1880 United States presidential election in Texas
Texas voted for the Democratic nominee Winfield S. Hancock, who received 64% of the vote. Texas was Hancock's fourth-strongest state. It was also the strongest state for Greenback candidate James B. Weaver, who received 11.34% of the vote.


1880 United States presidential election in Vermont
The 1880 United States presidential election in Vermont took place on November 2, 1880, as part of the 1880 United States presidential election. Voters chose five representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1880 United States presidential election in Vermont
Vermont voted for the Republican nominee, James A. Garfield, over the Democratic nominee, Winfield Scott Hancock. Garfield won Vermont by a margin of 41.66%.


1880 United States presidential election in Vermont
With 69.81% of the popular vote, Vermont would be Garfield's strongest victory in terms of percentage in the popular vote.


1880 United States presidential election in Vermont
The Republican Vice Presidential nominee Chester Alan Arthur was born in Vermont, more specifically in the town of Fairfield.


1880 United States presidential election in Virginia
The 1880 United States presidential election in Virginia took place on November 2, 1880, as part of the 1880 United States presidential election. Voters chose 11 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1880 United States presidential election in Virginia
Virginia voted for the Democratic candidate, Major General Winfield S. Hancock over the Republican candidate, U.S. Representative James A. Garfield. Hancock won Virginia comfortably by a margin of 21.05 percent. This is the last occasion the Democratic Party has carried Floyd County, which along with neighbouring Carroll County were to be strong GOP counties in a Democrat-dominated state during the next 7 decades.


1880 United States presidential election in Virginia
While Hancock won the state, a split in the Democratic Party in Virginia over the payment of state debts led to 2 Democratic electoral slates being nominated, 1 by the regular debt-paying "Funder" Democrats, the other by the "Readjuster" or anti-debt paying faction of the party. Both slates were pledged to the Hancock ticket. The Readjuster ticket received 31,527 votes, but the Funder Democrats took 96,449 votes, enough to defeat the Republicans, whose slate had 84,020.


1880 United States presidential election in West Virginia
The 1880 United States presidential election in West Virginia took place on November 2, 1880, as part of the 1880 United States presidential election. West Virginia voters chose five representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1880 United States presidential election in West Virginia
West Virginia was won by General Winfield Scott Hancock (D–Pennsylvania), running with former Representative William Hayden English, with 50.95% of the popular vote, against Representative James Garfield (R-Ohio), running with the 10th chairman of the New York State Republican Executive Committee Chester A. Arthur, with 41.05% of the vote and representative James B. Weaver (G–Iowa), running with Barzillai J. Chambers, a former Confederate, with 8.00% of the popular vote.


1880 United States presidential election in Wisconsin
The 1880 United States presidential election in Wisconsin was held on November 2, 1880 as part of the 1880 United States presidential election. State voters chose ten electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1880 United States presidential election in Wisconsin
Republican Party candidate James A. Garfield won Wisconsin with 54.04 percent of the popular vote, winning the state's ten electoral votes.


1880 VFA season
The 1880 Victorian Football Association season was the fourth season of the Australian rules football competition. The premiership was won by the Geelong Football Club. It was the club's third VFA premiership, and the last in a sequence of three consecutive premierships won from 1878 to 1880; Geelong lost two matches for the season, its first losses since 1877, having been unbeaten through the previous two years.


1880 VFA season, Association membership
Between the 1879 and 1880 seasons, the Albert-park and South Melbourne football clubs amalgamated, with the merged entity known as South Melbourne. East Melbourne entered the senior ranks of the association. As such, the senior membership of the Association remained at eight clubs.


1880 VFA season, 1880 VFA premiership
The 1880 premiership was won by the Geelong Football Club, which finished with a record of 9–1–2 in senior games and 14–2–2 overall. Geelong finished ahead of the newly amalgamated South Melbourne club, whose senior record of 9–2–3 was similarly meritorious, but whose overall record of 13–5–2 fell short of Geelong's. Carlton finished third.


1880 VFA season, 1880 VFA premiership, Club senior records
The below table details the playing records of the eight clubs in all matches during the 1880 season. Two sets of results are given:


1880 VFA season, 1880 VFA premiership, Club senior records
The clubs are listed in the order in which they were ranked in the Australasian newspaper. The VFA had no formal process by which the clubs were ranked, so the below order should be considered indicative only, particularly since the fixturing of matches was not standardised; however, the top three placings were later acknowledged in publications including the Football Record and are considered official.


