1899 California Golden Bears football team
For just the second time in history, an eastern team traveled to the Pacific coast. Carlisle defeated California by a score of 2–0. The news reported the contest as the first matchup of East and West, but was pre-dated by the 1894 Chicago vs. Stanford football game. Like the Chicago vs. Stanford game before it, the Carlisle vs. California game foreshadows the first bowl game, the 1902 Rose Bowl.


1899 Carlisle Indians football team
The 1899 Carlisle Indians football team represented the Carlisle Indians football team of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School during the 1899 college football season. The Indians were coached by Pop Warner in his 1st year as head coach. The team compiled a record of 9–2 and outscored opponents 383 to 46.


1899 Carlisle Indians football team
Frank Hudson was the quarterback and drop-kicker for the 1899 Carlisle Indian team. In a 22–10 loss to Harvard, Hudson's kicking was again a featured attraction. The New York Times reported: "And now came the feature of the game, for which everybody had been waiting. The Indians advanced the ball to Harvard's thirty-five-yard line, when Hudson dropped back for a goal from the field. A second later and the pigskin went straight through the goal posts, and everybody was digging his neighbors' ribs and saying, 'I told you so.'" For the first time, Carlisle defeated one of the "Big Four" of college football, defeating Penn by a score of 16 to 5.


1899 Carlisle Indians football team
The 1899 Carlisle team drew further acclaim after defeating Columbia, 45–0, in a Thanksgiving Day game played at Manhattan Field near the Polo Grounds in New York. Hudson drop-kicked four goals from touchdown and one field goal in the victory over Columbia. The New York Times cited Hudson's use of the drop kick technique as one of the features of the game:


1899 Carlisle Indians football team
"The other novelty was the way in which Hudson kicked goals. Instead of making a kick from a placed ball held by one of his eleven he chose to make all his tries for a goal by a drop kick, and he succeeded in most of his efforts. It was a new feature for a match game, though frequently tried in practice."


1899 Carlisle Indians football team
With 10,000 fans in attendance, Isaac Seneca was the star of the game, having two runs of 30 yards and another of 40 yards. A press account of the game said: "The Indians were in prime physical condition and bore through the Columbia line and skirted the ends at will. At least eight times the Carlisle backs got around the ends for runs of thirty to sixty yards. Most of these runs were made by Seneca and Miller."


1899 Carlisle Indians football team
For just the second time in history, an eastern team traveled to the Pacific coast. Carlisle defeated the California on December 25 in San Francisco by a score of 2–0. The news reported the contest as the first matchup of East and West, but was pre-dated by the 1894 Chicago vs. Stanford football game. Like the Chicago vs. Stanford game before it, the Carlisle vs. California game foreshadows the first bowl game, the 1902 Rose Bowl.


1899 Carlisle Indians football team
At the end of the 1899 season, Seneca was elected as captain of the 1900 team, though he opted to play professional football rather than return in 1900. Seneca was also honored by being named a first team All-American—the first Carlisle player and the first American Indian to be so honored.


1899 Carlisle Indians football team
With its only two losses having come to Harvard and Princeton (ranked No. 1 and No. 2 in the country), the 1899 Carlisle team was ranked No. 4 in the country by Walter Camp.


1899 Carrabelle hurricane
The 1899 Carrabelle hurricane caused significant damage in the Dominican Republic and the Florida Panhandle. The second tropical cyclone and second hurricane of the 1899 Atlantic hurricane season, the storm was first observed south of the Dominican Republic on July 28, 1899. Shortly thereafter, it made landfall in Azua Province, Dominican Republic with an intensity equivalent to a Category 1 hurricane on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. Early on July 29, the system weakened to a tropical storm, shortly before emerging into the Atlantic Ocean.


1899 Carrabelle hurricane
It then moved west-northwestward and remained at the same intensity for the next 24 hours. The storm made landfall near Islamorada, Florida on July 30. It then brushed Southwest Florida before emerging into the Gulf of Mexico. The storm began to re-intensify on July 31 and became a hurricane later that day. Early on August 1, it peaked with winds of 100 mph (155 km/h), several hours before making landfall near Apalachicola, Florida at the same intensity. The storm quickly weakened inland and dissipated over Alabama on August 2.


1899 Carrabelle hurricane
In the Dominican Republic, three large schooners were wrecked at Santo Domingo; only one crew member on the three vessels survived. "Great" damage was reported along coastal sections of the country while a loss of telegraph service impacted most of interior areas. In Florida, damage in the city of Carrabelle was extensive, where only nine houses remained. Losses in the city reached approximately $100,000 (1899 USD). At least 57 shipping vessels were destroyed; damage from these ships collectively totaled about $375,000. Additionally, 13 lumber vessels were beached.


1899 Carrabelle hurricane
Many boats at the harbor and the wharfs in Lanark were wrecked; large portions of stores and pavilions in the city were damaged. The towns of Curtis Mill and McIntyre were completely destroyed, while the resort city of St. Teresa suffered significant damage. Overall, seven deaths were confirmed in Florida and losses in the state reached at least $1 million.


1899 Carrabelle hurricane, Meteorological history
A "violent hurricane" was first observed near the south coast of Hispaniola at 1200 UTC on July 27. Within the next six hours, the storm made landfall in Azua Province, Dominican Republic with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) – equivalent to a Category 1 hurricane on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. Early on July 28, it weakened to tropical storm while moving northwestward across northern Haiti. A few hours later, the storm emerged into the Atlantic near Port-de-Paix. The system maintained intensity for over 24 hours as it moved northwestward and parallel to the north coast of Cuba.


1899 Carrabelle hurricane, Meteorological history
At 1000 UTC on July 30, the storm made landfall in Islamorada, Florida on Upper Matecumbe Key with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h). It weakened slightly and then moved just offshore or struck the mainland portion of Monroe County, Florida. Early on July 31, the storm began to re-strengthen while entering the eastern Gulf of Mexico.


1899 Carrabelle hurricane, Meteorological history
HURDAT – the North Atlantic hurricane database – indicated that the system re-intensified into a hurricane at 1200 UTC on July 31. Further deepening occurred, with the storm becoming a Category 2 hurricane early on August 1. Later that day, the hurricane made landfall between Carrabelle and Eastpoint, Florida with winds of 100 mph (155 km/h). Reports at landfall indicate that the storm was small, spanning a diameter of only 40 miles (64 km).


1899 Carrabelle hurricane, Meteorological history
At 1800 UTC on August 1 – about an hour after it moved inland – a weather station measured the storm's minimum barometric pressure of 979 mbar (28.9 inHg). Early on August 2, it weakened to a tropical storm and then a tropical depression several hours later. Shortly thereafter, it dissipating over southern Alabama.


1899 Carrabelle hurricane, Impact
News reports indicate that a "violent" hurricane struck the Dominican Republic on July 28. Three large schooners were wrecked at Santo Domingo; only one crew member on the three vessels survived. "Great" damage was reported along coastal sections of the country, while a loss of telegraph service impacted most of interior areas.


1899 Carrabelle hurricane, Impact
Due to "somewhat threatening" weather conditions on July 30 and July 31, advisories were issued to stations across Florida, warning of the potential for strong winds. As a result, 40 vessels, coasting schooners, and spongers remained at port in Cedar Key. According to the displayman at Cedar Key, "they [the ships and sailors] would have sailed and some would have been lost" had they not received warnings.


1899 Carrabelle hurricane, Impact
At the time of the storm, it was described as "the most disastrous cyclone that ever visited this section of Florida". Losses from the storm in Florida reached at least $1 million. The city of Carrabelle was devastated as only nine houses in the city remained. According to the mayor, about 200 families were left homeless. The New York Times stated that, "Carrabelle is literally wiped from the map." Losses in the city reached approximately $100,000. One fatality occurred in Carrabelle when a house collapsed on a woman; numerous other people in the area sustained injuries.


1899 Carrabelle hurricane, Impact
At least 57 shipping vessels were destroyed, including 14 barques, 40 small boats, and 3 pilot boats. Losses for these ships collectively totaled about $375,000. At the Chattahoochee, then known as River Junction, a mass meeting of citizens was held on August 4 to collect money for the victims of the storm in Carrabelle.


1899 Carrabelle hurricane, Impact
Additionally, 13 lumber vessels were beached. A 30-mile (48 km) portion of the Carrabelle, Tallahassee and Georgia Railroad was washed away. A passenger train was blown over 100 yards from the track, injuring many passengers. Many boats at the harbor and the wharfs in Lanark were wrecked. The local summer resort of Lanark Inn was blown into the Gulf of Mexico. Large portions of stores and pavilions in the city were damaged. At McIntyre, virtually the entire town was destroyed, except for only two mill boilers. The city of Curtis Mill was completely destroyed. Additionally, the resort city of St. Teresa suffered significant damage. A total of fifteen ships either destroyed or beached at Dog Island, including the Benjamin C. Cromwell and James A. Garfield. At least 15 people were reported missing. Six drowning deaths were confirmed in association with this storm.


1899 Central Michigan Normalites football team
The 1899 Central Michigan Normalites football team represented Central Michigan Normal School, later renamed Central Michigan University, as an independent during the 1899 college football season. Under head coach Carl Pray, the Normalites compiled a 3–2 record, and outscored their opponents by a total of 35 to 22.


1899 Ceram earthquake
On 30 September 1899 the island of Ceram, Dutch Indies, was struck by an Ms = 7.8 earthquake, which was accompanied by a 10-metre tsunami. According to the Batavian Magnetic and Meteorological Observatory, the shock occurred at 01:42.2 hours, Amahei local time. Dr. R. D. M. Verbeek's study about the quake and its effects was published in his Short Report about the earth- and sea-quake in Ceram, the 30th September 1899, and is the only extensive source on the Ceram earthquake.


1899 Ceram earthquake, Earthquake and tsunamis
The Ceram earthquake is ranked among the tectonic quakes. The epicenter of the quake is shown in Figure 1. From there the quake spread in all directions. The most forceful spread went west and east, presumably through an old crack or tear in the Earth's crust.


1899 Ceram earthquake, Earthquake and tsunamis
The 1899 Ceram earthquake had nothing to do with the 1898 Ambon earthquake. The first-mentioned took place along one of the many concentric cracks, the latter one took place along a radial crack. The earthquake was especially heavy in the Elpaputih-bay. Presumably because, as calculations suggest, the epicenter of the shock was located in the mountains west of the bay. These calculations were confirmed by visual inspection of the mountain rocks, which showed signs of fracture and breaking due to the quake. The earthquake itself would not have been responsible for a lot of damage, were it not that the several parts of the shore broke off due to the quake and fell into the sea, creating a severe tsunami that flooded the shores and the nearby located villages.


