the most heavily affected.


1900 English beer poisoning
Originally misdiagnosed as alcoholic neuropathy, the main epidemic was only recognised after several months. Additionally, investigation into the outbreak found other sources of arsenic in beer, which had been unknowingly poisoning thousands in decades preceding the outbreak.


1900 English beer poisoning, Misdiagnosis and investigation
This mass poisoning is unusual in that it was not noticed for four months. The doctors, seeing patients who were usually heavy drinkers and who showed muscle weakness and numbness of the hands or feet, initially thought that the patients were suffering from "alcoholic neuritis". Nevertheless, a marked increase in the number of cases was noted, with 41 people succumbing to peripheral neuritis, multiple neuritis or alcoholic neuritis and 66 people perishing from alcoholism in the four months of the outbreak, while the previous seven months revealed only 22.


1900 English beer poisoning, Misdiagnosis and investigation
These cases of neuritis were eventually connected to cases of skin discolouration previously thought to be unrelated. Ernest Reynolds, the doctor responsible for making the connection, also noted that only one substance would cause these symptoms: arsenic. He also noted that heavy drinkers who drank mainly spirits seemed less affected than beer drinkers. He gathered samples for analysis from the taverns frequented by his patients, which confirmed the presence of arsenic in the beer they consumed.


1900 English beer poisoning, Source of the poisoning
Once the breweries affected were identified, investigation as to where the arsenic came from were instituted. It was found that the arsenic was present in invert sugar provided to the breweries by Bostock & Co. of Garston. To lower costs in the tight-margin English beer market, some breweries substituted high-quality barley malt with low-quality barley malt supplemented with sugar. This practice was somewhat controversial; as part of the Pure Beer movement, an inquiry on the use of brewing substitutes had been called. This inquiry, starting in 1896 and ending in 1899, had concluded that brewing substitutes were not "deleterious materials" under the Sale of Food and Drugs Act 1875 and that further legislation was not required.


1900 English beer poisoning, Source of the poisoning
This sugar was made by acid hydrolysis of starch, where starch is heated in the presence of an acid to form glucose. Such a method was not new, and had been employed commercially since at least 1814. Bostock & Co. used sulphuric acid to perform the acid hydrolysis. This acid, purchased from Nicholson & Sons, was made from pyrites which contained arsenic, which remained in the final product.


1900 English beer poisoning, Source of the poisoning
John Nicholson & Sons, of Leeds, had provided sulphuric acid to Bostock & Co. since 1888. For most of the length of the business relationship, the acid provided was free from arsenic. However, in March 1900, Nicholson started supplying unpurified sulphuric acid containing arsenic. This practice continued until November 1900, when the acid was found to be the cause of the outbreak. Nicholson claimed that they did not know the nature of Bostock's use of the acid, and that they could have provided arsenic-free acid if requested.


1900 English beer poisoning, Source of the poisoning, Alternate sources of arsenic in beer
Once the main source of the outbreak had been identified as arsenic poisoning, further investigation into arsenic contamination of beer was undertaken. Eventually, it was found that arsenic was also introduced into beer by the malted barley. In the kilning stage of malting, the barley humidity content is reduced by drying the grain with the hot vapours of a fire, usually fuelled by coke or coal. It was found that when arsenic is present in the fuel, it could then be deposited upon the barley before steeping, and therefore would be present in the final product. Investigation into the outbreak uncovered that most cases of alcoholic neuropathy endemic to Manchester were, in fact, misdiagnosed arsenic poisoning, with this alternate route being responsible for the poisoning of thousands in the years preceding the outbreak.


1900 English beer poisoning, Source of the poisoning, Alternate sources of arsenic in beer, Halifax 1902 beer poisoning
Such contamination was tied to an outbreak in the borough of Halifax in January and February 1902 where 13 to 14 cases of arsenic poisoning were noted, three deadly. The moment of the beer's contamination was the malt was dried over a non-sequestered gas coke fire.


1900 English beer poisoning, Reaction
After the cause of the poisoning was reported by the media, a considerable reduction in beer consumption was noted in the region.


1900 English beer poisoning, Reaction
The response from the brewing industry was mixed. There was a strong, immediate reaction from some breweries, led by the large Manchester brewery Groves and Whitnall, who went as far as sending out telegrams to all the taverns and inns that had purchased their beer. Breweries disposed of thousands of barrels of beer by dumping them in the city's sewers. Other breweries were slower to respond, with fines being handed out to breweries whose beer samples could still be purchased by investigators. Additionally, one pub was fined for selling contaminated beer after they were notified of the presence of arsenic by the manufacturer.


1900 English beer poisoning, Reaction
In Lancashire, 23 taverns and pubs were prosecuted for violations under section 6 of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act 1875.


1900 English beer poisoning, Reaction
Bostock & Co. went into liquidation, and sued Nicholson & Sons for damages, for breach of an implied condition under the Sale of Goods Act 1893. The case was heard by Mr Justice Bruce in the High Court: the judge awarded Bostock the price of the contaminated acid and the value of their spoiled products, but no special damages for the loss of goodwill or for the damages claimed by the brewers, incurred by using the contaminated product in their sugar's manufacture. Nicholson & Sons survived, and was later acquired by B. Laporte, now Laporte plc.


