1902 Cleveland by-election, Candidates, Liberal Party
The Liberals had a large number of potential candidates to choose from, including officials from the local Miners’ Association. The miners had always supported the Liberal candidates in the Cleveland Division  and the Liberals wished to ascertain the attitude of the Miners before selecting a candidate. The local Association resolved to wait for the outcome of a conference called by the miners on 11 October before deciding on their candidate. In the event, the miners were unable to make a decision in time. The delay meant that the Liberals had to press ahead with the selection of a candidate.


1902 Cleveland by-election, Candidates, Liberal Party
At a meeting at Guisborough on 18 October 1902, two possible candidates were put forward, the Hon. Philip Stanhope who had been Liberal MP for Wednesbury and Burnley and Herbert Samuel. Stanhope was said by his proposer, Joseph Walton MP to be acceptable to Labour leaders, including Keir Hardie. Samuel, who had been left a fortune by his father, a partner in the banking firm of Samuel and Montagu, had taken more or less full-time interest in Liberal politics since before going to Balliol College, Oxford. He had tried unsuccessfully to enter the House of Commons twice before at South Oxfordshire. Samuel was supported at the meeting by the retiring Liberal MP, Alfred Pease and emerged the victor by a majority of about three-to-one.


1902 Cleveland by-election, Candidates, Independent Labour Party
It was reported that the ironstone miners in the Cleveland Division were minded to bring forward an Independent Labour Party candidate. A visit to the constituency by John Bruce Glasier, the chairman of the Independent Labour Party took place on 17 September 1902. Glasier said that if the miners wanted a labour candidate the ILP would assist but that if they decided to combine with the Liberals in support of a progressive representative, (as had traditionally been the case) the ILP would oppose that, raising the prospect of a split in the anti-Tory vote.


1902 Cleveland by-election, Candidates, Independent Labour Party
The Cleveland Miners held a meeting at Middlesbrough on 29 September to discuss their approach. While they were not opposed in principle to supporting a Liberal if a candidate sympathetic to the cause of labour could be found, probably to stand as a Lib-Lab, the officials felt the time had come for labour to be more directly represented. On 23 September, ILP Leader Keir Hardie made a speech at Marske-by-the-Sea and urged the miners and other trade unionists to bring forward their own candidate.


1902 Cleveland by-election, Candidates, Independent Labour Party
Rather hectoringly, he said that if they failed in their obvious duty, the ILP would stand a candidate. The miners resolved to stand their own man and called on the Labour Representation Committee to hold a conference on 11 October to discuss the matter. Despite Keir Hardie’s presence, and the moving of a resolution welcoming the prospect of a labour candidate, reservations were expressed about the timing and cost of standing such a candidate and the conference outcome was inconclusive.


1902 Cleveland by-election, Candidates, Independent Labour Party
There was a call for the Cleveland Miners to take their own vote and a meeting was to be held at Saltburn on 23 October. In the end however no labour candidate of any description was put forward at the by-election. The decision not to put forward a distinctively labour candidate and, in effect to maintain the traditional collaboration with the Liberals upset Keir Hardie and other ILP leaders. Philip Snowden of the Independent Labour Party is said to have dismissed Samuel as ‘a plutocratic Jew.’


1902 Cleveland by-election, Candidates, Conservative Party
The Unionists held a meeting on 22 October and chose Geoffrey Drage, formerly MP for Derby from 1895 to 1900. Drage had qualified as a barrister and was a member of Lincoln’s Inn and the Middle Temple but never practised. Like Herbert Samuel, he seems to have dedicated himself full-time to political and public affairs.


1902 Cleveland by-election, Issues, Education
Samuel raised the question of education in his election address. He called the Conservative government Education Bill reactionary and mischievous. He claimed it would make the system of education more complicated, weaken the control of the people over the Board Schools, deprive women of their right of election to the educational authorities and throw the whole of the cost of the Church and other denominational  schools onto the rates and taxes while leaving the local control including the appointment of teachers in the hands of sectarian managers.


1902 Cleveland by-election, Issues, Education
Drage also referred to the Education Bill in his address. He said that its passing was vital to every branch of industry in the country. He claimed it was designed to create a ladder up which the poorest child could climb to the top of the tree. It also provided systematically for technical education, without which British workers could not hope to compete with foreign rivals.


1902 Cleveland by-election, Issues, Social reform
Drage took up the language of social reform in his election address. He argued for legislation for the protection of infant life and for wage-earning and vagrant children. He claimed that labour and welfare reforms were more likely under a Unionist than a Liberal government. He wanted the law on all labour questions to be codified and administered by a separate department of state. This was daring given his opponent’s well known advanced position on the need for social and welfare reforms. Samuel was a prominent member of the Rainbow Circle, a grouping of Liberals, Fabians and Socialists in favour of working together for the cause of political, industrial and social reform.


1902 Cleveland by-election, Issues, Social reform
Samuel took his message on social reform to the mining and industrial districts. He supported the extension of the compensation a worker could recover from an employer in case of accident and the introduction a Bill which would limit the time a miner could be forced to work to eight hours a day. Samuel made it a priority to meet the miners and their leaders to try remove their disappointment at not having a candidate of their own and persuade them that the Liberal Party remained the party of progress and labour.


1902 Cleveland by-election, Issues, Social reform
At one point he announced he would stand as a ‘Liberal and Labour’ candidate but this backfired as he was attacked by Glasier of the ILP who denounced it a ‘vulgar piece of electioneering which ought to be strongly resented by all respectable working men.’  Samuel found it hard to gain endorsements from labour leaders in the country at large but local officials like Joseph Toyn worked hard to keep the Cleveland miners on the Liberal side.


1902 Cleveland by-election, Issues, Social reform
In the end even Glasier had to acknowledge that a Liberal MP, even one like Samuel of whom he disapproved, was better than another Tory. While he denounced Samuel’s candidacy as ‘discreditable’ he nevertheless wanted him to win saying, “I don’t want to see the working class vote Tory – there is no hope in such folly.” Glasier himself was obliged to vote Liberal in the High Peak by-election in 1909 to support the People’s Budget and for traditional Radical causes such as Free Trade and anti-militarism.


1902 Cleveland by-election, Result
The result was a win for Samuel; (The change in vote and swing relates to 1897)


1902 Cleveland by-election, Result
It was reported that the result was a surprise to both the Liberals and Conservatives. The Unionists had high and realistic hopes of gaining the seat, albeit narrowly, based on their canvass returns. The Liberals were said to have expected to hold on but by a reduced majority and Samuel himself recorded that there was considerable local nervousness about the result given that the former member had been well-established and he was an outsider. In the event, the Liberals increased their vote and the Tory vote went down. The deciding factor was thought to be the Education Bill and the opposition from nonconformist voters to the idea of Church and Roman Catholic schools financed by the rates.


1902 Cleveland by-election, Aftermath
The seat had become so safe now for the Liberals that in 1906, not only was there no socialist candidate, but there was no unionist candidate either and Samuel was returned unopposed.


1902 Clitheroe by-election
The 1902 Clitheroe by-election was held on 1 August 1902 after the incumbent Liberal MP Sir Ughtred Kay-Shuttleworth was elevated to the House of Lords. The Labour Representation Committee candidate David Shackleton won the by-election unopposed.


1902 Clitheroe by-election, Background
The incumbent Liberal MP Sir Ughtred Kay-Shuttleworth were among the new peers in the 1902 Coronation Honours announced on 26 June 1902. He was elevated to the House of Lords as Baron Shuttleworth the following month, and thus had to resign his seat in the House of Commons.


1902 Clitheroe by-election, Candidates
The barrister Augustine Birrell was mentioned as a possible candidate for the Liberal Party, but withdrew his candidature early; as he found the constituency too far away from London to be able to give it adequate time to contest the seat. Philip Stanhope, a former Liberal MP for Wednesbury and for Burnley was adopted as a candidate in early July, and considered running, but stated in an interview that he wanted an alliance between the Liberals and Labour.


1902 Clitheroe by-election, Candidates
The Conservatives considered several candidates, including Colonel John William Robinson Parker, of Browsholme Hall, who had just returned from the Second Boer War in South Africa.


1902 Clitheroe by-election, Candidates
David Shackleton was the General Secretary of the Textile Factory Workers Association. Although the textile workers had not yet joined the Labour Representation Committee, Shackleton was appointed as their candidate for the by-election. Philip Snowden, who had been considered by the Independent Labour Party, withdrew from the race. The Liberals and Conservatives also withdrew, sensing Shackleton's strong lead.


1902 Clitheroe by-election, Results
Shackleton was the only nominated candidate, and was elected unopposed at a meeting at Clitheroe Town Hall on 1 August 1902. He became the third MP for the Labour Representation Committee (which would later become the Labour Party) and the first to win at a by-election. The textile workers' unions affiliated to the Labour Representative Committee shortly afterwards. Shackleton served as Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party for a period.


1902 Colgate football team
The 1902 Colgate football team was an American football team that represented Colgate University as an independent during the 1902 college football season. In its first and only season under head coach Frank "Buck" O'Neill, the team compiled a 5–3–1 record. Carl Smith was the team captain. The team played its home games on Whitnall Field in Hamilton, New York.


1902 College Football All-America Team
The 1902 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various individuals who chose College Football All-America Teams for the 1902 college football season. The only two individuals who have been recognized as "official" selectors by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) for the 1902 season are Walter Camp and Caspar Whitney, who had originated the College Football All-America Team 14 years earlier in 1889. Camp's 1902 All-America Team was published in Collier's Weekly, and Whitney's selections were published in Outing magazine.


1902 College Football All-America Team, Consensus All-Americans
In its official listing of "Consensus All-America Selections," the NCAA identifies as "consensus All-Americans" those players who were selected by either Camp or Whitney. Using this criterion, the NCAA recognized 14 players as "consensus All-American" for the 1902 football season. They are indicated in bold in the list below ("All-Americans of 1901").


1902 College Football All-America Team, Consensus All-Americans
In 2008, Sports Illustrated sought to answer the question, "Who would have won the Heisman from 1900-1934?" Its selection for 1902 was Paul Bunker of Army, a player who converted from tackle to halfback and "dominated Navy from both sides of the ball, scoring twice in a 22-8 victory."


