1870 The Hastings colonial election re-count
In October 1870 the Committee of Elections and Qualifications conducted a re-count of the 1870 The Hastings by-election, in which Horace Dean had been declared elected over Robert Smith. The Committee declared that Horace Dean was not qualified to be a member and that Robert Smith had been elected.


1870 The Hastings colonial election re-count, Committee of Elections and Qualifications
The 1870 by-election had been held because the Committee had previously set aside Dean's election at the 1869 election because Dean held an office of profit under the crown at the time of his nomination, being the postmaster at Tinonee. The Committee declined to hold that Dean ineligible to sit as an alien. Smith had based his re-election nomination on the basis that Dean was ineligible to be elected as he had not been a resident for 5 years after naturalisation, relying upon legal opinions given by Sir James Martin, Sir William Manning and Joseph Innes.


1870 The Hastings colonial election re-count, Committee of Elections and Qualifications
The Electoral Act of 1858 distinguished between a natural born subject, a "person born in Her Majesty's dominions or either of whose parents was so born", and a naturalised subject, a "person who in England is or shall be naturalized and every person made a denizen or having received a certificate" under the Aliens Act 1847 (NSW) and taken the required oath. The qualification to be a member was in section 8 which provided that:


1870 The Hastings colonial election re-count, Committee of Elections and Qualifications
8. Every male subject of Her Majesty of the full age of twenty-one years and absolutely free being natural born or who being a naturalized subject shall have resided in this Colony for five years shall be qualified to be elected a Member of the Assembly for any Electoral District unless disqualified by section seventeen or eighteen of the Constitution Act or unless under section eleven or twelve of this Act he would be disqualified or incapacitated as an Elector. emphasis added


1870 The Hastings colonial election re-count, Committee of Elections and Qualifications
Dean had been a resident of the colony at Tinonee for more than 10 years and by the time the writ was issued for the by-election Dean had received a certificate that he was naturalised. The petition lodged by Smith raised one substantive allegation, that Dean was a naturalized subject who had not resided in the Colony for five years after naturalization. The issue to be decided by the petition was whether the requirement for residence for five years was independent of naturalisation as Dean contended, or five years after naturalisation as Smith contended.


1870 The Hastings colonial election re-count, Committee of Elections and Qualifications
The Committee agreed with Smith's construction of the Electoral Act that the 5 year residence requirement applied after naturalisation and declared that Horace Dean was not qualified to be a member and that as a consequence Robert Smith had been elected.


1870 The Hastings colonial election re-count, Aftermath
In the Legislative Assembly Charles Cowper, the Premier and Colonial Secretary disagreed with the finding of the Committee that Mr Dean was not qualified and sought to have the Assembly declare that the seat for the Hastings was vacant with a fresh by-election to be called. The vote however was lost by 27 to 23.


1870 The Hastings colonial election re-count, Aftermath
Despite the animosity apparent in the election, Smith was returned as the member for the Hastings until 1880.


1870 Tipperary by-election
The Tipperary by-election of 1870 was fought on 28 February 1870. The by-election was fought due to the disqualification (convicted felon) of the incumbent Independent Nationalist MP, Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa. It was won by the Liberal candidate Denis Caulfield Heron.


1870 United States House of Representatives election in Florida
The election to the United States House of Representatives in Florida was held on November 8, 1870 for the 42nd Congress, the last election in which Florida had a single Representative.


1870 United States House of Representatives election in Florida, Background
Florida had been readmitted to the Union following Reconstruction in 1868, with representation starting July 1, 1868


1870 United States House of Representatives election in Florida, Election results
Incumbent Charles M. Hamilton (R), elected in 1868, did not run for re-election in 1870.


1870 United States House of Representatives election in Florida, Contested election
Walls' election was contested, and on January 29, 1873, Niblack was declared the winner of the 1870 election 13,397 - 13,260.


1870 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina
The 1870 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina were held on November 1, 1870 to select six Representatives for two-year terms from the state of South Carolina. The fifth and sixth seats were decided by an at-large election, but the House of Representatives refused to seat the two winners. The two incumbents who ran were re-elected and the two open seats were retained by the Republicans. The composition of the state delegation thus remained solely Republican.


1870 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 1st congressional district special election
The seat for the 1st congressional district became vacant following the resignation of Republican Benjamin F. Whittemore in February 1870. A special election was called to be held simultaneously with the regular election and Republican Joseph Rainey defeated Democrat C.W. Dudley to serve the remainder of the term for the 41st Congress.


1870 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 1st congressional district
Republican Joseph Rainey defeated Democrat C.W. Dudley in the regular election for the 1st congressional district to win the term for the 42nd Congress.


1870 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 2nd congressional district
Incumbent Republican Congressman Christopher C. Bowen of the 2nd congressional district, in office since 1868, was defeated by black Republican Robert C. De Large in the general election.


1870 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 3rd congressional district
Incumbent Republican Congressman Solomon L. Hoge of the 3rd congressional district, in office since 1869, declined to run for re-election. Robert B. Elliott was nominated by the Republicans and defeated Union Reform challenger John E. Bacon in the general election.


1870 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 4th congressional district
Incumbent Republican Congressman Alexander S. Wallace of the 4th congressional district, in office since 1870, defeated Democratic challenger Isaac G. McKissick.


1870 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, At-large district
The state believed that it was entitled to two additional seats in the House of Representatives and elected these members from an At-large congressional district. The voters voted for two candidates and the top two vote getters would be sent to Washington, but there were only two candidates running in the at-large election. White Republican J.P.M. Epping and black Republican Lucius Wimbush won the election, but the House of Representatives refused to seat them.


1870 United States census
The United States census of 1870 was the ninth United States census. It was conducted by the Census Bureau from June 1, 1870 to August 23, 1871. The 1870 census was the first census to provide detailed information on the African-American population, only five years after the culmination of the Civil War when slaves were granted freedom. The total population was 38,925,598 with a resident population of 38,558,371 individuals, a 22.6% increase from 1860. The 1870 census' population estimate was controversial, as many believed it underestimated the true population numbers, especially in New York and Pennsylvania.


1870 United States census
This was the first census in which all 100 largest cities recorded populations of over 10,000.


1870 United States census
This was the last federal census conducted using the US Marshal Service as enumerators.


1870 United States census, Census Act of 1850
The Census Act of 1850 established the primary machinery of the ninth census. The Census Bureau, working within the Department of the Interior, oversaw the recording and tabulation of results gathered by assistant marshals, who were hired and supervised by Federal marshals. Two new structural changes during the 1870 census occurred: marshals had to return the completed population questionnaire to the Census Office in September and penalties for refusing to reply to enumerator questions were extended to encompass every question on the questionnaires.


1870 United States census, Census organization
The commonly past-used slave questionnaires were redesigned to reflect the American society after the Civil War. The five schedules for the 1870 census were the following: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics.


1870 United States census, Census organization
The general population saw a 22.6% increase to 38,555,983 individuals in 1870. Charges of an undercount, however, were brought against Francis Amasa Walker, the Superintendent of the 1870 census.


1870 United States census, Census organization
Mortality rates in 1870, in general, decreased as a fraction of the total population by <0.1% from 1860 and by 0.1% from 1850. The lower death rates indicate that the standard of living increased, due to some exogenous factor, over the period of twenty years from 1850 to 1870.


1870 United States census, Census organization
In terms of products of industry, total U.S. wealth increased by 17.3% from 1860 to 1870, to reach an assessed wealth of $14,178,986,732. The four largest state contributors to this wealth were New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, in that order. Most of the wealth was concentrated in the developed Northeast region, as newer territories like Wyoming were beginning to develop their young economies.


1870 United States census, Census organization
The 1870 census was the first of its kind to record the nativity of the American population. This social statistic helped determine which areas were more highly composed of immigrants than native-born Americans. New York City had the most foreign-born individuals, with 419,094 foreigners, who comprised 44.5% of the city's total population. Philadelphia, Chicago, St. Louis, and San Francisco also had a great population of foreigners that made up a significant fraction of their total populations. Therefore, a great ethnic and cultural change was witnessed from 1860 to 1870, as part of the population growth was due to immigrants moving in and a shuffling of residents across state borders.


1870 United States census, Census results
*The constitutional population excludes the populations of Native Americans "maintaining their tribal relations and living upon Government reservations" and "the newly acquired district of Alaska."


1870 United States census, Census results
* *When considering congressional apportionment, the total state population of the Constitutional population was used.


1870 United States census, Census questions
Schedule 1 of the 1870 census collected the following information


1870 United States census, Census questions
* *This question asked if one's right to vote is being denied due to a legal matter other than rebellion or conviction. Such circumstances included being unable to pay poll taxes, or being unable to pass a literacy test.


1870 United States census, Census questions
Full documentation for the 1870 population census, including census forms and enumerator instructions, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series.


1870 United States census, Population undercount
Although Francis Walker, the Superintendent of the 1870 census, defended the quality of the census, arguing that standardized, clear, and statistical approaches and practices were carried out across all regions of the United States, the public at the time was disappointed in the national growth rate and suspected underenumeration. With especially bitter complaints coming from New York and Philadelphia claiming up to a third of the population was not counted, the President made the rare move to order a recount in those areas. While it was thought a large fraction of the population was not counted for being indoors in the wintry cold, newer estimates resulted in only a 2.5% increase in Philadelphia's population and a 2% increase in New York's.