1900 English beer poisoning, Reaction
The poisoning resulted in the appointment of a Royal Commission led by Lord Kelvin, which submitted a preliminary report in 1901 and a final report in 1903.


1900 English beer poisoning, Long-term effects
The effects on the beer market were short-lived, and consumption of beer resumed over the course of the year. Attempts to revive the pure beer movement were nullified by the Commission's report, and by the fact that arsenic was present in malted barley as well as sugar. There seemed to be no direct effects on legislation resulting from the incident.


1900 English beer poisoning, Long-term effects
In 1901, a considerable decline in the birth rate was noted in Manchester, Salford and Liverpool. This decline was greater in areas most affected, leading the Royal Commission to conclude that the epidemic was the cause.


1900 English cricket season
1900 was the eleventh season of County Championship cricket in England. Yorkshire finished the season unbeaten to take the championship title and were the first unbeaten champions since the official competition began in 1890. Defending champions Surrey finished seventh.


1900 English cricket season
Lancashire were second, and the matches between the two top teams both ended in draws; Yorkshire made 230 in the first innings of the first game, compared to Lancashire's 96, but still could not force a victory, and in the second, with a crowd of over 44,000 present over three days at Old Trafford, Yorkshire took a lead of seven runs on first innings, but as only two and a half hours of play had been possible on the second day, the game was drawn. Sussex, who finished third with 18 of 24 matches drawn, enjoyed 2,000 runs from Ranjitsinhji for the second season running, as he bettered the record for most runs in a Championship season to 2,563. There were no international matches during this season.


1900 English cricket season, County Championship, Final table
The final County Championship table is shown below. One point was awarded for a win, none for a draw, and minus one for a loss. Positions were decided on percentage of points over completed games.


1900 European Figure Skating Championships
The 1900 European Figure Skating Championships were held on January 21 in Berlin, German Empire. Elite figure skaters competed for the title of European Champion in the category of men's singles. The competitors performed only compulsory figures.


1900 European Rowing Championships
The 1900 European Rowing Championships were rowing championships held in Paris on the Seine in early September. The 1900 regatta was held between the Courbevoie Bridge and the Asnières Bridge, the same venue that had been used for the 1900 Summer Olympics a week earlier. The length of the regatta course was 1,750 metres (5,740 ft). The competition was for men only and they competed in five boat classes (M1x, M2x, M2+, M4+, M8+).


1900 FA Cup Final
The 1900 FA Cup Final was an association football match between Bury and Southampton on Saturday, 21 April 1900 at the Crystal Palace stadium in south London. It was the final match of the 1899–1900 FA Cup, the 29th edition of the world's oldest football knockout competition, and England's primary cup competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup, better known as the FA Cup.


1900 FA Cup Final
Bury and Southampton were both appearing in their first finals. Both teams joined the competition in the first round proper and progressed through four rounds to the final. As a member of the Football League First Division, Bury were exempt from the competition's qualifying phase. Southampton, as a member of the Southern League would normally have been required to pre-qualify but, as champions of the Southern League for three seasons in succession from 1896–97 to 1898–99, they were given byes through the qualifying phase to the first round.


1900 FA Cup Final
The final was played in a heat wave and watched by a crowd of 68,945. Bury, leading 3–0 at half-time, dominated the match to win 4–0 with goals by Jasper McLuckie (2), Willie Wood and Jack Plant. When the game ended, the FA Cup trophy was presented to Bury's captain Jack Pray by Lord James of Hereford. Winning the cup proved to be profitable for Bury as the club's debts of £1,230 were converted into a credit balance of £1,329. Bury won the cup again in 1903 but that was their last appearance in the match. Southampton reached the 1902 final but were defeated by Sheffield United; they eventually won the cup in 1976.


1900 FA Cup Final, Background
The FA Cup, known officially as The Football Association Challenge Cup, is an annual knockout association football competition in men's domestic English football. The competition was first proposed on 20 July 1871 by C. W. Alcock at a meeting of The Football Association committee. The tournament was first played in the 1871–72 season and is the world's oldest association football competition. The 1900 match between Bury and Southampton at Crystal Palace was the 29th final and the last of the 19th century. Both teams were appearing in the final for the first time.


1900 FA Cup Final, Background
Bury were members of the Football League First Division and, in the 1899–1900 league championship, amassed 32 points to finish in 12th position, only five points clear of the relegation placings. Southampton were members of the Southern League and had been its champions in each of the three previous seasons. In the 1899–1900 Southern League championship, they had slipped to third place below new champions Tottenham Hotspur. Southern League teams normally had to qualify for the first round proper of the FA Cup but, as reigning champions of their league, Southampton were exempted from pre-qualification and were given byes to the first round.


1900 FA Cup Final, Background
Bury's team between 1895 and 1907 was selected by a three-man committee but with club secretary Harry Spencer Hamer in charge of the team on match days. Southampton's club secretary Ernest Arnfield took charge of their team on match days.


1900 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Bury
Bury entered the competition in the first round proper and played seven matches, including three replays, en route to the final. All four of their opponents were other teams in the First Division.


1900 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Bury, Early rounds
In the first round on Saturday, 27 January, Bury were drawn away to Burnley, who were relegated at the end of the 1899–1900 league season. Bury won the tie 1–0 with a goal by Charlie Sagar before a crowd of 6,020 at Turf Moor.