1902 College Football All-America Team, Concerns of Eastern bias
The All-America selections by Camp and Whitney were dominated by players from the East and the Ivy League in particular. In 1902, all 14 consensus All-Americans came from Eastern universities, and 12 of 14 played in the Ivy League. The Yale Bulldogs (Camp's alma mater) had seven players who were designated as consensus All-Americans. The only two consensus All-Americans from schools outside the Ivy League were tackle Paul Bunker and center Robert Boyers, both of whom played for Army.


1902 College Football All-America Team, Concerns of Eastern bias
The dominance of Eastern players led to criticism over the years that the All-America selections were biased against players from the leading Western universities, including Chicago, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Notre Dame. During the 1902 season, Fielding H. Yost's "Point-a-Minute" team at Michigan compiled an 11–0 record and outscored its opponents by a combined score of 644 to 12. Seven Michigan players were chosen for All-Western teams, including Willie Heston, Joe Maddock, Boss Weeks, Everett Sweeley, Paul J. Jones, Curtis Redden, and Dan McGugin. Yet, not one player from a western school was recognized as a first-team All-American by Camp or Whitney.


1902 College Football All-America Team, Unofficial selectors
In addition to Camp and Whitney, other sports writers and publications selected All-America teams in 1902, though such lists have not been recognized as "official" All-America selections by the NCAA. The list below includes the All-America selections made by The Newark Advocate and The Post-Standard of Syracuse, New York. Only one player, guard Edward Glass of Yale, was unanimously selected by Camp, Whitney, The Newark Advocate, and The Post-Standard.


1902 College Football All-Southern Team
The 1902 College Football All-Southern Team consists of American football players selected to the College Football All-Southern Teams selected by various organizations for the 1902 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. Clemson won the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) championship, though Virginia was often ranked as best team in the south.


1902 College Football All-Southern Team
Fuzzy Woodruff's A History of Southern Football records the first All-Southern team as in 1902. Woodruff relates "The first selections that had any pretense of being backed by a judicial consideration were made by W. Reynolds Tichenor, old-time Auburn quarterback, who had kept in intimate contact with football through being a sought after official."


1902 College Football All-Southern Team, Tichenor's eleven
Reynolds Tichenor's eleven as posted in Fuzzy Woodruff's A History of Southern Football includes:


1902 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
WRT = selected by W. R. Tichenor, posted in Fuzzy Woodruff's A History of Southern Football


1902 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
AC = selected by the Atlanta Constitution. It had substitutes, denoted with a small S.


1902 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
JLD = selected by UVA coach John L. DeSaulles. It had substitutes, denoted with a small S.


1902 College Football All-Southern Team, Key
WAL = selected by W. A. Lambeth for Collier's Weekly. It had a first and second team.


1902 Colonial Conference
The 1902 Colonial Conference followed the conclusion of the Boer War and was held on the occasion of the coronation of King Edward VII. As with the previous conference, it was called by Secretary of State for the Colonies Joseph Chamberlain who opened it on 30 June 1902.


1902 Colonial Conference
Chamberlain used the occasion to resubmit his earlier proposals made at the 1897 Colonial Conference for an Imperial Council made up of colonial representatives which would act as a quasi-Imperial Parliament and make decisions for the colonies on imperial policy. This proposal, along with Chamberlain's idea for a unified imperial defence scheme, was rejected by most of the colonial prime ministers. While New Zealand proposed that each colony provide a special force for imperial defence in the case of war, Canada and Australia both believed this idea undermined self-government.


1902 Colonial Conference
Chamberlain also proposed an imperial economic union or customs union with free trade within the empire and tariffs against goods from outside of it. The colonies, however, passed a resolution rejecting imperial free trade. A resolution in favour of imperial preference as proposed by Canada was approved and Chamberlain agreed to bring the idea to the British government. However, this plan was not implemented until the British Empire Economic Conference in 1932.


1902 Colonial Conference, Participants
The conference was hosted by King Edward VII, with his Colonial Secretary and the premiers of various colonies or their representatives and members of their cabinets:


1902 Colorado Agricultural Aggies football team
The 1902 Colorado Agricultural Aggies football team represented Colorado Agricultural College (now known as Colorado State University) in the Colorado Football Association (CFA) during the 1902 college football season. In their second and final season under head coach C. J. Griffith, the Aggies compiled a 1–3–2 record (0–3–1 against CFA opponents) and were outscored by a total of 62 to 47.


1902 Colorado Silver and Gold football team
The 1902 Colorado Silver and Gold football team was an American football team that represented the University of Colorado during the 1902 college football season. Head coach Fred Folsom led the team to a mark of 4–0 in the CFA and 5–1 overall.


1902 Colorado gubernatorial election
The 1902 Colorado gubernatorial election was held on November 4, 1902. Republican nominee James Hamilton Peabody defeated Democratic nominee E. C. Stimson with 46.92% of the vote.


1902 Columbia Blue and White football team
The 1902 Columbia Blue and White football team was an American football team that represented Columbia University as an independent during the 1902 college football season. In its first season under head coach Bill Morley, the team compiled a 6–4–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 163 to 101, including six shutouts.


1902 Columbia Blue and White football team
Halfback Harold Weekes was the team captain. He also received second-team honors from Caspar Whitney on the 1902 All-America team.


1902 Columbia Blue and White football team
Columbia's sports teams were commonly called the "Blue and White" in this era, but had no official nickname. The name "Lions" would not be adopted until 1910.


1902 Columbia Blue and White football team
The team played its seven home games at the Polo Grounds in Upper Manhattan.


1902 Columbian Orange and Blue football team
The 1902 Columbian Orange and Blue football team was an American football team that represented Columbian University (now known as George Washington University) as an independent during the 1902 college football season. In their fourth season under head coach Graham Nichols, the team compiled a 1–3 record.


1902 Connecticut Aggies football team
The 1902 Connecticut Aggies football team represented Connecticut Agricultural College, now the University of Connecticut, in the 1902 college football season. This was the seventh year that the school fielded a football team. The Aggies were led by first year head coach Edwin O. Smith, and completed the season with a record of 4–3.


1902 Connecticut gubernatorial election
The 1902 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on November 4, 1902. Republican nominee Abiram Chamberlain defeated Democratic nominee Melbert B. Cary with 53.44% of the vote.


1902 Copa de la Coronación
The 1902 Copa de la Coronación was a football competition in honour of the coronation of Alfonso XIII of Spain. It was an unofficial competition, the Royal Spanish Football Federation do not recognize it as the first season of the Copa del Rey, which began the following year.


1902 Copa de la Coronación
The competition started on 13 May 1902, and concluded on 16 May 1902, with the Final, held at the Hipódromo in Madrid, in which Bizcaya lifted the trophy.


1902 Copa de la Coronación
The competition was thought up after Carlos Padrós, later president of Madrid FC, suggested a football competition to celebrate the coronation of Alfonso XIII. Four other teams joined Madrid for the first competition: FC Barcelona, Club Español de Foot-Ball, Bizcaya (a combination of Athletic Club and Bilbao Football Club) and New Foot-Ball Club. The competition featured the first recorded game between FC Barcelona and Madrid FC, with the former emerging 3–1 winners. Bizcaya eventually beat FC Barcelona in the final.


1902 Copa de la Coronación, Consolation Trophy / Copa de la Gran Peña
Thus, the Gran Peña Cup was played as a single match between Madrid FC and Club Español.


1902 Copa de la Coronación Final
The 1902 Copa de la Coronación Final was the final of the Copa de la Coronación, the Spanish football cup competition held in honour of the coronation of Alfonso XIII of Spain. The match took place on 15 May 1902 at the Hipódromo de la Castellana in Madrid. The match was contested by Vizcaya and Barcelona, and refereed by Carlos Padrós.


1902 Copa de la Coronación Final
Bizcaya lifted the trophy for the first time with a 2–1 victory over Barcelona, winning their first trophy.


1902 Cork Senior Football Championship
The 1902 Cork Senior Football Championship was the 16th staging of the Cork Senior Football Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887.


1902 Cork Senior Football Championship
Lees won the championship following a 0-10 to 1-01 defeat of Kanturk in the final at Cork Park. This was their fourth title overall and their first title since 1896.


1902 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
The 1902 Cork Senior Hurling Championship was the 16th staging of the Cork Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887.


1902 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
Dungourney won the championship following a 3-10 to 2-5 defeat of Shanballymore in the final. This was their first championship title.


1902 Cornell Big Red football team
The 1902 Cornell Big Red football team was an American football team that represented Cornell University during the 1902 college football season. In their second season under head coach Raymond Starbuck, the Big Red compiled an 8–3 record, shut out 7 of 11 opponents, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 324 to 38. Guard Bill Warner was selected by Caspar Whitney as a first-team player, and by Walter Camp as a second-team player, on the 1902 College Football All-America Team.


1902 Coronation Honours
The 1902 Coronation Honours were announced on 26 June 1902, the date originally set for the coronation of King Edward VII. The coronation was postponed because the King had been taken ill two days before, but he ordered that the honours list should be published on that day anyway.


1902 Coronation Honours
The list included appointments to various orders and honours of the United Kingdom and British India, and the creation of two new decorations:


1902 Coronation Honours
The first Companions of the Imperial Service Orders were not announced until the following November Birthday Honours list, however.


1902 Coronation Honours
There were also some promotions and appointments in the British Army announced in the list.


1902 Coronation Honours
The honours were covered in the press at the time, including in The Times on the day, but formal announcements in the London Gazette were spread out over the following months, in gazettes dated 26 June 1902, 11 July 1902, 18 July 1902, 22 July 1902, 25 July 1902, and 2 September 1902.


1902 Coronation Honours
A South African list, honouring people for their service during the Second Boer War, was published on the same day.


1902 Coronation Honours, Order of Merit
The King has been pleased to institute an Order of Merit, to which His Majesty, as Sovereign of the Order, has made the following appointments:


1902 Coronation Honours, Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG)
It had been the King's intention to have conferred the Companionship of the Order of St Michael and St George on the late Honourable George Leake, KC, Premier of the State of Western Australia


1902 Coronation Honours, Imperial Service Order
His Majesty has been pleased to institute a Decoration for Members of the Civil Service to be conferred after Long and Meritorious Service, and to be known as the Imperial Service Order.


