1888 Wimbledon Championships
The 1888 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The tournament ran from 9 July until 16 July. It was the 12th staging of the Wimbledon Championships, and the first Grand Slam tennis event of 1888.


1888 Wimbledon Championships, Champions, Gentlemen's Doubles
Ernest Renshaw /  William Renshaw defeated  Patrick Bowes-Lyon /  Herbert Wilberforce, 2–6, 1–6, 6–3, 6–4, 6–3


1888 Wimbledon Championships – Gentlemen's Doubles
Ernest Renshaw and William Renshaw defeated Ernest Meers and A. G. Ziffo 6–3, 6–2, 6–2 in the All Comers' Final, and then the reigning champions Patrick Bowes-Lyon and Herbert Wilberforce 2–6, 1–6, 6–3, 6–4, 6–3 in the Challenge Round to win the Gentlemen' Doubles tennis title at the 1888 Wimbledon Championships.


1888 Wimbledon Championships – Gentlemen's Singles
Ernest Renshaw defeated Ernest Lewis 7–9, 6–1, 8–6, 6–4 in the All Comers' Final, and then defeated the reigning champion Herbert Lawford 6–3, 7–5, 6–0 in the Challenge Round to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1888 Wimbledon Championships.


1888 Wimbledon Championships – Ladies' Singles
Blanche Hillyard defeated Miss Howes 6–1, 6–2 in the All Comers' Final, and then the reigning champion Lottie Dod defeated Hillyard 6–3, 6–3 in the Challenge Round to win the Ladies' Singles tennis title at the 1888 Wimbledon Championships.


1888 Wisconsin gubernatorial election
The 1888 Wisconsin gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1888.


1888 Wisconsin gubernatorial election
Republican nominee William D. Hoard defeated Democratic nominee James Morgan and two other candidates with 49.53% of the vote.


1888 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Bibliography
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1888 Worcester Tech football team
The 1888 Worcester Tech football team was an American football team that represented Worcester Polytechnic Institute in the 1888 college football season. The team compiled a 1–5 record.


1888 World Championship (football)
The 1888 World Championship was an exhibition football match that took place in Crosshill (today part of Glasgow), Scotland, on 19 May 1888 between the winners of the Scottish Cup, Renton, and the English FA Cup, West Bromwich Albion. The match was won by Renton who beat Albion 4–1. The match was played in very bad weather and a replay in England was proposed, but never took place.


1888 World Championship (football), Overview
This was not the first "World Championship" game between English and Scottish sides; however, the next edition was the first such club competition contested between national league winners (as the leagues had not been yet created before that time). Johnny Campbell, who played for Renton in this fixture, would also win a world championship with Sunderland in 1895; he is therefore the first known British footballer to have been twice listed as a world champion with different clubs.


1888 World Championship (football), Overview
It was noted in the press that West Brom were "one of the English clubs which have never had a Scotchman either as a coach or a player" and the match were therefore seen as a truly international event – by this point may of the leading English clubs (which were allowed to become professional in 1885) had Scottish players, and in the aforementioned Sunderland v Hearts match in 1895 both entrants had an all-Scottish line-up.


1888 World Championship (football), Overview
Renton's win was something of a watershed for Scottish football, as within a few days James Kelly and Neil McCallum had left to join the newly-formed Celtic and quickly helped to establish them as a force in the game, Meanwhile Renton soon lost several other members of their 'world champion' team to professional clubs in England (including Andrew Hannah who moved to West Brom after he impressed them in the Glasgow match) and gradually declined, never returning to the same level.


1888 World Series
The 1888 World Series was an end-of-the-year professional baseball season championship playoff series between the National League champion New York Giants and the old American Association champion St. Louis Browns.


1888 World Series
The Giants won, 6 games to 4. Hall of Fame pitcher Tim Keefe went 4–0.


1888 World Series
This was the Browns' last appearance in a championship tournament and pre-modern-era World Series, the last of their four consecutive AA pennants. The club would later join the NL in 1892 and be renamed as the St. Louis Cardinals by 1900. It would be 1926 before they would win their next league pennant.


1888 World Series, Game summary, Game 6
(last World Series game to be played at a neutral site until 2020 World Series)


1888 Yale Bulldogs football team
The 1888 Yale Bulldogs football team represented Yale University in the 1888 college football season. In its first season under head coach Walter Camp, the team compiled a 13–0 record, did not allow a single point, and outscored opponents by a total of 694 to 0. The team has been retrospectively named as the national champion by the Billingsley Report, Helms Athletic Foundation, Houlgate System, National Championship Foundation, and Parke H. Davis.


1888 Yale Bulldogs football team
Yale's point total was the largest ever made by a Yale team. The team scored 126 touchdowns and kicked 69 goals from touchdown and eight goals from the field. Its scoring leaders included William Wurtenburg with 20 touchdowns, Lee McClung with 16, Charles O. Gill with 14, Frederic W. "Kid" Wallace with eight, William Herbert Corbin with six, and John A. Hartwell and Ashbel Barney Newell with five each.


1888 Yale Bulldogs football team
Head coach Walter Camp and five players (Corbin, Pudge Heffelfinger, McClung, Amos Alonzo Stagg, and George Washington Woodruff) have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame.


1888 Yale Bulldogs football team, Game summaries, Wesleyan (first game)
On September 29, 1888, Yale opened its season with a 76–0 victory over Wesleyan on the Yale field in New Haven, Connecticut. The starters for Yale were William Herbert Corbin (centre and captain), Brooks (right guard), Pudge Heffelfinger (left guard), William Rhodes (right tackle), Charles O. Gill (left tackle), William Wurtenburg (quarterback), Samuel B. Morison (back), B. Morrison (back), Robinson (right end), Townsend (left end), and Herbert McBride (fullback).


1888 Yale Bulldogs football team, Game summaries, Rutgers
On October 6, 1888, Yale defeated Rutgers, 65–0, on Yale Field in New Haven. Due to rain, only 50 spectators attended the game. The game consisted of 35 minutes of playing time. Team captain William Herbert Corbin had his knee "thrown out of joint" during the game. Yale's starters were Robinson, William Rhodes, Bert Hanson, Corbin (centre), Pudge Heffelfinger, Charles O. Gill, Townsend, William Wurtenburg (quarterback), Samuel B. Morison (halfback), B. Morrison (halfback), Herbert McBride (fullback).


1888 Yale Bulldogs football team, Game summaries, Penn (first game)
On October 13, 1888, starting at 3:05 p.m., Yale defeated Penn, 34–0, before a crowd of less than 1,000 at the 37th and Spruce Street grounds in Philadelphia. Yale's starting lineup in the game consisted of Frederic W. "Kid" Wallace (rusher), Charles O. Gill (rusher), Pudge Heffelfinger (rusher), William Herbert Corbin (rusher), Gordon B. Pike (rusher), William Rhodes (rusher), Samuel B. Morison (rusher), Clifford B. Twombly (quarterback), Harmon S. Graves (halfback), William Wurtenburg (halfback), and Herbert McBride (fullback).


1888 Yale Bulldogs football team, Game summaries, Wesleyan (second game)
On Tuesday, October 16, 1888, Yale played its second game against Wesleyan, prevailing by a 46–0 at Wesleyan's home field in Middletown, Connecticut. Yale's starting lineup was Frederic W. "Kid" Wallace (rusher), Bert Hanson (rusher), Pudge Heffelfinger (rusher), William Herbert Corbin (centre and captain), Gordon S. Pike (rusher), William Rhodes (rusher), McClintock (rusher), Clifford B. Twombly (quarterback), William Wurtenburg (halfback), Lee McClung (halfback), Herbert McBride (fullback).


1888 Yale Bulldogs football team, Game summaries, Amherst (first game)
On Friday, October 19, 1888, starting at 3:20 p.m., Yale defeated Amherst, 39–0, on Amherst's home grounds in Amherst, Massachusetts.


1888 Yale Bulldogs football team, Game summaries, Williams
On October 20, 1888, Yale defeated Williams, 30–0, on Williams' home field in Williamstown, Massachusetts. Yale's 30 points was the lowest score by a Yale team against any opponent other than a Harvard or Princeton team. Yale's starting lineup was Frederic W. "Kid" Wallace (rush line), Bert Hanson (rush line), Pudge Heffelfinger (rush line), William Herbert Corbin (rush line), Gordon Pike (centre), William Rhodes, Morrison, William Wurtenburg (quarterback), Harmon S. Graves (halfback), Herbert McBride (halfback), and William T. Bull (fullback).


1888 Yale Bulldogs football team, Game summaries, Stevens
On October 27, 1888, Yale defeated Stevens, 69–0. The game was played in drizzling rain at Yale Field in New Haven. Yale scored 44 of its points in the last inning.


1888 Yale Bulldogs football team, Game summaries, Crescent Athletic Club
On Tuesday, November 6, 1888, in a game starting at 11:15 a.m., Yale defeated the Crescent Athletic Club, 28–0, before a crowd of nearly 1,600 at Washington Park in Brooklyn. Yale's starting lineup was Frederic W. "Kid" Wallace (rusher), Charles O. Gill (rusher), Ashbel Barney Newell (rusher), William Herbert Corbin (rusher), Brewster (rusher), Pudge Heffelfinger (rusher), Amos Alonzo Stagg (rusher), William Wurtenburg (quarterback), Lee McClung (halfback), Perry W. Harvey (halfback), and Herbert McBride (fullback).


1888 Yale Bulldogs football team, Game summaries, Wesleyan (third game)
On November 17, 1888, Yale defeated Wesleyan, 105–0, at Yale Field in New Haven, Connecticut. Yale's tally of 105 points was its highest of the season and was the total of eight touchdowns (32 points), 11 goals (66 points), one goal from field (five points), and one safety (two points). Charles O. Gill was credited with the best play of the game, running three quarters of the field with Amos Alonzo Stagg acting "as a sort of bodyguard in the race for six points." Yale's starting lineup was Stagg (rusher), John A. Hartwell (rusher), George Washington Woodruff (rusher), Ashbel Barney Newell (center rush), Pudge Heffelfinger (rusher), Gill (rusher), Frederic W. "Kid" Wallace (rusher), William Wurtenburg (quarterback), Lee McClung (halfback), Herbert McBride (halfback), and William T. Bull (fullback).


