1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Meteorological history
The storm crossed Puerto Rico in approximately six hours and emerged into the Atlantic Ocean late on August 8, while weakening to a Category 3 hurricane, with winds decreasing to 120 mph (195 km/h). The hurricane would maintain this intensity for more than nine days. Continuing west-northward, the hurricane brushed the north coast of Dominican Republic on August 9. Thereafter, the system moved slowly northwestward through the Bahamas, striking Inagua on August 10 and Andros Island on August 12. According to telephone and telegraph reports from the Weather Bureau, the storm was predicted to make landfall in Florida.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Meteorological history
However, the storm instead curved north-northwestward and struck Grand Bahama on August 13. The next day, officials at the Weather Bureau predicted that the hurricane would strike Charleston, South Carolina, at which time it would have weakened "into an ordinary blow". The storm instead eventually turned northeastward and moved parallel to the coast of the Southeastern United States for a few days. By early on August 17, however, the hurricane re-curved northwestward. At 01:00 UTC on August 18, it made landfall near Hatteras, North Carolina, with winds of 120 mph (195 km/h).


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Meteorological history
Five hours later, the storm weakened to a Category 2 hurricane. Around midday on August 18, it fell to Category 1 hurricane intensity while re-emerging into the Atlantic Ocean. Thereafter, the storm drifted slowly east-northeastward before accelerating to the northeast after 12:00 UTC on August 19. It moved parallel to Long Island and New England, until curving just north of due east late on the following day.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Meteorological history
The system began losing tropical characteristics after interacting with a weather front and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone early on August 22, while situated about 325 miles (525 km) south of Sable Island, Nova Scotia. The extratropical system moved east-southeastward and then southeastward, while continuing to weaken. By August 24, it curved eastward and then northeastward the next day. Operationally, it was believed that the system remained extratropical. However, Partagas indicated that it regenerated into a tropical storm at 00:00 UTC on August 26, while located about 695 miles (1,120 km) southwest of Flores Island, Azores. Initially, the rejuvenated system drifted slowly north-northwestward, before turning northward on August 27. No change in intensity occurred for nearly a week. On August 28, it curved northeastward and then eastward, while continuing to drift.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Meteorological history
By September 1, the storm began to accelerate and moved east-southeastward. It resumed intensification the next day after curving southeast, and was upgraded to a hurricane early on September 3, based on barometric pressure data. A few hours later, the hurricane attained a secondary peak intensity with a maximum sustained wind speed of 80 mph (130 km/h). Late on September 3, the storm passed through the Azores, shortly before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone. After becoming extratropical, the remnants moved rapidly northeastward and continued to weaken, before dissipating southwest of Ireland late on September 4. However, the Weather Bureau noted that gales prevailed offshore France until September 12, when the system merged with a low pressure area.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Meteorological history
With just under 28 days as a tropical cyclone, this system became the longest-lasting Atlantic hurricane on record.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Preparations
On August 7, after stations in the Lesser Antilles reported a change in wind from the northeast to the northwest, the United States Weather Bureau ordered hurricane signals at Roseau, Dominica, Basseterre, Saint Kitts, and San Juan, Puerto Rico; later, a hurricane signal was raised at Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Advisory messages were sent to other locations throughout the Caribbean, including Santo Domingo, Kingston, Jamaica, and Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. Information was also telegraphed to major seaports along the Gulf and East coasts of the United States. On August 9, hurricane signals were posted at Santiago de Cuba, while all vessels bound northward and eastward from Cuba were advised to remain in port.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Impact, Lesser Antilles
While passing through the Leeward Islands, strong winds were reported on several islands. In Guadeloupe, the storm unroofed and flooded many houses and buildings, including the American Consulate in Pointe-à-Pitre. Communications were significantly disrupted in the interior portions of the island. Two schooners sunk and at least 23 flat boats were pushed ashore in the Îles des Saintes archipelago of Guadeloupe. Impact was severe in Montserrat, with nearly every building destroyed. The Courthouse and a school, both of which remained standing, became crowded with homeless women and children. One-hundred deaths and fourteen-hundred injuries were reported.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Impact, Lesser Antilles
In Saint Kitts, 5-minute sustained winds were 72 mph (116 km/h), while 1-minute sustained winds were as high as 120 mph (190 km/h). About 200 small houses were destroyed on Saint Kitts, with estates suffering considerable damage. Despite the impact, no deaths occurred, which was attributed to ample warnings. On Nevis, the hurricane left "general destruction" and at least 21 fatalities. Nearly all estates were demolished on Saint Croix, while almost every large building was deroofed. Eleven deaths were reported on the island.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Impact, Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico
Taking place a mere 12 months after the American invasion of the Island, U.S. Army Major Albert L. Myer described it as "more disruptive to Puerto Rican society than was the American invasion." The San Ciriaco hurricane was described as the first major storm in Puerto Rico since the 1876 San Felipe hurricane. Approximately 250,000 people were left without food and shelter. Overall, damage totaled approximately $35.8 million, with over half were losses inflicted on crops, particularly coffee. At the time, it was the costliest and worst tropical cyclone in Puerto Rico. The number of fatalities ranged from 3,100 to 3,400, with the official estimate being 3,369. The San Ciriaco hurricane is the deadliest tropical cyclone in the history of Puerto Rico.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Impact, Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico
Strong winds were reported throughout the island, reaching 85 mph (137 km/h) at many locations and over 100 mph (160 km/h) in Humacao, Mayagüez, and Ponce. Within the municipality of Ponce, 500 people died, mostly from drowning. Streets were flooded, waterfront businesses were destroyed, and several government buildings were damaged. Telephone, telegraph, and electrical services were completely lost. Ponce was described as an image of "horrible desolation" by its municipal council. Impact was worst in Utuado, with damage exceeding $2.5 million. In Humacao, 23 inches (580 mm) of rain fell in only 24 hours.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Impact, Greater Antilles and Bahamas
In Dominican Republic, heavy rainfall caused the Ozama River to overflow its banks, sweeping away an iron bridge. A freshet was also reported along the Haina River in San Cristóbal Province, washing away many houses.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Impact, Greater Antilles and Bahamas
The storm brought catastrophic impact to the Bahamas and at least 334 deaths. Losses to boating vessels reached $50,000. On Inagua, three vessels were lost and a schooner was left stranded at Lantern Head, while other boats that were hauled up on the bay suffered severe damage. The public school house was demolished on Ragged Island, though dwellings escaped serious impact. Plantain and banana plantations were completely flattened at Deadman's Cay on Long Island. Three vessels were beached on Rum Cay, but only one was considerably damaged. About 10 bushels of salt were lost. Two churches and a number of private homes were damaged on San Salvador Island. A few ships and vessels were destroyed, damaged, or lost on Eleuthera, leaving a few people missing.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Impact, Greater Antilles and Bahamas
On San Salvador Island, two churches and many dwellings were destroyed.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Impact, Greater Antilles and Bahamas
Exuma was devastated by the storm. All boats and other forms of transportation on the island were destroyed, with several crews either completely lost or missing some few members. Several bodies washed ashore and were immediately buried. A total of 46 deaths were reported at sea, with some victims as young as 8-years old. At Gray's Settlement, several houses, outbuildings, and a church were destroyed. Of the buildings that remained standing, many lost their roof. At Barritarri and Rolleville, churches were deroofed and several small buildings suffered complete destruction. Throughout the island, 97 dwellings were destroyed and 131 others were damaged, which did not include the number of kitchens, barns, and homes demolished at Alexandria and Stuart's Manor. Overall, the storm left at least 64 fatalities on Exuma alone.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Impact, Greater Antilles and Bahamas
Within the capital city of Nassau, fences and boundary walls separating businesses and properties were felled. A fruit factory, a sponge warehouse, a dancing pavilion, and about 100 smaller buildings were destroyed. A few public buildings were damaged, including the prison and the Government House. Damage to homes in Nassau was light in comparison to the dwellings in the suburbs, where lower-class homes suffered extensive impact or were completely destroyed. A total of 44 multi-family residences were demolished. Many adobes in Adelaide were flattened, forcing 12 families to live in a church. Three people suffered serious injuries after a home near Gambier was destroyed. The entire community of Gambier was reportedly wiped out. Local agriculture also experienced significant impact, with two orchards alone losing many trees and thousands of fruits. All sisal plantations on the island were demolished.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Impact, Greater Antilles and Bahamas
Of the 50 small crafts capsized by strong winds and waves in the Bahamas, a majority of these were located at Andros Island. Several settlements along the northern portions of the island were devastated, with numerous homes flattened and all crops were destroyed, including coconuts, corn, grapefruit, oranges, peas, and potatoes. At Red Bays, two churches were destroyed and many houses were washed away. Several sponging vessels were beached, resulting in an "astronomical" number of casualties. Only seven homes remained standing at Nicholls Town. A church was demolished along the Staniard Creek. At Coakley Town, several houses were blown down, while a number of vessels sunk. Overall, at least 114 deaths occurred on land alone. Several schooners were lost near Andros Island, while at least 30 other schooners were driven ashore and severely damaged or demolished.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Impact, United States and elsewhere
Offshore the United States between Florida and North Carolina, the Norwegian bark Drot encountered the hurricane. A large wave swept the captain and seven crew members overboard. The remaining men built a makeshift raft out of the ship's plank in order to survive. However, the raft split into two, with two men on one portion and six on the other. On the former raft, a person committed suicide by jumping into the raging sea, but the remaining man was eventually rescued by the German steamship Titania.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Impact, United States and elsewhere
Of the six men on the other raft, three of them intentionally jumped into the ocean and drowned. Because the remaining three men realized that they were facing starvation or death by dehydration, they drew locks to determine who would be cannibalized by the other two. The man who lost was killed and the two surviving people drank blood from his veins. One of the persons remaining then went insane and bit large chunks of flesh from the other man's face and chest. On August 31, two weeks after the ship sunk, the two survivors were finally rescued by the British steamer Woodruff.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Impact, United States and elsewhere
The Weather Bureau office in Jupiter, Florida, recorded sustained winds of 52 mph (84 km/h) and a gusts up to 63 mph (101 km/h). Winds downed all telegraph lines in the area, which disrupted telegraphic communications for about 48 hours. Brief periods of heavy rainfall were also reported. At The Breakers hotel in Palm Beach, storm surge ripped off the upper portion of the ocean deck, which consisted of railings, a canopy, and a flagpole. Between Titusville and Miami, losses reached $5,000. Tides along the coast of South Carolina peaked at 2.8 ft (0.85 m), resulting in no coastal flooding. Well executed warnings were attributed to no fatalities in South Carolina.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Impact, United States and elsewhere
Strong winds were observed in coastal North Carolina, with sustained winds up to 93 mph (150 km/h) and gusts as high as 140 mph (230 km/h). However, the anemometer then blew away. According to the Weather Bureau, "the entire island" of Hatteras was submerged in 4 to 10 ft (1.2 to 3.0 m) of water due to storm surge.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Impact, United States and elsewhere
A personal account by Weather Bureau observer S. L. Dosher noted that it was typical for 40 to 50 individuals in Hatteras to seek shelter in a home because of coastal flooding, only to be forced to venture to another dwelling due to rising water. In only four houses, less than 1 ft (0.30 m) of water was recorded. All fishing piers and equipment were destroyed, while every bridge was swept away. About 10 vessels, including a large steamship, were wrecked.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Impact, United States and elsewhere
Dosher, sent a report to Washington, D.C. on Aug. 21, four days after the storm hit the Outer Banks. In his report Dosher wrote:"The howling wind, the rushing and roaring tide and the awful sea which swept over the beach and thundered like a thousand pieces of artillery made a picture which was at once appalling and terrible and the like of which Dante's Inferno could scarcely equal."


