18th-century prints of Bach's four-part chorales, History
After 1750, Marpurg was the first to embark on preparing a published edition of Bach's four-part chorales during the Seven Years' War. Marpurg employed the Berlin publisher Friedrich Wilhelm Birnstiel, using manuscript copies dating from 1758. The project was aborted in 1763, because Marpurg was no longer available, having assumed responsibility for the Royal Prussian Lottery. The first part of the Birnstiel edition was later published in 1765, with C. P. E. Bach in the title page and preface. C. P. E. Bach was, however, dissatisfied with the second part of Birnstiel's 1769 edition.


18th-century prints of Bach's four-part chorales, History
He broke off negotiations and surrendered the manuscript rights to Kirnberger in 1771. Despite Kirnberger's promises to publish Breitkopf's edition during the intervening period (1771–1777), no manuscripts materialised. Following a respectful pause to mark Kirnberger's death in 1783, C.P.E. Bach resumed discussion on the chorales with Breitkopf, with a positive outcome for the first instalment in July 1784. With no further reasons to delay printing, the first instalment began at the end of the year, followed by further annual instalments until the whole collection was completed in 1787. After two false starts in 1765 and 1769, a new chapter thus commenced in the history of Bach's impact, as his choral repertory became more extensively available.


18th-century prints of Bach's four-part chorales, History
Engraving of F.W. Marpurg by Berol after a drawing by Kauke, 1758


18th-century prints of Bach's four-part chorales, Chorales published by Birnstiel
In 1765 F. W. Birnstiel published 100 chorales in Berlin. The edition had been initiated by F. W. Marpurg and completed, edited and supplemented with a preface and a list of errata by C. P. E. Bach. A second volume of 100 was issued by the same publisher in 1769, edited by J. F. Agricola.


18th-century prints of Bach's four-part chorales, Chorales published by Birnstiel
Birnstiel's first volume (1765): first half of C. P. E. Bach's Preface.


18th-century prints of Bach's four-part chorales, Chorales published by Birnstiel
Birnstiel's first volume (1765): second half of C. P. E. Bach's Preface.


18th-century prints of Bach's four-part chorales, Chorales published by Birnstiel, First volume (1765)
Daniel Vetter had published the second volume of his Musicalische Kirch- und Hauß-Ergötzlichkeit in 1713. A handful of its four-part chorale settings ended up in the first volume of Birnstiel's first volume of chorale settings by Bach. The sixth and last movement of Bach's chorale cantata Liebster Gott, wenn werd ich sterben? BWV 8 is a slightly reworked version of Vetter's four-part setting of the hymn with the same name, close enough to Vetter's original to be marked as spurious in the 1998 edition of the Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis.


18th-century prints of Bach's four-part chorales, Chorales published by Birnstiel, Second volume (1769)
C. P. E. Bach criticised Birnstiel's second volume as being full of mistakes in an article which was published in Hamburg in the Staats- und Gelehrte Zeitung des Hamburgischen unpartheyeschen Correspondenten on 30 May 1769, in which he also claimed that some of the chorale harmonisations included in the volume had not been composed by his father.


18th-century prints of Bach's four-part chorales, Chorales published by Breitkopf
After Kirnberger died in 1783, C. P. E. Bach became Breitkopf's editor for the chorales, which he then published in four parts:


18th-century prints of Bach's four-part chorales, Chorales published by Breitkopf
Since the number 283 was used twice (last number of Vol. III and first number of Vol. IV), the collection actually contained 371 items. The collection also contained several doubles (e.g. No. 156 is identical to No. 307): it totalled 348 independent harmonisations.


18th-century prints of Bach's four-part chorales, Reception: the Dietel manuscript
The Breitkopf collection went through four more editions and countless reprintings until 1897:


18th-century prints of Bach's four-part chorales, Reception: the Dietel manuscript
The new 1831 score was revised directly by Breitkopf, only afterwards approaching an expert to supply the preface and title. The choice of the Leipzig music collector Carl Ferdinand Becker followed a traditional route: a former chorister from the Thomanerschule, who was later appointed organist at the Alte Peterskirche in Leipzig. Becker subsequently seems to have regretted his decision. At that stage organist at the Leipzig Nikolaikirche, Becker's critical commentary was the first to discuss the manuscript sources prepared by Kirnberger and C. P. E. Bach, even if only in a general way.


18th-century prints of Bach's four-part chorales, Reception: the Dietel manuscript
Becker subsequently seems to have regretted his decision. A new edition for the four-part choral harmonisations was published in Leipzig by Robert Freise in three instalments, 1841–1843, without omitting Becker's own participation in the 1831 edition. At that stage organist at the Leipzig Nikolaikirche, Becker's critical commentary was the first to discuss the manuscript sources prepared by Kirnberger and C. P. E. Bach, even if only in a general way.


18th-century prints of Bach's four-part chorales, Reception: the Dietel manuscript
The task of preparing a detailed critical edition was first undertaken by Ludwig Erk, in his painstaking two-volume Peters edition of 1850 and 1865. His comparison of the original manuscripts and reliable copies with the 1831 Breitkopf edition was devastating, with many examples of errors. Franz Wüllner, however, the editor of the Bach-Gesellschaft responsible for the chorales, judged that Erk had gone too far in his criticism and had himself made mistakes. No serious faults were found in the 1784–1787 edition.


18th-century prints of Bach's four-part chorales, Reception: the Dietel manuscript
Erk's Peters edition was still available with a revised version in 1932 by Friedrich Smend, with which he was not entirely happy. It still competed for quality with the complete and practical Breitkopf edition with 389 pieces (Bernhard Friedrich Richter). Nevertheless, at that stage the most exact and scientifically useful edition was that of Charles Sanford Terry, Clarendon Press, in 1929.


18th-century prints of Bach's four-part chorales, Reception: the Dietel manuscript
Based on decades of familiarity with the sources of the four-part chorales, Friedrich Smend, in his 1966 Bach-Jahrbuch, significantly advanced the scientific investigation of sources, which previously had been left in a precarious state following Philip Spitta's reported loss of manuscripts. Above all, in 1964 Peter Krause unearthed manuscript R 18 in the Musikbibliothek des Stadt Leipzig, the missing source for volumes III–IV of the 1784–1787 edition.


18th-century prints of Bach's four-part chorales, Reception: the Dietel manuscript
Despite the merits of Smend's commentary, however, it has been criticised because it does not quite tally with known evidence. The assumptions of Smend are evaluated in the technical editorial report [not discussed here]. Staying within the limited scope of this account, the complicated picture underlying Bach's Chorales can be outlined in a few strokes.


18th-century prints of Bach's four-part chorales, Reception: the Dietel manuscript
According to recent findings, neither Marpurg, C. P. E. Bach Emanuel or Kirnberger had priority to the principal collector of Bach's four-part chorales. Instead the honour fell to an alumnus of the Thomasschule zu Leipzig, unknown until the early 1960s, one of the choristers aimed at Bach's famous 1730 "Draft for a Well-Appointed Church Music" ("Entwurf einer wohlbestallten Kirchenmusik"). It was already known from Alfred Dürr to have been "Hauptkopist F", Bach's principal copyist in the first half of the 1730s, who for example performed in the Christmas Oratorio. In 1981 Andreas Glöckner identified the copyist as Johann Ludwig Dietel (1713-1777), who attended the Thomasschule from 1727–1735, matriculated at the University of Leipzig in 1736 and later became cantor in his home town of Falkenhain, north east of Leipzig.


18th-century prints of Bach's four-part chorales, Reception: the Dietel manuscript
The fact that manuscript "R 18" originated in this way is entirely conclusive: the special musical notation, the watermarks, the repertoire from the Christmas Oratorio and the exact dating of one of the last chorales to be copied—the final movement of cantata "Was Gott micht mit die Zeit" (BWV 14), composed for 30 January, 1735, that appeared as entry CXXIX in the manuscript.


19 & Dangerous
19 & Dangerous is the debut studio album by Nigerian singer-songwriter Ayra Starr. It was released on 6 August 2021, through Mavin Records and Platoon, less than seven months after the singer's self-titled debut EP. 19 & Dangerous was a concept album following a Gen Z girl transitioning from adolescence into early adulthood with growing confidence, artistic zeal, sentimentality and empathy. Ayra Starr worked with producers London, Andre Vibez, Louddaaa and Don Jazzy, the latter two of whom also contributed production to her previous record. In addition to reuniting with her preexisting musical partners, she also collaborated with several new writers and artists including Fousheé and CKay.


19 & Dangerous
19 & Dangerous is primarily an Afropop, R&B, trap and alté album that incorporates influences from genres like neo-soul, jazz, and EDM. Lyrically, it revolves around topics associated with love, such as unrequited love, romantic breakup distress, betrayal and heartbreak as well as more personal themes such as self-determination and self-esteem. The album received generally favorable response from both fans and music critics. Its lead single, "Bloody Samaritan", peaked atop Nigeria's TurnTable Top 50, making Ayra Starr the first female artist in the history of the chart to reach number-one with a solo song.


19 & Dangerous, Background
In 2020, Ayra Starr signed a record deal with Mavin Records, and began recording material for her debut project. The following year, she released her eponymous debut EP which became a commercial success and would pave the way for her next project. In an interview with Niji Magazine about what the future holds, Ayra Starr said, "Honestly, I just want my music to resonate with as many people as possible. I want people to feel heard through my music." She further revealed to 1883 Magazine that "[she] want[s] to make more music and see what happens by God’s grace."


19 & Dangerous, Background
During the week of 11 July 2021, she announced plans to release her debut studio album. On 19 July, she posted the teaser trailer for the new album on social media, revealing the title as 19 & Dangerous and its release date to be 6 August. Ayra Starr explained how the album got its title in an interview with NotJustOk, she said: "I didn't want it to be 20 & Dangerous, I wanted 19 & Dangerous and always knew for the past two years. I knew even before Mavin that for my first album, I wanted to release it at 19 and have it titled 19 & Dangerous." She also stated that she chose the word "Dangerous" to express how career-ready and goal-oriented she is.


19 & Dangerous, Background
The lead single from 19 & Dangerous, "Bloody Samaritan", was officially released on 30 July 2021, two days after its premiere on BBC Radio 1Xtra. On 4 August 2021, Ayra Starr unveiled the album's cover art and tracklist alongside its pre-order. On 6 August, shortly after the album's release, the title of the sixth track was changed from "Underwater" to "In Between" on physical and digital stores worldwide. Ayra Starr told Vincent Desmond of OkayAfrica that the album is a "message", adding "I want people to know that I am not scared, I'm prepared, I'm ready for this. I've been preparing for this my whole life. The Ayra Starr EP, my first project, was more like an introduction to Ayra, it was a prologue. This album is chapter one."


