1905 Ontario general election
The 1905 Ontario general election was the 11th general election held in the Province of Ontario, Canada. It was held on January 25, 1905, to elect the 98 Members of the 11th Legislative Assembly of Ontario ("MLAs").


1905 Ontario general election
The Ontario Conservative Party, led by Sir James P. Whitney, defeated the Ontario Liberal Party, led by Sir George William Ross, bringing to an end the control of the government that the Liberal Party had exercised power for the previous 34 years.


1905 Ontario general election, Further reading
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1905 Open Championship
The 1905 Open Championship was the 45th Open Championship, held 7–9 June at the Old Course at St Andrews, Fife, Scotland. James Braid won the Championship for the second time, five strokes ahead of runners-up Rowland Jones and John Henry Taylor.


1905 Open Championship
All entries played 18 holes on the first two days; those within fourteen strokes of the lead made the cut for the final two rounds on Friday.


1905 Open Championship
Strong winds and hard ground conditions made scoring difficult on all three days, with few rounds under 80. Sandy Herd, Taylor, Walter Toogood, and Harry Vardon co-led after the first round at 80. Scoring improved slightly on Thursday and Jones' 77 put him in the lead with 158; he was followed by Braid on 159 and James Kinnell and Arnaud Massy on 161. Just 45 players made the cut at 172 and better, including a sole amateur John Graham Jr.


1905 Open Championship
In the third round on Friday morning, Braid's 78 extended his lead to six shots over Kinnell, Massy, and Taylor. Jones took 87 and dropped eight strokes behind Braid. Scoring 81 in the afternoon, Braid was never challenged; he reached the turn in 38 and despite taking six at the 15th and 16th holes, came back in 43. A 78 moved Jones up to a second place tie with Taylor, five strokes behind the champion.


1905 Oregon Agricultural Aggies football team
The 1905 Oregon Agricultural Aggies football team represented Oregon Agricultural College (now known as Oregon State University) as an independent during the 1905 college football season. In their second and final season under head coach Allen Steckle, the Aggies compiled a 6–3 record and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 166 to 28. The Aggies defeated Washington State (29–0), Willamette (28–0), and Washington (16–0), and lost to California (0–10), Oregon (0–6), and the Multnomah Athletic Club (5–6). Bert Pilkington was the team captain.


1905 Oregon Webfoots football team
The 1905 Oregon Webfoots football team represented the University of Oregon in the 1905 college football season. It was the Webfoots' twelfth season, they competed as an independent and were led by head coach Bruce Shorts. They finished the season with a record of four wins, two losses and two ties (4–2–2).


1905 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo)
1905 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo) was the second waterpolo championship in Hungary. There were one round of matches with four teams.


1905 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo), Final list
* M: Matches W: Win D: Drawn L: Lost G+: Goals earned G-: Goals got P: Point


1905 Paris–Roubaix
The 1905 Paris–Roubaix was the tenth edition of the Paris–Roubaix, a classic one-day cycle race in France. The single day event was held on 23 April 1905 and stretched 268 km (167 mi) from Paris to its end in a velodrome in Roubaix. The winner was Louis Trousselier from France.


1905 Penn Quakers football team
The 1905 Penn Quakers football team represented the University of Pennsylvania in the 1905 college football season. The Quakers finished with an undefeated 12–0–1 record in their fourth year under head coach Carl S. Williams. Significant games included a 6 to 0 victory over the Carlisle Indians, a 12 to 6 victory over Harvard, a 23 to 0 victory over Columbia, a 6 to 5 victory over Cornell, and a 6–6 tie with Lafayette. The 1905 Penn team outscored its opponents by a combined total of 259 to 33.


1905 Penn Quakers football team
Six Penn players received recognition on the 1905 College Football All-America Team. They are: end Izzy Levene (WC-3; NYW; NYG); tackle Otis Lamson (WC-1; CW-1; NYEP; NYW; NYG; NYEP; NYT; NYG); guard F. Hobson (NYEP; NYG); center Robert Torrey (WC-1; CW-1; NYEP; NYT; NYW; NYG); quarterback Vince Stevenson (NYW); and halfback H.W. Sheble (WC-2).


1905 Penn State football team
The 1905 Penn State football team was an American football team that represented Pennsylvania State College—now known as Pennsylvania State University–as an independent during the 1905 college football season. The team was coached by Tom Fennell and played its home games on Beaver Field in State College, Pennsylvania.


1905 Philadelphia Athletics season
The 1905 Philadelphia Athletics season was a season in American baseball. The team finished first in the American League with a record of 92 wins and 56 losses, winning their second pennant. They went on to face the New York Giants in the 1905 World Series, losing 4 games to 1.


1905 Philadelphia Athletics season
The pitching staff featured three future Hall of Famers: Rube Waddell, Eddie Plank, and Chief Bender. Waddell easily won the pitching triple crown in 1905, with 27 wins, 287 strikeouts, and a 1.48 earned run average.


1905 Philadelphia Athletics season, Regular season
The A's offense scored the most runs in the league. Slugger Harry Davis led all players in home runs, runs scored, and runs batted in.


1905 Philadelphia Athletics season, Regular season, Birth of the Elephant mascot
After New York Giants' manager John McGraw told reporters that Philadelphia manufacturer Ben Shibe, who owned the controlling interest in the Athletics, had a "white elephant on his hands", manager Connie Mack defiantly adopted the white elephant as the team mascot, and presented McGraw with a stuffed toy elephant at the start of the 1905 World Series. McGraw and Mack had known each other for years, and McGraw accepted it graciously.


1905 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1905 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1905 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1905 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1905 Philadelphia Athletics season, 1905 World Series
NL New York Giants (4) vs AL Philadelphia Athletics (1)


1905 Philadelphia Phillies season
The 1905 Philadelphia Phillies season was a season in Major League Baseball. The Phillies finished fourth in the National League with a record of 83 wins and 69 losses.


1905 Philadelphia Phillies season, Offseason, City Series
In the 1905 pre-season City Series against the Athletics, the two teams played eight games between April 1 and 12, 1905, alternating games between the A's Columbia Park and the Phillies' Philadelphia Park. The Phillies won the third, fifth, seventh, and eighth games as the teams split the 1905 series four games to four.


1905 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1905 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1905 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1905 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1905 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1905 Philippine local elections
Local elections were held for provincial and municipal posts throughout the Philippine Archipelago on January 15, 1905. Famous lawyers and doctors including the rich and the wealthy, political families were elected. Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña Sr. were elected as the first Filipino provincial governors of Tayabas and Cebu.


1905 Pittsburgh Pirates season
The 1905 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the 24th season of the Pittsburgh Pirates franchise. The Pirates finished second in the National League with a record of 96–57.


1905 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1905 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1905 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1905 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1905 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1905 Portuguese legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Portugal on 12 December 1905. The result was a victory for the Progressive Party, which won 109 seats.


1905 Prima Categoria, Regulation
Following the affiliation to the FIFA, the Italian Football Federation improved its championship with new regulations.


1905 Prima Categoria, Regulation
The challenge round was abolished and a national final group was introduced.


1905 Prima Categoria, References and sources
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1905 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours
The 1905 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours were awards announced on 9 December 1905 to mark the exit of Prime Minister Arthur James Balfour, who resigned on 5 December.


1905 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.


1905 Princeton Tigers football team
The 1905 Princeton Tigers football team represented Princeton University in the 1905 college football season. The team finished with an 8–2 record under third-year head coach Art Hillebrand and outscored its opponents by a total of 229 to 45. Princeton fullback Jim McCormick was selected as a consensus first-team honoree on the 1905 College Football All-America Team. Tackle James Cooney was also selected as a first-team All-American by The New York Times.


1905 Purdue Boilermakers football team
The 1905 Purdue Boilermakers football team was an American football team that represented Purdue University during the 1905 Western Conference football season. In their first season under head coach Albert E. Herrnstein, the Boilermakers compiled a 6–1–1 record, finished in fourth place in the Big Nine Conference with a 1–1–1 record against conference opponents, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 177 to 30. H. L. Thomas was the team captain.


1905 Rhode Island Rams football team
The 1905 Rhode Island Rams football team was an American football team that represented Rhode Island State College (later renamed the University of Rhode Island) as an independent during the 1905 college football season. In its eighth year under head coach Marshall Tyler, the team compiled a 3–3–1 record.


1905 Rhode Island gubernatorial election
The 1905 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was held on November 7, 1905. Incumbent Republican George H. Utter defeated Democratic nominee Lucius F. C. Garvin with 53.30% of the vote.


1905 Richmond Spiders football team
The 1905 Richmond Spiders football team was an American football team that represented Richmond College—now known as the University of Richmond—as a member of the Eastern Virginia Intercollegiate Athletic Association (EVIAA) during the 1905 college football season. Led by first-year head coach E. A. Dunlap, Richmond compiled a record of 3–5–2.


1905 Rous state by-election
A by-election was held in the New South Wales state electoral district of Rous on 11 February 1905. The by-election was triggered by the death  of John Coleman (Liberal Reform).


1905 Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution of 1905, also known as the First Russian Revolution, was a wave of mass political and social unrest that spread through vast areas of the Russian Empire, some of which was directed at the government. It included worker strikes, peasant unrest, and military mutinies. It led to constitutional reform (namely the "October Manifesto"), including the establishment of the State Duma, the multi-party system, and the Russian Constitution of 1906.


1905 Russian Revolution
The 1905 revolution was spurred by the Russian defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, which ended in the same year, but also by the growing realization by a variety of sectors of society of the need for reform. Politicians such as Sergei Witte had failed to accomplish this. While the Tsar managed to keep his rule, the events foreshadowed those of the Russian revolutions in 1917, which resulted in the overthrow of the monarchy, execution of the imperial family, and creation of the Soviet Union by the Bolsheviks.


