1898 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Inspiration for "The Victors"
"We were crazed with joy. We paraded in the dark. We yelled and followed our U-M Band, singing to the tune of 'Hot Time in the Old Town.' It struck me quite suddenly that such an epic should be dignified by something more elevating, for this was not ordinary victory. My spirits were so uplifted that I was clear off the earth, and that is when 'The Victors' was inspired. I put in a lot of 'hails' and I knew the fellows would get them in with the proper emphasis. Through them, the title suggested itself, and I dedicated it to the Michigan team of 1898."


1898 Michigan Wolverines football team, Players, Varsity letter winners
The following 17 players received varsity "M" letters for their participation on the 1898 football team:


1898 Michigan Wolverines football team, Players, Scoring leaders
The following scoring totals include the 11 points scored in the homecoming game against the alumni.


1898 Michigan gubernatorial election
The 1898 Michigan gubernatorial election was held on November 1, 1898. Incumbent Republican Hazen S. Pingree defeated Fusion candidate of the Democratic, People's, and Union Silver parties, Justin R. Whiting, with 57.75% of the vote.


1898 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team
The 1898 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team represented the University of Minnesota in the 1898 Western Conference football season. In their first and only season under head coach Jack Minds, the Golden Gophers compiled a 4–5 record (1–2 against Western Conference opponents), finished in fifth place in the conference, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 92 to 73.


1898 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team
The 1898 season for Minnesota was one of adversity, including bad weather and a mid-season injury to the team's captain. Coach Jack Minds was a fullback and kicker at the University of Pennsylvania.


1898 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team
On Thanksgiving Day 1898, Minnesota and Illinois played a football game for the first time in the two programs' history. A big storm had come through the previous day, but John Pillsbury (the student manager) put together a crew and worked overnight using horse-drawn plows to clear the field. The game itself was delayed several times when the ball was lost in snow drifts on the side of the field and the temperature fell to about 10 below zero when the game was called at noon. Illinois won the game 11–10.


1898 Minnesota Senate election
The 1898 Minnesota Senate election was held in the U.S. state of Minnesota on November 8, 1898, to elect members to the Senate of the 31st and 32nd Minnesota Legislatures.


1898 Minnesota Senate election
On the coattails of Democrat John Lind's gubernatorial campaign, the Minnesota Democratic Party saw a minor resurgence in the Senate. The Party consolidated much of the third party support that had become a large factor in the elections of 1890 and 1894. The People's Party endorsed a handful of Democratic candidates that ended up winning and caucusing as Democrats in the Senate.


1898 Minnesota Senate election
The Minnesota Republican Party won a large majority of seats followed by the Minnesota Democratic Party. The new Legislature convened on January 3, 1899.


1898 Minnesota Senate election
Two independent candidates won election to the Senate, one of whom caucused with Democrats upon being seated. In the 48th District, two Republicans ran against one another, and the winner was the one who had not been endorsed by the Party. Both candidates are listed as Republicans in the vote aggregate.


1898 Minnesota Senate election, Results
*These totals count candidates endorsed by the Democratic and People's Parties in the totals for the Democratic Party.


1898 Minnesota gubernatorial election
The 1898 Minnesota gubernatorial election took place on November 8, 1898. Democratic Party of Minnesota candidate John Lind defeated Republican Party of Minnesota challenger William Henry Eustis. This is the second of three successive elections in which John Lind ran as a candidate for a coalition formed from the Democrats and the People's Party.


1898 Missouri Tigers football team
The 1898 Missouri Tigers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Missouri as an independent during the 1898 college football season. The team compiled a 1–4–1 record and was outscored by its opponents by a combined total of 98 to 33. Dave Fultz was the head coach for the first of two seasons. The team played its home games at Rollins Field in Columbia, Missouri.


1898 Montana Agricultural football team
The 1898 Montana Agricultural football team was an American football team that represented the Agricultural College of the State of Montana (later renamed Montana State University) during the 1898 college football season. In its first and only season under head coach George Ahern, the team compiled a 0–2 record and did not score a point, losing the second and third games of the Montana–Montana State football rivalry.


1898 Montana football team
The 1898 Montana football team represented the University of Montana in the 1898 college football season. They were led by first-year head coach Benjamin F. Searight, and finished the season with a record of three wins and two losses (3–2).


1898 NYU Violets football team
The 1898 NYU Violets football team was an American football team that represented New York University as an independent during the 1898 college football season. In their only year under head coach Frank H. Cann, the team compiled a 1–3 record.


1898 Narrabri colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Narrabri on 3 June 1898 because of the death of Charles Collins (Free Trade).


1898 Navy Midshipmen football team
The 1898 Navy Midshipmen football team represented the United States Naval Academy during the 1898 college football season. In their second season under head coach Bill Armstrong, the Midshipmen compiled a 7–1 record, shut out three opponents, and outscored all opponents by a combined score of 130 to 56. The Army–Navy Game was canceled due to Presidential cabinet order.


1898 Nebraska Bugeaters football team
The 1898 Nebraska Bugeaters football team represented the University of Nebraska in the 1898 college football season. The team was coached by first-year head coach Fielding H. Yost and played their home games at Antelope Field in Lincoln, Nebraska. After six seasons in the Western Interstate University Football Association, Nebraska began competing as an independent in 1898.


1898 Nebraska Bugeaters football team
After the departure of Eddie N. Robinson following the 1897 season, Nebraska hired another future College Football Hall of Fame coach in Yost. Yost stayed at NU for just one year before moving on to Kansas, Stanford, and Michigan, where he won six national championships.


1898 Nebraska Bugeaters football team
Nebraska played 11 games in 1898, the most in the program's nine-year history, including three instances with only one day off in between games.


1898 Nebraska Bugeaters football team, Roster
Benedict, Raymond HBBrew, Fred ECowgill, Howard QBDasenbrock, John GDrain, Ralph QBElliott, Ray QBErwin, C.W. FBFollmer, Harry EGarrett, Harry FBGilbert, Marvin LTHansen, Albert LGKingsbury, Raymond RTLiebman, Morris HBMelford, William CMontgomery, R D Pillsbury, Melville LTReasoner, Ira TStringer, Lewis ETurner, Edmund RGWilliams, Charles Erwin HB


1898 Nebraska Bugeaters football team, Game summaries, Hastings
Nebraska hosted nearby Hastings College to open the season. The Bugeaters dominated the undermatched Broncos, setting new program records for points scored and margin of victory in a 76–0 shutout win.


1898 Nebraska Bugeaters football team, Game summaries, Iowa State
Nebraska jumped out to a halftime lead and held on in the second half to extend its winning streak to seven games.


1898 Nebraska Bugeaters football team, Game summaries, Tarkio
Nebraska jumped out to a quick 12–0 lead and shut down Tarkio's offense to win 24–0.


1898 Nebraska Bugeaters football team, Game summaries, William Jewell
Nebraska overpowered William Jewell in Kansas City en route to a 38–0 shutout victory, NU's seventh shutout in its previous nine games. This was the only game ever played between Nebraska and William Jewell.


1898 Nebraska Bugeaters football team, Game summaries, at Missouri
Just two days after defeating William Jewell, Nebraska faced Missouri in Columbia. The Tigers jumped out to a 6–0 lead, but Nebraska answered with 47 unanswered points to earn a dominant win over Missouri for the second consecutive season.


1898 Nebraska Bugeaters football team, Game summaries, Grinnell
Grinnell forced the game's cancellation, claiming Nebraska did not follow requirements in selecting game officials.


1898 Nebraska Bugeaters football team, Game summaries, at Kansas
Kansas lost a key (though unnamed) player to injury early in the game, and was unable to keep up with Nebraska. This was Nebraska's 11th consecutive victory.


1898 Nebraska Bugeaters football team, Game summaries, at KC Medics
Nebraska faced Kansas City Medical School just two days after defeating Kansas. KC ended NU's winning streak with a resounding 24–0 victory.


1898 Nebraska Bugeaters football team, Game summaries, Drake
Several key Nebraska players reportedly sat out with injuries following a dense stretch of games in the weeks prior. Drake took advantage of the undermanned Bugeaters, winning 6–5 in the first-ever meeting of these teams.


1898 Nebraska Bugeaters football team, Game summaries, Colorado
Nebraska made its first trip to Boulder in 1898, the first game in what would later become an annual rivalry. The Silver and Gold, as Colorado was known at the time, could not keep pace with the Bugeaters in the second half.


1898 Nebraska Bugeaters football team, Game summaries, at Denver AC
A newspaper account of the time stated this game was "the most even and hardy contested fight that has been waged on the Denver gridiron". Nebraska again played with only one day off since its previous game. The Bugeaters took advantage of Denver kicking woes, staving off a late Denver drive into NU territory to win by a single point. This was the final meeting between Denver AC and Nebraska.


1898 Nebraska Bugeaters football team, Game summaries, at Iowa
Nebraska jumped out front with an early touchdown, and led 5–0 at halftime. A late Iowa touchdown and successful point after gave the Hawkeyes a 6–5 lead, at which point the game was called on account of darkness; frequent disputes had lengthened the game and prevented its completion.


1898 Nebraska gubernatorial election
The 1898 Nebraska gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1898.


1898 Nebraska gubernatorial election
Incumbent Populist Governor Silas A. Holcomb did not stand for re-election.


1898 Nebraska gubernatorial election
Populist and Democratic fusion nominee William A. Poynter defeated Republican nominee Monroe Hayward with 50.19% of the vote.


1898 Nevada State Sagebrushers football team
The 1898 Nevada State Sagebrushers football team was an American football team that represented Nevada State University (now known as the University of Nevada, Reno) as an independent during the 1898 college football season. In its first and only season under head coach F. F. Ellis, the team compiled a 4–1 record.