1899 Ceram earthquake, Effects
The devastating tsunami took 3,864 lives and swept away several villages completely. The areas that were struck hardest were all located on, or near, the Ceram fracture line and included Hatusua (Piru-bay area), Paulohy-Samasuru and Makariki (Elpaputih-bay area), Tehoru, Wolu and Laimu (Taluti-bay area).


1899 Ceram earthquake, Effects, Piru-bay area
Only the east side suffered damage from a single-wave tsunami which destroyed the entire Hatusua village. A 2.4-meter wave, that went landinward 203 meters, swept away the village.


1899 Ceram earthquake, Effects, Elpaputih-bay area
Like at Piru-bay, the most severe damage was suffered on the east-side of the bay (Paulohy-Samasuru and Mani were the only west-side villages that were struck). Here, the shore broke off, creating a 9-meter wave flooding land inward for 170 m. 2400 people's lives were taken by the tsunami in this area.


1899 Ceram earthquake, Effects, Taluti-bay area
Here, the west side of the bay suffered the greatest impact. At the Tehoru shore, a 'land-sliding' occurred, which created a flood that flooded the entire Tehoru village as well as parts of the nearby Wolu and Laimu villages.


1899 Ceram earthquake, Dr. R. D. M. Verbeek's study
Rogier Verbeek was a Dutch geologist and natural scientist, located in the Dutch Indies due to his work for the Royal Dutch Geography Society. Therefore, his work is part of a broader scholarly effort to get a better understanding of the geography of the Dutch colonies. In that time, the focus was mainly on the micro-geography of certain Dutch areas. This case study tries to give an overview of the cause and impact of the 1899 earthquake and tsunami, indexing the specifics of the natural disaster for the entire Ceram area.


1899 Ceram earthquake, Dr. R. D. M. Verbeek's study
However, Verbeek's presence in the Dutch Indies was not merely scholarly in nature. There was also an imperialistic incentive to have Dutch scholars located in Dutch colonies. As the first president of the Royal Dutch Geography Society, P.J. Veth, stated, it was also a matter of pursuing and maintaining the Dutch glory, in a cultural-nationalistic sense. Dutch scholarly presence in the Indies was therefore not merely scientific, but also part of a colonial effort based on the idea of a 'Greater Holland'.


1899 Challenge Cup
The 1899 Challenge Cup was the 3rd staging of rugby league's oldest knockout competition, the Challenge Cup.


1899 Challenge Cup
The final was contested by Oldham and Hunslet at Fallowfield Stadium in Manchester.


1899 Challenge Cup
The final was played on Saturday 29 April 1899, where Oldham beat Hunslet 19-9 at Fallowfield Stadium in front of a crowd of 15,763. The cup was presented by Mrs Burnley, wife of the President of the Northern Union.


1899 Chicago Maroons football team
The 1899 Chicago Maroons football team represented the University of Chicago during the 1899 college football season and won the Western Conference championship.


1899 Chicago Maroons football team
In their eighth season under head coach Amos Alonzo Stagg, the Maroons compiled a 16–0–2 overall record, which included four practice games against high school football teams. In intercollegiate games, the Maroons compiled a 12–0–2 record and a 4–0 record against Western Conference opponents. The only two blemishes were tie games with Iowa and Penn. The Maroons shut out 13 opponents, scored 505 points (28.1 points per game), and allowed only 28 points on defense (1.6 points per game).


1899 Chicago Maroons football team
The Maroons played their first 17 games at home on Marshall Field in Chicago. The final game of the season was a post-season match against Wisconsin at Randall Field in Madison, Wisconsin. Chicago defeated Wisconsin by a 17–0 score to claim the undisputed championship of the Western Conference.


1899 Chicago Maroons football team, Season summary, Games 1-4: Practice games against high schools
Chicago opened its 1899 season with four practice matches against high school teams, all played at Chicago's Marshall Field. The Maroons won all four games by a combined score of 98 to 0.


1899 Chicago Maroons football team, Season summary, Game 5: Knox
On September 23, 1899, Chicago opened its intercollegiate football season with a 40–0 victory over the team from Knox College. The game began at 3:45 p.m. and was played at Marshall Field in halves of 25 and 20 minutes. Henry scored three touchdowns, and Slaker, Hamill, Wellington, and Feil scored one touchdown each. Kennedy kicked five goals from touchdown. Hamill's touchdown was scored on a run of 102 yards, the longest run in Marshall Field history to that point. Chicago's lineup against Knox was Rich (left end), Wellington and Sheldon (left tackle), Feil (left guard), C. Webb (center), Cooke (right guard), J. Webb (right tackle), Cassels (right end), Kennedy (quarterback), Hamill and Horton (left halfback), Henry (right halfback), and Slaker (fullback).


1899 Chicago Maroons football team, Season summary, Game 6: Physicians & Surgeons
On September 30, 1899, Chicago defeated the team from the College of Physicians & Surgeons by a 12–0 score. The game was played in 25-minute halves at Marshall Field. Slaker and Hamill each scored a touchdown, and Kennedy kicked two goals from touchdown. Henry and two Physicians & Surgeons players were ejected from the game for unnecessary roughness. Chicago's lineup against the Physicians & Surgeons was Cassels (left end), Webb (left tackle), Ervin and Ahlswede (left guard), Speed (center), Cooke and Feil (right guard), Wellington (right tackle), Kennedy (quarterback), Hamill (right halfback), Henry (left halfback), and Slaker (fullback).


1899 Chicago Maroons football team, Season summary, Game 7: Notre Dame
On October 4, 1899, Chicago played a midweek game against Notre Dame. The Maroons won by a 23–6 score at Marshall Field. Slaker and Hamill scored two touchdowns each for Chicago, and Kennedy kicked three goals from touchdown. Hamill's play was reported to be "the feature of the game" as he twice had runs of over 100 yards.


1899 Chicago Maroons football team, Season summary, Game 7: Notre Dame
Chicago's starting lineup against Notre Dame was Sheldon, Rich and Place (left end), Wellington (left tackle), Ahlswede and Cook (left guard), Speed and C. Webb (center), Feil and Erwin (right guard), Webb (right tackle), Cassels (right end), Kennedy and Henry (quarterback), Hamill (right halfback), Henry and Horton (left halfback), and Slaker (fullback).


1899 Chicago Maroons football team, Season summary, Game 8: Iowa
On October 7, 1899, Chicago played to a 5–5 tie against Iowa that finished the season undefeated with an 8–0–1 record. The Chicago Sunday Tribune called it "one of the finest exhibitions of defensive football seen in a long time," as the Maroons twice held the Hawkeyes on drives that penetrated inside the Chicago five-yard line. Chicago, playing without its captain Kennedy, was unable to score a touchdown and tallied its five points on a field goal by Henry. Chicago's lineup against Iowa was Sheldon (left end), Wellington (left tackle), Flannagan and Feil (left guard), Speed (center), Ahlswede (right guard), Webb (right tackle), Cassells (right end), Holste (quarterback), Hamill (right halfback), Henry (left halfback), and Slaker (fullback).


1899 Chicago Maroons football team, Season summary, Game 9: Dixon
On October 11, 1889, Chicago played a midweek game against the team from Dixon College and Normal School in Dixon, Illinois. The Maroons won the game, played in 25-minute halves, by a 29–0 score at Marshall Field. Chicago played mostly substitutes in the game. Ervin at fullback scored two touchdowns, while Ahlswede and Rich each scored once. Henry kicked four goals from touchdown and one field goal. Chicago's lineup against Dixon was Sheldon and Holste (left end), Feil (left tackle), Flannagan (left guard), Speed and C. Webb (center), Ahlswede (right guard), Cook (right tackle), Rich (right end), Henry (quarterback), Place (right halfback), Horton and Lewis (left halfback), Ervin (fullback).


1899 Chicago Maroons football team, Season summary, Game 10: Cornell
On October 14, 1899, Chicago defeated Cornell by a 17–6 score. The game was played at Marshall Field to a crowd of 6,000 persons. One Chicago newspaper account called the game "a triumph of the West over the East; a demonstration of the effectiveness of the style of football played in this section of the country." Slaker scored two touchdowns for Chicago, and Wellington scored another. Henry kicked two goals from touchdown. Raymond Starbuck scored a touchdown for Cornell. Chicago's lineup against Cornell was Sheldon (left end), Webb (left tackle), Flannagan (left guard), Speed (center), Ahlswede (right guard), Feil (right tackle), Cassels (right end), Henry (quarterback), Wellington (left halfback), Hamill (right halfback), and Slaker (fullback).


1899 Chicago Maroons football team, Season summary, Game 11: Oberlin
On October 21, 1899, Chicago defeated Oberlin by a 58–0 score. The game was played at Marshall Field to a crowd of 2,500 persons. Of the 58 points scored, 53 were scored in the first half. In the second half, the Maroons made liberal use of substitutes and scored only five points. Chicago touchdowns were scored by Slaker (1), Hamill (3), Henry (2), Wellington (1), Sheldon (1), and Ahlswede (1). Henry kicked eight goals from touchdown and one field goal. Chicago's lineup against Oberlin was Sheldon (left end), Feil (left tackle), Flannagan (left guard), Speed (center), Ahlswede (right guard), Webb (right tackle), Cassels and Rich (right end), Henry and Holste (quarterback), Hamill (right halfback), Wellington and Snyder (left halfback), and Slaker (fullback).


1899 Chicago Maroons football team, Season summary, Game 12: Penn
On October 28, 1899, Chicago played Penn to a 5–5 tie before a crowd of 8,000 persons at Marshall Field. The Penn team that traveled to Chicago was one of the Big Four teams from the East with a lineup that included four first-team All-Americans: quarterback John H. Outland [namesake of the Outland Trophy], center Pete Overfield, halfback Josiah McCracken, and guard Truxtun Hare. Each team scored a touchdown, Davidson for Penn and Wellington scoring late in the second half for Chicago. Henry missed a kick for goal from touchdown that would have given Chicago a victory. Chicago gained twice as many yards as Penn and twice had drives stopped inside Penn's three-yard line. Kennedy missed two attempts at field goals from placement.