1880 VFA season, 1880 VFA premiership, Club senior records
Some scoring data is missing from the below table based on the availability of information.


1880 VFA season, Intercolonial matches
An Association representative team toured South Australia in August, playing three intercolonial matches – two at even strength against the South Australian Football Association representative team, and one against a team of twenty-three South Australian-born players – and winning all three. J. Gibson (South Melbourne) served as captain of the Association team.


1880 Vermont gubernatorial election
The 1880 Vermont gubernatorial election took place on September 7, 1880. Incumbent Republican Redfield Proctor, per the "Mountain Rule", did not run for re-election to a second term as Governor of Vermont. Republican candidate Roswell Farnham defeated Democratic candidate Edward J. Phelps to succeed him.


1880 Waikaia by-election
The 1880 Waikaia by-election was a by-election held  on 21 September 1880 in the Waikaia electorate in the Southland Region during the 7th New Zealand Parliament.


1880 Waikaia by-election
The by-election was caused by the death of the incumbent George Ireland, on 15 August 1880.


1880 Waikaia by-election
The by-election was won by Horace Bastings. He was opposed by William Morris of Waikaia.


1880 Waitaki by-election
The 1880 Waitaki by-election was a by-election held  on 16 June 1880 in the Waitaki electorate in the Otago and Canterbury regions during the 7th New Zealand Parliament.


1880 Waitaki by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent Thomas William Hislop, on 28 April 1880.


1880 Waitaki by-election
The by-election was won by George Jones. Jones and William Henry Sherwood Roberts were described as Liberals; John Reid and Duncan Sutherland were described as Conservatives.


1880 Welsh Cup Final
The 1880 Welsh Cup Final, was the 3rd in the competition. It was contested by Druids and Ruthin at the Racecourse Ground, Wrexham.


1880 West Norfolk by-election
The West Norfolk by-election of 1880 was fought on 8 March 1880. The byelection was fought due to the death of the incumbent Conservative MP, Sir William Bagge. It was won by the Conservative candidate William Tyssen-Amherst.


1880 West Virginia gubernatorial election
The 1880 West Virginia gubernatorial election took place on October 12, 1880, to elect the governor of West Virginia.


1880 Wimbledon Championship
The 1880 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The tournament ran from 5 July until 15 July. It was the 4th staging of the Wimbledon Championships, and the first Grand Slam tennis event of 1880. There were a total of 60 competitors who entered the tournament a record until the 1904 draw. The admission charge remained at a shilling for the first four days, then raised to half a crown for the latter half of the draw.


1880 Wimbledon Championship
The final was watched by 1300 spectators. The height of the net was reduced from 4 feet 9 inches (1.45 m) at the posts to 4 feet (1.2 m) and the distance from the service line to the net was reduced from 22 feet (6.7 m) to 21 feet (6.4 m).


1880 Wimbledon Championship
Changes to the rules made a service touching the net, but otherwise good, a 'let'; while a player touching the net, or volleying before the ball crossed the net, lost the point. Scoreboards were provided for the first time.


1880 Wimbledon Championship – Singles
Herbert Lawford defeated Otway Woodhouse, 6–5, 6–4, 6–0 in the All Comers' Final, but the reigning champion John Hartley defeated Lawford, 6–3, 6–2, 2–6, 6–3 in the Challenge Round to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1880 Wimbledon Championships.


1880 Windsor colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Windsor on 29 July 1880 because Richard Driver died.


1880 Worcester Worcesters season
The 1880 season was the first for the Worcester Worcesters franchise in the National League, having played 1879 in the National Association. The team finished its initial season with a 40–43 record, good for fifth place. Lee Richmond threw a perfect game on June 12, 1880, the first ever perfect game in Major League Baseball history in a 1-0 victory over the Cleveland Blues. On August 20, they were the first team to ever be no-hit at home after Pud Galvin of the Buffalo Bisons defeated them 1-0.