1870 United States census, Population undercount
This controversy of the 1870 undercount resurfaced in 1890, when the national growth rate between 1880 and 1890 was discovered to be much lower than it was between 1870 and 1880. Critics then asserted that the 1870 population must have been underenumerated by over 1.2 million people to account for the discrepancy between growth rates; it was presumed that the growth rate in 1880 had to be exaggerated because of the 1870 undercount. Despite the fact that modern investigations have yet to quantify the exact effect of the undercount, most modern social scientists do not believe the undercount was as severe as 1890 investigators assumed. Today most analyzers compare the 1870 undercount to the non-response rates seen in most modern census data.


1870 United States elections
The 1870 United States elections occurred in the middle of Republican President Ulysses S. Grant's first term, during the Third Party System. Members of the 42nd United States Congress were chosen in this election. The election took place during the Reconstruction Era, and many Southerners were barred from voting. It was also the first election after the passage of the 15th Amendment, which prohibits state and federal governments from denying the right to vote on the basis of race, color, or previous condition of servitude (although disenfranchisement would continue). The Republican Party maintained a majority in both houses of Congress, although Democrats picked up several seats in both chambers.


1870 United States elections
In the House, Democrats won major gains, but Republicans retained a solid majority.


1870 United States elections
In the Senate, Democrats won moderate gains, but Republicans retained a commanding majority.


1870 Vermont gubernatorial election
The 1870 Vermont gubernatorial election took place on September 6, 1870. In keeping with the "Mountain Rule", incumbent Republican George W. Hendee, who had succeeded to the governorship at the death of Peter T. Washburn, did not run for election to a full term as Governor of Vermont. Republican candidate John W. Stewart defeated Democratic candidate Homer W. Heaton to succeed Hendee. The 1870 election marked the start of biennial gubernatorial elections in Vermont.


1870 Victorian football season
The 1870 Victorian football season was an Australian rules football competition played during the winter of 1870, consisting of matches between metropolitan football clubs in Melbourne in the colony of Victoria. The premier club was Melbourne.


1870 Victorian football season, Historical status
Although Australian rules football had been played in some form during Melbourne winters since 1858, the 1870 season is conventionally considered the first season of senior football competition in Victorian history, or at least the first for which a premiership can be officially allocated.


1870 Victorian football season, Historical status
While the reasons for this are somewhat arbitrary, since the competing clubs, organizational structure of football, and style of play in 1870 were not materially different from 1869, the view of 1870 as being the inaugural premiership has existed since at least 1889, when The Argus newspaper published a table of historical premiers and second and third-placed teams dating back to 1870. In the article adjoining the 1889 table, the reporter commented that the haphazard nature of scheduling, frequency of cancelled matches, and overall lesser standard of play made it difficult to assign a premiership to the seasons played in the 1860s.


1870 Victorian football season, Historical status
The VFL's official publication, the Football Record, also showed this table from its inception in 1912 until 1918. In 1919, this was replaced with a new table that showed club placings since 1897, and two supplementary tables showing cumulated placings for the periods 1897-1918 and 1870-1918. These supplementary tables remained in the Record until 1923, but were omitted from the 1924 editions of the Record, and did not reappear after that.


1870 Victorian football season, Historical status
Since June 2016, the AFL Commission has formally recognised the top level of Victorian football back to 1870 as senior, which applies to both the unaffiliated period from 1870–1876 and the Victorian Football Association period from 1877–1896. However, it maintains a distinction between the 1870–1896 competitions and the history of the VFL/AFL from 1897 onwards, and requires statistics and achievements from these periods to be delineated while at the same time allowing clubs to recognise these achievements in their own histories.


1870 Victorian football season, Historical status
In June 2019, a separate proposal to make the competitions from 1870-1896 of equivalent (and non-delineated) historical status to the VFL/AFL from 1897 onwards was presented to the 18 AFL club presidents. As of May 2021, the AFL Commission has not yet decided on this proposal.


1870 Victorian football season, 1870 season
Five clubs participated in senior football during the 1870 season. Four of the clubs were already established as the city's principal clubs Albert-park, Carlton, Melbourne and South Yarra, and the fifth representing the Hobson's Bay Railway was playing its first season of senior football after three years of competing at a junior level.


1870 Victorian football season, 1870 season
The five clubs competed in specific matches for the Challenge Cup, and for a premiership based on all Challenge Cup and non-Challenge Cup matches during the season.


1870 Victorian football season, 1870 season, Challenge Cup
In 1870, the South Yarra Football Club purchased and put up a new trophy, known as the Challenge Cup (or sometimes as the South Yarra Presentation Challenge Cup, to differentiate it from previous challenge cups donated by different organisations), for competition.


1870 Victorian football season, 1870 season, Challenge Cup
South Yarra was the permanent holder of the previous Challenge Cup, having won it in 1866, and decided it would be appropriate to provide a new trophy for competition. The rules related to the presentation of the new Challenge Cup were as follows:


1870 Victorian football season, 1870 season, Challenge Cup
Other stipulations relating to Challenge Cup games were that they were required to be controlled by central umpires, rather than by the team captains, and that no player was allowed to play for more than one club in Challenge Cup games during the year.


1870 Victorian football season, 1870 season, Challenge Cup
Albert-park took possession of the Cup in the first game against South Yarra, and never relinquished it. However, the fate of the Cup became controversial when Hobson's Bay Railway forfeited its 11 June match against Albert-park due to lack of players: Railway declined to play when only fourteen of its selected twenty turned up on the day of the match. Conventionally, such a game would simply be considered a no-contest; but with the Challenge Cup at stake, Albert-park took to the field and scored two goals against no opposition as a formality and claimed a walk-over victory. Such an outcome had never been seen before, one sportswriter commenting that "in connection with football, the idea of a walkover is simply absurd and unprecedented."


1870 Victorian football season, 1870 season, Challenge Cup
Having counted the walk-over as its second Cup win, Albert-park subsequently claimed permanent possession of the Cup with its fourth win of the year on 20 August. However, the walk-over victory was not recognised by South Yarra (as cup donors) or the other clubs, all arguing that the match was a no-contest rather than an Albert-park victory, and that another win was required to claim permanent ownership of the Cup.


1870 Victorian football season, 1870 season, Challenge Cup
Albert-park argued that enough procedural requirements, such as the appointment of umpires and the pre-game coin toss, had been carried out for the game to be considered official, while Railway denied that these procedures had been carried out. Albert-park also argued that it was entitled to claim victory because Railway had declined the options of playing short or fielding other club officials or members who were present.


1870 Victorian football season, 1870 season, Challenge Cup
Ultimately, the dispute was unresolved: there was no central body which could make a binding ruling on whether or not the walk-over counted as a victory, and neither side conceded its opponent's point. Albert-park played only one further game for the season, a draw against Melbourne, but it refused to put the Cup up for contest in that match. Albert-park was denied the chance to become the undisputed permanent holder of the Cup on 6 August, when its return match with the weak Railway club was cancelled due to inclement weather.


1870 Victorian football season, 1870 season, Challenge Cup
Albert-park ultimately gave the Cup back to South Yarra at the end of the year, but maintained its position that it had won the Cup outright and was donating it in its capacity as the Cup's owner. South Yarra maintained its position that Albert-park had not won the Cup, and had forfeited its position as incumbent holder.


1870 Victorian football season, 1870 season, Challenge Cup
The following table lists the final results of all Challenge Cup games.


1870 Victorian football season, 1870 season, Premiership
Although it had claimed the Challenge Cup and was undefeated during the season, Albert-park was not recognised as the premiers in the 1870 season: instead, Melbourne, which was also undefeated, were the premiers.


1870 Victorian football season, 1870 season, Premiership
While Melbourne had a very similar record to Albert-park, the two matches between them were drawn, with Melbourne having a better head-to-head record against third-placed Carlton: Melbourne had played four matches against Carlton for two wins and two draws, while Albert-park's three matches against Carlton were drawn (their three wins coming against the winless South Yarra).


1870 Victorian football season, 1870 season, Premiership
Albert-park's claim to the Challenge Cup was helped in large part by the fact that it was the first team to play against South Yarra during the year. Had South Yarra played its first game against Melbourne, Melbourne would have been in a strong position to win the Challenge Cup as well as the premiership.


1870 Victorian football season, 1870 season, Senior results
The following table shows the five clubs' senior results during the year: all matches played amongst the five Challenge Cup teams, plus matches that Melbourne played against the Police and against the 18th Royal Irish Regiment. Albert-park's disputed walk-over victory against Railway is not included in the table.


1870 Warrego colonial by-election
The Warrego colonial by-election, 1870 was a by-election held on 5 January 1870 in the electoral district of Warrego for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.


1870 Warrego colonial by-election, History
On 23 November 1869, Arthur Hodgson, the member for Warrego, resigned. Thomas McIlwraith won the resulting by-election on 5 January 1870.


1870 West Moreton colonial by-election
The West Moreton colonial by-election, 1870 was a by-election held on 25 June 1870 in the electoral district of West Moreton for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.


1870 West Moreton colonial by-election, History
On 13 June 1870, Samuel Hodgson, member for West Moreton, resigned. John Ferrett won the resulting by-election on 25 June 1870.


1870 West Surrey by-election
The West Surrey by-election of 1870 was fought on 8 September 1870. The by-election was fought due to the death of the incumbent Liberal MP John Ivatt Briscoe. It was won by the unopposed Conservative candidate Lee Steere. It was retained by the Conservatives in the 1874 general election.


1870 West Virginia gubernatorial election
The 1870 West Virginia gubernatorial election took place on October 27, 1870, to elect the governor of West Virginia.


1870 West Virginia gubernatorial election
This was the last election of a governor to a 2-year term. Starting in 1872, West Virginia would elect its governor to a 4-year term.