1905 Russian Revolution
Some historians contend that the 1905 revolution set the stage for the 1917 Russian Revolutions, and enabled  Bolshevism to emerge as a distinct political movement in Russia, although it was still a minority. Lenin, as later head of the USSR, called it "The Great Dress Rehearsal", without which the "victory of the October Revolution in 1917 would have been impossible".


1905 Russian Revolution, Causes
According to Sidney Harcave, four problems in Russian society contributed to the revolution. Newly emancipated peasants earned too little and were not allowed to sell or mortgage their allotted land. Ethnic and national minorities resented the government because of its "Russification" of the Empire: it practised discrimination and repression against national minorities, such as banning them from voting; serving in the Imperial Guard or Navy; and limiting their attendance in schools. A nascent industrial working class resented the government for doing too little to protect them, as it banned strikes and organizing into labor unions. Finally, university students developed a new consciousness, after discipline was relaxed in the institutions, and they were fascinated by increasingly radical ideas, which spread among them.


1905 Russian Revolution, Causes
Also, disaffected soldiers returning from a bloody and disgraceful defeat with Japan, who found inadequate factory pay, shortages, and general disarray, organized in protest.


1905 Russian Revolution, Causes
Taken individually, these issues might not have affected the course of Russian history, but together they created the conditions for a potential revolution.


1905 Russian Revolution, Causes
At the turn of the century, discontent with the Tsar’s dictatorship was manifested not only through the growth of political parties dedicated to the overthrow of the monarchy but also through industrial strikes for better wages and working conditions, protests and riots among peasants, university demonstrations, and the assassination of government officials, often done by Socialist Revolutionaries.


1905 Russian Revolution, Causes
Because the Russian economy was tied to European finances, the contraction of Western money markets in 1899–1900 plunged Russian industry into a deep and prolonged crisis; it outlasted the dip in European industrial production. This setback aggravated social unrest during the five years preceding the revolution of 1905.


1905 Russian Revolution, Causes
The government finally recognized these problems, albeit in a shortsighted and narrow-minded way. The Minister of the Interior Vyacheslav von Plehve said in 1903 that, after the agrarian problem, the most serious issues plaguing the country were those of the Jews, the schools, and the workers, in that order.


1905 Russian Revolution, Causes
One of the major contributing factors that changed Russia from a country in unrest to a country in revolt was "Bloody Sunday". Loyalty to the tsar Nicholas II was lost on 22 January 1905, when his soldiers fired upon a group of people, led by Georgy Gapon, who were attempting to present a petition.


1905 Russian Revolution, Causes, Agrarian problem
Every year, thousands of nobles in debt mortgaged their estates to the noble land bank or sold them to municipalities, merchants, or peasants. By the time of the revolution, the nobility had sold off one-third of its land and mortgaged another third. The peasants had been freed by the emancipation reform of 1861, but their lives were generally quite limited. The government hoped to develop the peasants as a politically conservative, land-holding class by enacting laws to enable them to buy land from nobility, by paying small installments over many decades.


1905 Russian Revolution, Causes, Agrarian problem
Such land, known as "allotment land", would not be owned by individual peasants, but by the community of peasants; individual peasants would have rights to strips of land to be assigned to them under the open field system. A peasant could not sell or mortgage this land, so in practice he could not renounce his rights to his land, and he would be required to pay his share of redemption dues to the village commune. This plan was intended to prevent peasants from becoming part of the proletariat. However, the peasants were not given enough land to provide for their needs.


1905 Russian Revolution, Causes, Agrarian problem
Their earnings were often so small that they could neither buy the food they needed nor keep up the payment of taxes and redemption dues they owed the government for their land allotments. By 1903 their total arrears in payments of taxes and dues was 118 million rubles.


1905 Russian Revolution, Causes, Agrarian problem
The situation worsened, as masses of hungry peasants roamed the countryside looking for work, and sometimes walked hundreds of kilometres to find it. Desperate peasants proved capable of violence. "In the provinces of Kharkov and Poltava in 1902, thousands of them, ignoring restraints and authority, burst out in a rebellious fury that led to extensive destruction of property and looting of noble homes before troops could be brought to subdue and punish them."


1905 Russian Revolution, Causes, Agrarian problem
These violent outbreaks caught the attention of the government, so it created many committees to investigate the causes. The committees concluded that no part of the countryside was prosperous; some parts, especially the fertile areas known as the "black-soil region", were in decline. Although cultivated acreage had increased in the last half century, the increase had not been proportionate to the growth of the peasant population, which had doubled.


1905 Russian Revolution, Causes, Agrarian problem
"There was general agreement at the turn of the century that Russia faced a grave and intensifying agrarian crisis due mainly to rural overpopulation with an annual excess of fifteen to eighteen live births over deaths per 1,000 inhabitants." The investigations revealed many difficulties but the committees could not find solutions that were both sensible and "acceptable" to the government.


1905 Russian Revolution, Causes, Nationality problem
Russia was a multi-ethnic empire. Nineteenth-century Russians saw cultures and religions in a clear hierarchy. Non -Russian cultures were tolerated in the empire but were not necessarily respected. Culturally, Europe was favoured over Asia, as was Orthodox Christianity over other religions.


1905 Russian Revolution, Causes, Nationality problem
For generations, Russian Jews had been considered a special problem. Jews constituted only about 4% of the population, but were concentrated in the western borderlands. Like other minorities in Russia, the Jews lived "miserable and circumscribed lives, forbidden to settle or acquire land outside the cities and towns, legally limited in attendance at secondary school and higher schools, virtually barred from legal professions, denied the right to vote for municipal councilors, and excluded from services in the Navy or the Guards".


1905 Russian Revolution, Causes, Nationality problem
The government's treatment of Jews, although considered a separate issue, was similar to its policies in dealing with all national and religious minorities. Historian Theodore Weeks notes: "Russian administrators, who never succeeded in coming up with a legal definition of 'Pole', despite the decades of restrictions on that ethnic group, regularly spoke of individuals 'of Polish descent' or, alternatively, 'of Russian descent', making identity a function of birth." This policy only succeeded in producing or aggravating feelings of disloyalty. There was growing impatience with their inferior status and resentment against "Russification". Russification is cultural assimilation definable as "a process culminating in the disappearance of a given group as a recognisably distinct element within a larger society".


1905 Russian Revolution, Causes, Nationality problem
Besides the imposition of a uniform Russian culture throughout the empire, the government's pursuit of Russification, especially during the second half of the nineteenth century, had political motives. After the emancipation of the serfs in 1861, the Russian state was compelled to take into account public opinion, but the government failed to gain the public's support. Another motive for Russification policies was the Polish uprising of 1863. Unlike other minority nationalities, the Poles, in the eyes of the Tsar, were a direct threat to the empire's stability.


1905 Russian Revolution, Causes, Nationality problem
After the rebellion was crushed, the government implemented policies to reduce Polish cultural influences. In the 1870s the government began to distrust German elements on the western border. The Russian government felt that the unification of Germany would upset the power balance among the great powers of Europe and that Germany would use its strength against Russia. The government thought that the borders would be defended better if the borderland were more "Russian" in character. The culmination of cultural diversity created a cumbersome nationality problem that plagued the Russian government in the years leading up to the revolution.


1905 Russian Revolution, Causes, Labour problem
The economic situation in Russia before the revolution presented a grim picture. The government had experimented with laissez-faire capitalist policies, but this strategy largely failed to gain traction within the Russian economy until the 1890s. Meanwhile, "agricultural productivity stagnated, while international prices for grain dropped, and Russia’s foreign debt and need for imports grew. War and military preparations continued to consume government revenues. At the same time, the peasant taxpayers' ability to pay was strained to the utmost, leading to widespread famine in 1891."


1905 Russian Revolution, Causes, Labour problem
In the 1890s, under Finance Minister Sergei Witte, a crash governmental programme was proposed to promote industrialization. His policies included heavy government expenditures for railroad building and operations, subsidies and supporting services for private industrialists, high protective tariffs for Russian industries (especially heavy industry), an increase in exports, currency stabilization, and encouragement of foreign investments. His plan was successful and during the 1890s "Russian industrial growth averaged 8 percent per year. Railroad mileage grew from a very substantial base by 40 percent between 1892 and 1902."


1905 Russian Revolution, Causes, Labour problem
Ironically, Witte's success in implementing this program helped spur the 1905 revolution and eventually the 1917 revolution because it exacerbated social tensions. "Besides dangerously concentrating a proletariat, a professional and a rebellious student body in centers of political power, industrialization infuriated both these new forces and the traditional rural classes." The government policy of financing industrialization through taxing peasants forced millions of peasants to work in towns.


1905 Russian Revolution, Causes, Labour problem
The "peasant worker" saw his labour in the factory as the means to consolidate his family's economic position in the village and played a role in determining the social consciousness of the urban proletariat. The new concentrations and flows of peasants spread urban ideas to the countryside, breaking down isolation of peasants on communes.


1905 Russian Revolution, Causes, Labour problem
Industrial workers began to feel dissatisfaction with the Tsarist government despite the protective labour laws the government decreed. Some of those laws included the prohibition of children under 12 from working, with the exception of night work in glass factories. Employment of children aged 12 to 15 was prohibited on Sundays and holidays. Workers had to be paid in cash at least once a month, and limits were placed on the size and bases of fines for workers who were tardy. Employers were prohibited from charging workers for the cost of lighting of the shops and plants.


