1880 Greenback National Convention, Convention, Reunification
The Union Greenback convention had reconvened at nearby Farwell Hall and sent an emissary to the National Greenbackers. The delegates voted to join the other faction in a special conference committee to work for reunification, then adjourned until 7:30 that evening. While they waited for the committees to finish their work, the delegates listened to speeches by several prominent Greenbackers, including Denis Kearney, a California labor leader, and William Wallace, a Canadian parliamentarian and advocate for currency reform. Meanwhile, the Credentials Committee voted narrowly to admit the Union Greenbackers, as well as a delegation from the Socialist Labor Party. The Committee on Permanent Organization voted to recommend Richard F. Trevellick, a Michigan trade union organizer, as the permanent chairman of the convention. None of the reports were finished by the appointed time, so the convention adjourned again until 10:45 Thursday morning.


1880 Greenback National Convention, Convention, Reunification
When they reconvened, the Credentials Committee announced that there were 608 regularly selected delegates, and recommended the admission of 185 Union Greenbackers and 44 Socialist Laborites, along with a handful of others. After a spirited and chaotic discussion, the convention voted to admit the other delegates in a voice vote: the party was reunified. Messages were sent to the Union Greenbackers and Socialist Laborites informing them of the results. In the meantime, the women's suffrage supporters again tried to convince the delegates to endorse their cause.


1880 Greenback National Convention, Convention, Reunification
Sara Andrews Spencer took the stage to give an impassioned argument for women's right to vote, while Kearney climbed a nearby platform to shout his disapproval. Their informal debate was interrupted by a brass band, announcing the arrival of the Union Greenbackers and Socialist Laborites. The convention erupted in prolonged cheering and a banner with the word "Reunion" was hoisted. The convention broke for a brief recess as the delegates renewed their acquaintance with the erstwhile schismatics.


1880 Greenback National Convention, Convention, Platform
The delegates voted to address the platform before deciding on nominees, and debate began when they reconvened at 8:45 p.m. Many fights and compromises had been hashed out in the Resolutions Committee already, but the delegates insisted on debating several provisions. On many planks, there was widespread agreement among the delegates. On the monetary issue, the platform declared that all money, whether metal or paper, should be issued by the government, not by banks (as was common for paper money at the time).


1880 Greenback National Convention, Convention, Platform
They also called for the unlimited coinage of silver and the repayment of the national debt in bonds, rather than gold dollars. Other planks of the platform called for a graduated income tax, laws to mandate safe working conditions in factories, the regulation of interstate commerce, and an end to child and convict labor; all of these were familiar parts of Greenback platforms from earlier elections, and provoked no serious dissent.


1880 Greenback National Convention, Convention, Platform
Social issues provoked greater disagreement. Kearney's Western faction gained a victory when the platform was made to include a call for an end to Chinese immigration. They also turned, at last, to the issue of suffrage. They eventually agreed on a vague statement in the platform, that the party would "denounce as dangerous, the efforts everywhere manifest to restrict the right of suffrage". Many of the delegates found this unsatisfying, and called for a separate resolution on the subject. After more debate, a resolution calling for the enfranchisement of "every citizen" passed by a vote of 528 to 124. The Socialist Labor faction proposed another resolution declaring "that land, air, and water are the grand gifts of nature to all mankind", and that no person had a right to monopolize them; the convention applauded, but the proposal was shunted off to a committee.


1880 Greenback National Convention, Convention, Nominations and balloting
It was nearly midnight on Thursday night when the platform fights were finished, but the delegates voted to proceed immediately to nominations for President. At 1:00 Friday morning, the roll call began. S.F. Norton proposed his fellow Illinoisan, Alexander Campbell, proclaiming his great financial knowledge and association with Lincoln. James Buchanan, the editor of the Indianapolis Sun, proposed Benjamin Butler. Iowa Congressman Edward H. Gillette nominated Weaver, and Frank M. Fogg of Maine proposed "the farmer's friend", Solon Chase. Perry Talbot of Missouri nominated the Union Greenbackers' nominee, Stephen D. Dillaye, who immediately asked that his name be withdrawn. Pennsylvania's delegation nominated Hendrick Wright, and Wisconsin's closed with the nomination of Edward P. Allis.


1880 Greenback National Convention, Convention, Nominations and balloting
With the time now 3:25 a.m., the delegates took an informal ballot. Weaver led the pack with about 30% of the votes, with Wright, Dillaye, and Butler trailing at about 15% each and the remaining votes scattered among the remaining candidates. Supporters of Wright and Butler talked of combining their forces, but the momentum favored Weaver. In the first formal ballot, at 4:10 a.m., Weaver gained votes, and delegates began shifting their ballots to him. Without any official motion, the nomination was made unanimous, and the brass band again began to play.


1880 Greenback National Convention, Convention, Nominations and balloting
Weaver, who was staying at the nearby Palmer House hotel, was summoned to the convention. As they waited, the delegates turned to the vice presidential nomination. Some of Butler's supporters proposed nominating Absolom M. West of Mississippi, a more conservative Greenbacker, to balance the ticket against Weaver, whom they regarded as radical. West, who was present at the convention, had already disappointed the radicals by opposing women's suffrage and the eight-hour day. They instead proposed Barzillai J. Chambers of Texas, who had been the Union Greenbackers' nominee for vice president. The majority agreed, as Chambers took 403 votes to West's 311.


1880 Greenback National Convention, Convention, Nominations and balloting
Weaver had still not arrived, and the Socialist Labor delegates took the opportunity to call for a re-vote on their land plank and the women's suffrage issue. The delegates overruled the chairman's decision that the question was out of order, and overwhelmingly voted that the "land, air, and water" plank and a plank explicitly supporting women's suffrage should be considered "part of the platform". Finally, at 6:00 a.m., Weaver arrived. To thunderous applause, the nominee thanked the convention for its decision and accepted the nomination. At 6:45 a.m., the exhausted delegates adjourned.


1880 Greenback National Convention, Aftermath
Three weeks later, Weaver published his formal letter of acceptance, calling for all party members to "go forth in the great struggle for human rights". In a departure from the political traditions of the day, Weaver himself campaigned, making speeches across the South in July and August. As the Greenbackers had the only ticket that included a Southerner, Weaver and Chambers hoped to make inroads in the South. Chambers's own participation was limited, as before reaching home from the convention, he fell and broke two ribs as he exited his train. He was confined to bed for several weeks and considered withdrawing from the race, but decided against it; his efforts were limited by his injuries, and his only contribution to the campaign was to publish his newspaper.


1880 Greenback National Convention, Aftermath
As the campaign progressed, Weaver's message of racial inclusion drew violent protests in the South, as the Greenbackers faced the same obstacles the Republicans did in the face of increasing black disenfranchisement. In the autumn, Weaver campaigned in the North, but the Greenbackers' lack of support was compounded by Weaver's refusal to run a fusion ticket in states where Democratic and Greenbacker strength might have combined to outvote the Republicans.


1880 Greenback National Convention, Aftermath
The Greenback ticket received 305,997 votes and no electoral votes, compared to 4,446,158 for the winner, Republican James A. Garfield, and 4,444,260 for Democrat Winfield Scott Hancock. The party was strongest in the West and South, but in no state did Weaver receive more than 12% of the vote, and his nationwide total was just 3%. That figure represented an improvement over the Greenback vote of 1876, but to Weaver, who expected twice as many votes as he received, it was a disappointment.


1880 Harvard Crimson football team
The 1880 Harvard Crimson football team represented Harvard University in the 1880 college football season. The team finished with a 2–2–2 record.


1880 Harvard Crimson football team
On November 6, 1880, Harvard defeated Columbia 3–0 before a crowd of about 300 who paid 50 cents to watch the game at the Polo Grounds in New York.


1880 Harvard Crimson football team
Also at the Polo Grounds one week later, Harvard lost to Princeton with between 3,000 and 4,000 in attendance. Princeton scored two goals and held Harvard to one goal. Princeton also had five touchdowns for safety to two for Harvard. The Sun of New York reported that the game, played under the new 1880 rules of the Intercollegiate Football Association, was football in name only, but "in reality a series of wrestling encounters for possession of a large leather globe."


1880 Illawarra colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Illawarra on 7 July 1880 following the resignation of Samuel Gray.


1880 Illinois gubernatorial election
The 1880 Illinois gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1880.


1880 Illinois gubernatorial election
Incumbent Republican Governor Shelby Moore Cullom defeated Democratic nominee Lyman Trumbull who won 50.56% of the vote. Cullom's victory was the seventh consecutive victory for the Republican Party.


1880 Illinois gubernatorial election
Republican John Marshall Hamilton was elected Lieutenant Governor of Illinois. At this time in Illinois history, the Lieutenant Governor was elected on a separate ballot from the governor. This would remain so until the 1970 constitution.


1880 Illinois gubernatorial election, Bibliography
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1880 Indiana gubernatorial election
The 1880 Indiana gubernatorial election was held on October 12, 1880. Republican nominee Albert G. Porter defeated Democratic nominee Franklin Landers with 49.16% of the vote.


1880 Invercargill mayoral election
The 1880 Invercargill mayoral election was held on 24 November 1880.


1880 Invercargill mayoral election
Nicholas Johnson defeated former mayor Joseph Hatch and councillor John Kingsland.


1880 Italian general election
General elections were held in Italy on 16 May 1880, with a second round of voting on 23 May.


1880 Italian general election, Electoral campaign
The Historical Left was led by the Prime Minister of Italy, Agostino Depretis, long time Prime Minister of Italy.


1880 Italian general election, Electoral campaign
The bloc of the Historical Right was led by Marco Minghetti, a conservative politician and former Prime Minister, from Bologna.


1880 Italian general election, Electoral campaign
A third large parliamentary group was the Dissident Left, composed by former members of the Left, which were against the alliance with the Right. Also known as La Pentarchia (The Pentarchy), its main leader was Giuseppe Zanardelli, a jurisconsult from Brescia.