1902 County Championship
The 1902 County Championship was the thirteenth officially organised running of the County Championship, and ran from 1 May to 6 September 1902. Yorkshire County Cricket Club won their sixth championship title, their third title in successive seasons. Sussex finished in second place, their best placing yet.


1902 Cumberland Bulldogs football team
The 1902 Cumberland Bulldogs football team represented Cumberland University in the 1902 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The team was a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA).


1902 Danish Landsting election
The Danish Landsting election of 1902 was held on 19 September 1902, with the exception that the Faroese candidate was elected on 6 August.


1902 Danish Landsting election
Of the twelve constituencies the seats representing constituencies number 3 (Sorø County and Præstø County), number 5 (Maribo County), number 6 (Odense County and Svendborg County), number 8 (Thisted County, parts of Viborg County and parts of Ringkøbing County), number 10 (Vejle County, Skanderborg County and parts of Ribe County), number 11 (the remaining parts of Ribe County and parts of Ringkøbing County) and number 12 (the Faroe Islands) were up for election.


1902 Danish local elections
The Danish regional elections of 1902 were held in 1902. 7 municipal council members were elected for Copenhagen's municipal council. The voter turnout was 45.5%.


1902 Dartmouth football team
The 1902 Dartmouth football team was an American football team that represented Dartmouth College as an independent during the 1902 college football season. In its second and final season under head coach Walter McCornack, the team compiled a 6–2–1 record, shut out five of nine opponents, and outscored opponents by a total of 105 to 39. Victor M. Place was the team captain. The team played its home games at Alumni Oval in Hanover, New Hampshire.


1902 Davidson football team
The 1902 Davidson football team was an American football team represented Davidson University in the 1902 college football season. The team compiled a 3–5–1 record and was outscored by its opponents by a combined total of 122 to 46.


1902 DePauw football team
The 1902 DePauw football team was an American football team that represented DePauw University in the 1902 college football season.


1902 Detroit College Tigers football team
The 1902 Detroit College Tigers football team  was an American football team that represented Detroit College (renamed the University of Detroit in 1911) as an independent during the 1902 college football season. In its first season under head coachEdward J. Ryan , the team compiled a 3–3 record and were outscored its opponents by a combined total of 33 to 32. The team opened the season with an 11-0 loss to Michigan Agricultural.


1902 Detroit Tigers season
1902 was the second year for the Detroit Tigers in the newly formed American League. The team finished in seventh place with a record of 58–77 (.385), 30½ games behind the Philadelphia Athletics. The 1902 Tigers were outscored by their opponents 657 runs to 566. The team's attendance at Bennett Park was 189,469, sixth out of the eight teams in the AL. Detroit's blue laws prevented the Tigers from playing baseball at Bennett Park on Sundays. As a result, the Tigers played their Sunday home games for the season at Burns Park; a stadium constructed by owner James D. Burns.


1902 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1902 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1902 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1902 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1902 Devonport by-election
The 1902 Devonport by-election was held on 22 October 1902 after the death of one of the incumbents, Liberal politician E. J. C. Morton. The contest was won by the Conservative Party candidate John Lockie.


1902 Devonport by-election, Vacancy
The by-election in Devonport was caused by the death on 3 October 1902 of one of the sitting Liberal MPs, Edward John Chalmers Morton. There were two seats in the constituency, which had both been won by Liberals in the 1900 general election. Morton was a barrister who had held the seat since the 1892 general election, and had been re-elected in 1895 and in 1900.


1902 Devonport by-election, Candidates
John Lockie had contested the constituency for the Conservative party in the previous election, and had kept a residence there with a view to stand again. As he was the declared candidate for the party no other names were put forward. Leckie was a shipbuilder from Glasgow, who had previously lived in Edinburgh and Newcastle before he moved south. He was the founder of the National Industrial Association, an organization which sought to promote British trading interests by reconciling the claims of capital and labour.


1902 Devonport by-election, Candidates
Several names were mentioned as candidates for the Liberal Party, including Augustine Birrell and Rufus Isaacs. By 8 October Thomas Brassey was stated to be the most likely candidate, and at a meeting the following day of the council of the Liberal party, he was adopted as such. Brassey was a volunteer officer who had recently returned from South Africa following the end of the Second Boer War. He had unsuccessfully contested the Epsom division in 1892, and the Christchurch division in 1895 and 1900. His father Thomas Brassey (later 1st Earl Brassey) was briefly an MP for Devonport in 1865.


1902 Devonport by-election, Issues, Education
Following the successful campaign in the Leeds North by-election in July 1902, the Liberal party spent much time on the government's plans for an Education Bill to replace school boards with local education authorities, which included proposals to bring church schools into the public system. Many Liberals were strongly nonconformist and the idea that Church of England and Roman Catholic schools should be funded from the rates, a form of local taxation, was anathema to them. It provided the battle slogan 'Rome on the Rates' and united the party against the government. The bill was debated in the House as the campaign in Devonport took place, and Brassey "heartily approved of the strenuous resistance ... offered by the Liberal party", making it one of the main issues of the election.


1902 Devonport by-election, Issues, Education
Lockie defended the government's position, stating that the bill promoted "efficiency in education and the more equitable distribution of its cost".


1902 Devonport by-election, Issues, Other issues
Lockie used the recent peace following the Second Boer War in South Africa to mobilize government supporters in a constituency heavily influenced by military industry, stating that with a continued Conservative government would the dockyard in the city receive adequate recognition. He had spent the years after his 1900-defeat showing a great deal of attention to the dockyard and the conditions of the men working there, and was known to favor dialogue between capital and labour. Brassey worked to give attention to dockyard grievances.


1902 Devonport by-election, Issues, Other issues
Brassey raised his concern on the growth of national expenditure , attributing much of it to "insufficient control and supervision of the public departments".


1902 Devonport by-election, Issues, Other issues
Lockie promised to vote ″against any tax on corn and other commodity of every-day life″.


1902 Devonport by-election, Result
Lockie won the seat for the Conservatives by a wafer-thin majority of 28 votes (0.4%).


1902 Devonport by-election, Result
Lockie was troubled by ill-health, and resigned less than two years later, in June 1904. He died in January 1906. In the following by-election the Liberal candidate re-took the seat.


1902 Dewsbury by-election
The Dewsbury by-election, 1902 was a by-election held in England on 28 January 1902 for the House of Commons constituency of Dewsbury in the West Riding of Yorkshire.


1902 Dewsbury by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the sitting Liberal Member of Parliament (MP), Mark Oldroyd. Oldroyd, a woollen manufacturer, had first been elected for Dewsbury at a by-election in 1888. In September 1901, Oldroyd announced his intention to stand down. In his letter of resignation, Oldroyd cited ill-health as the principal cause of his decision, stating that the coming session of Parliament, in what he called the 'extraordinary and complex state of politics' would require regular attendance and many late night sittings.


1902 Dewsbury by-election, Vacancy
Oldroyd had not been one of the most diligent of attenders in the House of Commons having many demands on his time as the head of a great manufacturing concern. Despite his cries of ill-health however, Oldroyd continued to run his giant business, (albeit scaling down his responsibilities as the years progressed), until he retired in as Chairman in 1920. He was knighted in 1909.


1902 Dewsbury by-election, Seat
Dewsbury was a safe Liberal seat. It had been Liberal since its creation in 1868, reflecting the predominantly urban and industrial nature of the constituency. Oldroyd had held the seat with over 50% of the poll at each election since his by-election win in 1888 and his majority over the Conservatives at the previous general election in 1900 was 2,148, having taken 60.8% of the poll.


1902 Dewsbury by-election, Candidates, Labour
A candidate dedicated to the Labour interest had contested Dewsbury only once since the seat's creation in 1868. In 1895, Edward Hartley stood for the Independent Labour Party, the ILP, coming third with just 10.5% of the poll.


1902 Dewsbury by-election, Candidates, Labour
However, by the time Oldroyd decided to resign, the Labour Representation Committee had been formed and Labour announced their intention to bring forward a candidate. Their possible candidates included Edward Hartley, Ben Turner from Batley, J A Parr, a Justice of the Peace also from Batley and Peter Francis Curran, a Glasgow-born trade union official from London, who was later Labour MP for Jarrow. The local Labour Party and affiliated trade unions found themselves in financial difficulty however and could not afford to run a candidate of their own.


1902 Dewsbury by-election, Candidates, Labour
It was reported that a journalist from London, the editor of the publication Justice, Harry Quelch, one of Britain's first Marxists, had arranged a well-attended public meeting in Dewsbury market-place. As a result, he was said to have gained the support of the Dewsbury working-men. Quelch was duly nominated as the candidate of the Social Democratic Federation (SDF).


1902 Dewsbury by-election, Candidates, Labour
In early October 1901, the Press Association received a communication from the Parliamentary committee of the Trade Union Congress to the effect that Sam Woods, a leading light in the Miners Federation and Lib-Lab MP for Ince (1892–95) and for Walthamstow (1897–1900), had been approached unofficially to stand as Lib-Lab candidate in Dewsbury. Woods indicated he would be willing to do so if formally invited by the Liberals and the trades council.


1902 Dewsbury by-election, Candidates, Labour
Other sections of organised labour nevertheless kept up their search for a candidate and election funding for a while longer. A special meeting of the Dewsbury and District Labour council was held on 22 October 1901 and four men were invited to put their names forward to a joint conference of the Trades Council, the ILP and what was described as "other progressive bodies" with a view to the adoption of one of them as Trade Union and Socialist candidate at the by-election. The favoured men did not include Sam Woods and the Trades Unions obviously had a preference for the candidature of Edward Hartley. They called on the Labour Representation Committee to arbitrate with the SDF to secure a candidate whose nomination was agreed by the united forces of labour.