1898 Nevada State Sagebrushers football team, Previous season
The Sagebrushers finished the 1897 season 0–1. Head coach William H. Harrelson was replaced by F. F. Ellis.


1898 Nevada gubernatorial election
The 1898 Nevada gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1898.


1898 Nevada gubernatorial election
Incumbent Silver Party Governor Reinhold Sadler defeated Republican nominee William McMillan, Democratic nominee George Russell, and Populist nominee J. B. McCullough with 35.67% of the vote.


1898 New Hampshire football team
The 1898 New Hampshire football team was an American football team that represented New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts during the 1898 college football season—the school became the University of New Hampshire in 1923. The team finished with a record of 3–5 or 4–4, per 1898 sources or modern sources, respectively.


1898 New Hampshire football team, Schedule
Scoring during this era awarded five points for a touchdown, one point for a conversion kick (extra point), and five points for a field goal. Teams played in the one-platoon system and the forward pass was not yet legal. Games were played in two halves rather than four quarters.


1898 New Hampshire football team, Schedule
The 81 points scored by New Hampshire on October 15 surpass program records of most points scored (70) and greatest margin of victory (66) as listed in the New Hampshire media guide; however, this game was played against a high school team.


1898 New Hampshire football team, Schedule
The November 2 game was the first meeting between the New Hampshire and MIT varsity football programs.


1898 New Hampshire football team, Schedule
The New Hampshire team left the field early in the second half of the November 12 game, due to rough play. The contemporary game recap published in The Portsmouth Herald notes that the referee "awarded it to Portsmouth six to nothing." The score on the field had been 11–0 in favor of New Hampshire at the time the game was abandoned.


1898 New Hampshire gubernatorial election
The 1898 New Hampshire gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1898. Republican nominee Frank W. Rollins defeated Democratic nominee Charles F. Stone with 54.24% of the vote.


1898 New Jersey gubernatorial election
The 1898 New Jersey gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1898. Republican nominee Foster McGowan Voorhees defeated Democratic nominee Elvin W. Crane with 48.91% of the vote.


1898 New South Wales colonial election
The 1898 New South Wales colonial election was held on 27 July 1898 for all of the 125 seats in the 18th New South Wales Legislative Assembly and it was conducted in single-member constituencies with a first past the post voting system. Section 23 (1) of the Parliamentary Electorates and Elections Act of 1893 conferred a right to vote on 'every male person, being a natural born [British] subject, who shall have resided or had his principal place of abode in New South Wales for a continuous period of one year'. The 18th parliament of New South Wales was dissolved on 8 July 1898 by the Governor, Lord Hampden, on the advice of the Premier, George Reid.


1898 New South Wales colonial election
The Protectionist Party, the main Opposition, contested this election under the name "National Federal Party", reflecting the party's focus on Federation as an issue at the election.


1898 New South Wales colonial election, Results
New South Wales colonial election, 27 July 1898 Legislative Assembly << 1895–1901 >>


1898 New Year Honours
The New Year Honours 1898 were appointments by Queen Victoria to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by members of the British Empire. They were published on 1 January 1898.


1898 New Year Honours
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.


1898 New York Giants season
The 1898 New York Giants season was the franchise's 16th season. The team finished in seventh place in the National League with a 77-73 record, 25.5 games behind the Boston Beaneaters.


1898 New York Giants season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1898 New York Giants season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1898 New York Giants season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1898 New York Giants season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1898 New York state election
The 1898 New York state election was held on November 8, 1898, to elect the governor, the lieutenant governor, the Secretary of State, the state comptroller, the attorney general, the state treasurer and the state engineer, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate.


1898 New York state election, History
The Prohibition state convention met on June 30 at Syracuse, New York, and nominated Prof John Kline, of Penn Yan, for governor, Rev. John A. Sayles, of East Aurora, for lieutenant governor; Henry Wilbur, editor of True Reform, of New York City, for secretary of state; Charles Mills, of Sodus, for comptroller; De Witt Hooker, of Syracuse, for treasurer; Francis Stephen M. Wing, of Canastota, for attorney general; and Albert W. Pierson, of Niagara Falls, for state engineer.


1898 New York state election, History
The Socialist Labor state convention met on August 27 at Rochester, New York, and nominated Benjamin Hanford for governor; Leander A. Armstrong, of Buffalo, for lieutenant governor; Philip Jackson, of Rochester, for secretary of state; Charles H. Corregan, for attorney general; Max Forker, of New York City, for comptroller; Joseph Smith, of Yonkers, for treasurer; and John H. Morris of Yonkers, for state engineer.


1898 New York state election, History
The Republican bosses Thomas C. Platt and Benjamin B. Odell, Jr., were still busy to compose a ticket on September 25, but had already agreed upon Theodore Roosevelt to head it, against the wish of Governor Frank S. Black to be re-nominated. The state convention met on September 27 at Saratoga, New York. Sereno E. Payne was Temporary Chairman until the choice of Horace White as Permanent Chairman. Theodore Roosevelt was nominated for governor on the first ballot (vote: Roosevelt 753, Black 218). The other candidates were nominated by acclamation with exception of John C. Davies for Attorney General who was nominated on the first ballot (vote: Davies 741, John M. Kellogg 229).


1898 New York state election, History
The Democratic state convention met on September 28 and 29 at Syracuse, New York. Frederick C. Schraub, the 1896 Lt. Gov. nominee, was Permanent Chairman. Augustus Van Wyck, the brother of the incumbent first Mayor of the consolidated City of New York, was nominated for governor on the first ballot (vote: Van Wyck 351, John B. Stanchfield 41, Robert C. Titus 39, James K. McGuire 19). The other candidates were nominated by acclamation. The ticket was a compromise between the three biggest Democratic bosses: David B. Hill from upstate, Richard Croker of Tammany, and Hugh McLaughlin of Brooklyn.


1898 New York state election, History
The National Democratic State Committee met on September 30 at 52, William Street, in New York City. Chairman Robert A. Weidenmann - the only man to speak out loud against Judge Isaac H. Maynard's nomination in 1893 - presided. They decided not to call a convention, and not to endorse any candidates.


1898 New York state election, History
Returning from Cuba as a war hero, Theodore Roosevelt used the Citizens Union in an astute scheme to get the Republican nomination, in spite of not being a machine Republican and having in mind to uproot the Republican "spoilsmen". He approached the Citizens Union and suggested the nomination of a state ticket what was endorsed by the Citizens' Union Executive Committee with only three dissenting votes. An "Independent Citizens Committee" was formed, and 6,000 signatures for a petition to file a ticket were gathered, the signers believing that Roosevelt headed the ticket and that the Citizens Union backed it.


1898 New York state election, History
To avoid being ousted from power in an uncertain three-cornered election, the Republican bosses offered Roosevelt the nomination, and suddenly on September 24, he declined to allow his name to be used on the independent ticket. On September 30, a majority of the Citizens Union Executive Committee, led by Chairman R. Fulton Cutting, rejected the idea of a state ticket as "not only inconsistent with, but actually opposed to the fundamental principles and objects of the Citizens' Union," The Independent Citizens Committee answered next day and declared that nominations will be made.


1898 New York state election, History
The petition to file the independent ticket was taken to the Secretary of State's office on October 12 purporting to represent nominations by the Citizens Union. The Secretary of State reserved his decision if the ticket would be filed or not.


1898 New York state election, History
On this ticket were Theodore Roosevelt - already nominated by the Republicans state convention in September - for governor; Thomas M. Osborne for lieutenant governor; Oren E. Wilson, Mayor of Albany 1894-1895, for secretary of state; Thomas E. Kinney, Mayor of Utica, for comptroller; Edmund H. Titchener, of Binghamton, for treasurer; Frederick W. Hinrichs, the Gold Democrats nominee for lieutenant governor in 1896, for attorney general; and George E. Waring, Jr., of New York City, for state engineer. Roosevelt immediately sent a letter of declination to the Secretary of State. Besides, Republican party officials protested against the petition. The Independent Citizens' Committee on Vacancies substituted Theodore Bacon, a lawyer of Rochester, on the ticket, and Citizens Union Chairman R. Fulton Cutting, despite his earlier rejection of the state ticket idea per se, campaigned for the ticket.


1898 New York state election, Result
The whole Republican ticket was elected in a tight race.


1898 New York state election, Result
The Republican, Democratic, Prohibition and Socialist Labor parties maintained automatic ballot status (necessary 10,000).


1898 North Carolina A&M Aggies football team
The 1898 North Carolina A&M Aggies football team represented the North Carolina A&M Aggies of North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts during the 1898 college football season. They played a single game, against  North Carolina, losing 34–0. This team was led by first-year head coach W. C. Riddick, for whom Riddick Stadium, opened in 1907, was named.


1898 North Carolina Tar Heels football team
The 1898 North Carolina Tar Heels football team represented the University of North Carolina in the 1898 college football season. They played nine games with a final record of 9–0. The team captain for the 1898 season was Frank O. Rogers. The team claims a Southern championship.


1898 North Carolina Tar Heels football team, Season summary, Guilford
The season opened with an 18–0  defeat of the Guilford Quakers. Charles Baskerville was umpire.


1898 North Carolina Tar Heels football team, Season summary, Guilford
The starting lineup was Tate (left end), Shull (left tackle), Miller (left guard), Cunningham (center), Cromartie (right guard), Bennett (Right tackle), Klotz (right end), Rogers (quarterback), Howell (left halfback), Gregory (right halfback), Graves (fullback).


1898 North Carolina Tar Heels football team, Season summary, North Carolina A&M
In the second week of play, the Tar Heels defeated the in-state rival North Carolina A&M 34–0.


1898 North Carolina Tar Heels football team, Season summary, V. P. I.
Touchdowns were made by Bennett, Gregory, Copeland, Shull, and Howell in a 28–6 win over V. P. I.