1870 Westland North by-election
The 1870 Westland North by-election was a by-election held on 2 July 1870 during the 4th New Zealand Parliament in the West Coast electorate of Westland North. Timothy Gallagher had resigned and Thomas Kynnersley was returned unopposed.


1870 Westland North by-election, Cause of by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP Timothy Gallagher on 13 May 1870 over urgent and private business affairs.


1870 Westland North by-election, Potential candidates
The three provincial councillors from the area were immediately mooted as potential candidates plus a newly-appointed member of the provincial executive. The councillors were Eugene O'Conor of Westport (representing the Buller electorate), George Donne of Charleston (representing the Charleston electorate), and William Franklyn of the Grey (representing the Grey electorate). The executive member was Thomas Kynnersley, who had previously been goldfields warden on the West Coast and had just been appointed as warden to the Wangapeka. In the Provincial Council, there was conflict between Donne and O'Conor over the latter having received a requisition from the Charleston, the home town of Donne. Another potential candidate, Lowther Broad from Charleston, was mentioned by The Charleston Herald.


1870 Westland North by-election, Potential candidates
Franklyn had only just, on 5 May, been elected to the provincial council. When, just days later, Kynnersley returned to New Zealand, Franklyn resigned to make room for Kynnersley's appointment to the provincial executive. When it was found that the resignation was not necessary, Franklyn withdrew it. Over unrelated conduct issues, other members forced the resignation to be accepted. Franklyn received negative publicity over the affair and received a hostile reception at the provincial by-election nomination meeting. Three days prior to the provincial by-election, Franklyn withdrew, stating that he was "heartily sick of politics". Consequently, nothing further was heard from or about him in relation to the parliamentary by-election.


1870 Westland North by-election, Potential candidates
On 4 June, the Grey River Argus reported that Kynnersley had resolved to stand in Westland North. On 7 June, he advertised his candidacy in The Westport Times. Donne and O'Conor were still discussed as potential candidates at that point. On 18 June, it was reported that O'Conor had received a strong requisition but he did not come forward as a candidate.


1870 Westland North by-election, Writ and election arrangements
The government at the time, led by William Fox, was opposed to the abolition of the provincial government system. There were strong calls from gold fields areas for abolition as it was felt that insufficient money was spent in the areas where much of the taxation was collected. It could therefore be expected that the person to be returned in Westland North would not be a government supporter.


1870 Westland North by-election, Writ and election arrangements
In this context, the editor of The Westport Times speculated that the government was deliberately delaying the issuing of a writ for the by-election so that by the time a new candidate had been chosen, the current session of the government would be over and the next general election would be called.


1870 Westland North by-election, Writ and election arrangements
The writ, dated 9 June, was advertised with a date of 22 June by the returning officer. The advertisement appeared in The Westport Times on 28 June. The nomination meeting was set for Saturday, 2 July, and the polling day for 9 July. Ten polling places were stipulated as such:


1870 Westland North by-election, Election meetings
Kynnersley, who had been in Nelson as the provincial council was in session, arrived in Greymouth on 20 June to start a speaking tour of the electorate. On 21 June, he spoke in Cobden at a poorly-attended meeting. On 27 June, Kynnersley left Greymouth on the Murray for Westport, where he arrived the following day after having encountered terrible weather and sea. On 29 June, he spoke to some 200 electors in Charleston. On 1 July, he spoke in Westport at a well-attended meeting.


1870 Westland North by-election, Nomination meeting
The nomination meeting for the by-election was held at 12 noon on 2 July 1870 at the Westport Courthouse. Dr Joseph Giles (1832–1930) was the returning officer. As Kynnersley was the only person proposed for election, the Dr Giles declared him elected unopposed.


1870 Westland North by-election, Subsequent matters
Kynnersley made his way to Wellington and took his seat at parliament on 12 July. The session was prorogued on 13 September 1870, which ended the 4th New Zealand Parliament. Prior to the 1871 general election, Kynnersley announced that he would not make himself available for re-election.


1870 Wollombi colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Wollombi on 19 September 1870 because Joseph Eckford was insolvent.


1870 and 1871 United States House of Representatives elections
Elections to the United States House of Representatives were held in 1870 and 1871 to elect Representatives for the 42nd Congress, and were held in the middle of President Ulysses S. Grant's first term.


1870 and 1871 United States House of Representatives elections
With Grant's administration rocked by a number of scandals (including a shady deal for gold speculation that led to a crash in the market and several business deals that saw high-ranking governmental officials gain kickbacks) and Reconstruction winding down, his Republican Party lost seats to the opposition Democratic Party but retained an overall majority. Also, since white-supremacist governments controlled by the Democratic Party were reestablishing themselves in some portions of the South, the Democrats were able to make huge gains in this election.


1870 and 1871 United States House of Representatives elections, Election dates
In 1845, Congress passed a law providing for a uniform nationwide date for choosing Presidential electors. This law did not affect election dates for Congress, which remained within the jurisdiction of State governments, but over time, the States moved their congressional elections to this date as well. In 1870, there remained 12 States that held elections before Election Day, and 4 that held it after at this time:


1870 and 1871 United States House of Representatives elections, Florida
Niblack subsequently successfully challenged Walls's election and was seated from Florida's at-large district on January 29, 1873.


1870 and 1871 United States House of Representatives elections, Wisconsin
Wisconsin elected six members of congress on Election Day, November 8, 1870.


1870 and 1871 United States Senate elections
In the United States Senate elections of 1870 and 1871, the Republican Party lost five seats in the United States Senate, though it still retained an overwhelming majority. In advance of these elections, the last four seceded states were readmitted to the Senate.


1870 and 1871 United States Senate elections
As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.


1870 and 1871 United States Senate elections, Reconstruction
That election marked the first time that, with Mississippian Hiram Rhodes Revels, an African American was elected as a US senator and became a member of Congress.


1870 and 1871 United States Senate elections, Reconstruction
In Georgia, Foster Blodgett was elected and presented his credentials as Senator-elect, but the Senate declared him not elected.


1870 and 1871 United States Senate elections, Reconstruction
In Virginia, Republican John F. Lewis and Democrat John W. Johnston were elected on January 26, 1870 to fill seats that had been vacant since 1864 and 1865.


1870 and 1871 United States Senate elections, Change in Senate composition, By March 30, 1870
After the readmission of Virginia, Texas, and Mississippi, and the special elections in Iowa and Maine.


1870 and 1871 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 41st Congress
In these elections, the winners were seated during 1870 or in 1871 before March 4; ordered by election date.


1870 and 1871 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 42nd Congress
In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1871; ordered by state.


1870 and 1871 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections during the 42nd Congress
In this election, the winner was elected in 1871 after March 4.


1870 college football season
The 1870 college football season is regarded as the second United States intercollegiate football season. The season involved only three teams and two known games which took place in November 1870. As in 1869, the season's two games occurred about fifteen miles apart in New Brunswick and in Princeton, New Jersey.


1870 college football season, Background
A year after the first intercollegiate football games occurred between Rutgers College (now Rutgers University) and College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), a third team – Columbia College (now Columbia University) – joined them.


1870 college football season, Rules
The rules at this time were based on the football rules published by the London Football Association in 1863. These rules were the precursor to the modern rules of football (soccer), but they included elements similar to rugby football that would be important in the evolution of American football.


1870 college football season, Rules
Teams scored “goals” by kicking a round ball between two goal posts on a goal line. The ball was advanced by kicking it, although passes to players in front of the ball were not permitted.


1870 college football season, Rules
Under the 1863 Association rules, any player could catch a ball that had been kicked or had bounced only one time but could not run with the ball. Following such a catch, that player could pass the ball to another player or have a free kick from that spot. If a ball passed the goal line without going between the posts, the team whose player touched it first was awarded a free kick.


1870 college football season, Rules
If that team was the defending team, the free kick was taken from the point on the goal line closest to where the defending team touched the ball. If that team was the attacking team, it took the free kick from the spot that was 15 yards from the point on the goal line closest to where the attacking team touched the ball.


1870 college football season, Rules
The Association rules left certain fundamental rules of the game unspecified. The rules did not specify the size of each team, the duration of a game or whether play would be subject to breaks. These and other matters were agreed by teams (or stipulated by the home team) prior to each game. As such, the Association rules introduced a certain uniformity to the rules of football, but much like football played in English public schools at the time, the actual rules applied varied somewhat game-to-game.


1870 college football season, Season summary
On Saturday November 5,  Rutgers beat Columbia 6–3 on the Rutgers’ campus in New Brunswick, New Jersey. A week later, on November 12, Princeton defeated Rutgers 6–2 on the Princeton campus in Princeton, New Jersey, in a rematch of 1869’s two-game series.


1870 college football season, Season summary
Princeton was the only one of the three teams that did not suffer a defeat in 1870 and is thus able to claim to have had the first undefeated season, albeit having played only one game. Although it would be several decades before the idea of a “national champion” would take hold, the NCAA has recognized three poll selectors – the Billingsley Report, the National Championship Foundation, and Parke H. Davis – that retroactively awarded Princeton the 1870 college football national championship.


1870 college football season, Intramural football
Although only three teams participated in intercollegiate football in 1870, football was played, as it had been for many years and with varying degrees of acceptance, at other schools in the north-eastern United States. At Vermont, the annual football game between the freshman and sophomore classes was held on 5 October. At Dartmouth, the faculty initially banned the sport in autumn 1870, but reversed course in late October. On October 29, the faculty permitted a football match to be held, for which the school furnished the balls, made the regulations and appointed an umpire.