1880 Italian general election, Electoral campaign
The Historical Left group emerged as the largest in Parliament, although left-wing dissidents won 119 of the 508 seats, becoming the third parliamentary group. Only 621,896 men of a total population of around 29 million were entitled to vote. Benedetto Cairoli was confirmed Prime Minister by the king Umberto I.


1880 Kansas gubernatorial election
The 1880 Kansas gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1880. Incumbent Republican John St. John defeated Democratic nominee Edmund G. Ross with 57.90% of the vote.


1880 Kentucky Derby
The 1880 Kentucky Derby was the 6th running of the Kentucky Derby. The race took place on May 18, 1880.


1880 Kentucky University football team
The 1880 Kentucky University football team represented Kentucky University—now known as Transylvania University—in the 1880 college football season. This was Kentucky U's first ever season. The first game is claimed as the first game ever played in the south at Stoll Field, though Washington & Lee and VMI played earlier games;  it's the first game in the state of Kentucky. The game was said to have resembled a combination of soccer and rugby. Kentucky U won both its games over Centre College.


1880 Kiama colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Kiama on 2 July 1880 because of the resignation of Samuel Charles ahead of a long trip to Britain.


1880 Kilkenny City by-election
The Kilkenny City by-election of 1880 took place on 26 February 1880. It arose due to the resignation of the incumbent Liberal MP, Benjamin Whitworth, in order to contest Drogheda. A Mr. Doherty, from Dublin, went forward as a Home Rule candidate, but withdrew, since he had accepted some government contracts. The only candidate nominated was John Francis Smithwick, who was declared elected unopposed. Smithwick, although described in The Times as a Liberal, was known as strong supporter of Home Rule. Doherty ran against Smithwick in the general election, less than two months later, as a Home Rule candidate. Smithwick won by 318 votes to 204.


1880 Liverpool City Council election
Elections to Liverpool City Council were held on Monday 1 November 1880. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.


1880 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic Elections
At the meeting of the Council on 9 November 1880, the terms of office of eight alderman expired. The following eight were elected as Aldermen by the Council (Aldermen and Councillors) on 9 November 1890 for a term of six years.


1880 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 6, Castle Street, 21 March 1881
Caused by the death of Councillor William Crossfield (Liberal, Castle Street, elected 1 November 1878), which was reported to the Council meeting on 2 March 1881.


1880 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 4, St. Paul's, 4 April 1881
Caused by the result of the election for the St. Paul's ward on 1 November 1879 being declared void under the Corrupt Practices (Municipal Elections) Act, 1872. Andrew Patterson, the Agent for George Curzon Dobell (Conservative),  was found to have given 5 shillings to Catherine Tallon in order to induce her to vote for George Curzon Dobell.


1880 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 12, Lime Street, 4 April 1881
Caused by the result of the election for the Lime Street ward on 1 November 1879 being declared void under the Corrupt Practices (Municipal Elections) Act, 1872. Edward Dobson, the Agent for James Alexander Forrest (Conservative), was found to have given a pair of gloves to Martha Wilson in order to induce her to vote for James Alexander Forrest.


1880 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 16, North Toxteth, 17 June 1881
Caused by the resignation of Councillor Lieutenant-Colonel Richard Fell Steble (Conservative, North Toxteth, elected 1 November 1878).


1880 Luzon earthquakes
The earthquakes of July 1880 in Luzon, the largest island of the Philippines, were one of the most destructive tremors on record in the history of the country. The shocks continued, with greater or less interruption, from the 14th to the 25th of the month, highlighted by three violent shaking events, which destroyed churches and other buildings, producing loss of life. Coinciding with the tectonic activity was an increase in volcanic activity in Taal Volcano in southwestern Luzon.