1898 North Carolina Tar Heels football team, Season summary, Georgia
In Macon, the Tar Heels blew out the Georgia Bulldogs 53–0. Tick Tichenor wrote "Such a crush defeat as Georgia sustained at the hands of North Carolina today is almost unparalleled in football".


1898 North Carolina Tar Heels football team, Season summary, Georgia
The starting lineup was Klotz (left end), Shull (left tackle), Cromartie (left guard), Cunningham (center), Phifer (right guard), Bennett (Right tackle), Gregoy (right end), Rodgers (quarterback), Austin (left halfback), McRae (right halfback), Graves (fullback).


1898 North Carolina Tar Heels football team, Season summary, Auburn
The Tar Heels won over John Heisman's Auburn Tigers 29–0.


1898 North Carolina Tar Heels football team, Season summary, Virginia
UNC beat rival Virginia 6–2, its first win since the first year of the South's Oldest Rivalry. The safety was made just as time called, and Howell scored for UNC.


1898 North Dakota Agricultural Aggies football team
The 1898 North Dakota Agricultural Aggies football team was an American football team that represented North Dakota Agricultural College (now known as North Dakota State University) as an independent during the 1898 college football season. They had a 1–2 record.


1898 North Dakota gubernatorial election
The 1898 North Dakota gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1898. Republican nominee Frederick B. Fancher defeated Democratic nominee David M. Holmes with 59.22% of the vote.


1898 North Down by-election
The North Down by-election of 1898 was held on 7 September 1898. The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Irish Unionist Alliance MP, Thomas Waring. It was won by the Irish Unionist Alliance candidate John Blakiston-Houston, who unusually, beat another Irish Unionist Alliance candidate, Thomas Corbett.


1898 North-West Territories general election
The 1898 North-West Territories general election took place on 4 November 1898. This was the fourth general election in the History of the North-West Territories, Canada. It was held to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of the North-West Territories.


1898 North-West Territories general election
Frederick W. A. G. Haultain was still the first premier of the North-West Territories (NWT). That title was given by legislation passed in 1897. He was the last premier of the Northwest Territories until 1980.


1898 North-West Territories general election
There were three big issues in this election, provincial rights and how to divide the provinces.


1898 North-West Territories general election
The second issue was the transfer of education, from the federal to the territorial level, this was Haultain's personal project, unfortunately for the NWT, that power would not be turned over until 1970.


1898 North-West Territories general election
The third issue, was the territories deficit budget, the territory was facing huge pressures from a rapidly increasing population in all parts of the territory. Earlier in 1898 the territorial government tried to exert control over liquor revenue in the Klondike, since it was footing the bill for increased services and policing. The federal government however interfered and delt a huge blow, when it carved the Yukon Territory out of the North-West Territories and appointed a council loyal to the federal government to gain control.


1898 North-West Territories general election
This was the first general election in which the election was contested along party lines in the Northwest Territories. Frederick W. A. G. Haultain would sustain the governing North-West Territories Liberal-Conservative Party in coalition with James Hamilton Ross who was a member of the Hautain cabinet but a Liberal member. Robert Brett remained leader of the official opposition.


1898 North-West Territories general election
Political parties were still controversial in this election as noted in the Calgary Herald editorial from 17 November 1898 Weekly edition, that debated the pros and cons of the bringing the "Dominion party lines" to the territorial legislature.


1898 Northwestern Purple football team
The 1898 Northwestern Purple team represented Northwestern University during the 1898 Western Conference football season. In their first and only year under head coach W. H. Bannard, the Purple compiled a 9–4–1 record (0–4 against Western Conference opponents) and finished in last place in the Western Conference. The team lost all four of its games against Western Conference opponents (Chicago, Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin) by a combined total of 104 to 16.


1898 Notre Dame football team
The 1898 Notre Dame football team was an American football team that represented the University of Notre Dame in the 1898 college football season. In its third season with Frank E. Hering as coach, the team compiled a 4–2 record, shut out four opponents, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 155 to 34.


1898 Ohio Green and White football team
The 1898 Ohio Green and White football team was an American football team that represented Ohio University as an independent during the 1898 college football season. They played 4 games and had a 1–2–1 record.


1898 Ohio State Buckeyes football team
The 1898 Ohio State Buckeyes football team represented the Ohio State University in the 1898 college football season.


1898 Oklahoma Sooners football team
The 1898 Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the University of Oklahoma in the 1898 college football season. In their fourth year of football, and second year under head coach Vernon Louis Parrington, the Sooners compiled a 2–0 record, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 29 to 0. This was the first season in which the team competed outside Oklahoma Territory, playing a road game against an Arkansas City, Kansas town team.


1898 Ole Miss Rebels football team
The 1898 Ole Miss Rebels football team represented the University of Mississippi during the 1898 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The season was the team's first in the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association.


1898 Ontario general election
The 1898 Ontario general election was the ninth general election held in the Province of Ontario, Canada. It was held on March 1, 1898, to elect the 94 Members of the 9th Legislative Assembly of Ontario ("MLAs").


1898 Ontario general election
The Ontario Liberal Party, led by Arthur S. Hardy, won an eighth term in office with a clear majority – the Patrons of Industry and the Protestant Protective Association held no sway in this legislature.


1898 Ontario general election
The Ontario Conservative Party, led by Sir James P. Whitney, formed the official opposition.


1898 Open Championship
The 1898 Open Championship was the 38th Open Championship, held 8–9 June at Prestwick Golf Club in Prestwick, South Ayrshire, Scotland. Harry Vardon won the Championship for the second time, a stroke ahead of Willie Park Jr., the 1887 and 1889 winner.


1898 Open Championship
With the increasing number of "hopeless competitors" and "second-class golfers" entering the Open, a cut was introduced for the first time to reduce the number of players on the final day. All entries played 36 holes on the first day with all those within 19 strokes of the leader making the cut and playing 36 holes on the final day, with the additional provision that the final day's field had to contain at least 32 professionals. There was a change to the prize money distribution. The total remained unchanged at £90 but was only given to the first 6 and not the first 12.


1898 Open Championship
Defending champion Harold Hilton and Willie Park Jr. led after the first round on 76. Park was even better in the afternoon and led after the first day on 151. Vardon also scored 75 and was second on 154 with Thomas Renouf and J.H. Taylor on 156. Hilton led the amateurs on 157. 43 players made the cut, including five amateurs. Willie Auchterlonie, who had won the previous Open Championship at Prestwick in 1893, was amongst those who failed to make the cut.


1898 Open Championship
Vardon scored a useful 77 in the third round despite a seven at the 15th. Park scored 78 to maintain the lead. Freddie Tait had the best round of 75 and shared third place with Taylor four shots behind Park. In the final round Vardon reached the turn in 38 and finished with a 76 after an excellent three at the last. Park reached the turn in 39 after sixes at the 1st and 3rd holes. Taking six at the 10th dropped him behind and he reached the last needing a three to tie Vardon.


1898 Open Championship
On the edge of the green after his tee shot, he putted to four feet but missed to finish one behind. Hilton reached the turn in 35 to be level with Vardon but came back in 40 and finished two strokes behind. Tait took eight at the 3rd to drop out of contention.


1898 Oregon Agricultural Aggies football team
The 1898 Oregon Agricultural Aggies football team represented Oregon Agricultural College (now known as Oregon State University) as an independent during the 1898 college football season. Playing without a coach, the Aggies compiled a 1–2–1 record and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 78 to 36. The Aggies lost to Oregon (0-38). No record is available as to the identity of the team captain.


1898 Oregon Webfoots football team
The 1898 Oregon Webfoots football team represented the University of Oregon in the 1898 college football season. It was the Webfoots' fifth season, they competed as an independent and were led by head coach Frank W. Simpson. They finished the season with a record of three wins and one loss (3–1).


1898 Oregon gubernatorial election
The 1898 Oregon gubernatorial election took place on June 6, 1898 to elect the governor of the U.S. state of Oregon. The election matched Republican Theodore Thurston Geer against Democratic State Senator W. R. King.


1898 Oregon gubernatorial election
Geer was the tenth governor since statehood, but the first native Oregonian to hold that position.


1898 Ormskirk by-election
The 1898 Ormskirk by-election was held on 20 October 1898 after the death of the incumbent Conservative Party MP Sir Arthur Forwood. It was retained by the unopposed Conservative Candidate Arthur Stanley.


1898 Pacific Tigers football team
The 1898 Pacific Tigers football team represented the University of the Pacific during the 1898 college football season.


1898 Paris–Amsterdam–Paris
The 1898 Paris–Amsterdam–Paris Race was a competitive 'city to city' motor race which ran over 7 days from 7–13 July 1898 and covered 1,431 km. It was won by Fernand Charron driving a Panhard et Levassor for 33 hours at an average speed of 43 km/h over unsurfaced roads.


1898 Paris–Amsterdam–Paris
The event was organised by the Automobile Club de France (ACF) and was sometimes retrospectively known as the III Grand Prix de l'A.C.F.


1898 Paris–Amsterdam–Paris, Results
Paris-Amsterdam-Paris Race - 7–13 July 1898 - 1,431 kmThe Categorie Vitesse (Speed category) was sub-divided into classes 'A' - vehicles with 2-3 seats; 'B' - (vehicles with 4 seats and 'C' - General.


1898 Paris–Amsterdam–Paris, Results, Overall
The overall results for class A in the 'Categorie Vitesse' were:


1898 Paris–Roubaix
The 1898 Paris–Roubaix was the third edition of the Paris–Roubaix, a classic one-day cycle race in France. The single day event was held on 10 April 1898 and stretched 268 km (167 mi) from Paris to its end in a velodrome in Roubaix. The winner was Maurice Garin, an Italian living in France.


1898 Parramatta colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Parramatta on 26 October 1898 as the election of William Ferris, with a margin of 4 votes, was overturned by the Election and Qualifications Committee due to "many gross irregularities".