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Impact, United States and elsewhere
He stated, "At about 8 p.m. on the 17th when the wind lulled and shifted to the east and the tide began to run off with great swiftness, causing a fall of several feet in less than a half hour, a prayer of thankfulness went up from every soul on the island, and strong men, who had held up a brave heart against the terrible strain of the past 12 hours, broke down and wept like children..."


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Impact, United States and elsewhere
Severe damage also occurred at Diamond City and Shackleford Banks, where nearly every house was swept away. A number of farm animals drowned. The tides unearthed caskets, damaging them and leaving bones scattered throughout the towns. After the storm, residents began abandoning the area and re-settled in other cities, most of them located elsewhere in the Outer Banks. On Ocracoke Island, the island was covered with 4 to 5 feet (1.2 to 1.5 metres) of water. A total of 33 homes were destroyed and nearly every other suffered damage. Additionally, two churches were demolished. Several cows, horses, and sheep drowned.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Impact, United States and elsewhere
Among the ships that wrecked was the barkentine Priscilla. Rasmus Midgett, a United States Life-Saving Service member, single-handedly rescued 10 people from the Priscilla. On October 18, Midgett was awarded the Lifesaving Medal by Secretary of the Treasury Lyman J. Gage. Heavy rains and strong winds as far inland as Raleigh resulted in "great damage" to crops. There were at least 20 fatalities in North Carolina.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Impact, United States and elsewhere
Strong winds were also reported in Virginia. At Cape Henry, winds peaked at 68 mph (109 km/h) for five minutes. In Norfolk, five-minute sustained winds reached 42 miles per hour (68 km/h). The storm was quite severe along the James River, with low-lying areas of Norfolk inundated by wind-driven tides, while livestock drowned in the flood waters at Suffolk. A "heavy northeastern storm" began in Petersburg the night of August 17. In Southside Virginia Corn and tobacco suffered considerable damage as crops were leveled by strong winds.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Impact, United States and elsewhere
In the Azores, "several lives were lost" on São Miguel Island. Strong winds and heavy rainfall damaged many houses, inundated several roads, and toppled a number of telegraph poles.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Aftermath and records
Some wealthy citizens and local governments in Puerto Rico provided food and shelter in the immediate aftermath of the storm, but their resources were too limited to effectively handle the disaster. Following Military Governor George Whitefield Davis's initial assessment of damage, he requested that the federal government appeal to citizens for aid. In San Juan, Major John Van Hoff established a Board of Charities, which was staffed by military doctors and clergy. Davis requested that similar committees be developed and headed by three "people of respectability" in each town. At the time, the island was divided into 12 military districts.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Aftermath and records
Davis ordered that commanding officers assess damage in each district and report the number of citizens without food and shelter. Hundreds submitted petitions for tax relief, including 369 in Lares alone. The destruction of infrastructure made it difficult to deliver aid, especially because of a 11 mi (18 km) section of railroad destroyed between Añasco and Mayagüez. Many roads and bridges were rebuilt in the following months. However, because the railroads were privately owned, the government hesitated to begin repairs. Various municipal governments proposed 25 million to 30 million pesos in bonds to fund restoration efforts.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Aftermath and records
On August 24, the USAT McClellan departed the United States Quartermaster's dock in Brooklyn after being filled with supplies by the Puerto Rican Relief Committee of the Merchant's Association including 12,600 vests for women, 4,800 women's wrappers, 4,200 undershirts for men, 600 pairs of trousers, and 215 children's garments. H. C. F. Koch & Co. also sent 265 articles of women and children's clothing. Additionally, the Windsor Company donated one case of calico, the Renfrew Machinery Company contributed one case of gingham, the Hines Underwear Company gave away knit underwear, and the National Biscuit Company (now known as Nabisco) sent 30 barrels of bread.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Aftermath and records
In the Bahamas, the House of Assembly held a special session to vote for a measure that authorized expenditure for relief throughout the country. Additionally, Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain called on several vessels to distribute and render assistance to the Out Islands. The British Government enacted the Hurricane Warning Act, which ordered that hurricane signal flags be hoisted at Fort Charlotte and Fort Fincastle in the event of a hurricane. The new regulation also required these flags to be raised when the barometric pressure fell to a certain point. Additionally, the Imperial Lighthouse Service issued a set of signal flags to all lighthouses in the Bahamas.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Aftermath and records
There was so much Destruction in Diamond City, North Carolina that the approximately 500 residents of the settlement and island decided to move inland. The last of the residents had left by 1902, and even relocated houses to nearby places such as Harkers Island, Salter Path and Morehead City.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Aftermath and records
Hurricane San Ciriaco set many records on its path. Resulting in at least 3,369 deaths in Puerto Rico, the storm was the deadliest hurricane to hit the island and the strongest at the time, until the Hurricane San Felipe Segundo made landfall in 1928 as a Category 5 hurricane. It was also among the deadliest Atlantic hurricanes ever recorded.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Aftermath and records
Also, with an Accumulated cyclone energy of 73.57, it has the highest ACE of any Atlantic hurricane in history. In 2004, Hurricane Ivan became the second Atlantic hurricane to surpass an ACE value of 70, but did not surpass the San Ciriaco hurricane.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Aftermath and records
The San Ciriaco hurricane is also the longest-lasting Atlantic hurricane in recorded history, lasting for 27.75 days.


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Aftermath and records, Migration to Hawaii
The hurricane was one of the reasons why some 5,000 Puerto Ricans migrated to Hawaii. Two historians, living in Hawaii, documented the history of Puerto Rican migration to Hawaii and stated the San Ciriaco hurricane was one of the main reasons why Puerto Ricans went to Hawaii. "Nicolas G. Vegas wrote in his Narración Patriótica (Patriotic Narration):


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Aftermath and records, Migration to Hawaii
De aquel país borincanoTierras de tan lindas floresDe allí salimos, señores. A este suelo hawaiiano. . . . Nadie pensaba olvidarAquel amable rincónY por causa del ciclónNos tuvimos que embarcarY empezamos a navegarPara distantes regionesAfligidos corazonesDejamos a nuestra espaldaY de aquella tierra sanaDe allí salimos, señores. From that Borinquen landLands with such beautiful flowersFrom there we left, sirs,For this Hawaiian land. . . . Nobody thought he would forgetThat friendly part of the worldAnd because of the cycloneWe had to set sailAnd we began to navigateFor distant regionsAfflicted heartsWe left behind usAnd from that healthy landFrom there we left, sirs."


1899 San Ciriaco hurricane, Name
The hurricane earned its name by striking Puerto Rico on August 8, the Roman Catholic feast day devoted to Saint Cyriacus (San Ciriaco in Spanish). This was a common practice prior to the introduction of standardized hurricane names – for example, the 1867 San Narciso hurricane, the 1928 San Felipe hurricane, and the 1932 San Ciprian hurricane were also named after the feast day on which they occurred.


1899 San Diego mayoral election
The 1899 San Diego mayoral election was held on April 4, 1899 to elect the mayor for San Diego. Edwin M. Capps was elected Mayor with a majority of the votes.


1899 San Diego mayoral election, Campaign
Incumbent Mayor Daniel C. Reed stood for re-election to a second two-year term as a Republican. His re-election was contested by Edwin M. Capps, a Democrat, and John Helphingstine of the Socialist Labor party.


1899 San Diego mayoral election, Campaign
One of the biggest issues during the campaign was municipal ownership of the water system. Capps, the city engineer, was seen as friendly to the San Diego Flume Company, while Reed was supported by the Southern California Mountain Water Company.


1899 San Diego mayoral election, Campaign
On April 4, 1899, Capps was elected mayor with a majority of 52.3 percent of the vote. Reed came in second with 45.6 percent of the vote. Helphingstine came in third with only 2.1 percent.