1900 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Bury, Early rounds
In the second round on Saturday, 10 February, Bury drew 0–0 away to Notts County at Trent Bridge. Four days later, on the 14th, the replay at Gigg Lane was watched by a crowd estimated as over 4,400. Goals by Sagar and Willie Wood ensured a 2–0 victory.


1900 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Bury, Early rounds
Bury were drawn away again in the third round to the FA Cup holders Sheffield United at Bramall Lane. On Saturday, 24 February, Bury held United to a 2–2 draw in front of 22,766 people, their goals scored by Jasper McLuckie and Wood. Sheffield's goalscorers were Fred Priest and Ernest Needham with a penalty.


1900 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Bury, Early rounds
The replay took place the following Thursday, 1 March, and local interest soared. A new attendance record was set at Gigg Lane with 20,139 cramming into the ground. It is believed that many more people broke in without paying or managed to watch by climbing the overlooking trees outside. Bury won the match 2–0 with goals by Jack Plant and Billy Richards.


1900 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Bury, Semi-final
The semi-finals were staged at neutral venues on Saturday, 24 March, and Bury were drawn to play Nottingham Forest, the only other First Division team left in the competition, at the Victoria Ground in Stoke-on-Trent. The Times report criticised both teams for a poor match in which "hard kicking and rushing marked the play throughout" and said that the 20,000 spectators gained no satisfaction from a game in which there was "no short passing". Team captain Jack Pray scored a fifteenth-minute penalty but the match ended in a 1–1 draw after a second penalty was missed and Arthur Capes scored for Forest. For the third time in this cup run, a replay was required, this time at Bramall Lane.


1900 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Bury, Semi-final
The crowd in Sheffield on 29 March was 11,200 but it was estimated that only 400 or so Bury supporters were able to make the trip as it was a Thursday evening. They were rewarded by seeing their team recover from a 2–0 deficit to win the match 3–2 after extra time. The Times reported that conditions were poor because of "bad light and slippery turf" but the match was nevertheless "a singularly interesting contest". Bury arrived late and had to rush onto the field.


1900 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Bury, Semi-final
This had an unsettling effect and Forest scored twice through Capes and John Calvey in the first two minutes. It seemed as if Forest's success was assured but Bury worked hard to prevent any more Forest goals before half-time. Forest continued to be the better team in the early part of the second half but the Bury forwards, led by Sagar, began to cause problems and Sagar himself pulled a goal back midway through the half. With less than five minutes remaining, McLuckie scored the equaliser and it was 2–2 at the end of normal time.


1900 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Bury, Semi-final
The rule in this match, being a replay, was that extra time must be played but the Forest players, perhaps not knowing this, made a protest. With less than ten minutes of extra time remaining, Sagar scored his second goal to secure a 3–2 win and take Bury to their first FA Cup final. The Times praised Bury for "their pluck in an uphill game".


1900 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Southampton
Southampton entered the competition in the first round proper and played six matches, including two replays, en route to the final. Three of their opponents were in the First Division and one was in the Southern League. Whereas Bury were drawn away in each of the first three rounds, Southampton were always drawn at home.


1900 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Southampton, Early rounds
In their first round match at The Dell on 27 January, they faced First Division Everton and won 3–0 before a 10,000 crowd. Two of their goals were scored by former Everton player Alf Milward, the other by Archie Turner.


1900 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Southampton, Early rounds
In the second round, Southampton hosted First Division Newcastle United whom they had defeated at the same stage two years earlier. This match was played on Saturday, 10 February, in wintry conditions. With the match goalless, Jack Farrell was forced to leave the pitch with a dislocated left collar-bone. Southampton played on with ten men until the 50th minute when referee Arthur Kingscott abandoned the match because of a heavy snowstorm. The sides met again the following Saturday before an 8,000 crowd. Roddy McLeod replaced the injured Farrell and scored twice in a convincing 4–1 victory. The other two goals were scored by Jimmy Yates and Archie Turner. The Newcastle goal was scored by Jack Peddie.


1900 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Southampton, Early rounds
The third round match was played only a week later, 24 February, against West Bromwich Albion, another First Division side. Turner and McLeod scored in a 2–1 victory. The Albion goalscorer was Chippy Simmons. The crowd was 9,000. The Times briefly reported that Southampton played "very good football" and the result was not unexpected.


1900 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Southampton, Semi-final
The semi-finals involved two teams in the First Division and two in the Southern League. The draw kept the leagues apart and guaranteed that a side from the Southern League would reach an FA Cup final for the first time. Southampton's opponents were Millwall Athletic, who had just defeated Football League champions Aston Villa in the second replay of their third round tie which Dave Juson and David Bull have described as "three epic confrontations".


1900 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Southampton, Semi-final
To prepare for the semi-final, the Southampton players were sent to Buxton, a spa town, for a week's special training which began with a morning walk followed by a bath. The club secretary, Ernest Arnfield, explained the training routine to Chums magazine:


1900 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Southampton, Semi-final
... in the afternoon, sprinting and ball-kicking are the order. Baths are capital for removing stiffness from the joints. And ... everyone in training should go to bed early. Our fellows usually retire at ten, but the night before a big match they are all in bed by nine. They enjoy a long sleep, and don't appear for breakfast before nine. Our diet is an extremely plain one. The customary fare consists of fish, chops and steaks. Vegetables and sweets are banned when a match is about to be played and so are spirits. Half a pint of beer per meal, however, is allowed, and directly the match is over, the players can eat whatever they please. As regards smoking, we only prohibit it on the morning preceding a big match.