1898 Pembrokeshire County Council election
The fourth election to Pembrokeshire County Council was held in March 1898. It was preceded by the 1895 election and followed by the 1901 election.


1898 Pembrokeshire County Council election, Overview of the result
In 1898 there were a number of uncontested but most seats were contested as the Conservatives sought to hold on to gains made in 1895.


1898 Pembrokeshire County Council election, Results, Llangwm
Carrow was elected as a Liberal in 1892 and a Conservative in 1895.


1898 Pembrokeshire County Council election, Results, Milford
Dr Griffith had stood as a Liberal in 1892 and a Liberal Unionist in 1895.


1898 Pembrokeshire County Council election, Election of aldermen
Aldermen were elected at the first meeting of the new council.


1898 Penn Quakers football team
The 1898 Penn Quakers football team represented the University of Pennsylvania in the 1898 college football season.


1898 Penn State football team
The 1898 Penn State football team was an American football team that represented Pennsylvania State College—now known as Pennsylvania State University–as an independent during the 1898 college football season. The team was coached by Samuel B. Newton and played its home games on Beaver Field in University Park, Pennsylvania.


1898 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election
The 1898 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election was held on November 1. It featured a three-way campaign between major party candidates William Stone and George Jenks, as well as a strong showing by prohibitionist Silas Swallow.


1898 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election, Campaign
Entering the election, the Republican machine was strong but its leadership was divided. Although previous governor Daniel Hastings had tried to toe the line between the conservative and progressive wings of the party, he failed to impress either side. Party bosses Matthew Quay, a conservative, and John Wanamaker, a progressive, nominated candidates with the same last name but who were of no relation. In a close race, the conservatives prevailed, but the party had difficulty reuniting after William Stone defeated retired U.S. Army Colonel Charles W. Stone.


1898 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election, Campaign
Jenks' campaign had difficulty gaining traction from the start, and Stone was able to undercut some of Swallow's support by identifying with the temperance movement. Stone also did well by emphasizing his commitment to law and order, after labor strife had rocked the state during the previous governor's term.


1898 Philadelphia Phillies season
The following lists the events of the 1898 Philadelphia Phillies season.


1898 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1898 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1898 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1898 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1898 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1898 Philippine legislative election
The Elections for the Malolos Congress, also known as the Revolutionary Congress were held in the Philippines from  June 23 to September 10, 1898.


1898 Philippine legislative election
These were the first elections for a national legislature in the Philippines. The Spanish colonial government held elections in 1895 across the Philippines but for local municipal officers only. In this election, many parts of the Visayas and Mindanao did not elect representatives and their representatives had to be appointed. The first fully elected national legislative body would be the Philippine Assembly elected in 1907 as the only elected house of the bicameral Philippine Legislature.


1898 Philippine legislative election, Background
Following the defeat of the Spanish at the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish–American War on May 1, 1898, by the American Navy, Philippine revolutionary forces under Emilio Aquinaldo declared the Philippines to be an independent nation on June 12, 1898. The Revolutionary Government of the Philippines held these elections following that declaration.


1898 Philippine legislative election, Background
After the Spanish sold the Philippines to the Americans in the Treaty of Paris of 1898, signed on December 10, 1898, the First Philippine Republic, which includes the Mololos Congress, fought the Philippine–American War against the American colonial forces, eventually losing the war.


1898 Philippine legislative election, Background
There would not be another attempt at national legislative election until the 1907 elections which established the Philippine Assembly. The Assembly, unlike the Malolos Congress, was fully elected but it was only one house of a bicameral legislature, the Philippine Legislature, the other house being the unelected Philippine Commission.


1898 Philippine legislative election, Election
The manner of election of delegates was via a series of indirect elections. In districts where the delegates were not appointed by the government, the manner of election was as follows:


1898 Philippine legislative election, Results, National
Paterno defeated General Antonio Luna with 24-23 votes; Legarda against Aguedo Velarde with 21-9; and Araneta and Ocampo won with 31 and 27 votes respectively.


1898 Philippine legislative election, Results, Local
List of congress members by province as of July 7, 1899.


1898 Pittsburgh College football team
The 1898 Pittsburgh College football team was an American football team that represented Pittsburgh Catholic College of the Holy Ghost—now known as Duquesne University—during the 1898 college football season. James Van Cleve served in his first and only season as the team's head coach.


1898 Pittsburgh Pirates season
The 1898 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the 17th season of the Pittsburgh Pirates franchise; their 12th in the National League. The Pirates finished eighth in the National League with a record of 72–76.


1898 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1898 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1898 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1898 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1898 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1898 Princeton Tigers football team
The 1898 Princeton Tigers football team represented Princeton University in the 1898 college football season. The team finished with an 11–0–1 record and was retroactively named as the national champion by one selector, Parke H. Davis, a Princeton alumnus. Harvard finished with an 11–0 record and was named as the national champion by the Billingsley Report, Helms Athletic Foundation, Houlgate System, and National Championship Foundation. They outscored their opponents 266 to 5.


1898 Purdue Boilermakers football team
The 1898 Purdue Boilermakers football team was an American football team that represented Purdue University during the 1898 Western Conference football season. The Boilermakers compiled a 3–3 record and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 37 to 33 in their first season under head coach Alpha Jamison. R. L. Spears was the team captain.


1898 Rhode Island Rams football team
The 1898 Rhode Island Rams football team represented the University of Rhode Island in the 1898 college football season. Led by first-year head coach Marshall Tyler, they finished the season with a record of 5–0. It remains the only undefeated season in program history.


1898 Rhode Island gubernatorial election
The 1898 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was held on April 6, 1898. Incumbent Republican Elisha Dyer Jr. defeated Democratic nominee Daniel T. Church with 57.74% of the vote.


1898 Richmond Spiders football team
The 1898 Richmond Spiders football team was an American football team that represented Richmond College—now known as the University of Richmond—as an independent during the 1898 college football season. Led by Oscar Lee Owens in his first and only year as head coach, Richmond compiled a record of 3–3–1.


1898 Rutgers Queensmen football team
The 1898 Rutgers Queensmen football team represented Rutgers University in the 1898 college football season. In their first season under head coach William V. B. Van Dyck, the Queensmen compiled a 1–6–1 record and were outscored by their opponents, 114 to 16. The team captain was William F. McMahon.


1898 SAFA Grand Final
The 1898 SAFA Grand Final was the concluding championship match of the 1898 SAFA season. The game resulted in a victory for South Adelaide who beat Port Adelaide by 24 points.


1898 SAFA season
The 1898 SAFA season was the 22nd edition of the top level of Australian Rules football to be played in South Australia. South Adelaide went on to record its 7th premiership.


1898 San Jose State Spartans football team
The 1898 San Jose State Spartans football team represented State Teachers College at San Jose during the 1898 college football season. In their first and only year under head coach Thad McKay, the Spartans compiled their first undefeated record at 5–0–1, and outscored their opponents by a total of 80 to 17. Many other milestones characterized the 1898 season, including the program's first shutout, and intercollegiate win (18 to 0 against College of the Pacific, also their first win overall), and their first season in which they participated in multiple games.


1898 Sewanee Tigers football team
The 1898 Sewanee Tigers football team represented Sewanee: The University of the South during the 1898 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The team was coached by John Gere Jayne in his second year as head coach, compiling a record of 4–0 (3–0 SIAA) and outscoring opponents 56 to 4 to win a share of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association title.


1898 Sewanee Tigers football team, Before the season
Sewanee was coming off the worst season in school history.


1898 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, Nashville
The season opened with a 10–0 victory to avenge last year's loss to the Nashville Garnet and Blue.


1898 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, Nashville
The starting lineup was Waites (left end), Jones (left tackle), Bolling (left guard), Risley (center), Claiborne (right guard), Smith (right tackle), Crandle (right end), Wilson (quarterback), Kilpatrick (left halfback), Gray (right halfback), Simkins (fullback).


1898 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, Texas
The starting lineup was Waites (left end), Jones (left tackle), Risby (left guard), Poole (center), Claiborne (right guard), Smith (right tackle), Crandle (right end), Wilson (quarterback), Kilpatrick (left halfback), Gray (right halfback), Simkins (fullback).


1898 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, Southern A. C.
Sewanee defeated the Southern Athletic Club of New Orleans 21–0. A 12-yard run by Jones made the first touchdown. Davis made the next touchdown. He also scored the third, in the second half. Ormond Simkins made the last touchdown, racing for the goal after William H. Poole blocked a kick.


1898 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, Southern A. C.
The starting lineup was Waites (left end), Jones (left tackle), Risby (left guard), Poole (center), Claiborne (right guard), Smith (right tackle), Crandell (right end), Wilson (quarterback), Kilpatrick (left halfback), Davis (right halfback), Simkins (fullback).


1898 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, Vanderbilt
The Tigers beat rival Vanderbilt 19–4. Sewell made the first touchdown on a 7-yard run. Vanderbilt's score came on a 40-yard run around left end by Walter H. Simmons. Simkins scored next on a 2-yard run. After the half, Kilpatrick scored on a 2-yard run. The last touchdown was a 35-yard run from Smith.


1898 Sewanee Tigers football team, Season summary, Vanderbilt
The starting lineup was Waites (left end), Jones (left tackle), Risley (left guard), Poole (center), Claiborne (right guard), Smith (right tackle), Davis (right end), Wilson (quarterback), Kilpatrick (left halfback), Siebels (right halfback), Simkins (fullback).


1898 Sheriff of London Charity Shield
The 1898 Sheriff of London Charity Shield was the first edition of the Sheriff of London Charity Shield. The match and subsequent replay were both drawn and hence the honour was shared between Corinthian and Sheffield United.