1870 college football season, Intramural football
Other schools, such as Yale and Harvard, banned the game outright. On 31 October, a Yale student was arrested after a group of sophomores were caught playing football on New Haven Green. Following the arrest, a group of 200 students gathered outside the police station and one student, Arthur Wilson, was seriously injured after being clubbed over the head by a policeman (Officer Kelly). A committee of students complained to the Police Commissioners who split 2–2 (the Mayor abstained) on bringing charges against the officers.


1870 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1870 in Australia.


1870 in Australian literature
This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1870.


1870 in Australian literature, Births
A list, ordered by date of birth (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of births in 1870 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of death.


1870 in Australian literature, Deaths
A list, ordered by date of death (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of deaths in 1870 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of birth.


1870 in Austria-Hungary
The following lists events that happened during 1870 in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.


1870 in Canada, Historical documents
Metis List of Rights calls for Rupert's Land and the Northwest to become the Province of Assiniboia


1870 in Canada, Historical documents
President Louis Riel gives his first speech to the Red River provisional government


1870 in Canada, Historical documents
Doubtful about Louis Riel, Prime Minister Macdonald begins assembling a military force


1870 in Canada, Historical documents
MP praises liberal approach in creating Manitoba in House of Commons speech


1870 in Canada, Historical documents
Red River resident objects to amnesty for Louis Riel and other leaders


1870 in Canada, Historical documents
President Grant calls Canada unfriendly to U.S. fishers and shippers


1870 in Canada, Historical documents
McGill University's John William Dawson on science education abroad and its application to Canada


1870 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1870 in Chile.


1870 in India, Events
The Indian Reform Association was formed on 29 October 1870 with Keshub Chunder Sen as president. It represented the secular side of the Brahmo Samaj and included many who did not belong to the Brahmo Samaj. The objective was to put into practice some of the ideas Sen was exposed to during his visit to Great Britain.


1870 in Liberia
The following lists events that happened during 1870 in Liberia.


1870 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during 1870 in New Zealand.


1870 in New Zealand, Incumbents, Government and law
Voting in New Zealand elections is changed to a secret ballot.


1870 in New Zealand, Sport, Horse racing
There are 2 races for both the New Zealand Cup and New Zealand Derby (presumably at the beginning and end of the calendar year). (Confirmation required)


1870 in New Zealand, Sport, Rugby union
Charles Monro, son of the Speaker of the House, Sir David Monro, introduces rugby to the Nelson Football club.


1870 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1870 in South Africa.


1870 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1870 to Wales and its people.


1870 in architecture
The year 1870 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1870 in association football
The following are events in 1870 which are relevant to the development of association football. Included are events in closely related codes, such as the Sheffield Rules.


1870 in baseball
The following are the baseball events of the year 1870  throughout the world.


1870 in baseball, Professional matches
Ten of the twelve professional clubs from 1869 remained in that field for 1870, all except Keystone of Philadelphia and Irvington, New Jersey, from Greater New York. The five newcomers were Union of Morrisania, now in New York City; Tri-Mountain of Boston; Riverside of Portsmouth, Ohio, near Cincinnati; Forest City of Rockford, Illinois, near Chicago; and Chicago or the Chicago White Stockings, the only brand new club. Union was a founding member from the 1857 convention and Forest City had been one of the strongest amateurs remaining in 1869.


1870 in baseball, Professional matches
The records of the teams in professional matches, ranked by wins (see table), reveal three groups of five with sharp outlines. A big group of thirteen and a little of group of two are equally clear, considering the numbers of defeats, pro matches, and all matches (not shown), and are supported by the subsequent history.


1870 in baseball, Professional matches
The two more ambitious newcomers played only a few pro matches and never returned to the professional field. Mighty Cincinnati and venerable Union also shut down after this season. All the others joined the new professional association established that winter (NAPBBP), seven as founding members and four in 1872 or 1873.


1870 in baseball, Professional matches
The Mutuals, Athletics, and Chicago White Stockings survived to found the National League in 1875/76.


1870 in baseball, Amateur clubs
Four amateur teams defeated professionals more than once and two of them demonstrated that they were as strong as middling pros. Harvard college fielded its strongest team, which toured nationally in the summer and won 6 of 16 against professional teams all season. Star of Brooklyn, featuring Hall of Fame pitcher Candy Cummings, won 6 of 13 against pros.


1870 in baseball, Amateur clubs
Pastime of Baltimore won 4 of 24 including 1 of 4 with the Troy Haymakers, 1 of 2 with Olympic, and 2 of 5 with Maryland. The Pastimes lost badly to Harvard and won one of three close matches with the Stars. Resolute of Elizabeth, New Jersey won 2 of 8, both at the expense of venerable Eckford; the Resolutes remained in operation until a failed venture into the professional field in 1873.


1870 in baseball, Amateur clubs
Bill Ryczek lists Lowell of Boston and the Keystone of Philadelphia (pro in 1869) among the major teams. They did not defeat any professionals but showed strength comparable to Pastime, Resolute, and the weaker pros.


1870 in baseball, Amateur clubs
Considering the professionals in three groups of five ranked by wins in pro matches (see table), the stronger pros won 37 of 41 against the six amateur teams covered here; the middling pros won 13 of 18; the weaker pros won 6 of 15.


1870 in baseball, Amateur clubs
Here are the records of those amateurs against the pros.


1870 in baseball, Amateur clubs
One of the elite professional teams, the Athletics of Philadelphia won eight matches with Harvard, Lowell, Keystone, and Pastime, with 20 to 34 runs scored and 11- to 22-run margins. The average score was about 25 to 10.


1870 in baseball, Amateur clubs
Three amateur clubs of 1870 would later enter the all-professional National Association for one season each: Kekionga of Fort Wayne, Indiana in 1871; Mansfield of Middletown, Connecticut in 1872; Resolute of Elizabeth, New Jersey in 1873.


1870 in baseball, Amateur clubs
Harvard continued to field strong amateur teams, but amateurs would not again hold their own with middling pros. The Stars won a championship in 1871 under the new all-amateur Association (NAABBP), before Candy Cummings joined the pros in 1872.


1870 in birding and ornithology
Birds described in 1870 include Recurve-billed bushbird, Beautiful woodpecker, Philepittidae, Cantorchilus semibadius, Chinese barbet, White-naped seedeater, Belem curassow,


1870 in cue sports
The year of 1870 included challenge matches in the table-top cue sports of pool disciplines and English billiards.


1870 in cue sports, English billiards
A number of matches took place on a challenge basis which are recognised as the equivalent of the world professional championship of billiards.


1870 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1870.


1870 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1870.


1870 in paleontology, Pterosaurs, New taxa
At first it was thought to be a Triassic pterosaur, but is now known to be (at least in part) a kuehneosaurid


1870 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1870 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1870 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1870 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1870.


1870 in science
The year 1870 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.


1870 in sports
1870 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1870s
The 1870s (pronounced "eighteen-seventies") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1870, and ended on December 31, 1879.


1870s
The trends of the previous decade continued into this one, as new empires, imperialism and militarism rose in Europe and Asia. The United States was recovering from the American Civil War, though the Reconstruction era introduced its own legacies of bitterness and racial segregation in the country. Germany unified as a nation in 1871 and became the German Empire.


1870s
Changing social conditions led workforces to cooperate in the form of labor unions in order to demand better pay and working conditions, with strikes occurring worldwide in the later part of the decade and continuing until World War I. The decade was also a period of significant technological advancement; the phonograph, telephone, and electric light bulb were all invented during the 1870s, though it would take several more decades before they became household items.


1870s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1873–74 season
The 1873–74 season was the first season of competitive football by Kilmarnock.


1870s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1873–74 season, Overview
As founder members of the Scottish FA, Kilmarnock were one of 16 teams to enter the first edition of the Scottish Cup in 1873. They were involved in the first ever match in the competition when they took on Renton at the neutral Hampden Park in Glasgow on 18 October 1873. Killie - who played the entire match with 10 men - were not used to playing under association rules and lost 2–0.


1870s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1873–74 season, Overview
During the club's early years, the team would play in Oxford blue shirts, white shorts and Oxford blue socks. The now traditional blue and white vertical stripes weren't introduced until 1896.


1870s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1874–75 season
The 1874–75 season was the second season of competitive football by Kilmarnock.


1870s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1874–75 season, Overview
Kilmarnock entered the Scottish Cup for the second time. They bettered their previous performance in the competition after a 4–0 win at home to Vale of Leven Rovers in the first round. However, they then lost 3–0 at The Grange to Eastern in the second round.


1870s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1875–76 season
The 1875–76 season was the third season of competitive football by Kilmarnock.


1870s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1875–76 season, Overview
Kilmarnock entered the Scottish Cup for the third time. They equalled their previous best performance in the competition after an 8–0 win at home to Ayr Eglinton in the first round. However, they then lost 6–0 at Kinning Park to Clydesdale in the second round.


1870s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1876–77 season
The 1876–77 season was the fourth season of competitive football by Kilmarnock.


1870s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1876–77 season, Overview
Kilmarnock entered the Scottish Cup for the fourth time. They equalled their previous best performance in the competition after receiving a bye in the first round. However, they then lost 2–1 at Holm Quarry to Mauchline in the second round.


1870s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1877–78 season
The 1877–78 season was the fifth season of competitive football by Kilmarnock.


1870s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1877–78 season, Overview
Kilmarnock entered the Scottish Cup for the fifth time and competed in the inaugural Ayrshire Cup. They equalled their previous best performance in the Scottish Cup after a 5–1 win at home to Hurlford in the first round. However, they then lost 1–0 at Springvale Park to Ayr Academicals in the second round. Killie also reached the second round of the Ayrshire Cup where they lost 4–1 to Mauchline.