1900 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Southampton, Semi-final
The semi-final was played on Saturday, 24 March at the Crystal Palace stadium, which was also the venue for the final, and a crowd of 34,760 watched a goalless draw. The Times noted that the success thus far of two southern teams had aroused additional interest as the crowd was much larger than expected, but they were disappointed by seeing "cup-tie football of the worst description". There were few scoring chances and too many fouls. The newspaper hoped to see much better football in the replay.


1900 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Southampton, Semi-final
The replay was the following Wednesday, 28 March, at Reading's Elm Park when a crowd of only 10,000 saw Alf Milward score two goals and Jimmy Yates one in a 3–0 victory which put Southampton through to their first appearance in the final. The Times reporter had his wish granted because it was a much better and more sporting game than the first match and Southampton won on "absolute merit".


1900 FA Cup Final, Match, Pre-match
The Bury team and officials travelled to London on Thursday, 19 April, two days before the match. They stayed at the Tavistock Hotel in Covent Garden until the Monday following. Southampton, however, did not travel until the Saturday morning. There had been unusually sunny weather that April and The Guardian predicted that it would continue through Saturday with the high temperature "sure to have a prejudicial effect on the game". Their forecast was correct as there was a heatwave in London on matchday and conditions were uncomfortable for both the players and the crowd of 68,945.


1900 FA Cup Final, Match, Pre-match
The Guardian had predicted a large crowd in view of the "keen interest" taken in a match between teams representing northern and southern football. According to one report, most of the crowd were "rooting" for Southampton, who were the first southern team to reach the final since the Old Etonians in 1883. The referee, Arthur Kingscott from Derbyshire, had officiated Southampton's game against Newcastle in the second round. Bury won the toss and decided to kick off with the sun behind them. The two teams were unchanged from those listed in The Guardian's pre-match report.


1900 FA Cup Final, Match, First half
In its match report next day, The Observer says Bury began attacking immediately and The Times ascribes their eventual success to the method of the half-backs (Pray, Joe Leeming and George Ross) in feeding their own forwards and killing the Southampton game. From the start, the Bury forwards directed high crosses into the goalmouth to test the Southampton goalkeeper, Jack Robinson. Although Southampton kept things even at first, their first mistake was by Peter Durber who allowed Richards to force a corner. This was taken by Plant whose cross was converted by McLuckie into the first goal, scored after nine minutes of play. The Observer says that, although Southampton tried hard to make amends, they failed against "a clever and determined defence".


1900 FA Cup Final, Match, First half
Bury had most of the play and Robinson was kept busy in the Southampton goal. After 16 minutes, he saved a shot from Plant but deflected the ball to Willie Wood who scored the second goal. The Observer says that Southampton were then a beaten team whose players were holding the ball too long with no certainty in their movement. The Bury backs and halves always broke up the Southampton attacks and the Bury forwards were always dangerous. Robinson made two saves but the match was over as a contest when McLuckie scored his second goal after 23 minutes.


1900 FA Cup Final, Match, First half
This goal was described by The Observer as "a piece of brilliant play". Receiving a pass from Ross, McLuckie steadied himself and aimed a long, low shot into the corner of the net which beat Robinson and his two full backs. Southampton had a fair amount of possession to half-time but The Observer says they never looked like scoring.


1900 FA Cup Final, Match, Second half
In the second half, Southampton tried to recover and played better with the sun and breeze behind them but Bury had eased off and the pace of the game slackened. The Times report says there was, at times, some evenness in the play though Bury with a clear lead "played with a certain amount of leisure". Milward and Harry Wood both had attempts on goal for Southampton, but to no avail. Even so, Bury's forwards still seemed the more likely to score and McLuckie was especially prominent.


1900 FA Cup Final, Match, Second half
The Observer praised Robinson's performance as he displayed coolness and resource to prevent any more goals until ten minutes from full-time. Bury then scored the fourth and final goal after Robinson had parried a shot from Pray over the crossbar for another corner. This was taken quickly by Richards to Plant, who hit a hard shot along the ground which Robinson could not stop.


1900 FA Cup Final, Match, Second half
There was a misunderstanding near the end when many in the crowd thought the referee had blown his whistle for full-time. They ran onto the pitch and play was delayed for a few minutes while order was restored. According to Philip Gibbons, Bury's 4–0 win was a "football lesson" for the Southampton players. Even so, The Guardian said in its report on Monday morning that Robinson was "undoubtedly the hero of the match". The report says he made several outstanding saves and, without him, Southampton would have suffered a massive defeat. On the Bury side, the Guardian reporter praised McLuckie for putting in "some fine play", especially when he scored his second goal. The report says that Sagar and Plant were always dangerous in attack and Tommy Davidson was the best of the Bury defenders.


1900 FA Cup Final, Post-match
Bury's former club president, Lord James of Hereford, presented the trophy to captain Jack Pray at the end of the game. James made a speech recorded in both The Observer and The Times and began by saying it was a great honour to present the cup to the Bury team. Pray responded by asking his players to "give three hearty cheers for (Southampton)". Also present as a guest of honour was Lord Rosebery, the former prime minister, who made a speech in which he commiserated with Southampton goalkeeper Jack Robinson for "a gallant uphill fight against overwhelming odds".