1902 Dewsbury by-election, Candidates, Labour
In the end it seems that both the ILP and the Labour Party were obliged to bow to the inevitable and support Quelch to avoid splitting the labour vote. The Labour Party were indignant enough to put out a statement calling it 'sharp practice' on the part of the SDF to go forward with Quelch's nomination without the consent of all the groups representing organised labour. It was disunity of this kind which the Labour Representation Committee had been formed to eliminate. Such disputes increasingly disappeared in the years leading up to the 1906 general election, reinforcing Labour as the growing force in British politics but in 1901–02 in Dewsbury there was not yet any such harmony.


1902 Dewsbury by-election, Candidates, Conservatives
The first man the Conservative Party wished to consider was George Sheard, a Batley JP and one of the town's successful "shoddy barons" who headed his own cloth manufacturing firm. Mr Sheard had apparently been approached to stand as a Conservative candidate a number of times but had always declined.


1902 Dewsbury by-election, Candidates, Conservatives
If he turned them down again (as indeed he chose to do on the grounds of advancing age) they were likely to turn to either, Joe Haley, a three time Mayor of Dewsbury, Alderman Edmund Kilburn, JP who had also been Mayor of Dewsbury on two occasions, or, although not a local man, to Forbes St John Morrow, a barrister, the candidate opposing Oldroyd at the 1900 general election, and later to serve as Municipal Reform member on the London County Council between 1907–1922. Later, a new name was also put forward, that of Frank Whiteley. Whiteley had been mayor of Mafeking in South Africa during the famous Boer War siege.


1902 Dewsbury by-election, Candidates, Conservatives
Eventually however the Dewsbury Conservatives selected Joe Haley as their man. Haley was by profession a blanket and rug manufacturer with the firm of Hepworth and Haley of Dewsbury and Mirfield, one of the oldest such businesses in the area and one which employed several hundred workers. A former Mayor of the town, he had recently stepped down from being a member of the council. He formally accepted nomination as candidate in a letter to the president of Dewsbury Conservative and Unionist Association, Major Fox, on Christmas Day 1901.


1902 Dewsbury by-election, Candidates, Liberals
With Dewsbury being a hitherto safe Liberal seat, the likelihood was that the local party would be spoiled for choice for potential candidates. It was reported that a number of local worthies were in line for consideration including Mr E Talbot, a member of the local school board, Alderman J Anty of Batley (described as an extreme teetotaler), Mr G Thorpe a director of the Cooperative Wholesale Society, Mr J Brown a chemical manufacturer from Savile Town and Mr W Wilson JP, a card manufacturer from Mirfield.


1902 Dewsbury by-election, Candidates, Liberals
So the local Association clearly felt they should take their time before coming to a decision. On meeting in early October 1901 they confined themselves to passing a resolution thanking Oldroyd for past services and regretting his decision to resign. They did not seem to have been attracted to the idea of inviting Sam Woods to stand as a Lib-Lab.


1902 Dewsbury by-election, Candidates, Liberals
The ambitions of any local Liberals were soon scuppered also, as the Dewsbury Liberal Association turned its attentions to Walter Runciman, a businessman from Newcastle upon Tyne and had soon invited him to be their candidate. Runciman was the son of another Walter Runciman, a shipping magnate who would also go on to be a Liberal MP. Runciman had gone into the family shipping business and he had married into another industrial Liberal family, that of James Cochran Stevenson. He had been Liberal MP for Oldham, winning a by-election there in 1898 but lost the seat at the general election of 1900 being beaten by Winston Churchill.


1902 Dewsbury by-election, Campaign
Runciman began his campaign with a public meeting in Dewsbury. While supporting the prosecution of the Boer War, he attacked the government's handling of it, accusing them of a policy of drift which could not deliver a decisive military victory, the foundation for a lasting peace. He also attacked the government on coal tax, sugar tax and the Agricultural Rates Act. He said that as government expenditure rose there was a danger that there might be a tax on wheat in the next budget. Finally, he declared himself as still being fully in favour of Irish home rule.


1902 Dewsbury by-election, Campaign
According to reports, it seemed Runciman and his messages were being well received and that he had received the support of a number of local Labour leaders. As the campaign wore on, it was reported as a given that Runciman could count on the miners' vote and that of the Irish community, which taken together was estimated to be worth about 1500 votes; the executive committee of the local Irish community having formally voted to endorse Runciman. However, it was by no means certain that the miners would endorse the Liberal candidate. The previous Liberal MP had gone against the miners by opposing the eight-hour day, nationalisation and the abolition of fines, which he thought would lessen discipline in the industry and the local trades council refused to recommend any candidate to their members.


1902 Dewsbury by-election, Campaign
The Unionists did not open their campaign proper until January 1902, with Haley addressing meetings first in Dewsbury and then in other parts of the constituency. It was reported that they had held a large number of organisational meetings over the period since the announcement of Oldroyd's resignation and that, despite the large Liberal majority last time, they had a chance of capturing the seat. Haley sought to build on his reputation as a strong local candidate, a large employer of labour in the district who therefore knew the local economic and industrial conditions well. His hand-bills described him as 'home-made' as opposed to Runciman, who was called a 'carpet-bagger' and a 'stranger' to Dewsbury. He supported the war and his views on education and temperance were said to be going down well with his audiences.


1902 Dewsbury by-election, Campaign
Quelch's supporters were initially quite buoyant. Their candidate had been on the ground in the constituency for longer than Runciman or Haley and they claimed he was gaining ground. By January however it was being reported that despite the vigour of the SDF campaign, their public meetings were not being well attended but by the middle of the month Quelch's events were attracting larger numbers, although it was believed they found his socialist views too advanced or extreme. In his election address Quelch proposed the nationalisation of the land and railways as well as the mines.


1902 Dewsbury by-election, Campaign
He spoke in support of the Boers, opening himself to accusations of a lack of patriotism and fell out with the local nonconformists over a book he had jointly authored which was interpreted as advocating free love. It seemed too that SDF support was not widespread enough to enable them to undertake a full canvas of the constituency, with some districts being neglected entirely due to lack of manpower.


1902 Dewsbury by-election, Campaign
It was clear that the history of disunity in the labour movement was preventing Quelch from making the impact he needed, the working class Irish vote was following the lead of its political organisers and supporting Runciman not Quelch and a lack of funds was making it difficult for him to campaign as extensively as he wanted.


1902 Dewsbury by-election, Election formalities
The Writ of election writ for the by-election was not moved in Parliament until Friday 17 January 1902 and formal nominations were received and accepted on 23 January. Polling took place on Tuesday 28 January.


1902 Dewsbury by-election, Result
The result was a win for Runciman. This was a reduction in the Liberal majority from the general election of 1900 and on a higher turnout but that had not been a three-cornered contest.


1902 Dewsbury by-election, Result
All parties could therefore take some comfort from the result. The Liberals had held the seat with an outside candidate at a time when the country was at war and with their traditional constituencies among the working class and the Irish being targeted by labour. The Conservatives, with a strong local candidate, had reduced the Liberal majority and secured more votes than they had ever previously done in Dewsbury.


1902 Dewsbury by-election, Result
The SDF had improved on the only previous labour candidacy in the seat at a time when the socialist political parties were disunited in the town and in spite of their candidate's radical opinions. Over the next few years the by-election record of the Conservative government would worsen considerably but for now and until the end of the Boer War was in sight, support for the government appeared to be holding.


1902 Dickinson football team
The 1902 Dickinson football team was an American football team that represented Dickinson College as an independent during the 1902 college football season. The team compiled a 4–6 record and was outscored by a total of 114 to 73. Charles P. Hutchins was the head coach.


1902 Dominion Championship
The 1902 Dominion Championship was a Canadian football game that was played on November 15, 1902 at the Ottawa College Grounds in Ottawa, Ontario that determined the Senior Rugby Football champion of Canada for the 1902 season. The Ontario Rugby Football Union (ORFU) champion Ottawa Rough Riders defeated the Quebec Rugby Football Union (QRFU) champion, and defending national champion, Ottawa College in a 5–0 victory to win their third Dominion Championship. This was a re-match of the 1898 Dominion Championship game which the Rough Riders also won on the Ottawa College Grounds. The Rough Riders made their third appearance in the title game, all within five years, and it was the seventh appearance for Ottawa College with their only losses in the game coming from the Rough Riders.


1902 Dominion Championship, Background
This was the last national championship game to be played with 15 players for each team on the field as rule changes took place after this season, reducing that number to 14 in some unions and to 12 in others. It was also the last game to be played in just two halves and not four quarters. Rule changes to the game of rugby football became inconsistent between the ORFU, QRFU, and Canadian Intercollegiate Rugby Football Union (CIRFU) which led to disputes that ultimately resulted in the cancellation of future championship games until one was finally played again in 1905. The Rough Riders were favoured 2 to 1 to win the game, with even bets to double Ottawa College's score.


1902 Dominion Championship, Game summary
The Rough Riders won the toss and chose the north goal since there was a slight wind advantage playing from that side. Hal Walters opened the scoring after receiving a throw-in which he punted to touch-in-goal where he scored one point for the Rough Riders. This was the Rough Riders' first point to be scored in a first half all year, although the club had only played two other games, both against the Toronto Argonauts, due to the withdrawal of the Hamilton Tigers.


1902 Dominion Championship, Game summary
Later in the first half, following a muffed punt return by Ottawa College's O'Brien, Walters received a pass from Jim McGee and was able to run over the goal line for a touchdown, making the score 5–0 in favour of the Rough Riders. The convert attempt failed, so the score total remained at five. In the second half, Ottawa College had the wind advantage, but the Rough Riders focused on retaining possession of the ball and College was unable to score. It was estimated that the Rough Riders had possession of the ball 80% of the time while Hal Walters himself had the ball 60% of the time. The strategy by the Rough Riders proved successful as they maintained their lead and won their third Canadian Dominion Championship.


1902 Drake Bulldogs football team
The 1902 Drake Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented Drake University as an independent during the 1902 college football season. In its first and only season under head coach G. O. Dietz, the team compiled a 5–2–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 127 to 23. Left end "Squatty" Bates was the team captain.


1902 Drexel Dragons football team
The 1902 Drexel Dragons football team did not have a head coach.


1902 Dublin Corporation election
An election to Dublin Corporation took place in March 1902 as part of that year's Irish local elections. The election saw a small decline in Labour representation, whilst the Nationalists continued their dominance of the council.