19 & Dangerous, Composition
In its introduction "Cast (Gen Z Anthem)", an anthem of defiance. ‘If I cast, make I cast’ she sings in Nigerian pidgin. Oris Aigbokhaevbolo of Music In Africa said the song could be read as a warning of an intro track: If the album cast, make e cast, I have done my bit. Luckily, the album no cast. In "Fashion killer", she flaunts feminine poise and black girl magic, says Israel Olorunnisola of Pulse Nigeria. In "Lonely", we see that Ayra Star is very human. After succumbing to the tricky nature of infatuations, the burning emotions young love comes with, the vulnerability and innocence that it explores along the slippery slope of heartbreak.


19 & Dangerous, Composition
In "Toxic", the experimentation with drugs to navigate depression, anxiety, peer pressure, heartbreak, and many emotions teenagers are dealing with is narrated in a thought-provoking tone. Quoting J. Cole from FRIENDS ‘Meditate don’t Medicate’. The Alté track "Beggie Beggie" features vocals from CKay, with his sonorous delivery on the 90s themed tune. As they both go on and off over the thrill of young love in today's modern world, In "Bridgertn", Ayra flaunts some class. and ends the 33 minutes LP record with best wishes upon herself and listeners in album outro "Amin".


19 & Dangerous, Singles and other releases
"Bloody Samaritan" was released as the album's lead single on July 30, 2021.


19 & Dangerous, Critical reception
19 & Dangerous received generally favorable reviews from music critics. In a review for New Musical Express, Sophie Williams characterized the album as "a collection of uber-confident, and sensational afropop gems". A writer for Pulse Nigeria, described the album "In a way, ‘19 and Dangerous’ is like the love-child of Adele’s ‘19’ and Rihanna’s Good Girl Gone Bad, underpinned by the fiery, alluringly vain, carefree, consequences-be-damned Gen Z tendencies of ‘Cast,’ the album opener - or manifesto. Interestingly, Rihanna was 19 when that album was released and Ayra Starr is a card-carrying member of Rihanna’s navy". Rating the album 7.9/10.


19 & Dangerous, Critical reception
Reviewing for Music in Africa, music journalist Oris Aigbokhaevbolo praised Ayra in her word "19 & Dangerous is an impressive collection of songs", and despite it comparison with her breakthrough single Away, Oris say's "At 33 minutes and 11 songs, 19 & Dangerous is a different beast from the 4-song EP. It is more expansive and provides Ayra Starr with an opportunity to do more". This Day's Iyke Bede commended the album's production, composition and subject matter, calling it an "impressive debut". He further described the album as a "well-told story" that "the average Gen Z (or anyone at that) would describe using the words, "issa bop for me".


19 (Adele album)
19 is the debut studio album by English singer-songwriter Adele released on 28 January 2008, by XL Recordings. Following Adele's graduation from the BRIT School in April 2006, she began publishing songs and recorded a three-song demo for a class project and gave it to a friend, who posted the demo on Myspace, where it became very successful and led to interest from the record label. This led to Adele signing a recording contract at age 17 with the label and providing vocals for Jack Peñate, during this session for Peñate's song she met producer Jim Abbiss, who would go on to produce the majority of her debut album.


19 (Adele album)
Named after the age of the singer during its release and production, Adele wrote most of the album's material solely, but did work with a select few writers and producers including Jim Abbiss, Eg White and Sacha Skarbek. Their collaborations created a blue-eyed soul album with lyrics describing heartbreak, nostalgia and relationships. Upon release, 19 received positive reviews from critics, who praised Adele's vocal prowess and songwriting talent at such a young age and noted her as having the "potential to become among the most respected and inspiring international artists of her generation." 19 also won numerous accolades including the Mercury Prize and the European Border Breakers Award. At the 51st Annual Grammy Awards, Adele won Best New Artist alongside Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for "Chasing Pavements".


19 (Adele album)
Four singles were released from the album, with "Chasing Pavements" and "Make You Feel My Love" reaching the top ten on the UK Singles Chart, while the former became Adele's first entry on the Billboard Hot 100. The album also contains her first song, "Hometown Glory", written when she was 16, which is based on her home suburb of West Norwood in London. 19 became a global success, reaching number one in Netherlands, Scotland and England, while top 10 in fifteen countries including Australia, Brazil and the United States. The album is certified 8x platinum by the BPI with sales of over 2.4 million, while 3x platinum in the US by RIAA, having sold over 3 million copies. The album has sold over 6.5 million copies worldwide.


19 (Adele album), Background and recording
Adele graduated from the BRIT School for Performing Arts & Technology in Croydon in May 2006, where she was a classmate of Leona Lewis and Jessie J. Adele credits the school with nurturing her talent even though, at the time, she was more interested in going into A&R and hoped to launch other people's careers. Four months after graduation, she published two songs on the fourth issue of the online arts publication PlatformsMagazine.com. She had recorded a three-song demo for a class project and given it to a friend.


19 (Adele album), Background and recording
The friend posted the demo on Myspace, where it became very successful and led to a phone call from Richard Russell, boss of the music label XL Recordings. She doubted if the offer was real because the only record company she knew was Virgin Records, and she took a friend with her to the meeting.


19 (Adele album), Background and recording
Nick Huggett, at XL, recommended Adele to manager Jonathan Dickins at September Management, and in June 2006, Dickins became her official representative. September was managing Jamie T at the time and this proved a major draw for Adele, a big fan of the British singer-songwriter. Huggett then signed Adele to XL in September 2006. Adele provided vocals for Jack Peñate's song, "My Yvonne", for his debut album, and it was during this session she first met producer Jim Abbiss, who would go on to produce both the majority of her debut album, 19, and tracks on 21. Adele recorded a cover of Bob Dylan's "Make You Feel My Love" on the recommendation of her manager Jonathan Dickins, who loved the song.


19 (Adele album), Background and recording
The first single released from 19 was "Chasing Pavements", which Adele wrote in collaboration with Eg White. "Chasing Pavements" was inspired by an incident Adele had with a former boyfriend of six months. After learning he had cheated on her, she went to the bar he was at and punched him in the face. After being thrown out, Adele walked down the street alone and thought to herself, "What is it you're chasing? You're chasing an empty pavement." She sang and recorded it on her mobile phone and arranged the chords when she got home.


19 (Adele album), Background and recording
Adele and White co-wrote two other songs for the album: "Melt My Heart to Stone" and "Tired". She also collaborated with Sacha Skarbek on the single "Cold Shoulder". However, most of the songs were written solely by Adele, including "Best for Last", "Crazy for You", "First Love", and "My Same", as well as her debut single, "Hometown Glory". "Hometown Glory", was written by Adele in 10 minutes after her mother tried to persuade her to leave her home town of West Norwood in London for university.


19 (Adele album), Release and promotion
In July 2008, Adele informed noted UK soul writer Pete Lewis of the award-winning Blues & Soul that the reason for naming her debut album '19' was to reflect her age while she was writing it: "I just kinda remember becoming a bit of a woman during that time. And I think that is definitely documented in the songs." The Taiwanese edition was released on 5 March.


19 (Adele album), Release and promotion
As well as the standard track list, the album features three bonus tracks: "That's It I Quit I'm Movin' On" ("Chasing Pavements" B-side), "Now and Then" ("Cold Shoulder" B-side) and "Painting Pictures" ("Make You Feel My Love" B-side). The Indonesian special edition was released on 3 March. As well as the standard track list, the album features a bonus video for "Chasing Pavements".


19 (Adele album), Release and promotion
By 2008, Adele had become the headliner and performed an acoustic set, in which she was supported by Damien Rice. She embarked on a short North American tour in the same month, and 19 was released in the US in June. Billboard magazine stated of it: "Adele truly has potential to become among the most respected and inspiring international artists of her generation." The An Evening with Adele world tour began in May 2008 and ended in June 2009.


19 (Adele album), Release and promotion
She later cancelled the 2008 US tour dates to be with a former boyfriend. She said in Nylon magazine in June 2009, "I'm like, 'I can't believe I did that.' It seems so ungrateful.... I was drinking far too much and that was kind of the basis of my relationship with this boy. I couldn't bear to be without him, so I was like, 'Well, OK, I'll just cancel my stuff then.'" By the middle of October 2008, Adele's attempt to break in America appeared to have failed.


19 (Adele album), Release and promotion
But then she was booked as the musical guest on the 18 October 2008 episode of NBC's Saturday Night Live. The episode, which included an expected appearance by then US vice-presidential candidate Sarah Palin, earned the program its best ratings in 14 years with 17 million viewers. Adele performed "Chasing Pavements" and "Cold Shoulder", and the following day, 19 topped the iTunes charts and ranked at number five at Amazon.com while "Chasing Pavements" rose into the top 25. The album reached number 11 on the Billboard 200 as a result, a jump of 35 places over the previous week.


19 (Adele album), Critical reception
19 received generally positive reviews from critics. The album holds a 68 out of 100 rating, based on 19 critical reviews, at Metacritic. The Observer's Caspar Llewellyn Smith wrote in his review, "The way [Adele] stretched the vowels, her wonderful soulful phrasing, the sheer unadulterated pleasure of her voice, stood out all the more; little doubt that she's a rare singer, which another track first available on her MySpace site, 'Daydreamer', confirmed" they gave the album a five-star response.


19 (Adele album), Critical reception
"Pitching up somewhere between blues, folk and jazz, she's included something for everyone without ever pandering to a particular trend", wrote Chris Long from BBC Music. "Her melodies exude warmth, her singing is occasionally stunning and, in the dramatic Hometown Glory, the spiky cool of Cold Shoulder (which is unexpectedly reminiscent of Shara Nelson-era Massive Attack) and the piano epic Make You Feel My Love, she has tracks that make Lily Allen and Kate Nash sound every bit as ordinary as they are."


19 (Adele album), Critical reception
Chuck Taylor said in Billboard that "Adele truly has potential to become among the most respected and inspiring international artists of her generation." Mikael Wood was less impressed in Entertainment Weekly, writing that "Adele's songs aren't as sharp as Duffy's...Still, her singing throughout is a thing to behold." Uncut was more critical, believing that "Adele can certainly sing, but '19' reeks of some A&R trendhound making it his/her biz to sign The New Amy and not resting till s/he's found the right chick from South London to fit the bill". According to NME, "as '19' reveals itself, it's clear that the Amy associations are little more than empty mediaspeak without any real weight. Despite the early indicators, there's precious little on the album that prevents it from collapsing under the weight of its own expectation".