1905 Russian Revolution, Causes, Labour problem
Despite these labor protections, the workers believed that the laws were not enough to free them from unfair and inhumane practices. At the start of the 20th century, Russian industrial workers worked on average an 11-hour day (10 hours on Saturday), factory conditions were perceived as grueling and often unsafe, and attempts at independent unions were often not accepted. Many workers were forced to work beyond the maximum of 11 and a half hours per day. Others were still subject to arbitrary and excessive fines for tardiness, mistakes in their work, or absence.


1905 Russian Revolution, Causes, Labour problem
Russian industrial workers were also the lowest-wage workers in Europe. Although the cost of living in Russia was low, "the average worker's 16 rubles per month could not buy the equal of what the French worker's 110 francs would buy for him." Furthermore, the same labour laws prohibited organization of trade unions and strikes. Dissatisfaction turned into despair for many impoverished workers, which made them more sympathetic to radical ideas. These discontented, radicalized workers became key to the revolution by participating in illegal strikes and revolutionary protests.


1905 Russian Revolution, Causes, Labour problem
The government responded by arresting labour agitators and enacting more "paternalistic" legislation. Introduced in 1900 by Sergei Zubatov, head of the Moscow security department, "police socialism" planned to have workers form workers' societies with police approval to "provide healthful, fraternal activities and opportunities for cooperative self-help together with 'protection' against influences that might have inimical effect on loyalty to job or country". Some of these groups organized in Moscow, Odessa, Kiev, Nikolayev (Ukraine), and Kharkov, but these groups and the idea of police socialism failed.


1905 Russian Revolution, Causes, Labour problem
In 1900–1903, the period of industrial depression caused many firm bankruptcies and a reduction in the employment rate. Employees were restive: they would join legal organizations but turn the organizations toward an end that the organizations' sponsors did not intend. Workers used legitimate means to organize strikes or to draw support for striking workers outside these groups. A strike that began in 1902 by workers in the railroad shops in Vladikavkaz and Rostov-on-Don created such a response that by the next summer, 225,000 in various industries in southern Russia and Transcaucasia were on strike. These were not the first illegal strikes in the country's history but their aims, and the political awareness and support among workers and non-workers, made them more troubling to the government than earlier strikes. The government responded by closing all legal organizations by the end of 1903.


1905 Russian Revolution, Causes, Educated class as a problem
The Minister of the Interior, Plehve, designated schools as a pressing problem for the government, but he did not realize it was only a symptom of antigovernment feelings among the educated class. Students of universities, other schools of higher learning, and occasionally of secondary schools and theological seminaries were part of this group.


1905 Russian Revolution, Causes, Educated class as a problem
Student radicalism began around the time Tsar Alexander II came to power. Alexander abolished serfdom and enacted fundamental reforms in the legal and administrative structure of the Russian empire, which were revolutionary for their time. He lifted many restrictions on universities and abolished obligatory uniforms and military discipline. This ushered in a new freedom in the content and reading lists of academic courses. In turn, that created student subcultures, as youth were willing to live in poverty in order to receive an education.


1905 Russian Revolution, Causes, Educated class as a problem
As universities expanded, there was a rapid growth of newspapers, journals, and an organization of public lectures and professional societies. The 1860s was a time when the emergence of a new public sphere was created in social life and professional groups. This created the idea of their right to have an independent opinion.


1905 Russian Revolution, Causes, Educated class as a problem
The government was alarmed by these communities, and in 1861 tightened restrictions on admission and prohibited student organizations; these restrictions resulted in the first ever student demonstration, held in St. Petersburg, which led to a two-year closure of the university. The consequent conflict with the state was an important factor in the chronic student protests over subsequent decades. The atmosphere of the early 1860s gave rise to political engagement by students outside universities that became a tenet of student radicalism by the 1870s.


1905 Russian Revolution, Causes, Educated class as a problem
Student radicals described "the special duty and mission of the student as such to spread the new word of liberty. Students were called upon to extend their freedoms into society, to repay the privilege of learning by serving the people, and to become in Nikolai Ogarev's phrase 'apostles of knowledge'." During the next two decades, universities produced a significant share of Russia's revolutionaries. Prosecution records from the 1860s and 1870s show that more than half of all political offences were committed by students despite being a minute proportion of the population.


1905 Russian Revolution, Causes, Educated class as a problem
"The tactics of the left-wing students proved to be remarkably effective, far beyond anyone's dreams. Sensing that neither the university administrations nor the government any longer possessed the will or authority to enforce regulations, radicals simply went ahead with their plans to turn the schools into centres of political activity for students and non-students alike."


1905 Russian Revolution, Causes, Educated class as a problem
They took up problems that were unrelated to their "proper employment", and displayed defiance and radicalism by boycotting examinations, rioting, arranging marches in sympathy with strikers and political prisoners, circulating petitions, and writing anti-government propaganda.


1905 Russian Revolution, Causes, Educated class as a problem
This disturbed the government, but it believed the cause was lack of training in patriotism and religion. Therefore, the curriculum was "toughened up" to emphasize classical language and mathematics in secondary schools, but defiance continued. Expulsion, exile, and forced military service also did not stop students. "In fact, when the official decision to overhaul the whole educational system was finally made, in 1904, and to that end Vladimir Glazov, head of General Staff Academy, was selected as Minister of Education, the students had grown bolder and more resistant than ever."


1905 Russian Revolution, Rise of the opposition
The events of 1905 came after progressive and academic agitation for more political democracy and limits to Tsarist rule in Russia, and an increase in strikes by workers against employers for radical economic demands and union recognition, (especially in southern Russia). Many socialists view this as a period when the rising revolutionary movement was met with rising reactionary movements. As Rosa Luxemburg stated in 1906 in The Mass Strike, when collective strike activity was met with what is perceived as repression from an autocratic state, economic and political demands grew into and reinforced each other.


1905 Russian Revolution, Rise of the opposition
Russian progressives formed the Union of Zemstvo Constitutionalists in 1903 and the Union of Liberation in 1904, which called for a constitutional monarchy. Russian socialists formed two major groups: the Socialist Revolutionary Party (founded in 1902), which followed the Russian populist tradition, and the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (founded in 1898).


1905 Russian Revolution, Rise of the opposition
In late 1904 liberals started a series of banquets (modeled on the campagne des banquets leading up to the French Revolution of 1848), nominally celebrating the 40th anniversary of the liberal court statutes, but actually an attempt to circumvent laws against political gatherings. The banquets resulted in calls for political reforms and a constitution. In November 1904 a Zemsky Congress (Russian: Земский съезд) - a gathering of zemstvo delegates representing all levels of Russian society - called for a constitution, civil liberties and a parliament. On 13 December [O.S. 30 November] 1904, the Moscow City Duma passed a resolution demanding the establishment of an elected national legislature, full freedom of the press, and freedom of religion. Similar resolutions and appeals from other city dumas and zemstvo councils followed.


1905 Russian Revolution, Rise of the opposition
Emperor Nicholas II made a move to meet many of these demands, appointing liberal Pyotr Dmitrievich Sviatopolk-Mirsky as Minister of the Interior after the July 1904 assassination of Vyacheslav von Plehve. On 25 December [O.S. 12 December] 1904, the Emperor issued a manifesto promising the broadening of the zemstvo system and more authority for local municipal councils, insurance for industrial workers, the emancipation of Inorodtsy and the abolition of censorship. The crucial demand - that for a representative national legislature - was missing in the manifesto.


1905 Russian Revolution, Rise of the opposition
Worker strikes in the Caucasus broke out in March 1902. Strikes on the railways, originating from pay disputes, took on other issues and drew in other industries, culminating in a general strike at Rostov-on-Don in November 1902. Daily meetings of 15,000 to 20,000 heard openly revolutionary appeals for the first time, before a massacre defeated the strikes. But reaction to the massacres brought political demands to purely economic ones.


1905 Russian Revolution, Rise of the opposition
Luxemburg described the situation in 1903 by saying: "the whole of South Russia in May, June and July was aflame",including Baku (where separate wage struggles culminated in a citywide general strike) and Tiflis, where commercial workers gained a reduction in the working day, and were joined by factory workers. In 1904, massive strike waves broke out in Odessa in the spring, in Kiev in July, and in Baku in December. This all set the stage for the strikes in St. Petersburg in December 1904 to January 1905 seen as the first step in the 1905 revolution.


1905 Russian Revolution, Start of the revolution
In December 1904, a strike occurred at the Putilov plant (a railway and artillery supplier) in St. Petersburg. Sympathy strikes in other parts of the city raised the number of strikers to 150,000 workers in 382 factories. By 21 January [O.S. 8 January] 1905, the city had no electricity and newspaper distribution was halted. All public areas were declared closed.


1905 Russian Revolution, Start of the revolution
Controversial Orthodox priest Georgy Gapon, who headed a police-sponsored workers' association, led a huge workers' procession to the Winter Palace to deliver a petition to the Tsar on Sunday, 22 January [O.S. 9 January] 1905. The troops guarding the Palace were ordered to tell the demonstrators not to pass a certain point, according to Sergei Witte, and at some point, troops opened fire on the demonstrators, causing between 200 (according to Witte) and 1,000 deaths. The event became known as Bloody Sunday, and is considered by many scholars as the start of the active phase of the revolution.


1905 Russian Revolution, Start of the revolution
The events in St. Petersburg provoked public indignation and a series of massive strikes that spread quickly throughout the industrial centers of the Russian Empire. Polish socialists—both the PPS and the SDKPiL—called for a general strike. By the end of January 1905, over 400,000 workers in Russian Poland were on strike (see Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907)). Half of European Russia's industrial workers went on strike in 1905, and 93.2% in Poland. There were also strikes in Finland and the Baltic coast.