1902 Dublin Corporation election
Since the last election the rifts between the United Irish League and the Irish National League had been healed, with the two groups reuniting.


1902 Dublin County Council election
The 1902 Dublin County Council election was held on 26 May 1902. Only four electoral divisions saw contests. The divisions of Lucan, Pembroke West, Rathfarnham, and Rathmines East had initially been expected to also see contests, however due to candidates withdrawing these divisions went without contests.


1902 East Florida Seminary football team
The 1902 East Florida Seminary football team represented the East Florida Seminary in Gainesville, Florida in the sport of American football during the 1902 college football season.


1902 East Florida Seminary football team
The season consisted of a two-game series with Stetson College, which had fielded one of the first intercollegiate football teams in Florida the previous year. The teams split the games, but the East Florida Seminary claimed a state championship because they scored more points in the series.


1902 East Florida Seminary football team, Background
The school had been established in 1853 and moved to Gainesville in 1866.


1902 East Florida Seminary football team, Background
Football squads from the East Florida Seminary played a limited slate of games starting in 1902 until 1904. In 1905, the school was consolidated along with Florida Agricultural College in Ocala along with two smaller schools to form the modern University of Florida per the Buckman Act. The new institution established its own football program in 1906, and the university does not include games played by its various predecessor institutions in its athletic records.


1902 East Worcestershire by-election
The East Worcestershire by-election, 1902 was a parliamentary by-election held for the House of Commons constituency of East Worcestershire on 15 August 1902.


1902 East Worcestershire by-election, Vacancy
Under the provisions of the Succession to the Crown Act of 1707 and a number of subsequent Acts, MPs appointed to certain ministerial and legal offices were at this time required to seek re-election. The by-election in East Worcestershire was caused by the appointment on 8 August 1902 of the sitting Liberal Unionist MP, Austen Chamberlain as Postmaster General.


1902 East Worcestershire by-election, Candidates
Chamberlain, who had held the seat since being returned unopposed at a by-election on 30 March 1892 was selected to defend his seat in the Liberal Unionist interest. The Liberal Party in the constituency had not been active for some years at Parliamentary level. Chamberlain had not been opposed at the general elections of 1895 or 1900. The Liberals had no candidate in the field and it was not expected that any other hopefuls would enter the fray.


1902 East Worcestershire by-election, The result
There being no other nominations, Chamberlain was therefore returned unopposed on 15 August 1902. The nomination took place at Bromsgrove Town Hall with Chamberlain present, and after the election he addressed the assembled crowd, thanking them for confidence and support.


1902 Edmonton municipal election
The 1902 municipal election was held December 8, 1902 for the purpose of electing a mayor and three aldermen to sit on the Edmonton Town Council, as well as five public school trustees and five separate school trustees. There were six aldermanic positions on the council at the time, but three of them were already filled:  Cornelius Gallagher, Edmund Grierson, and Phillip Heiminck had been elected for two-year terms in 1901, and were still in office.


1902 Edmonton municipal election, Voter turnout
Voter turnout figures for the 1902 municipal election are no longer available.


1902 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Public school trustees
H A Gray, Robert Lee, Kenneth McLeod, Alex Taylor, and Hedley C. Taylor were elected. Detailed results are no longer available.


1902 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Separate (Catholic) school trustees
Nicolas Dubois Dominic Beck, H Morel, Joseph Henri Picard, J Pomerleau, and Antonio Prince were elected. Detailed results are no longer available.


1902 English cricket season
1902 was the 13th season of County Championship cricket in England. Australia had won a classic Test series against England 2–1. The first two Tests were rained off but the final three were full of drama. Victor Trumper scored a century before lunch in the third Test, Australia won the fourth by just 3 runs and England won the fifth by one wicket following a century in 75 minutes by Gilbert Jessop. It was the 21st series between the two teams. Yorkshire won their third consecutive County Championship title and, as in 1901, went through the season with only one defeat.


1902 English cricket season, County Championship, Final table
The final County Championship table is shown below. One point was awarded for a win, none for a draw, and minus one for a loss. Positions were decided on percentage of points over completed games.


1902 English cricket season, Ashes tour
In the 1967 Wisden Cricketer's Almanack, A. A. Thomson described this series as "a rubber more exciting than any in history except the Australia v West Indies series in 1960–61". This description came despite the fact that Australia had secured the series after four of five matches, leading 2–0 before the final Test; the first two matches had been drawn due to rain, with the second match at Lord's yielding only 38 overs in three days.


1902 English cricket season, Ashes tour
The third Test, the only one ever to be played at Bramall Lane, saw Australia win by 143 runs, following a brilliant century by Victor Trumper before lunch on the first day. In the fourth Test Australia won by three runs, despite 11 wickets from recalled bowler Bill Lockwood. It came down to Fred Tate and Wilfred Rhodes needing to hit eight runs. Tate hit a four, but was bowled by Jack Saunders with the fourth ball of his over. England came back to win the final Test, conceding a first-innings deficit of 141, then going to 48 for five needing 263 to win, before Gilbert Jessop hit a hundred in 75 minutes and England won by one wicket.


1902 English cricket season, Ashes tour
Trumper made a great impression on those who saw him bat. Harry Altham wrote: "From start to finish of the season, on every sort of wicket, against every sort of bowling, Trumper entranced the eye, inspired his side, demoralized his enemies, and made run-getting appear the easiest thing in the world."


1902 European Rowing Championships
The 1902 European Rowing Championships were rowing championships held on the Rhine on a day in the latter part of August. Generally referred to as being held in Strasbourg, the International Rowing Federation website implies that the championships were based in Kehl on the opposite side of the Rhine to Strasbourg. Either way, both towns were at the time part of the German Empire. The competition was for men only and they competed in five boat classes (M1x, M2x, M2+, M4+, M8+).


1902 FA Cup Final
The 1902 FA Cup Final was an association football match between Sheffield United and Southampton on Saturday, 19 April 1902 at the Crystal Palace stadium in south London. It was the final match of the 1901–02 FA Cup, the 31st edition of the world's oldest football knockout competition, and England's primary cup competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup, better known as the FA Cup.


1902 FA Cup Final
Sheffield United were appearing in their third final and Southampton in their second – Sheffield United won the cup in 1899 and were runners-up in 1901; Southampton were runners-up in 1900. Both teams joined the competition in the first round proper and progressed through four rounds to the final. As a member of the Football League First Division, Sheffield United were exempt from the competition's qualifying phase. Southampton, as a member of the Southern League would normally have been required to pre-qualify but, as champions of the Southern League in 1900–01, they were given byes through the qualifying phase to the first round.


1902 FA Cup Final
The final was watched by a crowd of 74,479 and ended in a 1–1 draw. The goalscorers were Alf Common for Sheffield United and, in controversial circumstances, Harry Wood for Southampton. A replay was held a week later on 26 April, also at the Crystal Palace stadium, but before a much-reduced crowd of 33,068. Sheffield United won 2–1 with goals by George Hedley and Billy Barnes against one by Albert Brown for Southampton. Sheffield United won the cup again in 1915 and 1925. Southampton, whose appearance in the 1902 final was the last by a team from outside The Football League, won the cup in 1976.


1902 FA Cup Final, Background
The FA Cup, known officially as The Football Association Challenge Cup, is an annual knockout association football competition in men's domestic English football. The competition was first proposed on 20 July 1871 by C. W. Alcock at a meeting of The Football Association committee. The tournament was first played in the 1871–72 season and is the world's oldest association football competition. The 1902 match between Sheffield United and Southampton at Crystal Palace was the 31st final and the second of the 20th century. Sheffield United were appearing in the final for the third time, having defeated Derby County 4–1 in 1899 and lost 1–3 to Tottenham Hotspur in the 1901 replay. Southampton were making their second appearance after losing 0–4 to Bury in 1900.


1902 FA Cup Final, Background
Sheffield United were members of the Football League First Division and, in the 1901–02 league championship, amassed 33 points to finish in 10th position, only three points clear of the relegation placings. Southampton were the reigning Southern League champions, but they slipped to third place in the 1901–02 championship, five points behind new champions Portsmouth. Southern League teams normally had to qualify for the first round proper of the FA Cup but, as champions, Southampton were exempted from pre-qualification and were given byes to the first round.


1902 FA Cup Final, Background
Sheffield United's team between 1889 and 1932 was selected by a committee but with the club secretary in charge of the team on match days. In 1902, this was John Nicholson. Southampton's club secretary Ernest Arnfield took charge of their team on match days.


1902 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Sheffield United
Sheffield United entered the competition in the first round proper and played seven matches, including three replays, en route to the final. They played against three teams from the First Division and one from the Southern League.


1902 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Sheffield United, Early rounds
In the first round, they were drawn away on Saturday, 25 January to the Southern League's Northampton Town, and won 2–0. The goals were scored by Walter Bennett and Alf Common.


1902 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Sheffield United, Early rounds
Sheffield were drawn at home in the second round against First Division Bolton Wanderers. The match was played at Bramall Lane on Saturday, 8 February and Sheffield won 2–1. The Sheffield goalscorers were Bennett and Fred Priest. James McKee scored for Bolton.


1902 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Sheffield United, Early rounds
Sheffield faced First Division opposition again in the third round (the quarter-final stage) having been drawn away to Newcastle United. This tie went to a replay after a 1–1 draw at St James' Park on Saturday, 22 February. In its report of the third round matches, The Times mentioned that Newcastle had beaten the league-leaders Sunderland and so were confident of success against Sheffield. However, as the report says, Sheffield United had a "reputation as keen fighters in cup ties". Sheffield led 1–0 at half-time and The Times says "Newcastle only managed to draw the match after a great struggle". Sheffield's goal was scored by Priest. The Newcastle equaliser was scored by Willie Stewart.


1902 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Sheffield United, Early rounds
Five days later, Sheffield won 2–1 in the replay at Bramall Lane. Their goalscorers were Ernest Needham and Common. R. S. McColl scored for Newcastle.