19 (Adele album), Critical reception
Adele became the first recipient of the Brit Awards Critics' Choice and was named the number-one predicted breakthrough act of 2008 in an annual BBC poll of music critics, Sound of 2008. The Times Encyclopedia of Modern Music named 19 an "essential" blue-eyed soul recording. The album was nominated for the 2008 Mercury Prize in the category of Best Album. She also won an Urban Music Award for "Best Jazz Act". She also received a Q Awards nomination in the category of Breakthrough Act and a Music of Black Origin nomination in the category of Best UK Female.


19 (Adele album), Critical reception
On 3 December 2008, the album spawned four Grammy Award nominations: Best New Artist for Adele, and Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for "Chasing Pavements". The following year, she received a second consecutive nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, for "Hometown Glory", but lost to "Halo" by Beyoncé.


19 (Adele album), Critical reception
Her success occurred simultaneously with several other British female soul singers, with the British press dubbing her a new Amy Winehouse. This was described as a third British Musical Invasion of the US. However, Adele called the comparisons between her and other female soul singers lazy, noting "we're a gender, not a genre". AllMusic wrote that "Adele is simply too magical to compare her to anyone." Following the release of her debut album 19, Kanye West and Beyoncé were among the artists vocal in their praise of her music. Beyoncé cited Adele as one of the influences for her fourth album, 4.


19 (Adele album), Commercial performance
In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number one. In the same week as 21 was released, 19 re-entered the UK Albums Chart at number four, with sales of 25,419 copies. On 6 February 2011, the album remained on the chart at number four, with strengthening sales of 27,660 copies. It was the second best selling album of 2011 in the United Kingdom, behind 21, as it tripled its 2008 seven non-consecutive week-long top 10-visit with 21 straight weeks. As of March 2016, 19 has sold over 2,309,000 copies in the United Kingdom.


19 (Adele album), Commercial performance
In Ireland, due to the success of 21, the album returned to its peak position of number 3 on the week ending 18 March 2011, three years after it originally peaked, just to set a new high at number two on the following week and to stay there for six non-consecutive weeks, behind 21. The album debuted at number 16 on the New Zealand Albums Chart, due to the success of 21 and has peaked at number three. In March 2017, 19 returned to No. five in its 58th charting week with her other two albums in the top five as well.


19 (Adele album), Commercial performance
In the United States, 19 debuted at number 61 and remained in the lower ends of the Billboard 200 for many proceeding weeks. After a performance on the US show Saturday Night Live, it rose to number 46 and a week later to number 11 with 25,000+ copies sold. In 2009, after winning two Grammy Awards, the album rose to number 10 on the US Billboard 200 and total sales reached 843,880.


19 (Adele album), Commercial performance
In February 2012, 19 reached a new peak of number 4 on the Billboard 200, and the album is now a certified double platinum by the certified (RIAA) in the United States. As of the week ending 24 April 2011, 19 was a number one on the Top Pop Catalog Albums for nine weeks, making it only the third album by a female artist to top that chart at least that long in the past 20 years.


19 (Adele album), Commercial performance
On the following week, it stayed at number one on the chart, making it the first studio album doing so since Michael Jackson's Thriller 25 was at number one for 11 weeks in 2008. Months later, it had moved up from number 27 to number 16 on the Billboard 200, topping the Top Pop Catalog Albums for the sixteenth week.


19 (Adele album), Commercial performance
In Australia, the album returned to the top 10, at No. 9, in its 74th charting week in March 2017 with her other studio albums 25 and 21 placed at No. 2 and 4 respectively.


19 (Adele album), Certifications
* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.


19 (Alsou album)
19 is Alsou's fourth studio album, was released in Russia on 23 January 2003. This album includes songs in Russian and Tatar languages. Alsou wrote one of the songs. The album was very successful in Russia, with the sales of over 800,000 copies (by December 2003). To support this album, Alsou gave live performances during 2003 and 2004 in Russia, Tatarstan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Ukraine, Latvia, Estonia, Israel and in many other countries. The tour was very successful as well.


19 (Evan Yo album)
19 (Chinese: 首張創作專輯19) is Taiwanese Mandopop artist Evan Yo's (Chinese: 蔡旻佑) debut Mandarin solo studio album. It was released by Sony Music Taiwan on 6 October 2006.


19 (Evan Yo album)
The album is named 19 because Yo was nineteen when the album was released and all the tracks are composed by him. A second edition was released on 12 December 2006, 19+1 Celebration Edition (首張創作專輯19+1 限量紀念盤). It included a bonus DVD with three music videos and behind-the-scenes footage, as listed in the Music video section.


19 (Solo) Compositions, 1988
19 [Solo] Compositions, 1988 is a live album by composer and saxophonist Anthony Braxton featuring solo performances recorded in 1988 and released on the New Albion label.


19 (Solo) Compositions, 1988, Reception
These live concerts feature Anthony Braxton on 19 selections, each of which explore a different idea or mood. ... Although free in spots, Braxton's performances also have their own logic and are quite concise.


19 (band)
19 was a Japanese pop/folk duo. Its members wereKenji Okahira and Keigo Iwase. The group broke up in March 2002. Kenji is now a member of the band 3B LAB.☆.


19 (film)
19 is a 2001 Japanese drama film written and directed by Kazushi Watanabe. It was released on 14 July 2001.


19 (film), Reception
Tom Mes of Midnight Eye wrote that the film "has less to do with social comment than with delivering an exercise in consistency."


19 (number)
19 (nineteen) is the natural number following 18 and preceding 20. It is a prime number.


19 (number), Mathematics
19 is the 8th prime number, the seventh Mersenne prime exponent, and the second base-10 repunit prime exponent. 19 is the maximum number of fourth powers needed to sum up to any natural number, and in the context of Waring's problem, 19 is the fourth value of g(k). In addition, 19 is a Heegner number and a centered hexagonal number. 19 is also a centered triangular number, being the smallest such number that is also prime. 19 is also the second Keith number and also the first Keith prime. Moreover, there exists only one nontrivial normal magic hexagon: the one composed of 19 cells.


19 (number), Religion, Baháʼí faith
In the Bábí and Baháʼí Faiths, a group of 19 is called a Váhid, a Unity (Arabic: واحد wāhid, "one"). The numerical value of this word in the Abjad numeral system is 19.


19 (song)
"19" is a song by British musician Paul Hardcastle released as the first single from his self-titled fourth studio album Paul Hardcastle (1985).


19 (song)
The song has a strong anti-war message, focusing on the United States' involvement in the Vietnam War and the effect it had on the soldiers who served. The track was notable for early use of sampled and processed speech, in particular a synthesized stutter effect used on the words 'nineteen' and 'destruction'. It also includes various non-speech, re-dubbed sampling, such as crowd noise and a military bugle call.


19 (song)
"19" features sampled narration (voiced by Peter Thomas), out-of-context interview dialogue ("I wasn't really sure what was going on") and news reports from Vietnam Requiem the ABC television documentary about the post-traumatic stress disorder suffered by Vietnam veterans. In 2009, the song placed at 73 on VH1's 100 Greatest One-Hit Wonders of the 80s.


19 (song)
"19" had huge international success in the charts; it went to No. 1 in the UK for five weeks, as well as a number of other countries worldwide. "19" became the top-selling single in 13 countries for 1985. This was helped by international versions of the song spoken by well-known local news anchors in French, Spanish, German and Japanese. The song received the Ivor Novello award for Best-selling single of 1985. The song's English-language release came in three different 12" versions: "Extended Version", "Destruction Mix" and "The Final Story", all with an alternative cover design.


19 (song), Background and content
Hardcastle was inspired to create the song after watching Vietnam Requiem, and comparing his own life at 19 to those of the soldiers featured: "...what struck me was how young the soldiers were: the documentary said their average age was 19. I was out having fun in pubs and clubs when I was 19, not being shoved into jungles and shot at."


19 (song), Background and content
The title "19" comes from the documentary's narrative that the average age of an American combat soldier in the war was 19, as compared to World War II's 26. This claim has since been disputed. Undisputed statistics do not exist, although Southeast Asia Combat Area Casualties Current File (CACCF), the source for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, shows a large number of deaths (38%) were ages 19 or 20. According to the same source, 23 is the average age at time of death (or time of declaration of death). The song also comments that while the tour of duty was longer during World War II, soldiers in Vietnam were subjected to hostile fire more frequently: almost every day.


19 (song), Background and content
Musically, the song was inspired by electro, particularly Afrika Bambaataa, although Hardcastle also "added a bit of jazz and a nice melody", and beyond the sampling of the documentary narration, the song incorporated pieces of interviews with soldiers. The song's pivotal hook, the repetitive "N-n-n-n-nineteen", was chosen due to the limitations of the early sampling technology used. The E-mu Emulator could only sample for two seconds, so the hook was based around "the only bit of the narrative that made sense in two seconds". Hardcastle wasn't optimistic about the song's chances in the charts.


19 (song), Background and content
His previous two singles for independent labels had failed to make it into the UK's top 40 and the musical policy at Radio 1 was felt to be unsupportive of dance music. News interest in the song helped, with the tenth anniversary of the end of the Vietnam War seeing Hardcastle interviewed by Alastair Stewart of ITN.


19 (song), Background and content
Tony Blackburn, then breakfast DJ for Radio London was an early supporter of the song and it quickly reached number 1 in the UK and most of the world. Hardcastle produced different mixes of the song to help maintain interest in it. Although the song did not climb as high in the United States chart, Hardcastle claims "it outsold everybody else for three weeks solid, it only reached number 15, because back then the chart was based on airplay as well as sales". The song was held back in the US by some radio stations refusing to play it, feeling that the song took an anti-American stance, something Hardcastle denies, noting he "had tons of letters from Vietnam vets thanking me for doing something for them".


19 (song), Background and content
The song's reliance on sampling also caused problems with legal clearance. Ken Grunbaum recalled in 2012 that "there were no precedents for something like this. We ended up having to pay royalties to the narrator, Peter Thomas."


19 (song), Background and content, 19 PTSD
In 2015, Hardcastle released a charity version of the song for the Talking2Minds organisation, who raise money for troops suffering from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. This PTSD remix was also found on 19: The 30th Anniversary Collection, a compilation album which included 14 versions of the song such as the Cryogenic Freeze Remix and a version which included samples of Marvin Gaye.