1870s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1878–79 season
The 1878–79 season was the sixth season of competitive football by Kilmarnock.


1870s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1878–79 season, Overview
Kilmarnock entered the Scottish Cup for the sixth time and also competed in the Ayrshire Cup. In both competitions, they were knocked out in the first round, losing 2–0 to Kilbirnie in the Scottish Cup and drawing 0–0 with Mauchline in the Ayrshire Cup. Mauchline advanced to the second round for an unknown reason.


1870s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1879–80 season
The 1879–80 season was the seventh season of competitive football by Kilmarnock.


1870s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1879–80 season, Overview
Kilmarnock entered the Scottish Cup for the seventh time and also competed in the Ayrshire Cup. They equalled their previous best performance in the Scottish Cup after a walkover victory against Ayr Academicals in the first round. However, they then lost 6–2 at Connell Park to Mauchline in the second round. Killie bettered their previous best performance in the Ayrshire Cup after they defeated Ayr Athole and Kilmarnock Arthurlie to reach the third round where they lost 1–0 to Kilmarnock Portland.


1870s Pacific typhoon seasons
This article encompasses the 1870s Pacific typhoon seasons. While data is not available for every storm that occurred, some parts of the coastline were populated enough to give data of typhoon occurrences.


1870s Pacific typhoon seasons, 1870 season
There were 8 tropical cyclones in the western Pacific in 1870, 6 of which were typhoons.


1870s Pacific typhoon seasons, 1871 season
There were 7 tropical cyclones in the western Pacific in 1871, 5 of which were typhoons. In March, 11 people died when a typhoon wrecked their boat.


1870s Pacific typhoon seasons, 1872 season
There were 4 tropical cyclones in the Philippines in 1872, 2 of which were typhoons. In August 1872, a typhoon struck Guam.


1870s Pacific typhoon seasons, 1873 season
There were 6 tropical cyclones in the western Pacific in 1873, 4 of which were typhoons. A typhoon in October killed at least 200 people in the Philippines.


1870s Pacific typhoon seasons, 1874 season
There were 8 tropical cyclones in the western Pacific in 1874, 6 of which were typhoons.


1870s Pacific typhoon seasons, 1874 season
The 1874 Hong Kong typhoon hit Hong Kong during the night of Tuesday 22 September and the morning of Wednesday 23 September 1874. It killed about 10,000 people. A typhoon struck Ailinglaplap in the Marshall Islands, killing more than 300 people.


1870s Pacific typhoon seasons, 1875 season
There were 6 tropical cyclones in the western Pacific in 1875, 4 of which were typhoons. A typhoon in December killed four people in the Philippines.


1870s Pacific typhoon seasons, 1876 season
There were two typhoons in the western Pacific in 1876. One of them struck the Philippines in November, killing 150 people.


1870s Pacific typhoon seasons, 1877 season
There were at least one tropical cyclone in the western Pacific in 1877.


1870s Pacific typhoon seasons, 1878 season
There were 4 tropical cyclones in the western Pacific in 1878, 3 of which were typhoons.


1870s Pacific typhoon seasons, 1879 season
There were 9 tropical cyclones in the western Pacific in 1879, 8 of which were typhoons.


1870s Rangers F.C. seasons, 1874–75 season
The 1874–75 season was the first season of competitive football by Rangers.


1870s Rangers F.C. seasons, 1874–75 season, Overview
Rangers entered the Scottish Cup for the first time and reached the second round where they lost to Dumbarton after a replay.


1870s Rangers F.C. seasons, 1874–75 season, Overview
Between 1873 and 1879, Rangers played in their now traditional royal blue shirts and white shorts.


1870s Rangers F.C. seasons, 1875–76 season
The 1875–76 season was the second season of competitive football by Rangers.


1870s Rangers F.C. seasons, 1875–76 season, Overview
Rangers entered the Scottish Cup for the second time. They equalled their previous best in the competition by reaching the second round where they lost to 3rd Lanark RV after a replay.


1870s Rangers F.C. seasons, 1876–77 season
The 1876–77 season was the third season of competitive football by Rangers.


1870s Rangers F.C. seasons, 1876–77 season, Overview
Rangers entered the Scottish Cup for the third time. Wins over Queen's Park Juniors and Towerhill saw Rangers go one stage further than the previous two seasons as they reached the third round where they were given a bye to the fourth round. They then defeated Mauchline and Lennox to reach the semi-finals for the first time. With only three teams in the semi-finals, Rangers were the lucky ones to received a bye straight to the final where they would play Vale of Leven. After two 1–1 draws at Hamilton Crescent, Vale finally overcame their opponents 3–2 at the original Hampden Park thanks to an 88th-minute winner from Robert Paton.


1870s Rangers F.C. seasons, 1877–78 season
The 1877–78 season was the fourth season of competitive football by Rangers.


1870s Rangers F.C. seasons, 1877–78 season, Overview
Rangers entered the Scottish Cup for the fourth time. In the first round, they set a new club record for the biggest win after defeating Possilpark 13–0. Wins over Alexandra Athletic and Uddingston saw Rangers through to the fourth round where they lost to defending champions Vale of Leven after a replay.


1870s Rangers F.C. seasons, 1878–79 season
The 1878–79 season is the 5th season of competitive football by Rangers.


1870s Rangers F.C. seasons, 1878–79 season, Overview
Rangers played a total of 7 competitive matches during the 1878–79 season.


1870s Rangers F.C. seasons, 1879–80 season
The 1879–80 season is the 6th season of competitive football by Rangers.


1870s Rangers F.C. seasons, 1879–80 season, Overview
Rangers played a total of 2 competitive matches during the 1879–80 season.


1870s in American soccer, 1870, International matches
No international matches were played during the 1870 calendar year.


1870s in American soccer, 1870, Club matches
The following are known American soccer club matches that were played in 1870.


1870s in American soccer, 1871, International matches
No international matches were played during the 1871 calendar year.


1870s in American soccer, 1871, Club matches
The following are known American soccer club matches that were played in 1871.


1870s in American soccer, 1872, International matches
No international matches were played during the 1871 calendar year.


1870s in American soccer, 1872, Club matches
The following are known American soccer club matches that were played in 1872.


1870s in American soccer, 1873, International matches
No international matches were played during the 1871 calendar year.


1870s in American soccer, 1873, Club matches
The following are known American soccer club matches that were played in 1873.


1870s in American soccer, 1874, International matches
No international matches were played during the 1871 calendar year.


1870s in American soccer, 1874, Club matches
The following are known American soccer club matches that were played in 1874.


1870s in American soccer, 1875, International matches
No international matches were played during the 1871 calendar year.


1870s in American soccer, 1875, Club matches
The following are known American soccer club matches that were played in 1875.


1870s in American soccer, 1876, International matches
No international matches were played during the 1871 calendar year.


1870s in American soccer, 1876, Club matches
The following are known American soccer club matches that were played in 1876.


1870s in American soccer, 1877, International matches
No international matches were played during the 1871 calendar year.


1870s in American soccer, 1877, Club matches
The following are known American soccer club matches that were played in 1877.


1870s in American soccer, 1878, International matches
No international matches were played during the 1871 calendar year.


1870s in American soccer, 1878, Club matches
The following are known American soccer club matches that were played in 1878.


1870s in American soccer, 1879, International matches
No international matches were played during the 1871 calendar year.


1870s in American soccer, 1879, Club matches
The following are known American soccer club matches that were played in 1879.


1870s in Swedish football
The 1870s in Swedish football, starting January 1870 and ending December 1879:


1870s in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the decade 1870–1879 to Wales and its people.


1870s in Wales, Arts and literature, Awards
National Eisteddfod of Wales – no National Eisteddfod officially took place during this decade. 1872 – William Thomas (Islwyn) wins a bardic chair at Rhyl. 1874 – Islwyn wins a bardic chair at Caerphilly. 1877 – Islwyn wins a bardic chair at Treherbert.


1870s in Western fashion
1870s fashion in European and European-influenced clothing is characterized by a gradual return to a narrow silhouette after the full-skirted fashions of the 1850s and 1860s.


1870s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Overview
By 1870, fullness in the skirt had moved to the rear, where elaborately draped overskirts were held in place by tapes and supported by a bustle. This fashion required an underskirt, which was heavily trimmed with pleats, flounces, rouching, and frills. This fashion was short-lived (though the bustle would return again in the mid-1880s), and was succeeded by a tight-fitting silhouette with fullness as low as the knees: the cuirass bodice, a form-fitting, long-waisted, boned bodice that reached below the hips, and the princess sheath dress. Sleeves were very tight fitting. Square necklines were common.


1870s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Overview
Day dresses had high necklines that were either closed, squared, or V-shaped. Sleeves of morning dresses were narrow throughout the period, with a tendency to flare slightly at the wrist early on. Women often draped overskirts to produce an apronlike effect from the front.


1870s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Overview
Evening gowns had low necklines and very short, off-the-shoulder sleeves, and were worn with short (later mid-length) gloves. Other characteristic fashions included a velvet ribbon tied high around the neck and trailing behind for evening in a similar style to Georgian era fashion (the origin of the modern choker necklace).


1870s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Tea gowns and artistic dress
Under the influence of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and other artistic reformers, the "anti-fashion" for Artistic dress with its "medieval" details and uncorseted lines continued through the 1870s. Newly fashionable tea gowns, an informal fashion for entertaining at home, combined Pre-Raphaelite influences with the loose sack-back styles of the 18th century.


1870s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Leisure Dress
Leisure dress was becoming an important part of a woman's wardrobe. Seaside dress  in England had its own distinct characteristics but still followed the regular fashions of the day. Seaside dress was seen as more daring, frivolous, eccentric, and brighter. Even though the bustle was extremely cumbersome, it was still a part of seaside fashion.