1888 Yale Bulldogs football team, Game summaries, Princeton
On November 24, 1888, Yale defeated Princeton, 10–0, at the Polo Grounds in Manhattan. Both teams were undefeated prior to the game which was billed as a contest for the intercollegiate football championship. The attendance was variously placed at 10,000 to 20,000 with The New York Times estimated the crowd at a little less than 15,000, evenly split between Princeton and Yale partisans. Yale's 10 points were scored on two goals kicked from the field by Yale's fullback William T. Bull.


1888 Yale Bulldogs football team, Game summaries, Princeton
As the game ended, a "mob" of Yale supporters ran onto the field and carried the victorious players off on their shoulders. The starting lineup for Yale consisted of Frederic W. "Kid" Wallace (rusher), Charles O. Gill (rusher), George Washington Woodruff (centre rush), William Herbert Corbin (rusher), William Rhodes (rusher), Pudge Heffelfinger (rusher), and Amos Alonzo Stagg (rusher), William Wurtenburg (quarterback), Lee McClung (halfback), Harmon S. Graves (halfback), and Bull (fullback).


1888 Yale Bulldogs football team, Roster
The 1888 season was a transitional season where linemen were still generally referred to generically as "rushers" or the "rush line", but were at other times referred to by reference to specific positions in the line. Where available from game accounts, both designations are included below.


1888 and 1889 United States Senate elections
The United States Senate elections of 1888 and 1889 were elections that coincided with Benjamin Harrison's victory over incumbent President Grover Cleveland. Both parties were unchanged in the regular elections, but later special elections would give Republicans an eight-seat majority, mostly from newly admitted states.


1888 and 1889 United States Senate elections
As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.


1888 and 1889 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 50th Congress
There were no special elections during 1888 or in 1889 before March 4.


1888 and 1889 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 51st Congress
In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1889; ordered by state.


1888 and 1889 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections during the 51st Congress
In these elections, the winners were elected in 1889 after March 4; ordered by election date.


1888 college football season
The 1888 college football season had no clear-cut champion, with the Official NCAA Division I Football Records Book listing Yale as having been selected national champions. October 18 saw the first intercollegiate game in the state of North Carolina when Wake Forest defeated North Carolina 6–4. The first "scientific game" occurred on Thanksgiving of the same year when North Carolina played Duke (then Trinity). Duke won 16 to 0.


1888 college football season, Conference standings
The following is a potentially incomplete list of conference standings:


1888 eruption of Mount Bandai
The 1888 eruption of Mount Bandai was a major volcanic eruption which occurred during the Meiji period of the Empire of Japan. The eruption occurred on July 15, 1888, and pyroclastic flows buried villages on the northern foot of the mountain, and devastated the eastern part of Bandai region, Iwashiro Province (now part of Fukushima Prefecture) north of Tokyo. At least 477 people were killed and hundreds more were injured and rendered homeless in what became the worst volcanic disaster in recent Japanese history.


1888 eruption of Mount Bandai, Background
Mount Bandai is a stratovolcano. Its last eruption had occurred in 806. Mount Bandai had a conical profile, and had been compared in literature with Mount Fuji. The Bandai volcano consisted of four peaks: O-bandai (1,819 meters), Kushigamine (1,636 meters), Akahaniyama (1,427 meters), and Ko-bandai which was slightly lower than that of O-bandai.


1888 eruption of Mount Bandai, Background
Small earthquakes were reported on July 8, 9, and 10. Moderate earthquakes occurred on July 13 and 14. However, as earthquakes are commonplace all over Japan, these tremors were not viewed by the local populace with undue concern.


1888 eruption of Mount Bandai, Eruption
On July 15, three earthquakes occurred prior to the main eruption. The third one was the largest, at around magnitude 5. At 07:45, while the ground was still heaving, a phreatic eruption began at the fumaroles approximately 100 meters upslope from the Kaminoyu hot spring resort on the flank of Ko-Bandai. Successive explosions occurred 15 to 20 times per minute. Each explosion was accompanied by thunder and a black eruption column ascending to a height of 1300 meters. The last explosion was observed to discharge a horizontal cloud, mainly toward the north.


1888 eruption of Mount Bandai, Eruption
Within 10 minutes after the explosions, a pyroclastic flow swept over the eastern part of the volcano. According to eyewitness, phreatic eruptions continued after the large collapse at least twice. At around 10:00, hot rain started falling, transforming the vast quantity of volcanic ash into lahar (volcanic mudslides). At 16:00, ash fall ceased.


1888 eruption of Mount Bandai, Aftermath
The eruption had transformed hundreds of square kilometers of forest and farmland around the mountain into a wasteland. Several villages were completely buried under landslides, which also considerably altered the topography of the region by diverting rivers and creating a number of new lakes. Approximately 1.5 cubic kilometers of the summit of the mountain had collapsed, and flowed northwards.


1888 eruption of Mount Bandai, Aftermath
Japanese geologists Seikei Sekiya and Y. Kikuchi from the Imperial University of Tokyo visited Bandai within days of the eruption. After spending several months studying the new crater and the devastated areas, they published a report in English (“The eruption of Bandai-san” Tokyo Imperial University College of Sciences Journal 3 (1890), pp 91–171), which is considered a classic in volcanology. A photograph of the ruined mountain was the first news photograph printed by the Yomiuri Shimbun in Japan.


1888 eruption of Mount Bandai, Aftermath
The eruption was the first major disaster faced by the fledgling Japanese Red Cross, which moved in quickly to provide disaster relief.


1888 eruption of Mount Bandai, Aftermath
The lake district formed by this cataclysm is now known as Urabandai or Bandai-kōgen, and has become a popular tourist destination, especially the multi-hued lakes of Goshiki-numa.


1888 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1888 in Australia.


1888 in Australian literature
This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1888.


1888 in Australian literature, Births
A list, ordered by date of birth (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of births in 1888 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of death.


1888 in Australian literature, Deaths
A list, ordered by date of death (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of deaths in 1888 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of birth.


1888 in Australian soccer
The 1888 season was the fifth season of competitive association football in Australia. The were two league competitions fielded by Northern District British Football Association (Northern NSW) and the South British Football Soccer Association (New South Wales) and three cup competitions.


1888 in Australian soccer, League competitions
(Note: figures in parentheses display the club's competition record as winners/runners-up.)


1888 in Australian soccer, Cup competitions
(Note: figures in parentheses display the club's competition record as winners/runners-up.)


1888 in Belgium
The following lists events that happened during 1888 in the Kingdom of Belgium.


1888 in Canada, Historical Documents
House of Commons committee hears of cartels conspiring to control products ranging from groceries to coal to stoves and coffins


1888 in Canada, Historical Documents
U.S. Supreme Court rules on Alexander Graham Bell's telephone patent in light of previous invention claimed by "a poor mechanic"


1888 in Canada, Historical Documents
In report on northern lands, Senate committee points out unwanted wildlife loss from "greater ease in their capture" and use of poison


1888 in Canadian football, Canadian Football News in 1888, Final regular season standings
Note: GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, PF = Points For, PA = Points Against, Pts = Points


1888 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1888 in Chile.


1888 in Germany
Events in the year 1888 in Germany, the 'Year of the Three Emperors'.


1888 in India, Deaths
This year in India article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1888 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during 1888 in New Zealand.


1888 in New Zealand, Sport, Horse racing
The Auckland Cup of 1887 is moved to January 1888. Future Auckland Cup's are normally scheduled for New Year's Day.


1888 in New Zealand, Sport, Polo
The first polo club in New Zealand is formed in Auckland.


1888 in New Zealand, Sport, Rowing
National Championships are held for the first time. They are held at separate venues; the single sculls in Wellington, the coxed fours in Wanganui. From the following year the Championships will be held at a single venue.


1888 in New Zealand, Sport, Rugby union
The first ever British Isles rugby team tour takes place, visiting New Zealand and Australia. The visitors win all their New Zealand games except for one, losing to Auckland. The first New Zealand Native team to visit Britain leaves at the end of the year.


1888 in Norwegian music
The following is a list of notable events and releases of the year 1888 in Norwegian music.


1888 in Portugal, Arts and entertainment
Os Maias – novel by José Maria de Eça de Queiroz


1888 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1888 in South Africa.


1888 in South Africa, Railways, Locomotives
Two new 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Cape gauge locomotive types enter service on the Natal Government Railways (NGR):


1888 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1888 to Wales and its people.


1888 in architecture
The year 1888 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1888 in association football
The following are the association football events of the year 1888 throughout the world.


1888 in baseball
The following are the baseball events of the year 1888  throughout the world.


1888 in baseball, Major league baseball final standings
Note: team nicknames are given here according to the modern retroactive convention. According to the 1889 Spalding Official Guide, however, which covered the 1888 season, no nicknames were used for any team - aside from Athletic - with the exception of "Giants" (always within quotation marks).


1888 in film
The following is an overview of the events of 1888 in film, including a list of films released and notable births.


1888 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1888.


1888 in music
This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1888.


1888 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1888.


1888 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1888 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1888 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1888 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1888.


1888 in science
The year 1888 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.


1888 in sports
1888 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1888 in sports, Golf
February 22 - “Father of American Golf” John Reid first demonstrates golf on a Yonkers cow pasture to friends


1888 in the Congo Free State
The following lists events that happened during 1888 in the Congo Free State.


1888 in the United Kingdom
Events from the year 1888 in the United Kingdom. This year is noted for the first Whitechapel murders.


18880 Toddblumberg
18880 Toddblumberg, provisional designation 1999 XM166, is a background asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 4 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 10 December 1999, by LINEAR at the Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site, near Socorro, New Mexico, United States. The asteroid was named after Todd Blumberg, a 2003 ISEF contest awardee.


18880 Toddblumberg, Orbit and classification
Toddblumberg orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6–3.8 AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,096 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 10° with respect to the ecliptic. The first precovery was taken at Palomar Observatory (DSS) in 1953, extending the body's observation arc by 46 years prior to its official discovery observation at Socorro.