19 (song), Music video
After the song's unexpected, rapid climb to the top of the UK Singles Chart, Chrysalis asked Vietnam Requiem directors Jonas McCord and Bill Couturié to rush a video into production. Due to the lack of a band able to perform the song, the video was primarily composed of clips from the Vietnam Requiem documentary, edited together by Ken Grunbaum. The first version of the video included footage from the television networks NBC and ABC, including a newscast by ABC anchorman Frank Reynolds.


19 (song), Music video
After it was aired on MTV in the US, NBC and ABC objected to the "bad taste" of using the serious clips in a "trivial" form of "propaganda". McCord and Couterie were forced to produce a new cut incorporating public domain footage, but ABC permitted Reynolds' audio to remain. Couterie asserted at the time that the television networks opposed the video because it involved rock music:


19 (song), Music video
What is the difference between the words in our song and the 7 o'clock news? The only difference is rock'n'roll. And why did they love the documentary and hate the video so much? Every word in the song is from the film, and there was never any argument with the facts. The only difference is the music.


19 (song), Parody
In the same year of release, comedian Rory Bremner, using the band name The Commentators, released a parodied version of the song as "N-N-Nineteen Not Out", about the England cricket team's poor performance in test matches, with references to the team's disastrous 1984 home series against the West Indies in which captain David Gower had averaged 19.


19 (song), Other uses in popular culture
Manchester United used the "19" soundtrack to celebrate their 19th Premier League title in May 2011, and the song made a reappearance in the UK Top 40.


19 April 2010 Peshawar bombing
The 19 April 2010 Peshawar bombing was a suicide bombing that occurred in a marketplace in Peshawar, Pakistan. At least 25 people died and around 27 individuals were injured. The explosion was the second to have occurred in the city that day, the first of which killed several children near a city school.


19 April 2010 Peshawar bombing
The blast, which happened in Qissa Khawani market, an area in the old city that is also referred to as the Storytellers' Bazaar, killed Dost Muhammad, the local leader of Jamaat-e-Islami, who was leading a protest against load shedding. The attack happened at about 6:30 pm local time. Witnesses saw the suicide bomber arrive on foot and proceed to detonate his explosives, near the demonstration of the Jamaat-e-Islami, a group that is reportedly sympathetic to the Taliban.


19 April 2010 Peshawar bombing
The attack also appeared to target senior police officer Gulfat Hussein, a Shia Muslim. According to a statement released by the provincial information minister Iftikhar Hussain, the suicide bomber blew himself up near the policemen sitting in their vehicles after the rally. some of the wounded included members of the police. The government declared three days of mourning after the bombing.


19 Aquarii
19 Aquarii is a star in the zodiac constellation of Aquarius. With an apparent magnitude of about 5.7, the star is barely visible to the naked eye as a white-hued star (see Bortle scale). Parallax estimates put it at a distance of about 260 light years away from the Sun. The star is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −21 km/s.


19 Aquarii
This object is an A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A8V. It is around 788 million years old with a fairly fast rotation rate, as its projected rotational velocity is about 155 km/s, so it must be rotating at least that fast. It has 1.86 times the mass of the Sun and 2.76 times the Sun's radius. 19 Aquarii is radiating 26 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 8,078 K. Eggen has this star flagged as a blue straggler and a member of the HR1614 supercluster.


19 Aquilae
19 Aquilae is a single star located 142 light-years (44 parsecs) away from the Sun in the equatorial constellation of Aquila. 19 Aquilae is the Flamsteed designation. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, yellow-white hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.23. The star is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −46.7 km/s.


19 Aquilae
This object has a stellar classification of F0 III-IV, with the luminosity class matching an evolving star transitioning from the subgiant to a giant stage. Poretti et al. (2003) list it as a suspected Gamma Doradus variable, and it is located near the cooler end of the instability strip on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram. These spatial coordinates are a source of X-ray emission, which is most likely coming from the star.


19 Aquilae
19 Aquilae is an estimated 2.25 billion years old with a moderately high rate of spin, showing a projected rotational velocity of 57.0 km/s. It has 1.54 times the mass of the Sun and 2.50 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 12.8 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 6,784 K.


19 Arietis
19 Arietis (abbreviated 19 Ari) is a star in the northern constellation of Aries. 19 Arietis is the Flamsteed designation. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.70, which means it is faintly visible to the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 6.81 mas, it is approximately 480 light-years (150 parsecs) away from Earth. At that distance, the brightness of the star is diminished by 0.21 in magnitude from extinction caused by interstellar gas and dust.


19 Arietis
This is a red giant star with a stellar classification of M0 III. It is a semi-regular variable with periods of 32 and 275 days; the brightness of the star changes by an amplitude of 0.14 in magnitude during those intervals. The measured angular diameter of this star, after correction for limb darkening, is 2.44 ± 0.03 mas. At the estimated distance of Delta Ophiuchi, this yields a physical size of about 39 times the radius of the Sun. The effective temperature of the outer envelope is 3,690 K, giving it the cool reddish glow of an M-type star.


19 August 2018 Lombok earthquake
On 19 August 2018 a major earthquake struck with high intensity on the northeast corner of Lombok (Sambelia and Labuhan Lombok settlements) and northwest Sumbawa (Poto Tano settlement) at 22:56 local time, a few km to the east of the series of quakes that had been rocking the area for the past 3 weeks. It was measured at Mw  6.9 (USGS), at a depth of 25.6 km. The Indonesian BMKG announced that it was a new major earthquake and it was not an aftershock.


19 August 2018 Lombok earthquake
The earthquake occurred on the same overall structure, the Flores Back Arc Thrust Belt, however according to scientists it happened on a different thrust fault as there are many individual structures within the belt. There were 14 deaths and 1800 homes have been damaged, half severely, due to this event, including deaths on Sumbawa, following 2 deaths from the previous Lombok quake roughly 24 hours earlier. Heavy tiles fell from the local mosque, and 143 patients were being treated outdoors in makeshift tents for injuries on Sumbawa.


19 Aurigae
19 Aurigae is a single star located approximately 3,600 light years away from the Sun in the northern constellation Auriga. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, white-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.05. The star is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of 4.3 km/s.


19 Aurigae
This is an evolved A-type bright giant star with a stellar classification of A5 II+. It is a variable star of unknown type that ranges in magnitude from 5.03 down to 5.09. This star is an estimated 36 million years old with a projected rotational velocity of 8 km/s. It has 8 times the mass of the Sun and about 15 times the Sun's radius. 19 Aurigae is radiating 7,057 times the total luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 8,300 K.


19 BC
19 Before Christ was a Year either a common year starting on Thursday, Friday or Saturday or a leap year starting on Thursday or Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Saturninus and Vespillo (or, less frequently, year 735 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 19 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the main method in Europe for naming years.


19 Baloch Regiment
19th Battalion The Baloch Regiment is one of the oldest Light Anti-Tank Regiment of Pakistan Army. Initially raised as the Machine Gun Battalion of 10th Baluch Regiment in 1942, it was first designated as 53rd Regiment, Indian Armoured Corps and then re-designated as 17/10th Baluch. This unit has the unique honour of being the parent unit of Pakistan Army's special forces known as Special Service Group. Prominent officers including General Mirza Aslam Beg, General Pervez Musharraf have served in the unit and Maj Gen Abrar Hussain and Maj Gen Aboobaker Osman Mitha also known as AO Mitha have commanded this unit.


19 Baloch Regiment, History, 17/10th Baluch
19 Baloch originally formed part of old 10th Baluch Regiment Group, which was raised in 1820. To cater for the ever-growing demand of troops, the group was expanded during World War II and a number of battalions were added, including 17/10th Baluch, which was raised on 15 April 1942 at Karachi by Lt Col C J D Tomkins.


19 Baloch Regiment, History, 17/10th Baluch, World War II
After its raising, the battalion was involved in famine relief duties in Bengal. From there, it moved to Persia as part of Iraq (PAI) Force to Bisitun in Persia. In Persia the battalion performed protection duties.


19 Baloch Regiment, History, 17/10th Baluch, Post World War II Moves
From Persia, 17 Baluch (in 1945, '10' was dropped from the designation of Baluch Regiment) was dispatched to Dodecanese Islands (Greece) on 21 Dec 1945 and deployed at Rhodes as the garrison battalion. From there it was sent to Benghazi, Tobruk and finally Cyrenaica in August 1946. It left Cyrenaica in January 1947, via Suez for India, arriving at Bombay on 16 February 1947. The battalion was stationed at Poona up to Aug 1947.


19 Baloch Regiment, History, 17/10th Baluch, First Kashmir War
The battalion took part in Kashmir Operation in Bagh Sector under 102 Brigade. On 20 Jul 1948, C Company of  along with D Company of 11 Baloch captured Point 9178, during the operation which culminated in the capture of Pandu. The battalion guarded a frontage of 60 km from Chattar to Dara Haji Pir. Lance Havildar Lal Khan of this unit was awarded Tamgha-e-Jurat for gallantry in the capture of Point 9178.


19 Baloch Regiment, History, 19 Baluch (Special Service Group)
The battalion was earmarked for conversion into Special Service Group in 1956. 17th Battalion The Baluch Regiment and 312 Garrison Company (SSG) were amalgamated and the battalion was renamed as 19th Battalion The Baluch Regiment (SSG). A selection test was held for all officers and men of the old 17 Baluch desirous of remaining with 19 Baluch (SSG). Majority of men were weeded out in the tough physical tests. Remaining members along with volunteers raised Quaid Company of SSG, which later became part of 1 Commando Battalion.


19 Baloch Regiment, History, Suspended Animation
It remained SSG Battalion for 13 years, till August 1965, when the scope of Special Service Group was expanded from battalion size to that of an operational group and 19 Baluch went into suspended animation.


19 Baloch Regiment, History, 19 Baluch (Reconnaissance & Support)
As part of the expansions carried out in the late 1960s, 19 Baluch was re-raised as a Reconnaissance & Support (R&S) Battalion on 14 Mar 1969 at Baluch Regimental Centre (BRC) Abbotabad. Lt Col Muhammad Ilyas was posted as its commanding officer with a major portion of other officers coming from 5 Baluch. Captain Shahbaz (later colonel) was the first officer to report at BRC and was appointed as Signal Officer of the battalion. Capt Amman Ullah Cheema also joined from 5 Baluch and was later to become Adjutant of the battalion during 1971 war and a hero of attack on Thako Chak in the Battle of Chhamb.