1899 Chicago Maroons football team, Season summary, Game 12: Penn
The game was reportedly marred only by "incessant coaching" from the Penn sideline; the conduct was met with "hissing" from the crowd. On one occasion the umpire had to chase an old Penn player off the field, and on another occasion, one of the Quakers was taken from the field by a police officer. After the game, the umpire declared the actions of the Penn coaches to be "ungentlemanly."


1899 Chicago Maroons football team, Season summary, Game 12: Penn
Despite the controversy over coaching, press accounts referenced the game as a spectacle. The Times of Philadelphia proclaimed: "Never has Marshall Field been the scene of a more bitter struggle; never have two athletic forces contended with more heroic courage in the Western metropolis, and never a greater foot-ball battle witnessed in the West than today's Pennsylvania-Chicago game." The Sunday Inter Ocean reported: "Never before has such an exciting game of football been played in Chicago. Never before has a crowd of spectators on Marshall field been wrought up to such a pitch of mad enthusiasm."


1899 Chicago Maroons football team, Season summary, Game 12: Penn
Chicago's lineup against Penn was Henry (left end), Feil (left tackle), Flannagan (left guard), Speed (center), Ahlswede (right guard), Webb (right tackle), Cassels (right end), Kennedy (quarterback), Wellington (left halfback), Hamill (right halfback), and Slaker (fullback).


1899 Chicago Maroons football team, Season summary, Game 13: Purdue
On November 4, 1899, Chicago defeated Purdue by a 44–0 score. The game was played at Marshall Field before a crowd of 2,500 persons. The Chicago Sunday Tribune described right halfback Ralph Hamill as the star of the game, reporting that he scored four touchdowns (the Sunday Inter Ocean reported he scored five) and "raced up and down the field for touchdowns and long gains continually", including a run of 65 yards. Feil also scored two touchdowns, and Henry scored one. Kennedy converted on four of seven goals after touchdown. Chicago's lineup against Purdue was Henry and Sheldon (left end), Feil (left tackle), Flannagan and Ervin (left guard), Speed and Webb (center), Ahlswede (right guard), Webb (right tackle), Cassells and Rich (right end), Kennedy (quarterback), Eldredge and Henry (left halfback), Hamill (right halfback), and Snyder (fullback).


1899 Chicago Maroons football team, Season summary, Game 14: Northwestern
On November 11, 1899, Chicago defeated Northwestern by a 76–0 score. The game was played before a crowd of almost 3,000 persons at Marshall Field. Slaker scored six touchdowns for Chicago, while Webb and Henry scored two each, and Feil, Hamill, and Ahlswede each scored once. Kennedy converted 11 goals from touchdown. The lineup for Chicago was Eldredge, Schmahl and Sheldon (left end), Feil (left tackle), Ervin (left guard), Speed (center), Ahlswede (right guard), Webb (right tackle), Cassels (right end), Kennedy (quarterback), Hamill (right halfback), Henry (left halfback), and Slaker (fullback).


1899 Chicago Maroons football team, Season summary, Game 15: Beloit
On November 18, 1899, Chicago defeated the team from Beloit College by a 35–0 score. The game was played in halves of 20 and 25 minutes before a crowd of 2,000 persons at Marshall Field. Right halfback Hamill scored three touchdowns, fullback Frank Slaker scored two touchdowns, and quarterback Kennedy scored five goals from touchdown. Chicago's lineup against Beloit was Sheldon (left end), Feil and McNab (left tackle), Flanagan (left guard), Ahlswede (center), Ervin (right guard), Webb (right tackle), Cassells (right end), Kennedy (quarterback), Eldredge and Place (left halfback), Hamill (right halfback), and Slaker and Snyder (fullback).


1899 Chicago Maroons football team, Season summary, Game 16: Minnesota
On November 25, 1899, Chicago played Minnesota at Marshall Field in Chicago before a crowd of 8,000 persons. The game was played in 35-minute halves. Chicago won by a 29-0 score. Chicago's touchdowns (four points each) were scored by Slaker, Cassells, Feil, Place and Hamill. Goals after touchdown were completed by Kennedy (1) and Henry (3).


1899 Chicago Maroons football team, Season summary, Game 17: Brown
On Thanksgiving Day, November 30, 1899, Chicago concluded its regular season schedule with a victory over Brown by a 17–6 score in front of a crowd of 10,000 persons at Marshall Field in Chicago. The game began shortly after 2:30 p.m. and was played in halves of 35 and 30 minutes, the second half having been shortened due to darkness.


1899 Chicago Maroons football team, Season summary, Game 17: Brown
The Daily Inter Ocean described the game as the "leading social function of the day" with the field a "bedlam of noise" and Chicago co-eds "out in force with large bows of maroon ribbon dangling from their umbrellas and barrytone tin horns." University of Chicago President William Rainey Harper was seated in a central box in the front row and "showed an intense interest in the game." Chicago scored all 17 of its points in the first half, while Brown did not score until late in the second half as darkness began to fall.


1899 Chicago Maroons football team, Season summary, Game 17: Brown
Frank Slaker scored two touchdowns for eight Chicago points, and James Henry kicked a field goal and two goals after touchdown for nine Chicago points. Right halfback Richardson scored all six of Brown's points on a touchdown and goal from touchdown. Guard Frederick Feil was called the "particular star" for Chicago, as he broke out of the pile for long gains on multiple occasions. Chicago's lineup against Brown was Sheldon (left end), Feil (left tackle), Ervin and Flannagan (left guard), Speed (center), Ahlswede (right guard), Webb (right tackle), Cassels (right end), Holste and Henry (quarterback) Henry and Eldredge (left halfback), Eldredge and Place (right halfback), and Slaker (fullback).


1899 Chicago Maroons football team, Season summary, Game 18: at Wisconsin
On December 9, 1899, Chicago traveled to Madison, Wisconsin, to play a post-season game against the Wisconsin Badgers for the championship of the Western Conference. The Wisconsin team featured Eddie Cochems at left end, Pat O'Dea at fullback, and Arthur Hale Curtis at right tackle. The game was played in halves of 35 minutes at Randall Field before 8,000 Wisconsin students and locals with 1,000 Chicago supporters in the east bleachers. Chicago won the game by a 17–0 score. Slaker scored two touchdowns for Chicago, Feil scored one. Henry kicked two goals from touchdown. Chicago's lineup against Wisconsin was Sheldon (left end), Lerum and Feil (left tackle), Ahlswede (left guard), Speed (center), Flannagan (right guard), Webb (right tackle), Eldredge (right end), Kennedy (quarterback), Henry (left halfback), Hamill (right halfback), and Slaker (fullback).


1899 Chicago Maroons football team, Players, Varsity letter winners
The following 17 players won varsity letters for their participation on the 1899 Chicago football team.


1899 Chicago Orphans season
The 1899 Chicago Orphans season was the 28th season of the Chicago Orphans franchise, the 24th in the National League and the 7th at West Side Park. The Orphans finished eighth in the National League with a record of 75–73.


1899 Chicago Orphans season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1899 Chicago Orphans season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1899 Chicago Orphans season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1899 Chicago Physicians and Surgeons football team
The 1899 Chicago Physicians and Surgeons football team was an American football team that represented the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Chicago  in the 1899 college football season. The Surgeons compiled a 4–1 record, and outscored their opponents 112 to 12. This would be the last winning season in the college's history, as they would amass an abysmal 1–24 record over the next eight seasons until their disbandment in 1908.


1899 Chicago mayoral election
In the Chicago mayoral election of 1899, Democrat Carter Harrison Jr. was reelected, winning a plurality of the vote and defeating Republican candidate Zina R. Carter, former Illinois governor John Peter Altgeld, as well as several minor candidates by a double-digit margin.


1899 Chicago mayoral election, Background, Carter Harrison and John Peter Altgeld
Carter Harrison had been elected mayor in 1897. Harrison immediately became a major player in state and local politics, particularly within the Democratic Party. Like his father had attempted to before him, Harrison sought to create his own united party organization. He used patronage to his advantage. Many of his political allies were notorious and seedy figures such as "Bathhouse" John Coughlin and Michael "Hinky Dink" Kenna, both members of the so-called Gray Wolves. Harrison quickly had attracted the scorn of the city's proclaimed reformers.


1899 Chicago mayoral election, Background, Carter Harrison and John Peter Altgeld
Harrison's aspirations of power in the Democratic Party came in to conflict with former Governor John Peter Altgeld. Despite having lost his bid for reelection as governor in November 1896, Altgeld was a prominent national political figure, and had, since early 1896, held fragile control over Illinois' Democratic Party. Altgeld had been the most prominent Democrat in the state, and had strong advocacy of free silver and a obtained a pro-labor record as during his governorship. Altgeld held control over the state's Democratic Central Committee, and the committee's chair James Orr was largely a puppet of his.


1899 Chicago mayoral election, Background, Carter Harrison and John Peter Altgeld
Altgeld also was supported by reformist Chicagoans, such as Clarence S. Darrow, Murray F. Tuley, and Edward Fitzsimmons Dunne. Altgeld also had loyal support from many labor leaders and Chicago politicians. As leader of the Illinois Democratic Party he had selected Harrison in 1897 to be the party-backed candidate for mayor. However, a divide between them arose shortly afterwards. Like Harrison, Altgeld also aspired to create a unified Democratic organization of his own.


1899 Chicago mayoral election, Background, Carter Harrison and John Peter Altgeld
Thus, the two politicians became the heads of rival factions, not initially centered around ideology (each were pro-silver and had supported William Jennings Bryan), but rather centered around each of them as political personalities, and their quest for political power. The personal divide between the two was exacerbated by disagreements about the traction debate and whether or not municipal ownership was the solution to it. However, for a while both were able to keep their feelings about each other private.


1899 Chicago mayoral election, Background, Carter Harrison and John Peter Altgeld
Harrison further upset Altgeld by, at the request of Tammany Hall, campaigning for the Democratic mayoral nominee in the 1898 New York City mayoral election, who was running against Altgeld's longtime friend Henry George. Their discontent with each other became public during an early 1898 dispute over when to schedule the state Democratic convention.