18880 Toddblumberg, Orbit and classification
Although discovered by LINEAR, Toddblumberg is not a near-Earth asteroid. Its closest approach to the Sun (perihelion) is about double the maximum distance of 1.3 AU that qualifies an asteroid as "near-Earth".


18880 Toddblumberg, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Toddblumberg measures 4.3 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.265.


18880 Toddblumberg, Physical characteristics, Lightcurve
As of 2017, Toddblumberg's spectral type and rotation period remain unknown.


18880 Toddblumberg, Naming
This minor planet was named for Todd James Blumberg (born 1984), a student at the Plano Senior High School in Plano, Texas, who won the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) award for his microbiology project in 2003.


18880 Toddblumberg, Naming
Since 2001, hundreds of secondary school students who have won awards at science fairs have had asteroids named after them. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 30 August 2004 (M.P.C. 52648).


1888: The Extraordinary Voyage of the Santa Isabel
1888: The Extraordinary Voyage of the Santa Isabel (Spanish: 1888: El Extraordinario Viaje de la Santa Isabel) is a 2005 Venezuelan film based on the book The Mighty Orinoco by Jules Verne. The film premiered at the 2005 Guadalajara International Film Festival. It was the country's submission to the Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film in 2005, but was disqualified.


1888: The Extraordinary Voyage of the Santa Isabel, Synopsis
Julio Verne, writer and adventurer, becomes bored with his life and decides to sail down the Amazon. He arrives in South America at the Venezuelan coast, meeting Italian geographer Conde Ermanno Stradelli; Stradelli has a mission from Rome to map the Orinoco. Verne decides to join him, and they gain another late addition: Juan de Kermor. Through the journey, Verne and Stradelli discover that Juan is actually a woman, Juana, who has been searching for a way to travel down the Orinoco looking for her father.


1888: The Extraordinary Voyage of the Santa Isabel, Production
The screenplay was written by Gustavo Michelena, Rafael Arraiz and Alfredo Anzola, based on the Verne story The Mighty Orinoco. The film combines Verne's story, about the character Jeanne de Kermor, with a fictionalized framing narrative of the real Vernes and Count Stradelli being part of the journey.


1888: The Extraordinary Voyage of the Santa Isabel, Oscars selection
The film was chosen as Venezuela's 2005 entry for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. However, incomplete paperwork led to the entry being disqualified. At the time of its selection, the choice of the CNAC was controversial; the film Secuestro Express by Jonathan Jakubowicz was also eligible for nomination and was much more successful both nationally and internationally. Jakubowicz criticized the choice not to nominate his film, which is about kidnapping and gangs in Venezuela, saying that it was overtly political because his film was artistically superior.


1888: The Extraordinary Voyage of the Santa Isabel, Oscars selection
Anzola did not comment on the artistic quality of either film, but said that Jakubowicz, a relative newcomer to the industry at the time, was upset because he wanted his first feature film to receive a nomination and that he would be calmer with more experience. Jakubowicz was forced to leave Venezuela because of Secuestro Express after receiving threats from then-President Hugo Chávez. Ultimately, no submission was accepted from Venezuela in 2005.


1888–1893 Uprisings of Hazaras
The 1888–1893 Uprisings of Hazaras occurred in the aftermath of the Second Anglo-Afghan War, when the Afghan Emirate signed the Treaty of Gandamak. Afghan King Abdur Rahman Khan set out to bring the Turkistan, Hazarajat and Kafiristan regions under his control. He launched several campaigns in the Hazarajat due to resistance from the Hazaras, and he conducted a genocide on its population.


1888–1893 Uprisings of Hazaras
One estimation says sixty percent of the total Hazara population was either killed or displaced by fleeing to Quetta and other adjoining areas. The Hazara land was distributed among Pashtun villagers. Hazara women and old men were sold as slaves, and many young Hazara girls were kept as concubines by Afghan kings. Abdur Rahman arrested Syed Jafar, chief of the Sheikh Ali Hazara tribe, and jailed him in Mazar-e-Sharif. The repression after the uprising has been called the most significant case of genocide in the history of modern Afghanistan.


1888–1893 Uprisings of Hazaras, First uprising
The first Hazara uprising against Abdur Rahman Khan took place between 1888 and 1890. When Emir Abdur Rahman's cousin, Mohammad Eshaq, revolted against him, tribal leaders of the Sheikh Ali Hazaras joined the revolt. The revolt was short lived and crushed as the Emir extended his control over large parts of Hazarajat. Leaders of the Sheikh Ali Hazaras had allies in two different groups, Shia and Sunni. Abdur Rahman took advantage of the situation, pitting Sunni Hazara against the Shia Hazara, and made pacts among the Hazara.


1888–1893 Uprisings of Hazaras, First uprising
After all of Sheikh Ali Hazaras' chiefs were sent to Kabul, opposition within the leadership of Sawar Khan and Syed Jafar Khan continued against the government troops, but at last were defeated. Taxes were imposed and Afghan administrators were sent to occupied places, where they subjugated the people with abuses. People were disarmed, villages were looted, local tribal chiefs were imprisoned or executed, and the better lands were confiscated and given to Afghan nomads (Kuchis).


1888–1893 Uprisings of Hazaras, Second uprising
The second uprising occurred in the Spring of 1892. According to Syed Askar Mousavi, the cause of the uprising was an assault on the wife of a Hazara chieftain by Afghan soldiers. The families of both the man and his wife killed the soldiers involved and attacked the local garrison. Several other tribal chiefs who supported Abdur Rahman now turned against him and joined the rebellion, which rapidly spread through the entire Hazarajat. In response to the rebellion, the Emir declared a "jihad" against the Shias  and raised an army of up to 40,000 soldiers, 10,000 mounted troops, and 100,000 armed civilians (most of whom were Pashtun nomads). He also brought in British military advisers to train his army.


1888–1893 Uprisings of Hazaras, Second uprising
The large army defeated the rebellion at its center, in Oruzgan, by 1892 and the local population was displaced with some being massacred.


1888–1893 Uprisings of Hazaras, Second uprising
"thousands of Hazara men, women, and children were sold as in the markets of Kabul and Qandahar, while numerous towers of human heads were made from the defeated rebels as a warning to others who might challenge the rule of the Amir".


1888–1893 Uprisings of Hazaras, Second uprising
Abdur Rahman ordered that all weapons of the Hazara be confiscated and for Sunni Mullahs to impose Sunni interpretation of Islam.


1888–1893 Uprisings of Hazaras, Third uprising
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1888–1893 Uprisings of Hazaras, Third uprising
Politics · Writers · Poets · Military · Religion · Sports · Battles


1888–1893 Uprisings of Hazaras, Third uprising
The third uprising of Hazara was in response to excessive taxation, starting in early 1893. This revolt took the government forces by surprise and the Hazara managed to take most of Hazarajat back. During the revolt the Hazaras arrested or killed the governor of Gizu; the governor of Uruzgan tried to plead to the Hazaras that the Amir would listen to their demands. The provincial forces responded to the revolt with military force; in this response the Hakim of Gizu reported to the governor general of balochistan that General Mir Atta Khan at Gizu committed "great excesses" in Gizu.


1888–1893 Uprisings of Hazaras, Third uprising
After the revolt unfolded; Hazara tribal leaders like Muhammad, Karbala-i-Raza and others were arrested after trying to flee. Abdur Rahman kept various Hazara chiefs as hostages in Kabul; yet eventually sent them back to Uruzgan; after the revolt was crushed they were then sent back to Kabul again. After months of fighting, the uprising Hazaras were eventually defeated due to a shortage of food; in response to such food shortages Abdur Rahman ordered grain be sent from Herat to Uruzgan. Small pockets of resistance continued to the end of the year as government troops committed atrocities against civilians and deported entire villages. The governor of Balochistan reported to the foreign department of India that he believed Abdur Rahman was intending to exterminate the Hazaras.


1888–1893 Uprisings of Hazaras, Third uprising
Massive forced displacements, especially in Oruzgan and Daychopan, continued as lands were confiscated and populations were expelled or fled. Out of 132,000 families, 10,000 to 15,000 Hazara families fled the country to northern Afghanistan, Mashhad (Iran) and Quetta (Pakistan), and 7,000 to 10,000 Hazaras submitted to Abdur Rahman, and the rest fought until they were defeated. There is a famous story of 40 Hazara girls in Uruzgan committing suicide to escape sex slavery during the persecution. 30 mule loads; or roughly over 400 decapitated Hazara heads were allegedly sent to Kabul.


1888–1893 Uprisings of Hazaras, Third uprising
The Sultan Ahmad Hazara tribe of Uruzgan was reduced from 3,000 families to just 60 by the repression of Abdur Rahman. 68% of the Beshud Hazara tribe was killed or displaced by the Amir's crackdown. It is estimated that more than 60% of the Hazara population were massacred or displaced during Abdur Rahman's campaign against them. Hazara farmers were often forced to give up their property to Pashtuns and as a result many Hazara families had to leave seasonally to the major cities in Afghanistan, Iran, or Pakistan in order to find jobs and a source of income.


1888–1893 Uprisings of Hazaras, Third uprising
Quetta in Pakistan is home to the third largest settlements of Hazara outside Afghanistan. Syed Askar Mousavi, a contemporary Hazara writer, estimates that more than half of the entire population of Hazarajat was driven out of their villages, including many who were massacred. Encyclopædia Iranica claims: "It is difficult to verify such an estimate, but the memory of the conquest of the Hazārajāt by ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān Khan certainly remains vivid among the Hazāras themselves, and has heavily influenced their relations with the Afghan state throughout the 20th century." In 1894 802 Hazara leaders who survived the rebellion were killed or exiled after being captured.


1888–1893 Uprisings of Hazaras, Third uprising
Others claim that Hazaras began leaving their hometown of Hazarajat due to poverty and in search of employment mostly in the 20th century. Most of these Hazaras immigrated to neighbouring Balochistan, where they were provided permanent settlement by the government of British India. Others settled in and around Mashad, in the Khorasan Province of Iran.