19 Baloch Regiment, History, 19 Baluch (Reconnaissance & Support), 1971 War - Battle of Chhamb
During 1971 war, all the R&S Companies took part in the war under their respective brigades in the Battle of Chhamb. Jalil Force named after the then Commanding Officer Lt Col Abdul Jalil took up defense in Nadala enclave near Surkhpur.


19 Baloch Regiment, History, 19 Baluch (Reconnaissance & Support), 1971 War - Battle of Chhamb
Using elements of battalion headquarters, the adjutant, Captain Amman Ullah Cheema raided the Indian post at Thako Chak which was being manned by 16 (Patiala) Punjab of Indian Army. The post was taken with minimum casualties and was held till the end of the war despite a strong enemy counter-attack on 15 December. The post was so fiercely defended that Indians assumed tanks to be present there. Needless to say, Indian 16 Punjab's attack was repulsed while inflicting heavy casualties on the enemy.


19 Baloch Regiment, History, 19 Baluch (Reconnaissance & Support), 1971 War - Battle of Chhamb
In the aftermath of Simla Agreement when both the army chiefs met at Lahore to demarcate the border, a breakdown in talks occurred on the Thako Chak issue. 19 Baluch (R&S) captured this salient in the Jammu Sector; a part lay across the international border and another across the ceasefire line. The Simla Agreement required this minor salient to be divided between India and Pakistan. Although this seemed pointless to India, it became a matter of principle for Pakistan. Talks dragged on endlessly. Ultimately, India resolved this problem by compensating Pakistan elsewhere along the Line of Control.


19 Baloch Regiment, History, 19 Baluch (Reconnaissance & Support), 1971 War - Battle of Chhamb
At the outbreak of hostilities, this company was part of Minto Force (named after Lt Col Minto, CO 26 Cavalry) and was placed under the command of 4 Azad Kashmir Brigade. This force consisted of 12 Independent Squadron, Squadron ex 26 Cavalry, Company R&S ex 19 Baluch and Rear HQ of 26 Cavalry.


19 Baloch Regiment, History, 19 Baluch (Reconnaissance & Support), 1971 War - Battle of Chhamb
The company went under comd 20 Brigade. The company along with 23 Baluch played an important role in the capture of Chhamb.


19 Baloch Regiment, History, 19 Baluch (Reconnaissance & Support), 1971 War - Battle of Chhamb
The company was under the command of 111 Brigade. The important actions undertaken by the company are:


19 Baloch Regiment, History, 19 Baluch (Reconnaissance & Support), 1971 War - Battle of Chhamb
The company underwent frequent changes of brigades. The main action in which it took part under 4 AK Brigade, was the action of Mandiala Ridges. In this action, the company advanced from a bridgehead across River Tawi followed by a squadron of tanks ex 11 Cavalry on the morning of 5 December 1971. The force got ambushed and was completely pinned down having suffered the loss of seven Recoilless Rifles and two Machine Guns.


19 Baloch Regiment, History, 19 Baluch (Standard Infantry Battalion)
In 1972, a dearth of standard infantry battalions (SIB) had developed and not enough troops were available to hold forward defended localities (FDLs). As a consequence, 19 Baluch (R&S) was converted into foot infantry in 1972 and underwent conversion training in its area of responsibility. The unit occupied Mandiala Ridges along Line of Control in its new role. In 1973, the battalion was re-converted into R&S Battalion.


19 Baloch Regiment, History, 19 Baloch (Light Anti Tank)
The battalion was re-designated and reorganized as a Light Anti Tank (LAT) Battalion in May 1991. This reorganization was part of Pakistan Army's overall reforms introduced in that year. Apart from reorganization in the company strengths, newer weapon systems such as Baktar Shikan were also introduced. In 1991, the spelling of 'Baluch' was changed to 'Baloch.'


19 Baloch Regiment, History, Affiliation with SSG
Due to old affiliation with SSG, the battalion was affiliated with 1 Commando Battalion and redesignated as 19 Baloch (SSG) in April 1998. This was largely due to the efforts of Lt Col Wasif Sajjad, the commanding officer, who had himself served in SSG.


19 Baloch Regiment, Raising Day
Raising day is celebrated on 11 April, commemorating the re-raising of the battalion at Abbottabad in 1969.


19 Baloch Regiment, Colonels of the Battalion
After the unit was reorganized in 1969 and redesignated as 19 Baluch, Colonel Abdul Rauf, TBt, was appointed the first Colonel of the Battalion. He remained on this prestigious appointment for two terms. He was succeeded by Major General Muhammad Azam, who also served for two terms. On completion of his tenure, Brigadier Salim Ashraf, SI (M), took over as the new Colonel of the Battalion in August 2010.


19 Baloch Regiment, Martyrs
During the war of 1965 officers and men who laid down their lives in the line of duty while serving in SSG are included in unit's list of martyrs. Apart from the War of 1971, unit also lost men to the floods of 1973, who despite rising waters did not vacate their posts on Mandiala Ridges.


19 Baloch Regiment, Martyrs, War of 1971
The following brave men of 19 Baluch (R&S) laid down their lives in the line of duty while fighting in the Battle of Chhamb


19 Baloch Regiment, Martyrs, 1973 Floods
During the floods of 1973, 19 Baluch was occupying posts on Mandiala Ridges. After the initial flood outbreak, more than 100 troops were reported missing. However, after the initial chaos had abated and communications re-established, losses were calculated to be much less. The casualties of the 1973 flood were:


19 Baloch Regiment, Motto
The battalion adopted the motto of "Alquadri" in 1991. Since Qadir is name of Allah, so Alquadri means Allah's or "Allah Wali" in Urdu. Literally it means those who prevail on strength of their power.


19 Canum Venaticorum
19 Canum Venaticorum is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Canes Venatici, located approximately 238 light years from Sun based on its parallax. It is dimly visible to the naked eye as a white-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.77. The pair orbit each other with a period of 219.2 years and an eccentricity of 0.686. The system is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −21 km/s.


19 Canum Venaticorum
The magnitude +5.87 primary, component A, is an A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A7 V. It is 366 million years old with twice the mass of the Sun and 2.5 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 25.5 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 8,048 K. It has a high rate of spin, showing a projected rotational velocity of 110 km/s. As of 2012, its companion, designated component B, is a magnitude 9.48 star located 0.60 arcseconds from the primary along a position angle of 58°.


19 Cephei
19 Cephei is a supergiant star in the northern circumpolar constellation of Cepheus. It has a spectral class of O9 and is a member of Cep OB2, an OB association of massive stars located about 615 parsecs (2,010 ly) from the Sun.


19 Cephei
The spectrum of 19 Cephei shows line profile variability on an hourly and daily timescale. This is thought to be due to the changes in the stellar wind.


19 Cephei
Double star catalogues list several companions for 19 Cephei. The Washington Double Star Catalog describes four companions: 11th magnitude stars 20" and 56" away, and two 15th magnitude stars 4-5" away. The Catalog of Components of Double and Multiple Stars gives only the two 11th magnitude stars.


19 Cephei
A scattered cluster of faint stars has been detected associated with 19 Cephei. The brightest likely members apart from 19 Cep itself are 10th magnitude stars.


19 Court Street
19 Court Street is an historic building in Dedham, Massachusetts that was originally built in 1801 as a two-story, Federal-style single-family home. It was soon thereafter converted into a tavern, and hosted John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, Abraham Lincoln, and the Marquis de Lafayette. In the 2010s it was converted into apartments. It has more than 15,000 square feet of living space.


19 Court Street, Norfolk House
During the first few years of the 19th century, several turnpikes, including those linking Boston and Providence and Dedham and Hartford, were laid through Dedham. Inns and taverns sprung up along the new roads as more than 600 coaches would pass through Dedham each day on their way to Boston or Providence. As many as 40 coaches passed through town every day, and Dedham was the first stop on the way to Providence, or the last stop on the way to Boston.


19 Court Street, Norfolk House
In 1802, Martin Marsh, a local mason, built his brick home at what is today 19 Court Street and was then right on one of the new turnpikes. He saw the traffic flowing daily past his house and quickly turned his home into the Norfolk House. His establishment, like the other inns and taverns in Dedham at that time, were bustling with the arrival of both the turnpikes and the courts.


19 Court Street, Norfolk House
The original portico of the house was the site of the first recorded traffic accident in Dedham. A runaway carriage crashed into the corner post and broke it. The Norfolk House was also the site where "on June 4, 1810, in an expression of public outrage, a number of Dedham citizens assembled" and founded the Society in Dedham for Apprehending Horse Thieves. Today the "Society is the oldest continually existing horse thief apprehending organization in the United States, and one of Dedham's most venerable social organizations."


19 Court Street, Norfolk House
Marsh maintained the tavern until 1818, and then sold it to Moses Gray and Francis Alden. It was this partnership that hosted President Andrew Jackson for lunch as he and his entourage passed through town in 1832. A young Congressman named Abraham Lincoln gave a speech at the Norfolk House on September 20, 1848 while in Massachusetts to campaign for Zachary Taylor.


19 Court Street, Norfolk House
In 1840, Martin Bates purchased the property. He sometimes kept a moose behind the property, and charged admission to see it.


19 Court Street, St. Mary's School and Asylum
Bates tried to sell the building to the Town of Dedham, but the Town was not interested. In a fit of spite, Bates then sold it to the Sisters of Charity to open St. Mary's School and Asylum, an orphanage and school for girls. The school closed in the late 1870s, and then became a flop house, warehouse, and "third rate office building" which, at one point, housed the offices of an "independent clairvoyant and medical reformer." During this time the building fell into disrepair.


19 Court Street, Recent history
In 1902, Walter Austin, a wealthy pineapple merchant, purchased the home and restored it as a private residence with Frank Chouteau Brown as his architect. It was he who tore down the low portico with a dozen columns under the second story windows and added the larger one in the southern style. Austin also added an additional bay to the house with a covered porch, and an arcade was added to the ell in the rear of the house. Austin would go on to write a book about the history of the house.


19 Court Street, Recent history
It remained a single family home until early the 21st century, but it was only sporadically occupied. From 2000 on, the house sat vacant, for sale but in need of significant repairs. Town Meeting created a new class of zoning, and voted to place the Norfolk House into that zone, allowing for the property to be redeveloped with six apartments that will eventually be sold as condominiums.


19 Court Street, Recent history
In 2017, the Massachusetts Historical Commission awarded the house Historic Preservation Award. The rehabilitation project by Oxbow Partners used


19 Court Street, Recent history
state and federal tax credits focused on retaining important and distinctive historic features while transforming the single-family house into six apartments, meeting the needs of the current neighborhood. The exterior entryways and windows underwent extensive rehabilitation. Work included repairing the two east entry doors, installing a patio in the footprint of a non-extant front porch, and rehabilitating the south entryway into the main entrance. The historic wood windows were repaired and reinstalled, as were historic paneled and louvered shutters.