1899 San Jose State Spartans football team
The 1899 San Jose State Spartans football team represented State Teachers College at San Jose during the 1899 college football season. In their only season under head coach Jess Woods, the Spartans compiled a 6–3–1 record, their first ten-game schedule. The season was highlighted by a record number of wins (six) and losses (three). They outscored their opponents by a total of 120 to 69, although they were outscored 56 to 11 by collegiate teams.


1899 Sewanee Tigers baseball team
The 1899 Sewanee Tigers baseball team represented the Sewanee Tigers baseball team of the University of the South in the 1899 college baseball season. The Tigers were led by coach Henry Ashford and finished in first place in the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association with a record of 4–0, 7–0 overall.


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team
The 1899 Sewanee Tigers football team represented Sewanee: The University of the South in the 1899 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. Sewanee was one of the first college football powers of the South and the 1899 team was one of its best. The 1899 Tigers won 12 games and loss none, outscored opponents 322–10, and won the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) title.


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team
With just 13 players, the team known as the "Iron Men" had a six-day road trip with five shutout wins over Texas A&M, Texas, Tulane, LSU, and Ole Miss. Sportswriter Grantland Rice called the group "the most durable football team I ever saw." The road trip is recalled memorably with the Biblical allusion "...and on the seventh day they rested."


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team
The team was led by head coach Herman "Billy" Suter and future College Football Hall of Famer and captain Henry "Diddy" Seibels. The team also featured Ormond Simkins, and the team's manager was future US Senator and newspaper publisher Luke Lea. The 11 extra points against Cumberland by Bart Sims is still a school record. John Heisman's Auburn team was the only one even to score on Sewanee.


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Before the season
Despite being from a small Episcopal university in the mountains of Tennessee, the Sewanee team came to dominate football in the region during the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Like several other football powers of yore such as the University of Chicago, Sewanee today emphasizes scholarship over athletics.


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Before the season
Sewanee had seven starters return from the undefeated 1898 team. Before play started, the Sewanee men trained hard for several weeks under coach Suter. With experience and weight, the team was hopeful for an undisputed southern championship.


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, Georgia
Fullback Ormond Simkins was the star of the 12–0 opening win over the Georgia Bulldogs, netting the first touchdown with a fine line buck of 12 yards through center "amidst thunderous applause". Halfback Rex Kilpatrick scored a second touchdown on a 4-yard run.


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, Georgia
The starting lineup was: Sims (left end), Jones (left tackle), Keyes (left guard), Poole (center), Claiborne (right guard), Bolling (right tackle), Pearce (right end), Wilson (quarterback), Kilpatrick (left halfback), Seibels (right halfback), and Simkins (fullback).


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, Georgia Tech
Sewanee followed the defeat of Georgia with a 32–0 victory over Georgia Tech on the following Monday. Sewanee won easily, the first score coming soon after the kickoff on a blocked kick recovered by halfback Quintard Gray. Gray scored the next touchdown on a 25-yard end run. Just fifteen minutes had passed when halfback and captain Diddy Seibels scored the third touchdown. The next three touchdowns were also scored by Seibels, including pretty runs of 35 and 40 yards. The team played its substitutes in the second half.


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, Georgia Tech
The starting lineup was: Sims (left end), Jones (left tackle), Keyes (left guard), Poole (center), Claiborne (right guard), Bolling (right tackle), Pearce (right end), Wilson (quarterback), Gray (left halfback), Seibels (right halfback), and Simkins (fullback).


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, Tennessee
In a driving rain at McGee Field, "where each 5-yard line was a miniature stream", Sewanee beat the Tennessee Volunteers 46–0. Diddy Seibels led the scoring with three touchdowns. "Touchdown followed touchdown, until Sewanee finally stopped scoring from sheer exhaustion" to quote The Sewanee Purple.


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, Tennessee
The starting lineup was: Sims (left end), Jones (left tackle), Keyes (left guard), Poole (center), Claiborne (right guard), K. Smith (right tackle), Pearce (right end), Wilson (quarterback), Kilpatrick (left halfback), Seibels (right halfback), and Simkins (fullback).


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, Southwestern Presbyterian
Sewanee next defeated Southwestern Presbyterian 54–0. The Sewanee Purple wrote: "Never before in the history of football at Sewanee have we piled up such a score against an opponent."


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, Southwestern Presbyterian
The starting lineup was: Sims (left end), Jones (left tackle), Keyes (left guard), Poole (center), Claiborne (right guard), Bolling (right tackle), Pearce (right end), Wilson (quarterback), Gray (left halfback), Seibels (right halfback), and Simkins (fullback).


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, The Road trip: 5 shutouts in 6 days
The 1899 Iron Men team's most notable accomplishment was a six-day period from November 9 to 14 which is arguably the greatest road trip in college football history. After a disagreement with traditional rival Vanderbilt University over gate receipts resulting in the 1899 game being canceled, manager Luke Lea sought a way to make up for the lost revenue. To accomplish this heput together an improbable schedule of playing five big name opponents in six days. Playing so many games in a short period minimized costs while maximizing revenue.


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, The Road trip: 5 shutouts in 6 days
During this road trip, Sewanee outscored its opponents for a combined 91–0, including Texas, Texas A&M, LSU, and Ole Miss. Sewanee obliterated each one, traveling by train for some 2,500 miles. This feat, barring fundamental changes in modern-day football, can never be equaled. Contemporary sources called the road trip the most remarkable ever made by an American college team.


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, The Road trip: 5 shutouts in 6 days, Texas
The train carrying the players pulled into Austin on the night of the 8th to face the undefeated Texas Longhorns the following afternoon. Sewanee won 12–0. They scored five minutes into the first quarter, and a minute before the end of the game, "and the intervening time was devoted to the liveliest battle ever witnessed here". Diddy Seibels played throughout the game, scoring both touchdowns, despite his head having split open just above his left eye, bleeding profusely. By the end of the game his head was coated with blood.


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, The Road trip: 5 shutouts in 6 days, Texas
The starting lineup was: Sims (left end), Jones (left tackle), Keyes (left guard), Poole (center), Claiborne (right guard), Bolling (right tackle), Pearce (right end), Wilson (quarterback), Kilpatrick (left halfback), Seibels (right halfback), and Simkins (fullback).


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, The Road trip: 5 shutouts in 6 days, Texas A&M
Not 20 hours had passed since the Texas game before the Tigers faced the Texas A&M Aggies. The Tigers won 10–0. Guard Wild Bill Claiborne was blind in one eye, and used his discolored eye for purposes of intimidation saying: "See this? I lost it yesterday in Austin. This afternoon I'm getting a new one!" Ormond Simkins first ran in a touchdown from the 1-yard-line near the end of the first half. Quarterback Warbler Wilson got the second touchdown with five seconds left in the game. Texas A&M's campus paper, the Battalion, reported :..."(the Sewanee Tigers) are unmistakably the champions of the South this year..."


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, The Road trip: 5 shutouts in 6 days, Texas A&M
The starting lineup was: Sims (left end), Jones (left tackle), Keyes (left guard), Poole (center), Claiborne (right guard), Bolling (right tackle), Pearce (right end), Wilson (quarterback), Kilpatrick (left halfback), Gray (right halfback), and Simkins (fullback).


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, The Road trip: 5 shutouts in 6 days, Tulane
After another 350-mile overnight train leg, the Tigers beat Tulane in New Orleans 23–0. Rex Kilpatrick scored first. Quintard Gray scored twice more. The lone score of the second half was another, 5-yard run by Kilpatrick. The game was called early  due to darkness.


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, The Road trip: 5 shutouts in 6 days, Tulane
The starting lineup was: Sims (left end), Jones (left tackle), Keyes (left guard), Poole (center), Claiborne (right guard), Bolling (right tackle), Pearce (right end), Wilson (quarterback), Kilpatrick (left halfback), Seibels (right halfback), and Simkins (fullback).


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, The Road trip: 5 shutouts in 6 days, LSU
Before the trip to Baton Rouge, the team saw a play, and then toured a sugar plantation owned by John Dalton Shaffer, rather than enjoy the nightlife of New Orleans. One source reported center William H. Poole "drank heavily" on the one day off. Sewanee then defeated LSU 34–0.


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, The Road trip: 5 shutouts in 6 days, LSU
Diddy Seibels scored first. Sewanee's next run from scrimmage was another Seibels touchdown. Rex Kilpatrick had one score, and Sewanee managed three further touchdowns. One account reads: "In spite of their long, tiresome trip, the Sewanee men were lively as school boys out for a day off."


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, The Road trip: 5 shutouts in 6 days, LSU
The starting lineup was: Sims (left end), Jones (left tackle), Keyes (left guard), Poole (center), Claiborne (right guard), Bolling (right tackle), Pearce (right end), Wilson (quarterback), Kilpatrick (left halfback), Gray (right halfback), and Simkins (fullback).


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, The Road trip: 5 shutouts in 6 days, Ole Miss
The Tigers arrived in Memphis to play Ole Miss on their third pre-game overnight train ride in five days. Ole Miss kept the game close. Diddy Seibels scored the first touchdown with fifteen seconds left in the first half, and Kilpatrick scored the second with thirteen to go before the final whistle. The game was attended by "several hundred spectators".


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, The Road trip: 5 shutouts in 6 days, Ole Miss
The local Commercial Appeal praised the Tigers: "Yesterday's score against (Mississippi) marked the two hundred and fortieth point for which the Tennesseans have scored to nothing for their opponents, during the present season. The trip of the Sewanee eleven, along with record, will probably remain unequaled for generations."


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, Cumberland
Seemingly unfazed by the travel, the following week the Tigers crushed the Cumberland Bulldogs, 71–0. One account reads: "For five minutes after the beginning of the game Cumberland made some good gains, but the Sewanee defense suddenly grew strong, the ball was secured on downs, and Seibels crossed the line for touchdown seven minutes after play began." Bart Sims had a school record 11 extra points, and Ormond Simkins rested instead of playing.