1880 Worcester Worcesters season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1880 Worcester Worcesters season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1880 Worcester Worcesters season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1880 Worcester Worcesters season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1880 Yale Bulldogs football team
The 1880 Yale Bulldogs football team represented Yale University in the 1880 college football season. The team finished with a 4–0–1 record, did not allow opposing teams to score a single point, outscored all opponents, 30–0, and  was retroactively named national champion by the Billingsley Report and as co-national champion with Princeton by the National Championship Foundation and Parke H. Davis.


1880 Zagreb earthquake
The 1880 earthquake which struck Zagreb, and is also known as The Great Zagreb earthquake, occurred with a moment magnitude of 6.3 on 9 November 1880. Its epicenter was in the Medvednica mountain north of Zagreb. Although only one person was killed in the earthquake, it destroyed or damaged many buildings.


1880 Zagreb earthquake, Events
According to the Zagreb Meteorological Station data, the earthquake struck at 07:33 AM CET and was followed by a series of tremors of smaller intensity. Contemporary records say that 3,800 outgoing tickets were sold at the Zagreb Main Station within the first 24 hours of the initial earthquake, as many locals sought to leave the city for Vienna, Ljubljana, Graz, and other Austro-Hungarian cities in the vicinity of Zagreb.


1880 Zagreb earthquake, Events
City authorities formed a commission to assess the damage, and their official report said that a total of 1,758 buildings were affected (not counting churches and state-owned buildings), out of which 485 were heavily damaged.


1880 Zagreb earthquake, Events
Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts organized documenting of damaged buildings by prominent Zagreb photographer Ivan Standl.


1880 Zagreb earthquake, Events
The most prominent building damaged was Zagreb Cathedral, which then underwent a thorough reconstruction led by Hermann Bollé and which went on for 26 years before it was finally finished in 1906. However, the damage brought by the earthquake spurred construction and many historic buildings in the Lower Town area of the city were built in the following years.


1880 and 1881 United States Senate elections
The United States Senate elections of 1880 and 1881 were elections that coincided with the presidential election of 1880, and had the Democratic Party lose five seats in the United States Senate. The newly elected Readjuster senator William Mahone caucused with the Republicans, and the Republican Vice President's tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the slightest majority. All of that changed September 19, 1881 when the Vice President ascended to the Presidency and the Senate became evenly-divided.


1880 and 1881 United States Senate elections
As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.


1880 and 1881 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections during the 46th Congress
In these elections, the winners were seated during 1880 or in 1881 before March 4; ordered by election date.


1880 and 1881 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 47th Congress
In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1881; ordered by state.


1880 and 1881 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections during the 47th Congress
In these elections, the winners were elected in 1881 after March 4; ordered by date.


1880 and 1881 United States Senate elections, Nevada
On January 12, 1881, James Graham Fair (Republican) was elected.


1880 and 1881 United States Senate elections, New York
The New York election was held January 18, 1881, by the New York State Legislature. Democrat Francis Kernan had been elected in January 1875 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1881. At the State election in November 1879, 25 Republicans and 7 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1880-1881) in the State Senate. At the State election in November 1880, 81 Republicans and 47 Democrats were elected for the session of 1881 to the Assembly. The 104th State Legislature met from January 4, 1881, on at Albany, New York.


1880 and 1881 United States Senate elections, New York
The caucus of Republican State legislators met on January 13, State Senator Dennis McCarthy presided. All but one of the legislators were present, only State Senator Edward M. Madden (13th D.) was absent. The caucus nominated Ex-Congressman Thomas C. Platt for the U.S. Senate. Platt was a friend of the other U.S. Senator from New York, Roscoe Conkling, and belonged to the Stalwart faction. The opposing Half-Breeds (in the press sometimes referred to as the "anti-machine men") at first wanted to nominate Chauncey M. Depew, but he withdrew before balloting.


1880 and 1881 United States Senate elections, New York
The majority of the Half-Breeds, led by President pro tempore of the State Senate William H. Robertson, then supported Platt, a minority voted for Sherman S. Rogers, the defeated Republican candidate for Lieutenant Governor of New York in 1876. Congressman Richard Crowley was supported by a faction led by Speaker of the State Assembly George H. Sharpe, allied with Governor Alonzo B. Cornell. U.S. Vice President William A. Wheeler, and Congressmen Elbridge G. Lapham and Levi P. Morton also received votes.