1870s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Undergarments
With the narrower silhouette, emphasis was placed on the bust, waist and hips. A corset was used to help mold the body to the desired shape. This was achieved by making the corsets longer than before, and by constructing them from separate shaped pieces of fabric. To improve support, corsets were reinforced with many strips of whalebone, cording, or pieces of leather. Steam-molding, patented in 1868, helped hold the curvaceous contour.


1870s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Undergarments
Skirts were supported by a hybrid of the bustle and crinoline or hooped petticoat sometimes called a "crinolette". The cage structure was attached around the waist and extended down to the ground, but only extended down the back of the wearer's legs. The crinolette itself was quickly superseded by the true bustle, which was sufficient for supporting the drapery and train at the back of the skirt.


1870s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Hairstyles and headgear
In keeping with the vertical emphasis, hair was pulled back at the sides and worn in a high knot or cluster of ringlets, often with a fringe (bangs) over the forehead. False hair was commonly used. Bonnets were smaller to allow for the elaborately piled hairstyles and resembled hats except for their ribbons tied under the chin. Smallish hats, some with veils, were perched on top of the head, and brimmed straw hats were worn for outdoor wear in summer.


1870s in Western fashion, Women's fashions, Wraps and Overcoats
The main kind of wrap that dominated in the 1870s were capes and jackets that had a back vent in order to make room for the bustle. Some examples are the pelisse and the paletot coat.


1870s in Western fashion, Men's fashion
Innovations in men's fashion of the 1870s included the acceptance of patterned or figured fabrics for shirts and the general replacement of neckties tied in bow knots with the four-in-hand and later the ascot tie.


1870s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Coats and trousers
Frock coats remained fashionable, but new shorter versions arose, distinguished from the sack coat  by a waist seam. Waistcoats  (U.S. vests) were generally cut straight across the front and had collars and lapels, but collarless waistcoats were also worn.


1870s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Coats and trousers
Three-piece suits consisting of a high-buttoned sack coat with matching waistcoat and trousers, called ditto suits or (UK) lounge suits, grew in popularity; the sack coat might be cutaway so that only the top button could be fastened.


1870s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Coats and trousers
The cutaway morning coat was still worn for informal day occasions in Europe and major cities elsewhere. Frock coats were required for more formal daytime dress. Formal evening dress remained a dark tail coat and trousers. The coat now fastened lower on the chest and had wider lapels. A new fashion was a dark rather than white waistcoat. Evening wear was worn with a white bow tie and a shirt with the new winged collar.


1870s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Coats and trousers
Topcoats had wide lapels and deep cuffs, and often featured contrasting velvet collars. Furlined full-length overcoats were luxury items in the coldest climates.


1870s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Coats and trousers
Full -length trousers were worn for most occasions; tweed or woollen breeches were worn for hunting and hiking.


1870s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Coats and trousers
In 1873, Levi Strauss and Jacob Davis began to sell the original copper-riveted blue jeans in San Francisco. These became popular with the local multitude of gold seekers, who wanted strong clothing with durable pockets.


1870s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Shirts and neckties
The points of high upstanding shirt collars were increasingly pressed into "wings".


1870s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Shirts and neckties
Necktie fashions included the four-in-hand and, toward the end of the decade, the ascot tie, a tie with wide wings and a narrow neckband, fastened with a jewel or stickpin. Ties knotted in a bow remained a conservative fashion, and a white bowtie was required with formal evening wear.


1870s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Shirts and neckties
A narrow ribbon tie was an alternative for tropical climates, and was increasingly worn elsewhere, especially in the Americas.


1870s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Accessories
Top hats remained a requirement for upper class formal wear; bowlers and soft felt hats in a variety of shapes were worn for more casual occasions, and flat straw boaters were worn for yachting and other nautical pastimes.


1870s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Necktie gallery
1873 portraits of members of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario illustrate the variety of fashionable neckwear (and facial hair).


1870s in Western fashion, Children's fashion
Infants continued to be dressed in flowing gowns, a style that continued into the early 20th century. Gender dress changes often did not occur until a child was five or six; however, in the later decades gender dress came much sooner. Girls' ages could be depicted often based on the length of their skirt. As the girls got older, they wore longer skirts.


1870s in Western fashion, Children's fashion
A four-year-old would wear her skirt slightly above knee length; ten to twelve at mid-knee; twelve to fifteen varied from below the knee to mid-calf; and by sixteen or seventeen, a girl's dress would be just above ankle length. The age of a boy could often be decided based on the length and type of trouser or how similar the attire was to that of a man's. Boys often dressed similar to adult males, as they too wore blazers and Norfolk jackets.


1870s in Western fashion, Children's fashion
Much influence on the styles of children's dress came from artist Kate Greenaway, an illustrator of children's books. She strongly influenced styles of young girls' dress, as she often showed girls dressed in empire styles in her books. The idea of children's dress being taken from books is also found is styles such as the Little Lord Fauntleroy suit which was worn by the hero of a children's book published in 1885-86.


1870s in film
The decade of the 1870s in film involved some significant events.


1870s in music
The 1870s was a decade where the only way to obtain music was on sheet music sold in stores. There were several prominent kinds of music in the 1870s.


1870s in music, U.S. and North America, Traditional Folk Music
Traditional folk songs were some of the most popular fare of this decade. While the American Civil War was over and the conflictwas healing much of the passion from that era remained in these post-war songs. Many of the songs most remembered today from this decade are prime examples of this tradition well. Some of this decades' hits were the songs which are seen today including "Good-bye, Liza Jane", "My Grandfather's Clock" and "Carry Me Back to Old Virginny".


1870s in music, U.S. and North America, Traditional Folk Music
These songs carried a large amount of more philosophical and emotional content than say "Camptown Races" which was a major hit before the war. This was likely one of the reasons that so many American folk songs from this period are remembered today. C.A. White wrote many great songs of the era such as "Marguerite", "Moonlight on the Lake", "When 'Tis Moonlight", and "The Fisherman and His Child". Songs such as "Barney, Take Me Home Again" and "I'll Take You Home Again, Kathleen" were designed to go together.


1870s in music, U.S. and North America, Traditional Folk Music
Folk songs were also used in political campaigns as they long had been before the era of television. Rutherford B. Hayes used the song "The Boys in Blue will see it Through" as his campaign song. This was a new era of passion in music. While the mainstream saw many sorts of songs after the war there were also the kind of songs which formed part of another group. There were many songs of the folk genre in this time period. Choruses continued their evolution to be the major part of a song in this period. In songs before this, the chorus is not any more important than the verses. This is a major change which characterizes folk music from the 1870s.


1870s in music, U.S. and North America, Political Protest Songs
As in later decades, the 1870s saw many songs which were designed to get the listeners to support a certain political point of view or perspective. This was the dawn of a new musical genre which has been influencing a good deal of music in the modern world as well. The big things which inspired protests in this time were prohibiting alcohol, which became a major goal of the progressive era, especially among Republicans. These included hits such as "Sons of Temperance" and "Let Us Pass This Goodly Measure".


1870s in music, U.S. and North America, Political Protest Songs
Some were militant and others sentimental, often dealing with the perspective of the abused child of an alcoholic. On the other side were songs like "Now Suppose You Pass This Measure" and songs which showed children in Poverty while their parents attended temperance meetings. These were intended to mock temperance. There were also those who supported allowing women to vote, which became a theme in certain political songs such as "Daughters of Freedom! The Ballot be Yours" These suffrage songs gained much publicity in the United States, though many were since lost due to copyright issues. In short, political causes became a major theme in popular music for the first time in the 1870s, with the exception of campaign songs for candidates which were already a major musical genre and remained so until the 1950s when they were largely replaced by television.


1870s in music, U.S. and North America, Broadway
This was the first decade in which there was competition from numbers originally written for the stage. Before this, the closest thing to that was opera. Opera often was in foreign languages such as German, Italian, and French. The musical took form in 1866 with The Black Crook opening on Broadway. The show Out of Bondage was a big hit in this decade as it helped spread a noble image of reconstruction. This was a new genre which would come into greater prominence until it became the largest segment of the music industry in the Tin Pan Alley era. The Tin Pan Alley era had of course not begun yet and the influence of Broadway musicals on popular music at the time was no more than that of opera.


1870s in music, U.K. and Europe, British Music Hall
The 1870s saw the expansion of the British Music Hall genre. Those who wrote music began more than ever to write them for live performances. It was an era of light music. The well-known composer G. H. MacDermott was known for his dedication to themes which were not appropriate at the time which led many to ban his work. This was an important period of transition in English music as it went from the focus on rotating pieces in performance to the era of the Gilbert and Sullivan operetta.


1870s in sociology
The following events related to sociology occurred in the 1870s.


1870–71 Commemorative Medal
The 1870–71 Commemorative Medal (French: Médaille Commémorative 1870–71, Dutch: Herinneringsmedaille 1870–71) was a Belgian campaign medal established by royal decree on 20 September 1911 and awarded to all members of the Belgian Army who were mobilized during the period from 15 July 1870 to 5 March 1871 during the Franco-Prussian War.


1870–71 Commemorative Medal, Award description
The 1870–71 Commemorative Medal was a 32mm in diameter circular bronze medal with raised edges on both sides. Its obverse bore the escutcheon of the Coat of arms of Belgium under a royal crown. To the left and right, along the circumference of the medal, the relief inscription "L'UNION FAIT LA FORCE" ("Strength through unity"). The reverse bore a stylised relief capital letter A, the monogram of King Albert I of Belgium over the years 1870–71 also inscribed in relief.