1902 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Sheffield United, Semi-final
The semi-finals were staged at neutral venues on Saturday, 15 March, and Sheffield United were drawn to play Derby County at The Hawthorns in West Bromwich. The result was a 1–1 draw before a crowd of 33,603. The Times report says that Derby were the better team and "deserved to win". After Derby took an early lead through Ben Warren, Sheffield's second-half equaliser was scored against the run of play by George Hedley after a mistake by the Derby goalkeeper, Jack Fryer, and The Times says this cost Derby a victory.


1902 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Sheffield United, Semi-final
The replay was arranged for Thursday, 20 March at Molineux in Wolverhampton and this also ended 1–1, watched by 13,284. In a brief report, The Times mentioned that the weather was "squally" and conditions were therefore difficult. The match went to extra time and the goalscorers were Priest for Sheffield and Dick Wombwell for Derby.


1902 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Sheffield United, Semi-final
A second replay was necessary and was played a week later on Thursday, 27 March, at the City Ground in Nottingham. The crowd figure was about 15,000. This time the deadlock was broken. Priest scored the only goal of the game after Derby had missed a penalty and Sheffield United won 1–0 to reach their third final in four seasons.


1902 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Southampton
Like Sheffield United, Southampton entered the competition in the first round proper and played six matches, including two replays, en route to the final. They played against three teams from the First Division and one from the Southern League.


1902 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Southampton, Early rounds
In the first round, Southampton were drawn away to their Southern League rivals, Tottenham Hotspur, who were the FA Cup-holders. The match was played at White Hart Lane on Saturday, 25 January before a crowd of 20,000 and ended in a 1–1 draw. The goals were scored by David Copeland for Tottenham and Tommy Bowman for Southampton.


1902 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Southampton, Early rounds
The replay at The Dell was played on Wednesday, 29 January. The crowd was 10,000 and the match ended in another draw, this time 2–2. Extra time was played but without any change in the score and a second replay was necessary. The Tottenham goals were both scored by Ted Hughes and Southampton's scorers were Edgar Chadwick and Joe Turner.


1902 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Southampton, Early rounds
The second replay was played on a neutral venue at Elm Park, the home of Reading FC, on Monday, 3 February, in front of a crowd of only 6,000. The pitch was icy and covered in snow, so much so that the touchlines had to be painted blue, and the match kicked off with snow still falling. As in their first two meetings, the teams were very evenly matched and the tie was eventually decided by a mistake. The score at half-time was 0–0 but then Tottenham took the lead with a goal by Jack Kirwan. Southampton equalised very quickly with a goal by Archie Turner and then, when it looked as if the match would end in another draw, Tottenham's Sandy Tait made a poor backpass to his goalkeeper Fred Griffiths. It was intercepted by Albert Brown who rounded Griffiths to score the winning goal.


1902 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Southampton, Early rounds
In the second round on Saturday, 8 February, Southampton were drawn at home against the reigning Football League champions Liverpool, who had dropped into a mid-table position in the First Division. According to the Southampton trainer Bill Dawson, the match was "the finest exhibition of football put up by (Southampton)". Southampton won 4–1 with goals from Archie Turner (2), Joe Turner and Bert Lee. Liverpool's goal was scored by George Fleming.


1902 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Southampton, Early rounds
Southampton then faced First Division Bury at Gigg Lane in the third round on Saturday, 22 February. Bury had outplayed Southampton in the 1900 FA Cup Final, winning 4–0, so Southampton wanted to redress the balance somewhat. In a match that Collett, Chalk and Holley have described as a "real thriller", Southampton took a measure of revenge by winning 3–2. As described in Chalk and Holley's account, the match was all square at 2–2 with goals by Harry Wood and Joe Turner matching those by George Ross and Charlie Sagar for the home side.


1902 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Southampton, Early rounds
Injuries to the two Southampton goalscorers had reduced them to nine players and the team were defending "desperately" to hang on for a replay. After a spell of seven successive corners for Bury, Albert Brown broke up the pitch with most of the Bury players in the Southampton half. After sprinting the full length of the pitch, Brown unleashed a shot that hit the crossbar and rebounded over his head. Edgar Chadwick was following up and trapped the ball, feinted to go past the goalkeeper and, as the match report says, "coolly slotted the ball in the other corner" to secure victory.


1902 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Southampton, Semi-final
In the semi-final on Saturday, 15 March, Southampton returned to White Hart Lane, this time a neutral venue, to play First Division Nottingham Forest and won 3–1 after extra time. The score was 1–1 at the end of normal time after goals by Chadwick for Southampton and John Calvey for Forest. In extra time, Albert Brown scored twice, once from the penalty spot and then, in the final minute, with what the match report called "a wonderful goal with a screw shot from an oblique angle".


1902 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Southampton, Semi-final
Southampton were now in the final for the second time in three years and it was the third season in succession that a Southern League team had reached the final. Meanwhile, with Sheffield United needing two replays to settle their semi-final against Derby County, Southampton sought an advantage by sending Harry Wood to the City Ground in Nottingham so that he could "spy" on them in their second replay.


1902 FA Cup Final, Match, Pre-match
In the build up to the final, Sheffield United's captain Ernie "Nudger" Needham, vowed to make amends for their defeat by Tottenham in the 1901 final, declaring that his team "had let the north down". Needham, an England international, had written Association Football, published in 1901. It was an instruction book on football tactics which The Outlook described as "a valuable book by a practical expert".


1902 FA Cup Final, Match, Pre-match
For extra preparation, Southampton's players went to nearby Chilworth and stayed at the Clump Inn which had useful training facilities. They had doubts about the fitness of both goalkeeper Jack Robinson, who had caught a chill at the training camp, and defender C. B. Fry, who had been injured, but both were declared fit to play. In the early years of the FA Cup, only amateur players could take part but professionalism now dominated to the extent that Fry, also an England international cricketer, was the first amateur to play in the final since 1893.


1902 FA Cup Final, Match, First match
The first match was played at Crystal Palace on Saturday, 19 April before a crowd of 74,479. The weather was cloudy but dry with a moderate wind. Many fans tried to get a better view of the match by climbing the surrounding trees which, according to David Bull and Bob Brunskell, "shook as though whipped by a gale, denoting the enthusiasm of adventurous individuals who were in their branches". There was clash of kit as both teams normally played in red and white stripes. It was agreed that Southampton would wear their normal kit and Sheffield United wore white shirts with dark shorts.


1902 FA Cup Final, Match, First match
No goals were scored in the first half. Sheffield United took the lead early in the second half with a goal by Alf Common. They appeared to be on their way to victory when, with two minutes to play, Southampton's captain Harry Wood equalised. Wood had been in an offside position tying up his bootlaces when the ball reached him. After consultation between the referee and his linesmen, the officials decided that the ball had struck a United defender, thus playing Wood onside. No extra time was played and the result was a 1–1 draw, necessitating a replay.


1902 FA Cup Final, Match, First match
At the end of the game United's goalkeeper, William "Fatty" Foulke, protested to the officials that the equalising goal should not have been allowed. Foulke, who was reputed to weigh more than 20 stone (280 pounds; or 127 kg), left his dressing room unclothed and angrily pursued the referee, Tom Kirkham, who took refuge in a broom cupboard. Foulke had to be stopped by a group of FA officials from wrenching the cupboard door off its hinges to reach the hapless referee.


1902 FA Cup Final, Match, First match
The Times criticised the teams for persistent foul play and named Southampton as the worst offenders, calling them the "chief delinquents". The match was ruined by frequent stoppages for free kicks. The reporter said of the controversial equaliser that it was "a doubtful goal". The reporter praised the Sheffield defence, especially the three half-backs and Needham in particular. Sheffield were handicapped by injuries to their right-side forwards, Walter Bennett and Alf Common, but the half-backs raised their games and took on the extra work needed while, as directed by Needham, most of Sheffield's attacks were from left-side.


1902 FA Cup Final, Match, Replay
The replay took place a week later on 26 April, again at Crystal Palace. On a bitterly cold and windy day, the crowd was 33,068, less than half the number who had watched the first match. As Southampton had worn red and white stripes in the first match, this time they swapped to white shirts with Sheffield in their normal stripes. Southampton fielded an unchanged team; Sheffield had to replace Walter Bennett, who had an ankle injury, with Billy Barnes. Barnes played at inside right and Alf Common moved to Bennett's right wing position.


1902 FA Cup Final, Match, Replay
Two minutes into the game, Southampton goalkeeper Robinson stumbled when trying to intercept a cross by Bert Lipsham, allowing George Hedley to score the opening goal for Sheffield. Playing against the wind, Southampton pressed for an equaliser and Foulke was kept busy throughout the rest of the first half but Southampton wasted their chances. According to The Times, "Boyle and Needham were very good" for Sheffield, while Common was always a danger when running down the right wing. Sheffield maintained their lead until half-time.


1902 FA Cup Final, Match, Replay
Southampton hoped to do better in the second half with the wind behind them but, as before, they wasted chances and were unable to overcome the Sheffield half-backs. Eventually, however, Albert Brown equalised after 70 minutes with a shot from a pass by Chadwick. The Times says that Southampton then had the upper hand for several minutes and "should have scored" again. Foulke had to make saves from Chadwick, Wood and Lee.


1902 FA Cup Final, Match, Replay
It looked as though the match was going into extra time, when, with ten minutes remaining, Robinson failed to cut out a cross from Common and Barnes was left with an unguarded net to score the winner for Sheffield. Southampton had a chance to equalise in the final minute, but Fry kicked the ball high over the crossbar.


1902 FA Cup Final, Post-match
The trophy was presented to Ernie Needham by Lady Beatrice Villiers, who was accompanied by her father Lord Jersey. The Times said of the replay that it had been a good, hard game and without the "foul work" that had ruined the original match. In the reporter's opinion, the replay was "one of the best finals seen for some years".


1902 FA Cup Final, Post-match
Sheffield United have made three further FA Cup final appearances. They won in both 1915 against Chelsea and 1925 against Cardiff City, but lost to Arsenal in 1936. Southampton have played in two more finals. They won the cup in 1976 when they defeated Manchester United, but lost to Arsenal in 2003.