1900 FA Cup Final, Post-match
Bury later reported that their cup final earnings amounted to £938 16s 6d with a further £350 1s 6d from their two semi-final games. The club had been struggling financially for the last two years so this was much-needed revenue. As the season ended, the club's debts of £1,230 had become a credit balance of £1,329. Bury's success did not entirely impress the town's local newspaper, the Bury Times, which only mentioned their cup final victory on an inside page. The reporter complained: "Bury's Cup win was only some consolation for their poor League performance this season". Bury had finished twelfth in the First Division.


1900 FA Cup Final, Post-match
In its report, The Times praised Bury for playing "splendid football" but expressed disappointment with Southampton who were "outclassed". The reporter twice made the error of referring to a Southampton victory over Aston Villa in the third round but it was Millwall who defeated Villa; Southampton then defeated Millwall in the semi-final.


1900 FA Cup Final, Post-match
Reporting on the match, the Southampton correspondent for Athletic News described the team's performance as "a weak, wavering, pitiable and lamentable show" in which not one member of the team "played up to his reputation". The post-match reports agreed that defeat by a Football League side including two current England internationals (Sagar and Plant) was excusable, but the margin of defeat and Southampton's poor standard of performance were not. The Times said that Bury played splendid football to outclass their opponents, but Southampton's "show was the worst seen for many years".


1900 FA Cup Final, Post-match
Twelve years later, the correspondent "Recorder" of the Southampton Pictorial claimed that there was an argument before the match between the English and Scottish players at Southampton about who should play as centre-forward. The Scottish players wanted Roddy McLeod but the English, who were a majority, wanted Jack Farrell. The Scottish players had doubts about Farrell's temperament and saw McLeod as a more selfless player. "Recorder" said that the dispute created disharmony in the team and one unnamed player allegedly said later that he gave up on the match because he could see that others were not trying. After the league season ended in May, both players left the club.


1900 FA Cup Final, Post-match
Bury made one more appearance in an FA Cup final when they defeated Derby County 6–0 in 1903. Southampton have played in four finals altogether: they lost to Sheffield United in 1902 and to Arsenal in 2003, but they won the cup in 1976 when they defeated Manchester United.


1900 Florida gubernatorial election
The 1900 Florida gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1900. Democratic nominee William Sherman Jennings defeated Republican nominee Matthew B. MacFarlane with 80.98% of the vote.


1900 Furman Purple Hurricane football team
The 1900 Furman Purple Hurricane football team represented the Furman Purple Hurricane of Furman University during the 1900 college football season.


1900 Galveston hurricane
The Great Galveston hurricane, known regionally as the 1900 Storm, was the deadliest natural disaster in United States history and the fifth-deadliest Atlantic hurricane overall. The hurricane left between 6,000 and 12,000 fatalities in the United States; the number most cited in official reports is 8,000. Most of these deaths occurred in and near Galveston, Texas, after the storm surge inundated the coastline with 8 to 12 ft (2.4 to 3.7 m) of water.


1900 Galveston hurricane
In addition to the number killed, the storm destroyed about 7,000 buildings of all uses in Galveston, which included 3,636 demolished homes; every dwelling in the city suffered some degree of damage. The hurricane left approximately 10,000 people in the city homeless, out of a total population of fewer than 38,000. The disaster ended the Golden Era of Galveston, as the hurricane alarmed potential investors, who turned to Houston instead. In response to the storm, three engineers designed and oversaw plans to raise the Gulf of Mexico shoreline of Galveston island by 17 ft (5.2 m) and erect a 10 mi (16 km) seawall.


1900 Galveston hurricane
On August 27, 1900, a ship east of the Windward Islands detected a tropical cyclone, the first observed during the annual season. Initially at tropical storm status, it remained mostly stagnant in intensity while moving steadily west-northwestward and entered the northeastern Caribbean on August 30. The storm made landfall in the Dominican Republic as a weak tropical storm on September 2. It weakened slightly while crossing Hispaniola, before re-emerging into the Caribbean Sea later that day. On September 3, the cyclone struck modern day Santiago de Cuba Province and then slowly drifted along the southern coast of Cuba.


1900 Galveston hurricane
Upon reaching the Gulf of Mexico on September 6, the storm strengthened into a hurricane. Significant intensification followed and the system peaked as a Category 4 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 145 mph (235 km/h) on September 8. Early on the next day, it made landfall to the south of Houston, Texas. The cyclone weakened quickly after moving inland and fell to tropical storm intensity late on September 9. The storm turned east-northeastward and became extratropical over Iowa on September 11.


1900 Galveston hurricane
The extratropical system strengthened while accelerating across the Midwestern United States, New England, and Eastern Canada before reaching the Gulf of Saint Lawrence on September 13. After striking Newfoundland later that day, the extratropical storm entered the far North Atlantic Ocean and weakened, with the remnants last observed near Iceland on September 15.


1900 Galveston hurricane
The great storm brought flooding and severe thunderstorms to portions of the Caribbean, especially Cuba and Jamaica. It is likely that much of South Florida experienced tropical storm-force winds, though mostly minor damage occurred. Hurricane-force winds and storm surge inundated portions of southern Louisiana, though the cyclone left no significant structural damage or fatalities in the state. The hurricane brought strong winds and storm surge to a large portion of east Texas, with Galveston suffering the brunt of the impact.