1905 Russian Revolution, Start of the revolution
In Riga, 130 protesters were killed on 26 January [O.S. 13 January] 1905, and in Warsaw a few days later over 100 strikers were shot on the streets. By February, there were strikes in the Caucasus, and by April, in the Urals and beyond. In March, all higher academic institutions were forcibly closed for the remainder of the year, adding radical students to the striking workers. A strike by railway workers on 21 October [O.S. 8 October] 1905 quickly developed into a general strike in Saint Petersburg and Moscow.


1905 Russian Revolution, Start of the revolution
This prompted the setting up of the short-lived Saint Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Delegates, an admixture of Bolsheviks and Mensheviks headed by Khrustalev-Nossar and despite the Iskra split would see the likes of Julius Martov and Georgi Plekhanov spar with Lenin. Leon Trotsky, who felt a strong connection to the Bolsheviki, had not given up a compromise but spearheaded strike action in over 200 factories. By 26 October [O.S. 13 October] 1905, over 2 million workers were on strike and there were almost no active railways in all of Russia. Growing inter-ethnic confrontation throughout the Caucasus resulted in Armenian–Tatar massacres, heavily damaging the cities and the Baku oilfields.


1905 Russian Revolution, Start of the revolution
With the unsuccessful and bloody Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905) there was unrest in army reserve units. On 2 January 1905, Port Arthur was lost; in February 1905, the Russian army was defeated at Mukden, losing almost 80,000 men. On 27–28 May 1905, the Russian Baltic Fleet was defeated at Tsushima. Witte was dispatched to make peace, negotiating the Treaty of Portsmouth (signed 5 September [O.S. 23 August] 1905). In 1905, there were naval mutinies at Sevastopol (see Sevastopol Uprising), Vladivostok, and Kronstadt, peaking in June with the mutiny aboard the battleship Potemkin.


1905 Russian Revolution, Start of the revolution
The mutineers eventually surrendered the battleship to Romanian authorities on 8 July in exchange for asylum, then the Romanians returned her to Imperial Russian authorities on the following day. Some sources claim over 2,000 sailors died in the suppression. The mutinies were disorganised and quickly crushed. Despite these mutinies, the armed forces were largely apolitical and remained mostly loyal, if dissatisfied—and were widely used by the government to control the 1905 unrest.


1905 Russian Revolution, Start of the revolution
Nationalist groups had been angered by the Russification undertaken since Alexander II. The Poles, Finns, and the Baltic provinces all sought autonomy, and also freedom to use their national languages and promote their own culture. Muslim groups were also active, founding the Union of the Muslims of Russia in August 1905. Certain groups took the opportunity to settle differences with each other rather than the government. Some nationalists undertook anti-Jewish pogroms, possibly with government aid, and in total over 3,000 Jews were killed.


1905 Russian Revolution, Start of the revolution
The number of prisoners throughout the Russian Empire, which had peaked at 116,376 in 1893, fell by over a third to a record low of 75,009 in January 1905, chiefly because of several mass amnesties granted by the Tsar; the historian S G Wheatcroft has wondered what role these released criminals played in the 1905–06 social unrest.


1905 Russian Revolution, Start of the revolution, Government response
On 12 January, the Tsar appointed Dmitri Feodorovich Trepov as governor in St Petersburg and dismissed the Minister of the Interior, Pyotr Sviatopolk-Mirskii, on 18 February [O.S. 5 February] 1905. He appointed a government commission "to enquire without delay into the causes of discontent among the workers in the city of St Petersburg and its suburbs" in view of the strike movement. The commission was headed by Senator NV Shidlovsky, a member of the State Council, and included officials, chiefs of government factories, and private factory owners.


1905 Russian Revolution, Start of the revolution, Government response
It was also meant to have included workers' delegates elected according to a two-stage system. Elections of the workers delegates were, however, blocked by the socialists who wanted to divert the workers from the elections to the armed struggle. On 5 March [O.S. 20 February] 1905, the commission was dissolved without having started work. Following the assassination of his uncle, the Grand Duke Sergei Aleksandrovich, on 17 February [O.S. 4 February] 1905, the Tsar made new concessions.


1905 Russian Revolution, Start of the revolution, Government response
On 2 March [O.S. 18 February] 1905 he published the Bulygin Rescript, which promised the formation of a consultative assembly, religious tolerance, freedom of speech (in the form of language rights for the Polish minority) and a reduction in the peasants' redemption payments. On 24 and 25 May [O.S. 11 and 12 May] 1905, about 300 Zemstvo and municipal representatives held three meetings in Moscow, which passed a resolution, asking for popular representation at the national level. On 6 June [O.S. 24 May] 1905, Nicholas II had received a Zemstvo deputation. Responding to speeches by Prince Sergei Trubetskoi and Mr Fyodrov, the Tsar confirmed his promise to convene an assembly of people's representatives.


1905 Russian Revolution, Height of the Revolution
Tsar Nicholas II agreed on 2 March [O.S. 18 February] to the creation of a State Duma of the Russian Empire but with consultative powers only. When its slight powers and limits on the electorate were revealed, unrest redoubled. The Saint Petersburg Soviet was formed and called for a general strike in October, refusal to pay taxes, and the en masse withdrawal of bank deposits.


1905 Russian Revolution, Height of the Revolution
In June and July 1905, there were many peasant uprisings in which peasants seized land and tools. Disturbances in the Russian-controlled Congress Poland culminated in June 1905 in the Łódź insurrection. Surprisingly, only one landlord was recorded as killed. Far more violence was inflicted on peasants outside the commune: 50 deaths were recorded.


1905 Russian Revolution, Height of the Revolution
The October Manifesto, written by Sergei Witte and Alexis Obolenskii, was presented to the Tsar on 14 October  [O.S. 1 October]. It closely followed the demands of the Zemstvo Congress in September, granting basic civil rights, allowing the formation of political parties, extending the franchise towards universal suffrage, and establishing the Duma as the central legislative body. The Tsar waited and argued for three days, but finally signed the manifesto on 30 October [O.S. 17 October] 1905, citing his desire to avoid a massacre and his realisation that there was insufficient military force available to pursue alternative options. He regretted signing the document, saying that he felt "sick with shame at this betrayal of the dynasty ... the betrayal was complete".


1905 Russian Revolution, Height of the Revolution
When the manifesto was proclaimed, there were spontaneous demonstrations of support in all the major cities. The strikes in Saint Petersburg and elsewhere officially ended or quickly collapsed. A political amnesty was also offered. The concessions came hand-in-hand with renewed, and brutal, action against the unrest. There was also a backlash from the conservative elements of society, with right-wing attacks on strikers, left-wingers, and Jews.


1905 Russian Revolution, Height of the Revolution
While the Russian liberals were satisfied by the October Manifesto and prepared for upcoming Duma elections, radical socialists and revolutionaries denounced the elections and called for an armed uprising to destroy the Empire.


1905 Russian Revolution, Height of the Revolution
Some of the November uprising of 1905 in Sevastopol, headed by retired naval Lieutenant Pyotr Schmidt, was directed against the government, while some was undirected. It included terrorism, worker strikes, peasant unrest and military mutinies, and was only suppressed after a fierce battle. The Trans-Baikal railroad fell into the hands of striker committees and demobilised soldiers returning from Manchuria after the Russo–Japanese War. The Tsar had to send a special detachment of loyal troops along the Trans-Siberian Railway to restore order.


1905 Russian Revolution, Height of the Revolution
Between 5 and 7 December [O.S. 22 and 24 November], there was a general strike by Russian workers. The government sent troops on 7 December, and a bitter street-by-street fight began. A week later, the Semyonovsky Regiment was deployed, and used artillery to break up demonstrations and to shell workers' districts. On 18 December [O.S. 5 December], with around a thousand people dead and parts of the city in ruins, the workers surrendered. After a final spasm in Moscow, the uprisings ended in December 1905.


1905 Russian Revolution, Height of the Revolution
According to figures presented in the Duma by Professor Maksim Kovalevsky, by April 1906, more than 14,000 people had been executed and 75,000 imprisoned. Historian Brian Taylor states the number of deaths in the 1905 Revolution was in the "thousands", and notes one source that puts the figure at over 13,000 deaths.


1905 Russian Revolution, Results
Following the Revolution of 1905, the Tsar made last attempts to save his regime, and offered reforms similar to most rulers when pressured by a revolutionary movement. The military remained loyal throughout the Revolution of 1905, as shown by their shooting of revolutionaries when ordered by the Tsar, making overthrow difficult. These reforms were outlined in a precursor to the Constitution of 1906 known as the October Manifesto which created the Imperial Duma. The Russian Constitution of 1906, also known as the Fundamental Laws, set up a multiparty system and a limited constitutional monarchy. The revolutionaries were quelled and satisfied with the reforms, but it was not enough to prevent the 1917 revolution that would later topple the Tsar's regime.


1905 Russian Revolution, Results, Creation of Duma and appointment of Stolypin
There had been earlier attempts in establishing a Russian Duma before the October Manifesto, but these attempts faced dogged resistance. One attempt in July 1905, called the Bulygin Duma, tried to reduce the assembly into a consultative body. It also proposed limiting voting rights to those with a higher property qualification, excluding industrial workers. Both sides—the opposition and the conservatives—were not pleased with the results. Another attempt in August 1905 was almost successful, but that too died when Nicholas insisted on the Duma's functions be relegated to an advisory position.


1905 Russian Revolution, Results, Creation of Duma and appointment of Stolypin
The October Manifesto, aside from granting the population the freedom of speech and assembly, proclaimed that no law would be passed without examination and approval by the Imperial Duma. The Manifesto also extended the suffrage to universal proportions, allowing for greater participation in the Duma, though the electoral law in 11 December still excluded women. Nevertheless, the tsar retained the power of veto.