1899 Chicago mayoral election, Background, Carter Harrison and John Peter Altgeld
In March 1898, Harrison's allies, through ward-level victories in Chicago, gained control of the Cook County Democratic Party Central Committee. Harrison also, soon after, announced that he had negotiated a formal alliance with Tammany Hall leader Richard Corker, much to the preterition of Altgeld's wing of the party. In response, Altgeld would imply that Harrison was abandoning the cause of free silver (Tammany Hall had notably opposed it during the 1896 election cycle).


1899 Chicago mayoral election, Background, Carter Harrison and John Peter Altgeld
Another dispute that would arise between the two was over the election of the chairman of the Cook County Democratic Party. Harrison backed incumbent Thomas Gahan, while Altgeld, seeing an opportunity to undermine Harrison, backed Timothy Ryan's candidacy. Gahan would ultimately win a decisive victory.


1899 Chicago mayoral election, Background, Preceding 1898 elections
In 1898, Republicans swept both the Illinois state and Cook County elections. Republicans had been riding high off of the popularity that Republican President William McKinley, who was the beneficiary of public support following the nation's victory in the Spanish–American War. The only redeeming sign for Democrats was that, despite Republicans retaining control of the Illinois General Assembly, the Democrats had slightly increased their seat share.


1899 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Democratic primary
A primary was held in March to elect delegates to the city's Democratic convention. Harrison was renominated by acclamation at the convention held March 16.


1899 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Republican
Carter had previously served as an alderman in 1895 and 1896, resigning before the end of his term in order to take office as a member of the Board of Trustees of the Sanitary District of Chicago, on which he was still serving in 1899. He had also served as president of the Chicago Board of Trade in 1898.


1899 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Republican
At the city's Republican convention, Carter received 810 votes on the first ballot, against the 198 votes that Graeme Stewart received. After the first ballot, a motioned was carried to make Carter's nomination unanimous.


1899 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Republican
The Republican Party was seen to be divided, weakening its chances of winning the general election.


1899 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Municipal Ownership
In December 1898, after consideration, Altgeld made a widely-anticipated announcement that he would challenge Harrison for the mayoralty. Realizing that he could not win the Democratic nomination, as Harrison had coalesced control of the city party, Altgeld opted to challenge him as a third-party candidate in the general election, backed by the Municipal Ownership League.


1899 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Municipal Ownership
In announcing his candidacy, Altgeld justified his challenge to Harrison by laying blame for Democrats failure in the 1898 elections at the feet of Harrison, claiming that the results were in reaction to Harrison's failures.


1899 Chicago mayoral election, General election
Since Harrison was unopposed for the Democratic nomination and Altgeld was launching his own third-party label, the general election campaign technically took off before the Democratic convention had even taken place.


1899 Chicago mayoral election, General election
At the start of his campaign, there was little belief that Altgeld would actually win the mayoralty. His campaign advisor William A. Prentiss even stated in January that the actual goal of the campaign was to sabotage Harrison's chances, throwing the election to the Republicans. With Harrison removed from office, they believed that Altgeld would again be the undisputed leader of the state and local Democratic parties. By the end of the election, however, Altgeld was convinced that he would win the mayoralty.


1899 Chicago mayoral election, General election
In early January, with his campaign appearing to falter, Harrison was concerned by the threat of Altgeld potentially acting as a spoiler, and tried to appeal to Altgeld to withdraw by pledging to, in turn, take steps that would promote free silver in the state's politics. Altgeld immediately rejected Harrisons attempts at appeasing him. Harrison began to, out of what appeared to be desperation, solicit the endorsement and support of individuals such as Timothy Ryan, whose candidacy he had earlier opposed for Cook County Democratic Party Chairman. However, within weeks, the state of Harrison's campaign would appear to change, and his prospects would brighten up.


1899 Chicago mayoral election, General election
Altgeld accused Harrison of turning a blind eye to corruption and abandoning the reformist platforms he had campaigned on in 1897.


1899 Chicago mayoral election, General election
The traction issue took a prominent role in the campaign. Harrison accused Altgeld of being hypocritical on the issue, having ignored it while governor. Harrison also touted his success in defeating unpopular traction legislation. Altgeld accused Harrison of being a puppet of streetcar magnate Charles Yerkes. Algeld pledged to lower streetcar fares from five cents to four cents, and also pledged to push for immediate municipal ownership of street car lines. Harrison decried this as impractical.


1899 Chicago mayoral election, General election
Harrison eschewed discussing the national hot-button debate surrounding the gold standard. However, Altgeld took advantage of this issue, criticizing Harrison for his friendliness with several Gold Democrats.


1899 Chicago mayoral election, General election
Harrison highlighted his successes in expanding street lighting in the city.


1899 Chicago mayoral election, General election
Starting in February, Altgeld began delivering public speeches to increasingly large and excited crowds. He also had a number of other orators campaign on his behalf across the city. However, among the orators that spoke on his behalf, there were only two major Democratic Party figures, William A. Prentiss and Clarence Darrow, with the rest of the orators dispersed across the city being lesser-known individuals. To keep up with Altgeld and his surrogates, Harrison and his allies also took a heavy schedule of stump-speeches.


1899 Chicago mayoral election, General election
Altgeld received backing from Georgist clubs and a number of labor organizations.


1899 Chicago mayoral election, General election
Republican nominee Zina B. Carter sought to run a positive campaign focused on returning business values to city government, and largely avoided attacking either Harrison or Altgeld. He was widely ignored in the press. He was also largely ignored by both Harrison and Altgeld. Carter aroused very little enthusiasm.


1899 Chicago mayoral election, General election, Results
Harrison received 68.75% of the Polish-American vote, while Carter received 23.54% and Altgeld received 6.13%.


1899 Chicago mayoral election, General election, Allegations of electoral fraud
At least three of the city's newspapers published allegations of fraud in voting places across the city.


1899 Cincinnati Reds season
The 1899 Cincinnati Reds season was a season in American baseball. The team finished in sixth place in the National League with a record of 83–67, 16 games behind the Brooklyn Superbas.


1899 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season
The Reds were coming off a successful season in 1898, earning a third-place finish with a 92–60 record. However, they once again faded down the stretch, as the team was in first place in the first week of September before slumping for the remainder of the season.


1899 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season
Buck Ewing returned to manage Cincinnati for a fifth season. The Reds also purchased Kip Selbach from the Washington Senators during the off-season for $5,000. Selbach batted .303 with three home runs and 60 RBI with the Senators in 1898. The club also acquired Bill Phillips, who spent the 1898 season with the Indianapolis Hoosiers of the Western League, where he had a 29–8 record. Phillips last played in the National League in 1895 with the Reds, going 6–7 with a 6.03 ERA. Twenty-year-old Noodles Hahn was also signed by Cincinnati, as he split the 1898 season with the Detroit Tigers and St. Paul Saints, going 12–20 between those two clubs.


1899 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season
Once again, Jake Beckley had a very solid offensive season, batting .333 with three home runs and 99 RBI, all team highs. Kip Selbach was also very solid, batting .297 with three home runs and 87 RBI, as well as scoring a team high 105 runs.


1899 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season
On the mound, Hahn was the ace, earning a 23–8 record with a 2.68 ERA in his rookie season. Hahn pitched a team high 309 innings, and struck out 145 batters. Phillips was also very solid, going 17–9 with a 3.32 ERA in 33 games.


1899 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season, Season summary
Cincinnati started the season off on the right foot, going 14–7 in their opening twenty-one games, only 1.5 games out of first. However, a 7–15 mark over their next twenty-two games saw the team fall under the .500 level with a 24–25 record, sitting in seventh place, 14.5 games behind the Brooklyn Superbas. The team would remain around the .500 mark, as they were 40–41, before going on a franchise record fourteen-game winning streak. Cincinnati's record improved to 54–41, however, they still remained in fifth place, eight games behind Brooklyn. The Reds then lost six of their next seven games to fall into sixth place, 12.5 games out. At the end of the season, Cincinnati was a sixth place team with an 83–67 record, 19 games behind Brooklyn.


1899 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1899 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1899 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1899 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1899 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1899 Cincinnati football team
The 1899 Cincinnati football team was an American football team that represented the University of Cincinnati as an independent during the 1899 college football season. In their first season under head coach Daniel A. Reed, the Bearcats compiled a 5–2 record. Howard Nieman was the team captain. The team played its home games at Union Ball Park in Cincinnati.


1899 City of Wellington by-election
The 25 July 1899 City of Wellington by-election was caused by the resignation of incumbent MP John Hutcheson over the Marine Scandal. Hutcheson, along with MP Frederick Pirani had accused Premier Richard Seddon and Minister of Marine William Hall-Jones amongst others, of using influence to obtain Mariners certificates for unqualified candidates in contravention of the recent Shipping and Seamen's Act. When the Marine Commission report  declared that the charges were unfounded Hutcheson resigned in order to exonerate himself by means of a by-election win.


1899 City of Wellington by-election, 1896 election result
1 Majority is difference between lowest winning poll (Fisher, 5859) and highest losing poll (Atkinson, 5831)


1899 City of Wellington by-election, 1896 election result
2 Turnout is total number of voters - as voters had three votes each total votes cast was higher (37,624)


1899 Clackmannanshire and Kinross-shire by-election
The Clackmannanshire and Kinross-shire by-election, 1899 was a parliamentary by-election held for the British House of Commons constituency of Clackmannanshire and Kinross-shire on 20 December 1899. The seat had become vacant when the sitting Liberal Member of Parliament John Balfour resigned having been appointed a judge.


1899 Clackmannanshire and Kinross-shire by-election
The Liberal candidate, Eugene Wason, the former MP for South Ayrshire won the seat in a straight fight with his Conservative opponent George Younger.


1899 Clemson Tigers football team
The 1899 Clemson Tigers football team represented Clemson Agricultural College in the 1899 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The Tigers completed their fourth season with a record of 4–2, with wins over Davidson, South Carolina, North Carolina A&M, and Georgia Tech and losses to Georgia and Auburn. Clemson did not host any games, but played a mix of away and neutral site games. Walter Riggs served again as coach, having also led the team in its inaugural 1896 season, while J. N. Walker was the captain.


1899 Cleveland Spiders season
The 1899 Cleveland Spiders season was the team's 13th and final season in Major League Baseball, and their 11th season in the National League (NL).


1899 Cleveland Spiders season
The Spiders' team owners also owned the St. Louis Perfectos. To strengthen the Perfectos, they transferred the Spiders' best players to St. Louis before the season. This left Cleveland with a bad team. As the Spiders played poorly and continued to lose that season, people did not attend their home games, and they soon agreed to play most of their games on the road.