1902 FA Cup Final, Post-match
Southampton were the third Southern League team in succession to reach the FA Cup final, following themselves in 1900 and Tottenham in 1901. They remain the last team from outside the Football League to reach the final. Southern League teams began joining the Football League in the 1900s – Tottenham's application was accepted in 1908 and Southampton, along with several other clubs, joined in 1920.


1902 Florida Agricultural College football team
The 1902 Florida Agricultural College football team represented the Florida Agricultural College in the sport of American football during the 1902 college football season. This was not the modern Florida Gators of the University of Florida in Gainesville, which begins in 1906, but one of its four predecessor institutions.


1902 Florida State College football team
The 1902 Florida State College football team represented Florida State College in the sport of American football during the 1902 college football season. The team was the first intercollegiate football squad to represent Florida State University and was led by head coach W. W. Hughes. The team posted a 2–1 record and won the State Championship. With no formal nickname or mascot, the Florida State College football team was known simply as e. g. the "Florida State College Eleven".


1902 Florida State College football team, Before the season, Uniforms
The Florida State players wore gold uniforms with a large purple F on the front. Their pants were lightly padded, but their upper bodies were largely unprotected. Leather helmets with ear guards covered their heads, and shoehorn-shaped metal nose guards were strapped across their faces.


1902 Florida State College football team, Season summary, Week 1: Bainbridge Giants
The red and white clad Bainbridge Giants arrived by train, and they reportedly hoped to "hammer the life" out of Florida State. The Giants were "much heavier" than Florida State and had four football veterans from the University of Georgia, as well as one University of Virginia alumnus.


1902 Florida State College football team, Season summary, Week 1: Bainbridge Giants
The two teams trotted onto the field at 3:30 p.m. According to a reporter from the Weekly Tallahasseean, Florida State moved the ball quickly into Giant territory. After several "buck runs" Florida State was "within six inches of Georgia's goal." The Giants held Florida State for two downs, but on the third Buchholz "barely pushed through Georgia's right tackle for a touchdown." Provence attempted an extra-point kick, but it failed. After sixteen minutes of action, Florida State led 5-0. Before the ball again was "advanced any great distance by either side," the first half ended.


1902 Florida State College football team, Season summary, Week 1: Bainbridge Giants
McCord, of Florida State, kicked off the second half sending "the pigskin spinning to Georgia's twenty yard line." Bainbridge did not advance the ball, and Florida State took possession at mid-field. After several "line bucks," Florida State was at the Giant's twenty-yard line. There, Florida State turned the ball over on downs, and Bainbridge started marching up the field. Jacques, the Giant's right halfback, made a twenty-yard end run, the teams "only long gain of the game." With Bainbridge on Florida State's fifteen yard line, "things began to look black for Florida State." But, "the Florida State line held firm" and the Giant's field goal attempt "was foiled." Following Bainbridge's failed offensive, "the whistle was blown" and the game ended. Florida State had defeated the Bainbridge Giants 5-0.


1902 Florida State College football team, Season summary, Week 2: Florida Agricultural College
On December 12, Florida State met Florida Agricultural College on a rain-soaked field in Tallahassee. FAC kicked off into the "wind and rain." Florida State moved forward, but the ball "was forcibly taken from left halfback Williams arms by one of the Florida players." Florida quickly fumbled the ball, and "Williams, of Florida State dropped on it." Florida State tried to advance, but Florida "woke up and got into the game" by pushing Florida State back. After several possession changes, FAC made some "end runs" putting them on the Florida State four-yard line. FAC then "pushed over the goal line for a touchdown," but the extra-point attempt was a "miserable failure." At the end of the first half, FAC led Florida State 5-0.


1902 Florida State College football team, Season summary, Week 2: Florida Agricultural College
During the second half FAC players "seemed to be getting tired," reported the Weekly Tallahasseean, while the Florida State players "were still fresh." The FAC players began "slugging" the Florida State players. The "dirty work" started when Taylor, Florida's quarterback, struck Florida State's right end J.T. Howard "in the temple and was promptly disqualified." FAC also suffered a five-yard penalty. Florida State pushed forward, Murray "took twenty yards around the right end," and Buchholz "went through the center for five yards." With the ball on FAC's sixteen-yard line, FAC was penalized for improper formation and lost five yards.


1902 Florida State College football team, Season summary, Week 2: Florida Agricultural College
Then Clark, Florida State's quarterback, "called his off-side trick play." FAC was "caught napping" and lost another five yards. FAC immediately protested, but the referee would not relent. In response, the FAC players "held a caucus" and decided "to leave the field." The officials asked the Florida players to return to the field, but it "refused to do so." The referee revoked FAC's touchdown and gave it to Florida State. The game was forfeited in favor of Florida State 6-0.


1902 Florida State College football team, Season summary, Week 3: Florida Agricultural College
The Florida State and Florida Agricultural teams met again at the Baseball Park in Lake City on December 20. The game started at 3:00 p.m. "Although it was hotly contested from the first," the Lake City newspaper stated, "it was plain that the local team was stronger." FAC's C.H. Maguire ran twenty yards for a touchdown, and the extra point conversion was successful.


1902 Florida State College football team, Season summary, Week 3: Florida Agricultural College
"The second half was more or less a rendition of the first," according to the Weekly Tallahasseean, and the game "resulted rather disastrously" for Florida State with a 6-0 loss.


1902 Florida State College football team, Roster
The original line-up played the entire game, both offense and defense. Substitutes replaced injured players.


1902 Franklin & Marshall football team
The 1902 Franklin & Marshall football team was an American football team that represented Franklin & Marshall College during the 1902 college football season. The team compiled a 7–2 record and outscored opponents by a total of 282 to 54. John Chalmers was the team's head coach.


1902 French legislative election
The 1902 general election was held on 27 April and 11 May 1902.


1902 French legislative election
These elections were a victory for the Bloc des gauches alliance between Socialists, Radicals, and the left wing of the Republicans, over the anti-Dreyfusard right wing of the Republicans, the progressistes. The Bloc des gauches had been brought together to support the "Republican Defense Cabinet" (gouvernement de défense républicaine) formed by Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau following the assault on the newly elected president, Émile Loubet, on the Longchamp Racecourse on 4 June 1899, during the Dreyfus affair.


1902 French legislative election
However, Waldeck-Rousseau's own supporters (the ARD) took few seats in the election compared to the Radicals and Socialists. After the election, President Loubet invited the Radical Émile Combes to form a government, which lasted until January 1905, when the Socialists withdrew from the Bloc des gauches.


1902 Furman Purple Hurricane football team
The 1902 Furman Purple Hurricane football team represented Furman University during the 1902 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The Atlanta Constitution rated fullback A. T. Sublett All-Southern.


1902 Geelong Football Club season
The 1902 VFL season was the Geelong Football Club's sixth season in the Victorian Football League and its second with Henry Young as captain.


1902 Geelong Football Club season
Geelong finished the home-and-away with 7 wins and 10 losses, finishing in seventh position. Geelong did not qualify for the finals series.


1902 Geelong Football Club season, Playing List
3 players played in all 17 games, and a total of 41 players were used. 17 of those 41 players made their VFL debuts and a further 2 made their Geelong debut, Jim Beasley from Essendon and Tom McLean from Collingwood. 5 players reached the 50 game milestone.


1902 Geelong Football Club season, Season summary
In a generally poor season, Geelong finished the home-and-away season with 7 wins and 10 losses. After a decent start with a 4 win and 2 loss record, Geelong's lackluster form led to a poor placement of 7th position. Therefore, Geelong did not qualify for the finals series.


1902 Geneva Covenanters football team
he 1902 Geneva Covenanters football team was an American football team that represented Geneva College as an independent during the 1902 college football season. Led by third-year head coach Samuel G. Craig, the team compiled a record of 7–0, achieving Geneva's first undefeated season.


1902 Georgetown Blue and Gray football team
The 1902 Georgetown Blue and Gray football team represented Georgetown University during the 1902 college football season.


1902 Georgia Bulldogs football team
The 1902 Georgia Bulldogs football team represented the Georgia Bulldogs of the University of Georgia during the 1902 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The Bulldogs compiled a 4–2–1 record, including victories over Auburn and Alabama and a 0–0 tie with Georgia Tech. The losses included Georgia's fourth consecutive loss to Sewanee. This was the team's second and final season under the guidance of head coach William A. Reynolds.


1902 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Before the season
Frank M. Ridley was captain-elect, Georgia's first two-time captain. He was moved to end from the backfield. One account of Ridley reads "Ridley's first year on the team he played this position so well that Coach Heisman named his as the All-Southern end. He is quick and active and never hesitates to tackle a man, seldom being blocked."


1902 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Game summaries, Furman
To open the season, Georgia beat Furman 11–0. The game's highlight was an end run for touchdown from Harman.


1902 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Game summaries, Georgia Tech
Georgia came in as 6–1 favorites to in-state rival Georgia Tech, and were held to a 0–0 tie. "It's the worst game we have ever played." said captain Ridley. The starting lineup was Bower (left end), Willingham (left tackle), Beaver (left guard), Ketron (center), Nix (right guard), Smith (right tackle), Baxter (right end), Harman (quarterback), Dickinson (left halfback), Ridley (right halfback), Turner (fullback).


1902 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Game summaries, Alabama
Alabama was shutout 5–0 at Birmingham. Marvin D. Dickinson scored the only touchdown of the game for Georgia in the second half. Alabama was trying to tie up the game late, but time expired as the Tide reached the Georgia twelve-yard line.


1902 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Game summaries, Alabama
The starting lineup was Bower (left end), McIntosh (left tackle), Beaver (left guard), Ketron (center), Willingham (right guard), Smith (right tackle), Baxter (right end), Harman (quarterback), Dickinson (left halfback), Ridley (right halfback), Turner (fullback).


1902 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Game summaries, Clemson
On November 8, Georgia lost to SIAA champion Clemson by a score of 36–0. Despite the score, one writer called it "the hardest fought football game ever seen here." Frank McIntyre, Harman, and Smith all had to be carried off the field.