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, Cumberland
The starting lineup was: Sims (left end), Jones (left tackle), Keyes (left guard), Poole (center), Claiborne (right guard), Bolling (right tackle), Pearce (right end), Wilson (quarterback), Kilpatrick (left halfback), Seibels (right halfback), and Brooks (fullback)


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, Auburn: The only points scored
For the championship of the South, Sewanee faced John Heisman's Auburn team winning the contest by a narrow margin of 11–10. Auburn was the only team to score on Sewanee all year, when they ran an early version of the hurry-up offense, and played exceptionally well on defense.


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, Auburn: The only points scored
After being held on downs at the 10-yard line, Auburn again drove down the field and scored first when Bivins ran in a touchdown. Ed Huguley followed this up with another 50-yard touchdown run, but the referee disallowed it.


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, Auburn: The only points scored
Sewanee responded once as Rex Kilpatrick ran outside the tackle for a 10-yard touchdown. Auburn back Arthur Feagin, with Huguley's interference, scored to make it 10 to 5 in favor of Auburn.


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, Auburn: The only points scored
A controversial fumble recovery by Sewanee may have saved the game. Auburn quarterback Reynolds Tichenor said it was a gift; the referee awarded Sewanee the ball, but he insisted Auburn recovered it. A double pass play to Warbler Wilson got the ensuing Sewanee touchdown. Bart Sims made the extra point to edge Auburn. Neither team managed to score in the second half. The delay from the crowd gathering on the field ran the game into darkness.


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, Auburn: The only points scored
Under Heisman's tutelage, Auburn played with a marvelous speed and dash that couldn't be gainsaid and which fairly swept Sewanee off its feet. Only the remarkable punting of Simkins kept the game from being a debacle. I recall vividly one incident of the game, which demonstrates clearly just how surprising was Sewanee's victory.


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, Auburn: The only points scored
The Purple was taking time out... A Sewanee player was down, his head being bathed...Suter, the Sewanee coach, and Heisman, the Auburn mentory, were walking up and down the field together. They approached this boy...Suter, evidently as mad as fire, asked the down and out player 'Are you fellows going to be run over like this all afternoon?'


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, Auburn: The only points scored
'Coach,' said the boy, lifting his tired head from the ground, 'we just can't stand this stuff. We've never seen anything like it.'


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, Auburn: The only points scored
Suter and Heisman turned away. ' Can you beat that?' Suter asked the Auburn coach. Heisman didn't say anything, I guess he thought a great deal. He told me afterwards that he had never felt so sorry for a man on a football field as he had for Suter at that moment.


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, Auburn: The only points scored
The starting lineup was: Pierce (left end), Jones (left tackle), Claiborne (left guard), Poole (center), Keyes (right guard), Bolling (right tackle), Sims (right end), Wilson (quarterback), Kilpatrick (left halfback), Seibels (right halfback), and Simkins (fullback).


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, North Carolina
The season closed with a 5 to 0 victory over the North Carolina Tar Heels and the championship of the south. Sewanee's defense was strong, including a goal line stand, and Seibels' punting gained 10 yards on each exchange of punts. A single free kick from placement by Simkins proved the difference.


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, North Carolina
Simkins had signaled for a fair catch, but North Carolina's Frank M. Osborne collided with him. Sewanee was awarded fifteen yards and the free kick. The star for the Tar Heels that day was Herman Koehler.


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, North Carolina
The starting lineup was: Simkins (left end), Jones (left tackle), Keyes (left guard), Poole (center), Claiborne (right guard), Bolling (right tackle), Black (right end), Wilson (quarterback), Kilpatrick (left halfback), Seibels (right halfback), and Hull (fullback).


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Postseason, Awards and honors
W. A. Lambeth of Virginia in the journal Outing and Coach Suter both posted All-Southern teams. Included on Suter's All-Southern were: Richard Bolling, Wild Bill Claiborne, Deacon Jones, Rex Kilpatrick, William H. Poole, Diddy Seibels, Ormond Simkins, and Warbler Wilson. Wilson was also selected All-Southern by Lambeth. Bart Sims made Lambeth's team and was a substitute for Suter.


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Postseason, Legacy
By the end of the season, eleven of Sewanee's victories were against SIAA conference rivals, setting the record for the most conference games won in a single season by any team before or since. On College Gameday, November 13, 1999, ESPN featured the University of the South with a four-minute segment on the 1899 football team, and CSX Railroad provided a short train ride in Cowan, which was a re-enactment of an early leg of the Sewanee to Texas train ride.


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Postseason, Legacy
Several writers and sports personalities consider this Sewanee team one of the greatest football teams ever to play. Former Penn State coach Joe Paterno once said: "While there are some who would swear to the contrary, I did not see the 1899 Sewanee football team play in person. Winning five road games in six days, all by shutout scores, has to be one of the most staggering achievements in the history of the sport. If the Bowl Championship Series (BCS) had been in effect in 1899, there seems little doubt Sewanee would have played in the title game.


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Postseason, Legacy
And they wouldn’t have been done in by any computer ratings." Tony Barnhart in Southern Fried Football: The History, Passion and Glory of the Great Southern Game listed Sewanee as his number 1 Southern football team of all-time. A 16-team playoff to determine the best team in college football history with winners decided by fan votes was run by the College Football Hall of Fame, called the March of the Gridiron Champions. Sewanee, starting at the lowest seed, won the tournament.


1899 Sewanee Tigers football team, Personnel, Scoring leaders
The following is an incomplete list of statistics and scores, largely dependent on newspaper summaries.


1899 Sheriff of London Charity Shield
The 1899 Sheriff of London Charity Shield was the second edition of the Sheriff of London Charity Shield. The match between Queen's Park and league champions Aston Villa was a goalless draw, even following thirty minutes of added time. No replay was agreed between the sides so the honour was shared.


1899 Sheriff of London Charity Shield, Match, Background
Aston Villa were the 1898–99 Football League champions for the fourth time in their history and Queen's Park of Glasgow were selected by the trophy committee as the best amateur side of the year, having defeated Corinthian twice that year (2–3 away and 4–1 at home). This was to be the only time that an amateur side other than Corinthian would contest the trophy, as well as the only game featuring a non-English side.


1899 Sheriff of London Charity Shield, Match, Background
There was initially some difficulties in arranging the match for 11 March and in February, the match was rearranged to 1 April. Aston Villa had a prior engagement on that date and had they not been able to reschedule, it was believed that Liverpool would have been a candidate to take their place in the charity shield. Several days before the game was originally due to be played, reports suggested that the teams had overcome their difficulties and the original match date of 11 March was back on. Queens Park stipulated that in the event of a draw after 30 minutes extra-time, they would not want a replay but instead to share the shield as making a second trip from Scotland to London was seen as an unnecessary inconvenience.


1899 Sheriff of London Charity Shield, Match, Build-up
Queens Park had performed admirably against Scottish professional clubs during the season and the Glasgow Herald suggested that "there is no reason why they should not distinguish themselves equally against the Birmingham cracks", suggesting Queens Park had an excellent chance when drawing conclusions to Aston Villa's recent visit to the Ibrox stadium, where Rangers comfortably beat the visitors.


1899 South Australian colonial election
Elections were held in the colony of South Australia on 29 April 1899, except for Albert, where the incumbent members were elected unopposed on 12 April, and Northern Territory, which voted on 6 May. All 54 seats in the South Australian House of Assembly were up for election. The incumbent liberal government led by Premier of South Australia Charles Kingston in an informal coalition United Labor Party (ULP) led by Lee Batchelor defeated the conservative opposition led by Leader of the Opposition John Downer. Each district elected multiple members, with voters casting multiple votes. Although the conservatives won more seats, the liberal government retained power until later that year, when new conservative leader Vaiben Louis Solomon forced the government to resign, but only held office for one week. The liberals held government until the next election through leaders Frederick Holder and John Jenkins.


1899 South Australian colonial election, Background
The 1899 election was a contest between three increasingly dominating groups – the ULP, the conservative National Defence League (NDL) which renamed to the Australasian National League (ANL), and the Kingston liberals. It was also dominated by one issue – the restrictive franchise for the Legislative Council. The Kingston government, which had secured a majority with the strong support of the ULP, had attempted to broaden the franchise in 1898, but the ANL and conservative majority of the Council had rejected the Bill. Kingston took the Assembly into the 1899 election with this issue dominant. The seat contest was particularly intense between the conservatives and the Kingston liberals. There was no "Liberal" or "Kingston" party, but there was a relatively cohesive Kingston group among both independent members and candidates. The Liberal and Democratic Union would not be formed until the 1906 election.


1899 South Carolina Gamecocks football team
The 1899 South Carolina Gamecocks football team represented the University of South Carolina during the 1899 college football season.


1899 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season
The 1899 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season was the college football games played by the member schools of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association as part of the 1899 college football season.


1899 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season
The season began on October 6, 1899 with Vanderbilt visiting Cumberland.


1899 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season
Sewanee won the conference with 11 conference victories. With just 13 players, the team known as the "Iron Men" had a six-day road trip with five shutout wins over Texas A&M; Texas; Tulane; LSU; and Ole Miss. Sportswriter Grantland Rice called the group "the most durable football team I ever saw." The road trip is recalled memorably with the Biblical allusion "...and on the seventh day they rested."


1899 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season, Season overview, Results and team statistics
PPG = Average of points scored per gamePAG = Average of points allowed per game


1899 Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council election
The Southern Rhodesia Legislative Council election of April 17, 1899 were the first elections to take place in the Colony of Southern Rhodesia. They followed the Southern Rhodesia Order in Council of 1898 which granted to the Colony a Legislative Council consisting of at least ten voting members: the Administrator of Southern Rhodesia ex officio, five members nominated by the British South Africa Company, and four members elected by registered voters. The Resident Commissioner of Southern Rhodesia, Sir Marshal James Clarke, also sat on the Legislative Council ex officio but without the right to vote.