1899 Cleveland Spiders season
The Spiders finished in 12th place, last in the NL, with a record of 20–134. This remains the worst single-season record for an MLB team in terms of winning percentage (.130).


1899 Cleveland Spiders season, Offseason
In early 1899, the owners of the Spiders, the Robison brothers, Frank and Stanley, bought the St. Louis Browns baseball club from Chris von der Ahe, renaming it the Perfectos. However, they continued to retain ownership of the Cleveland club, a conflict of interest that was later prohibited by Major League Baseball.


1899 Cleveland Spiders season, Offseason
The Robisons decided that a good team in St. Louis would draw more fans, so they transferred most of the Cleveland stars, including future Hall of Famers Cy Young, Jesse Burkett and Bobby Wallace, as well as manager Patsy Tebeau, to St. Louis. Most of the players Cleveland received were non-entities. Jack Clements (known to history as one of MLB's few left-handed throwing catchers) and Joe Quinn were at the end of successful careers, and player-manager Lave Cross was traded back to St. Louis after the Spiders got off to an 8–30 start.


1899 Cleveland Spiders season, Offseason
According to various individual pages at Baseball-Reference.com, most of this activity took place on March 29, 1899, just 17 days before the beginning of the new season:


1899 Cleveland Spiders season, Offseason
They also transferred numerous home games to the road—including the original Opening Day game to St. Louis. As a result, the Spiders did not play their first home game until May 1.


1899 Cleveland Spiders season, Offseason
In early April, the Spiders started training in Terre Haute, Indiana. Because of the cold weather, the team had to practice inside a gymnasium.


1899 Cleveland Spiders season, Regular season
With a decimated roster, it was apparent almost from the start that the Spiders would make a wretched showing. After their first game, in which they were beaten by the Perfectos 10–1, the headline of the April 16 edition of The Plain Dealer proved to be prescient: "THE FARCE HAS BEGUN."


1899 Cleveland Spiders season, Regular season
After a poor start on the road, the Spiders played a home-opening doubleheader on May 1 in front of 100 fans. They split the two games, moving up to 11th place. However, they were back in last before long.


1899 Cleveland Spiders season, Regular season
On June 2, the Spiders led the Brooklyn Superbas 10-0 in the sixth inning, but they blew the lead and ended up losing 11-10. On June 11, the Spiders lost to the Cincinnati Reds, 10-1, behind Frank Bates' poor pitching. It was the Spiders' 11th straight loss on that road trip. The following day, the Spiders returned home and lost to the Pittsburgh Pirates in front of 58 fans. The team kept losing games, and losses came more and more frequently as the season went on.


1899 Cleveland Spiders season, Regular season
On August 16, with Bates pitching, the Spiders lost to the Superbas, 13-2. This led to criticism from the Cleveland Plain Dealer. On August 18, the first-place Superbas completed their sweep of the Spiders, outscoring them 43-8 in four games.


1899 Cleveland Spiders season, Regular season
The Spiders notched their 100th loss of the season on August 31, falling to the Superbas, 9-3. Two days later, the Spiders played a local amateur team in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, and lost, 7-5. On September 12, the Spiders lost both games of a doubleheader to the Philadelphia Phillies. At that point, they were 19–114 and had broken the MLB single-season record for losses, which had been 113.


1899 Cleveland Spiders season, Regular season
On October 15, the Spiders ended their season by losing both games of a doubleheader to the Cincinnati Reds, by scores of 16-1 and 19-3. The Spiders finished in 12th place, last in the NL. After losing 40 of their last 41 games, they had a record of 20–134 (.130). Their record is still the worst in Major League Baseball history. They trailed the pennant-winning Brooklyn Superbas by 84 games, and finished 35 games behind the 11th place Washington Senators. For comparison, this would project to 21–141 under the current schedule, and Pythagorean expectation based on the Spiders' results and the current 162-game schedule would translate to a record of 25–137.


1899 Cleveland Spiders season, Regular season
The 1899 Spiders were 9–33 (.214) at home and 11–101 (.098) on the road. The team's longest winning streak of the season was two games, which they accomplished once: on May 20 against the Phillies and May 21 against the Colonels. They also accumulated the second-longest losing streak in league history, at 24 games from August 26 to September 16, trailing only the 26-game losing streak set by the 1889 Louisville Colonels. The Spiders were winless against two teams: Brooklyn and Cincinnati.


1899 Cleveland Spiders season, Regular season
Spiders opponents scored ten or more runs 49 times in 154 games. Pitchers Jim Hughey (4–30) and Charlie Knepper (4–22) tied for the team lead in wins. The pitching staff allowed a record 1,252 runs in 154 games. The Spiders batters combined to hit 12 home runs, matching former Spiders star Bobby Wallace, who hit 12 home runs for St. Louis.


1899 Cleveland Spiders season, Regular season
The 1899 Spiders did lead the league in one statistic - games played. Cleveland was the only team in the league to finish all of its games in the then-154 game schedule of the 1899 season, a rather unusual occurrence in that era.


1899 Cleveland Spiders season, Regular season
In terms of absolute numbers, the record for futility of 20 wins in any official MLB season stood until the COVID-19 pandemic shortened the 2020 season to only 60 games - even then, 29 of the then-30 teams managed to win more than 20 games with the Pittsburgh Pirates, who finished 19-41, winning one less game than the 1899 Spiders.


1899 Cleveland Spiders season, Regular season, Attendance
In early 1899, team owner Stanley Robison publicly announced his intention to run the Spiders "as a sideshow", and fans took him at his word: after the first 16 home games, Cleveland's total attendance was 3,179, for a trifling average of 199 people per game. Other NL teams responded by refusing to travel to Cleveland's League Park, since their cut of the ticket revenue would not come close to covering their travel and hotel expenses.


1899 Cleveland Spiders season, Regular season, Attendance
As a result, the Spiders only played 26 more home games for the rest of the season, including only eight after July 1. In so doing, they set a number of negative records, including one, 101 road losses, that is unbreakable under MLB's current scheduling practices where a team plays 81 road games. Sportswriters of the day began referring to the team as the "Exiles" and "Wanderers."


1899 Cleveland Spiders season, Regular season, Attendance
A mere 6,088 fans paid for Spiders home games in 1899, or an incredibly low average of 145 people per game. By comparison, St. Louis drew 373,909 fans for their home season, including 15,000 for one game (their home opener against the Spiders).


1899 Cleveland Spiders season, Regular season, Aftermath
The dismal 1899 season was the end for the Spiders, and for National League baseball in Cleveland. The Spiders were disbanded, along with the original Baltimore Orioles, the Louisville Colonels (Louisville has not had a major league team since), and the original Washington Senators, as the National League contracted from 12 teams to 8.


1899 Cleveland Spiders season, Regular season, Aftermath
The departure of baseball from Cleveland left an opening for the upstart American League, which opened for business in 1901 as a second major league and included among its charter members a new team, the Cleveland Blues. The Blues still exist today as the Cleveland Indians. Currently, the 1962 New York Mets (120 losses) and 2003 Detroit Tigers (119) have the post-1900 NL and AL records for most losses in a season, respectively.


1899 Cleveland Spiders season, Regular season, Aftermath
After the Spiders folded, a National League team would not play in Cleveland again until the Indians played the Brooklyn Dodgers (then known as the Robins) in the 1920 World Series, which they won in 7 games. Meanwhile, in St. Louis, the Perfectos were renamed the St. Louis Cardinals in 1900, which they are still called today.


1899 Cleveland Spiders season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = position; G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation
The Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, labor riot of 1899 was the second of two major labor-management confrontations in the Coeur d'Alene mining district of northern Idaho in the 1890s. Like the first incident  seven years earlier, the 1899 confrontation was an attempt by union miners, led by the Western Federation of Miners to unionize non-union mines, and have them pay the higher union wage scale. As with the 1892 strike, the 1899 incident culminated in a dynamite attack that destroyed a non-union mining facility, the burning of multiple homes and outbuildings and two murders, followed by military occupation of the district.


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation
The riot of 1899 resulted from the miners' frustrations with mine operators that paid lower wages, hired Pinkerton or Thiel operatives to infiltrate the union, and the refusal of non-union miners to join or strike.


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation, Background, Miners strike of 1892
Angered by wage cuts, Coeur d'Alene area miners conducted a strike in 1892. The strike erupted in violence when union miners discovered they had been infiltrated by a Pinkerton agent who had routinely provided union information to the mine owners. After several deaths, the U.S. army occupied the area and forced an end to the strike. The response to that violence, disastrous for the local miners' union, became the primary motivation for the formation of the Western Federation of Miners (WFM) the following year.


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation, Background, The second military occupation, 1894
Pro -union sentiment remained strong in the area, and by 1894, most of the mines were unionized, represented by the Knights of Labor.


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation, Background, The second military occupation, 1894
Violence erupted in the Coeur d'Alene district during the national Pullman railroad strike of 1894. Union members attacked non-union mines and workers. Forty masked men shot to death John Kneebone, who had testified against union miners in 1892. Others kidnapped a mine superintendent, and tried to blow up the powder house at the Bunker Hill mine.


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation, Background, The second military occupation, 1894
Urged by the mine owners, the Idaho governor requested federal troops, supposedly to prevent interruptions in railroad service along the Northern Pacific route through the Coeur d'Alene area. President Grover Cleveland sent about 700 troops in July 1894. Major General John Schofield, determined to avoid embroiling his troops in a local labor dispute as they were in 1892, directed that the Army confine its mission to keeping the railroads running, and not take orders from state or local officials. The Army patrolled the railroad lines, and reported no disturbances or local opposition. The union members, wanting to avoid another military occupation, stopped the attacks on non-union targets.


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation, Background, The second military occupation, 1894
The Army repeatedly reported that there were no disturbances of rail transport, and requested permission to withdraw the troops. The mine owners pressured the Cleveland administration to keep the troops in place. The mine owners eventually realized that the Army would not expand its mission beyond protecting the railroad, and dropped their opposition to withdrawal of the troops. The Army units left the Coeur d'Alene in September 1894.p. 163-165


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation, Background, The second military occupation, 1894
In December 1894, the Bunker Hill and Sullivan mine shut down rather than agree to the union demand of a uniform wage of $3.50 per day. The mine reopened in June 1895, with nonunion labor paying $3.00 per day to miners and $2.50 to surface employees and unskilled underground labor. The company said that whenever the combined prices of lead and silver rose again to a certain point, they would restore the old wage rate.