1905 Russian Revolution, Results, Creation of Duma and appointment of Stolypin
Propositions for restrictions to the Duma's legislative powers remained persistent. A decree on 20 February 1906 transformed the State Council, the advisory body, into a second chamber with legislative powers "equal to those of the Duma". Not only did this transformation violate the Manifesto, but the Council became a buffer zone between the tsar and Duma, slowing whatever progress the latter could achieve. Even three days before the Duma's first session, on 24 April 1906, the Fundamental Laws further limited the assembly's movement by giving the tsar the sole power to appoint/dismiss ministers.


1905 Russian Revolution, Results, Creation of Duma and appointment of Stolypin
Adding insult was the indication that the Tsar alone had control over many facets of political reins—all without the Duma's expressed permission. The trap seemed perfectly set for the unsuspecting Duma: by the time the assembly convened in 27 April, it quickly found itself unable to do much without violating the Fundamental Laws. Defeated and frustrated, the majority of the assembly voted no confidence and handed in their resignations after a few weeks on 13 May.


1905 Russian Revolution, Results, Creation of Duma and appointment of Stolypin
The attacks on the Duma were not confined to its legislative powers. By the time the Duma opened, it was missing crucial support from its populace, thanks in no small part to the government's return to Pre-Manifesto levels of suppression. The Soviets were forced to lay low for a long time, while the zemstvos turned against the Duma when the issue of land appropriation came up. The issue of land appropriation was the most contentious of the Duma's appeals. The Duma proposed that the government distribute its treasury, "monastic and imperial lands", and seize private estates as well. The Duma, in fact, was preparing to alienate some of its more affluent supporters, a decision that left the assembly without the necessary political power to be efficient.


1905 Russian Revolution, Results, Creation of Duma and appointment of Stolypin
Nicholas II remained wary of having to share power with reform-minded bureaucrats. When the pendulum in 1906 elections swung to the left, Nicholas immediately ordered the Duma's dissolution just after 73 days. Hoping to further squeeze the life out of the assembly, he appointed a tougher prime minister in Petr Stolypin as the liberal Witte's replacement. Much to Nicholas's chagrin, Stolypin attempted to bring about acts of reform (land reform), while retaining measures favorable to the regime (stepping up the number of executions of revolutionaries).


1905 Russian Revolution, Results, Creation of Duma and appointment of Stolypin
After the revolution subsided, he was able to bring economic growth back to Russia's industries, a period which lasted until 1914. But Stolypin's efforts did nothing to prevent the collapse of the monarchy, nor seemed to satisfy the conservatives. Stolypin died from a bullet wound by a revolutionary, Dmitry Bogrov, on 5 September 1911.


1905 Russian Revolution, Results, October Manifesto
Even after Bloody Sunday and defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, Nicholas II had been slow to offer a meaningful solution to the social and political crisis. At this point, he became more concerned with his personal affairs such as the illness of his son, whose struggle with haemophilia was overseen by Rasputin. Nicholas also refused to believe that the population was demanding changes in the autocratic regime, seeing "public opinion" as mainly the "intelligentsia" and believing himself to be the patronly 'father figure' to the Russian people. Sergei Witte, the minister of Russia, frustratingly argued with the Tsar that an immediate implementation of reforms was needed to retain order in the country. It was only after the Revolution started picking up steam that Nicholas was forced to make concessions by writing the October Manifesto.


1905 Russian Revolution, Results, October Manifesto
Issued on 17 October 1905, the Manifesto stated that the government would grant the population reforms such as the right to vote and to convene in assemblies. Its main provisions were:


1905 Russian Revolution, Results, October Manifesto
Despite what seemed to be a moment for celebration for Russia's population and the reformists, the Manifesto was rife with problems. Aside from the absence of the word "constitution", one issue with the manifesto was its timing. By October 1905, Nicholas was already dealing with a revolution. Another problem surfaced in the conscience of Nicholas himself:  Witte said in 1911 that the manifesto was written only to get the pressure off the monarch's back, that it was not a "voluntary act". In fact, the writers hoped that the Manifesto would sow discord into "the camp of the autocracy’s enemies" and bring order back to Russia.


1905 Russian Revolution, Results, October Manifesto
One immediate effect it did have, for a while, was the start of the Days of Freedom, a six-week period from 17 October to early December. This period witnessed an unprecedented level of freedom on all publications—revolutionary papers, brochures, etc.—even though the tsar officially retained the power to censor provocative material. This opportunity allowed the press to address the tsar, and government officials, in a harsh, critical tone previously unheard of. The freedom of speech also opened the floodgates for meetings and organized political parties. In Moscow alone, over 400 meetings took place in the first four weeks. Some of the political parties that came out of these meetings were the Constitutional Democrats (Kadets), Social Democrats, Socialist Revolutionaries, Octobrists, and the far-rightist Union of Russian People.


1905 Russian Revolution, Results, October Manifesto
Among all the groups that benefited most from the Days of Freedoms were the labor unions. In fact, the Days of Freedom witnessed unionization in the history of the Russian Empire at its apex. At least 67 unions were established in Moscow, as well as 58 in St. Petersburg; the majority of both combined were formed in November 1905 alone. For the Soviets, it was a watershed period of time: nearly 50 of the unions in St. Petersburg came under Soviet control, while in Moscow, the Soviets had around 80,000 members. This large sector of power allowed the Soviets enough clout to form their own militias. In St. Petersburg alone, the Soviets claimed around 6,000 armed members with the purpose of protecting the meetings.


1905 Russian Revolution, Results, October Manifesto
Perhaps empowered in their newfound window of opportunity, the St. Petersburg Soviets, along with other socialist parties, called for armed struggles against the Tsarist government, a war call that no doubt alarmed the government. Not only were the workers motivated, but the Days of Freedom also had an earthquake-like effect on the peasant collective as well. Seeing an opening in the autocracy's waning authority thanks to the Manifesto, the peasants, with a political organization, took to the streets in revolt. In response, the government exerted its forces in campaigns to subdue and repress both the peasants and the workers. Consequences were now in full force: with a pretext in their hands, the government spent the month of December 1905 regaining the level of authority once lost to Bloody Sunday.


1905 Russian Revolution, Results, October Manifesto
Ironically, the writers of the October Manifesto were caught off guard by the surge in revolts. One of the main reasons for writing the October Manifesto bordered on the government's "fear of the revolutionary movement". In fact, many officials believed this fear was practically the sole reason for the Manifesto's creation in the first place. Among those more scared was Dmitri Feodorovich Trepov, governor general of St. Petersburg and deputy minister of the interior. Trepov urged Nicholas II to stick to the principles in the Manifesto, for "every retreat ... would be hazardous to the dynasty".


1905 Russian Revolution, Results, Russian Constitution of 1906
The Russian Constitution of 1906 was published on the eve of the convocation of the First Duma. The new Fundamental Law was enacted to institute promises of the October Manifesto as well as add new reforms. The Tsar was confirmed as absolute leader, with complete control of the executive, foreign policy, church, and the armed forces. The structure of the Duma was changed, becoming a lower chamber below the Council of Ministers, and was half-elected, half-appointed by the Tsar. Legislations had to be approved by the Duma, the council, and the Tsar to become law.


1905 Russian Revolution, Results, Russian Constitution of 1906
The Fundamental State Laws were the "culmination of the whole sequence of events set in motion in October 1905 and which consolidated the new status quo". The introduction of The Russian Constitution of 1906 was not simply an institution of the October Manifesto. The introduction of the constitution states (and thus emphasizes) the following:


1905 Russian Revolution, Results, Russian Constitution of 1906
The Constitution did not mention any of the provisions of the October Manifesto. While it did enact the provisions laid out previously, its sole purpose seems again to be the propaganda for the monarchy and to simply not fall back on prior promises. The provisions and the new constitutional monarchy did not satisfy Russians and Lenin. The Constitution lasted until the fall of the empire in 1917.


1905 Russian Revolution, Rise of political violence
The years 1904 and 1907 saw a decline of mass movements, strikes and protests, and a rise of overt political violence. Combat groups such as the SR Combat Organization carried out many assassinations targeting civil servants and police, and robberies. Between 1906 and 1909, revolutionaries killed 7,293 people, of whom 2,640 were officials, and wounded 8,061. Notable victims included:


1905 Russian Revolution, Repression
The years of revolution were marked by a dramatic rise in the numbers of death sentences and executions. Different figures on the number of executions were compared by Senator Nikolai Tagantsev, and are listed in the table.


1905 Russian Revolution, Repression
These numbers reflect only executions of civilians, and do not include a large number of summary executions by punitive army detachments and executions of military mutineers. Peter Kropotkin, an anarchist, noted that official statistics excluded executions conducted during punitive expeditions, especially in Siberia, Caucasus and the Baltic provinces. By 1906 some 4,509 political prisoners were incarcerated in Russian Poland, 20 percent of the empire's total.


1905 Russian Revolution, Ivanovo Soviet
Ivanovo Voznesensk was known as the 'Russian Manchester' for its textile mills. In 1905, its local revolutionaries were overwhelmingly Bolshevik. It was the first Bolshevik branch in which workers outnumbered intellectuals.


1905 Russian Revolution, Poland
The 1905-1907 revolution was at the time the largest wave of strikes and widest emancipatory movement Poland had ever seen, and it would remain so until the 1970s and 1980s. In 1905, 93.2% of Congress Poland's industrial workers went on strike. The first phase of the revolution consisted primarily of mass strikes, rallies, demonstrations – later this evolved into street skirmishes with the police and army as well as bomb assassinations and robberies of transports carrying money to tsarist financial institutions.


1905 Russian Revolution, Poland
One of the major events of that period was the insurrection in Łódź in June 1905, but unrest happened in many other areas too. Warsaw was also an active centre of resistance, particularly in terms of strikes, whereas further south the Republika Ostrowiecka and Republika Zagłębiowska were proclaimed (tsarist control was later restored in these areas when martial law was introduced).