19 Court Street, Recent history
In order to meet code requirements, a new egress was tucked into the northern elbow between the main block and the ell, and a clapboard vestibule was added to allow for rear egress from the main house and basement. When the project began, the interior retained much of the ornamental detail from the 1905 rehabilitation; the features restored in the new apartment units included historic wood trim, surrounds, fireplaces, doors, door hardware, and a domed ceiling.


19 Court Street, Recent history
During the construction, a fire broke out in the attic but was quickly brought under control and put out.


19 Days in New York
19 Days in New York is a studio album recorded by ARIA award winning artist, Kate Ceberano. It was released in September 2004 and consisted entirely of cover versions of previously released material.


19 Days in New York, Background
On 6 January 2004, Ceberano gave birth to her first child, a daughter named "Gypsy"   before travelling to New York City to record 19 Days in New York. She says; “New York is a strong part of my musical dreaming. When I was a kid I always had ambitions to go to New York to either live, play music and be part of the musical scene. If I have lived in a past life, I am sure I would have lived there because I have such a fondness for the atmosphere. I love the fact they celebrate their artists, they embrace eccentricities, they have more patience and tolerance for not so ordinary artists. It made me feel completely relaxed and in my element.”


19 Days in New York, Singles
Although no official singles were released from the album, promotional videos for "Higher and Higher" and "At Last" were released late in 2004.


19 Draconis
19 Draconis, also known as h Draconis, is a star system in the constellation Draco. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, yellow-white hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.89. Based on its parallax, the system is located about 49.8 light-years (15.26 parsecs) away. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −21 km/s.


19 Draconis
This is a binary star system with an orbital period of 52.1 days and an eccentricity of 0.22. Only the primary star can be directly detected, via Doppler shifts or perturbations around the system's barycenter. Using spectroscopy and astrometry, the nature of the secondary star can be inferred. The primary star is an F-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of F8V, 4% more massive than the Sun. Its surface temperature is about 6,298 K, and it emits just over twice the amount of energy that the Sun does. The secondary is only 37% as massive as the Sun, and its luminosity is only 2% that of the Sun. The system is about 4.7 billion years old.


19 Dutch
19 Dutch is a residential building in the Financial District neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. The building was developed by Carmel Partners and was designed by GK+V, with SLCE Architects as the architect of record. GK+V also designed the nearby 5 Beekman. The building contains 482 units and retail space on the first several floors.


19 East 54th Street
19 East 54th Street, originally the Minnie E. Young House, is a commercial building in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. It is along 54th Street's northern sidewalk between Madison Avenue and Fifth Avenue. The building was designed by Philip Hiss and H. Hobart Weekes of the firm Hiss and Weekes. It was constructed between 1899 and 1900 as a private residence for Minnie Edith Arents Young.


19 East 54th Street
The house was designed as a palazzo in the Italian Renaissance Revival style. The 54th Street facade was designed as a four-story structure with a rusticated first story and decorated windows on the upper stories. Because 19 East 54th Street was wider than other houses in the area, the architectural details were designed to be more imposing. The penthouse at the fifth and sixth stories is recessed from the street. The interior was ornately outfitted with a coffered ceiling, a stained-glass conservatory, and staircases with oak paneling.


19 East 54th Street
Young commissioned the house after her uncle Lewis Ginter, the founder of the American Tobacco Company, died in 1897 and left her a large bequest. Young leased the home to "Lucille" Lady Duff Gordon in 1920. The house was subsequently occupied by antiques trader Arthur S. Vernay from 1925 to 1943, then by the English-Speaking Union until 1956. Hairdresser Mr. Kenneth operated a salon in the building from 1963 until 1990, when the house's interior was severely damaged by fire. The building was then renovated and has served as Bank Audi's U.S. headquarters since 1993. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated 19 East 54th Street as an official landmark in 2016.


19 East 54th Street, Site
The Minnie E. Young House is at 19 East 54th Street in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. It is on the north side of 54th Street between Madison Avenue to the east and Fifth Avenue to the west. The land lot covers 4,201 square feet (390.3 m2) with a frontage of 41.67 feet (12.70 m) on 54th Street and a depth of 100.42 feet (30.61 m). Nearby sites include the William H. Moore House at 4 East 54th Street and the Aeolian Building to the west; the St. Regis New York hotel to the northwest; 550 Madison Avenue one block north; the DuMont Building to the southeast; and Paley Park one block south.


19 East 54th Street, Site
Fifth Avenue between 42nd Street and Central Park South (59th Street) was relatively undeveloped through the late 19th century. The surrounding area was once part of the common lands of the city of New York. The Commissioners' Plan of 1811 established Manhattan's street grid with lots measuring 100 feet (30 m) deep and 25 feet (7.6 m) wide. Upscale residences were constructed around Fifth Avenue following the American Civil War. The block of East 54th Street from Fifth to Madison Avenues was only sporadically developed until the late 1870s, and it had brownstone residences by 1886.


19 East 54th Street, Site
Residents of the block included developer William Earl Dodge Stokes at 4 East 54th and merchant John R. Platt at 7 East 54th. On the next block west were the residences of John D. Rockefeller at 4 West 54th, John D. Rockefeller Jr. at 10 West 54th, and Philip Lehman at 7 West 54th.


19 East 54th Street, Design
19 East 54th Street is designed in the Italian Renaissance Revival style by Philip Hiss and H. Hobart Weekes of the firm Hiss and Weekes. It is six stories tall, although only four stories are directly visible on the street. With a width of 40 feet (12 m), the house is wider than other townhouses in the area, which typically measured 25 by 100 feet (7.6 by 30.5 m). Russell Sturgis, writing for Architectural Record in 1900, described 19 East 54th Street as being well proportioned because its increased width allowed more imposing design features. According to Sturgis, "if one were to wish for a fairly good idea embodied in solid construction of those villini which the Florentines have been building diligently during the last twenty years, he would find it in this front."


19 East 54th Street, Design, Facade
The main facade on 54th Street is four stories tall with three bays of vertical openings. Below the ground story is a granite water table with bead molding. The first story is faced with rusticated stone blocks, and it contains bronze-framed display windows on the left and right bays. The main entrance is through a portico in the center bay, with engaged columns flanking a slightly recessed doorway. The doorway itself is set within a carved-stone frame and is topped by a cartouche. A balustrade runs across the bottom of the second story.


19 East 54th Street, Design, Facade
The windows on that story are topped by pediments that are supported by scrolled brackets. The second-story and third-story windows are flanked by rusticated piers that support a cornice above the third story. The fourth story has recessed panels between the windows and is topped by a large stone cornice with brackets.


19 East 54th Street, Design, Facade
The fifth and sixth stories, added in 1960 and 1993 respectively, are hidden behind the fourth-floor cornice. These stories form a penthouse that is clad with parged brick and concrete. The house's west and east facades are not visible from the street.


19 East 54th Street, Design, Interior
According to the New York City Department of City Planning, the house has a gross floor area of 25,971 square feet (2,412.8 m2). It is one of several "American basement plan" residences on 54th Street, where the entrance is placed at ground level, rather than on a stoop slightly above ground as in other rowhouses. This type of design enabled the ground-floor reception area to have a central staircase, rather than on one side. Inside the house, a broad staircase connects the first and second stories. The interior was originally designed like Renaissance Revival palazzos. Inside the second floor was a parlor that was a common space for guests. The third and fourth floors served as the private rooms. The interior was ornately decorated with a coffered ceiling, a stained-glass conservatory, and rooms with oak paneling. The rooms also had modillioned cornices.


19 East 54th Street, Design, Interior
When the house was turned into the salon of hairdresser Mr. Kenneth, the interior was richly decorated throughout with flowered carpet and red-and-yellow paisley pattern fabrics. The original salon interior was a rare commercial project undertaken by the interior decorator Billy Baldwin. Mr. Kenneth's salon was redesigned in 1985 with red walls, painted clouds on the ceiling, Parts of the original interior design persisted through at least 1990, when the salon was severely damaged by fire.


19 East 54th Street, History
The residence was commissioned for Minnie Edith Young (née Arents), born in 1855 and married to stockbroker Albert Young. The Youngs had three children: Albert, Lewis, and Edna. Minnie Young was a scion of the prominent Arents family in Richmond, Virginia; her uncle Lewis Ginter was the founder of the American Tobacco Company, while her sister Grace Arents was a Richmond philanthropist. Minnie was widowed when Albert died in 1895. When Minnie's uncle Lewis died two years later, he left her a substantial bequest.


19 East 54th Street, History, Residence
In 1899, John and Elizabeth Kearny sold two lots at 17 and 19 East 54th Street to Minnie Young. That March, Young commissioned Hiss and Weekes to design an upscale residence. The architects selected the Italian Renaissance Revival style for its classical design attributes. The house was officially completed in the next year, but it went relatively unnoticed afterward. According to a 1990 article in The New York Times, the building was last mentioned in a print publication in 1900, when the American Architect and Building News ran a picture with a caption that denoted its client as a "Mr. Young".


19 East 54th Street, History, Residence
Minnie Young initially lived in the house with her son Lewis and sister Johanna Arents, as well as a variety of servants. Minnie and Johanna's brother George Arents also lived in the house for a short time. The New York Times wrote that the servants included a "butler, cook, laundress, kitchen maid, [and] parlor maid", as well as Pleasant Read, a "hallman". The house hosted events such as the wedding of Edna Young to Alfred E. Dieterich in April 1900, as well as a fundraiser of the Junior Auxiliary to the New York Diet Kitchen Association in 1913. The surrounding neighborhood rapidly became a commercial zone after World War I, and Minnie Young moved to 420 Park Avenue in 1920, though she retained ownership of the house until her death in 1933.


19 East 54th Street, History, Mid-20th century
In November 1920, Young leased the house to Lucille Ltd. for twenty-one years. The firm, headed by dressmaker Lady Duff Gordon, catered to upper-class clients. The next month, Mott B. Schmidt filed plans to remove partitions, add rooms, and rearrange spaces in the building for $20,000. Schmidt turned the house into a showroom. By March 1921, the renovations were complete and Lucille was paying $50,000 annually in rent. A little more than one year after the lease was signed, in March 1922, Lucille's creditors forced the company into receivership. Lucille's attorney characterized the "embarrassment of the company" (as it was described in The New York Times) as being partially caused by the relocation to 19 East 54th Street.