1898 Sheriff of London Charity Shield, Match, Background
The contest was proposed by Sir Thomas Dewar who was a Sheriff of London in 1897 and part of the organising committee. Sheffield United F.C. were league champions for the first time in their history in the 1897–98 Football League and Corinthian were the premier amateur side of the time providing many of the England national football team players.


1898 Sheriff of London Charity Shield, Match, First-half
The first half was a very defensive encounter, partly due to the wet pitch. The referee Mr E.E. Stuart pulled up players from both sides for a large number of fouls.


1898 Sheriff of London Charity Shield, Match, Second-half
The second half saw more attacking play with strong showings from Corinthian's Smith and Burnup, however, the Sheffield backs Thickett and Cain were their match defensively.


1898 Sheriff of London Charity Shield, Replay, Background
The sides were largely unchanged with two changes for each to the initial lineups. Topham and W. L. Foster came in for Corinthian replacing Stanborough and Ingram. For Sheffield United, forwards Almond and Hedley replaced McKay and Gaudie.


1898 Sheriff of London Charity Shield, Replay, First-half
Sheffield United scored first with a goal from their forward Almond following a pass from Cunningham.


1898 Sheriff of London Charity Shield, Replay, Second-half
Fifteen minutes into the second half Corinthian's Topham was fouled near the goal mouth and a free kick resulted in a goal scored by W. L. Foster after a retake for encroachment. The game was again a strong defensive showing from both sides and at the end of 90 minutes Sheffield United refused to play extra time resulting in the honour being shared.


1898 South Carolina Gamecocks football team
The 1898 South Carolina Gamecocks football team represented the University of South Carolina during the 1898 college football season.


1898 South Carolina gubernatorial election
The 1898 South Carolina gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1898 to select the governor of the state of South Carolina. Governor William Haselden Ellerbe won the Democratic primary and ran unopposed in the general election to win a second term as governor.


1898 South Carolina gubernatorial election, Democratic primary
The South Carolina Democratic Party held their primary for governor on August 30 and incumbent Governor Ellerbe was the frontrunner. Claudius Cyprian Featherstone won second place in the primary to advance to the runoff on September 8, but came up short against Ellerbe.


1898 South Carolina gubernatorial election, General election
The general election was held on November 8, 1898 and William Haselden Ellerbe was reelected as the governor of South Carolina without opposition. Being a non-presidential election and few contested races, turnout was approximately half of that for the previous gubernatorial election.


1898 South Dakota gubernatorial election
The 1898 South Dakota gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1896. Incumbent Governor Andrew E. Lee, elected in 1896 as a Populist, he ran for re-election as a Fusion candidate. He was challenged by Republican nominee Kirk G. Phillips, the State Treasurer. Lee narrowly defeated Phillips to win his second term as Governor, but most of his Fusion allies lost their elections, leaving him as the lone statewide officeholder.


1898 South Dakota gubernatorial election, Fusion conventions
Prior to the separate conventions of the Democrats, Populists, and Free Silver Republicans, U.S. Senator Richard F. Pettigrew worked behind the scenes to continue the coalition's success. To ensure that anti-silver Democrats didn't bolt from the coalition, he convinced the three parties that the Democrats should be granted four positions on the statewide ticket, which the parties embraced. In the end, the nominations were divvied up among the three parties as follows:


1898 South Dakota gubernatorial election, Republican convention
State Treasurer Kirk G. Phillips entered the Republican convention, held on August 24, 1896, in Mitchell, as the clear frontrunner for the Republican nomination. He ended up winning the nomination in a landslide, winning 449 votes to O. S. Gifford's 449 and H. M. Finnerud's 43.


1898 South East Durham by-election
The 1898 South East Durham by-election was held on 3 February 1898 after the death of the incumbent Liberal Unionist MP, Sir Henry Marshman Havelock-Allan. The seat was gained by the Liberal candidate, Joseph Richardson, although the unsuccessful Liberal Unionist candidate Frederick William Lambton would regain the seat for the Liberal Unionists in the 1900 general election.


1898 South Norfolk by-election
The South Norfolk by-election, 1898 was a by-election held on 12 May 1898 for the British House of Commons constituency of South Norfolk.


1898 South Norfolk by-election
The election was triggered by the resignation on grounds of ill-health of the sitting Liberal Unionist Party former Liberal Member of Parliament (MP), Francis Taylor.


1898 South Norfolk by-election
The result of the election was a clear win for Arthur Wellesley Soames the Liberal candidate over his Unionist opponent. Soames was a Liberal in the Radical tradition and he was described as a Radical during the election.


1898 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season
The 1898 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season was the college football games played by the members schools of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association as part of the 1898 college football season


1898 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season
The season began on October 1. As both Virginia and Vanderbilt had claims to Southern titles the previous year, their game in Louisville was most anticipated.


1898 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season, Season overview, Results and team statistics
PPG = Average of points scored per gamePAG = Average of points allowed per game


1898 Spanish general election
The 1898 Spanish general election was held on Sunday, 27 March and on Sunday, 10 April 1898, to elect the 8th Restoration Cortes of the Kingdom of Spain. All 401 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 180 of 360 seats in the Senate.


1898 Spanish general election, Overview, Background
The Spanish Constitution of 1876 enshrined Spain as a constitutional monarchy, awarding the King power to name senators and to revoke laws, as well as the title of commander-in-chief of the army. The King would also play a key role in the system of El Turno Pacífico (the Peaceful Turn) by appointing and toppling governments and allowing the opposition to take power. Under this system, the Conservative and Liberal parties alternated in power by means of election rigging, which they achieved through the encasillado, using the links between the Ministry of Governance, the provincial civil governors, and the local bosses (caciques) to ensure victory and exclude minor parties from the power sharing.


1898 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
The Spanish Cortes were envisaged as "co-legislative bodies", based on a nearly perfect bicameralism. Both the Congress of Deputies and the Senate had legislative, control and budgetary functions, sharing equal powers except for laws on contributions or public credit, where the Congress had preeminence. Voting for the Cortes was on the basis of universal manhood suffrage, which comprised all national males over twenty-five, having at least a two-year residency in a municipality and in full enjoyment of their civil rights.


1898 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
For the Congress of Deputies, 88 seats were elected using a partial block voting in 26 multi-member constituencies, with the remaining 313 being elected under a one-round first-past-the-post system in single-member districts. Candidates winning a plurality in each constituency were elected.


1898 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
In constituencies electing eight seats or more, electors could vote for no more than three candidates less than the number of seats to be allocated; in those with more than four seats and up to eight, for no more than two less; in those with more than one seat and up to four, for no more than one less; and for one candidate in single-member districts.


1898 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
The Congress was entitled to one member per each 50,000 inhabitants, with each multi-member constituency being allocated a fixed number of seats: 8 for Madrid, 5 for Barcelona and Palma, 4 for Seville and 3 for Alicante, Almería, Badajoz, Burgos, Cádiz, Cartagena, Córdoba, Granada, Jaén, Jerez de la Frontera, La Coruña, Lugo, Málaga, Murcia, Oviedo, Pamplona, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Santander, Tarragona, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza. The law also provided for by-elections to fill seats vacated throughout the legislature.


1898 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
For the Senate, 180 seats were indirectly elected, with electors voting for delegates instead of senators. Elected delegates—equivalent in number to one-sixth of the councillors in each municipal corporation—would then vote for senators using a write-in, two-round majority voting system. The provinces of Álava, Albacete, Ávila, Biscay, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Guipúzcoa, Huelva, Logroño, Matanzas, Palencia, Pinar del Río, Puerto Príncipe, Santa Clara, Santander, Santiago de Cuba, Segovia, Soria, Teruel, Valladolid and Zamora were allocated two seats each, whereas each of the remaining provinces was allocated three seats, for a total of 147.


1898 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
The remaining 33 were allocated to a number of institutions, electing one seat each—the Archdioceses of Burgos, Granada, Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Cuba, Seville, Tarragona, Toledo, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; the Royal Spanish Academy; the Royal Academies of History, Fine Arts, Sciences, Moral and Political Sciences and Medicine; the Universities of Madrid, Barcelona, Granada, Havana, Oviedo, Salamanca, Santiago, Seville, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; and the Economic Societies of Friends of the Country from Madrid, Barcelona, Cuba–Puerto Rico, León, Seville and Valencia.


1898 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
An additional 180 seats comprised senators in their own right—the Monarch's offspring and the heir apparent once coming of age; Grandees of Spain of the first class; Captain Generals of the Army and the Navy Admiral; the Patriarch of the Indies and archbishops; as well as other high-ranking state figures—and senators for life (who were appointed by the Monarch).


1898 Spanish general election, Overview, Election date
The term of each House of the Cortes—the Congress and one-half of the elective part of the Senate—expired five years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The Monarch had the prerogative to dissolve both Houses at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election.


1898 St Johns rail accident
The St Johns train crash happened at 9 am on 21 March 1898 when, in thick fog, a passenger train waiting to enter St Johns Station on the South Eastern Railway, UK was run into by another passenger train. Three people were killed and about 20 injured in the accident, which was caused by a signalman's error.


1898 St Johns rail accident, Background to the accident
St Johns railway station is on the South Eastern Railway main line as it approaches London, with the tracks running roughly east–west (London). At St Johns the main line was four tracks and the station had three platforms with St Johns signal cabin at the west end of the station. The adjacent signal cabins were Parks Bridge Junction, 1,140 yards (1,040 metres) to the east, and New Cross No. 2, 930 yards (850 metres) to the west.


1898 St Johns rail accident, Background to the accident
The line was equipped with Sykes "lock and block" interlocking, which prevented signalmen allowing a second train onto a section before the previous train had left. The interlocking was normally released by trains passing over track treadles as they entered the next section. To allow for mechanical breakdowns, the signalman had a special key to override the interlocking and as some of the treadles in the St Johns area were not completely reliable it had become necessary to occasionally use this facility.