1900 Galveston hurricane
Farther north, the storm and its remnants continued to produce heavy rains and gusty winds, which downed telegraph wires, signs, and trees in several states. Fatalities occurred in other states, including fifteen in Ohio, six in Wisconsin, two in Illinois, two in New York, one in Massachusetts, and one in Missouri. Damage from the storm throughout the United States exceeded $34 million. The remnants also brought severe impact to Canada. In Ontario, damage reached about $1.35 million, with $1 million to crops. The remnants of the hurricane caused at least 52 deaths – and possibly as many as 232 deaths – in Canada, mostly due to sunken vessels near Newfoundland and the French territory of Saint-Pierre. Throughout its path, the storm caused more than $35.4 million in damage.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Meteorological history
The storm is believed to have originated from a tropical wave which moved off the west coast of Africa and emerged into the Atlantic Ocean. However, this is not completely certain because of the limited observational methods available to contemporary meteorologists, with ship reports being the only reliable tool for observing hurricanes. The first formal sighting of the tropical storm occurred on August 27, about 1,000 mi (1,600 km) east of the Windward Islands, when a ship encountered an area of unsettled weather. Over the next couple of days, the system moved west-northwestwards and is thought to have maintained its intensity as a weak tropical storm, before it passed through the Leeward Islands and entered the Caribbean Sea on August 31.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Meteorological history
On September 1, Father Lorenzo Gangoite, the director of the Belen College Observatory in Havana, Cuba, noted that the storm was in its formative stages, with only vague indications of a small tropical cyclone to the southwest of Saint Croix. During that day, the system passed to the south of Puerto Rico before it made landfall near Baní, Dominican Republic, early on September 2. Moving west-northwestward, the storm crossed the island of Hispaniola and entered into the Windward Passage near Saint-Marc, Haiti, several hours later.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Meteorological history
The system made landfall on Cuba near Santiago de Cuba during September 3, before it moved slowly west-northwestward across the island and emerged into Straits of Florida as a tropical storm on September 5. As the system emerged into the Straits of Florida, Gangoite observed a large, persistent halo around the moon, while the sky turned deep red and cirrus clouds moved northwards. This indicated to him that the tropical storm had intensified and that the prevailing winds were moving the system towards the coast of Texas.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Meteorological history
However, the United States Weather Bureau disagreed with this forecast, as they expected the system to recurve and make landfall in Florida before impacting the American East Coast. An area of high pressure over the Florida Keys ultimately moved the system northwestward into the Gulf of Mexico, where favorable conditions such as warm sea surface temperatures allowed the storm to intensify into a hurricane.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Meteorological history
In the eastern Gulf of Mexico on September 6, the ship Louisiana encountered the hurricane, whose captain, T. P. Halsey, estimated that the system had wind speeds of 100 mph (160 km/h). The hurricane continued to strengthen significantly while heading west-northwestward across the Gulf of Mexico. On September 7, the system reached its peak intensity with estimated sustained wind speeds of 145 mph (235 km/h), which made it equivalent to a Category 4 hurricane on the modern day Saffir–Simpson scale.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Meteorological history
That day, the Weather Bureau realized that the storm was continuing west-northwestward across the Gulf of Mexico, rather than turning northward over Florida and the East Coast of the United States. However, Weather Bureau director Willis Moore insisted that the cyclone was not of hurricane intensity. The hurricane weakened slightly on September 8 and recurved to the northwest as it approached the coast of Texas, while the Weather Bureau office in Galveston began observing hurricane-force winds by 22:00 UTC.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Meteorological history
The cyclone made landfall around 8:00 p.m CST on September 8 (02:00 UTC on September 9) to the south of Houston as a Category 4 hurricane. While crossing Galveston Island and West Bay, the eye passed southwest of the city of Galveston. The hurricane quickly weakened after moving inland, falling to tropical storm intensity late on September 9. The storm lost tropical characteristics and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone over Iowa by 12:00 UTC on September 11. Moving rapidly east-northeastward, the extratropical system re-intensified, becoming the equivalent of a Category 1 hurricane over Ontario on September 12. The extratropical remnants reached the Gulf of Saint Lawrence early the following day. After crossing Newfoundland and entering the far northern Atlantic hours later, the remnants of the hurricane weakened and were last noted near Iceland on September 15 where the storm finally dissipated.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Background
The city of Galveston, formally founded in 1839, had weathered numerous storms, all of which the city survived with ease. In the late 19th century, Galveston was a booming town, with the population increasing from 29,084 people in 1890 to 37,788 people in 1900. The city was the fourth largest municipality in terms of population in the state of Texas in 1900, and had among the highest per capita income rates in the United States. Galveston had many ornate business buildings in a downtown section called The Strand, which was considered the "Wall Street of the Southwest".