19 East 54th Street, History, Mid-20th century
Starting in 1925, the house was leased for a long term to a client represented by Augustus H. Skillin. The client in question was English antiques collector Arthur S. Vernay, whose company sold antiques and decorative artworks. Vernay bought the house outright from the estate of Minnie Young in 1933; at the time, the building was valued at about $450,000 for taxation purposes. The purchase reportedly was made for $312,500, but this value was not confirmed.


19 East 54th Street, History, Mid-20th century
During the 1930s, the Vernay gallery was used for multiple events, such as a show of English antique furniture, a needle-art show with work by artists such as former U.S. first lady Edith Roosevelt, a Tibetan-artifact exhibition to benefit a children's school, and an exhibition of English clockmakers' art. The house was sold in September 1937 to Frederick Brown, who resold it to Charles S. Noyes. Though Vernay retired in 1941, the business continued to operate at 19 East 54th Street. The house was acquired by the Bank for Savings in May 1941.


19 East 54th Street, History, Mid-20th century
The building was sold in 1943 to the English-Speaking Union (ESU) for use as that organization's United States headquarters. The purchase, conducted entirely in cash, was funded partly by a gift of $60,000 toward the organization. The purchase was intended to provide adequate space for the ESU, whose American operation was then headquartered at nearby 30 Rockefeller Plaza. The Lawyers Title Corporation of New York insured the property title in the purchase. The ESU's new headquarters opened in May 1944.


19 East 54th Street, History, Mid-20th century
The building had enough space for the ESU's offices, including those of the United Nations Officers Club, Committee for Overseas Children, and War Relief Workroom. In addition, the building was used for events, such as exhibits of British veterans' products, early-20th century English art, and a needlework tapestry in memory of the Battle of Britain.


19 East 54th Street, History, Mid-20th century
The ESU ultimately sold the building in 1956 to Henry Payson and relocated the next year to a new home on 69th Street. The sale was not finalized until 1958 because of a lawsuit over delays in the sale. Payson had initially refused to take the title because of these delays, saying that the building's entrance portico and underground vaults projected slightly into the street. The New York Supreme Court ruled that the ESU was entitled to demand specific performance; namely, Payson was obligated to take the title.


19 East 54th Street, History, Late 20th century to present
Mr. Kenneth signed a 50-year lease in the building in 1962, backed by salon-and-beauty-supply firm Glemby Company. After Billy Baldwin renovated the interior, the salon officially opened on March 4, 1963. It had a wig boutique and special cold storage for fur coats on the first floor; drying rooms on the second floor; washing and styling rooms on the third floor; and massage rooms, steam baths, waxing chambers, whirlpool spas, and a Pilates studio on the fourth floor.


19 East 54th Street, History, Late 20th century to present
Clients could have manicures and pedicures while being served lunch or tea, and a Mercedes car was on call to bring clients to the salon or take them home afterward. Some women would drop in simply for lunch, or to sit and leaf through magazines while enjoying the relaxed, club-like atmosphere.


19 East 54th Street, History, Late 20th century to present
By 1985, the salon was starting to become aged. That year, it was closed for one month and the house was renovated for $1.3 million. The main room's furniture was redesigned and a pedicure room was added. Part of the main floor was subdivided for a men's division, with specially designed chairs. A New York Times article describing the 1985 renovation referred to Mr. Kenneth as an "institution". The salon burned down on May 16, 1989, when a fire arose on the third floor and ultimately destroyed the rear of the second and third floors.


19 East 54th Street, History, Late 20th century to present
The fire was extinguished after four hours with the help of 125 firefighters. The damage was extensive enough to uncover large portions of the original decoration work. As a result of the fire, Kenneth Salon relocated to the Palace Hotel. Kenneth said later, "There had never been anything like [the 54th Street salon] before, and nothing like it will ever exist again."


19 East 54th Street, History, Late 20th century to present
For over a year, the house sat empty and no restoration work was performed. The owner of 19 East 54th Street, Donald J. Gordon, was planning to rebuild the house, and Kenneth Salon's lease was effectively terminated. While Kenneth Salon's lease ran until 2010, a "fire or earthquake" clause allowed the owner of a severely damaged building to end a lease if they wished to demolish or rebuild it. Gordon spent $1.2 million to refurbish the interior, adding an elevator and mechanical areas to designs by Emery Roth & Sons. The existing stories were extended to the rear and a sixth story was added. Gordon then sought a tenant who could sign a net lease, thereby assuming the maintenance and upkeep costs.


19 East 54th Street, History, Late 20th century to present
Bank Audi leased the house by 1993; it had initially wanted to buy the house, but the owner did not want to sell it. The wide facade enabled Bank Audi to add offices and a conference room lit by large windows. In addition, the bank installed its name over the entrance portico. The bank became the InterAudi Bank in 2003.


19 East 54th Street, History, Late 20th century to present
When the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) started considering buildings in Midtown for city landmark status in 2013, including the Minnie Young House, a group of development organizations wrote a report advising against a landmark designation for the house, saying it was "now isolated and lacks the context that would enhance its value". In mid-2016, the LPC proposed protecting twelve buildings in East Midtown, including 19 East 54th Street, in advance of proposed changes to the area's zoning. On November 22, 2016, the LPC designated 19 East 54th Street and ten other nearby buildings as city landmarks.


19 East 64th Street
The Wildenstein & Company Building is an edifice that stands at 19 East 64th Street, near Madison Avenue on Manhattan, New York City's Upper East Side. It is five stories tall and was completed in early 1932. The building was designed in French 18th-century style by Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, architect Horace Trumbauer. Its facade is made of limestone.


19 East 64th Street
The Wildenstein art firm was located in the former Vanderbilt house at 647 Fifth Avenue, between 51st and 52nd Streets, for several years prior to the structure's completion. The Charles F. Noyes Company arranged a five-year extension of a $545,000 mortgage at 5% in June 1932.


19 East 64th Street
In October 1993, Wildenstein & Company purchased 49% of the Pace Gallery. The deal combined a 118-year-old gallery which specialized in Old Master and Impressionist paintings with a 32-year-old gallery which was renowned for its contemporary art and modern art. The Wildenstein gallery remained at the Wildenstein Building. Pace's SoHo branch at 142 Greene Street also became part of the combined business. In April 2010, the combined gallery announced it was splitting, and Pace bought out Wildenstein's 49%.


19 East 64th Street
In 1997 the house had up to 11 members of the Wildenstein family living in it at any one time, leading art dealer Harry Brooks to humorously call the house the "most expensive tenement in Manhattan". The Government of Qatar planned to buy the house for $90 million in 2014 and operate it as a consulate. The Russian businessman Len Blavatnik sued David Wildenstein, believing that the Wildenstein family had reneged on a promise to sell Blavatnik the property for $79 million. A judge rejected the suit in court in March 2017 stating that the verbal agreement was not legally binding.


19 East 64th Street
In April 2017 it became the most expensive townhouse ever sold in Manhattan when it sold for $79.5 million. The building sold again in February 2018, for $90 million. As of April 2019, it is now the home of Skarstedt Gallery.


19 Entertainment
19 Entertainment is a producer of entertainment properties for television with a focus on music. Based in Los Angeles, their contributions to the music industry include American Idol in the United States, Pop Idol in the United Kingdom and versions of the Idol series in more than seventy countries around the world. 19 Entertainment is also responsible for the production of So You Think You Can Dance.


19 Entertainment, Background and history
Founded in London, England in 1985, 19 Entertainment moved their headquarters to Los Angeles, United States, in 2010. The company was named after the Paul Hardcastle song which was one of Simon Fuller's first notable successes while working as an A&R man for Chrysalis Records.


19 Entertainment, Background and history
In 2009 the company announced the purchase of London based Storm Model Management, one of the world's top modelling agencies. This business was sold back to Storm's management in 2013, ending the firm's activities in fashion.


19 Entertainment, Background and history
In March 2005, 19 Entertainment founder Simon Fuller sold the company to Robert Sillerman's CKX, Inc. in a cash and stock deal worth $210 million. Subsequent to the deal Fuller remained in his role as CEO of 19 Entertainment and added the new role of director of CKX.


19 Entertainment, Background and history
In his dual role Fuller was able to effectively co-ordinate all creative aspects of the CKX business until January 2010 when, as he approached the end of his employment contract with CKX, Inc., he decided to start up a new business, XIX Entertainment, while still acting as a consultant to CKX / 19 and as an Executive Producer of 19's shows. Following this, CKX announced its intention to shift 19 to becoming a US business focusing solely on  American Idol and So You Think You Can Dance brands.


19 Entertainment, Background and history
19's old Headquarters in Battersea, London became the headquarters for Simon Fuller's new business, XIX, while the base for 19 Entertainment was transferred to Los Angeles. In September 2010 much of 19's non- American Idol business was sold to Simon Fuller's new business XIX Entertainment. This included 19's non-Idol management clients such as David and Victoria Beckham, Andy Murray, Annie Lennox, The Spice Girls, Lewis Hamilton, S Club 7, Carrie Underwood, David Cook, and others. Also transferred to XIX Entertainment were Roland Mouret and Victoria Beckham's fashion businesses.


19 Entertainment, Background and history
Sillerman and partners accepted an offer from Apollo Global Management on July 21, 2011 to purchase the entire stock of CKX, Inc, and the business was re-branded as CORE Media group in 2012 with 19 Entertainment becoming the group's primary west coast division.


19 Eylül Stadium
The 19 Eylül Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Ordu, Turkey. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of 52 Orduspor and Orduspor. The stadium holds 11,024 people and was built in 1967.


19 Fortuna
Fortuna (minor planet designation: 19 Fortuna) is one of the largest main-belt asteroids. It has a composition similar to 1 Ceres: a darkly colored surface that is heavily space-weathered with the composition of primitive organic compounds, including tholins.


19 Fortuna
Fortuna is 225 km in diameter and has one of the darkest known geometric albedos for an asteroid over 150 km in diameter. Its albedo has been measured at 0.028 and 0.037. The spectra of the asteroid displays evidence of aqueous alteration.


19 Fortuna
The Hubble Space Telescope observed Fortuna in 1993. It was resolved with an apparent diameter of 0.20 arcseconds (4.5 pixels in the Planetary Camera) and its shape was found to be nearly spherical. Satellites were searched for but none were detected.