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation, Background, Leading up to the 1899 clash
The Bunker Hill Mining Company at Wardner was profitable, having paid more than $600,000 in dividends. Miners working in the Bunker Hill and Sullivan mines were receiving fifty cents to a dollar less per day than other miners, which at that time represented a significant percentage of the paycheck. The properties were the only mines in the district that were not entirely unionized.


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation, Background, Leading up to the 1899 clash
In April 1899, as the union was launching an organizing drive of the few locations not yet unionized, superintendent Albert Burch declared that the company would rather "shut down and remain closed twenty years" than to recognize the union. He then fired seventeen workers that he believed to be union members and demanded that all other union men collect their back pay and quit.


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation, Dynamite Express
The strike by the union local at Wardner was not succeeding, and the nearby WFM locals, at Gem, Burke, and Mullan, feared that the other mine owners would cut wages to match those paid at the Bunker Hill mine. During the trial, these proved to be only rumors. The other WFM locals agreed to support the strike at Wardner. The officers of the WFM locals met and planned a massive show of force for April 29.


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation, Dynamite Express
On April 29, 250 union members seized a train in Burke, northeast of Wallace; the engineer, Levi "Al" Hutton, later claimed at gunpoint. At each stop through Burke Canyon, more miners climbed aboard. In Mace, a hundred men climbed aboard. At Frisco, the train stopped to load eighty wooden boxes, each containing fifty pounds (23 kg) of dynamite. At Gem, 150 to 200 more miners climbed onto three freight cars which had been added to the train. In Wallace, 200 miners were waiting, having walked seven miles (11 km) from Mullan.


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation, Dynamite Express
About a thousand men rode the train to Wardner, the site of a $250,000 mill of the Bunker Hill mine. Witnesses later testified that the majority of those on the train knew nothing of any planned violence when they started out; they thought that it would be just a massive demonstration to intimidate the mine owners into recognizing the union. However, the union had distributed masks and firearms to between 100 and 200 of the men, who acted as if under military discipline. The pro-union Idaho State Tribune in Wallace wrote:


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation, Dynamite Express
County sheriff James D. Young, who had been elected with union support, had ridden to Wardner on the train with the union miners. At Wardner, Young climbed atop a rail car, and ordered the group to disperse. His order was ignored, and he later said that any further attempt to restrain the miners would have been suicidal. State prosecutors claimed that Young had been paid off by the WFM.


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation, Dynamite Express
Word had reached Wardner by telephone that the union miners were on their way, and most of the mine and mill workers had fled. The crowd ordered the remaining workers out of the Bunker Hill mine and mill. Once out, they were ordered to run, and some shots fired at them as they ran. James Cheyne was shot in the hip, then union miners shot more bullets into him as he lay on the ground; he died shortly after. One union man, John Smith, also called Schmidt, was mistakenly shot to death by other union men.


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation, Dynamite Express
After carrying three thousand pounds (1,400 kg) of dynamite into the mill, the blast completely destroyed the mill. The crowd also burned down the company office, the boarding house, and the home of the mine manager. The miners re-boarded the "Dynamite Express" and returned the way they came. Working men gathered along the track, and according to the pro-union Idaho State Tribune, "cheered the [union] men lustily as they passed."."


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation, Arrests
At the Idaho governor's request, President William McKinley sent in the Army. The majority of army troops sent to the Coeur d'Alene were African American soldiers of the 24th Infantry Regiment, stationed in Spokane, Salt Lake City, and other western posts. The 24th had distinguished itself in combat during the Spanish–American War, and was seen as one of the most disciplined Army units not then serving overseas. Bill Haywood criticized the U.S. government's attempts to turn whites against blacks. Haywood wrote: "it was a deliberate attempt to add race prejudice ... race prejudice had been unknown among the miners." Nevertheless, he wrote that the government's efforts weren't all that successful, as the miners' turn against the army outweighed any racial dispute.


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation, Arrests
State authorities used the troops to round up 1,000 men and put them into "the bullpen." The arrests were indiscriminate; Governor Steunenberg's representative, state auditor Bartlett Sinclair believed that all the people of Canyon Creek had a "criminal history," and "the entire community, or the male portion of it, ought to be arrested." The soldiers searched every house, breaking down the door if no one answered.


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation, Arrests
Mass arrests began on May 4, when 128 were arrested. More than two hundred were arrested the following day, and the arrests continued until about a thousand men had been arrested.p. 31


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation, Arrests
As Sinclair had ordered, they arrested every male: miners, bartenders, a doctor, a preacher, even the postmaster and school superintendent. … Cooks and waiters [were] arrested in kitchens, diners at their supper tables. … For desperate criminals, the men of Burke went quietly, the only gunshot was aimed at a "vicious watch dog."


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation, Arrests
What was called "the bullpen" was actually a number of structures. The first 150 prisoners were kept in an old barn, a two-story frame structure 120 by 40 feet (37 by 12 m) and filled with hay. It was "still very cold in those altitudes" and the men, having been arrested with no opportunity to bring along blankets, "suffered some from the weather." As the barn became overcrowded, new prisoners were put in railroad boxcars. When both these became overcrowded, the prisoners were then forced to build a pine board prison for themselves, and it was surrounded by a six-foot barbed wire fence patrolled by armed soldiers. Conditions remained primitive, and three prisoners died.p. 171


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation, Arrests
The U.S. Army followed escaping miners into Montana and arrested them, returning them to Idaho, and failed to comply with jurisdictional or extradition laws. One man arrested and transported was a Montana citizen who had no connection to the Wardner events.


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation, Arrests
Two of the three county commissioners had been caught in the roundup, as had the local sheriff. These, too, were held prisoner. Later, a district court removed all of the county commissioners and the sheriff from office, charging that they'd neglected their official duties.


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation, Arrests
Most of those arrested were freed within two weeks. By May 12, 450 prisoners remained; by May 30, the number was  194. Releases slowed, and 65 remained incarcerated on October 10;p.  148-149p. 37,40,73 the last prisoners in the bullpen were released in early December 1899.


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation, Aftermath
Arrangements with replacement officials installed by Sinclair demonstrated "a pattern."


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation, Aftermath
The new regime's principal [sic] patronage—the fat contract for supplying food and drink to the bullpen's prisoners—had gone to Tony Tubbs, the former manager of Bunker Hill's boardinghouse, destroyed on April 29. Likewise, most of the thirty men Sinclair hired as special "state deputies" were either employees and former employees of the Bunker Hill Company or contractors for it. Among the most prominent was a saloonkeeper named W.C. "Convict" Murphy, who'd served time for horse stealing and cattle rustling. When Convict Murphy broke down people's doors, he was sometimes asked for a search warrant or other authority, at which he would draw a pair of six-shooters and say, "These are my warrants."


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation, Aftermath
Emma F. Langdon, a union sympathizer, charged in a 1908 book that Idaho Governor Frank Steunenberg, who had been "considered a poor man," deposited $35,000 into his bank account within a week after troops arrived in the Coeur d'Alene district, implying that there may have been a bribe from the mine operators. Subsequent research appears to have uncovered the apparent source of this assertion. J. Anthony Lukas recorded in his book Big Trouble,


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation, Aftermath
In 1899, when the state needed money for the Coeur d'Alene prosecutions, the Mine Owners' Association had come up with $32,000—about a third of it from Bunker Hill and Sullivan—handing $25,000 over to Governor Steunenberg for use at his discretion in the prosecution. Some of this money went to pay [attorneys].


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation, Aftermath
Steunenberg was later assassinated by Harry Orchard who claimed to have been hired by the WFM.


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation, Aftermath
In his autobiography, WFM Secretary-Treasurer Bill Haywood described Idaho miners held for "months of imprisonment in the 'bull-pen'—a structure unfit to house cattle—enclosed in a high barbed-wire fence." Haywood concluded that the companies and their supporters in government—intent upon forcing wage cuts and employers' freedom to fire union miners—were conducting class warfare against the working class. Peter Carlson wrote in his book Roughneck,


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation, Aftermath
Haywood traveled to the town of Mullan, where he met a man who had escaped from the 'bullpen'. The makeshift prison was an old grain warehouse that reeked of excrement and crawled with vermin.


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation, Aftermath
Thirty-four-year-old Paul Corcoran was the financial secretary of the Burke Miners Union and a member of the Central Mining Union. The State pursued charges against him. While he had not been at the scene of the riot, Corcoran had been seen on the roof of a boxcar on the Dynamite Express, and at multiple union halls along the route, rallying men on to Wardner. He additionally told the Burke mine manager Mr. Culbertson that his employees had left for the day and were on their way to Wardner, but would return in time for the night shift.


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation, Aftermath
The prosecution, whose salaries were paid by a $32,000 grant from the mine owners, argued that Corcoran should take part of the blame for planning the attack on the Bunker Hill mill and Sullivan mine. Corcoran was sentenced to seventeen years at hard labor. Eight more miners and union leaders accused of leading the attack were scheduled for trial on charges of murder and/or arson, but bribed an army sergeant to allow them to escape. Hundreds more remained in the makeshift prison without charges.


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation, Aftermath
Meanwhile, Sinclair developed a permit system which would prevent mines from hiring any miner who belonged to a union. The plan was designed to destroy the unions in the Coeur d'Alene district after the violence and lawlessness of the last 7 years. General Henry C. Merriam of the U.S. Army endorsed the permit system verbally and in writing, resulting in considerable consternation at the McKinley White House.


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation, Aftermath
The editor of one local newspaper, Wilbur H. Stewart of the Mullan Mirror, dared to criticize the bullpen and its keepers. Sinclair appeared at his door alongside a major and several soldiers with unsheathed bayonets. Sinclair declared,


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation, Aftermath
I find that you have been publishing a seditious newspaper, inciting riot and insurrection, and we have concluded that publication of your paper must cease.


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation, Aftermath
Stewart was taken to the bullpen, where he was assigned to garbage and latrine duty. However, the paper did not stop publication; Stewart's young wife, Maggie, continued to publish the weekly. Sinclair impounded her type, and she contracted with another sympathetic publisher to continue the news. Eventually Stewart was released under instructions to end the criticism. He sold the newspaper instead.