1880 Luzon earthquakes
The Luzon provinces of Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Laguna, Pampanga, and Nueva Ecija were the chief victims from the convulsions with Manila and Laguna receiving the most damage. In many places, buildings were converted into shapeless heaps of ruins, and the materials of their prosperity buried beneath the rubbish.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Chronology of events, Initial vibrations
The vibrations began during the months of April and May, in the northern provinces of Luzon. The center of oscillation, as indicated by the directions registered at Manila, appears to coincide with a volcano, which has been long extinct, situated between Lepanto (now part of Kalinga) and Abra provinces, in the Central Cordillera of Luzon, in latitude 16° 22' N and longitude 127° E, according to the Spanish Observatory of San Fernando.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Chronology of events, Initial vibrations
At first the movements were weak and little frequent, but in the month of June they became quite intense, and extended from north to south over a large zone. This direction never changed; and the few discordances recorded appear to have been a result of haste or want of care in the method of taking the observations, exactness being hardly attainable without special instruments for the purpose.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Chronology of events, Initial vibrations
Taal Volcano was observed to start showing increase in activity from the 8th of June and sometimes at night the crater is covered with glare.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Chronology of events, Initial vibrations
Early in July some vibrations were felt, but from the 5th to the 14th none were recorded at Manila or any point on the island. On the July 14 at 12:53 p.m., as a storm from the northeast of Luzon was threatening as indicated by an extraordinary fall of the barometer, the first shock occurred. After this first tremor, there were two more shocks at the end of an hour and a half. On the 15th and 16th no perceptible shocks occurred; and on the 17th, only two small shocks.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Chronology of events, July 18, Sunday
On the 18th at 12:40 p.m., occurred the first great shock described as one of oscillation, also of "trepidation," and spoken of commonly at the time as one of rotation. Its duration was 70 seconds. The people immediately ran for places of security, and those in the streets were filled with confusion, Some ran without a fixed direction; others fell on their knees, giving forth fearful cries. The sight presented by the city was frightful in the extreme; for seventy mortal seconds the city was in oscillation, and the inclinations threatened to raze to the ground the creaking edifices; the noise of the falling buildings increased the general panic.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Chronology of events, July 18, Sunday
The first shocks were slight, which gave time for people to run out of the houses to places of security accounting for lesser loss of life. The quake also happened on a Sunday, the public and private establishments being closed, permitted the families to be collected. Had the earthquake happened at night with the majority using lamp with kerosene oil, nothing could have stopped a fallen lamp from spreading fire to a fallen building.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Chronology of events, July 18, Sunday
In Manila, among the buildings which sustained damage on the 18th, was the Mint House, which suffered considerably in the first story. Orders were given to pull down the buildings which threatened any danger to the pedestrians, and engineers were going around surveying the buildings, examining the interior of the dwellings, ordering out the inhabitants where danger existed. The pillars supporting some of the wooden houses were found forced into the earth by one-fourth of their length.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Chronology of events, July 18, Sunday
From then on, small tremors continued throughout the day. The frightened, terrified look of the people going through the streets, the slightest noise being sufficient to startle and set every soul running out of the houses to the middle of the streets, and to the squares, every slight shock of the earth strikes terror into the soul of every one, each and every one expecting unheard-of calamity. Whole families were emigrating from the city to the country on a large scale.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Chronology of events, July 18, Sunday
The view during the earthquake from the vessels in Pasig River, was, as described by an eyewitness, something to be seen to be appreciated. The rocking to and fro of the buildings was something terrific, the vessels moving about and bumping each other as though in a heavy seaway; the water of the river, bubbling up and mixed with the black mud of the river, was all the colour of ink; hundreds of people rushed off to the ships and remained all night. In Manila Bay, the same bubbling appearance was observable on the water, and the shock was distinctly felt on board the ships; the water's depth close in shore had been shallowed by some four feet in some places.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Chronology of events, July 18, Sunday
In Lingayen, Pangasinan, some 200 kilometres (120 mi) north of Manila, the earthquake occurred at 12:42 p.m., reported as violent, oscillating NE to SE, with a duration of 1 minute 50 seconds accompanied by deep subterranean noise. In Santa Cruz, Laguna province, 60 kilometres (37 mi) SE of Manila, the shock was also felt at 12:42 p.m. and continued for more than a minute. The Government House, the Convent, the Telegraphic Office and the rest of the province formed a single mass of ruins. In Tayabas, Quezon, Quezon province, the oscillation continued for 2 minutes and 30 seconds.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Chronology of events, July 18, Sunday, Strange phenomenon in Cavite
On the occasion of the earthquake, the people in Cavite across the bay saw Manila enveloped in a dense cloud of dust, and thought that Manila was completely destroyed. A very interesting phenomenon was also observed in Cavite. During the intensity of the earthquake, in the anchorage of Cavite, columns of black mud were seen to burst up, with a strong smell of sulphur. The very interesting phenomenon was also observed in Manila a few days previous to the destructive earthquake of 1863, in front of the Colgante suspension bridge on Pasig River. A column of blackish water was seen to burst up, which attracted the attention of the people. In 1869, the same phenomenon occurred in Manila, then also previous to an earthquake.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Chronology of events, July 18, Sunday, Strange phenomenon in Cavite
In Cañacao, Cavite and a few other places crevices were opened, and from them fine sand and dirty water were ejected. In one of these crevices that opened in Nueva Ecija, the crack was so wide and deep it was reported that an old man and a boy disappeared in it.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Chronology of events, July 18, Sunday, Strange phenomenon in Cavite
The day after, July 19 in the afternoon, Taal Volcano started issuing large mass of smoke, according to a telegraphic news from Taal, Batangas.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Chronology of events, July 20, Tuesday
From that first shock on July 18, there was an uninterrupted series of small shocks which continued until July 20 at 3:40 p.m., when then occurred a repetition of extraordinary violence, with movements of oscillation and trembling ("trepidation") lasting 45 seconds. The earth shook again reducing to complete ruins the buildings partially destroyed and damaged buildings being secured, startling many workmen who were engaged in the reconstructing the City. Clouds of dust covered the whole town in a few seconds afterwards and obscuring the view of everything.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Chronology of events, July 20, Tuesday
As soon as the earthquake ceased, the authorities turned out into the streets, amongst whom the first were the Governor-General, the Archbishop and General Director of the Civil Administration, the Civil Governor, and the Colonial Secretary, giving to every one who saluted them a consoling word.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Chronology of events, July 20, Tuesday
Crevices were opened in several places, and among them the Plaza de Palacio. Numerous buildings have sustained damage, some of them completely razed to the ground. The highest buildings suffered most, such as churches, palaces, and towers. The belfry of the Manila Cathedral that survived the great 1863 earthquake fell in. A detailed description of list of damage would be considered too long and almost unnecessary.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Chronology of events, July 20, Tuesday
The newly reconstructed Manila Cathedral, destroyed by the 1863 earthquake, with the surviving belfry from the previous cathedral.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Chronology of events, July 20, Tuesday
The belfry destroyed in the afternoon of July 20, 1880.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Chronology of events, July 20, Tuesday
Telegraphic news from the provinces was received, giving the time and strength of the shock felt at each place. In Biñan, Laguna province, the church, court house, and all the brick houses were destroyed.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Chronology of events, July 20, Tuesday
One circumstance as a precursor of tranquility was the eruption of the Taal Volcano, which was ignited the day before, sending forth a large quantity of smoke, a fact which may be regarded as a favorable change in the geological state.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Chronology of events, July 20 evening quake
With those ever-present movements of trepidation at short intervals, the pendulum continued oscillating during all the evening in a NE and SW direction. At 10:40 p.m. occurred the third violent repetition, which lasted 55 seconds; the violence of earthquake was even greater than that afternoon of the 20th. It was also greater than that of the 18th.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Chronology of events, July 20 evening quake
The state of the city and the whole provinces of Luzon, where all the brick buildings, together with some of the wooden houses with metallic roofs, have sustained damage of more or less consideration, and with especially those of Manila which are in a complete ruin.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Chronology of events, July 20 evening quake
The Governor-General sent by telegraph the details of the earthquake of the 18th on the afternoon of the 20th to Spain, but as soon as that was forwarded, the terrific earthquake of the 20th was felt at 3:40 p.m., owing to which he began to telegraph anew, after going through the streets to infuse peace into the minds of the inhabitants with his presence.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Chronology of events, July 20 evening quake
With the shocks of the night of the 20th, the part of the bell tower of the old Cathedral that was still standing, came almost completely to the ground, the debris falling upon two adjoining houses which had been rendered uninhabitable for the last two days.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Chronology of events, July 20 evening quake
In Santa Ana, Manila, all the brick houses came to the ground, some of them built at great expense, and with iron roofs. The church was rendered useless, and a mass was said the day before in the middle of the field by all the residents.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Chronology of events, July 20 evening quake
From the port city of Cavite, large numbers of inhabitants have abandoned their houses to go to the neighboring village of San Roque in view of the security offered by houses of light construction. The panic is great, and terror is painted in all faces. Those who could not leave this place contented themselves by living in lower houses, fearing a repetition of the earthquake. In Cañacao, the public buildings have sustained more or less damage, and in some places boiling water was poured forth from crevices in the earth opened by the shocks. In a place called Sapa, in the village of Pandacan in Manila, several crevices were opened, some of two palms wide, from which a kind of clay was thrown out; the day before these crevices were somewhat reduced in width.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Chronology of events, July 20 evening quake
According to the opinion of persons from the Observatory in Manila run by the Jesuits, the center of the great geological commotion of the last few days was described as covering Manila and Laguna especially. In the rest of the provinces the effect was believed to be of smaller consideration.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Chronology of events, July 20 evening quake
The greatest portion of the private establishments, both inside and outside the walls of Manila were closed and the sight was a mournful one to contemplate; very few pedestrians were to be seen, and the carriage traffic was considerably reduced. Many local families passed the night of the 20th in the fields and public grounds, some of them being exposed to the rain which fell at daylight.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Chronology of events, July 20 evening quake
A pastoral letter was published by the Archbishop of Manila of that time, Fray Pedro Payo, infusing consolation and devotion into the people asking them to practice penitence in order to decrease the anger of God. According to this pastoral, a mass was to be celebrated in the camp of Bagumbayan on the 22nd, to which the army and navy, public officers, would have to be present by order of the Governor General.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Chronology of events, July 22, Thursday
Vibrations continued, but there was a marked diminution in frequency and intensity. A reassuring wire from the Jesuit Fathers regarding the earthquake reported that the commotions continue, but it is observed in them a sensible decrease in the shortness of the intervals as well as in the intensity of the shocks. The pendulum of the seismometer, which had not been quiet since the 18th up to 3 p.m. of the 21st, that morning and evening had been several times in complete quietness. From the 21st in the morning, the state of Taal volcano has improved and presumed returning to its normal condition, as reported from Lipa.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Chronology of events, July 22, Thursday
The mass in Bagumbayan camp took place this day. The ceremony was imposing in the extreme, after which the Pastoral Benediction and a sermon followed. The congregation dispersed in processional form.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Chronology of events, July 22, Thursday
A petition was sent to the Secretary of State for the Colonies by wire, requesting an increase in the public works staff to give a greater impulse to the works of reconstruction.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Chronology of events, July 22, Thursday
An immense number of residents sought refuge afloat on board the steamers in the bay and in the port, and also in every insignificant vessel in the harbor during the shakings. In the Cadiz alone there are no less than twenty families, with some forty or more children; some forty people were in the Churruca, and as many in the Elcano; eighty in the Salvadora. Even in the dredging vessel five or six families found refuge shortly after the violent trepidation of the 20th and several more in the lorcha and boats.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Chronology of events, July 23 thereafter
The seismometer pendulum at the Manila Observatory, which had not been quiet since the 18th until 3 p.m. of the 21st, was motionless for long intervals in the three following days. On the 25th, at 4:02 a.m., another shock was felt. It was of feeble intensity, yet of interest since the record bears evidence as to the gradual change in the center of seismic radiation which had been in progress.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Taal Volcano
Beginning the 8th of June, Taal Volcano was observed to be more active than normal, and sometimes at night the crater was covered with a glare. From 17th to the 21st of July, subterranean noises were heard, and many witnesses in Talisay, a town located along the shores of Taal Lake some 6 miles (9.7 km) distant from Volcano Island, reported small balls of fire (apparently about 2.5 feet (0.76 m) in diameter) appeared periodically above the crater.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Taal Volcano
These balls after reaching a considerable height burst into small fragments, some of which fell back into the crater and the remainder upon the exterior slope. This increased in activity and eruption of July 20 though is not accounted as an eruption of Taal Volcano based on the eruption history of Taal.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Taal Volcano
San Agustin Church in Manila, which survived the great earthquakes of 1645 and 1863, was severely damaged by the tremors of 1880.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Other observations
The severest shocks seem to have been felt over the whole island of Luzon about 400 miles (640 km) North to South, and 200 miles (320 km) East to West. From observations taken it seems that the difference in the time between the extreme points was not more than ten minutes.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Other observations
It appears that at the time of the great shock on the 18th, it was ebb tide; and the water in Pasig River suddenly rose 3.5 feet (1.1 m), and almost as suddenly fell again. Thousands of fish were found lying on the surface of the water in the bay.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Other observations
It was calculated that the top of a building thirty feet from the ground was thrown 5 feet (1.5 m) out of its perpendicular; and one of the towers of the cathedral oscillated over 20 feet (6.1 m).


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Other observations
In one of the provinces, the local houses, which are built of bamboo and thatch, were sent flying; that canoes were thrown out of the water; and the growing rice torn out of the ground. The earth sunk in many places, the bed of one river had sunk 6 feet (1.8 m). Great chasms, 10 to 12 feet (3.0 to 3.7 m) wide and of immense depth, were ripped in the earth.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Other observations
The churches of Guadalupe (now Guadalupe Viejo in Makati), Paco, Pandacan, Santa Ana, San Sebastian Church and San Miguel were in ruins. Within the walls of Manila the San Augustin Church, San Francisco Church and Santo Domingo Church were very seriously damaged. The Landnay barracks were down and the soldiers took refuge in one of the cigar factories. The barracks near the Luneta went down and the men built nipa huts there.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Aftermath
After the earthquakes of 1880 a commission composed of engineers of public works was appointed to study the ruins caused by these earthquakes, to point out the defects in the structure of the buildings that had been damaged, and to formulate rules which would be more practical than the ones previously drawn up for the rebuilding and repairing of the city. Jose Centeno, engineer of mines, was entrusted with this task.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Aftermath
His memoir, ""Temblores de tierra occuridos en Julio de 1880 en la Isla de Luzon," is one of the best that has been published from a descriptive point of view. He personally covered the whole territory in which these earthquakes had been most violent, and hence was able to determine, with the precision possible in such cases, the meizoseismic areas of the three destructive earthquakes that took place from July 14 to 21.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Aftermath
Reconstruction of the city was undertaken by civil engineers who adopted the traditional combination formula, while adapting this to the adverse seismic conditions. It was recommended that the ground floor of buildings should be constructed using a timber framework with multiple ties and that the external walls should be brick-built. Heavy roofing made from tiles was discouraged in favor of the new lighter galvanized iron.


1880 Luzon earthquakes, Aftermath
The front structure of Fort Santiago in Manila with tiled roof before it was destroyed by the earthquake of 1880.


1880 Maine gubernatorial election
The 1880 Maine gubernatorial election was held on September 13, 1880 for a two-year term that was scheduled to run from January 13, 1881 to January 3, 1883. The contest resulted in the victory of Greenback and Democratic nominee Harris M. Plaisted, who narrowly defeated incumbent Republican Governor Daniel F. Davis, one of the few times Republicans lost control of the governorship between the founding of the party in the 1850s and the Great Depression.


1880 Maine gubernatorial election, Background
In 1878, events including wage cuts that precipitated the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 caused Plaisted to leave the Republican Party because of dissatisfaction with their monetary policy. As did many farmers and laborers, Plaisted opposed currency backed by gold and silver, arguing that it caused the post-Panic of 1873 deflation that reduced wages and prices paid to farmers, laborers, and producers of raw materials. Instead, he favored federal government-issued currency not backed by gold and silver, believing that this would prevent deflation and make business easier to transact by holding costs and salaries steady.