1870–71 Commemorative Medal, Award description
The medal was suspended by a ring through the suspension loop from a 35mm wide silk moiré ribbon divided into seven equal 5mm wide longitudinal stripes, black, light green, red, light green, red, light green and black.


1870–71 Commemorative Medal, Notable recipients (partial list)
The individuals listed below were awarded the 1870–71 Commemorative Medal:


1871
1871 (MDCCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1871st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 871st  year of the 2nd millennium, the 71st  year of the 19th century, and the  2nd   year of the 1870s decade. As of the start of 1871, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1871 (company)
1871 is a non-profit digital startup incubator located in the Merchandise Mart, Chicago, Illinois. The organization was founded in 2012 by J.B. Pritzker and is the flagship project of The Chicagoland Entrepreneurial Center (CEC),  a non-profit organization that supports entrepreneurs on their path to building high-growth, sustainable businesses that serve as platforms for economic development and civic leadership. Led by CEO Betsy Ziegler, 1871 has become a major hub of Chicago's technology and entrepreneurial ecosystem and hosts over 400 early-stage companies as well as nationally recognized accelerators, industry-specific incubators, and tech talent schools. 1871 was recognized in 2019 by UBI Global as the Top Private Business Incubator in the World and Most Promising Incubator for Women Founders.


1871 (company), History
In the early 2000s, some of the major players in Chicago's economy were the Chicagoland Entrepreneurial Center, the Chicago Innovation Awards, Chicago Ideas Week and TechNexus. Due to emerging competition in the space, in 2012 TechNexus decided to shift their target market audience to more well-developed and established companies such as the Illinois Technology Association, Emerge, and 200 more. This allowed for 1871 to open in Chicago's ecosystem to help foster new enterprises and support corporations that were already based in Chicago. In 2020, 1871 acquired the Illinois Technology Association. In 2016, Harvard Business School published a case study on the emergence of Chicago's


1871 (company), Community
1871 offers work space to over 200 companies. Their partnerships and sponsorships with UPS, Google For Entrepreneurs and Chase give the people working there broader exposure to the greater tech space. 1871 also offers free work space to students from Trinity Christian College, DePaul University, University of Illinois, Illinois Institute of Technology or DeVry University, University of Chicago, Northwestern and Loyola. 1871 also hosts networking events and workshops.


1871 (company), Funding controversy
As a non-profit incubator, 1871 takes money from the state to bring in capital for these tech startups. Critics including CEO of Novel Coworking, Bill Bennet, believe "we shouldn't use the state money that way," stating that "it doesn't make sense to me why we should use taxpayer funds to subsidize one place." One of the main arguments against the funding is that there are other non-state funded avenues for statups to find affordable working spaces, like WeWork. Tullman, CEO of 1871, argued at the time that the space provides resources other coworking spaces could not, like mentoring, workshops and events for the entrepreneurial community.


1871 (company), Funding controversy
The tax statements of 1871's parent company, Chicagoland Entrepreneurial Center (CEC) are public. The Chicago Tribune estimates 27% of their 2013-14 earnings were reported on their tax statement as "salaries, compensation and benefits."


1871 (company), Expansion
In April 2016, 1871 officially opened their 3.0 expansion, which enlarges the space by another 41,000 square feet. This expansion created more classrooms and office spaces for some of their largest companies such as Impact Engine, Accenture and Options Away. The expansion was funded entirely by themselves and the Chicago Entrepreneurial Center, with no government grant assistance The estimated encounters of 1,000 people they have on a daily basis has grown to 2,000 people with the 3.0 Expansion. Over 500 companies are now working out of 1871.


1871 (company), Further Reading and Viewing
by Chicago poet , Created for the facility's grand opening, February 29, 2012.


1871 (film)
1871 is a 1990 period film about the rise and fall of the Paris Commune in 1871. It was directed by Ken McMullen and produced by Stewart Richards. The writers were McMullen, James Leahy and Terry James. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1990 Cannes Film Festival. The film stars Ana Padrao, Roshan Seth, John Lynch, Jack Klaff, and Timothy Spall.


1871 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1871 Atlantic hurricane season lasted from mid-summer to late-fall. Records show that 1871 featured two tropical storms, four hurricanes and two major hurricanes (Category 3+). However, in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded, so the actual total could be higher. According to a study in 2004, an undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 is possible. A later study in 2008 estimated that eight or more storms may have been missed prior to 1878.


1871 Atlantic hurricane season
Of the known 1871 cyclones, both Hurricane Five and Hurricane Eight were first documented in 1995 by José Fernández-Partagás and Henry Díaz, who also proposed large changes to the known tracks of Hurricane Three and of Hurricane Four. Further analysis, in 2008, extended the duration of both Hurricane Three and Hurricane Seven, by one day each. A reanalysis published in 2014 found fifteen named storms, twelve of which became hurricanes; four attained major hurricane status. However, these results have yet to be officially accepted into HURDAT.


1871 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm One
At 00:00 UTC on June 1, a tropical storm formed about 60 miles (95 km) east-southeast of Key West, Florida. For the next twelve hours, the system moved westward over the Straits of Florida between Cuba and the lower Florida Keys. Entering the southeastern Gulf of Mexico, the cyclone turned to the northwest and strengthened. While located 165 miles (265 km) west-northwest of the Dry Tortugas, it attained peak winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) early on June 2. Afterward, the system gradually turned to the west-northwest and maintained its intensity.


1871 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm One
As it neared the Texas coast, its course shifted to the northwest. At 07:00 UTC on June 7, the storm made landfall over San Luis Pass, 50 miles (80 km) south-southeast of Houston, at peak intensity. After landfall, the storm curved northward over East Texas, and dissipated over eastern Oklahoma late on June 5. A preliminary reanalysis in 2014 upgraded the cyclone to a Category 1 hurricane at landfall in Texas.


1871 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm One
A weather station in Galveston recorded peak winds of 39 mph (63 km/h) and a total of 6 inches (152 mm) of rain during the passage of the storm, of which 3.95 in (100 mm) fell in a fourteen-minute time span on June 4. Another source indicated 15.57 in (395 mm) of rainfall took place, including a twenty-four-hour record of 8.55 in (217 mm) on June 4. Additionally, a barometer in the area sampled a minimum peripheral pressure of 29.51 inHg (999 mb). Storm surge flooded onto and eroded Galveston Island, causing washouts of railroad beds and structures.


1871 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm One
One vessel, the steamship Alabama, beached at Galveston, while another, the Virginia Dare, grounded on an offshore sandbar there. Four drownings occurred at Galveston. Gale-force winds also affected Port Aransas; very high tides occurred there and at Indianola, flooding low ground at the latter place. Extremely heavy rains associated with this cyclone also caused flooding in New Orleans, which was reportedly "submerged". The New York Times on June 6 reported that floodwaters covered 6 square miles (16 km2), five hundred blocks in all.


1871 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Two
At 00:00 UTC on June 8, the second tropical storm of the season developed 155 miles (250 km) north-northwest of Progreso, Yucatán—three days after Tropical Storm One dissipated. Taking a steady course to the northwest, the cyclone closely followed its predecessor, threatening Southeast Texas yet again. Early on June 9, the system peaked at 60 mph (95 km/h) and turned north-northwestward. At 17:00 UTC, the cyclone made landfall near present-day Jamaica Beach, 15 miles (25 km) west-southwest of Galveston, at peak intensity. After landfall, the system headed northward over the western part of Galveston Bay. Late on June 10, the cyclone dissipated over East Texas, just south of the Texas–Oklahoma border.


1871 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Two
As it affected Galveston, the storm destroyed a church and many houses. Storm surge occurred on the island for the second time in a week, as floodwaters engulfed the eastern section of Galveston Island. Several ships wrecked as well, and some sailing ships were deemed lost at sea. A cotton steamship, the Mollie Hambleton, sank while at anchor. One person died at Refugio, when winds unroofed a church. Storm surge-related flooding was minimal at Indianola. Strong gales affected coastal Louisiana, and neared hurricane intensity at Lake Charles, downing fruit trees. Torrential rain damaged corn and cotton crops, and numerous cattle drowned. A tornado struck Chatawa, Mississippi, destroying a schoolhouse and trees.


1871 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Two
A reanalysis in 2014 tentatively determined that this storm and the preceding system were a single hurricane.


1871 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
Early on August 14, a report from the ship Tybee of hurricane-force winds to the east of The Bahamas signaled the presence of a well-formed system. At 00:00 UTC on August 14, the third tropical cyclone of the season was noted, 210 miles (340 km) northeast of San Salvador Island, with 90-mph (150-km/h) winds. Tracking generally westward, the hurricane gradually strengthened. At 12:00 UTC on August 15, the cyclone attained peak winds of 115 mph (185 km/h)—equivalent to Category 3 status on the modern Saffir–Simpson scale, which it maintained until landfall in Florida.


1871 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
Several hours later, the hurricane made landfall over the northern Abaco Islands, and continued westward toward the Gulf Stream. Early on August 16, a barque, the Bridgeport, measured a pressure of 28.1 inHg (952 mb) in the storm's eye. As it neared eastern Florida, the storm curved slightly west-northwestward, before making landfall north of Hobe Sound at 02:00 UTC on August 17.


1871 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
Over the next few days, the cyclone parabolically turned to the northeast, re-entering the Atlantic Ocean near Darien, Georgia, on August 18. While executing a clockwise loop off the Southeastern United States, the system maintained winds just below hurricane intensity. On August 22, the system ended its loop and headed westward, toward the Georgia coast. Final landfall occurred near Brunswick at 00:00 UTC on August 23. At the time, the cyclone still contained maximum sustained winds of 70 mph (110 km/h). The system decayed as it moved inland, and dissipation took place eighteen hours later.