1900 Galveston hurricane, Background
The city's position on the natural harbor of Galveston Bay along the Gulf of Mexico made it the center of trade in Texas, and one of the busiest ports in the nation. With this prosperity came a sense of complacency, as residents believed any future storms would be no worse than previous events. In fact, Galveston Weather Bureau section director Isaac Cline wrote an 1891 article in the Galveston Daily News  that it would be impossible for a hurricane of significant strength to strike the island.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Background
A quarter of a century earlier, the nearby town of Indianola on Matagorda Bay was undergoing its own boom. Then in 1875, a powerful hurricane blew through, nearly destroying the town. Indianola was rebuilt, though a second hurricane in 1886 caused most of the town's residents to move elsewhere. Many Galveston residents took the destruction of Indianola as an object lesson on the threat posed by hurricanes. Galveston is built on a low, flat island, little more than a large sandbar along the Gulf Coast.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Background
These residents proposed a seawall be constructed to protect the city, but the majority of the population and the city's government dismissed their concerns. Cline further argued in his 1891 article in the Galveston Daily News that a seawall was not needed due to his belief that a strong hurricane would not strike the island. As a result, the seawall was not built, and development activities on the island actively increased its vulnerability to storms. Sand dunes along the shore were cut down to fill low areas in the city, removing what little barrier there was to the Gulf of Mexico.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Preparations
On September 4, the Galveston office of the Weather Bureau (as it was then called) began receiving warnings from the Bureau's central office in Washington, D.C., that a tropical disturbance had moved northward over Cuba. At the time, they discouraged the use of terms such as "tornado" or "hurricane" to avoid panicking residents in the path of any storm event.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Preparations
The Weather Bureau forecasters had no way of knowing the storm's trajectory, as Weather Bureau director Willis Moore implemented a policy to block telegraph reports from Cuban meteorologists at the Belen Observatory in Havana – considered one of the most advanced meteorological institutions in the world at the time – due to tensions in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War. Moore also changed protocol to force local Weather Bureau offices to seek authorization from the central office before issuing storm warnings.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Preparations
Weather Bureau forecasters believed that the storm had begun a northward curve into Florida and that it would eventually turn northeastward and emerge over the Atlantic. As a result, the central office of the Weather Bureau issued a storm warning in Florida from Cedar Key to Miami on September 5. By the following day, a hurricane warning was in effect along the coast from Cedar Key to Savannah, Georgia, while storm warnings were displayed from Charleston, South Carolina, to Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, as well as from Pensacola, Florida, to New Orleans, Louisiana. Cuban forecasters adamantly disagreed with the Weather Bureau, saying the hurricane would continue west. One Cuban forecaster predicted the hurricane would continue into central Texas near San Antonio.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Preparations
In Galveston on the morning of September 8, the swells persisted despite only partly cloudy skies. Largely because of the unremarkable weather, few residents saw cause for concern. Few people evacuated across Galveston's bridges to the mainland, and the majority of the population was unconcerned by the rain clouds that began rolling in by midmorning. According to his memoirs, Galveston Weather Bureau director Isaac Cline personally traveled by horse along the beach and other low-lying areas to warn people of the storm's approach.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Preparations
However, these accounts by Cline and his brother, Galveston meteorologist Joseph L. Cline, have been in dispute since. Although Isaac Cline is credited with issuing a hurricane warning without permission from the Bureau's central office, author Erik Larson points to Isaac Cline's earlier insistence that a seawall was unnecessary and his notion that an intense hurricane could not strike the island, with Cline even considering it "simply an absurd delusion" to believe otherwise. Further, no other survivors corroborated these accounts.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, Caribbean
Antigua reported a severe thunderstorm passing over on August 30, with lower barometric pressures and 2.6 in (66.0 mm) of rain on the island. In Puerto Rico, the storm produced winds up to 43 mph (69 km/h) at San Juan. In Jamaica, heavy rainfall from the storm caused all rivers to swell. Floodwaters severely damaged banana plantations and washed away miles of railroads. Damage estimates ranged in the thousands of British pounds. Heavy rains fell in Cuba in association with the cyclone, including a peak 24-hour total of 12.58 in (319.5 mm) in the city of Santiago de Cuba.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, Caribbean
The city experienced its worst weather since 1877. The southern end of the city was submerged with about 5 ft (1.5 m) of water. Firefighters and police rescued and aided stranded residents. St. George, a German steamer, ran aground at Daiquirí. A telegraph from the mayor of Trinidad, who was asking for assistance from the United States Military Government in Cuba, indicated that the storm destroyed all crops and left many people destitute.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States
The Great Galveston hurricane made landfall on September 8, 1900, near Galveston, Texas. It had estimated winds of 140 mph (225 km/h) at landfall, making the cyclone a Category 4 storm on the modern day Saffir–Simpson scale. The hurricane caused great loss of life, with a death toll of between 6,000 and 12,000 people; the number most cited in official reports is 8,000, giving the storm the third-highest number of deaths of all Atlantic hurricanes, after the Great Hurricane of 1780 and Hurricane Mitch in 1998. The Galveston hurricane of 1900 is the deadliest natural disaster to strike the United States. This loss of life can be attributed to the fact that officials for the Weather Bureau in Galveston brushed off the reports and they did not realize the threat.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States