1880 and 1881 United States Senate elections, New York
The caucus of the Democratic State legislators met on January 17, State Senator Charles A. Fowler (14th D.) presided. They re-nominated the incumbent U.S. Senator Francis Kernan by acclamation.


1880 and 1881 United States Senate elections, New York
Thomas C. Platt was the choice of both the State Senate and the Assembly, and was declared elected.


1880 and 1881 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania
The Pennsylvania election was held on thirty separate dates from January to February 1881. On February 23, 1881, John I. Mitchell was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly. The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on January 27, 1881, to elect a Senator to serve the term beginning on March 4, 1881. Thirty-five ballots were recorded on thirty separate dates spanning from January 27 to February 23, 1881. The results of the thirty-fifth and final ballot of both houses combined are as follows:


1880 college football season
The 1880 college football season had no clear-cut champion, with the Official NCAA Division I Football Records Book listing Princeton and Yale as having been selected national champions. On April 9, college football was first played in the state of Kentucky when Kentucky University defeated Centre 133/4–0 at Stoll Field. It was one of the first in the South.


1880 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1880 in Australia.


1880 in Australian literature
This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1880.


1880 in Australian literature, Births
A list, ordered by date of birth (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of births in 1880 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of death.


1880 in Australian literature, Deaths
A list, ordered by date of death (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of deaths in 1880 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of birth.


1880 in Belgium
The following lists events that happened during 1880 in the Kingdom of Belgium.


1880 in Canada, Historical documents
Statute creates Canadian Pacific Railway as government-supported private company for benefit of B.C. and N.W.T.


1880 in Canada, Historical documents
Chief Ocean Man and another Nakoda (Stoney) describe attack on their people by Gros Ventre and Mandan from U.S. side of border


1880 in Canada, Historical documents
Walt Whitman calls Thousand Islands most beautiful place on Earth


1880 in Canada, Historical documents
To avoid bankruptcy caused by westward expansion, Canada must declare independence


1880 in Canada, Historical documents
Britain gifts part of HMS Resolute to U.S. for saving that Arctic exploration ship


1880 in Chile, Deaths
This article related to a particular year is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1880 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during 1880 in New Zealand.


1880 in New Zealand, Sport, Rugby union
The Wellington Union is the first to hold a club championships.


1880 in New Zealand, Sport, Swimming
The first swimming club in New Zealand, Christchurch Amateur Swimming Club, is formed on 11 October. It is soon followed by others throughout New Zealand.


1880 in New Zealand, Sport, Tennis
Prior to this year there are tennis clubs in Auckland, Christchurch and Dunedin. As well as tennis club members also play croquet, bowls and archery.


1880 in Norwegian music
The following is a list of notable events and releases of the year 1880 in Norwegian music.


1880 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1880 in South Africa.


1880 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1880 to Wales and its people.


1880 in Wales, Awards
National Eisteddfod of Wales held at Caernarfon (first "official" National Eisteddfod)


1880 in architecture
The year 1880 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1880 in association football
The following are the association football events of the year 1880 throughout the world.


1880 in baseball
The following are the baseball events of the year 1880  throughout the world.


1880 in baseball, Champions
Inter-league playoff:  Washington (NA) def. Chicago (NL), 4 games to 3 (1 tie game)


1880 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1880.


1880 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1880.


1880 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1880 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1880 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1880 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1880.


1880 in science
The year 1880 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.


1880 in sports
1880 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1880s
The 1880s (pronounced "eighteen-eighties") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1880, and ended on December 31, 1889.


1880s
The period was characterized in general by economic growth and prosperity in many parts of the world, especially Europe and the Americas, with the emergence of modern cities signified by the foundation of many long-lived corporations, franchises, and brands and the introduction of the skyscraper. The decade was a part of the Gilded Age (1874–1907) in the United States and the Victorian Era in the British Empire. It also occurred at the height of the Second Industrial Revolution and saw numerous developments in science and a sudden proliferation of electrical technologies, particularly in mass transit and telecommunications.


1880s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1880–81 season
Season 1880–81 was the eighth season of competitive football by Kilmarnock.