1871 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
Despite crossing The Bahamas at peak strength, damage in the archipelago, if any, is unknown. The hurricane was of great extent as it struck Florida, with hurricane-force winds occurring at New Smyrna—115 miles (185 km) from the eye. The local U.S. Army Signal Corps observer judged the storm to be the worst since October 23, 1865. In New Smyrna, the storm snapped or otherwise damaged oak and citrus trees. At Enterprise, several homes were unroofed as well. Winds destroyed another home at Ocala. Numerous ships were tossed ashore, leaving the beaches "strewn with wrecks". Impacts to Georgia, if any, are unknown. Winds reached 60 mph (97 km/h) in Savannah, which registered a pressure of 29.55 inHg (1,001 mb).


1871 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
On August 17, the fourth tropical storm of the season developed 550 miles (885 km) west-southwest of the Cape Verde islands. The system progressed on a west-northwest track and steadily intensified, becoming a major hurricane at 00:00 UTC on August 21. Bearing peak winds of 115 mph (185 km/h), the hurricane passed over Antigua, St. Eustatius, Saint Kitts, and St. Thomas. The eye passed directly over the island of Saba on 21 August 1871 at 10:00am, and the hurricane was described by the resident Catholic priest, Father Koch. "On the 21st August 1871 a devastating hurricane swept over this island.


1871 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
The first indications of the approach of a storm was observed during the preceding night. Marine Cumulus [storm clouds] were seen forming in the N.E. portion of the sky. Each gush of wind succeeded one another with increasing force. At half past four in the morning every one got alarmed. The barometer reading at 29.5 indicating that the storm was about 350 in distance. The clouds were moving with accelerating force towards the island. The sky was ? with a gloomy appearance, the rain commenced to fall with interruption at about 9 o'clock it burst forth with all terror.


1871 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
The noise was at that time terrifying. The [thatch] houses were already leveled one after the other, and the sky was covered with the debris of these and houses. Every one thought at that moment and hence awaiting of their general destruction. At about 10 o'clock the wind shifted. Then it was a dead silence. The nucleus was passing over the island. Then it began departing from the southwest all the force...". Continuing northwestward, it passed 30 miles (50 km) northeast of Fajardo, Puerto Rico.


1871 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
The hurricane then weakened to a Category 2 hurricane, maintaining this strength while making further landfalls in The Bahamas. At 05:00 UTC on August 25, the storm struck near present-day Vero Beach, Florida, with winds of 105 mph (165 km/h). After crossing Central Florida, it entered the Gulf of Mexico and made a final landfall on Taylor County, Florida, as a tropical storm. The storm then moved north and east over land, weakening into a tropical depression, before strengthening back into a tropical storm after re-emerging into the Atlantic off South Carolina. At 12:00 UTC on August 30, the cyclone reattained winds of 70 mph (110 km/h). The storm was last sighted 90 miles (145 km) east of Cape Cod.


1871 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
The hurricane caused numerous shipwrecks, including three ships lost at Puerto Rico, and left 27 people dead at St. Thomas.


1871 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five
The only storm of the year not to make landfall, Hurricane Five was first observed as a Category 2 hurricane with winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) north of Puerto Rico on August 30. Hurricane Five maintained this intensity until it was last observed south of Nova Scotia. It is possible that the storm made landfall on Nova Scotia and it is also possible that the storm formed before August 30.


1871 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six
A hurricane formed near the geographic center of the Gulf of Mexico on September 5. At 14:00 UTC the next day, it made landfall near Cedar Key, Florida, as a Category 1 hurricane. It brought heavy rainfall to Florida and Georgia before entering the Atlantic off the east coast of Georgia. Still continuing to the northeast, it was last sighted south of Cape Hatteras.


1871 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Seven
A tropical storm was first sighted in the Bay of Campeche on September 30. It continued moving in a northeast direction, paralleling the Texas coast and strengthening to a Category 1 hurricane while doing so. Early on October 4, the hurricane passed south of the Mississippi River Delta. At 16:00 UTC on October 5, it finally made landfall on Taylor County, Florida, as a strong tropical storm with winds of 70 mph (110 km/h). After re-entering the Atlantic Ocean, the storm was last sighted east of Cape Hatteras. At least three people were killed at Galveston and several ships were wrecked or foundered, some with the loss of all hands.


1871 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Eight
A hurricane was first observed northeast of the British Virgin Islands on the morning of October 10. At this point it was already a Category 1 hurricane with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h). Its intensity remained steady at that level as it traveled first west, then veered north before travelling parallel to the US coast. The hurricane dissipated shortly after making landfall at Nova Scotia on October 13.


1871 Atlantic hurricane season, Seasonal effects
This is a table of the storms in 1871 and their landfall(s) in bold, if any. The minimum pressures, in most cases, are based on limited observations and may not have occurred at their peak intensity.


1871 Birthday Honours
The 1871 Birthday Honours were appointments by Queen Victoria to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of the British Empire. The appointments were made to celebrate the official birthday of the Queen, and were published in The London Gazette on 20 May 1871.


1871 Birthday Honours
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.


1871 Boston Red Stockings season
The 1871 Boston Red Stockings season was the inaugural season of the franchise, now known as the Atlanta Braves. They were formed in 1871 by Boston businessman and Ashburnham native Ivers Whitney Adams. The team was composed of former players of the defunct Cincinnati Red Stockings franchise, who were brought to Boston and kept the name with them. Led and managed by baseball pioneer Harry Wright, the new Boston team would join the newly formed National Association of Professional Base Ball Players for the 1871 season and finish the year in third place with a record of 20–10.


1871 Boston Red Stockings season
Pitcher Al Spalding started all 31 of the Red Stockings' games and led the NA with 19 wins. Catcher Cal McVey finished second in the league batting race with a .431 average. From this team, Harry Wright, Al Spalding, and shortstop George Wright have all been elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame.


1871 Boston Red Stockings season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1871 Boston Red Stockings season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1871 Boston Red Stockings season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1871 Boston Red Stockings season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1871 Boston mayoral election
The Boston mayoral election of 1871 saw the reelection of William Gaston.


1871 British Columbia general election
The 1871 British Columbia general election was held from October to December 1871. Formerly a British colony, British Columbia became a province of Canada on July 20, 1871. An interim Cabinet was appointed by the Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia, and election writs for the first general election as a province of Canada were issued to choose 25 members of the first provincial legislature from 12 ridings (electoral districts). These ridings were:


1871 British Columbia general election, Polling conditions
The election was held from October through December 1871, and was conducted by means of a show of hands on nomination day and, if required, an open poll book on polling day. There were no organized political parties.


1871 British Columbia general election, Statistics
Note that these figures refer to votes actually cast, not the population per se nor the total of the potential voters' list.


1871 British Columbia general election, Results by riding
Note:  There is no arrangement to the ridings and members, other than by rough alphabetical order, as all were technically independents. Actual seating of the House or political alignments are not represented.


1871 British Columbia general election, Byelections
Two sets of byelections were held to confirm appointments to the Executive Council (cabinet), as was the custom in earlier times. Ministerial candidates in this series of byelections were all confirmed by acclamation (so there were no actual polling dates). These byelections were:


1871 British Columbia general election, Byelections
Other byelections were also held due to deaths and other appointments; all were contested:


1871 British Columbia general election, Composition of House at dissolution
Note: Government/Opposition status applies to candidate at time of election in 1871, not at time of dissolution in 1875.


1871 California gubernatorial election
The 1871 California gubernatorial election was held on September 6, 1871, to elect the governor of California. Incumbent Henry Haight lost his bid for reelection.


1871 Canadian census
The 1871 Canadian census marked the first regularly scheduled collection of national statistics of the Canadian population on April 2, 1871,  as required by section 8 of the British North America Act. The constitution required a census to be taken in 1871 and every tenth year thereafter. Parliament implemented the requirements of the constitution through the Census Act of May 12, 1870. In the first census, the population of Canada was enumerated to be 3,485,761.


1871 Canadian census
All inhabitants of Canada were included, including aboriginals. While this was the first national census of Canada, only four provinces existed at the time: Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. Other areas of what later became part of Canada continued to be enumerated in their own separate censuses. The results of the 1871 census, in both English and French, were reported in a five volume set.


1871 Canadian census, Questionnaire
The questionnaire was on a variety of subjects and asked 211 questions including area, land holdings, vital statistics, religion, education, administration, the military, justice, agriculture, commerce, industry and finance. Information was collected in tabular form on population, houses and other buildings, lands, industries and institutions. The population section included the age, sex, religion, education, race and occupation of each person, although not every household answered all 211 questions.


1871 Canadian census, Data products
As the data were compiled, Statistics Canada released various census data products.


1871 Canadian census, Data products, Population by province
Manitoba and North-West Territories joined the Canadian confederation on July 15, 1870, but were not included in the 1871 official Census of Canada. In addition, British Columbia joined the Canadian confederation on July 20, 1871, after the census date of April 2, 1871. Statistics Canada has included estimates for all three of these jurisdictions – total population only – in the same stated source, though totals do not add (see notes at source). Statistics Canada also provides the 1871 totals by sex for Canada, adjusted with their estimates for Manitoba and North-West Territories and British Columbia.


1871 Canadian census, Origins
The figures for 1871 are for the four original provinces (Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia) only.


1871 Canterbury colonial by-election
A by-election for the seat of Canterbury in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly was held on 6 January 1871 because of the resignation of Montagu Stephen due to ill health.