19 Fortuna
Stellar occultations by Fortuna have been observed several times. Fortuna has been studied by radar.


19 Fortuna
It was discovered by J. R. Hind on August 22, 1852, and named after Fortuna, the Roman goddess of luck.


19 Fortuna
Fortuna has been perturbed by the 80 km 135 Hertha and was initially estimated by Baer to have a mass of 1.08×1019 kg. A more recent estimate by Baer suggests it has a mass of 1.27×1019 kg.


19 Fortuna
On December 21, 2012 Fortuna (~200 km) harmlessly passed within 6.5Gm of asteroid 687 Tinette.


19 Gramercy Park South
19 Gramercy Park South, also known as 86 Irving Place or the Stuyvesant Fish House, is a four-story row house located at the corner of Gramercy Park South (East 20th Street) and Irving Place in the Gramercy Park neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City.


19 Gramercy Park South, History
The house was built in 1845 by William Samuel Johnson, a Whig politician, and then had the address 86 Irving Place. Johnson sold the property to Horace Brooks, who added a fifth story and constructed a stable on the unused southern part of the property. The census of 1880 shows a number of different people living at the address, suggesting that it had been converted into apartments by that time.


19 Gramercy Park South, History
In 1887, this modest property was expanded and altered by noted architect Stanford White at the cost of $130,000 into a mansion with an interior marble staircase and a ballroom on the top floor where Mamie Fish gave elaborate parties for New York society. The building was also re-numbered 19 Gramercy Park, an address which had not existed prior to that time.


19 Gramercy Park South, History
The Fish family left for their new 78th Street home in 1898, and the building was broken up into small apartments; actor John Barrymore was a resident while he was in New York working on Broadway. Occupants at other times included playwright Edward Sheldon and William C. Bullitt, the diplomat, journalist and novelist. In 1909, a six-story apartment building was constructed on the southern part of the lot.


19 Gramercy Park South, History
The building was rescued from decay in 1931 by noted publicist Benjamin Sonnenberg when he and his wife rented the first two floors, gradually expanding and taking over other apartments. In 1945, Sonnenberg bought the entire building from Fish's son, Stuyvesant Fish Jr., for $85,000, and combined it with the apartment building to the south to create a massive residence which noted architecture critic Brendan Gill called "the greatest private house remaining in private hands in New York." The mansion was extensively furnished with Sonnenberg's collection of English and Irish furniture, drawings by Old Masters and sculptures. Like the Fishes, Sonnenberg gave notable parties which brought old-money New York together with show business luminaries. The building was listed as a contributing property to the Gramercy Park Historic District in 1966.


19 Gramercy Park South, History
Sonnenberg died in 1978, and the house was auctioned to Baron Walter Langer von Langendorff, the owner of Evyan Perfumes, although Dr. Henry Jarecki also bid on it. Von Langendorff sold it to fashion designer Richard Tyler and his wife, Lisa Trafficante, in 1995 for $3.5 million. After sprucing up the property, it was put on the market in January 2000 and sold to Jarecki in December 2000 for $16.5 million. Jarecki, a psychologist and entrepreneur was reported to plan to use the mansion as both a home and the headquarters for his family foundation.


19 Gramercy Park South, Rooms
The mansion in its current incarnation has 37 rooms, 18,000 square feet (1,700 m2) of space, a separate caretaker's apartment, numerous bedrooms, bathrooms, guest suites, and sitting rooms, a drawing room, a library, two kitchens, a wine cellar and the ballroom on the top floor, which had been renovated by Tyler.


19 January 2005 Baghdad bombings
During the morning of 19 January 2005, four car bombings occurred in Baghdad, Iraq. The attacks killed at least 26 people.


19 January 2005 Baghdad bombings
The first bomb detonated happened at around 7 am near the Australian embassy in Jadiriyah, central Baghdad and killed two Iraqis.


19 January 2005 Baghdad bombings
The second bomb exploded at around 7:30 am at a police station in Elwiya, eastern Baghdad. It killed 18 people, including five Iraqi Police officer and injured 36 other people.


19 January 2005 Baghdad bombings
The third bomb exploded near Baghdad International Airport, killing two Iraqi security guards.


19 January 2005 Baghdad bombings
The fourth bomb exploded at a military complex, killing two civilians and two Iraqi soldiers.


19 January 2006 Osama bin Laden tape
On Thursday, 19 January 2006, an audio tape was released, presumably of Osama bin Laden, warning that al-Qaeda was planning more attacks against the United States. The release of the tape came shortly after the United States' Central Intelligence Agency's Damadola airstrike in Pakistan, an attack that reportedly led to the deaths of Midhat Mursi, a veteran bomb and chemical expert and the head of an al-Qaeda training camp on the Afghanistan-Pakistan border, Khalid Habib, the al-Qaeda operations chief for Pakistan and Afghanistan, Abdul Rehman al Magrabi, a senior al-Qaeda operations commander, and 15 other people. Civilians were among the others killed, according to the Pakistani provincial government.


19 January 2006 Osama bin Laden tape
On the tape (which may have been recorded a month earlier), bin Laden boasted that "our situation is getting better, while your situation is getting worse." It also threatened future attacks on the United States, and simultaneously offered a "long truce", while not saying what the truce would involve. The White House immediately rejected the truce offer.


19 January 2015 DRC protests
On 19 January 2015, protests led by students at the University of Kinshasa broke out in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The protests began following the announcement of a proposed law that would allow the country's 43-year-old president, Joseph Kabila, to remain in power until a national census could be conducted. Elections had been planned for 2016 and a census would be a massive undertaking that would likely take several years for the developing country.


19 January 2015 DRC protests
By 21 January, clashes between police and protesters had claimed at least 42 lives (although the government claimed only 15 people had been killed, most by security guards while looting; the government later adjusted that figure to 27 killed). As a result of the protests the government closed certain radio stations, and cut all internet, SMS and 3G communication in the country on 20 January.


19 January 2015 DRC protests
Following a series of meetings between foreign diplomats and Congolese government officials, the Congolese Senate passed the law, omitting the controversial census clause, and the opposition called off further protests.


19 January 2015 DRC protests, Events
On 17 January 2015, the Congolese National Assembly (the country's lower house) voted to revise the electoral law in the country's constitution. The new law would require that a national census be conducted prior to any upcoming elections, which, according to the  Guardian newspaper, "could delay the general election, due to take place [in] 2016." On 19 January, following a call from opposition parties, protesters gathered in front of the Palais du Peuple and were subsequently attacked with tear gas and live ammunition by government security forces. Protests also took place in the capitals of the country's historically unstable eastern provinces of North and South Kivu.


19 January 2015 DRC protests, Events
On 20 January, Internet, SMS and 3G communications in the country were cut-off. On 21 January, the Congolese Catholic Church's Archbishop, Cardinal Laurent Monsengwo stated "We denounce these actions which have caused death and we are launching this plea: stop killing your people,... [and call on the people to use] all legal and peaceful [means to oppose the law change]." The Roman Catholic Church counts around half of the country's population amongst its congregants. The same day, American, British, French and Belgian diplomats met with the Congolese Senate President, Léon Kengo, and urged him either to suspend debate and voting on the modifying law or to remove the controversial provisions.


19 January 2015 DRC protests, Events
On 24 January, diplomats from Belgium, the European Union, France, the United Kingdom, the United Nations peacekeeping mission in Congo, and the United States met privately with President Kabila at his home in Kinshasa.


19 January 2015 DRC protests, Events
On 25 January, the Congolese Senate removed the controversial provision from the proposed law and passed it, leading the opposition to call off plans for protests on the next day. President Kabila has until 24 February to sign the bill into law.


19 January 2015 DRC protests, Attacks on Chinese businesses
Around 50 Chinese national-run businesses in the Kinshasa neighborhoods of Ngaba and Kalamu were targeted by looters. An Agence France-Presse article reported that the attacks were motivated by local businesses' resentment of the low prices of Chinese run stores and the rioters' association of Chinese-run stores with the government's Chinese investment deals which have become a centerpiece of the country's economic policy.


19 January 2015 DRC protests, Reactions
On 19 January, Martin Kobler, the head of MONUSCO, criticized the deaths and injuries during protests as "a result of violent demonstrations and the ensuing use of lethal force by the security force." He further said, "The use of force by law enforcement officers must always be necessary, proportionate, and a measure of last resort." On 20 January, the American government expressed concern about the situation in the country, the loss of life and the ongoing violence. The U.S. called for "timely elections [...] in accordance with the Constitution."


19 January 2015 DRC protests, Subsequent arrest of activists
On March 15 at least 26 activists, journalists, diplomats and civilians were arrested in Kinshasa while attending a workshop on freedom of expression. Those arrested included journalists from the BBC, AFP, RTBF, and the Senegalese youth-group Y'en a Marre. They were beaten by Congolese security forces, arrested and taken to be interrogated by members of Congo's National Intelligence Agency


19 January 2015 DRC protests, Subsequent arrest of activists
On March 17 at least 10 people were arrested and beaten in Goma for protesting the earlier arrests in Kinshasa.


19 Jinchaidai Alley
19 Jinchaidai Alley (simplified Chinese: 金钗袋巷19号; traditional Chinese: 金釵袋巷19號; pinyin: jīnchāidài xiàng 19-hào), in Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, is a former residence constructed during the Qing dynasty, which was used during the Xinhai Revolution that led to the dynasty's collapse. Despite concerns over its historical significance, the building began to be demolished in 2010 despite its addition to the fifth batch of protected historical buildings in Hangzhou earlier that year, although its demolition was stopped by the city government's intervention. The building has now been renovated, and serves as part of the campus of the Jianlan Middle School's Lanxin Academy of Classical Learning, a private school in the city.


19 Jinchaidai Alley, Historical significance
19 Jinchaidai Alley served as the home of the Zhu family, one of whom was a government official, after its construction during the late-Qing dynasty. During the final years of the Qing dynasty, the building was involved in events relating to the Xinhai Revolution, being described as the last Xinhai Revolutionary site in the city by a local historian. Following the fall of the Qing and the creation of the Republic of China, the home was sold to various other families until its attempted demolition in 2010.


19 Jinchaidai Alley, Attempted demolition
In November 2008, plans for the reconstruction and expansion of a private school in Hangzhou were announced, which involved the demolition of buildings considered "dilapidated" to make way for an expansion to the school's campus, as well as for the construction of a larger parking area. Successive legislation was passed between 2008 and 2010 by the Hangzhou municipal government which supporting these changes, despite concerns by historians over the historical significance of some of the buildings that were planned to be destroyed. Even though 19 Jinchaidai Alley was documented to have been used during the Qing dynasty, it was listed in city government-approved assessment reports for the school's expansion as being "built in 1985".