1880s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1880–81 season, Overview
Kilmarnock entered the Scottish Cup for the eighth time and also competed in the Ayrshire Cup. For the first time, Killie reached the third round of the Scottish Cup following a walkover against Stewarton Cunninghame in the first round and a 6–3 win against Ayr in the second round. A 3–3 draw against Mauchline set up third round replay in which Kilmarnock lost 3–0 at Rugby Park. In the first round of the Ayrshire Cup, Kilmarnock drew 2–2 with Barkip before winning the replay 7–0 in at Rugby Park. Kilmarnock required a second replay to see off Cronberry Eglinton after 5–5 and 2–2 draws before they lost 5–0 to Coylton Coila in the third round.


1880s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1880–81 season, Overview
During the club's early years, the team would play in Oxford blue shirts, white shorts and Oxford blue socks. The now traditional blue and white vertical stripes weren't introduced until 1896.


1880s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1881–82 season
Season 1881–82 was the ninth season of competitive football by Kilmarnock.


1880s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1881–82 season, Overview
Kilmarnock entered the Scottish Cup for the ninth time and also competed in the Ayrshire Cup and the Kilmarnock Merchants' Charity Cup. In the Scottish Cup, they defeated Largs Athletic 6–0 in the first round before defeating Auchinleck Boswell 7–1 to go through to the third round for the second consecutive season. Kilmarnock then won 2–0 against Kilbirnie to reach the fourth round for the first time. They progressed even further after beating Dundee Our Boys 9–2 before losing 4–1 to Arthurlie in the fifth round.


1880s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1881–82 season, Overview
In the Ayrshire Cup, Kilmarnock reached the final for the first time. A 2–0 win against Kilbirnie in the first round was followed up by away wins against Rankinston and Beith Thistle. Kilmarnock won their fourth round match against Lanemark 3–0 before they were given a bye in the semi-finals. The final was an all-Kilmarnock affair as Kilmarnock met Kilmarnock Portland at the neutral Holm Quarry. Playing in their first-ever cup final on 25 March 1882, Kilmarnock lost 4–0 as Portland won the Ayrshire Cup for the first time.


1880s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1881–82 season, Overview
Lugar Boswell were the opponents for Kilmarnock's first tie in the Kilmarnock Merchants' Charity Cup but the match ended in disappointment as Lugar won 4–0 at Rugby Park.


1880s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1882–83 season
Season 1882–83 was the 10th season of competitive football by Kilmarnock.


1880s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1882–83 season, Overview
Kilmarnock entered the Scottish Cup for the 10th time and also competed in the Ayrshire Cup and the Kilmarnock Merchants' Charity Cup. In the Scottish Cup, they defeated Mauchline 2–0 in the first round before they were eliminated by Hurlford following a 6–2 defeat. Hurlford also knocked Kilmarnock out of the Ayrshire Cup in the third round while Annbank defeated Killie in the first round of the Kilmarnock Merchants' Charity Cup.


1880s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1883–84 season
Season 1883–84 was the 11th season of competitive football by Kilmarnock.


1880s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1883–84 season, Overview
Kilmarnock entered the Scottish Cup for the 11th time and also competed in the Ayrshire Cup and Kilmarnock Merchants' Charity Cup. A walkover win came in the first round of the Scottish Cup as Kilbirnie failed to raise a team. In the second round, Kilmarnock saw off Hurlford 3–0 before they were eliminated in the third round by Thornliebank in a match that had to be replayed after the original result was declared void.


1880s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1883–84 season, Overview
In the Ayrshire Cup, Kilmarnock reached the final for the second time after a walkover against Kilmarnock Portland was followed by wins against Maybole, Lugar Boswell and Kilmarnock Athletic. Hurlford were their opponents in the final at Holm Quarry on 22 March 1884 but the teams couldn't be separated as the game ended 2–2. However, Kilmarnock edged the replay two weeks later at the same venue to win the Ayrshire Cup for the first time.


1880s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1883–84 season, Overview
There was also success in the Kilmarnock Merchants' Charity Cup as Kilmarnock defeated Hurlford in a third competition after a 5–1 win at Holm Quarry in the final on 31 May 1884.


1880s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1884–85 season
Season 1884–85 was the 12th season of competitive football by Kilmarnock.