1902 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Game summaries, Clemson
The starting lineup was Baxter (left end), McIntosh (left tackle), Beaver (left guard), Ketron (center), Willingham (right guard), Smith (right tackle), Ridley (right end), Harman (quarterback), Allen (left halfback), Dickinson (right halfback), Turner (fullback).


1902 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Game summaries, Auburn
Georgia upset Auburn 12–5. The same night, Rufus Nalley, great former Georgia star, died. Having learned of Georgia's victory; "He died with a smile on his lips", reported his brother.


1902 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Postseason
Ridley was selected an All-Southern  along with teammates Harold Ketron and Sandy Beaver,


1902 Georgia Tech football team
The 1902 Georgia Tech football team represented the Georgia Institute of Technology during the 1902 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. Jesse Thrash was the school's first All-Southern player.


1902 Goliad, Texas, tornado
The 1902 Goliad, Texas, tornado was a F4 tornado that struck the town of Goliad, Texas, on Sunday, May 18, 1902. A total of 114 people died, 250 were injured, and $125,000 damage occurred. Inflation adjusted puts it at $3.4 million.


1902 Goliad, Texas, tornado, Storm development and track
During May 17 to 19, thunderstorms occurred from the lower Missouri Valley to Texas. On the 18th at 12:15pm, the Galveston weather office issued a special warning of "Squalls, with brisk and occasionally high winds are indicated for the west gulf this afternoon and to-night." That afternoon, Beeville, which is 30 miles to the southwest of Goliad, had considerable damage by high winds. The tornado is believed to have first touched down near Berclair, about 15 miles southwest of Goliad, and moved toward the northeast.


1902 Goliad, Texas, tornado, Storm development and track
The tornado was on the south side of town, across the San Antonio River about 3:35 p.m. It continued traveling northeast and wrecked the steel bridge across the river at San Patricio Street. The tornado then destroyed the filled Fannin Street Methodist Church at Mt. Auburn Street, killing about 50 people. It went on to destroy the brick factory. Witness Browne reported it sounded like a "million-ton [train] engine". The tornado was a couple of blocks wide when it moved up the west side of town destroying more homes, businesses and churches. The tornado path was 1/8 to 1/2 mile wide and traveled for about a mile. Reports say the tornado lasted only 5 minutes.


1902 Goliad, Texas, tornado, Aftermath
Within a few hours, 85 people were reported dead and 29 more over the next several days. Across the city, 150 homes, 100 businesses, a Baptist church and parsonage, a black Methodist church, a white Methodist church, and the second story of the county courthouse were destroyed. At least 50 people were in the black church, none survived.


1902 Goliad, Texas, tornado, Aftermath
Dr. Louis Warren Chilton, a young doctor whose wife was injured and whose daughter was lifted in the tornado funnel but survived, set up a temporary hospital and morgue in the first floor of the county courthouse. The Dr. L.W. and Martha E.S. Chilton House was built starting in June and included an underground shelter.


1902 Goliad, Texas, tornado, Aftermath
After the tornado, several dozen were buried in a communal grave along the eastern border of Lott Cemetery.


1902 Goliad, Texas, tornado, Aftermath
At the time, it was the fourth deadliest tornado in the United States and the worst in Texas history. The Waco tornado of May 11, 1953 tied as the deadliest in Texas history and is now eleventh overall in the United States.


1902 Goliad, Texas, tornado, Further reading
Tornado Victims of the Goliad Tornado of 1902, Victoria – Crossroads of South Texas Quarterly XXIII, no. 2 (2002) by Karen E. Fritz


1902 Goliad, Texas, tornado, Further reading
The 1902 Goliad Tornado: A Remembrance of Horror by Kenneth Carter.


1902 Gordon Bennett Cup
The 1902 Gordon Bennett Cup, formally titled the III Coupe Internationale, was a motor race held on 26–28 June 1902, on public roads between Paris, France, and Innsbruck, Austria. The race was held over a 565 km section of the route of the Paris-Vienna race, held concurrently. France were to attempt to defend the Gordon Bennett Cup against Britain, and each country was represented by three entries, with the car that finished the race in the shortest time winning the race on behalf of his country. Selwyn Edge driving a Napier, and representing the Automobile Club of Britain and Ireland, was the only competitor to finish the race and so Britain were the winners of the Gordon Bennett Cup and would be required to defend it in Britain the following year.


1902 Gordon Bennett Cup
The first day of the race saw three of the six competitors retire from the race; two French drivers and one Briton. The only remaining French driver, Rene de Knyff led the race by over an hour from Edge, with the other British driver Montague Grahame-White over five hours behind. The second day took the competitors through Switzerland, where motor racing was banned, and so this was deemed a neutralised section with cars required to adhere to a speed limit of 15 mph.


1902 Gordon Bennett Cup
The third and final day of the race for the Gordon Bennett Cup began at Bregenz and ran to Innsbruck in Austria. The route took the competitors over the Arlberg Pass, and this section of the route caused de Knyff's differential to break and Grahame-White's crankshaft to fail, forcing them both to retire and leaving Edge as the only competitor remaining in the race. Edge reached Innsbruck to claim victory for Britain, in a time of just over 11 hours.


1902 Gordon Bennett Cup, Background
The Gordon Bennett races had been established by American millionaire James Gordon Bennett, Jr. in 1900, with the intention of encouraging automobile industries through sport. Both the inaugural event and the previous event in 1901 had been won by representatives of the Automobile Club de France (ACF). Under the rules of the competition, the following race was required to be held in the country that currently held the cup, meaning that for the third year in succession, France would host the Gordon Bennett cup.


1902 Gordon Bennett Cup, Background
However, following another race held later in 1901, the Paris-Berlin city-to-city race, in which a young boy had been killed after being struck by a competitor when he stepped into the road, the French government passed a law to ban motor racing. Some negotiations were required between representatives of the French automobile industry and the French government before the law was repealed and racing could proceed. An agreement was also required with the authorities in Switzerland, where racing was also banned. It was agreed that the section of the race through Switzerland would be neutralised, and cars would be given a minimum time to complete the journey which would be achievable without exceeding any speed limits.


1902 Gordon Bennett Cup, Background
The various automobile clubs eligible to challenge for the Gordon Bennett Cup were required to register their intention to participate with the ACF by January 1, 1902. Only the Automobile Club of Britain and Ireland registered to compete for the cup, meaning that as in 1901, France would defend the Cup against the British.


1902 Gordon Bennett Cup, Route
The race was held concurrently with the Paris-Vienna city-to-city race, a race scheduled to take place over 990 km. The Gordon-Bennett Cup rules required a distance of between 550 and 650 km, and the organisers decided to run the Cup race over 565 km of the Paris-Vienna route, starting from Paris and finishing at Innsbruck in Austria. The route to be taken also featured a 312 km neutralised section to take the competitors through Switzerland, where racing was banned, which was not counted as part of the overall race distance.


1902 Gordon Bennett Cup, Route
The course was split into three sections, each to be run on consecutive days. The first section began in Champigny-sur-Marne, a commune in the south-eastern suburbs of Paris, before proceeding south-easterly through the towns of Nangis, Troyes, Langres, and coming to an end at Belfort, a distance of 375 km. The 312 km neutralised stage through Switzerland comprised the second section, beginning at Belfort before crossing over the Swiss border and traveling east through Basel and Zurich. The route then crossed the border with Austria and continued 12 miles to the rest town of Bregenz.


1902 Gordon Bennett Cup, Route
The third section was 190 km long, beginning at Bregenz and initially running south along the border. It then proceeded easterly through the Arlberg mountain range, which required the competitors to negotiate the climb and descent of the Arlberg pass, a section of road that at its peak was nearly 5,000 ft above sea level. From here the route continued east through the town of Telfs before reaching the finish for the Gordon-Bennett section of the race at Innsbruck.


1902 Gordon Bennett Cup, Entries and cars
Each country was limited to three entries under the rules. Both France and Britain elected to enter a full complement of cars for the race, meaning there would be six entries for the Gordon Bennett Cup, amongst the 219 cars entered for the Paris-Vienna race. France elected to enter Léonce Girardot, the winner of the 1901 Gordon Bennett Cup, who ran a car bearing his name, a Charron-Girardot-Voigt. Fournier ran a Mors and de Knyff a Panhard. The French had elected to make their selections on merit, rather than running any qualifying event. The three British entries were Selwyn Francis Edge driving a Napier and two Wolseley cars driven by Montague Grahame-White and Arthur Callan. Each of the drivers was accompanied by a riding mechanic.


1902 Gordon Bennett Cup, Entries and cars
New regulations came into force for the race, with a maximum weight limit of 1,000 kilograms (2,205 lb) imposed on each car, plus an extra 7 kilograms (15 lb) if a magneto was fitted to the car. The three French manufacturers opted to modify an earlier version of their car in order to meet the weight limit. Napier constructed an entirely new car, designed from the outset to meet the weight limit. This different approach contributed to the Napier weighing 933 kilograms (2,057 lb), with full tanks of fuel compared to the French cars which were on the limit.


1902 Gordon Bennett Cup, Entries and cars
As part of the negotiations between the French government and ACF with regard to lifting the ban on racing, it was agreed to promote using alcohol, of which there was an oversupply at the time, as a fuel during the Paris-Vienna race. de Knyff's Panhard was the only one of the Gordon-Bennett entries that chose to run on alcohol.


1902 Gordon Bennett Cup, Race
Cars were dispatched at two-minute intervals, beginning at 3:30am, from the start line in Champigny-sur-Marne on the outskirts of Paris. The Gordon Bennett entrants were scheduled to start ahead of the other Paris-Vienna entries. First to start was last years winner Giradot on his CGV. He was followed by Fournier on his Mors. Edge had problems with his Napier's gearbox en route to the race, and was required to make a further repair to it just before the race, to correct a mistake made during a previous repair. Despite this, he was ready in time to take the start next.


1902 Gordon Bennett Cup, Race
Next away was de Knyff of Panhard, who would be the last of the Gordon Bennett racers to depart before the rest of the Paris-Vienna competitors. The crankshaft on Grahame-White's Wolseley broke on the approach to the start line, and he spent over five hours repairing it before he was able to take the start. Problems also prevented the other Wolseley driven by Callan to start at the appointed time.