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation, Aftermath
Many populist elected officials in Shoshone County were rounded up for their support of the miners. The town sheriff of Mullan, Idaho was arrested and sent to the bullpen.


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation, Aftermath
May Arkwright Hutton, whose husband was the engineer on the dynamite express, wrote a book, The coeur d' alenes: or, A Tale of the Modern Inquisition in Idaho, about the treatment of the miners, and her husband, at the hands of the mine owners and the sheriff.


1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation, Aftermath
Both Huttons and Ed Boyce, head of the Western Federation of Miners, had invested in the Hercules silver mine before the 1899 war. After they had become wealthy mine owners, May Hutton sought to buy back all copies of her book. Ed Boyce quit the miners union to manage a hotel in Portland.


1899 Colgate football team
The 1899 Colgate football team represented Colgate University in the 1899 college football season. Colgate reports the record for the season as 3–5, however, a reporting error in early record keeping failed to account for an 11–0 victory over Colgate Academy.


1899 College Football All-America Team
The 1899 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams for the 1899 college football season. The organizations that chose the teams included Walter Camp for Collier's Weekly and Caspar Whitney for Outing Magazine.


1899 College Football All-America Team
Of the 13 players recognized as consensus All-Americans for the 1899 season, 12 played for the four Ivy League teams that were known as the "Big Four" of college football—Harvard, Princeton, Yale and Penn. The sole exception was Isaac Seneca, a Native American who played at the fullback position for the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Seneca won acclaim after leading Carlisle to a 42–0 victory over Columbia in a Thanksgiving Day game in Manhattan and a 2–0 victory over the University of California on Christmas Day in San Francisco.


1899 College Football All-America Team
The following players were selected as first-team All-Americans by at least four of the seven selectors: end Dave Campbell of Harvard (6), guard Truxtun Hare of Penn (6), end Art Poe of Princeton (5), tackle Art Hillebrand of Princeton (5), guard Gordon Brown of Yale (5), center Pete Overfield of Penn (4), and quarterback Charles Dudley Daly of Harvard (4).


1899 College Football All-Southern Team
The 1899 College Football All-Southern Team consists of American football players selected to the College Football All-Southern Teams selected by various organizations in 1899. The "Iron Men" of Sewanee won the SIAA championship. The Vanderbilt Hustler remarked on Suter's selection of 9 of his own players, "Only nine! He surely must have been thinking of a baseball team."


1899 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
HMS = selected by H. M. Suter, head coach at Sewanee: The University of the South. It had substitutes, denoted by a small S.


1899 Colorado Agricultural Aggies football team
The 1899 Colorado Agricultural Aggies football team represented Colorado Agricultural College (now known as Colorado State University) in the Colorado Football Association (CFA) during the 1899 college football season. In their first and only season under head coach W. J. Forbes, the Aggies compiled a 0–2–1 record and were outscored by a total of 117 to 10.


1899 Colorado Agricultural Aggies football team
W. J. Forbes was the program's first football coach. He was paid $25 for his services during the 1899 season.


1899 Colorado Silver and Gold football team
The 1899 Colorado Silver and Gold football team was an American football team that represented the University of Colorado during the 1899 college football season. Head coach Fred Folsom led the team to a mark of 2–1 in the CFA and 7–2 overall.


1899 Columbia Blue and White football team
The 1899 Columbia Blue and White football team was an American football team that represented Columbia University as an independent during the 1899 college football season. In its first season under head coach George Sanford, the team compiled a 9–3 record and outscored opponents by a total of 224 to 91, including eight shutouts. The 1899 season marked Columbia's return to the sport after not participating in intercollegiate football from 1892  to 1898. Robert R. Wilson was the 1899 team captain.


1899 Columbia Blue and White football team
On October 28, 1899, Columbia defeated Yale, 5–0. The result was described by The New York Times as "one of the most disastrous defeats Yale has ever experienced in her athletic history." Columbia's freshman back Harold Weekes scored the game's only points on a long touchdown run in the middle of the second half.


1899 Columbia Blue and White football team
Three Columbia received honors on the 1899 All-America team: center Jack Wright (Walter Camp second team; New York Sun first team); Weekes (Walter Camp second team); and back Bill Morley (Outing Magazine second team).


1899 Columbia Blue and White football team
Columbia's sports teams were commonly called the "Blue and White" in this era, but had no official nickname. The name "Lions" would not be adopted until 1910.


1899 Columbia Blue and White football team
The team played its home games at Manhattan Field, also known as Polo Grounds II, in Upper Manhattan in New York City.


1899 Columbus, Ohio mayoral election
The Columbus mayoral election of 1899 was the 52nd mayoral election in Columbus, Ohio. It was held on Monday, April 3, 1899. Democratic party incumbent mayor Samuel L. Black was defeated by Republican party nominee Samuel J. Swartz.


1899 Connecticut Aggies football team
The 1899 Connecticut Aggies football team represented Connecticut Agricultural College, now the University of Connecticut, in the 1899 college football season. This was the fourth year that the school fielded a football team. The Aggies were led by first year head coach T. D. Knowles, and completed the season with a record of 6–2.


1899 Cork Senior Football Championship
The 1899 Cork Senior Football Championship was the 13th staging of the Cork Senior Football Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887.


1899 Cork Senior Football Championship
Fermoy won the championship following a defeat of Nils in the final at Cork Park. This was their third championship title overall and their second title in succession.


1899 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
The 1899 Cork Senior Hurling Championship was the 13th staging of the Cork Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887.


1899 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
Blackrock were the defending champions, however, they were defeated by Ballyhea.


1899 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
On 6 August 1899, St. Finbarr’s won the championship following an 0-8 to 0-7 defeat of Redmonds in the final. This was their first championship title.


1899 Cornell Big Red football team
The 1899 Cornell Big Red football team was an American football team that represented Cornell University during the 1899 college football season. In their first season under head coach Percy Haughton, the Big Red compiled a 7–3 record and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 134 to 52. Three Cornell players received honors on the 1899 College Football All-America Team: quarterback George H. Young (Outing-2, New York Tribune-2); halfback George B. Walbridge (Outing-2); and tackle Edward R. Alexander (Camp-3, New York Tribune-2; Leslie's Weekly-2).


1899 County Championship
The 1899 County Championship was the tenth officially organised running of the County Championship, and ran from 1 May to 6 September 1899. Surrey County Cricket Club won their sixth championship title, with Middlesex finishing as runners-up for the second season in a row. Worcestershire were admitted to the Championship, increasing the number of counties with first-class status to 15.


1899 Currie Cup
The 1899 Currie Cup was the sixth edition of the Currie Cup, the premier domestic rugby union competition in South Africa.


1899 Currie Cup
The tournament was won by  Griqualand West for the first time, who won three of their matches in the competition and drew the fourth.


1899 Currie Cup
However, the winner of the first five tournaments,  Western Province, did not participate in the 1899 event due to the impending Anglo-Boer War, nor did  Transvaal. Only  Border,  Eastern Province,  Griqualand West and Rhodesia took part.


1899 Dartmouth football team
The 1899 Dartmouth football team represented Dartmouth College in the 1899 college football season. This season was the least successful under head coach William Wurtenburg. Of the nine games played during the year, only two were won. The team finished with the worst win percentage (.286) since the 1883 squad went winless, albeit against one team. The season began with easy defeats of Phillips Exeter Academy and Bowdoine. That luck quickly changed and the team dropped seven straight games. After being shut out by Yale, they lost in a close match to Williams. Following another close loss, Army, Dartmouth was defeated by Wesleyan. The following game was the low point of the season, a 21–0 loss to Harvard. It was the worst defeat by the Crimson in nearly a decade. The year concluded with lopsided defeats by Columbia and Brown.


1899 Detroit College Tigers football team
The 1899 Detroit College Tigers football team  was an American football team that represented Detroit College (renamed the University of Detroit in 1911) as an independent during the 1899 college football season. In its fourth season under head coach William S. Robinson, the team compiled a 5–1–1 record and outscored its opponents by a combined total of 101 to 15. The team's sole loss came against the Detroit Athletic Club reserves. Its victories were against Detroit School for Boys, Detroit Central High School, Detroit Monroe High School, Gutchess Business College and the Detroit Alumni.


1899 Dickinson football team
The 1899 Dickinson football team was an American football team that represented Dickinson College as an independent during the 1899 college football season. The team compiled a 6–6–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 184 to 108. Nathan Stauffer was the head coach.


1899 Dickinson football team
Andrew Kerr, later inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame, was a student at Dickinson at the time but did not play for the varsity football team.


1899 Donegal County Council election
The first election to Donegal County Council took place in April 1899 as part of that year's Irish local elections.


1899 Drake Bulldogs football team
The 1899 Drake Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented Drake University as an independent during the 1899 college football season. In its third and final season under head coach A. B. Potter, the team compiled a 5–2 record and outscored opponents by a total of 112 to 57.


1899 Drexel Dragons football team
The 1899 Drexel Dragons football team did not have a head coach.


1899 Dublin Corporation election
An election to Dublin Corporation took place in March 1899 as part of that year's Irish local elections.


1899 Dublin Corporation election, Background
The election, being the first following the 1898 changes to Irish local government, saw substantive changes to the franchise. Prior to these changes the franchise had been restricted to males over the age of 21 who had maintained a continual residence within the borough for the preceding 2 years and 8 months, thereby preventing Dublin's large lodger and floating tenement population from voting. As a result of the changes the franchise increased from 7,964 in the previous elections to 38,719. Among these voters were 6,500 women who could vote for the first time.


1899 Dublin Corporation election, Contest
The 60 seats for election were contested by 120 candidates; 18 Unionists, 10 Labourites, 88 Nationalists, and 1 representative of the Irish Socialist Republican Party.


1899 Dublin Corporation election, Contest
This was the first time representatives of organised Labour participated in their own right, fighting under the banner of the Labour Electoral Association. Previously the Labour interest had been represented by Nationalist "Labour" spokespersons. That being said, the party only contested 10 of Dublins 60 seats, meaning the party did not even put forward 1 candidate per ward.


1899 Dublin Corporation election, Results
The election saw the Redmonites, who had previously dominated the council, substantially reduced. The Redmonites had previously held 44 of the 60 seats in the old council. Following the election the Redmonites held only 18. United Irish League representation increased substantially to 27. Labour representation increased from 3 to 8, whilst Unionist representation declined to 7.