1898 St Johns rail accident, Background to the accident
At the time of the accident, the signalman at St Johns was William Honey. He was assisted by a signal lad, Stephen Clews, whose job it was to record both the actions of the signalman and the passing trains in the register book.


1898 St Johns rail accident, Description of the accident
The morning of Monday 21 March 1898 was very foggy. Parks Bridge had passed to St Johns the 07:45 train from Tonbridge to London and it was being held at the up home signal just outside St Johns. This train consisted of an engine and tender and ten vehicles.


1898 St Johns rail accident, Description of the accident
The signal cabin was generally very busy and especially so dealing with the morning trains and the fog. Honey lost track of passing trains and formed the belief that he had released the train from Tonbridge and it had passed the cabin and was therefore out of the section.


1898 St Johns rail accident, Description of the accident
When Parks Bridge offered him the next London-bound train, the 07:00 from Hastings, consisting of an engine and tender and six carriages, Honey went to accept it and, seeing the interlocking was still locked, assumed the treadles had malfunctioned and therefore used his special key to override the interlocking, allowing the Hastings train into the section.


1898 St Johns rail accident, Description of the accident
The Tonbridge train had not passed and was still at the up home signal. The Hastings train ran into the back of the Tonbridge train. The Hastings driver thought the impact speed was about 8 mph (13 km/h). The Tonbridge train was pushed forward approximately 30 yards (25 metres) and the rear two vehicles, a third-class carriage and a brake van, were telescoped. Three people were killed and about 20 injured, with a much larger number complaining of being shaken.


1898 St Johns rail accident, Board of Trade enquiry
A Board of Trade enquiry was convened to investigate the crash. The Enquiry heard detailed evidence from all of the railway staff involved, including the guard, Walter Stevens, who was traveling in the brake van at the rear of the Tonbridge train:


1898 St Johns rail accident, Board of Trade enquiry
"... I was looking out of my window … when I thought I heard a train approaching … when it was about a coach and a half from my van I saw the engine. I had my hand on the handle of the door and I sprang out at once, the collision happening as I did so.”


1898 St Johns rail accident, Board of Trade enquiry
It became clear at the enquiry that Honey was challenged twice about the locations of the trains. Clews saw Honey accepting the Hastings train and, as he had not seen the Tonbridge train pass, asked Honey if it had passed. Honey said it had. The Station Master at St Johns had been awaiting the arrival of the Tonbridge train and although he could not see because of the fog, he could hear the safety valves of a steam engine blowing off. He went to the signal cabin and asked Honey whether he knew there was a train waiting. It was clear from Honey's answer that Honey believed that waiting train was the Hastings train, not the Tonbridge train.


1898 St Johns rail accident, Board of Trade enquiry
The station master said that he had then walked down the platform to the stopped train to get it to pull into the platform, but as he reached the engine, he met Stevens, who told him that there had been a serious accident.


1898 St Johns rail accident, Board of Trade enquiry
"There is no dispute whatsoever as to the circumstances under which this sad accident occurred, signalman Honey candidly admitting his grave blunder in accepting the Hastings train in the belief that the proceeding train (from Tonbridge) had passed St John's, while, as a matter of fact, it was standing outside the station ... In conclusion I am obliged to say there is but little, if any, excuse for signalman Honey’s most serious blunder … and I can further testify to Honey’s readiness to give the fullest explanation in his power of all the facts of the case …"


1898 St Johns rail accident, Similar accidents
Similar accidents occurred at Battersea Park in 1937, South Croydon in 1947, Barnes in 1955 and Crayford in 1959.


1898 St. Louis Browns season
The 1898 St. Louis Browns season was the team's 17th season in St. Louis, Missouri and the 7th season in the National League. The Browns went 39–111 during the season and finished 12th in the National League.


1898 St. Louis Browns season
Chris von der Ahe, who had owned the team since its inception in 1882, was forced into court due to his mounting debts related to owning the Browns. Von der Ahe lost the team in the trial and it was bought by brothers Stanley and Frank Robison after the 1898 season. The Robisons, who were also owners of the Cleveland Spiders, first renamed the team the "Perfectos" in 1899, and transferred all of the Spiders' best players to the team. Eventually, the team's colors were changed to red, and nickname to the Cardinals.


1898 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1898 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1898 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1898 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1898 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1898 Stanford football team
The 1898 Stanford football team represented Stanford University in the 1898 college football season and was coached by Harry P. Cross in the second of his two nonconsecutive seasons with the team. He also coached the 1896 team. Stanford suffered its first Big Game loss to California, a 22–0 shutout.


1898 Storrs Aggies football team
The 1898 Storrs Aggies football team represented Storrs Agricultural College, now the University of Connecticut, in the 1898 college football season. This was the third year that the school fielded a football team. The Aggies played their first season with a head coach, E. S. Mansfield, and completed the season with a record of 0–3.


1898 Svenska Mästerskapet
The 1898 Svenska Mästerskapet was the third season of Svenska Mästerskapet, the football Cup to determine the Swedish champions. Örgryte won the tournament by defeating AIK in the final with a 3–0 score.


1898 Swarthmore Quakers football team
The 1898 Swarthmore Quakers football team was an American football team that represented Swarthmore College as an independent during the 1898 college football season. The team compiled a 9–2 record and outscored opponents by a total of 152 to 64. Jacob K. Shell was the head coach.


1898 Swiss referendums
Three referendums were held in Switzerland during 1898. The first was held on 20 February on a federal law that would nationalise the railways, and was approved by a majority of voters, leading to the establishment of Swiss Federal Railways in 1902. The second and third referendums were held on 13 November on revising article 64 and adding article 64bis to the constitution, both of which were approved by a majority of voters and cantons.


1898 Swiss referendums, Background
The referendums on the constitutional amendments were mandatory referendums, which required a double majority; a majority of the popular vote and majority of the cantons. The decision of each canton was based on the vote in that canton. Full cantons counted as one vote, whilst half cantons counted as half. The railways referendum was an optional referendum, which required only a majority of the public vote.


1898 Sydney-Fitzroy colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Sydney-Fitzroy on 3 June 1898 because of the death of John McElhone (Ind. Free Trade).


1898 Syracuse Orangemen football team
The 1898 Syracuse Orangemen football team represented Syracuse University during the 1898 college football season. The head coach was Frank E. Wade, coaching his second season with the Orangemen.


1898 Tennessee gubernatorial election
The 1898 Tennessee gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1898. Democratic nominee Benton McMillin defeated Republican nominee James Alexander Fowler with 57.92% of the vote.


1898 Texas A&M Aggies football team
The 1898 Texas A&M Aggies football team represented Texas A&M during the 1898 college football season.


1898 Texas Longhorns baseball team
The 1898 Texas Longhorns baseball team represented the Texas Longhorns baseball program for the University of Texas in the 1898 college baseball season. A. C. Ellis coached the team in his 1st season at Texas.


1898 Texas Longhorns football team
The 1898 Texas Longhorns football team represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 1898 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season.


1898 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
The 1898 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship was the ninth staging of the Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Tipperary County Board in 1887.


1898 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
Tubberadora won the championship after a 3–07 to 1–04 defeat of Horse & Jockey in the final. It was their third championship title overall and their first title since 1896.


1898 Toronto Argonauts season
The 1898 Toronto Argonauts season was the club's first season as a member club of the Ontario Rugby Football Union. The team finished in fourth place in the Senior Championship of the ORFU with six losses, and failed to qualify for the Dominion playoffs.


1898 Transvaal presidential election
Presidential elections were held in the South African Republic (ZAR) between 3 January and 4 February 1898. The result was a victory for incumbent Paul Kruger.


1898 Transvaal presidential election, Background
The incumbent president Paul Kruger was involved in a constitutional battle with Chief Justice John Gilbert Kotzé. After trying to unsuccessfully remove Kotzé though legislation, he waited until after the election to dismiss him.


1898 Transvaal presidential election, Candidates
A distinguished member of the Volksraad and commandant of the Lydenburg Commando, Schalk Willem Burger was popular with the British and the capitalists of Johannesburg. This was due to the South African Industrial Report of 1897, produced by a committee under his leadership, which called for the lowering of tariffs, among other suggestions. Despite the conclusions of the report, Burger was an ardent patriot; however, the conclusions of the report and support from anti-ZAR newspapers led some voters to distrust him.


1898 Transvaal presidential election, Candidates
Vice-President and Commandant-General Piet Joubert had previously run against Kruger three times without success. He had narrowly lost against him in 1893, losing by around 900 votes, with allegations of electoral manipulation in favour of Kruger and reports of voter turnout being greater than 100%.


1898 Transvaal presidential election, Candidates
Claims were made that former Cape Colony Prime Minister Cecil Rhodes colluded against Kruger during the election campaign.


1898 Tuapeka by-election
The 1898 Tuapeka by-election was a by-election held on 2 November 1898 during the 13th New Zealand Parliament in the rural lower South Island electorate of Tuapeka.


1898 Tuapeka by-election
The by-election was held to replace William Larnach after his death by suicide in Parliament during the 13th Parliament.


1898 Tuapeka by-election
The winner was Charles Rawlins, described as opposed to the Liberal Government and with only Henry Symes as a government candidate or supporter with "ministerial inclinations" and Charles Rawlings as "opposition".


1898 Tuapeka by-election
James Sim a farmer of Tapanui had been prepared to stand in the Liberal interest until his health broke down (or from lack of impression that he made and support? ).


1898 Tulane Olive and Blue football team
The 1898 Tulane Olive and Blue football team represented Tulane University during the 1898 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season.