1880 Maine gubernatorial election, Background
Both the national Republican and Democratic parties favored specie-backed currency issued by state-chartered banks. As a result of his unhappiness with the Republicans, Plaisted joined the new Greenback Party, and became their candidate for governor in 1881. He was also backed by pro-Greenback Democrats, and became the fusion candidate of both parties.


1880 Maine gubernatorial election, Background
Davis had been elected governor in 1879 after a protracted struggle that resulted when none of the three major candidates -- Republican, Democratic, and Greenback -- received a majority, though Davis had attained a significant plurality. The legislature was required to choose, and Democrats and Greenbackers were the majority, but could not agree between themselves. Republican legislators eventually barred their opponents from the Maine State House, reconstituted the legislature, and elected Davis to the governorship. The dispute was then submitted to the Maine Supreme Court. Composed of seven Republicans and one Democrat, the court sustained the Republicans in the legislature, and Davis was inaugurated.


1880 Maine gubernatorial election, Background
During Davis' governorship, Maine's government was chiefly concerned with the ongoing issue of regulating alcoholic beverages, with some legislators favoring manufacture, sale and consumption, some prohibition and some local option. In addition, the dispute over the 1879 election remained an important issue, and carried over to the 1880 campaign.


1880 Maine gubernatorial election, Result
Taking advantage of voter unhappiness caused by the lingering effects of the 1873 economic downturn and the 1879 election, Plaisted prevailed over incumbent Davis by fewer than 200 votes, becoming one of only four non-Republicans to hold the governorship between the founding of the party in the 1850s and the Great Depression in 1929.


1880 Maine gubernatorial election, Result
Two minor candidates, prohibition supporters Joshua Nye and William P. Joy also received votes. Nye's totals were 309 (.21%) and Joy's were 124 or .08%.


1880 Maine gubernatorial election, Result
The rare Republican loss in Maine was seen as a sign that the post-Civil War tactic of "waving the bloody shirt" was less viable that it had been, and that Republicans would have to devise a new strategy in order to win the November presidential election.


1880 Maltese general election
General elections were held in Malta between 13 and 16 October 1880. The majority of elected Councillors were members of the Anti-Reform Party.


1880 Maltese general election, Background
The elections were held under the 1849 constitution, which provided for an 18-member Government Council, of which ten members would be appointed and eight elected.


1880 Maltese general election, Results
A total of 2,400 people were registered to vote, of which 1,866 cast votes, giving a turnout of 78%.


1880 Massachusetts Aggies football team
The 1880 Massachusetts Aggies football team represented Massachusetts Agricultural College in the 1880 college football season. The team played its home games at Alumni Field in Amherst, Massachusetts. Massachusetts finished the season with a record of 0–1–1.


1880 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1880 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 2.


1880 Massachusetts legislature
The 101st Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1880 during the governorship of John Davis Long. Robert R. Bishop served as president of the Senate and Charles J. Noyes served as speaker of the House.


1880 Melbourne Cup
The 1880 Melbourne Cup was a two-mile handicap horse race which took place on Tuesday, 2 November 1880.


1880 Melbourne Cup
This year was the twentieth running of the Melbourne Cup. The winner Grand Flaneur holds the distinction of being the only horse to win the Melbourne Cup and finish his or her career undefeated. Grand Flaneur won nine times including five times against the James Wilson trained Progress. Ridden by Peter St. Albans Progress started 3/1 favourite but Grand Flaneur at 4/1 won by a length despite carrying an extra stone in weight. Grand Flaneur would go on to sire future cup winners Bravo and Patron.


1880 Melbourne Cup
This is the list of placegetters for the 1880 Melbourne Cup.


1880 Men's Tennis tour
The 1880 Men's tennis tour  was the 4th amateur tennis tour held that year. It now incorporated 19 tournaments staged in Australia, Great Britain and Ireland and the United States. The 1880 Wimbledon Championships was won by John Hartley against Herbert Lawford, in the Challenge Round.


1880 Men's Tennis tour, Calendar
Notes 1: Challenge Round: the final round of a tournament, in which the winner of a single-elimination phase faces the previous year's champion, who plays only that one match. The challenge round was used in the early history of tennis (from 1877 through 1921), in some tournaments not all.


1880 Men's Tennis tour, Calendar
Notes 2:Tournaments in italics were events that were staged only once that season


1880 Mexican general election
General elections were held in Mexico in 1880. The result of the presidential election was a victory for Manuel González Flores, who received 77% of the vote.


1880 Michigan Wolverines football team
The 1880 Michigan Wolverines football team represented the University of Michigan in the 1880 college football season. The team was the second intercollegiate football team to represent the University of Michigan. They played one game, defeating the team from the University of Toronto, 13 to 6, at the Toronto Lacrosse Club. Michigan scored two touchdowns and one goal; Toronto scored three safety touchdowns.


1880 Michigan Wolverines football team
The team had no coach, and John Chase was the captain. Chase later became a general and commander of the Colorado National Guard in two of the most significant confrontations between American military forces and organized labor – the Colorado Labor Wars of 1903–1904 and the Ludlow Massacre of April 1914. The team's quarterback, Edmond H. Barmore, went into the business of building steamships from 1881 to 1886 and later operated the Los Angeles Transfer Company for about 40 years.


1880 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season
Although the 1880 season featured only one inter-collegiate game, that game was preceded by a series of inter-class football games. The first inter-class game was a game between the freshman and the sophomores that stretched across three Saturdays. The game began on Saturday, September 25, 1880, with John "Tubby" Chase serving as the referee. The game was resumed two weeks later on Saturday, October 9.


1880 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season
On the latter date, the game attracted a crowd estimated at 700 spectators: "The players was [sic] greatly impeded by the crowd, which must have numbered 700, and which followed the ball almost as closely as the players." The game was completed on Saturday, October 23. Having won five of the nine "innings" played, the freshman team was declared the winner.


1880 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season
The game was played on a field near the hospital, and The Chronicle (a weekly newspaper at the University of Michigan) commented on the violence in one of the "rushes" that occurred near the hospital: "The one which took place on the hospital steps was almost worthy of a grammar school. It would have been more to the point if the fresh. had displayed their muscle in the ring."


1880 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season
On October 16, 1880, The Chronicle urged every student participate in rugby:


1880 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season
"Every student in the University is requested and urged to come out and play Rugby from two to four in the afternoon. A practice game will also be played every Saturday morning in which those more proficient in the game are invited to participate. It is desirable that every player should turn out as the committee have only their observations to guide them in the selection of a team, and in consequence of the number of players we have lost in the class of '80, more than the usual quota of men will have to be chosen this year."


1880 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season
Because there were no other Midwestern colleges playing football in 1880, The Chronicle reported with interest on a nascent effort to develop a football team at Ohio Wesleyan University. The paper reprinted an editorial from the Ohio Wesleyan newspaper declaring, "It seems to us that there ought to be enough life among the students to get up an interest in the game and play rugby, at least, once in a while." The Chronicle also reported that interest in sports was diminishing among the students at Cornell University (which became a football rival for Michigan in the late 1880s and 1890s), and that rugby had not been introduced there.


1880 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season
On October 16, 1880, The Chronicle wrote that the Athletic Association's corresponding secretary was in correspondence with the football association at the University of Toronto concerning a game between the two schools. The Chronicle noted: "As Toronto is to play Harvard this fall, there is a possibility of our being able to arrange a match with the latter, and at last accomplish the long-talked of game with some eastern college."


1880 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Toronto
On November 6, 1880, the Michigan football team played its only game of the season against the team from the University of Toronto. The game was the third official game played by the Michigan football team since it began during the 1879 season and the first by Michigan in a foreign country.


1880 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Toronto
The team left Ann Arbor on Friday morning, November 5, on the Michigan Central Railroad. The Chronicle described the traveling group as "a very jolly party" that enlivened the trip with college songs. The team arrived in Toronto on Friday night and stayed at the Rossin House Hotel in the city center. Because of "damp and dismal" weather on Saturday morning, few of the players engaged in sight-seeing and the Toronto team proposed postponing the game until Monday.


1880 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Toronto
The teams opted to proceed with the game as scheduled on Saturday. The game was played at the Toronto Lacrosse Club starting at 2:55 pm and was scheduled for two 45-minute innings. The Chronicle described the playing conditions:


1880 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Toronto
"[T]hroughout the whole of the first inning, the rain was increasing, and, joined with a cold wind from the north, soon drenched and all but froze both players and spectators. The ground was slippery and muddy, the water stood in pools, the ball was soon heavy, and in short circumstances were decidedly against either good playing or enjoyment of it."


1880 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Toronto
The temperature became colder in the later afternoon, and the Toronto team proposed ending the game after the first inning. The teams ultimately agreed to play a shortened second inning of 37 minutes. During the first inning, Michigan was aided by having the wind at its back and running downhill on a slightly sloped field. In the second inning, the teams switched sides. The game ended at 4:27 pm with Michigan ahead 13–6. The scoring for Michigan consisted of "one goal, two touch downs [one by halfback William Calvert], and two tries for goal, against three safety touch downs which Toronto was compelled to make."


1880 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Toronto
Michigan's starting lineup against Toronto was Elnathan P. Hathaway (140 pounds, fullback/goalkeeper), Randolph W. Brown (165 pounds, halfback), Richard Millard Dott (145 pounds, halfback), Edmond H. Barmore (147 pounds, quarterback), John "Tubby" Chase (178 pounds, captain and forward), Richard G. DePuy (150 pounds, forward), Frank Gates Allen (170 pounds, forward), William Graham (150 pounds, forward), Walter S. Horton (155 pounds, forward), William B. Calvert (158 pounds, forward), and Collins H. Johnston (150 pounds, forward). Frank Wormwood began the game as the umpire for Michigan, but he was called into the game to replace DePuy, who was badly injured after being "bunted into the fence by a Toronto man." Charles Thomson took over as the umpire for Michigan.