More than $34 million in damage occurred throughout the United States, with about $30 million in Galveston County, Texas, alone. If a similar storm struck in 2010, damage would total approximately $104.33 billion (2010 USD), based on normalization, a calculation that takes into account changes in inflation, wealth, and population. In comparison, the costliest United States hurricanes – Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and Hurricane Harvey in 2017 – both caused about $125 billion in damage.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States
The hurricane occurred before the practice of assigning official code names to tropical storms was instituted, and thus it is commonly referred to under a variety of descriptive names. Typical names for the storm include the Galveston hurricane of 1900, the Great Galveston hurricane, and, especially in older documents and publications, the Galveston Flood. It is often referred to by Galveston locals as the Great Storm of 1900 or the 1900 Storm.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States, Florida to Louisiana
Portions of southern Florida experienced tropical storm-force winds, with a sustained wind speed of 48 mph (77 km/h) in Jupiter and 40 mph (64 km/h) in Key West. The hurricane left "considerable damage" in the Palm Beach area, according to The New York Times. Many small boats were torn from their moorings and capsized. The bulkhead of the pier was washed away, while docks and several seawalls were damaged. Rainfall in the state peaked at 5.7 in (140 mm) in Hypoluxo. High winds in North Florida downed telegraph lines between Jacksonville and Pensacola. In Mississippi, the city of Pass Christian recorded winds of 58 mph (93 km/h). Tides produced by the storm inundated about 200 ft (61 m) of railroad tracks in Pascagoula (then known as Scranton), while a quarantine station on Ship Island was swept away.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States, Florida to Louisiana
In Louisiana, the storm produced gale-force winds as far inland as DeRidder and as far east as New Orleans, with hurricane-force winds observed in Cameron Parish. Along the coast, storm surge inundated Johnson Bayou, while tides at some locations reached their highest level since the 1875 Indianola hurricane. Winds and storm surge caused severe damage to rice crops, with at least 25% destroyed throughout the state. The community of Pointe à la Hache experienced a near-total loss of rice crops.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States, Florida to Louisiana
Farther east, roads were flooded by storm surge in the communities of Gretna and Harvey near New Orleans, leaving the streets impassable via horses. Winds downed telegraph lines in the southeastern Louisiana in the vicinity of Port Eads. Two men were initially presumed to have drowned after sailing away from Fort St. Philip and not returning in a timely manner, but they were both later found alive.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States, Texas
Nearly all of the damage in the United States occurred in Texas, with much of the damage in Galveston. However, many communities outside of Galveston also suffered serious damage, with several cities reporting a near or complete loss of all buildings or homes, including Alta Loma, Alvin, Angleton, Brazoria, Brookshire, Chenango, El Campo, Pearland, and Richmond. Throughout Texas – in areas other than Galveston – at least $3 million in damage occurred to cotton crops, $75,000 to telegraph and telephone poles, and $60,000 to railroads.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States, Texas
At Alvin, 8.05 in (204 mm) of rain fell on September 8, the highest 24-hour total for that city in the month of September. The city suffered nine fatalities and about $50,000 in damage. In West Columbia, the storm destroyed the old capitol building of the former Republic of Texas. Eight deaths occurred in the city. In Quintana, the city experienced extensive damage during this storm and a flood in 1899, causing portions of the community to be abandoned. Throughout Brazoria County alone, the hurricane caused nearly $200,000 in damage and 47 deaths. Houston also experienced significant damage.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States, Texas
The hurricane wrought damage to many buildings, including a Masonic temple, a railroad powerhouse, an opera house, a courthouse, and many businesses, churches, homes, hotels, and school buildings. Streets were littered with branches from shade trees and downed electrical wires, leaving several roads completely impassable to cars. The city of Houston suffered about $250,000 in damage and two deaths, one of which occurred when a man was struck by falling timber.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States, Texas
A train heading for Galveston left Houston on the morning of September 8 at 9:45 a.m. CST (15:45 UTC). It found the tracks washed out, and passengers were forced to transfer to a relief train on parallel tracks to complete their journey. Even then, debris on the track slowed the train's progress to a crawl. The 95 travelers on the train from Beaumont found themselves at the Bolivar Peninsula waiting for the ferry that would carry them to the island. When it arrived, the high seas forced the ferry captain to give up on his attempt to dock.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States, Texas
The train crew attempted to return the way they had come, but rising water blocked the train's path. Ten refugees from the Beaumont train sought shelter at the Point Bolivar lighthouse with 190 residents of Port Bolivar who were already there. The 85 who stayed with the train died when the storm surge overran the tops of the cars, while every person inside the lighthouse survived.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States, Texas
First news from Galveston just received by train that could get no closer to the bay shore than 6 mi [9.7 km] where the prairie was strewn with debris and dead bodies. About 200 corpses counted from the train. Large steamship stranded 2 mi [3.2 km] inland. Nothing could be seen of Galveston. Loss of life and property undoubtedly most appalling. Weather clear and bright here with gentle southeast wind.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States, Texas
At the time of the 1900 hurricane, the highest point in the city of Galveston was only 8.7 ft (2.7 m) above sea level. The hurricane brought with it a storm surge of over 15 ft (4.6 m) that washed over the entire island. Storm surge and tides began flooding the city by the early morning hours of September 8. Water rose steadily from 3:00 p.m. (21:00 UTC) until approximately 7:30 p.m. (01:30 UTC September 9), when eyewitness accounts indicated that water rose about 4 ft (1.2 m) in just four seconds.


1900 Galveston hurricane, Impact, United States, Texas
An additional 5 ft (1.5 m) of water had flowed into portions of the city by 8:30 p.m. (02:30 UTC September 9). The cyclone dropped 9 in (230 mm) of precipitation in Galveston on September 8, setting a record for the most rainfall for any 24-hour period in the month of September in the city's history.