1898 U.S. National Championships (tennis)
List of champions of the 1898 U.S. National Championships tennis tournament (now known as the US Open). The men's tournament was held from 15 August to 22 August on the outdoor grass courts at the Newport Casino in Newport, Rhode Island. The women's tournament was held from 14 June to 18 June on the outdoor grass courts at the Philadelphia Cricket Club in Philadelphia, PA. It was the 18th U.S. National Championships and the second Grand Slam tournament of the year.


1898 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Men's Singles
Malcolm Whitman defeated  Dwight F. Davis  3–6, 6–2, 6–2, 6–1


1898 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Women's Singles
Juliette Atkinson defeated  Marion Jones  6–3, 5–7, 6–4, 2–6, 7–5


1898 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Men's Doubles
Leo Ware /  George Sheldon defeated  Holcombe Ward /  Dwight Davis 1–6, 7–5, 6–4, 4–6, 7–5


1898 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Women's Doubles
Juliette Atkinson /  Kathleen Atkinson defeated  Marie Wimer /  Carrie Neely 6–1, 2–6, 4–6, 6–1, 6–2


1898 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Mixed Doubles
Carrie Neely /  Edwin P. Fischer defeated  Helen Chapman /  J.A. Hill 6–2, 6–4, 8–6


1898 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles
Malcolm Whitman defeated Dwight F. Davis in the All Comers final 3–6, 6–2, 6–2, 6–1, to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1898 U.S. National Championships. Last year's champion Robert Wrenn did not defend his title.


1898 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles
Juliette Atkinson won the singles tennis title of the 1898 U.S. Women's National Singles Championship by defeating challenger Marion Jones 6–3, 5–7, 6–4, 2–6, 7–5 in the Challenge Round, surviving five matchpoints in the final set. It was Atkinon's third singles title, after 1895 and 1897,  which gave her permanent ownership of the Wissahickon Inn Challenge Cup. Jones had won the right to challenge Atkinson by defeating Helen Crump 6–4, 7–5, 6–4 in the final of the All Comers' competition. The event was played on outdoor grass courts and held at the Philadelphia Cricket Club in Wissahickon Heights, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia from June 14 through June 18, 1898.


1898 U.S. Open (golf)
The 1898 U.S. Open was the fourth U.S. Open, held June 17–18 at Myopia Hunt Club in South Hamilton, Massachusetts, northeast of Boston. Fred Herd captured his only major title, seven strokes ahead of runner-up Alex Smith.


1898 U.S. Open (golf)
For the first time, the U.S. Open was expanded to 72 holes, meaning the players had to complete eight loops around Myopia's 9-hole course. Herd trailed leader Willie Anderson by six shots after 36 holes on Friday, but his 75 in the third round on Saturday morning was the low round of the championship and gave him a six-shot advantage after 54 holes. Despite an 84 in the afternoon for 328, Herd prevailed over Alex Smith by seven, with Anderson finishing in third. Only Herd and Smith managed to break 80 in any round of the championship.


1898 U.S. Open (golf)
Herd's fondness for liquor was well-known; after his win, tournament officials required him to leave a deposit to prevent him from selling the trophy for drinking money. His brother Sandy won The Open Championship in 1902.


1898 U.S. Open (golf), Round summaries, Final round
Amateurs: Leeds (347), Curtis (356), Tyng (361), Shaw (364), Sweny (384), Rutherford (388).


1898 USC Methodists football team
The 1898 USC Methodists football team was an American football team that represented the University of Southern California during the 1898 college football season. The team competed as an independent without a head coach, compiling a 5–1–1 record.


1898 USFSA Football Championship
Statistics of the USFSA Football Championship in the 1898 season.


1898 United States House of Representatives election in Wyoming
The Wyoming United States House election for 1898 was held on November 8, 1898. Former Republican representative Frank Wheeler Mondell defeated Democratic Constantine P. Arnold with 54.71% of the vote, making Mondell the first former representative to regain his seat in Wyoming and the first to hold the office for two terms.


1898 United States House of Representatives elections
Elections to the United States House of Representatives were held in 1898 for members of the 56th Congress, and took place in the middle of President William McKinley's first term.


1898 United States House of Representatives elections
As in many midterm elections, the President's Republican Party lost seats, but was able to hold a majority over the Democratic Party. The Populist Party also lost many seats, as their movement began to decline. This was likely because many Populists rallied behind William Jennings Bryan's increasingly powerful branch of the Democratic Party, which built the rural economic issues advocated by Populists into their platform. As a result, the Democrats won a number of Western seats as well many in the Mid-Atlantic.


1898 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries
The previous elections of 1896 saw the election of 24 Populists, 2 Silver Republicans, and a Silver Party member.


1898 United States House of Representatives elections, Election dates
All the states held their elections November 8, 1898, except for 3 states, with 8 seats among them:


1898 United States House of Representatives elections in California
The United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1898 was an election for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 8, 1898. Republicans took an open Democratic seat and defeated the two Populist incumbents.


1898 United States House of Representatives elections in Florida
Elections to the United States House of Representatives in Florida for two seats in the 56th Congress were held November 8, 1898


1898 United States House of Representatives elections in Florida, Background
The previous election year had seen a total of five parties contesting Florida's two seats, including the Republican Party, which had been absent in 1892 and 1894. Both seats were won by the Democratic incumbents by a large majority. The previous three elections had seen Populist candidates as well, but, mirroring the national decline of that party, there were no Populist candidates in 1896.


1898 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina
The 1898 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina were held on November 8, 1898 to select seven Representatives for two-year terms from the state of South Carolina. Six Democratic incumbents were re-elected and the open seat was retained by the Democrats. The composition of the state delegation after the election was solely Democratic.


1898 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 1st congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman William Elliott of the 1st congressional district, in office since 1897, defeated Republican challenger George W. Murray.


1898 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 2nd congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman W. Jasper Talbert of the 2nd congressional district, in office since 1893, defeated Republican challenger B.P. Chatfield.


1898 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 3rd congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Asbury Latimer of the 3rd congressional district, in office since 1893, won the Democratic primary and defeated Republican challenger John R. Tolbert in the general election.


1898 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 4th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Stanyarne Wilson of the 4th congressional district, in office since 1895, won the Democratic primary and defeated Republican challenger P.S. Suber in the general election.


1898 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 5th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Thomas J. Strait of the 5th congressional district, in office since 1893, lost the Democratic primary. David E. Finley defeated William A. Barber in the runoff and then Finley defeated Republican John F. Jones in the general election.


1898 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 6th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman James Norton of the 6th congressional district, in office since 1897, defeated J. Edwin Ellerbe in the Democratic primary and Republican J.H. Evans in the general election.


1898 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 7th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman J. William Stokes of the 7th congressional district, in office since 1896, defeated Thomas F. Brantley in the Democratic primary and Republican James Weston in the general election.


1898 United States Senate elections in Ohio
On January 12, 1898, the Ohio General Assembly met in joint convention to elect a United States Senator. The incumbent, Mark Hanna, had been appointed by Governor Asa Bushnell on March 5, 1897, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of John Sherman to become Secretary of State to President  (and former Ohio governor) William McKinley. Hanna's appointment was only good until the legislature met and made its own choice. The legislature elected Hanna over his fellow Republican, Cleveland Mayor Robert McKisson, both for the remainder of Sherman's original term (expiring in 1899) and for a full six-year term to conclude in 1905.


1898 United States Senate elections in Ohio
Hanna, a wealthy industrialist, had successfully managed McKinley's 1896 presidential campaign. The Ohio Republican Party was bitterly divided between the faction led by McKinley, Hanna and Sherman, and one led by Ohio's other senator, Joseph B. Foraker. Bushnell was a Foraker ally, and it was only under pressure from McKinley and others that he agreed to appoint Hanna to fill Sherman's Senate seat. After Hanna gained the appointment, Republican legislators kept their majority in the November 1897 election, apparently ensuring Hanna's election once the new body met in January 1898. However, before the legislative session, the Democrats allied with a number of Republicans, mostly from the Foraker faction, hoping to take control of the legislature and defeat Hanna.


1898 United States Senate elections in Ohio
The coalition was successful in taking control of both houses of the legislature; with the Senate election to be held just over a week later, intense politicking took place. Some lawmakers went into hiding for fear they would be pressured by the other side. The coalition decided on McKisson as their candidate the day before the balloting began. Three Republican state representatives who had voted with the Democrats to organize the legislature switched sides and voted for Hanna, who triumphed with a bare majority in both the short and long term elections. Bribery was alleged; legislative leaders complained to the United States Senate, which took no action against Hanna. McKisson lost a re-election bid as mayor in 1899; Hanna remained a powerful figure in the Senate until his death in 1904.


1898 United States Senate elections in Ohio, Background and appointment of Hanna
The members of the Constitutional Convention of 1787, in drafting the Constitution, empowered state legislatures, not the people, to choose United States Senators. Federal law prescribed that the senatorial election was to take place beginning on the second Tuesday after the legislature which would be in place when the senatorial term expired first met and chose officers. On the designated day, balloting for senator would take place in each of the two chambers of the legislature.


1898 United States Senate elections in Ohio, Background and appointment of Hanna
If a majority of each house voted for the same candidate, then at the joint convention held the following day at noon, the candidate would be declared elected. Otherwise, there would be a roll-call vote of all legislators, with a majority of those present needed to elect. If a vacancy occurred when the legislature was not in session, the governor could make a temporary appointment to serve until lawmakers convened.


1898 United States Senate elections in Ohio, Background and appointment of Hanna
Beginning in about 1888, there were rival factions seeking control of the Republican Party of Ohio. In 1896, one faction was led by Senator John Sherman, former governor William McKinley, and McKinley's political manager, Cleveland industrialist Mark Hanna. The other grouping was led by former governor Joseph Foraker, who had the support of Ohio's current governor, Asa S. Bushnell. A truce was reached for the 1896 election campaign whereby McKinley's supporters would vote for Foraker in the Ohio Legislature's January 1896 senatorial election, while Foraker would support McKinley's presidential ambitions.