1905 Russian Revolution, Poland
Until November 1905, Poland was at the vanguard of the revolutionary movement in the Russian Empire despite the vast military numbers thrown against it; even when the upheaval began its downfall, larger strikes happened more often in Poland than they did in other parts of the Empire in the years 1906–1907.


1905 Russian Revolution, Poland
Due to its reach, violence, radicalism, and effects, some Polish historians even consider the events of the 1905 revolution in Poland a fourth Polish uprising against the Russian Empire.


1905 Russian Revolution, Finland
In the Grand Duchy of Finland, the Social Democrats organised the general strike of 1905 (12–19 November [O.S. 30 October – 6 November]). The Red Guards were formed, led by captain Johan Kock. During the general strike, the Red Declaration, written by Finnish politician and journalist Yrjö Mäkelin, was published in Tampere, demanding dissolution of the Senate of Finland, universal suffrage, political freedoms, and abolition of censorship.


1905 Russian Revolution, Finland
Leo Mechelin, leader of the constitutionalists, crafted the November Manifesto: the revolution resulted in the abolition of the Diet of Finland and of the four Estates, and to the creation of the modern Parliament of Finland. It also resulted in a temporary halt to the Russification policy that Russia had started in 1899.


1905 Russian Revolution, Finland
On 12 August [O.S. 30 July] 1906, Russian artillerymen and military engineers rose in revolt in the fortress of Sveaborg (later called Suomenlinna), Helsinki. The Finnish Red Guards supported the Sveaborg Rebellion with a general strike, but the mutiny was quelled within 60 hours by loyal troops and ships of the Baltic Fleet.


1905 Russian Revolution, Estonia
In the Governorate of Estonia, Estonians called for freedom of the press and assembly, for universal suffrage, and for national autonomy. On 29 October [O.S. 16 October], the Russian army opened fire in a meeting on a street market in Tallinn in which about 8 000-10 000 people participated, killing 94 and injuring over 200. The October Manifesto was supported in Estonia and the Estonian flag was displayed publicly for the first time. Jaan Tõnisson used the new political freedoms to widen the rights of Estonians by establishing the first Estonian political party – National Progress Party.


1905 Russian Revolution, Estonia
Another, more radical political organisation, the Estonian Social Democratic Workers' Union was founded as well. The moderate supporters of Tõnisson and the more radical supporters of Jaan Teemant could not agree about how to continue with the revolution, and only agreed that both wanted to limit the rights of Baltic Germans and to end Russification. The radical views were publicly welcomed and in December 1905, martial law was declared in Tallinn. A total of 160 manors were looted, resulting in ca. 400 workers and peasants being killed by the army. Estonian gains from the revolution were minimal, but the tense stability that prevailed between 1905 and 1917 allowed Estonians to advance the aspiration of national statehood.


1905 Russian Revolution, Latvia
Following the shooting of demonstrators in St. Petersburg, a wide-scale general strike began in Riga. On 26 January [O.S. 13 January], Russian army troops opened fire on demonstrators killing 73 and injuring 200 people. During the middle of 1905, the focus of revolutionary events moved to the countryside with mass meetings and demonstrations. 470 new parish administrative bodies were elected in 94% of the parishes in Latvia. The Congress of Parish Representatives was held in Riga in November.


1905 Russian Revolution, Latvia
In autumn 1905, armed conflict between the Baltic German nobility and the Latvian peasants began in the rural areas of Livonia and Courland. In Courland, the peasants seized or surrounded several towns. In Livonia, the fighters controlled the Rūjiena-Pärnu railway line. Martial law was declared in Courland in August 1905, and in Livonia in late November. Special punitive expeditions were dispatched in mid-December to suppress the movement. They executed 1170 people without trial or investigation and burned 300 peasant homes. Thousands were exiled to Siberia. Many Latvian intellectuals only escaped by fleeing to Western Europe or USA. In 1906, the revolutionary movement gradually subsided.


1905 Rutgers Queensmen football team
The 1905 Rutgers Queensmen football team represented Rutgers University in the 1905 college football season. In their second, non-consecutive season under head coach Oliver D. Mann, the Queensmen compiled a 3–6 record and were outscored by their opponents, 99 to 44. The team captain was Harold F. Green.


1905 SAFA Grand Final
The 1905 SAFA Grand Final was an Australian rules football competition. North Adelaide beat Port Adelaide by 44 to 12.


1905 SAFA season
The 1905 South Australian Football Association season was the 29th season of the top-level Australian rules football competition in South Australia.


1905 Saint Louis Blue and White football team
The 1905 Saint Louis Blue and White football team was an American football team that represented Saint Louis University during the 1905 college football season. In their first and only season under head coach Tommy Dowd, the team compiled a 7–2 record and outscored opponents by a total of 267 to 43.


1905 San Diego mayoral election
The 1905 San Diego mayoral election was held on April 4, 1905 to elect the mayor for San Diego. John L. Sehon was elected mayor with a majority of the votes.


1905 San Diego mayoral election, Campaign
Incumbent Mayor Frank P. Frary declined to run for reelection. Three candidates campaigned for the open seat: Dan Jones, a Republican, John L. Sehon, a Democrat running on the Non-Partisan ticket, and W.J. Kirkwood, a Socialist.


1905 San Diego mayoral election, Campaign
On April 4, 1905, Sehon was elected mayor with a majority of 52.7 percent of the vote. Jones came in second with 35.9 percent of the vote. Kirkwood came in third with 11.3 percent.


1905 San Diego mayoral election, Campaign
During the campaign, it was questioned whether a retired army officer such as Sehon was eligible for civil office. Fearing that his opponents would attempt to lock him out of office, Sehon broke into City Hall in the middle of the night of the first day of his term to forcibly take possession of the office of the mayor.


1905 Saskatchewan general election
The 1905 Saskatchewan general election was the first provincial election in the newly created Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It was held on 13 December 1905 to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan. Walter Scott led the Liberal Party of Saskatchewan to victory over the Provincial Rights Party of Frederick W. A. G. Haultain, and became the first Premier of the new province.


1905 Serbian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Serbia on 10 July 1905. The result was a victory for the Independent Radical Party, which won 81 of the 160 seats. Ljubomir Stojanović remained Prime Minister.


1905 Sewanee Tigers football team
The 1905 Sewanee Tigers football team represented the Sewanee Tigers of Sewanee: The University of the South in the 1905 season.


1905 Snyder tornado
The 1905 Snyder, Oklahoma, tornado was a powerful tornado that struck the town of Snyder, Oklahoma, in Kiowa County on Wednesday, May 10, 1905. The event was one of the worst natural disasters ever to hit the state of Oklahoma. The cyclone killed 97 people, making it the second most deadly tornado in Oklahoma history. The tornado was part of a larger, multiple-day tornado outbreak that hit several states across the Midwestern United States, including Kansas, Oklahoma, and Missouri.


1905 Snyder tornado, Meteorological synopsis
The tornado was caused by a strong low pressure system that developed across the Rocky Mountains, near Denver, Colorado. Another storm was also located across Wyoming on May 9. Tornadoes formed on that day across several Plains states including Missouri, Oklahoma, and Kansas. The Colorado storm system then moved toward the Central and Southern Plains on the next day and affected areas slightly to the east of the area affected on May 9. A new trough of low pressure developed in the vicinity of the southern storm. It later moved across the Oklahoma and Texas Panhandles.


1905 Snyder tornado, Meteorological synopsis
As happened on numerous other occasions, such storms produced a large moist and warm flow from the Gulf of Mexico as well as much instability in the atmosphere. Being in May, storm systems produced large contrasts of temperatures, which added more ingredients for the development of powerful thunderstorms with possible damaging tornadoes. Such was the case on May 10, 1905.


1905 Snyder tornado, Snyder tornado
Prior to the Snyder tornado, a first tornado developed at 6:45 PM CST near Carmel in Greer County, which is about one hour northwest of Wichita Falls, Texas. This tornado killed at least 10 people. Numerous homes, farmsteads and a school house sustained heavy damage or were destroyed. The tornado lifted near Lock (in Jackson County). A second and more destructive tornado touched down just after 8:00 PM CST near the Kiowa/Greer County line and merged with the remnants of the first cyclone. It also proceeded northeast across the Red River Valley and Otter Creek region.


1905 Snyder tornado, Snyder tornado
At around 8:45 PM CST (after dark), it struck the town of Snyder, killing 97 people. Structures in the western and northern part of the town were completely demolished, with some homes being swept away. One hundred homes were leveled and 150 were badly damaged. The tornado lifted northeast of Snyder shortly after 9:00 PM CST. Another tornado from a different supercell, which previously killed two in Elk City in Beckham County, killed three more in Quinlan, Oklahoma, which is about two hours northeast of Snyder.


1905 Snyder tornado, Aftermath
In 1905, only telephones and telegraphs existed which made recovery efforts difficult, especially since both methods of communications were knocked out by the tornado. People had to walk to surrounding regions in order to get help and assistance. In the coming days, several neighboring towns across southern and central Oklahoma assisted in the recovery efforts, with doctors being assigned and many supplies shipped in by trains towards the devastated region. One of the doctors to respond to the area was Doctor George Fowler Border, of Mangum, Oklahoma, founder of the first hospital in the region.


1905 Snyder tornado, Records and similar events
The Fujita scale was not established at that time, but due to the heavy damage, the tornado has been retroactively rated F5. In recorded history, the tornado was one of the deadliest in the state of Oklahoma. At the time the event occurred, it was the second deadliest F5 tornado ever, being surpassed by the 1899 New Richmond tornado which killed 117 (and still stands as the deadliest in Wisconsin history and 9th overall in the United States). The Snyder tornado was the deadliest in Oklahoma history until it was surpassed by the Woodward County tornado on April 9, 1947, which killed at least 181. It still stands today as the 2nd deadliest tornado ever in the state.