1880 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Toronto
After the game, the Toronto team hosted the Michigan team at a reception held at the College Residence. The team spent Sunday in Toronto and departed on the 9:50 Great Western train on Monday morning.


1880 Michigan gubernatorial election
The 1880 Michigan gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1880. Republican nominee David Jerome defeated Democratic nominee Frederick M. Holloway with 51.25% of the vote.


1880 Missouri gubernatorial election
The 1880 Missouri gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1880 and resulted in a victory for the Democratic nominee, former Congressman Thomas Theodore Crittenden, over the Republican candidate, former Congressman David Patterson Dyer, and Greenback nominee Luman A. Brown.


1880 Missouri gubernatorial election
Missouri returned to electing its governor to a 4-year term, instead of a 2-year term.


1880 New Hampshire gubernatorial election
The 1880 New Hampshire gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1880. Republican nominee Charles H. Bell defeated Democratic nominee Frank Jones with 51.57% of the vote.


1880 New Jersey gubernatorial election
The 1880 New Jersey gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1880. Democratic nominee George C. Ludlow defeated Republican nominee Frederic A. Potts with 49.53% of the vote.


1880 New South Wales colonial election
The 1880 New South Wales colonial election was held between 17 November and 2 December 1880. This election was for all of the 108 seats in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly and it was conducted in 43 single-member constituencies, 25 2-member constituencies, one 3-member constituency and three 4-member constituencies, all with a first past the post system. Suffrage was limited to adult white males. The previous parliament of New South Wales was dissolved on 9 November 1880 by the Governor, Lord Augustus Loftus, on the advice of the Premier, Sir Henry Parkes.


1880 New South Wales colonial election
There was no recognisable party structure at this election; instead the government was determined by a loose, shifting factional system.


1880 New South Wales colonial election, Results
New South Wales colonial election, 17 November – 2 December 1880 Legislative Assembly << 1877–1882 >>


1880 New York state election
The 1880 New York state election was held on November 2, 1880, to elect the Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly.


1880 New York state election, History
In 1880, there was only one officer to be elected statewide: the Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Sanford E. Church in May 1880. Charles J. Folger had been appointed temporarily to fill the vacancy until the end of the year.


1880 New York state election, History
The Greenback state convention met on August 17 and 18 at Syracuse, New York. Thomas C. Armstrong was nominated for Chief Judge on the fifth ballot (fifth ballot: Armstrong 44, William Thornton 31, Wilson S. Wolfe had withdrawn already).


1880 New York state election, History
The Republican State Committee met on August 24 at New York City. Chester A. Arthur presided. The committee voted against the call of a state convention (vote: For 5, Against 26), and nominated unanimously the incumbent Chief Judge Charles J. Folger to succeed himself.


1880 New York state election, History
The Democratic state convention was held on September 28 at Saratoga, New York. Rufus W. Peckham, Jr., was Temporary Chairman. Charles A. Rapallo was nominated for Chief Judge on the first ballot (vote: Rapallo 185, William C. Ruger "less than 60", George B. Bradley - the Democratic candidate in 1878 - "fewer still").


1880 New York state election, Result
The incumbent Chief Judge Folger was elected to succeed himself.


1880 North Carolina gubernatorial election
The 1880 North Carolina gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1880. Incumbent Democrat Thomas Jordan Jarvis defeated Republican nominee Ralph P. Buxton with 51.32% of the vote.


1880 Northumberland colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Northumberland on 30 April 1880 because Thomas Hungerford resigned attend to personal business matters.


1880 Open Championship
The 1880 Open Championship was the 20th Open Championship, held 9 April at Musselburgh Links, Musselburgh, East Lothian, Scotland. Bob Ferguson won the Championship, by five strokes from runner-up Peter Paxton.


1880 Open Championship
A number of players were absent because of the short notice given for the competition. Jamie Anderson, winner of the previous three Open Championships was amongst those that were missing. Good weather brought out many spectators. The Championship was played over four rounds of the nine-hole Musselburgh  course.


1880 Open Championship
Andrew Kirkaldy scored a hole-in-one at the eighth hole in his second round and almost repeated the feat in his third round.


1880 Open Championship
After three rounds Bob Ferguson was tied for the lead with Peter Paxton with Ned Cosgrove only a shot behind. In the final round Ferguson scored 39 to Paxton's and Cosgrove's 44s to win by five strokes.


1880 Open Championship, Final leaderboard
Generally scores relate to first 18 holes and second 18 holes. Individual round scores mostly not recorded.


1880 Oxford by-election
The 1880 Oxford by-election was held in May 1880 due to the incumbent Liberal MP William Vernon Harcourt becoming Home Secretary and seeking re-election to Parliament. Harcourt was defeated.


1880 Oxford by-election, Background
Harcourt had been one of the two MPs for Oxford since 1868 and had developed a reputation as a skilled debater but without tact. In the 1880 general election he had narrowly beaten his Conservative fellow MP, Alexander William Hall. Harcourt's campaign, particularly his acceptance speech, were regarded as insulting.


1880 Oxford by-election, Campaign
The Liberals formed a government and Harcourt was invited to be Home Secretary which meant that he would have to resign his seat and seek re-election.


1880 Oxford by-election, Campaign
Hall fought a vigorous campaign getting endorsements from A. E. Housman and the Prime Minister's son, Sir Robert Peel. Harcourt accused Hall of being a pawn to the brewing lobby. The rhetoric of the campaign meant that the atmosphere was highly charged.


1880 Oxford by-election, Result
In a closely fought election he lost to Harcourt. Harcourt lost by 2,681 votes to Hall's 2,730.


1880 Oxford by-election, Aftermath
Harcourt found another seat when Samuel Plimsoll immediately resigned and Harcourt was unopposed in the subsequent by-election for Derby.


1880 Oxford by-election, Aftermath
There were irregularities in the conduct of the election and the election was deemed void. Hall was unseated and the seat was left vacant until 1885. In 1885 Hall won the seat again and held it until 1892.


1880 Paddington colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Paddington on 20 February 1880 because John Sutherland resigned when his company accepted a government contract to re-roll railway rails.


1880 Penn Quakers football team
The 1880 Penn Quakers football team represented the University of Pennsylvania in the 1880 college football season. They finished with a 2–3 record.


1880 Philadelphia Crescent Athletic Club football team
The 1880 Philadelphia Crescent Athletic Club football team represented Philadelphia Crescent Athletic Club in the 1880 college football season. The Athletic Club played at least two games in the season, results for the first have not been found, the second was a 0–5 loss against Penn.


1880 Princeton Tigers football team
The 1880 Princeton Tigers football team represented the College of New Jersey, then more commonly known as Princeton College, in the 1880 college football season. The team finished with a 4–0–1 record and was retroactively named co-national champion by the National Championship Foundation and Parke H. Davis. This season was Princeton's tenth national championship and one of 11 in a 13-year period between 1869 and 1881. The captain of the team was Francis Loney.


1880 Princeton Tigers football team
On November 13 at the Polo Grounds in New York City, Princeton defeated Harvard with between 3,000 and 4,000 in attendance. Princeton scored two goals and held Harvard to one goal. Princeton also had five touchdowns for safety to two for Harvard. The Sun of New York reported that the game, played under the new 1880 rules of the Intercollegiate Football Association, was football in name only, but "in reality a series of wrestling encounters for possession of a large leather globe."


1880 Princeton Tigers football team
Princeton ended the season as it did in 1879, with a 0–0 tie against Yale at a neutral site near New York.


1880 Prohibition National Convention
The 1880 Prohibition National Convention was a presidential nominating convention held at Halle's Hall, in Cleveland, Ohio on June 17, 1880, to select the Prohibition Party's presidential ticket for the 1880 presidential election.


1880 Prohibition National Convention, Presidential nomination
On June 17, 1880, the national convention was called to open and was attended by 142 delegates. Reverend Alonzo Ames Miner was selected to serve as the president of the convention. Neal Dow, the former mayor of Portland, Maine, and Henry Adams Thompson were nominated for the presidential and vice presidential nominations by James Black, hoping that other national figures would seek the party's nomination, and were approved by acclamation.


1880 Prohibition National Convention, Platform
Although the platforms of the 1872 and 1876 included support and opposition to multiple issues, the platform drafted and accepted at the 1880 national convention only included support for issues relating to the prohibition of alcohol and women's suffrage due to the narrow guager faction, which supported a single issue prohibitionist platform, writing it.


1880 Providence Grays season
The Providence Grays finished the 1880 season in second place in the National League.


1880 Providence Grays season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1880 Providence Grays season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1880 Providence Grays season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1880 Providence Grays season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1880 Rangitikei by-election
The 1880 Rangitikei by-election was a by-election held during the 7th New Zealand Parliament in the Rangitikei electorate of the North Island. This was the fourth by-election since the Rangitikei electorate was established for the 1861 election. The previous by-election took place in 1875 and the following one took place in 1892. Sir William Fox, Premier of New Zealand on four occasions, was elected to Parliament for his sixth and final time.


1880 Rangitikei by-election, Background
Despite William Jarvis Willis' election to Parliament only one year earlier in the 1879 election, he resigned on 5 April 1880 due to poor health. A by-election was called for 8 May 1880 with former Premier of New Zealand William Fox, Marton politician Henry Lyon and Donald Fraser of Lower Rangitikei being the three candidates.


1880 Rangitikei by-election, Results
Fox was elected to Parliament for a sixth and final term, serving as MP for Rangitikei until the 1881 general election. He was elected by a majority of 110 votes, or 25.88%, over runner-up Fraser.


1880 Rangitikei by-election, Results
Some electors in Turakina were unable to vote as the local polling station opened at 9:40 a.m. instead of the legally-mandated 9 a.m., leaving some electors with no opportunity to vote as they had to go back to their daily routines.