1898 United States Senate elections in Ohio, Background and appointment of Hanna
Foraker was elected and in June, the senator-elect placed McKinley's name in nomination at the 1896 Republican National Convention. In the November election, McKinley defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan to win the presidency; Hanna served as his campaign manager and chief fundraiser. The industrialist raised millions for McKinley's campaign but was bitterly attacked by Democratic newspapers for allegedly trying to buy the presidency, with McKinley as his easily dominated agent.


1898 United States Senate elections in Ohio, Background and appointment of Hanna
In the 1896 election, the issue of the nation's monetary standard was a major issue, with McKinley advocating the gold standard, while Bryan favored "free silver", that is, to inflate the money supply by accepting all silver presented to the government and returning the bullion to the depositor in the form of coin, even though the silver in a dollar coin was worth only about half that.


1898 United States Senate elections in Ohio, Background and appointment of Hanna
After the election, McKinley offered Hanna the post of Postmaster General, which he turned down, hoping to become a senator if Sherman (whose term was to expire in 1899) was appointed to the Cabinet. McKinley did not believe the rumors, which proved accurate, that the 73-year-old Sherman's mental faculties were failing, and offered him the position of Secretary of State on January 4, 1897. Sherman's acceptance meant that, once he resigned, one of Ohio's Senate seats would be in the gift of Bushnell, with the appointee to serve until the legislature reconvened in January 1898.


1898 United States Senate elections in Ohio, Background and appointment of Hanna
Foraker was astonished when he learned that Hanna was seeking the Senate seat, not knowing that the industrialist had political ambitions. He felt that Hanna's campaign activities did not qualify him for legislative service. Hanna and his allies applied considerable pressure on the governor, though initially McKinley did not participate.


1898 United States Senate elections in Ohio, Background and appointment of Hanna
Bushnell did not want to appoint Hanna, and offered the seat to Congressman Theodore Burton, a member of neither faction, who turned it down. Historian Wilbur Jones speculates that the seat was refused because of Burton's unwillingness to alienate Hanna's supporters, an action which might sacrifice a career in the House of Representatives for the sake of a few months in the Senate. The governor considered other options, such as arranging to get the position himself or calling a special session of the legislature and have them elect a new senator.


1898 United States Senate elections in Ohio, Background and appointment of Hanna
However, Bushnell eventually decided that appointing someone else was not worth risking the wrath of the new presidential administration, and of Hanna (who was chairman of the Republican National Committee). In late February 1897, McKinley sent a personal emissary, his old friend Judge William R. Day, to Bushnell, and the governor yielded. Hanna was given his commission by Governor Bushnell in the lobby of Washington's Arlington Hotel on the morning of March 5, 1897.


1898 United States Senate elections in Ohio, Background and appointment of Hanna
Hanna's associates alleged that Bushnell had delayed the appointment of Hanna so that Foraker could be Ohio's senior senator. Herbert Croly, in his biography of Hanna, agreed, and McKinley biographer H. Wayne Morgan also states that Bushnell delayed Hanna's commission for this reason. Hanna biographer William Horner considers this motive possible. In his memoirs, Foraker denied this, stating that Sherman had not resigned from the Senate until the afternoon of March 4, 1897 (the date on which the president and Congress were sworn in) so that Sherman could formally introduce Foraker to the Senate.


1898 United States Senate elections in Ohio, Background and appointment of Hanna
Sherman, according to Foraker, was also unwilling to resign until he had been confirmed as Secretary of State, which took place on the afternoon of March 4. Foraker noted that he had been senator-elect since his selection by the legislature in January 1896 "and there was no vacancy for which Mr. Hanna could be qualified, except only that to be created by the retirement of Mr. Sherman, and Mr. Sherman refused to retire until I was sworn and in my seat".


1898 United States Senate elections in Ohio, 1897 state legislative campaign
Hanna obtained endorsement for election as senator by the 1897 Republican state convention during June in Toledo, and by local conventions in 84 of Ohio's 88 counties. Republicans expressed little opposition to Hanna's candidacy for senator prior to the November state elections, at which Ohioans elected a governor, other statewide officials, and a legislature. There was much national interest in the legislative campaign, which was seen as a rematch of 1896 and a forerunner of the 1900 presidential campaign, and as a referendum on Mark Hanna.


1898 United States Senate elections in Ohio, 1897 state legislative campaign
President McKinley both campaigned on Hanna's behalf in Ohio and recruited speakers for him; for the Democrats, Bryan was the leading orator. Democrats hoped that by gaining a majority in the legislature and frustrating Hanna's election bid, they could claim a reversal of the voters' verdict in the 1896 presidential race, and exact revenge on the man who had helped orchestrate their defeat.


1898 United States Senate elections in Ohio, 1897 state legislative campaign
While the question of whether Hanna should continue in the Senate was central to the campaign, also discussed was whether McKinley's policies, including the Dingley Tariff, had brought prosperity, as well as the issue of free silver versus the gold standard. The Democrats, as was their custom, did not endorse a specific candidate for Senate, but Cincinnati publisher John R. McLean was widely spoken of as the party's rival for Hanna's seat until strategists decided that his wealth and business background did not provide adequate contrast to Hanna, and McLean was forced into the background.


1898 United States Senate elections in Ohio, 1897 state legislative campaign
During the campaign, William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal renewed the savage attacks on Hanna which had marked the 1896 presidential campaign; Hanna was depicted as a bloated plutocrat, frequently trampling a skull marked "Labor" and dominating a shrunken, childlike McKinley. Foraker was not prominent in support of Hanna; he did endorse his junior colleague in mid-September, and made several speeches soon after the announcement, but thereafter maintained a public silence which would continue until after the vote for senator by the newly elected legislature in January 1898.


1898 United States Senate elections in Ohio, 1897 state legislative campaign
Hanna made speeches across the state, much to the curiosity of Ohioans, who had heard a great deal about him for his activities on behalf of McKinley, but who did not know him well. He had rarely been called upon to make public addresses. McKinley recommended his personal technique of thoroughly laying out a speech in advance, but Hanna found it did not work well for him. Instead, he preferred to compose a brief introduction and then speak extemporaneously, not always even being certain of what topics he would address.


1898 United States Senate elections in Ohio, 1897 state legislative campaign
According to his biographer, Herbert Croly, the informality of Hanna's speeches won over many in his audience, and he became known as a very effective public speaker. According to Philip Warken in his thesis on the 1898 Senate election, "The campaign probably worked to Hanna's advantage. The shadowy figure in the background took on shape and form, the candidate's public appearances tending to break down [Davenport's] popular but distorted image of him." When Democrats attacked Hanna, who had considerable financial interests in industry, as a "labor crusher", he gave speeches inviting listeners to ask his workers whether they were well treated. Subsequently, several union leaders and workmen's committees confirmed that they had no complaint against Hanna.


1898 United States Senate elections in Ohio, 1897 state legislative campaign
In the November election, 62 Republicans and 47 Democrats were elected to the Ohio House of Representatives, while in the Ohio Senate there were 18 Democrats, 17 Republicans, and 1 Independent Republican elected. This meant a majority of 15 for the Republicans on joint ballot, ample, it was thought, to secure Hanna's election.


1898 United States Senate elections in Ohio, Senate election, Political turmoil
The first public inkling that there might still be a serious contest for Hanna's Senate seat came the day after the November vote, when Governor Bushnell declared that the party's majority in the legislature was sufficient to elect a Republican as senator, but refrained from mentioning Hanna by name. Newspapers took note of the fact that while Bushnell had won a second term by 28,000 votes in the election, the balloting for the legislature had gone Republican by only 9,000. Soon after the election, a number of Republicans announced that they intended to ally with the Democrats and defeat Hanna.


1898 United States Senate elections in Ohio, Senate election, Political turmoil
Croly lists Bushnell, Cleveland Mayor Robert McKisson, and former Republican state chairman Charles L. Kurtz as among those involved in what he called a conspiracy against Hanna. Kurtz had been defeated in his re-election bid to the chairmanship by Hanna forces at the 1897 Republican state convention, while McKisson had unsuccessfully sought Hanna's support in his first election run in 1895, and according to Hanna biographer William T. Horner, held a grudge as a result.


1898 United States Senate elections in Ohio, Senate election, Political turmoil
Hanna had also opposed his re-election in the municipal elections held in early 1897, speaking highly of McKisson's opponent to a reporter, and asking the reporter whether it was true that McKisson had secured renomination as mayor through fraud.


1898 United States Senate elections in Ohio, Senate election, Political turmoil
Despite poor treatment by the Hanna campaign—McKisson had been relegated to obscure rallies, except when called upon to introduce the candidate at a huge Cleveland event, and the Hanna supporters had sought to remove McKisson men from election positions—McKisson had publicly supported Hanna for senator, making several speeches on the night before election day urging Republicans to vote the straight party ticket. Nevertheless, sample ballots were sent to Cleveland voters, telling them how best to cast their ballots so as to minimize Hanna's chances, and Warken speculated that these had to come from McKisson, as the only person with motive and opportunity.


1898 United States Senate elections in Ohio, Senate election, Political turmoil
Charles Dick, then Hanna's aide and later his successor as senator, recounted, "The opposition developed immediately after the election. I might say the plotting, so far as the bolters were concerned, began before the election ... The fifteen majority melted away." According to Horner, "as men elected to the Ohio legislature who were pledged to support Hanna continued to turn up opposing him ... the chances of Hanna retaining his seat began to look rather grim". Kurtz disavowed the Toledo convention's endorsement of Hanna, describing the gathering as controlled by the senator's paid agents. He stated his case against Hanna: "The returns of the recent election show that he is not wanted by the party. The days of Mr. Hanna's bossism are over. The people here are against him, and that settles it."