1888–89 AHAC season
The 1888–89 AHAC season was the third season of the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada. Play was in challenges and started on December 15, 1888. The Montreal Hockey Club would win the final challenge of the season to win the Canadian championship for the second season in a row.


1888–89 AHAC season, League business
The annual meeting of the Amateur Hockey Association was held in the Victoria Skating Rink, Montreal, on November 16, 1888. Representatives from most of the hockey clubs were present. The election for the ensuing year resulted as follows:


1888–89 AHAC season, League business, Rule changes
The league reverted to the challenge system, hoping to attract teams from outside Montreal. Quebec would return to play in the AHAC. The number of games was reduced to only four.


1888–89 AHAC season, League business, Rule changes
The league adopted a rule where the placement of the 'bully' or faceoff, could be played at the point of infringement, or at the point of play stoppage, at the choice of the captain of the offended team after a rules infraction.


1888–89 AHAC season, Regular season
This season saw two teams from outside of Montreal and Ottawa to make challenges. Halifax(Dartmouth) had not challenged for the national championships before, while Quebec had played in the Montreal tournaments. McGill did not return to mount a challenge this year. Ottawa did not play a challenge, but did play an exhibition against the Montreal Hockey Club in Ottawa.


1888–89 AHAC season, Regular season
Halifax Chebuctos would play two games in Montreal, both played half under "Montreal rules", half under "Halifax rules". Halifax would lose 6–1 to Montreal and 4–1 to Crystals. Both games were played at the Crystal Palace skating rink. The two games are recorded in the overall record.


1888–89 AHAC season, Regular season
The Chebuctos would play two games against Quebec, losing 8–0 and 5–1.


1888–89 AHAC season, Player statistics, Goaltending averages
Note: GP = Games played, GA = Goals against, SO = Shutouts, GAA = Goals against average


1888–89 Accrington F.C. season
The 1888–89 season was Accrington's first season in the Football League which had just been founded. Because of this Accrington became one of the founder members of the Football League. They finished in 7th position level on points with Everton.


1888–89 Accrington F.C. season, Final league table
Key: P = Matches played; W = Matches won; D = Matches drawn; L = Matches lost; F = Goals for; A = Goals against; GA = Goal average; Pts = Points


1888–89 Aston Villa F.C. season
The 1888–89 English football season saw the first season of the Football League. In the late 1880s, Birmingham and the surrounding region boasted many of the country's strongest football teams. Villa and several of the region's leading clubs joined the first two national leagues set up in England, the Football League and the Football Alliance.


1888–89 Aston Villa F.C. season
Aston Villa were one of the new league's 12 founding members and finished as runners-up behind double winners Preston North End. The 'Invincibles' from Lancashire also ended Villa's bid to win every single home game, with a 2–0 win at Wellington Road in Villa's last home fixture.


1888–89 Aston Villa F.C. season
Villa's cup season ended with an 8–1 defeat by Blackburn Rovers that remained a club record until 2012.


1888–89 Aston Villa F.C. season
Local businessman, George Kynoch was appointed president of the club in 1888.


1888–89 Blackburn Rovers F.C. season
The 1888–89 season was Blackburn Rovers's first season in the Football League which had just been founded. Because of this they became one of the founder members of the Football League. They finished in 4th position with 26 points.


1888–89 Blackburn Rovers F.C. season, Final league table
Key: P = Matches played; W = Matches won; D = Matches drawn; L = Matches lost; F = Goals for; A = Goals against; GA = Goal average; Pts = Points


1888–89 Bolton Wanderers F.C. season
The 1888–89 season was Bolton Wanderers's first season in the Football League which had just been founded. Because of this they became one of the founder members of the Football League. They finished in 5th position with 22 points.


1888–89 British Home Championship
The 1888–89 British Home Championship was the sixth international football tournament between the British Home Nations and as with all but one of the previous tournaments, Scotland won, beating England by one point to take the championship. Wales achieved third place whilst Ireland finished bottom, as they had for five of the previous competitions.


1888–89 British Home Championship
England began the strongest team, scoring ten goals in their first two matches against Wales and Ireland for just two in reply. Scotland then showed their intent with a 7–0 defeat of Ireland at home in their first game. In what would turn out to be the deciding game of the competition, England and Scotland then played out a very fast-paced match which Scotland won 3–2 despite England's home advantage. Only needing a single point against Wales in their last match, Scotland only just achieved it, finishing with a rare scoreless draw. Ireland and Wales then played the decider for last place, Wales comfortably beating the Irish 3–1.


1888–89 Burnley F.C. season
The 1888–89 season was the seventh season in Burnley Football Club's history, and their first in league competition following the formation of the Football League in 1888. The side finished ninth in their inaugural league campaign, and as one of the bottom four teams in the division, they were forced to apply for re-election to return for the following season. Burnley began the season on 8 September 1888 with a 2–5 defeat away at Preston North End, who went on to be crowned league champions that year. In the next match, Burnley achieved their first league victory when they won 4–3 against Bolton Wanderers, with William Tait becoming the first player in history to score a league hat-trick.


1888–89 Burnley F.C. season
Burnley's top goalscorer in the 1888–89 season was Scottish forward Pat Gallocher, who netted nine goals in all competitions, including Burnley's first in the Football League. Alec Brady was the top scorer in the league, with seven goals in 20 appearances. John Yates became the first Burnley player to be selected for an international match when he was called up to the England squad in March 1889, but despite scoring a hat-trick on his debut, he was never picked for England again.


1888–89 Burnley F.C. season
In the FA Cup, Burnley reached the Second Round before being knocked out by West Bromwich Albion.


1888–89 Burslem Port Vale F.C. season
The 1888–89 season was Burslem Port Vale's first season and only season of football in The Combination. The league was abandoned before the fixture list was completed, though Vale were in poor form regardless. They exited the FA Cup, Staffordshire Senior Cup and North Staffordshire Challenge Cup in their opening rounds and also struggled in friendlies, the low point being a 3–1 defeat to village team Oswaldtwistle Rovers at the Athletic Ground.


1888–89 Burslem Port Vale F.C. season, Overview, The Combination
Burslem Port Vale prepared for their first ever league campaign by signings Lewis Ballham from Stoke and Dick Danks from Wolverhampton Wanderers, though they lost Harry Cookson to South Shore and Bob Ramsay to Stoke. Despite being overweight, forward Billy Reynolds scored the winning goal in the season opening victory over Birmingham St George's at the Athletic Ground. Though they lost 2–1 at home to Halliwell, they recorded 6–1 and 3–0 home victories over Gainsborough Trinity and South Shore. However a sequence of away fixtures followed, in which they picked two points on the road all season. Their home form remained steady though, picking up 16 of a possible 26 points at home.


1888–89 Burslem Port Vale F.C. season, Overview, Cup competitions and friendlies
Vale's interest in the FA Cup ended early as they were beaten 3–2 at Small Heath Alliance. Their friendlies in the first part of the season were also largely disappointing, losing 4–0 to Preston North End and 8–1 to Blackburn Rovers – both strong sides – but more worryingly they were humbled 4–0 at little-known side Witton. A 3–1 home defeat to Lancashire village team Oswaldtwistle Rovers on 12 January was embarrassing, one of the worst results in the club's short history as they proved themselves "not worthy of a club their standing" on the day.


1888–89 Burslem Port Vale F.C. season, Overview, Cup competitions and friendlies
On 16 February, they fell to a 5–1 defeat at home to Potteries derby rivals Stoke in front of a season-high crowd of 5,000. They managed to beat Burton Wanderers 4–2 in the fourth round of the Staffordshire Senior Cup on 9 March, but were forced to replay the game after the visitors complained about the state of the Athletic Ground pitch; the replay was lost 3–1 as the team reverted to "the old game of a long kick and a sharp rush".


1888–89 Burslem Port Vale F.C. season, Overview, Cup competitions and friendlies
Desperate to turn around their poor form, the club signed "the best centre-forward that ever left Scotland" in 19-year old Frank McGinnes, who had built up a formidable reputation at Halliwell. They travelled to Anfield on 20 April and recorded a 1–0 victory over Everton, but the season petered out with defeat to Leek in the semi-finals of the North Staffordshire Challenge Cup and a 7–1 thumping after fielding a weakened side at Bootle. The Combination league collapsed, but the team's poor form meant they were not invited to compete in either the new Football Alliance. The club management resolved to strengthen the team and had to be content with friendlies for the following campaign.


1888–89 Celtic F.C. season
The 1888–89 season was the first season of football by Celtic. They competed in the Scottish Cup, Glasgow Exhibition Cup, Glasgow Merchants Charity Cup, Glasgow Cup and Glasgow North Eastern Cup.


1888–89 Celtic F.C. season, Squad
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.


1888–89 Derby County F.C. season
The 1888–89 season was Derby County's first season in the Football League which had just been founded. Because of this they became one of the founder members of the Football League. They finished in 10th position with 16 points.


1888–89 Derby County F.C. season, Final league table
Key: P = Matches played; W = Matches won; D = Matches drawn; L = Matches lost; F = Goals for; A = Goals against; GA = Goal average; Pts = Points


1888–89 Dumbarton F.C. season
The 1888–89 season was the 16th Scottish football season in which Dumbarton competed at a national level.


1888–89 Dumbarton F.C. season, Scottish Cup
A successful run in the Scottish Cup brought Dumbarton to their eighth semi final and their first ever meeting with Celtic. On the day however the Glasgow side were to prove too strong and ran out 4-1 winners.


1888–89 Dumbarton F.C. season, Scottish Cup, Dumbartonshire Cup
The trophy was lifted for the second time, beating their town rivals Dumbarton Athletic easily in the final.


1888–89 Dumbarton F.C. season, Scottish Cup, Greenock Charity Cup
An invitation to compete in the Greenock Charity Cup was accepted, but Dumbarton lost out to the hosts Morton in the final.