1880 Republican National Convention
The 1880 Republican National Convention convened from June 2 to June 8, 1880, at the Interstate Exposition Building in Chicago, Illinois, United States, and nominated Representative James A. Garfield of Ohio and Chester A. Arthur of New York as the official candidates of the Republican Party for president and vice president, respectively, in the 1880 presidential election.


1880 Republican National Convention
Of the 14 men in contention for the Republican nomination, the three strongest candidates leading up to the convention were Ulysses S. Grant, James G. Blaine, and John Sherman. Grant had served two terms as President from 1869 to 1877, and was seeking an unprecedented third term in office. He was backed by the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party, which supported political machines and patronage. Blaine was a senator and former representative from Maine who was backed by the Half-Breed faction of the Republican Party. Sherman, the brother of Civil War General William Tecumseh Sherman, was serving as Secretary of the Treasury under President Rutherford B. Hayes. A former senator from Ohio, he was backed by delegates who did not support the Stalwarts or Half-Breeds.


1880 Republican National Convention
On the first ballot, Sherman received 93 votes, while Grant and Blaine had 304 and 285, respectively. With 379 votes required to win the nomination, none of the candidates was close to victory, and the balloting continued. After the thirty-fifth ballot, Blaine and Sherman switched their support to a new "dark horse" candidate, James Garfield. On the next ballot, Garfield won the nomination by receiving 399 votes, 93 higher than Grant's total. Garfield's Ohio delegation chose Chester A. Arthur, a Stalwart, as Garfield's vice-presidential running mate. Arthur won the nomination by capturing 468 votes, and the longest-ever Republican National Convention was subsequently adjourned. The Garfield–Arthur Republican ticket later defeated Democrats Winfield Scott Hancock and William Hayden English in the close 1880 presidential election.


1880 Republican National Convention, Background
As President of the United States, Rutherford B. Hayes had caused heated tensions within the Republican Party. Hayes had moved away from party patronage by offering government jobs to Southern Democrats instead of Northern Republicans. His actions drew heavy criticism from those inside his party, such as Roscoe Conkling of New York and James G. Blaine of Maine. Hayes had known since the dispute over the 1876 election that he was unlikely to win in 1880, and had announced at his 1877 inauguration that he would not run for a second term. Without an incumbent president in the race, the rival factions within the Republican Party, the Stalwarts and the Half-Breeds, eagerly anticipated the 1880 presidential election.


1880 Republican National Convention, Background, Ulysses S. Grant
At the close of Grant's two terms as president in 1877, the Republican-controlled Congress suggested that Grant not return to the White House for a third term. Grant did not seem to mind and even told his wife Julia, "I do not want to be here [in the White House] another four years. I do not think I could stand it." After Grant left the White House, he and his wife decided to use their US$85,000 of savings to travel around the world.


1880 Republican National Convention, Background, Ulysses S. Grant
A biographer from the New York Herald, John Russell Young, traveled with the Grants and documented their journey to exotic places around the world in a book later published called Around the World with General Grant. Young saw that Grant's popularity was soaring, as he was treated with splendid receptions at his arrival in Tokyo and Peking, China.


1880 Republican National Convention, Background, Ulysses S. Grant
After Hayes' falling-out with the Republican Party and a perceived desire on the part of the United States' electorate for a strong man in the White House, Grant returned to the United States ahead of schedule, in hopes of seeking a third term in office. With the backing of the Stalwarts and calls for a "man of iron" to replace the "man of straw" in the White House, Grant was confident that he would receive the Republican nomination for the presidency.


1880 Republican National Convention, Background, Ulysses S. Grant
Roscoe Conkling, the leader of the Stalwart faction, formed a "triumvirate" with J. Donald Cameron of Pennsylvania and John A. Logan of Illinois to lead the campaign for Grant's return to the White House. With a Grant victory, Conkling and other Stalwarts would have great influence in the White House. Grant knew he could count on the Stalwart leaders to solidify their respective states in order to guarantee a Grant victory. Conkling was so confident in Grant's nomination that he said, "Nothing but an act of God could prevent Grant's nomination." An aide to the ex-president, Adam Badeau, commented that Grant had become "extremely anxious to receive the nomination" and did not think that there was any chance of failure.


1880 Republican National Convention, Background, Ulysses S. Grant
However, close friends of Grant saw that his public support was slipping. John Russell Young took Grant aside and told him that he would lose the election, and should withdraw to avoid embarrassment. Young argued that Grant was being heavily attacked by opponents, who were against the concept of a presidential third term. Young also criticized the handling of the campaign and told Grant that if he won the election, he would be indebted to the "triumvirate". Grant felt that his Stalwart friends had been of great assistance in his election bid, and they deserved political patronage in his administration.


1880 Republican National Convention, Background, Ulysses S. Grant
Grant, nonetheless, listened to Young's advice and wrote a letter to J. Donald Cameron, authorizing his name to be withdrawn from the nomination contest after consultation with his other Stalwart backers. Upon hearing of his letter, Julia Grant was insistent that her husband should not withdraw his name from the contest. She said, "If General Grant were not nominated, then let it be so, but he must not withdraw his name – no, never." Young delivered the letter to the "triumvirate" in Chicago on May 31, but no action was taken to remove Grant's name.


1880 Republican National Convention, Background, James G. Blaine
The other main contender for the Republican nomination was James G. Blaine. Blaine, a senator from Maine who had also served in the United States House of Representatives, including holding the Speaker of the House position from 1869 to 1875, was in the competition to prevent Grant's nomination. Four years earlier Blaine had campaigned for the party's nomination; in the weeks prior to the 1876 convention, he was accused of committing fraudulent activities involving railroad stocks. The specifics of Blaine's involvement were detailed in the Mulligan letters.


1880 Republican National Convention, Background, James G. Blaine
Blaine pleaded his own defense on the floor of the House of Representatives, and he read aloud selected, edited portions of the letters that were not incriminating. Despite his attempt to clear his name, Blaine was tarnished by the scandal throughout the rest of his political career. On the Sunday before balloting was to begin in Cincinnati, Ohio, Blaine collapsed at the steps of Washington Congregational Church. He was unconscious for two days, and as a result, he lost supporters who were doubtful over his health and whether he was capable of handling the presidency.


1880 Republican National Convention, Background, James G. Blaine
Blaine was also ridiculed by opponents, who accused him of faking illness to gain sympathy; the New York Sun headlined "Blaine Feigns a Faint". On the first ballot of the 1876 convention, Blaine received 285 votes, while his political enemy, Roscoe Conkling, was in second place with only 99 votes. Blaine and Conkling had a long-standing political feud that started at a debate on the floor of the House of Representatives in 1866. After six more ballots resulted in no consensus, Conkling switched his support to Rutherford B. Hayes, who ultimately beat Blaine for the nomination.


1880 Republican National Convention, Background, James G. Blaine
After Blaine's failure in 1876, his supporters believed that he needed to be nominated at the 1880 convention in Chicago if he was ever going to be President, reasoning that if he tried for the nomination twice and failed, he could not count on another opportunity. As his campaign manager, William E. Chandler, put it:


1880 Republican National Convention, Background, James G. Blaine
He must be nominated at Chicago in June, or else forever give up any idea of gaining the Chief Magistry of the nation... I think he owes it to himself and to his friends all over the country who are ready to sacrifice everything for his success to do all that is in his power to win at Chicago.


1880 Republican National Convention, Background, James G. Blaine
Despite the Mulligan letters scandal, Blaine had succeeded remarkably in his 1880 campaign, attracting nationwide support for his candidacy. He argued for the gold standard, support for big business, a tariff to protect American jobholders, civil rights for freed blacks and Irish independence.


1880 Republican National Convention, Background, John Sherman
John Sherman was a longtime senator from Ohio who also served the state in the House of Representatives in the late 1850s and early 1860s. As a senator, Sherman led the planning of the national banking system. He also oversaw the national policy for the post-Civil War banking system, and helped restore the nation's finances after the Panic of 1873. Under President Hayes, Sherman served as the Secretary of the Treasury, advocating for the gold standard and building up the country's gold reserves. Sherman's colleagues did not have much confidence in their presidential bid.


1880 Republican National Convention, Background, John Sherman
Sherman was known as the "Ohio Icicle" for his uncharismatic personality, which made him unappealing to voters. His colleagues commented that in public, Sherman "was not eloquent, though a graceful speaker, confining himself almost entirely to statements of fact." In private, he was "reserved, self-contained," a personality that many Americans were not comfortable with. As President, Sherman intended to continue his support for the gold standard. Prior to the start of the convention, papers had predicted Sherman to receive 110 votes in the balloting. Sherman felt that he still had a chance at the nomination once the Grant vote broke apart after five or six ballots.


1880 Republican National Convention, Background, James Garfield
James Garfield came into Chicago as a Senator-elect from Ohio, who had represented the state in the United States House since 1863. In 1859, as a Republican, Garfield was elected to the Ohio Senate. The following year, he was admitted to the Ohio bar. He served as state senator until 1861, when he enlisted in the Union Army at the start of the Civil War. Garfield was assigned to command the 42nd Ohio Volunteer Infantry, and had the task of driving Confederate forces out of eastern Kentucky. Garfield later led an attack with a number of infantry regiments against a Confederate cavalry at Jenny's Creek on January 6, 1862. The Confederates retreated, and for leading his men to victory, Garfield was promoted to the rank of brigadier general in March 1862.


1880 Republican National Convention, Background, James Garfield
Garfield later served under Major General Don Carlos Buell at the Battle of Shiloh and under Thomas J. Wood at the siege of Corinth. Garfield's health deteriorated and he was sent to serve on a commission to investigate the conduct of Union general Fitz John Porter. In the spring of 1863, Garfield returned to the field as chief of staff for William S. Rosecrans, commander of the Army of the Cumberland. After the disastrous Chickamauga campaign in September 1863, Rosecrans was relieved of his command.