1899 Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council election, Franchise
The Order in Council did not set any of the regulations governing the election, which were left to the (acting) High Commissioner for Southern Africa to set the qualifications for voters and delimit the electoral districts, which happened in Proclamation no. 17 of 1898.


1899 Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council election, Franchise
The acting High Commissioner required voters to be British subjects, male, 21 years of age and older, able to write their address and occupation, and then to fulfil the following financial requirements: (a) ownership of a registered mining claim in Southern Rhodesia, or (b) occupying immovable property worth £75, or (c) receiving wages or salary of £50 per annum in Southern Rhodesia. Six months' continuous residence was also required for qualifications b and c. All voters were entered onto a common roll.


1899 Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council election, Election arrangements
With only four members to be elected, the Acting High Commissioner decided to have two districts, Mashonaland and Matabeleland, each returning two members. The election was conducted under rules first set down for Cape Colony in 1892 with a secret ballot. No political parties were in existence at the time of the election so each candidate stood on their own record.


1899 Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council election, Byelection
William Fairbridge, defeated in Mashonaland, lodged an election petition after the declaration of the result, alleging that Raleigh Grey's election agents were involved in misconduct during the election. Before the hearing commenced, Grey resigned from the Council feeling that his presence was corrupted. The election court found that Grey's agents had indulged in bribery and 'treating' (providing free food and drink for voters) at a smoking concert, and invalidated his earlier election, but as Grey was no longer a member, this had no effect.


1899 Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council election, Byelection
In the meantime, nominations for the byelection closed on August 21, 1899 and Grey was again nominated. With no other candidate in the field he was therefore returned unopposed.


1899 Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council election, Nominated members
The members nominated by the British South Africa Company were:


1899 Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council election, Nominated members
Sir Thomas Scanlen stood down and was replaced by John Gilbert Kotzé, Attorney General, on August 9, 1900. Mr Justice Vintcent stood down and was replaced by Clarkson Henry Tredgold on June 28, 1901. Townshend Griffin was absent for a time and was replaced by James Hutchinson Kennedy on June 28, 1901.


1899 Spanish general election
The 1899 Spanish general election was held on Sunday, 16 April and on Sunday, 30 April 1899, to elect the 9th Restoration Cortes of the Kingdom of Spain. All 402 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 180 of 360 seats in the Senate.


1899 Spanish general election, Overview, Background
The Spanish Constitution of 1876 enshrined Spain as a constitutional monarchy, awarding the King power to name senators and to revoke laws, as well as the title of commander-in-chief of the army. The King would also play a key role in the system of El Turno Pacífico (the Peaceful Turn) by appointing and toppling governments and allowing the opposition to take power. Under this system, the Conservative and Liberal parties alternated in power by means of election rigging, which they achieved through the encasillado, using the links between the Ministry of Governance, the provincial civil governors, and the local bosses (caciques) to ensure victory and exclude minor parties from the power sharing.


1899 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
The Spanish Cortes were envisaged as "co-legislative bodies", based on a nearly perfect bicameralism. Both the Congress of Deputies and the Senate had legislative, control and budgetary functions, sharing equal powers except for laws on contributions or public credit, where the Congress had preeminence. Voting for the Cortes was on the basis of universal manhood suffrage, which comprised all national males over twenty-five, having at least a two-year residency in a municipality and in full enjoyment of their civil rights.


1899 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
For the Congress of Deputies, 91 seats were elected using a partial block voting in 26 multi-member constituencies, with the remaining 311 being elected under a one-round first-past-the-post system in single-member districts. Candidates winning a plurality in each constituency were elected.


1899 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
In constituencies electing eight seats or more, electors could vote for no more than three candidates less than the number of seats to be allocated; in those with more than four seats and up to eight, for no more than two less; in those with more than one seat and up to four, for no more than one less; and for one candidate in single-member districts.


1899 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
The Congress was entitled to one member per each 50,000 inhabitants, with each multi-member constituency being allocated a fixed number of seats: 8 for Madrid, 7 for Barcelona, 5 for Palma and Seville and 3 for Alicante, Almería, Badajoz, Burgos, Cádiz, Cartagena, Córdoba, Granada, Jaén, Jerez de la Frontera, La Coruña, Lugo, Málaga, Murcia, Oviedo, Pamplona, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Santander, Tarragona, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza. The law also provided for by-elections to fill seats vacated throughout the legislature.


1899 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
For the Senate, 180 seats were indirectly elected, with electors voting for delegates instead of senators. Elected delegates—equivalent in number to one-sixth of the councillors in each municipal corporation—would then vote for senators using a write-in, two-round majority voting system. The provinces of Barcelona, Madrid and Valencia were allocated four seats each, whereas each of the remaining provinces was allocated three seats, for a total of 150.


1899 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
The remaining 30 were allocated to a number of institutions, electing one seat each—the Archdioceses of Burgos, Granada, Santiago de Compostela, Seville, Tarragona, Toledo, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; the Royal Spanish Academy; the Royal Academies of History, Fine Arts, Sciences, Moral and Political Sciences and Medicine; the Universities of Madrid, Barcelona, Granada, Oviedo, Salamanca, Santiago, Seville, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; and the Economic Societies of Friends of the Country from Madrid, Barcelona, León, Seville and Valencia.


1899 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
An additional 180 seats comprised senators in their own right—the Monarch's offspring and the heir apparent once coming of age; Grandees of Spain of the first class; Captain Generals of the Army and the Navy Admiral; the Patriarch of the Indies and archbishops; as well as other high-ranking state figures—and senators for life (who were appointed by the Monarch).


1899 Spanish general election, Overview, Election date
The term of each House of the Cortes—the Congress and one-half of the elective part of the Senate—expired five years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The Monarch had the prerogative to dissolve both Houses at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election.


1899 St. Louis Perfectos season
The 1899 St. Louis Perfectos season was the team's 18th season in St. Louis, Missouri and their 8th season in the National League. The Perfectos went 84–67 during the season and finished 5th in the National League.


1899 St. Louis Perfectos season
This was the team's only season in which they were named the Perfectos. The Robison brothers, who had just bought the team from original owner Chris von der Ahe, changed the colors to red, the name of the team to Perfectos, and the name of the ballpark to League Park. The red color proved so popular that fans and sportswriters began referring to the team by the shade of red, cardinal. The next season, the team officially became the Cardinals.


1899 St. Louis Perfectos season
The team benefited from many players who were transferred to the team from the Cleveland Spiders, which were also owned by the Robison brothers. This led to the Spiders compiling the worst season in MLB history, losing 134 games. However, the Perfectos wound up finishing only fifth. The pennant-winning Brooklyn Superbas, who finished 18½ games ahead of St. Louis, benefited from a similar arrangement, as Brooklyn's owners also owned the Baltimore Orioles, allowing them to also transfer their better players to one team. After the 1899 season, such arrangements were outlawed in the National League, and both the Spiders and Orioles were among four teams eliminated from the league.


1899 St. Louis Perfectos season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1899 St. Louis Perfectos season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1899 St. Louis Perfectos season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1899 St. Louis Perfectos season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1899 St. Louis Perfectos season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1899 Stanford football team
The 1899 Stanford football team represented Stanford University in the 1899 college football season. With a 2–5–2 record in head coach Burr Chamberlain's only season at the school, the Stanford football team lost as many games in 1899 as they had in the previous four seasons combined and produced the first losing season in school history. The team played its home games at Stanford, California.


1899 Svenska Mästerskapet
The 1899 Svenska Mästerskapet was the 4th season of Svenska Mästerskapet, the football Cup to determine the Swedish champions. Örgryte IS won the tournament by defeating Göteborgs FF in the final with a 4–0 score.


1899 Swarthmore Quakers football team
The 1899 Swarthmore Quakers football team was an American football team that represented Swarthmore College as an independent during the 1899 college football season. The team compiled an 8–1–2 record. George H. Brooke was the head coach.


1899 Swedish general election
General elections were held in Sweden on 22 September 1899. The Lantmanna Party received a majority of the vote. Erik Gustaf Boström remained Prime Minister.


1899 Swedish general election, Campaign
The Liberals and the Swedish Social Democratic Party ran joint lists in some constituencies.


1899 Swedish general election, Results
Only 25.4% of the male population aged over 21 was eligible to vote. Voter turnout was 40.3%.


1899 Swiss federal election
Federal elections were held in Switzerland on 26 October 1899. The Free Democratic Party retained its majority in the National Council.


1899 Swiss federal election, Electoral system
The 147 members of the National Council were elected in 52 single- and multi-member constituencies using a three-round system. Candidates had to receive a majority in the first or second round to be elected; if it went to a third round, only a plurality was required. Voters could cast as many votes as there were seats in their constituency. There was one seat for every 20,000 citizens, with seats allocated to cantons in proportion to their population.


1899 Swiss federal election, Results, Summary
Voter turnout was highest in Schaffhausen (where voting was compulsory) at 86.4% and lowest in Obwalden at 21.3%.


1899 Syracuse Orangemen football team
The 1899 Syracuse Orangemen football team represented Syracuse University during the 1899 college football season. The head coach was Frank E. Wade, coaching his third season with the Orangemen.


1899 Tennessee Volunteers football team
The 1899 Tennessee Volunteers football team represented the University of Tennessee in the 1899 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. They were the first UT team to have a head coach. J. A. Pierce helmed the team in 1899 and 1900. The 1899 Tennessee Volunteers won six games and lost two.


1899 Texas A&M Aggies football team
The 1899 Texas A&M Aggies football team represented Texas A&M during the 1899 college football season.