1899 Dublin Corporation election, Post-election boundary extensions
At the time of the election Dublin council at the time was composed of 60 members, and was still restricted in area to its historic boundaries, contained to the south by the Grand Canal. This was despite the fact that proposals for extending the municipal borough had existed since the 1880s, in part to deal with the issue whereby residents of the Dublin suburbs had access to and benefited from city services, but were not subject to Dublin municipal taxation. By 1899 Dublin was the only major city in the United Kingdom which had not seen an expansion of its municipal boundaries.


1899 Dublin Corporation election, Post-election boundary extensions
A private members bill was raised in parliament, proposing to extend Dublins municipal boundaries to include several neighboring townships, and was fiercely opposed by Irish Unionists, although the incumbent Conservative government took a neutral position. The majority of councillors for the townships, who were also Unionists, opposed the plan, and several petitions opposed to the plan were submitted to parliament. Ultimately a deal was made whereby New Kilmainham, Drumcondra, Clonliffe, Glasnevin, and some county land was added to the borough, although the more populous southern townships of Pembroke and Rathmines were not.


1899 Dublin Corporation election, Post-election boundary extensions
This resulted in the creation of some 5 extra wards, and the total number of councillors was increased to 80. Twenty new members were thus elected in January 1901, of whom 9 were Unionists, thereby bringing Unionist representation up to 16. This meant that by January 1901 Unionists were returned to the 20% representation they enjoyed prior to 1899.


1899 Dublin County Council election
The 1899 Dublin County Council election was held on 6 April 1899. The election was peaceful, however rain prevented many voters from travelling to polling stations.


1899 Edinburgh East by-election
The Edinburgh East by-election, 1899 was a parliamentary by-election for the House of Commons constituency of Edinburgh East in Edinburgh, Scotland held on 23 June 1899. It was triggered by the death of Liberal MP Robert Wallace.


1899 Edinburgh South by-election
The Edinburgh South by-election, 1899 was a parliamentary by-election held for the House of Commons constituency of Edinburgh South in Scotland on 19 June 1899.


1899 Edinburgh South by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the death of the sitting Liberal Unionist MP, Robert Cox on 2 June 1899. Cox had held the seat since the 1895 general election when he had narrowly defeated the sitting Liberal MP Herbert Paul.


1899 Edinburgh South by-election, Candidates, Unionists
The Unionist Association of South Edinburgh held an executive meeting on 7 June to consider their choice of candidate. They provisionally decided to recommend the adoption of Major General Andrew Wauchope but they agreed not to take any formal steps in the selection until after the funeral of Mr Cox. At the time of the by-election Wauchope was aged 52 and had been an officer in the Black Watch since 1865, having been promoted to major general in November 1898 . Politically a staunch Tory, he had previously contested the Midlothian or Edinburghshire constituency at the 1892 general election coming within 690 votes of unseating Mr Gladstone.


1899 Edinburgh South by-election, Candidates, Liberals
The Liberals chose 39-year-old Arthur Dewar, a barrister and member of the Scotch whisky family John Dewar & Sons.


1899 Edinburgh South by-election, The Campaign
It was clearly the intention of the government to get this by-election over and done with quickly as the writ for the election was issued in Parliament on 9 June, just one week after Cox's death and election day was set for 19 June, giving the candidates less than two weeks campaigning time.


1899 Edinburgh South by-election, The Campaign
Dewar had opened the new premises of the South Morningside Liberal Club on 10 June and had taken the opportunity to make a short address.


1899 Edinburgh South by-election, The Campaign
He appears to have accused Wauchope of being a Tory, presumably a reference to the fact that the Unionist mantle had passed from the Liberal Unionists to the Conservatives in Edinburgh South, perhaps judging that this would drive some former Liberal Unionist voters back to the Liberal fold, perhaps also appealing for working-class votes in recalling Wauchope's stance in 1892 when he refused to support the Eight Hours Bill proposing the restriction of the working day for miners. Wauchope spoke on the same day, in the evening, at the Edinburgh Literary Institute.


1899 Edinburgh South by-election, The Campaign
He responded by saying there was no disgrace in being a Tory. On social issues, he added that much had been done for the working man by the Tories and if returned as MP he would work as hard for the working man as anyone calling himself a Liberal. Dewar renewed this attack on the state of the Unionist coalition later in the campaign, again alluding publicly to Wauchope's devout Toryism, and arguing that Liberal Unionism was now dead in the constituency. Nonetheless, Wauchope did receive a letter of recommendation from Joseph Chamberlain, the leading Liberal Unionist and at that time Colonial Secretary urging all Liberal Unionists in the constituency to vote for him.


1899 Edinburgh South by-election, The Campaign
Dewar, it was reported, devoted most of his limited campaigning time to meeting workmen. Apart from social questions he also spoke in favour of the taxation of ground values and for the idea of Home Rule All Round, moves towards devolution or elements of self-governance to all parts of the United Kingdom, although he was known to support Gladstone on his policy on all out Irish Home Rule. Dewar also spoke in favour of the disestablishment of the Anglican Church.


1899 Edinburgh South by-election, The Campaign
Wauchope was now focusing on foreign policy and the efforts of the government to promote peace. He also received the support of various Protestant church groups who were concerned about the religious implications of Home Rule in Ireland and aspects of Britain's relationship with the Vatican.


1899 Edinburgh South by-election, The result
Dewar gained the seat for the Liberals with a majority of 831 votes. A separate by-election in the neighbouring seat of Edinburgh East which took place a few days later also resulted in a lower share of the vote for the Liberal Unionists. Despite this apparent trend however Dewar lost the seat to a Liberal Unionist rival, albeit narrowly, at the general election of 1900 when there was also a modest revival in the Liberal Unionist vote in Edinburgh East. He then won it back in 1906, holding it in January 1910 before resigning from Parliament later that year upon appointment as a judge.


1899 Edinburgh South by-election, The result
The result of the by-election was not therefore a reliable pointer to the outcome of the next general election, as no doubt Edinburgh Liberals hoped – although the political situation would be transformed by the time of the 1900 Khaki election as a result of the country's involvement in the Boer War and the depiction of many Liberal candidates as pro-Boer and unpatriotic.


1899 Edinburgh South by-election, The result
As to Major-general Wauchope, he did not get the chance to stand for Parliament again as he was killed in action on 11 December 1899 during an engagement at Magersfontein in the Boer War and was buried at Modder River in South Africa.


1899 Edmonton municipal election
The 1899 municipal election was held December 11, 1899. It was the first municipal election in which only a portion of the aldermen were to be elected; in 1898, three of the six aldermen elected were elected to two-year terms in preparation for a system in which only half of the aldermen would be up for election each year. Kenneth McLeod, Alfred Jackson, and Kenneth W. MacKenzie were all only halfway through their two-year terms at the time of the election. However, MacKenzie resigned in order to become mayor, leaving council with four vacancies. Only three were filled by the election; council appointed Henry Goodridge to fill the fourth seat until the 1900 election.


1899 Edmonton municipal election, Voter turnout
221 ballots were cast out of 613 eligible voters, for a turnout of 36.0%.


1899 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Aldermen
Information about defeated candidates for this election is no longer available.


1899 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Public school trustees
Matthew McCauley, William Short, Colin Strang, Alex Taylor, and Hedley C. Taylor were elected. Detailed results are no longer available.


1899 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Separate (Catholic) school trustees
Nicolas Dubois Dominic Beck, Joseph Henri Picard, Antonio Prince, and Georges Roy were elected. Detailed results are no longer available.


1899 Elland by-election
A by-election was held for the British House of Commons in the  constituency of Elland on 8 March 1899.


1899 Elland by-election, Vacancy
The seat became vacant following the retirement on grounds of ill-health of the sitting Member of Parliament, Thomas Wayman.


1899 Elland by-election, Candidates
The Liberal candidate was Charles Philips Trevelyan, opposed by the Unionist Philip Foster.


1899 Elland by-election, Campaign
Important issues in the campaign included the Liberal demands for disestablishment of the Church of England, school building, and payment for Members of Parliament. According to The Times, "One of the Unionist placards told the electorate if they wanted their rates and taxes raised, if they wished to pay members of Parliament, and to build Board schools where they were not required, they must vote for Mr Trevelyan; but if they wanted peace, good trade, and their rates and taxes raised, then they ought to vote for Mr Foster".


1899 Elland by-election, Result
When the count, which took just two hours and seven minutes, was completed, the result was as expected: a hold for the Liberal Party, with a majority of around three times what it had been in the last election.


1899 Elland by-election, Result
Since the Conservative vote was only slightly less than the last time despite an increase of about 4-500 in the electorate, the Liberals claimed this as a sign that "radicalism was growing right through the West Riding".


1899 Elland by-election, Aftermath
Trevelyan would go on to hold the seat until the general election of 1900;


1899 English cricket season
1899 was the tenth season of County Championship cricket in England. Surrey won the championship for the first time in four years, but this title was their last until 1914. Surrey's season was dominated by draws, with fourteen out of 26 games drawn, just like the season in general – especially the Australian team's tour. Four of the five Test matches were drawn during the 19th series between the sides, but Australia won the second Test at Lord's and the series 1–0. This was their first Ashes series win in England since the original match in 1882.


1899 English cricket season
Also, Worcestershire became the fifteenth county in the County Championship, debuting with an 11-run loss to Yorkshire despite earning a 78-run lead on first innings. George Wilson took eight for 70 in the first innings, which was a Worcestershire Championship record until Wilson beat it against Somerset in 1905. The debutants finished twelfth, though they only earned two wins in 12 games. Finally, Sussex' Ranjitsinhji became the first batsman to hit 2000 runs in a Championship season with 102 against Lancashire in August.


1899 English cricket season
The season was a notable one for WG Grace. The First Test marked his final appearance for England (and the Test debut of Wilfred Rhodes). Also Grace played his last Championship game for Gloucestershire, having fallen out with them over his involvement with London County.


1899 European Figure Skating Championships
The 1899 European Figure Skating Championships were held from January 14th to 15th in Davos, Switzerland. Elite figure skaters competed for the title of European Champion in the category of men's singles. The competitors performed only compulsory figures.


1899 European Rowing Championships
The 1899 European Rowing Championships were rowing championships held on the Bruges–Ostend Canal in the Belgian city of Ostend on a day in mid-August. The competition was for men only and they competed in five boat classes (M1x, M2x, M2+, M4+, M8+).