1888–89 Dumbarton F.C. season, Scottish Cup, Friendlies
During the season, 28 'friendly' matches were played, including home and away fixtures against Vale of Leven, Dumbarton Athletic and Queen's Park. There were also matches against the current holders of the East of Scotland Shield (Mossend Swifts), the Lanarkshire Cup (Airdrie), the Renfrewshire Cup (St Mirren) and the Stirlingshire Cup (East Stirling), and a 3 match tour of the north of Scotland during the New Year holidays. In England, matches were played against Sunderland and Sunderland Albion, and Dumbarton also gave the Welsh national team a tough work-out in a game at Boghead. In all, 9 matches were won, 7 drawn and 12 lost, scoring goals 74 and conceding 67.


1888–89 Dumbarton F.C. season, Player statistics
Dumbarton continued to attract some of the best players in Scotland, and joining up this season were Dickie Boyle and Geordie Dewar. Amongst those leaving was internationalist Peter Miller after a career with the club spanning over 13 seasons.


1888–89 Dumbarton F.C. season, Player statistics
Only includes appearances and goals in competitive Scottish Cup matches.


1888–89 Dumbarton F.C. season, Player statistics, International caps
An international trial match was played on 16 February 1889 to consider selection of teams to represent Scotland in the upcoming games in the 1889 British Home Championship.


1888–89 Dumbarton F.C. season, Player statistics, International caps
Geordie Dewar was selected to take part and subsequently earned his second cap against England.


1888–89 Dumbarton F.C. season, Player statistics, Representative matches
Dumbarton players were selected to play in Dumbartonshire county matches as follows:


1888–89 Dumbarton F.C. season, Player statistics, Representative matches
In addition Geordie Dewar was selected to play for a 'Counties' team against a Glasgow Select on 4 October 1888 - Glasgow won 9-0.


1888–89 Dumbarton F.C. season, Reserve team
Dumbarton lost in the second round of the Scottish Second XI Cup to Linthouse, but in the Dumbartonshire Second XI Cup, the trophy was won for the first time by beating Vale of Leven in the final.


1888–89 Eastville Rovers F.C. season
The 1888–89 season was the sixth to be played by the team that are now known as Bristol Rovers, and their fifth playing under the name Eastville Rovers. It was significant as being the first season in which the club won a trophy, taking the Gloucestershire Cup title in just the second year of the tournament's existence.


1888–89 Eastville Rovers F.C. season, Season review
Before the season began, Fred Channing was re-elected as club captain, with W.J. Somerton continuing in his role of vice captain. S. Burgess and W. Braund were re-elected as second XI captain and vice captain respectively, and W.S. Perrin was confirmed as the club's secretary and treasurer. The start of the second Gloucestershire Cup tournament was deferred until January due to some clubs being unhappy with the interference the competition had caused with the regular club match schedule the previous season.


1888–89 Eastville Rovers F.C. season, Season review
The draw for the first round of the Cup was made on the 13 December. Eleven teams entered the competition this year, four more than in its inaugural season, and Eastville Rovers were paired with St Agnes in one of three ties in the opening round. The other fixtures were Warmley v Old Boys, Q.E.H. (who had been known as Globe F.C. until this season) and Clifton v St George. Southville, Wick & Doynton, St Simon, Kingswood, and Craigmore College were all given byes to the second round.


1888–89 Eastville Rovers F.C. season, Season review
Rovers were victorious against St Agnes, earning them a second-round tie against tournament newcomers Wick & Doynton. This game was played in Warmley, and refereed by world-famous cricketer W. G. Grace, but following a 2–1 defeat to the Eastville club the home team appealed the result, claiming that proper procedures hadn't been followed when appointing the match official. The Gloucestershire FA upheld the complaint and the game was replayed two weeks after the original tie with a new referee taking charge. The standard of the officiating of the replayed match was the subject of some criticism, both by the local press and the crowd in attendance on the day, but the outcome was an identical result to when the game was played originally.


1888–89 Eastville Rovers F.C. season, Season review
A goalless draw against Kingswood in the semi-final led to a replay on the Chequers Ground, which looked like ending in another stalemate until Walter Perrin grabbed a late winner for Eastville. This earned them their first appearance in the final, where they would face pre-match favourites, and one of the strongest teams in the Bristol area, Warmley. Perrin was again the hero in the final, scoring the only goal at the St George Cricket & Football Club in front of an estimated 3,000 spectators.


1888–89 Eastville Rovers F.C. season, Statistics, Cumulative record
The total cumulative record of Eastville Rovers up to the end of the 1888–89 season is shown below. This is calculated by adding the numbers in the section above to the total games played last season. Friendly matches are not included in this table, and games held at neutral venues are considered to have been played away from home.


1888–89 Eastville Rovers F.C. season, Statistics, Cumulative record
As of the summer of 1889, Rovers' competitive matches had all been played in the Gloucestershire Cup.


1888–89 Everton F.C. season, Regular First team
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.


1888–89 Everton F.C. season, Regular First team
Everton fielded by far the most unsettled side of all the twelve original Football League members, using thirty-five players in their twenty-two game campaign. Indeed, the club have never fielded more players in any season since, despite having played as many as twenty league games more in over fifty subsequent seasons. So inconsistent was their team selection that at no time did the above combination actually take the field. Not surprisingly Everton's best result of the season, a 6–2 victory over Derby County on 20 October 1888 was achieved with ten of the above players on the field. Robert Watson missed that game while his deputy, Alex McKinnon scored the only hat-trick obtained by an Everton player all season. This was the only game in which ten of the first eleven featured.


1888–89 Everton F.C. season, Other players used
Jack Angus (5 appearances at outside left), William Briscoe (3 apps – inside left), William Brown (6 apps – outside left), Albert Chadwick (2 apps – left back), J Coyne (2 apps – inside right), George Davie (2 apps – centre forward), Alec Dick (9 apps – right back), George Fleming (4 apps – outside right), Mike Higgins (1 app – centre half), Charles Jolliffe (4 apps – goalkeeper), Robert Jones (1 app – centre back), Bob Kelso (1 app – centre back), J Keys (1 app – centre forward), Wiliam Lewis (3 apps – centre forward), Alex McKinnon (6 apps – outside right), Alf Milward (6 apps – centre forward), R Morris (1 app – centre forward), Henry Parkinson (1 app – centre half), Hugh Pollock (1 app – centre back), Roberts (1 app – centre back), George Stephenson (1 app – centre back), Harry Warmby (1 app – centre back), David Waugh (7 apps – inside right), Walter Wilson (1 app – left back)


1888–89 FA Cup
The 1888–89 FA Cup was the eighteenth edition of the world's oldest football knockout competition, The Football Association Challenge Cup, or FA Cup.


1888–89 FA Cup, Qualifying rounds
For information on the matches played from the First Qualifying Round to the Fourth Qualifying Round, see 1888–89 FA Cup qualifying rounds.


1888–89 FA Cup qualifying rounds
The FA Cup, from this season onwards, began to incorporate a series of qualifying rounds in order to determine qualifiers for the actual Cup competition itself. The qualifying rounds were made up of amateur teams, semi-professional teams, and professional sides not yet associated with the Football League. The only game to be played on Christmas Day took place, Linfield Athletic beating Cliftonville 7–0. Everton became the first Football League team to withdraw from the Cup after drawing Ulster in the first qualifying round.


1888–89 FA Cup qualifying rounds
See 1888–89 FA Cup for details of the rounds from the First Round onwards.


1888–89 Football League
Founded in 1888, the Football League is the oldest such competition in world football. The 1888–89 Football League was the first edition of the Football League, which ran from the autumn of 1888 until the spring of 1889. The Football League was formally created and named in Manchester during a meeting on 17 April 1888.


1888–89 Football League
The season began on 8 September 1888 with 12 member clubs from the Midlands and North of England: Accrington, Aston Villa, Blackburn Rovers, Bolton Wanderers, Burnley, Derby County, Everton, Notts County, Preston North End, Stoke, West Bromwich Albion and Wolverhampton Wanderers. Each club played the other twice, once at home and once away. The season concluded in 20 April 1889.


1888–89 Football League
The original league rules stated that teams' positions should be calculated "from wins, draws, and losses", without further detail. It was not until late November that a points system was decided upon, with teams being awarded two points for a win and one point for a draw. Goal average was used to separate teams level on points.


1888–89 Football League, Final league table
The league rules stated that the bottom four clubs were obliged to retire and seek re-election at the Annual General Meeting (AGM) along with any other clubs wishing to become League members. Stoke, Burnley, Derby County, and Notts County were all re-elected for the 1889–90 season.


1888–89 Football League, Individual statistics
Taken from Fußball-Weltzeitschrift, a journal of the International Federation of Football History & Statistics.


1888–89 Football League, Preston North End's champion squad
Preston North End's champion squad were known as The Invincibles.


1888–89 Football League, The season, Sat 8 September 1888: Opening day
Ten of the twelve teams took part in the first ever round of Championship fixtures on Saturday, 8 September 1888 and although no league table was published in any of the newspapers of the time West Bromwich Albion would have been the very first table toppers. By modern-day calculations, Derby County would have been the first ever table toppers because of their superior goal difference which was +3 after the first game.


1888–89 Football League, The season, Sat 8 September 1888: Opening day
Albion won 2–0 at Stoke in front of 4,500 spectators and would have headed Preston North End, Derby County and Everton by virtue of an infinite goal average as they kept a clean sheet. Goal Average was the number of goals scored divided by the number of goals conceded. Goal Average was used to separate teams who were tied on points at that time. Preston defeated Burnley 5–2, Derby were 6–3 winners at Bolton and Everton secured the points in a 2–1 victory over Accrington.


1888–89 Football League, The season, Sat 8 September 1888: Opening day
Aston Villa defender Gershom Cox was thought to have earned the distinction of scoring the first ever league goal with an unfortunate own goal in a 1–1 draw with Wolverhampton Wanderers and Fred Dewhurst opening the scoring minutes later at Preston with the first intentional goal. However the post-match reports of relative kick-off times show most games were delayed allowing for crowds to assemble. A goal by England and Bolton winger Kenny Davenport 2 minutes into the match against Derby County  was scored comfortably before any other and is now regarded as the first ever football league goal.