1905 Snyder tornado, Records and similar events
Another tornado, rated F4, was recorded in the immediate area on May 1, 1954. The tornado, which originated from North Texas, did not cause any fatalities in the Snyder area.


1905 Snyder tornado, Records and similar events
Other similar outbreaks, which had the same meteorological dynamics, include the 1955 Great Plains tornado outbreak - which killed 102 including 80 in Udall, Kansas, the 1979 Red River Valley tornado outbreak - which killed at least 54, including 42 in Wichita Falls, the Andover tornado outbreak - which killed 21, including 4 in Wichita and 13 in Andover, Kansas, the 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak in 1999 - which killed 48 in and around Oklahoma City, Wichita and southern Tennessee, and the Greensburg, Kansas, outbreak in May 2007 - which killed 14, including 10 in Greensburg, Kansas. This last tornado was the first EF5 tornado under the new Enhanced Fujita scale, that started in the USA on February 1, 2007.


1905 South Australian state election
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Kerry Raymond (talk | contribs) at 05:20, 20 June 2020 (→top: oz tags, replaced: → {{Use Australian English|date=June 2020}}). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1905 South Australian state election
State elections were held in South Australia on 27 May 1905. All 42 seats in the South Australian House of Assembly were up for election. The incumbent conservative government led by Premier of South Australia Richard Butler in an informal coalition with the liberals was defeated by the United Labor Party (ULP) led by Leader of the Opposition Thomas Price. Each of the 13 districts elected multiple members, with voters casting multiple votes.


1905 South Australian state election
The first ministry formed after the 1902 election by John Jenkins, who resigned prior to the 1905 election. Richard Butler took the parliament into the 1905 election. Prior to the election, a new party formed. The rural stockowners and graziers were concerned at the concentration of the Australasian National League (ANL) on the metropolitan electorates and urban issues. In 1905, these interests formed the Farmers and Producers Political Union (FPPU), which had a conservative political agenda, and was absolutely opposed to franchise reform. It was essentially the rural wing of the ANL.


1905 South Australian state election
There were four distinct blocs at the election, with the over-riding issue that of franchise reform for the Legislative Council: the ULP, a liberal group of franchise reformers led by Archibald Peake, the Butler moderateconservatives with some FPPU support, and an "extreme conservative" group led by John Darling at the core of the ANL. There was no "Liberal" party, but there was a relatively cohesive liberal group among both independent members and candidates. The Liberal and Democratic Union would not be formed until the 1906 election.


1905 South Australian state election
The ULP, on the fewest seats prior to the election, in just one election became the single largest party, increasing their primary vote to 41.3 (+22.2) percent and increasing their representation from five to 15 seats, winning 11 of the 12 city seats (four at the last election) from the three city multi-member electorates, Adelaide, Port Adelaide and Torrens, with a policy of development and progress, expansion of business and honest government: "they would not be frightened by the nonsense that had been talked about socialism".


1905 South Australian state election
After the new lower house first met, the ULP forced the incumbent conservative Butler government to resign with the support of several disaffected non-ULP MPs, forming the Price-Peake administration minority government. Peake sought the alliance stating "the only difference between us is a difference of degree and of speed". It was the start of the first stable Labor government in the world. A year later at the 1906 election, the ULP would increase their primary vote to 44.8 (+3.5) percent and increase their representation from 15 to 20 seats, just two short of a parliamentary majority.


1905 South Carolina Gamecocks football team
The 1905 South Carolina Gamecocks football team represented the University of South Carolina during the 1905 college football season. The team was led by Christie Benet.


1905 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season
The 1905 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season was the college football games played by the member schools of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association as part of the 1905 college football season. The season began on September 30.


1905 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season
One publication claims "The first scouting done in the South was in 1905, when Dan McGugin and Captain Innis Brown, of Vanderbilt went to Atlanta to see Sewanee play Georgia Tech."


1905 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season, Season overview, Results and team statistics
PPG = Average of points scored per gamePAG = Average of points allowed per game


1905 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season, All-Southern team
The composite All-Southern  eleven representing the consensus of newspapers as published in Fuzzy Woodruff's A History of Southern Football 1890-1928 included:


1905 Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council election
The Southern Rhodesia Legislative Council election of 1905 was the third election to the Legislative Council of Southern Rhodesia. The Legislative Council had, since 1903, comprised fifteen voting members: the Administrator of Southern Rhodesia ex officio, seven members nominated by the British South Africa Company, and seven members elected by registered voters from four electoral districts. The Resident Commissioner of Southern Rhodesia, Richard Chester-Master, also sat on the Legislative Council ex officio but without the right to vote.


1905 Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council election
The election was to have taken place on March 6, 1905 but in the event all the places were filled by unopposed nominations on February 6 and so no poll was taken.


1905 Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council election, Results
Note: Raleigh Grey was absent during the whole of the 1906 session.


1905 Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council election, Nominated members
The members nominated by the British South Africa Company were:


1905 Spanish general election
The 1905 Spanish general election was held on Sunday, 10 September and on Sunday, 24 September 1905, to elect the 12th Restoration Cortes of the Kingdom of Spain. All 404 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 180 of 360 seats in the Senate.


1905 Spanish general election, Overview, Background
The Spanish Constitution of 1876 enshrined Spain as a constitutional monarchy, awarding the King power to name senators and to revoke laws, as well as the title of commander-in-chief of the army. The King would also play a key role in the system of El Turno Pacífico (the Peaceful Turn) by appointing and toppling governments and allowing the opposition to take power. Under this system, the Conservative and Liberal parties alternated in power by means of election rigging, which they achieved through the encasillado, using the links between the Ministry of Governance, the provincial civil governors, and the local bosses (caciques) to ensure victory and exclude minor parties from the power sharing.


1905 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
The Spanish Cortes were envisaged as "co-legislative bodies", based on a nearly perfect bicameralism. Both the Congress of Deputies and the Senate had legislative, control and budgetary functions, sharing equal powers except for laws on contributions or public credit, where the Congress had preeminence. Voting for the Cortes was on the basis of universal manhood suffrage, which comprised all national males over twenty-five, having at least a two-year residency in a municipality and in full enjoyment of their civil rights.


1905 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
For the Congress of Deputies, 98 seats were elected using a partial block voting in 28 multi-member constituencies, with the remaining 306 being elected under a one-round first-past-the-post system in single-member districts. Candidates winning a plurality in each constituency were elected.


1905 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
In constituencies electing eight seats or more, electors could vote for no more than three candidates less than the number of seats to be allocated; in those with more than four seats and up to eight, for no more than two less; in those with more than one seat and up to four, for no more than one less; and for one candidate in single-member districts.


1905 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
The Congress was entitled to one member per each 50,000 inhabitants, with each multi-member constituency being allocated a fixed number of seats: 8 for Madrid, 7 for Barcelona, 5 for Palma and Seville, 4 for Cartagena and 3 for Alicante, Almería, Badajoz, Burgos, Cádiz, Córdoba, Granada, Huelva, Jaén, Jerez de la Frontera, Las Palmas, La Coruña, Lugo, Málaga, Murcia, Oviedo, Pamplona, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Santander, Tarragona, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza. The law also provided for by-elections to fill seats vacated throughout the legislature.


1905 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
For the Senate, 180 seats were indirectly elected, with electors voting for delegates instead of senators. Elected delegates—equivalent in number to one-sixth of the councillors in each municipal corporation—would then vote for senators using a write-in, two-round majority voting system. The provinces of Barcelona, Madrid and Valencia were allocated four seats each, whereas each of the remaining provinces was allocated three seats, for a total of 150.


1905 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
The remaining 30 were allocated to a number of institutions, electing one seat each—the Archdioceses of Burgos, Granada, Santiago de Compostela, Seville, Tarragona, Toledo, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; the Royal Spanish Academy; the Royal Academies of History, Fine Arts, Sciences, Moral and Political Sciences and Medicine; the Universities of Madrid, Barcelona, Granada, Oviedo, Salamanca, Santiago, Seville, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; and the Economic Societies of Friends of the Country from Madrid, Barcelona, León, Seville and Valencia.


1905 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
An additional 180 seats comprised senators in their own right—the Monarch's offspring and the heir apparent once coming of age; Grandees of Spain of the first class; Captain Generals of the Army and the Navy Admiral; the Patriarch of the Indies and archbishops; as well as other high-ranking state figures—and senators for life (who were appointed by the Monarch).


1905 Spanish general election, Overview, Election date
The term of each House of the Cortes—the Congress and one-half of the elective part of the Senate—expired five years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The Monarch had the prerogative to dissolve both Houses at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election.


1905 Spring Hill Badgers football team
The 1905 Spring Hill Badgers football team represented the Spring Hill Badgers of Spring Hill College during the 1905 college football season. The season was affected by a yellow fever quarantine. "As the mosquito is now pretty well under control, there is a strong probability that next year the college eleven will not be hampered by quarantine restrictions."


1905 Square (Yekaterinburg)
1905 Square (Russian: Площадь 1905 годa), also translated as the Square of 1905, is a square in Yekaterinburg, Russia. It is the oldest square in Yekaterinburg.


1905 Square (Yekaterinburg), History, Imperial era
The area arose in the early years of the construction of Yekaterinburg and soon became the central place of trade. In 1745-1747 a wooden Epiphany church was built on the square. In 1771-1774, next to the church on the square, a two-story stone Epiphany Cathedral was built. The square became the center of revolutionary events of the early 20th century. On 1 May 1905, the first political demonstration and rally took place on the square. On 19 October 1905, students and gymnasium students entered the square to discuss the "Highest Manifesto for the Improvement of Public Order", published by Emperor Nicholas II.