1880 Republican National Convention, Background, James Garfield
Garfield saved his own reputation by fighting bravely during the battles, and he was subsequently promoted to the rank of major general. Garfield's fame spread, and William Dennison engineered Garfield's 1863 election to Congress. As Whitelaw Reid commented, Garfield was "the most able and prominent of the young politicians who entered the army at the outbreak of the war." Garfield did not want to leave the army, so he personally visited President Abraham Lincoln for advice on the matter. Lincoln told Garfield that he had more generals than he could handle, and what he needed was political support.


1880 Republican National Convention, Background, James Garfield
Garfield succeeded in gaining re-election for his House seat every two years. In 1872, Garfield faced charges for receiving $329 in tainted money from the Crédit Mobilier of America corruption scandal. Garfield repeatedly denied the charges and even hired William E. Chandler to defend him in front of the congressional investigators. There was not much evidence against Garfield, so his political career was not significantly affected. Four years later, when James G. Blaine moved from the House to the United States Senate, Garfield became the Republican floor leader of the House.


1880 Republican National Convention, Background, James Garfield
That year, Garfield served as a member of the Electoral Commission that awarded 20 hotly contested electoral votes to Rutherford B. Hayes in his contest for the Presidency against Samuel J. Tilden. Prior to the 1880 Republican National Convention, Garfield had expressed that he was a Blaine supporter. It was not until John Sherman entered the race that Garfield switched sides, and offered his support for the "Ohio Icicle".


1880 Republican National Convention, Pre-convention politics
In January, caucuses were held in local districts to pick delegates to state conventions. The state conventions would then select a number of these delegates to represent the state at the national convention. Prior to the convention, there was a great deal of machine politics conducted by the candidates. John Sherman utilized Treasury Department employees who owed their jobs to him to meet up at local caucuses across the South to guarantee loyal state delegations. State-level bosses, like Roscoe Conkling, used the state conventions to pick delegates that were politically allied to a particular candidate.


1880 Republican National Convention, Pre-convention politics
In the state delegate-selection convention at Utica, New York, Grant's supporters carried only a 217–180 majority over Blaine supporters, but Conkling passed a resolution declaring that, "the Republicans of New York believe the re-election of Ulysses S. Grant as Presidential candidate of urgent importance, and the delegates this day assembled are called upon and instructed to use their earnest and united efforts to secure his nomination.


1880 Republican National Convention, Pre-convention politics
Conkling commanded delegates to follow the resolution, and if they were to violate it, he guaranteed they would be victims of political revenge and personal dishonor. However, in Chicago, there were a number of New York delegates who went against the resolution and publicly expressed their support for Blaine. J. Donald Cameron used similar tactics to intimidate dissenters in the Pennsylvania state convention. The third member of the "triumvirate", John A. Logan, literally locked out Blaine supporters from the Illinois state convention, and replaced them with personally chosen Grant supporters.


1880 Republican National Convention, Pre-convention politics
By May 29, four days before the opening of the convention, trainloads upon trainloads of delegates, lobbyists, reporters, and campaign followers had arrived at the Union and Dearborn railway stations in Chicago. Candidate supporters channeled through the Chicago streets with daily parades and rallies. Pre -convention possible outcomes of the voting were published by a number of sources. One, from the Albany Evening Journal, predicted Blaine with 277 votes, Grant with 317, Sherman with 106, and 49 for the other candidates. All of these predicted candidate vote totals were short of the 379 needed to win.


1880 Republican National Convention, Pre-convention politics
Many in Chicago knew that a victor, most probably Grant, would only be determined if the unit rule, which postulated that all delegates from a particular state must vote for the candidate preferred by that state's delegation, was to be in effect. If that was not the case, then a long deadlock would result until one side succumbed to the other.


1880 Republican National Convention, Pre-convention politics
Before any voting began, the delegates had to vote on the important matter of the unit rule. Prior to the start of the convention, James Garfield noted, "I regard it [the unit rule] as being more important than even the choice of a candidate." If the rule was supported by a majority of the delegates, then state party bosses, like the members of the "triumvirate", would be able to solidify Grant's nomination bid. If Conkling and the other Stalwart bosses had their way, the nearly sixty dissenters from the states represented by the "triumvirate" would be silenced.


1880 Republican National Convention, Pre-convention politics
Unfortunately for Half-Breeds, J. Donald Cameron was chairman of the Republican National Committee. Cameron planned to exercise his power to adopt new rules for the convention, and also suppress any dissenters of the unit rule. His plan was leaked, and within days, almost all the delegates in Chicago knew about it. Supporters of the Sherman and Blaine campaigns knew that they had to prevent Cameron from exercising his power. Blaine's forces agreed that they could only prevent Cameron from imposing the unit rule by removing him as the chair of the Republican National Committee.


1880 Republican National Convention, Pre-convention politics
At 7:00 P.M. on May 31, J. Donald Cameron convened the Republican National Committee's last meeting before the opening of the convention. Of the forty-six men at the meeting, Cameron counted only sixteen allies. The rest of the men were anti-Grant delegates who had decided to gang up on Cameron. Colorado senator Jerome B. Chaffee was the first to bring up the unit rule at the meeting. Chaffee handed Cameron a handwritten motion that was orchestrated by William E. Chandler. Cameron expected this, and knew he had to find some fault in Chaffee's motion.


1880 Republican National Convention, Pre-convention politics
Cameron called Chaffee's motion out of order. Upon being questioned by Chaffee, Cameron explained that the committee could only appoint a temporary chairman to the convention, and could not vote on the unit rule issue (which he said belonged to the Rules Committee). Cameron then used George Congdon Gorham, a California Stalwart delegate who as secretary of the United States Senate had become an expert on parliamentary procedure, to justify his ruling. One by one, anti-Grant delegates unsuccessfully tried to appeal Cameron's motion. Gorham proclaimed that as committee chairman, Cameron could do "as he saw fit."


1880 Republican National Convention, Pre-convention politics
Marshall Jewell, a Connecticut delegate and national committee member who had served in Grant's administration as Postmaster General, spoke up against Cameron's rulings. Cameron did not comment, and then called for a brief recess. After the recess, he acknowledged a motion from William E. Chandler to elect George Frisbie Hoar, a neutral senator and delegate from Massachusetts, as the convention's temporary chairman.


1880 Republican National Convention, Pre-convention politics
The committee voted 29–17 in favor of electing Hoar as temporary chairman of the convention. At midnight, the committee was adjourned, and the members agreed to continue the meeting the following morning. News of Cameron's behavior had spread throughout town overnight. His hardliner strategy had failed, and Conkling and other Grant managers sought to control the situation before it became any worse. The next morning, Conkling asked his trusted colleague, Chester A. Arthur, to solve the problem. Arthur assessed the situation and drew up a compromise.


1880 Republican National Convention, Pre-convention politics
He met Chandler and the rest of the anti-Grant cabal at the entrance of the committee's suite. Arthur acknowledged that the Grant men had rejected Senator Hoar as the temporary convention chairman the day before, but said that the Grant men might perhaps reconsider. He proposed that the delegates decide on the unit rule in a free vote, and in return, Don Cameron would be restored as the chairman of the national committee. After discussing for a number of minutes, the two men came to an agreement.


1880 Republican National Convention, Pre-convention politics
Arthur was confident that since Chandler, the leader of Blaine's campaign, had accepted the deal, then "it would be agreed by the Grant men." Chandler then discussed the compromise deal with the thirty anti-Grant committee members, and also James Garfield, who had previously expressed his opposition to the unit rule. 23 out of 30 anti-Grant men agreed to the terms, and Garfield commented that the proposition "must be accepted" in "spirit of reconciliation."


1880 Republican National Convention, Pre-convention politics
The committee reconvened again on the afternoon of June 1, with J. Donald Cameron sitting as the committee chairman. Arthur made a number of motions, indicating that the Grant men from New York and Pennsylvania would support Senator Hoar's appointment as the temporary chairman of the convention. No one objected and the motions were accepted. The meeting was then adjourned. A reporter from the New York Tribune later remarked that the Grant followers had been "saved from utter ruin by the excellent management of General Arthur...."


1880 Republican National Convention, The convention
At noon on Wednesday, June 2, J. Donald Cameron banged his gavel to commence the beginning of the seventh Republican National Convention. As instructed, Cameron placed the nomination for Senator Hoar as the temporary convention chairman. The nomination was passed unanimously. Later, delegates John H. Roberts of Illinois and Christopher L. Magee of Pennsylvania were made temporary convention secretaries. Senator Eugene Hale of Maine submitted a resolution for a roll call, in which the chairman of each delegation would announce the people from their delegation serving on the convention's three committees. The committees were formed, and the convention was adjourned at five minutes past three in the afternoon.


1880 Republican National Convention, The convention
The convention reconvened at 11:00 A.M. on June 3. Roscoe Conkling submitted a motion for a recess, but the motion was rejected. Another New York delegate, Henry R. Pierson from the Committee on Permanent Organization, submitted a proposal to make the temporary convention assignments permanent. The motion was adopted, and the convention took a four-hour recess until 5:00 P.M. After the recess, a motion was made for the Committee on Rules to be directed to report, but a substitute motion from George H. Sharpe of New York called for the Committee on Credentials to report. The substitute motion was rejected by a vote of 406 to 318, and the original resolution was laid on the table. At 7:30 P.M., the convention was adjourned until 10:00 A.M. the following morning.


1880 Republican National Convention, The convention
The next morning, Conkling then submitted a resolution that bound every delegate in the hall to support the party's nominee. Conkling said that "no man should hold his seat here who is not ready so to agree." A voice vote was called, and the resolution received nearly unanimous delegate support. However, about a dozen or so delegates answered "no". Conkling was shocked. He asked, "[who] at a Republican convention would vote 'no' on such a resolution?" He then demanded a roll call to identify the dissenters.