1888–89 Football League, The season, Sat 15: Preston go top of the League
Preston North End took over from West Bromwich Albion at the top of the table in their second game on Saturday 15 September 1888 when they won 4–0 at Wolverhampton Wanderers with Archie Goodall scoring on his Preston debut. Albion also won 2–1 at Derby County but the victory gave them an inferior goal average while Everton were the only other club to secure maximum points from their opening two games. Both Blackburn Rovers and Notts County made their respective football league debuts. Rovers were held 5–5 by Accrington while Notts County lost 1–2 at Everton.


1888–89 Football League, The season, Sat 22: Only Preston keep 100% record
A 2–6 defeat for West Bromwich Albion at Blackburn Rovers and a 1–2 defeat for Everton at Aston Villa left Preston as the only team with a 100% record after three games when they defeated Bolton Wanderers 3–1 at Deepdale. Stoke recorded their first ever league victory 3–0 over Notts County, who themselves replaced Stoke at the foot of the table. County had lost both their opening two fixtures while Bolton had yet to secure a point from three.


1888–89 Football League, The season, Sat 29 Preston maintain 100% record
Preston's 100% record was maintained when they won 3–2 at Derby County while second placed Aston Villa set a record victory up to that time when they defeated bottom club Notts County 9–1. Bolton recorded their first ever league victory at the fourth attempt, 6–2 against Everton.


1888–89 Football League, The season, Sat 6 Oct Villa suffer first defeat of the season
Richard Whittle marked his Preston debut with a goal in their 7–0 victory over Stoke to take their perfect start to five games. Their lead at the top was doubled to two points when Aston Villa suffered their first defeat of the season 0–2 at Everton. West Bromwich Albion moved up to second after beating Derby County 5–0 while Notts County secured their first ever point at the fourth attempt in a 3–3 draw with Blackburn Rovers yet remained at the foot of the table.


1888–89 Football League, The season, Sat 13: Preston North End vs West Bromwich Albion
West Bromwich Albion visited Deepdale for the first ever league clash between teams occupying the top two positions at kick off. Albion trailed Preston by two points and required a six-goal victory to overtake the leaders on goal average but Preston stretched their perfect start to six games with a 3–0 victory. Aston Villa moved back into second place, three points behind Preston on the same day when they defeated Blackburn Rovers 6–1. Notts County became the last team to secure a victory when they defeated Everton 3–1 in what was their fifth game.


1888–89 Football League, The season, Sat 20: Accrington are first team to take a point from Preston
Accrington became the first team to gain a point against Preston when they held the league leaders to a 0–0 draw in what was their seventh game of the season. Aston Villa won 3–2 at Bolton to reduce Preston's lead to two points.


1888–89 Football League, The season, Sat 27 Wolves beaten at Deepdale
Preston North End extended their unbeaten start to the season to eight games when they defeated Wolverhampton Wanderers 5–2 at Deepdale with John Goodall scoring a hat-trick. Alex McKinnon earned the distinction of being the first player to score a league hat-trick for Everton in their 6–2 victory over Derby County who fell to the bottom of the league as a result of a sensational 6–1 victory for Notts County over Burnley. Blackburn Rovers also enjoyed a comprehensive 5–2 victory over Stoke to climb to sixth in the table.


1888–89 Football League, The season, Sat 3 Preston stretch unbeaten start to nine
Preston stretched their unbeaten start to the season to nine games when Jack Gordon and John Goodall both scored hat-tricks in a 7–0 victory at Notts County. This was Goodall's second hat-trick in consecutive games and took Preston three points clear of Aston Villa who were held 1–1 at Stoke. Blackburn Rovers also scored seven goals away from home at Burnley, who did manage a goal in reply.


1888–89 Football League, The season, Saturday 10 November 1888: Preston North End vs Aston Villa
When Aston Villa visited Preston North End on Saturday 10 November 1888 it was both teams tenth game of their twenty-two game programme and the second time that two teams had played a fixture while occupying the top two positions in the league. Villa went into the game trailing Preston by three points but a 1–1 draw maintained the status quo. Aston Villa were the only team to stop Preston North End winning every home game this season. The Villa also went on to win every home game except one which was against Preston.


1888–89 Football League, The season, 12 November 1888: Monday night football
Preston completed the first half of their program unbeaten when they won 3–0 at Stoke in the only fixture played that day. Ross, Thomson, Robertson scored for them. The result took Preston five points clear of second placed Aston Villa who held one game in hand.


1888–89 Football League, The season, Saturday 17 November 1888
Preston increased their lead to seven points with a 2–0 defeat of Accrington while Aston Villa were beaten 1–5 at Blackburn Rovers.


1888–89 Football League, The season, Saturday 24 November 1888
Blackburn Rovers completed a run of five straight victories when they won 2–0 at bottom club Derby to move into third place, eight points behind leaders Preston whose unbeaten start increased to thirteen games with a 5–2 victory at Bolton.


1888–89 Football League, The season, Saturday 8 December 1888
Bottom club Derby travelled to unbeaten league leaders Preston having not won in nine games, the last seven of which had all ended in defeat. Jock Inglis made his Preston debut and scored in their 5–0 victory


1888–89 Football League, The season, Saturday 15 December 1888
Preston North End were held to a draw for only the third time at the fifteenth attempt, 2–2 at Burnley. Their nearest challengers, Aston Villa were unable to make any impact into the seven-point deficit though as they too were held 1–1 at Accrington.


1888–89 Football League, The season, Saturday 22 December 1888
Preston's 3–0 defeat of Everton took their unbeaten start to the season to sixteen games.


1888–89 Football League, The season, Wednesday 26 December 1888
League leaders Preston travelled to West Bromwich Albion on Boxing Day winning 5–0 and, with Aston Villa not playing, they established a nine-point lead having played two games more.


1888–89 Football League, The season, Saturday 5 January 1889: Preston Champions
A 1–0 victory over Blackburn Rovers on 29 December took Preston North End into the new year still unbeaten with just four games remaining. Their first game of 1889 would be at home to Notts County in a game that would see them crowned champions of the inaugural league with three games to spare provided Aston Villa also lost at Burnley. Notts County arrived at Deepdale having failed to win in seven outings, the last five of which had all ended in defeat and rarely threatened as Preston ran out 4–1 winners. Aston Villa slumped to a 0–4 defeat at Burnley which saw Preston crowned champions. The Deepdale club remained unbeaten in their final three games to complete their league programme unbeaten.


1888–89 Heart of Midlothian F.C. season
Season 1888–89 was the thirteenth season in which Heart of Midlothian competed at a Scottish national level, entering the Scottish Cup for the thirteenth time.


1888–89 Heart of Midlothian F.C. season, Overview
Hearts reached the fourth round of the Scottish Cup losing to Campsie.


1888–89 Heart of Midlothian F.C. season, Overview
Hearts Won the East of Scotland Shield beating Leith Athletic in the final.


1888–89 Hibernian F.C. season
Season 1888–89 was the 13th season in which Hibernian competed at a Scottish national level, entering the Scottish Cup for the 14th time.


1888–89 Hibernian F.C. season, Overview
Hibs reached the first round of the Scottish Cup, losing 2–1 to Mossend Swifts.