1880s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1884–85 season, Overview
Kilmarnock entered the Scottish Cup for the 12th time and also competed in the Ayrshire Cup, the Kilmarnock Merchants' Charity Cup and - for the first time - the Ayr Charity Cup. In the Scottish Cup, Kilmarnock were involved in a controversial first round tie. Kilmarnock initially defeated Hurlford 6–1 at Drumbiehill Park but a protest over a breach of registration rules was upheld and the result was declared void. The match was replayed and this time Hurlford won 3–1, however a similar protest by Kilmarnock was also upheld and Hurlford were disqualified from the competition. In the second round, Killie lost 4–1 to Annbank at Pebble Park.


1880s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1884–85 season, Overview
A successful Ayrshire Cup campaign started with wins over Monkcastle and Lugar Boswell before Kilmarnock received a bye to the semi-finals. On 31 January 1885, Kilmarnock thumped Ayr 5–2 at Rugby Park to reach the final for the second consecutive season. They retained the cup after defeating Hurlford 2–0 in the final at Holm Quarry.


1880s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1884–85 season, Overview
The two charity cups saw similar fates for Kilmarnock. In the final of the Kilmarnock Merchants' Charity Cup, they lost 3–2 to Ayr at Rugby Park before losing to the same team in the Ayr Charity Cup final.


1880s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1885–86 season
Season 1885–86 was the 13th season of competitive football by Kilmarnock.


1880s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1885–86 season, Overview
Kilmarnock entered the Scottish Cup for the 13th time and also competed in the Ayrshire Cup and Kilmarnock Merchants' Charity Cup. In the first round of the Scottish Cup, Kilmarnock easily saw off Annbank with a 7–1 win at Rugby Park. Their second round tie against Hurlford was more of a marathon after one match was declared void, two were drawn and one abandoned before the tie was finally settled six weeks after the original match. Hurlford won through with a 5–1 victory in the fifth match on 14 November 1885.


1880s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1885–86 season, Overview
A third successive Ayrshire Cup triumph began with an 8–1 win over Maybole in the second round after Kilmarnock received a bye in the first round. The third round saw a 7–0 win over Annbank on Boxing Day 1885 following a protested match that Kilmarnock had won 5–0. Lanemark were defeated 3–1 in the semi-finals before Killie retained the trophy with a 2–1 win against Ayr in the final.


1880s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1885–86 season, Overview
The Kilmarnock Merchants' Charity Cup also saw Kilmarnock end with a 100% record after they defeat Britannia and Ayr to lift the cup for the second time in three seasons.


1880s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1886–87 season
Season 1886–87 was the 14th season of competitive football by Kilmarnock.


1880s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1886–87 season, Overview
Kilmarnock entered the Scottish Cup for the 14th time and also competed in the Ayrshire Cup and Kilmarnock Merchants' Charity Cup. In the Scottish Cup, Cumnock scratched the first round tie giving Kilmarnock a walkover victory. A club record 10–2 win was recorded against Lanemark in the second round and this was followed by a 7–2 win against Lugar Boswell in the third round. A bye in the fourth round then saw Kilmarnock defeat Dunblane 6–0 in the fifth round before the journey came to an end in the quarter-finals with a 5–0 loss to Queen's Park.


1880s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1886–87 season, Overview
There was a similar start in the Ayrshire Cup when Girvan scratched from their first round tie. However, Killie's quest for a fourth consecutive Ayrshire Cup win was ended in the second round when they lost 2–1 to Hurlford. They did reach the final of the Kilmarnock Merchants' Charity Cup but it was Ayr who had their name on the trophy after the competition committee decided to play the final second replay at Beresford Park in Ayr, the home of Ayr Parkhouse. Kilmarnock refused to play the match and Ayr were awarded the trophy.


1880s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1887–88 season
Season 1887–88 was the 15th season of competitive football by Kilmarnock.


1880s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1887–88 season, Overview
Kilmarnock entered the Scottish Cup for the 15th time and also competed in the Ayrshire Cup, Kilmarnock Merchants' Charity Cup and Ayr Charity Cup. The first round of the Scottish Cup saw an 8–2 win against Ayr Thistle at Rugby Park. Kilmarnock received a bye in the second round and In the third round, Killie drew 2–2 against Dykebar before winning the replay 9–1. The fourth round saw Kilmarnock knocked out by Partick Thistle after a replay.