1880 Republican National Convention, The convention
Most of the dissenters chose not to declare their disagreement in front of the thousands of spectators at the "Glass Palace". Only three delegates, all from West Virginia, voted "no" to the resolution, and were showered with a "storm of hisses." Conkling then issued another resolution to strip the three West Virginians of their votes and squash their voices at the convention. The West Virginians revolted against Conkling's resolution, and heavily criticized him for his motion. James Garfield, who was sitting at the Ohio delegation, stood up and tried to settle the matter.


1880 Republican National Convention, The convention
He stated that the convention would be making a big mistake if they approved Conkling's motion, and he asked the delegates for their time in order to state his case. Garfield argued that the three West Virginians should not "be disenfranchised because they thought it was not the time to make such an expression [about a candidate]." He stated that "there never can be a convention...that shall bind my vote against my will on any question whatever." Garfield had won the crowd over with his speech. Conkling did not particularly enjoy the situation. He scribbled a note to Garfield which read, "New York requests that Ohio's real candidate and dark horse come forward...R.C."


1880 Republican National Convention, The convention
Afterwards, the fight over credentials erupted into a free-for-all. After John A. Logan had barred anti-Grant delegates from the state convention earlier in the year, they had decided to file credential reports. At the meeting between Arthur and Chandler, both men had agreed that the credentials issue could be discussed at the convention. A Chicago lawyer who supported Grant, Emery Storrs interrupted the legal argument over credentials by mocking the Blaine campaigners. His remarks set off a barrage of comments from both the Blaine and Grant sides.


1880 Republican National Convention, The convention
The convention went out of control, as people started shouting and jumping throughout the convention hall. As Garfield commented, the convention "seemed [as if] it could not be in America, but in the Sections of Paris in the ecstasy of the Revolution." The fracas continued until 2:00 A.M. when acting chairman Green B. Raum, the United States Commissioner of Internal Revenue, banged the gavel to end the demonstration.


1880 Republican National Convention, The convention, Presenting the nominees
On Saturday night, the alphabetical roll call of the states to present nominees was conducted. The first candidate for the Republican nomination emerged when the Michigan delegation was in roll call. James F. Joy, the seventy-year-old president of the Michigan Central Railroad, gave the speech nominating Blaine. Joy was not a practiced public speaker, and he stumbled and rushed through his nomination speech, "because we are all now impatient for the voting." Joy ended his speech by nominating "James S. Blaine" for the Republican ticket. Promptly, a number of delegates yelled back, "G! G. Blaine, you fool!" The delegates from the next state in the roll call, Minnesota, nominated Senator William Windom as their "favorite son" candidate. Nine states later, Roscoe Conkling of New York stepped up to the podium to present his nomination for Ulysses S. Grant.


1880 Republican National Convention, The convention, Presenting the nominees
The crowd of 15,000 responded by erupting in cheers. Conkling built up the crowd's energy with his speech, and then introduced his candidate by proclaiming, "New York is for Ulysses S. Grant. Never defeated–never defeated in peace or in war, his name is the most illustrious borne by living men." He later spoke of Grant's loyalty to the American people, and then scolded Grant's enemies who had brought up the third term issue. Conkling tried to show that Grant was an honest person who had won the delegates "without patronage and without emissaries, without committees, [and ] without bureaus...." After Conkling finished his speech, boos and hisses came from Blaine and Sherman backers, while applause was heard from Stalwart supporters of Grant. After North Carolina's roll call, the Ohio delegation brought out James Garfield to give the nomination speech for John Sherman.


1880 Republican National Convention, The convention, Presenting the nominees
Garfield had not actually written a speech, and was nervous about speaking in front of such a large crowd. Before heading to Chicago, Sherman told Garfield that Garfield's speech should stress Sherman's "courageous persistence in any course he had adopted." Garfield started his speech by emphasizing his overwhelming pride for his role in the convention. Garfield then listed the qualities that a president should possess and stressed the importance of party unity. It wasn't until near his conclusion that he mentioned Sherman by name. Many reports of Garfield's speech describe it as enthusiastic, eloquent, and well received. Some accounts indicate that it was so well-received that it caused delegates to begin thinking of Garfield as a contender for the presidential nomination.


1880 Republican National Convention, The convention, Presenting the nominees
On the other hand, some members of the Sherman campaign were disappointed by Garfield's speech. One telegram from a Sherman backer sent to Sherman himself claimed that, "[Garfield] has been of no service to you...he was extremely lukewarm in his support." Rumors began to spread that Ohio Governor Charles Foster and Garfield, who were in adjoining suites at the Grand Pacific Hotel, were "conspiring to bring Garfield out as [a] candidate...." News of the finger-pointing within the Sherman camp had carried into newspapers across the country. The Albany Evening Journal reported that "[t]here is a general belief that the Ohio delegation is ready to desert Sherman and go over to Blaine in a body."


1880 Republican National Convention, The convention, Presenting the nominees
Although he had become popular with the delegates after his speech, Garfield was upset over the accusations of those inside the Sherman group, and he worried how they would affect him in the future. His close colleagues felt he was becoming too popular, too quickly. Friends, like Lorenzo Coffin, felt that his "time is not yet." Garfield heeded the advice of his friends to lower his profile at the convention, but he had already made a deep impression on the delegates.


1880 Republican National Convention, The convention, Presenting the nominees
Late Sunday night on June 6, Indiana senator Benjamin Harrison, grandson of former President William Henry Harrison, came to Garfield's hotel suite and asked him under what conditions he would accept the nomination. Garfield replied that he had come to the convention for the sole purpose of supporting John Sherman, and told Harrison that Garfield's "name must not be used [in the nomination]."


1880 Republican National Convention, The convention, Balloting
At ten o'clock on Monday morning, convention chairman Hoar banged his gavel to open the convention. Eugene Hale moved to immediately proceed to the presidential nominee balloting, and Roscoe Conkling seconded the motion. Newspapers had predicted the results of the balloting, and the delegates knew that it would take a number of ballots before a victor could be found. The first surprise during the balloting roll call came when John A. Logan of Illinois announced that of his state's forty-two delegates, only twenty-four were in support of Grant.


1880 Republican National Convention, The convention, Balloting
This was not as "solid" as Logan had previously advertised to the rest of the Grant backers. New York faced a similar situation. Of its seventy delegates, fifty-one supported Grant, seventeen were for Blaine, and the remaining two supported Sherman. Pennsylvania fared even worse, as only thirty-two of the state's fifty-eight delegates put in their support for Grant.


1880 Republican National Convention, The convention, Balloting
After all the states were polled, the results were tabulated. Grant received 304 votes, Blaine had 284, Sherman had 93, Vermont senator George F. Edmunds received 34, Elihu B. Washburne, who had served as the United States Ambassador to France under President Grant, had 30, and Minnesota senator William Windom received 10. Of the states represented by the "triumvirate", sixty delegates did not support Grant. None of the candidates were close to the 379 needed to secure the nomination, so the balloting continued throughout the day.


1880 Republican National Convention, The convention, Balloting
In Washington, D.C., both Blaine and Sherman were disappointed by their first-ballot vote totals. Blaine had been told that he should expect around 300 first-ballot votes, but his actual total fell sixteen short, and it was also one vote fewer than the total he received on the first ballot at the 1876 Convention. Sherman was told to expect 110 votes, which was significantly lower than the expected totals for Blaine and Grant. However, Sherman felt his chance would come later, when the Grant vote split apart.


1880 Republican National Convention, The convention, Balloting
After Sherman heard his first-ballot vote totals, he grew visibly angry that "some of them [the votes] were taken away from him before the ballot began." He was upset that nine Ohio delegates bolted from Sherman and voted instead for his opponent, James G. Blaine. Sherman blamed Blaine for causing the delegates to bolt from Ohio "by [methods of] falsehood, ridicule and treachery." In Galena, Illinois, Grant did not express any emotions after being told about the first-ballot vote totals. As one newsman reported, "[t]he silent soldier was smoking his cigar with all his usual serenity." Grant's wife, Julia, expected a deadlock, and suggested to her husband that he surprise the delegates in Chicago with a visit. Grant thought this was unwise because it gave an appearance of bad luck and bad manners. Despite his wife's attempts to change his mind, Grant remained adamant.


1880 Republican National Convention, The convention, Balloting
Meanwhile, the delegates at the convention continued to cast ballots until a victor could be determined. On the second ballot of the day, a Pennsylvania delegate named W. A. Grier cast a vote for James Garfield. However, the Garfield support remained with that one delegate's vote for most of the day. The delegates cast eighteen ballots before taking a recess for dinner. After dinner, they came back and cast ten more ballots. Still, no candidate was close to the 379 votes needed to win. After twelve hours of balloting, Massachusetts delegate William Lovering moved to adjourn for the night.


1880 Republican National Convention, The convention, Balloting
A few Grant delegates objected, but the motion to adjourn was passed by a vote of 446 to 308. After twenty-eight ballots, Grant had 307 votes, Blaine had 279 and Sherman had 91, and the rest of the votes were split between favorite son candidates like William Windom and George F. Edmunds.


1880 Republican National Convention, The convention, Balloting
Suggestions for introducing a "dark horse" candidate began to take place. Members backing each candidate were equally determined to win the nomination, but some felt that the deadlock could not be broken if new candidates were not introduced into the balloting. Backers for Sherman and Blaine met after the convention was adjourned. Chandler laid down his terms. Blaine had nearly 300 votes, and could not simply withdraw.


1880 Republican National Convention, The convention, Balloting
As Chandler explained, even "[i]f Mr. Blaine permits his column to be broken, [then] Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, Nevada, California, Oregon & twelve votes in the Territories will go to Grant...[as would] Mr. Blaine's Southern votes." Both sides argued until two or three in the morning, but no decision had been reached. Grant leaders had also met that night in Roscoe Conkling's suite in the Grand Pacific Hotel. They discussed the imposing dangers of Grant's nomination bid, such as the third-term resistors. Many speculated that Grant was not going to receive the nomination.