1905 Square (Yekaterinburg), History, 1917-1919
On 26 October 1917, the Bolsheviks declared victory in the October Revolution from the area here. The square was inaugurated with its current name days later, when the newly appointed Soviet authorities in the city who took power as a result of the Revolution renamed the square after the victims of the 1905 Russian Revolution. During the Russian Civil War, the first Red Army detachments went to the front from the square. In 1918, the Red Guards who died in battle with the chieftain Dutov were buried in the square. On 14 July 1919, the first parade of the Red Army took place on the square after the city's liberation from the Czechoslovak Legion.


1905 Square (Yekaterinburg), History, Since 1920
In 1928, a 5-storey residential building was built on the north side. In 1930, the Epiphany Cathedral was demolished by decision of the City Council. In 1929-30, two lines were laid at the Yekaterinburg tram near the square. In 1967, a side extension was made to the building of the Conservatory, where the concert hall of the Conservatory was located. Since December 1991, the Administration of the City of Yekaterinburg has been located on The square. In 1994, the Yekaterinburg metro station was opened. In 2008, during the replacement of old paving stones, numerous burials were discovered.


1905 Square (Yekaterinburg), History, Since 1920
It is assumed that, basically, they belong to the clergymen buried at the Cathedral. A few days later, prayers were held at this place by the ministers Temple of Innocent of Moscow. On 8 March 2012, the reconstruction of the Passage building began, which actually turned into a demolition of the building and cutting down the Square at the Passage, which caused heated discussions and protests of the citizens.


1905 Square (Yekaterinburg), Events on the square
Since 1947, New Year's Eve celebrations have taken place on the square. Before 1991, military parades of the Yekaterinburg Garrison and demonstrations of workers in honor of May 1 and Revolution Day took place on the square. Since the fall of the USSR, the only parades that take place on the square are in honor of Victory Day. An example of this was the first of many Victory Day Parades to be held in 1975. On 29 December 1989, a protest took place on the square in front of the City Council building, protesting the actions of the National Communist Party of the Soviet Union.


1905 Square (Yekaterinburg), Notoriety
The existence of the square goes back over 200 years. The centrepiece of the area is the Exaltation of God Cathedral, which at the time, had a bell tower which rose to a height of 88 metres, the highest point in the city. Other landmarks include a statue of Vladimir Lenin. During his tenure as First Secretary of the Sverdlovsk Communist Party, Boris Yeltsin worked on the square in one of the administrative buildings.


1905 St. Louis Browns season
In the 1905 St. Louis Browns season they finished 8th in the American League with a record of 54 wins and 99 losses.


1905 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1905 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1905 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1905 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1905 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1905 St. Louis Cardinals season
The 1905 St. Louis Cardinals season was the team's 24th season in St. Louis, Missouri and the 14th season in the National League. The Cardinals went 58–96 during the season and finished sixth in the National League.


1905 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1905 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1905 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1905 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1905 Stalybridge by-election
The Stalybridge by-election was a Parliamentary by-election. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP)  to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.


1905 Stalybridge by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the succession of the sitting Conservative MP, Matthew White Ridley to his father's viscountcy on 28 November 1904. Ridley had been MP for Stalybridge since the 1900 general election.


1905 Stalybridge by-election, Electoral history
The seat had been Conservative since they gained it in 1885. They held the seat at the last election, with a reduced majority, the smallest majority since before they gained it:


1905 Stalybridge by-election, Campaign
Although the vacancy was known on 28 November 1904 Polling Day was fixed for 7 January 1905.


1905 Stalybridge by-election, Aftermath
At the following General Election Cheetham and Travis-Clegg faced each other again. The Liberal held onto he seat with a reduced majority:


1905 Stanford football team
The 1905 Stanford football team represented Stanford University in the 1905 college football season. In head coach James F. Lanagan's third season, Stanford went undefeated. The team played their home games at Stanford Field in Stanford, California.


1905 Stanford football team
The 1905 season marked the first meeting between Stanford and USC. Consequently, Stanford is USC's oldest existing rival.


1905 Stanford football team
The Big Game between Stanford and Cal on November 11, 1905, was the first played at Stanford Field, with Stanford winning 12–5.


1905 Stanford football team
Following the 1905 season, Stanford, responding like other American universities to concerns about the violence in football, dropped football in favor of rugby. Despite having no knowledge of the sport, Lanagan was retained as the rugby coach, spending time in Vancouver, British Columbia, to study the sport, and coached for three seasons. He also served as Stanford's baseball coach from 1906 to 1907.


1905 Stanford football team
Stanford would not play varsity football again until the 1919 season.


1905 Stetson Hatters football team
The 1905 Stetson Hatters football team represented the private Stetson College in the sport of American football during the 1905 college football season.


1905 Svenska Mästerskapet
The 1905 Svenska Mästerskapet was the tenth season of Svenska Mästerskapet, the football Cup to determine the Swedish champions. Örgryte IS won the tournament by defeating IFK Stockholm in the final with a 2–1 score.


1905 Swarthmore Quakers football team
The 1905 Swarthmore Quakers football team was an American football team that represented Swarthmore College as an independent during the 1905 college football season. The team compiled an 8–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 218 to 22. George H. Brooke was the head coach. The team's only loss was to undefeated Penn.


1905 Swedish general election, Results
Only 30.6% of the male population aged over 21 was eligible to vote. Voter turnout was 50.4%, the first time it had ever been higher than 50%.


1905 Swiss copyright referendum
A referendum on copyright was held in Switzerland on 19 March 1905. Voters were asked whether they approved of a federal resolution on revising article 64 of the constitution, defining the protection rights of inventors. It was approved by 70.4% of voters and a majority of cantons.


1905 Swiss copyright referendum, Background
The referendum was a mandatory referendum, which required a double majority; a majority of the popular vote and majority of the cantons. The decision of each canton was based on the vote in that canton. Full cantons counted as one vote, whilst half cantons counted as half.


1905 Swiss federal election
Federal elections were held in Switzerland on 29 October 1905. The Free Democratic Party retained its majority in the National Council.


1905 Swiss federal election, Electoral system
The 167 members of the National Council were elected in 49 single- and multi-member constituencies using a three-round system. Candidates had to receive a majority in the first or second round to be elected; if it went to a third round, only a plurality was required. Voters could cast as many votes as there were seats in their constituency. There was one seat for every 20,000 citizens, with seats allocated to cantons in proportion to their population.


1905 Swiss federal election, Results, Summary
Voter turnout was highest in Schaffhausen (where voting was compulsory) at 96% and lowest in Zug at 20%.


1905 Syracuse Orangemen football team
The 1905 Syracuse Orangemen football team represented Syracuse University during the 1905 college football season. The head coach was Charles P. Hutchins, coaching his second season with the Orangemen. Despite the name, Syracuse Orangemen wore blue and gold uniforms. This has caused confusion among new fans, and many fans believe a change in uniform color is in order. However, the blue and gold uniform was worn before the name. Originally, the Syracuse Orangemen were called The Syracuse Blueboys. During one of their games, students from the university poured orange paint onto the field during halftime. The students were reprimanded, but the paint stayed on the field. The prank became well-known by university students, and they nicknamed their team as the Syracuse Orangeboys. Unable to shake the nickname from their records, The Syracuse Blueboys changed their name to Syracuse Orangemen.


1905 TCU football team
The 1905 TCU football team represented Texas Christian University (TCU) as an independent during the 1905 college football season. Led by first-year head coach, Emory J. Hyde, TCU compiled a record of 4–4. The team's captain was H. H. Knight.


1905 Tempe Normal Owls football team
The 1905 Tempe Normal Owls football team was an American football team that represented Tempe Normal School (later renamed Arizona State University) as an independent during the 1905 college football season. In their seventh season under head coach Frederick M. Irish, the Owls compiled a 0–3 record and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 28 to 8.


1905 Tennessee Volunteers football team
The 1905 Tennessee Volunteers football team represented the University of Tennessee in the 1905 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. James DePree, a University of Michigan grad, served the first of his two seasons as head coach at Tennessee. This was the Volunteers' first season without a win in Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association play since 1897.


1905 Texas A&M Aggies football team
The 1905 Texas A&M Aggies football team represented Texas A&M during the 1905 college football season.


1905 Texas Longhorns baseball team
The 1905 Texas Longhorns baseball team represented the Texas Longhorns baseball team of the University of Texas in the 1905 college baseball season.


1905 Texas Longhorns football team
The 1905 Texas Longhorns football team represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 1905 college football season. In their second year under head coach Ralph Hutchinson, the Longhorns compiled a 5–4.


1905 The Citadel Bulldogs football team
The 1905 The Citadel Bulldogs football team represented The Citadel Academy in the 1905 college football season. This was the first year of intercollegiate football at The Citadel, and the team hired Syd Smith to be the first coach. The Board of Visitors would not permit the cadets to travel outside the city of Charleston for games, and all games are believed to have been played at Hampton Park at the site of the old race course.


1905 Tie Cup Final
The 1905 Tie Cup Final was the final match to decide the winner of the Tie Cup, the 6th. edition of the international competition organised by the Argentine and Uruguayan Associations together. The final was contested by the same teams than the previous year, Argentine Rosario A.C. and Uruguayan CURCC.


1905 Tie Cup Final
In the final, played at Sociedad Sportiva Argentina in Palermo, Buenos Aires, Rosario beat CURCC 4–3 in extra time, winning its second consecutive title and the third by then. Rosario also held the record of consecutive finals played, with five.