1899 Texas Longhorns baseball team
The 1899 Texas Longhorns baseball team represented the Texas Longhorns baseball team of the University of Texas in the 1899 college baseball season. A. C. Ellis led his second and final season as coach.


1899 Texas Longhorns football team
The 1899 Texas Longhorns football team represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 1899 college football season.


1899 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
The 1899 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship was the 10th staging of the Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Tipperary County Board in 1887.


1899 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
Horse & Jockey won the championship after a 3–08 to 2–04 defeat of Tow-Mile Borris in the final replay. It was the club's only championship title.


1899 Toronto Argonauts season
The 1899 Toronto Argonauts season was the club's second season as a member club of the Ontario Rugby Football Union. The team finished in third place in the Senior Championship of the ORFU with two wins and four losses, and failed to qualify for the Dominion playoffs. However the Argos' 9-0 victory over the University of Toronto on October 21 won them the City Championship, for which they received the Wilson Trophy, the first trophy to be won by the Argos in their history.


1899 Toronto Argonauts season
The Argos played two non-league games during the 1899 season, defeating the University of Toronto 9-0 at Varsity Athletic Field on October 21 to claim the city championship, and losing 23-19 at Rosedale Field on November 4 to an Ireland touring side, a match played half under Canadian rules and half under rugby rules.


1899 Toronto municipal election
Municipal elections were held in Toronto, Canada, on January 2, 1899. Mayor John Shaw was elected for his third consecutive term in office defeating opponent Ernest A. Macdonald and Third Ward Alderman George McMurrich. It was Macdonald's third unsuccessful attempt to be elected mayor. He would succeed in his fourth attempt, at the 1900 Toronto municipal election.


1899 Toronto municipal election, Board of Control
The Toronto Board of Control was elected by Toronto City Council from among its members, and presided over by the mayor. At the first council meeting following the general election, council chose Aldermen Burns, Lynd, and Woods to sit on the body.


1899 Toronto municipal election, Plebiscites
Three by-laws authorizing expenditures were approved by plebiscite: $62,500 for the erection of the Queen Street Viaduct spanning the Don River; $150,00 for the remodelling of St. Lawrence Market, and $40,000 for waterfront improvements at the foot of Bay Street.


1899 Toronto municipal election, Aldermen elected to City Council
Four alderman were elected to sit on Toronto City Council in each of six wards.


1899 Toronto municipal election, Aldermen elected to City Council
Only two aldermen seeking re-election were defeated, both in the First Ward: John Leslie, who had also sat on the city's powerful Toronto Board of Control (which at this time was still chosen by city council rather than elected), and Alderman Richardson who were replaced by former alderman Stewart and John Russell. In the Second Ward, former alderman Spence filled the vacancy left by the retirement of Alderman Bryce. In the Third Ward, former alderman N.L. Steiner filled the vacancy left by Alderman McMurrich's mayoral candidacy.


1899 Tulane Olive and Blue football team
The 1899 Tulane Olive and Blue football team represented Tulane University during the 1899 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The team failed to score a point.


1899 U.S. National Championships (tennis)
List of champions of the 1899 U.S. National Championships tennis tournament (now known as the US Open). The men's tournament was held from 14 August to 21 August on the outdoor grass courts at the Newport Casino in Newport, Rhode Island. The women's tournament was held from 21 June to 24 June on the outdoor grass courts at the Philadelphia Cricket Club in Philadelphia, PA. It was the 19th U.S. National Championships and the second Grand Slam tournament of the year.


1899 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Men's Singles
Malcolm Whitman defeated  J. Parmly Paret  6–1, 6–2, 3–6, 7–5


1899 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Men's Doubles
Holcombe Ward /  Dwight Davis defeated  Leo Ware /  George Sheldon 6–4, 6–4, 6–3


1899 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Women's Doubles
Jane Craven /  Myrtle McAteer defeated  Maud Banks /  Elizabeth Rastall 6–1, 6–1, 7–5


1899 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Mixed Doubles
Elizabeth Rastall /  Albert Hoskins defeated  Jane Craven /  James Gardner 6–4, 6–0, ret.


1899 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles
Malcolm Whitman defended his title by beating Jahial Parmly Paret in the challenge round 6–1, 6–2, 3–6, 7–5, to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1899 U.S. National Championships.


1899 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles
Marion Jones won the singles tennis title of the 1899 U.S. Women's National Singles Championship by defeating Maud Banks 6–1, 6–1, 7–5 in the final of the All Comers' competition. The reigning champion Juliette Atkinson did not defend her title and therefore no challenge round was held. The event was played on outdoor grass courts and held at the Philadelphia Cricket Club in Wissahickon Heights, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia from June 21 through June 24, 1899.


1899 U.S. Open (golf)
The 1899 U.S. Open was the fifth U.S. Open, held September 14–15 at Baltimore Country Club in Baltimore, Maryland. Willie Smith won his only major title, a record eleven strokes ahead of three runners-up.


1899 U.S. Open (golf)
On Thursday, Smith and future four-time champion Willie Anderson co-led with 77 in the morning and Anderson took the lead in the afternoon at 158, with Smith a stroke back. In the third round on Friday morning, Anderson's 85 allowed Smith to take a four-stroke lead over Alex Campbell, and his 77 in the afternoon distanced him from the field; Campbell ballooned to 94 and fell to twelfth.


1899 U.S. Open (golf)
Playing out of Midlothian Country Club in Chicago, Smith was the only player to record three sub-80 rounds, and did not score higher than a seven on any hole in the championship. Val Fitzjohn, George Low, and Bert Way tied for second, eleven strokes behind. Smith's margin of victory was the largest in the U.S. Open for 101 years, until Tiger Woods won by fifteen shots in 2000. Smith's brother Alex, a future two-time champion, finished seventh.


1899 U.S. Open (golf)
Smith won a gold medal and was given custody of the Championship Cup for a year.


1899 USC Methodists football team
The 1899 USC Methodists football team was an American football team that represented the University of Southern California during the 1899 college football season. The team competed as an independent without a head coach, compiling a 2–3–1 record.


1899 USFSA Football Championship
Statistics of the USFSA Football Championship in the 1899 season.


1899 USFSA Football Championship, Tournament, Final
Club français refused to play in the final, so the USFSA awarded Le Havre AC the French championship.


1899 United States House of Representatives elections
There were nine special elections to the United States House of Representatives in 1899 during the 56th United States Congress, which began on March 4, 1899. None of the special elections in 1899 were during the 55th United States Congress, which ended March 3, 1899.


1899 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
The 1899 United States Senate election in Massachusetts was held during January 1899. Republican incumbent Henry Cabot Lodge won election to a second term easily.


1899 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
At the time, Massachusetts elected United States senators by a majority vote of the combined houses of the Massachusetts General Court.


1899 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Background
Although Democrats made gains in the 1898 state election, the General Court remained overwhelmingly Republican, assuring Lodge's re-election.


1899 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Nominating caucuses
The Republican legislative caucus unanimously re-nominated Senator Lodge by acclamation on January 10, although his chief critic within the party, State Senator Herbert Parsons of Greenfield, did not attend.


1899 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Nominating caucuses
The Democrats nominated Alexander B. Bruce, the former mayor of Lawrence and candidate for Governor in 1898.


1899 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Results
The vote in the House was 159 for Lodge, 65 for Bruce, and 2 for Social Democrat Winfield P. Porter.


1899 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Results
The vote in the Senate was 31 for Lodge and 7 for Bruce. Senator Herbert Parsons refused to vote for Lodge.


1899 United States Senate election in New York
The 1899 United States Senate election in New York was held on January 17, 1899. Incumbent Democratic Senator Edward Murphy Jr. stood for re-election to a second term but was defeated by Republican Chauncey Depew. Republicans had maintained control of both houses of the legislature in the 1898 New York state election.


1899 United States Senate election in New York, Background
Democrat Edward Murphy, Jr. had been elected to this seat in 1893, and his term would expire on March 3, 1899.


1899 United States Senate election in New York, Background
At the State election in November 1898, 27 Republicans and 23 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1899-1900) in the State Senate; and 88 Republicans and 62 Democrats were elected for the session of 1899 to the Assembly. The 122nd New York State Legislature met from January 4 to April 28, 1899, at Albany, New York.


1899 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates, Republican caucus
The Republican caucus met on January 12. State Senator Hobart Krum presided. They nominated Chauncey M. Depew unanimously. Depew had been Secretary of State of New York from 1864 to 1865, and was the frontrunning candidate to succeed Thomas C. Platt at the U.S. Senate special election in 1881 when he withdrew after the 41st ballot. Parallel to his political career, he moved up the ladder in the Vanderbilt Railroad System, being President of the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad from 1885 to 1898, and holding positions in dozens of other railroad companies.


1899 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates, Democratic caucus
The Democratic caucus met also on January 12. State Senator George W. Plunkitt presided. They re-nominated the incumbent U.S. Senator Edward Murphy, Jr. unanimously.


1899 United States Senate election in New York, Result
Chauncey M. Depew was the choice of both the Assembly and the State Senate, and was declared elected.


1899 United States Senate election in New York, Result
Note: The votes were cast on January 17, but both Houses met in a joint session on January 18 to compare nominations, and declare the result.


1899 United States Senate election in New York, Aftermath
Depew was re-elected in 1905, and served two terms, most of the time alongside his adversary of 1881, Thomas C. Platt. Depew remained in the U.S. Senate until March 3, 1911. In 1911, Depew was defeated for re-election by Democrat James A. O'Gorman after a deadlock of two months and a half.


1899 United States gubernatorial elections
United States gubernatorial elections were held in 1899, in seven states.


1899 United States gubernatorial elections
Kentucky, Maryland and Mississippi held their gubernatorial elections in odd numbered years, every 4 years, preceding the United States presidential election year. Massachusetts and Rhode Island both elected its governors to a single-year term, which they would abandon in 1920 and 1912, respectively. Iowa and Ohio at this time held gubernatorial elections in every odd numbered year.