1888–89 Netherlands Football League Championship
The Netherlands Football League Championship 1888–1889 was the first national football championship in the Netherlands. Seven teams from the cities Amsterdam, The Hague, Haarlem and Rotterdam participated in the competition that would later be called Eerste Klasse West. But since the western football district of the Netherlands was the only one to have a competition at the time, it could be regarded as a national championship. VV Concordia from Rotterdam won the championship, however this championship was not official, since the teams had not played an equal number of matches.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team
The 1888–89 New Zealand Native football team was a New Zealand rugby union team that toured Britain, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand in 1888 and 1889. It mostly comprised players of Māori ancestry, but also included some Pākehā (white New Zealanders). A wholly private endeavour, the tour was not under the auspices of any official rugby authority; it was organised by New Zealand international player Joseph Warbrick, promoted by public servant Thomas Eyton, and managed by James Scott, a publican. The Natives were the first New Zealand team to perform a haka, and also the first to wear all black. They played 107 rugby matches during the tour, as well as a small number of Victorian Rules football and association football matches in Australia. Having made a significant impact on the development of New Zealand rugby, the Natives were inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame in 2008.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team
After a preliminary tour of New Zealand in 1888, the side travelled to England via Melbourne and Suez. The Māori players initially provoked curiosity due to their race, but the British press subsequently expressed some surprise that the side was not as "Māori" as they had expected. Playing their first match, on 3 October against Surrey, the team was subjected to a taxing match schedule, and frequently played three matches per week. Their early matches included a 9–0 loss to Middlesex, but their form improved in November, when they won 10 of their 13 matches.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team
The team played its first match against a national team on 1 December, against Ireland, and won 13–4. This was followed by a win over one of the strongest English county teams, Yorkshire, and a 5–0 defeat against the Wales national team. By January 1889 the Natives had played 36 matches in less than three months, winning 22 of them; they had spent most of their time in the north of England, where the playing strength was strongest and the crowds largest and most profitable.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team
In a return match on 19 January, Yorkshire fielded a stronger side than in the first match and inflicted one of the Natives' heaviest losses, a 16–4 defeat. The team then went undefeated until 16 February, when they faced England.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team
Officials of the strictly amateur Rugby Football Union (RFU) had become increasingly concerned at the behaviour of the New Zealanders, regarding them as unsportsmanlike, and tensions reached a nadir in the aftermath of the England match, during which the RFU secretary George Rowland Hill, refereeing the game, awarded some controversial tries to England, prompting three of the Natives to temporarily leave the field in protest. England eventually won 7–0. The Natives apologised afterwards for their behaviour, but the damage remained.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team
The New Zealanders left England without an official send-off, and travelled to Australia where they toured Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland. They then returned to New Zealand, where they displayed a level of combination not seen in their home country before. They went 31 games undefeated before losing their final match, on 24 August 1889, 7–2 to Auckland.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team
The Natives' final record in rugby matches was 78 wins, 6 draws and 23 losses. They introduced tactical innovations to New Zealand rugby on their return home, and their tour contributed to the formation of the New Zealand Rugby Football Union in 1892. Seventeen of the team's 26 players went on to play provincially in New Zealand, and two, Thomas Ellison and David Gage, subsequently captained the New Zealand national rugby team.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Background
The idea for assembling a team of Māori footballers to tour Britain was conceived by Joseph Warbrick, a rugby player who had toured with the first New Zealand national team in 1884. He initially proposed a team of Māori or part-Māori to play the touring British side in 1888; this developed into a venture to have a Māori team tour Britain if a preliminary tour of New Zealand were successful. Hearing of Warbrick's plans, public servant Thomas Eyton contacted him to offer help managing the tour, which Warbrick accepted. When James Scott, a publican, subsequently joined the partnership, the three men decided that Warbrick would be the team's captain, Scott its manager and Eyton its promoter.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Background
Warbrick started assembling a team for the tour in early 1888. He had difficulties assembling a squad due to player availability, and failed to secure the talented Jack Taiaroa due to his university commitments. Some Māori players who initially agreed to play later pulled out when the eligibility criteria were relaxed to allow squad members who were only part-Māori. Twenty Māori or part-Māori players joined the squad; five Pākehā (white New Zealand) players were added after the team lost to Auckland.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Background
Due to the inclusion of these Pākehā players the team was renamed from the "New Zealand Maori" to the "New Zealand Native Football Representatives". The final squad comprised 26 players (including Warbrick); of these at least five were full-blooded Māori, while fourteen had a Māori mother and a Pākehā father. The parentage of some of the players is unknown.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Background
The team toured New Zealand before departing overseas, playing against Hawke's Bay, Auckland, Nelson, Wellington, Canterbury, South Canterbury, and Otago. The first game was contested against Hawke's Bay in Napier on 23 June 1888. They played nine games in their preliminary tour of New Zealand, and won seven of them. Their last New Zealand match before departure, against Otago played in Dunedin on 31 July 1888, was won by one try to nil.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Background
The team sailed for Australia from Dunedin, leaving on 1 August 1888. In Melbourne, Scott recruited Jack Lawlor to train the players in Victorian Rules football in Britain as preparation for possible Victorian Rules matches on their return to Australia. The team played two rugby matches against the Melbourne Rugby Union team, winning the first and drawing the second, before continuing to Britain via Suez. They arrived in London on 27 September 1888.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Arrival in England and early matches
The team were met in Britain by local rugby administrators, including an official of England's Rugby Football Union (RFU). The first match of the tour was against Surrey, where the team became the first New Zealand side to perform a haka, and also the first to wear an all black uniform. That the team was predominantly Māori provoked curiosity from the British press – at the time, most Britons had not seen non-white people – but there was some surprise that the team were not as "Māori" as had been expected.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Arrival in England and early matches
"They are not unlike Europeans," a Scottish reporter wrote in November 1888; "that is their resemblance is great when one remembers that they were a savage tribe no further back than a generation". The Surrey match, which was refereed by the RFU secretary George Rowland Hill, was won 4–1 by the Natives after they scored two tries.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Arrival in England and early matches
The Natives next defeated both Northamptonshire and Kent, before defeats by Moseley and Burton-on-Trent. Both defeats were unexpected, and in the Moseley match, injuries played a part – the tourists played most of the match at least two men down, as replacements were then not allowed. The team recovered to win their next game, against Midlands Counties in Birmingham. Their next fixture was against Middlesex in a match not open to the public, and hosted by the Earl of Sheffield at Sheffield Park, Uckfield. The Middlesex side contained a number of international players, including Arthur Gould.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Arrival in England and early matches
Middlesex won easily, with the Natives play characterised by poor tackling. The final score was 9–0, with three tries conceded by the New Zealanders. Prior to the match both sides had enjoyed lunch with wine – an indulgence the Natives were not used to. A report in the Auckland Star had this to say of the game:


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Arrival in England and early matches
The New Zealanders expected to meet a mere exhibition 15 of scratch players, whereas Mr Rowland Hill had carefully collected the best possible team available. Such " passing " as the Home men displayed the Maoris frankly admit they have never previously witnessed. Said McCausland whilst we were on the platform waiting for the London train, "I think they would have just beaten us, even if we had been in good form."


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Arrival in England and early matches
Following the match against Middlesex, the team travelled to the north, where the strongest English rugby teams were based. Yorkshire and Lancashire dominated the county championship until many of their respective member clubs split from the RFU in 1895 over the issue of "broken time" payments. The New Zealanders lost to Hull F.C. 1–0, defeated Dewsbury, then lost to Wakefield Trinity. After their first draw of the tour (against Northumberland County) they defeated Stockton-on-Tees and Tynemouth. Joe Warbrick appeared in the match against Tynemouth, but aggravated the foot injury that had kept him out of the side until that point.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Arrival in England and early matches
These victories were followed by a 13–4 defeat to Halifax on 10 November. The team then won seven matches in a row, including one against Hawick RFC, their only Scottish opposition of the tour. The last two matches that month were a loss to Swinton and a 9–0 victory over Liverpool and District. The team had played thirteen fixtures during November and won ten of them. By this point, the team was beset by injuries – of the fifteen players that played against Westmorland County on 24 November, five had injuries. The squad comprised only 26 players, and the tourists were often struggling to field a side. Nevertheless, their heavy schedule continued; on 30 November 1888 they left for Dublin, where a match had been organised against the Ireland national team.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Ireland, further English matches, and Wales
The Ireland fixture was played at Lansdowne Road, Dublin, on 1 December 1888. Both teams had a number of leading players out injured – the Irish were forced to make four changes to their original selection. Ireland led 3–0 at half-time after scoring a converted try, but the Natives improved considerably in the second-half, scoring four tries. Patrick Keogh scored the first two tries, and his play was praised by the local press. The third try scored was by Thomas Ellison after a counter-attack by George Williams.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Ireland, further English matches, and Wales
The try was not converted, but the strong finish from the New Zealanders gave the visitors a 13–4 victory. The Irish press were surprised by the loss and strongly criticised their team, but Ireland did go on to defeat Wales two tries to nil in the 1889 Home Nations Championship. Following their defeat of Ireland, the Natives played Trinity College and then North of Ireland. The match against Trinity College was drawn 4–4, and despite Keogh not playing, the Native side played much better than their previous fixture. The team then travelled to Belfast, where they defeated North of Ireland 2–0 on 5 December; scoring two tries to nil.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Ireland, further English matches, and Wales
After returning to England, the Natives faced Lancashire in Manchester, where they lost 1–0. Two days later they drew with Batley, despite their opposition scoring five tries. Their next match was against Yorkshire, who were one of the strongest counties in the country, and went on to win the inaugural County Championship that season. Yorkshire fielded a weakened team, and were subsequently defeated 10–6 by the Natives, who scored six tries. After a further two victories, the team travelled to Wales, where they lost 3–0 to Llanelli, before facing Wales on 22 December.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Ireland, further English matches, and Wales
At the start of the match the home crowd were fairly hostile towards the Welsh team due to fans of both Swansea and Llanelli feeling slighted by the lack of selection of their players. Four teams dominated Welsh national selection at the time, and out of the 15-man team only William Towers and William Bowen of Swansea and Dan Griffiths of Llanelli had been selected. The match was played in Swansea, and the lack of local players may have contributed to a poor crowd, with gate receipts of only £120 recorded.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Ireland, further English matches, and Wales
The crowd's hostility impacted on the players, and debutant Norman Biggs was "palpably nervous" at the start of the match. Biggs, aged 18 years and 49 days, became the youngest Welsh international player – a record he held until the debut of Tom Prydie in 2010. Despite the heckles aimed primarily at Biggs, Charlie Arthur and George Thomas, the Welsh team produced an excellent effort, especially from the forwards.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Ireland, further English matches, and Wales
Towers scored the first Welsh try, which was converted by Jim Webb. The Natives replied with a spirited run by Ellison, but he failed to break through the Welsh defence. The tourists trailed even further after George Thomas scored a breakaway try frrm the half-way line, which went some way to silence the heckles from the crowd. Webb, playing in out of position at full-back, missed the conversion and then failed at a long distance goal from a mark.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Ireland, further English matches, and Wales
The Natives continued to push, with Elliot coming within five-yards of the try line, and when Ellison did manage to cross the line he was carried back into the 25-yard line before he could touch down. In the second half Wales continued to push their advantage when Alexander Bland dribbled the ball into the Natives' 25; this was collected by Sydney Nicholls, who managed to get the ball across the try line, allowing Jim Hannan to score. Warbrick for the Natives and Stadden for Wales both subsequently came close to scoring tries, but there were no further scores in the game.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Ireland, further English matches, and Wales
The match was also of historical importance because of the Welsh tactics employed. In the 1886 Home Nations Championship Wales had trialled the four three-quarter system, wherein the team would play with eight forwards rather than nine, and instead employ an extra centre three-quarter. The system was deemed a failure and was particularly unpopular with star Welsh player Arthur Gould, whose formidable ability as a back allowed his club team Newport to retain the additional forward. With Gould working in the West Indies, Wales again tried the four three-quarter system against the Natives, and its success saw the team permanently adopt the system. Within six years the other three Home Countries had adopted four three-quarter style of play.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Ireland, further English matches, and Wales
Before they left Wales, the Natives played Swansea and two other local clubs, Newport, and Cardiff. They defeated Swansea for their first win in Wales, and followed this up with a victory over Newport in front of 8,000 spectators. They finished their Welsh matches, and the year, with a 4–1 loss to Cardiff in front of a partisan crowd.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Return to England
The side entered 1889 having played 36 matches for 22 wins and three draws. The Natives' play had improved throughout November and December following poorer form in their October matches; positive press reports reflected this improvement. The team would go on to play a further 17 matches before their 16 February match against England. January started with a 4–1 loss to Bradford, during which 25 police officers were required to keep many of the 12,000 spectators, many of them non-paying, in order. This was followed by victories over Leeds Parish Church, Kirkstall, Brighouse Rangers, and Huddersfield. Following further matches against Stockport, Castleford, and Warrington, where the team drew, lost, then won, the side faced Yorkshire for a second time.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Return to England
Yorkshire had been criticised in the press for fielding a weakened line-up against the Natives when the sides first met in December. After the unexpected loss, Yorkshire were determined to make amends and a strong side was selected for the county, including Fred Bonsor, Richard Lockwood and John Willie Sutcliffe, all of whom would appear for England against the Natives later that season. Described as "knocked about" and "stale", the Natives struggled to compete against such strong opposition, and Yorkshire scored three converted tries before a try to Ellison left the scores at 9–1 at half-time.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Return to England
The second half was little better for the Natives; they conceded a further two tries as well as a drop-goal. The second of these tries was scored by Lockwood after he ran the ball from his own half. Ellison scored a converted try late in the match, but this didn't prevent the Natives suffering their largest defeat of the tour: 16–4 to the Yorkshiremen. Ellison later described the match as "without a murmur, the biggest beating we received in our whole tour".