1899 University of Utah football team
The 1889 University of Utah football team was an American football team that represented the University of Utah during the 1899 college football season as an independent. Head coach Charles Gatehouse led the team to a 2–1 record.


1899 Utah Agricultural Aggies football team
The 1899 Utah Agricultural Aggies football team was an American football team that represented Utah Agricultural College (later renamed Utah State University) during the 1899 college football season. In their first season under head coach Willard Langton, the Aggies compiled a 1–0 record.


1899 Utah Agricultural Aggies football team
On November 4, 1899, the team defeated Brigham Young College by an 11–5 score before a crowd of 500 spectators at Logan, Utah. The game was played in 20-minute halves. Bowen scored a touchdown for the Aggies after four minutes had been played, and the attempt at kick for goal was unsuccessful. William Nelson scored the Aggies' second touchdown in the second half, and Laughney kicked the goal from touchdown.


1899 VFA season
The 1899 Victorian Football Association season was the 23rd season of the Australian rules football competition. The premiership was won by the Footscray Football Club; it was the second premiership in the club's history, and the second in a sequence of three premierships won consecutively from 1898 to 1900.


1899 VFA season, Association membership
The size of the association increased from six teams to eight in 1899, with two senior clubs joining the association: Prahran and West Melbourne. West Melbourne was invited to join the association as a senior club after having previously competed in the Victorian Junior Football Association; it accepted the invitation, but with no ground of suitable standard available in its district, West Melbourne shared tenancy of the North Melbourne Recreation Reserve as a venue for home matches.


1899 VFA season, Association membership
Prahran was newly formed as a senior club in 1899; it was the second time that Prahran had been represented by a senior club in the VFA, after a previous unrelated Prahran club had competed from 1886 to 1887 before merging with neighbouring St Kilda. The new club played its matches at the Hawksburn Cricket Ground (Toorak Park) in Armadale.


1899 VFA season, Ladder
The premiership was decided on the basis of the best record across twenty-one rostered matches, with each club playing the others three times. For the first time, each team had a calculated 'average' (known today as 'percentage'), calculated as the ratio of points scored to points conceded; this was used to break ties in the final placings.


1899 VFL Grand Final
The 1899 VFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Fitzroy Football Club and South Melbourne Football Club, held at the St Kilda Cricket Ground in Melbourne, on 16 September 1899, to determine the premiership team for the 1899 VFL season


1899 VFL Grand Final
It was the second annual Grand Final of the Victorian Football League. The match, attended by 4,823 spectators, was won by Fitzroy by a margin of 1 point, becoming the first club to claim back-to-back VFL premierships.


1899 VFL Grand Final, Lead-up
Fitzroy had won the minor premiership in the 1899 season, while South Melbourne had finished sixth after the home-and-away season. In the sectional rounds, Fitzroy and South Melbourne each finished with records of 3–0 to qualify for the final.


1899 VFL Grand Final, Lead-up
Had South Melbourne won the match, it would not have immediately won the premiership; Fitzroy, as the minor premiers, would have had the right to challenge South to a rematch for the premiership on the following Saturday.


1899 VFL Grand Final, Summary
Despite finishing the home and away season in sixth position, the VFL's new, expanded finals system allowed South Melbourne to make the Grand Final.


1899 VFL Grand Final, Summary
The strong wind from the southern end of the ground favoured South Melbourne in the opening quarter. Harry Lampe kicked the first two goals of the match, and Fitzroy's only score, a behind, came when a kick from Mick Grace hit the post.


1899 VFL Grand Final, Summary
Fitzroy then had the advantage of the wind in the second quarter. Goals to Mick Grace and Fred Fontaine had them ahead at half time.


1899 VFL Grand Final, Summary
Charlie Colgan gave South Melbourne the lead with the only goal of the third term.


1899 VFL Grand Final, Summary
Fitzroy finished strongly. Bill McSpeerin's goal 15 minutes into the final quarter gave Fitzroy the win.


1899 VFL Grand Final, Teams
Fitzroy's Bert Sharpe, the team's centre half-forward in its 1898 premiership side, he was a late withdrawal from the side due to the death of his father the day before the Grand Final; his teammates wore black armbands for that match.


1899 VFL finals series
The 1899 Victorian Football League finals series was the 3rd annual edition of the VFL final series, the Australian rules football tournament staged to determine the winner of the 1899 VFL season. The series ran over four weekends in August and September 1899, culminating with the 1899 VFL Grand Final at the Junction Oval on 16 September 1899.


1899 VFL finals series
All eight teams from the 1899 VFL season qualified for the finals series. The system used was the same as the previous season.


1899 VFL finals series, Matches
The clubs were divided into two groups for the sectional rounds as follows. The minor premiership was won by Fitzroy.


1899 VFL season
The 1899 Victorian Football League season was the third season of the elite Australian rules football competition.


1899 VFL season, Premiership season
In 1899, the VFL competition consisted of eight teams of 18 on-the-field players each, with no "reserves" (although any of the 18 players who had left the playing field for any reason could later resume their place on the field at any time during the match).


1899 VFL season, Premiership season
Each team played each other twice in a home-and-away season of 14 rounds.


1899 VFL season, Premiership season
Once the 14 round home-and-away season had finished, the 1899 VFL Premiers were determined by the specific format and conventions of the 1898 VFL Premiership System.


1899 VFL season, Win/Loss table
Bold – Home gameX – ByeOpponent for round listed above margin


1899 VMI Keydets football team
The 1899 VMI Keydets football team represented the Virginia Military Institute (VMI) in their ninth season of organized football. Sam Boyle coached his second season for the Keydets, which featured only one game—a 39–0 win over Washington and Lee. Although the team only played one game in mid-October, the squad was assembled for practice in early September.


1899 VMI Keydets football team
The 1899 football season at VMI was cut short by an outbreak of typhoid fever on the campus. As reported by one account: "VMI had time to crush only Washington and Lee 39–0 before the 1899 season was abruptly ended by an outbreak of typhoid fever which closed the Institute for six weeks." On October 16, 1899, all 250 cadets were sent to their homes on account of the outbreak. At least one cadet died in the outbreak, and the school was not re-opened until November 28, 1899—after the football season had ended.


1899 VMI Keydets football team
VMI's sole opponent for the year, Washington and Lee, finished the season with a record of 0–4–1. The "Keydets" of VMI handed their one opponent the biggest defeat (by score) of the season.


1899 VMI Keydets football team
In the lone game of the season, W. B. "Bruce" Montgomery Jr., the captain and quarterback for VMI, scored a touchdown on an 80-yard carry. Montgomery would go on to the next season to be team captain and assist with coaching duties.


1899 VMI Keydets football team
One of the individuals who played for the VMI football team in 1899 and 1900 was George C. Marshall, who went on to be Chief of Staff of the Army, Secretary of State, and Secretary of Defense.


1899 VPI football team
The 1899 VPI football team represented Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute in the 1899 college football season. The team was led by their head coach James Morrison and finished with a record of four wins and one loss (4–1).


1899 VPI football team, Season summary, Second game against St. Albans
A second game against St. Albans Lutheran Boys School was scheduled to be played on November 4, 1899 in Radford, Virginia, but it was cancelled due to "an injury to a St. Albans man."


1899 VPI football team, Players
The following players were members of the 1899 football team according to the roster published in the 1903 edition of The Bugle, the Virginia Tech yearbook.


1899 Vanderbilt Commodores football team
The 1899 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University during the 1899 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The Commodores were coached by James L. Crane, in his first year as head coach. Quarterback Frank Godchaux, the father of Frank Godchaux, Jr., from Abbeville, Louisiana, who transferred from LSU to Vanderbilt in 1897, lettered this year in football. After football, he became a self-made business magnate of a successful rice milling company. Grantland Rice lettered at end.


1899 Vermont Green and Gold football team
The 1899 Vermont Green and Gold football team was an American football team that represented  the University of Vermont as an independent during the 1899 college football season. In their second year under head coach D. M. McLaughlin, the team compiled a 5–3 record.


1899 Villanova Wildcats football team
The 1899 Villanova Wildcats football team represented the Villanova University during the 1899 college football season. The Wildcats team captain was Dick Nallin.


1899 Virginia Cavaliers football team
The 1899 Virginia Cavaliers football team represented the University of Virginia during the 1899 college football season.


1899 WAFA season
The 1899 WAFA season was the 15th season of senior Australian rules football in Perth, Western Australia.


1899 Washington & Jefferson football team
The 1899 Washington & Jefferson football team was an American football team that represented Washington & Jefferson College as an independent during the 1899 college football season. Led by S. W. Black in his first and only year as head coach, the team compiled a record of 9–2–1.


1899 Washington Agricultural football team
The 1899 Washington Agricultural football team was an American football team that represented Washington Agricultural College during the 1899 college football season. The team competed as an independent under head coach Frank Shively and compiled a record of 1–1.


1899 Washington Agricultural football team, Further reading
This College football 1890s season article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1899 Washington Senators season
The 1899 Washington Senators baseball team finished the season with a 54–98 record, eleventh place in the National League.


1899 Washington Senators season
The 25 home runs that right fielder Buck Freeman recorded were truly remarkable by the standards of the time; his tally was not surpassed until Babe Ruth hit 29 home runs with the 1919 Boston Red Sox.


1899 Washington Senators season
When the NL contracted after the season, the Senators were disbanded. Owner J. Earl Wagner received $39,000 for his interest in the team.


1899 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1899 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1899 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1899 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1899 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1899 Washington football team
The 1899 Washington football team was an American football team that represented the University of Washington during the 1899 college football season. In its first season under coach A. S. Jeffs, the team compiled a 4–1–1 record and outscored its opponents by a combined total of 71 to 21. Sterling Hill was the team captain.