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Return to England
After a victory over Spen Valley District, the team travelled west to play Somersetshire, Devonshire, Taunton, and Gloucestershire, and won all five games. The victory over Somerset was the New Zealanders' largest of the tour; they scored nine tries in a 17–4 victory. Half-back Keogh played outstandingly for the Natives, while the entire side demonstrated superior passing and combination to their opposition. Devonshire and Tauton suffered heavy defeats by the New Zealanders, before a strong Gloucestershire side was dismissed. After defeating Midland Counties, the Natives returned to London.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Return to England
The team had two further matches before their game against England. The first was against one of the strongest clubs in England, Blackheath. Andrew Stoddart, who had toured New Zealand and Australia with the 1888 British Isles side, played for the club in their 9–3 defeat to the Natives. The New Zealanders won having scored four tries, including two by Keogh. Their next opposition was a United Services side mainly comprising Royal Navy players. The Natives were again victorious, this time 10–0. The match against Oxford University was postponed due to heavy frost, and so the team had a seven-day break from playing – their longest of the tour.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Match against England
The match against England was causing the Natives' players and management problems before it had even begun. The team manager, Scott, was in dispute with the RFU over where the match should be played – the RFU were adamant that the match should take place at Blackheath's ground, but Scott wanted the game to proceed at The Oval, where a larger crowd, and therefore higher gate receipts, could be secured. The strictly amateur RFU establishment were already suspicious of the profit-making motives of the Natives, and were unwilling to yield on the selection of venue.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Match against England
The RFU was also in dispute with the other Home Unions over the formation of the International Rugby Football Board (IRFB). Following a disputed try in an England–Scotland international match in 1888, the Scottish authorities had pushed for the establishment of an international body to oversee the game, but the RFU insisted that they would only join if they held a deciding vote, arguing that they deserved this as they were, they asserted, the senior body, and had the most member clubs. Ireland, Wales and Scotland consequently refused to play against England until 1891, when, following arbitration, the RFU relented and joined the IRFB. The absence of international matches was a factor in England agreeing to face the Natives on 16 February 1889.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Match against England
The line-ups selected for the 16 February match were both strong, and close to full strength. Though 12 of the England side had not played internationally before, all were experienced at domestic level. The match was refereed by Rowland Hill, who had also officiated the Natives' first match in Britain, against Surrey. The opening of the first half was a scoreless affair, with much tackling and scrummaging on the heavy ground. Later in the half England scored two tries through Harry Bedford, but both were disputed by the Natives, who claimed that one of their players had grounded the ball in-goal. England took the two-try advantage into the second half.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Match against England
Early in the second half a third disputed try was scored by the English. The try and its aftermath caused controversy and a rift between the Natives and the RFU. Ellison attempted to tackle the English player Stoddart, and in the process ripped his shorts off. The Natives quickly formed a circle around Stoddart to allow him to replace his clothing without being seen. While this was happening one of the English players, Frank Evershed, picked up the ball and scored a try.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Match against England
The New Zealanders protested, believing that play had stopped after claiming Stoddart had called "dead ball" – but Hill awarded the try, prompting three of the Native players, Dick Taiaroa, Williams, and Sherry Wynyard, to leave the field in protest. The aggrieved players were eventually persuaded to return, but not before Hill had restarted play. Ellison was very critical of Hill, particularly because he was also Secretary of the RFU.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Match against England
Ellison wrote after the tour that "gross as these errors were, they were insignificant when compared with another that Mr Hill committed at the outset of the game, viz, refereeing at all in that game". The disputed try was followed by a final try for the English, who ultimately won 7–0.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Match against England
The RFU, at Hill's instigation, promptly demanded an apology from the Natives' captain of the day, Edward McCausland, who had led the team as Joe Warbrick was injured. The English authorities of the time believed that the decision of a referee was above question, and that protesting a decision as the New Zealanders had done was unsportsmanlike. The RFU threatened to bar any of their affiliated players – in other words, the entire rugby playing population of England – from facing the Natives if they did not apologise. McCausland swiftly sent an apology by telegram, but this was deemed inadequate; he therefore sent another, four days after the game:


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Match against England
To Rowland Hill,As captain of the New Zealand team I beg to apologise to the Rugby Union committee for the insults offered by my team to their officials on the field of play on Saturday last, and beg on behalf of my team to express their regret for their behaviour on that occasion.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Match against England
The London establishment that governed the game were disturbed by the New Zealanders' approach to the game; reports of rough and over-aggressive play by the Natives had steadily increased in frequency since their arrival in Britain. In the north of England, criticism of the visitors' sportsmanship was rarer; the tourists were accepted as playing the game in the same spirit as their local opponents, which in the north was a more working class sport than in the south. Some of the Natives, including Joe Warbrick, accused the RFU and the English press of hypocrisy, claiming that they were quick to criticise the New Zealanders for rough play, yet tolerant of similar behaviour from their own players.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Later matches and departure from England
The Natives remained in London following the England match. They defeated London Welsh on 18 February, before losing first to Cambridge, then Oxford University. From there they travelled north and won two matches before losing to Leigh. After a win over Runcorn, there was a defeat to Oldham, played on a ground Eyton said was so frozen it was dangerous. After reversing their previous loss to Halifax with a 6–0 win, the Natives suffered a loss to Barrow and District on 7 March. The New Zealanders then had a run of seven straight wins before a 1–1 draw with Hull. Widnes were then defeated for the second time in two weeks in the tourists' last match in northern England.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Later matches and departure from England
The team struggled to find an opponent for their final match in Britain. They eventually played Southern Counties, and beat them 3–1. This was their 74th match in the British Isles and their 49th victory. The authorities and press in London continued to view the team negatively, and the Natives boarded ship without a formal farewell. This perceived affront from the RFU provoked some criticism from the press outside London, as well as from the team manager Scott, who felt that with the team's official apology after the England match, the controversy should have put to rest.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Australia
The majority of the Natives left Plymouth on 29 March (Eyton and Pie Wynyard followed a week later). They arrived in Melbourne in May, where the team played mostly Victorian Rules football, hoping to make more money that way. Although the side had employed Jack Lawlor to coach them in Victorian Rules during their tour of the British Isles, the heavy schedule and high injury count had left little time and energy for such training.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Australia
As a result, the Victorian Rules matches were a failure; the players' unfamiliarity with the rules, combined with the fact that most of the Natives were rugby forwards (and therefore less suited to the more open Victorian Rules), ensured that they failed to perform well on the field and struggled to attract large crowds. The side played nine Victorian Rules matches in total, including one in New South Wales, but won only three of them, all against relatively weak opposition.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Australia
The side's success in their rugby matches contrasted to their failure in Victorian Rules – the New Zealanders played three rugby matches while in Victoria: against Melbourne, a Navy selection, and Victoria. The matches were all won, with their game against Victoria a 19–0 victory. After this they left for Sydney for further rugby matches, and defeated New South Wales 12–9. After two further victories, the side again faced New South Wales, and won the match 16–12. Another two victories followed, before the team played their only association football matches of the tour – both defeats.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Australia
The team travelled north to Queensland, where, as in New South Wales, rugby was the dominant code of football. Consequently, the team exclusively played rugby while in the region. The Natives faced Queensland at the Association Ground in Brisbane. The 8000 spectators witnessed the New Zealanders overwhelm the Queenslanders to win 22–0; the Natives did not exert themselves in the win, and the score did not reflect their dominance. After a further two matches, against Toowoomba and Ipswich (both of whom were comfortably defeated), the team returned to Brisbane for a rematch with Queensland.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Australia
In contrast to their first meeting, the first half was a close affair, and the two sides were tied at the conclusion of the half. Billy Warbrick suffered a kick to the head, and had to retire early in the second-half. Following the loss of Warbrick, the play of the Natives improved and they recovered to win 11–7. Not long after the game concluded rumours circulated that some of the players had been offered £50 by bookmakers to throw the game. Eyton later said:


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Australia
It was on the occasion of this match that four of our players were thought, in racing parlance, to be playing "stiff", and that they had been got by some bookies; at all events, when accused of it at half-time and cautioned, they played a different game in the second half.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Australia
The response from the team's management was to suspend four players. The team travelled to Toowoomba, where they defeated the locals 19–0. The Natives included a replacement player for only the second time, Henry Speakman, after the suspensions reduced the playing strength of the side. The team then travelled back to New Zealand, and arrived in Invercargill on 5 August.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Return to New Zealand
Two days after their return, the Natives faced Southland, who they defeated 5–1 in front of a crowd of 2,000. The side suffered further injury, to Harry Lee, and recruited Southlander W. Hirst for their match against Mataura District on 8 August. Despite playing the match two players down, the Natives comfortably defeated Mataura 16–3. Following the side's return to New Zealand, the Otago Rugby Football Union demanded that the team's management explain the accusations levelled at them in Queensland. Eyton responded by insisting that the players had only been suspended while an investigation was conducted, and that the management was confident no wrongdoing had occurred. The Northern Rugby Union (since renamed Queensland Rugby Union) summarised the incident and aftermath in the 1889 Queensland Rugby Union Annual:


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Return to New Zealand
... it was apparent to a judge of the game that something was wrong with the Maori, as they were not showing their usual dash and combination. Four members of the team were suspended, a charge being made against them of attempting the sell the match.