1899 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship
The 1899 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship was the second staging of the Waterford Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Waterford County Board in 1897.


1899 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship
Ballydurn won the championship after a defeat of Blackwater Ramblers in the final.


1899 Wellington City mayoral election
The 1899 Wellington City mayoral election was part of the New Zealand local elections held that same year. The polling was conducted using the standard first-past-the-post electoral method.


1899 Wellington City mayoral election, Background
In 1899 incumbent Mayor John Rutherford Blair retired leading to local businessman John Aitken being elected to office as Mayor of Wellington, beating challenges from both Kennedy Macdonald (a former councillor) and James Joseph Devine.


1899 West Virginia Mountaineers football team
The 1899 West Virginia Mountaineers football team was an American football team that represented West Virginia University as an independent during the 1899 college football season. In its first season under head coach Lewis Yeager, the team compiled a 2–3 record and was outscored by a total of 78 to 28. A. C. Chapman was the team captain.


1899 Western Conference football season
The 1899 Western Conference football season was the fourth season of college football played by the member schools of the Western Conference (later known as the Big Ten Conference) and was a part of the 1899 college football season.


1899 Western Conference football season
The 1899 Chicago Maroons football team, under head coach Amos Alonzo Stagg, won the conference championship with a 16–0–2 overall record (4–0 against conference opponents), led the conference in both scoring offense (28.1 points per game) and scoring defense (1.6 points per game), shut out 13 of 18 opponents, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 505 to 28.


1899 Western Conference football season, Season overview, Results and team statistics
PPG = Average of points scored per gamePAG = Average of points allowed per game


1899 Western Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season
Only 12 conference games were played during the 1899 Western Conference season. The results were as follows:


1899 Western Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season
Notable non-conference games during the 1899 season included the following:


1899 Western Conference football season, Awards and honors, All-Western players
The Northwestern named a 1899 All-Western college football team that consisted of the following players:


1899 Western Conference football season, Awards and honors, All-Americans
No Western Conference players were selected as first-team players on the 1899 College Football All-America Teams selected by Walter Camp and Caspar Whitney. However, the Philadelphhia Inquirer picked an All-American that named four Western Conference players to the first team: end Neil Snow of Michigan; tackle Richard France of Michigan; quarterback Walter S. Kennedy of Chicago; and halfback John McLean of Michigan.


1899 Western University of Pennsylvania football team
The 1899 Western University of Pennsylvania football team was an American football team that represented Western University of Pennsylvania (now known as the University of Pittsburgh) as an independent during the 1899 college football season.


1899 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Season recap
After the successful 1898 season, the Western University of Pennsylvania (WUP) retained Frederick A. Robinson as coach/captain for the 1899 season. The Western University Courant gave the best summation of the 1899 season and state of football at the University:


1899 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Season recap
"The position in the football world taken by our team this fall is one of which we may well be proud. Among Western Pennsylvania college teams, our colors are at the front. Not every college team was met, but a sufficient number of games were played to clearly define the position of W. U. P.  Westminster, who were falling so easily before the onslaughts of the Old Gold and Blue when they struck their colors and crawled into their bus, holds the championship of the inter-collegiate league.


1899 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Season recap
Bethany, from the South, returned home without either her "ringers" or a victory; and Bethany stands high in the Southern part of the State in West Virginia. The fact that the team was purely a college team demonstrates that which has been claimed for some time; namely, that a purely college team can place the University at the top among similar amateur teams.


1899 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Season recap
The first attempt in this direction was not altogether a success, the second was an improvement over the first, and the third has placed W. U. P. in the position that the famous team of '92 held, in the days when "ringers" were not required nor desired. The difficulties against which the team was obliged to strive are well known. The opening of the University so late in the Fall made it impossible to get started until the season was more than well opened.


1899 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Season recap
Thus W. U. P. had to develop her team after the others had begun to play their games. Then the inconveniences connected with the grounds and practice were many. The grounds are a mile from the nearest department and three or four miles from the farthest. Thus much valuable time was wasted in going to and from practice. And, of course, schedules interfered. Then, too, the dressing-room was inadequate. It is a wonder the men turned out at all, having no better accommodations at the grounds than they did.


1899 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Season recap
But in spite of all obstacles they worked faithfully and brought out what was unquestionably the best team that has represented W. U. P. for several years. he spirit displayed by the students who attended the games was very creditable; but the size of the attendance was much otherwise. The voluntary contributions of the students do not amount to such a large sum that the gate receipts are not needed by the management.


1899 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Season recap
It is a fact that the manager is personally out of pocket., on account of nothing else than a lack of attendance at the games by the students. Any student who is not ashamed of this fact is unworthy to wear a W. U. P. pennant. There has been a great deal of complaint about the unsatisfactory condition of athletics in the University. Now we have had two successful football seasons, and the second has been unsuccessful financially on account of lack of interest by the students. It seems as though the time has arrived for these unsatisfied mourners to do what is considered a privilege - to attend the contests, and display a little, even a very little enthusiasm, unless they desire to have the privilege withdrawn."


1899 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Season recap
In its second and final season under head coach Frederick A. Robinson, the team compiled a 3–2 record and outscored opponents by a total of 43 to 23.


1899 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Westminster (PA)
On October 25 the Westminster College eleven rolled into town to take on the WUP at Recreation Park. The WUP kicked off and Westminster's halfback Cummings scored five minutes into the first half. Kuhn kicked the goal after and Westminster was ahead 6-0. The WUP defense played better after the next kickoff. Westminster fumbled on one possession and lost the ball on downs on another. However, the WUP offense could not move the ball on either series and Westminster regained possession. Westminster's offense worked the ball downfield and their halfback Edmondson was able to skirt around the end for 15 yards and another touchdown for the lads from New Wilmington. The goal kick after failed and the halftime score read 11-0 in favor of Westminster.


1899 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Westminster (PA)
Coach Robinson gave a great halftime pep talk. The Western U. received the kickoff and Cullers returned the ball to near midfield. On the first scrimmage play, Robinson carried the pigskin 45 yards into the end zone. Sterrett missed the goal kick after. Westminster kicked off again and Jones returned the ball to the 40-yard line. WUP fullback Sterrett broke through the defense and raced seventy yards for the second touchdown. Sterrett was successful on the goal kick after and the score was tied, 11-11.


1899 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Westminster (PA)
The WUP offense was advancing the ball into Westminster territory again when John Cameron, the Westminster appointed official, called a penalty on the WUP. Coach Robinson was upset because the referee made a call that was the responsibility of the umpire. Westminster refused to appoint a different official or change the call. Coach Robinson and the Western U. team went home and the game was a 6-0 forfeit to Westminster. The Pitt record book lists the score 11-11.


1899 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Westminster (PA)
The WUP lineup for the game against Westminster was Chester Fisher (left end), Newell (left tackle), William Mitchell (left guard), James Chessrown (center), King (right guard), George Dale (right tackle), Victor King (right end), William Cullers (quarterback), Wesley Jones (left halfback), Fred Robinson (right halfback),and William Sterrett (fullback).


1899 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Grove City
On a rainy November 3, the Grove City College eleven came to Recreation Park and took on the WUP. The field was covered in mud and some two-inch deep puddles of water. Grove City kicked off and on the first play from scrimmage Robinson scampered 75 yards for a touchdown. Sterrett was successful on the goal kick after. Grove City kicked off again and the WUP offense steadily advanced the ball down the field and Weber ultimately took it into the end zone from one yard out. Sterrett's kick after failed. Grove City recovered a WUP fumble but could not move the ball offensively and punted the ball back to the WUP offense. The first half then came to an end with the score 11-0 in favor of WUP.


1899 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Grove City
The rain intensified in the second half and made play even more difficult. The Grove City eleven was unable to generate any offense, but the WUP offense managed to score one more touchdown late in the half on a Robinson two-yard plunge to make the final score 16-0.


1899 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Grove City
The WUP lineup for the game against Grove City was Chester Fisher (left end), William Mitchell (left tackle), Walter Stifel (left guard), James Chessrown (center), Weber (right guard), Malcolm McConnell (right tackle), Victor King (right end), William Cullers (quarterback), John Crooks (left halfback), Fred Robinson (right halfback), and William Sterrett (fullback). Substitutions for the second half were : John Martin for William Mitchell at left tackle, William Mitchell for Malcolm McConnell at right tackle and Emmett Bates for Victor King at right end.


1899 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Swissvale Athletic Club
Manager Edward A. Grau was able to get the Recreation Park field in playable condition for the November 10 match-up with the Swissvale Athletic Club eleven. Swissvale took the opening kick and marched steadily to the WUP 22-yard line. The WUP defense stiffened and took over on downs. Robinson, Crooks and Mitchell of the Western eleven were able to advance the ball to the 15-yard line of Swissvale. Robinson fumbled on the next play and Swissvale recovered. Swissvale punted and the WUP offense again advanced the ball steadily but time ran out in the first half with the ball at midfield and the score 0-0.


1899 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, Swissvale Athletic Club
The WUP offense received the second-half kickoff and proceeded to move the ball into Swissvale territory. From the 12-yard line Robinson tried an end run but was pushed out of bounds at the nine. Two plays later Weber was shoved over for the touchdown. Sterrett was successful on the goal kick after and the score was 6-0 in favor of Western U.  Swissvale again kicked off and the WUP offense began another steady march down the field. When the WUP offense reached Swissvale's four-yard line, a slugfest broke out between WUPs' Bates and McKeever of Swissvale. Bates was ejected and play resumed. Sterrett promptly scored from the four and then missed the goal after. Both defenses played better for the next few possessions until darkness caused the game to be suspended a few minutes early. The final score read WUP 11 – Swissvale 0.