1880s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1887–88 season, Overview
In the first round of the Ayrshire Cup, Kilmarnock set a new record for the club's biggest victory when they defeated Burnfoothill 13–0. It was only the second time the team had scored 10 or more goals in a single game. Maybole – a team who Kilmarnock would also put 13 goals past in the Kilmarnock Merchants' Charity Cup later in the season – were defeated 2–0 in the second round before Kilmarnock's Ayrshire Cup journey was ended by a 2–1 defeat to Kilbirnie at Parkfoot.


1880s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1887–88 season, Overview
There were contrasting fates in the two charity cup competitions despite reaching the final in both. Kilmarnock lifted the Ayr Charity Cup for the first time after thumping Ayr 5–1 but the final of the Kilmarnock Merchants' Charity Cup went unplayed after Kilmarnock refused to play just five days after their semi-final replay victory over Kilmarnock Thistle. As a result, the cup was awarded to Hurlford.


1880s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1887–88 season, Overview
For the first time, Kilmarnock played in vertical stripes however these were black and white rather than the now-traditional blue and white stripes which were first introduced in 1896.


1880s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1888–89 season
Season 1888–89 was the 16th season of competitive football by Kilmarnock.


1880s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1888–89 season, Overview
Kilmarnock entered the Scottish Cup for the 16th time and also competed in the Ayrshire Cup, Kilmarnock Merchants' Charity Cup, Ayr Charity Cup and Glasgow Exhibition Cup.


1880s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1888–89 season, Overview
In the early-season Glasgow Exhibition Trophy - a one-off tournament held to coincide with the International Exhibition of Science, Art and Industry - Kilmarnock lost their first round tie to Kilbirnie in a replay. It would be the first of four tournaments that Kilbirnie would eliminate Kilmarnock from over the season.


1880s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1888–89 season, Overview
The Scottish Cup was the second of them. After a convincing 5–0 first round win against Lugar Boswell, Killie lost 3–1 at home against Kilbirnie in the second round.


1880s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1888–89 season, Overview
Kilmarnock were involved in a marathon of an Ayrshire Cup campaign which saw them play nine matches before being eliminated in the semi-finals. An 11–1 first round win over Stewarton Cunninghame was followed by a 4–0 win over Mauchline in the second round. After two draws and a protested match, Kilmarnock eventually saw off Irvine in the third round with a 3–0 win at the neutral Somerset Park. The semi-final against Hurlford also reached a second replay after two draws but this time it was Hurlford who would advance with a 3–1 win.


1880s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1888–89 season, Overview
In both charity cup competitions, Kilmarnock were due to play Kilbirnie in the semi-finals. However, after Ayr and Hurlford were disqualified from Kilmarnock Merchants' Charity Cup, the semi-final tie became the final. Kilbirnie won 4–2 to lift the trophy and then, just a week later, they also knocked Kilmarnock out of the Ayr Charity Cup.


1880s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1889–90 season
Season 1889–90 was the 17th season of competitive football by Kilmarnock.


1880s Kilmarnock F.C. seasons, 1889–90 season, Overview
Kilmarnock entered the Scottish Cup for the 17th time and also competed in the Ayrshire Cup and Kilmarnock Merchants' Charity Cup. In all three competitions, Kilmarnock were eliminated by Annbank in their first match.


1880s Pacific typhoon seasons, 1880 season
There were 3 typhoons in the western Pacific in 1880.


1880s Pacific typhoon seasons, 1881 season
There were 22 tropical cyclones in the western Pacific in 1881, 21 of which intensified into typhoons.


1880s Pacific typhoon seasons, 1881 season
In October, a powerful typhoon hit what is now the Philippines, before curving around Hainan Island and devastating Haiphong, Vietnam. Up to 300,000 people were killed by the typhoon, tying it for the tied second deadliest tropical cyclone on record. With 20,000 fatalities in the Philippines, the typhoon is also the deadliest there on record.


1880s Pacific typhoon seasons, 1882 season
There were 12 tropical cyclones in the western Pacific in 1882, 11 of which intensified into typhoons.


1880s Pacific typhoon seasons, 1883 season
There were 16 tropical cyclones in the western Pacific in 1883, 15 of which intensified into typhoons.


1880s Pacific typhoon seasons, 1884 season
There were 14 tropical cyclones in the western Pacific in 1884.


1880s Pacific typhoon seasons, 1885 season
There were 9 tropical cyclones in the western Pacific in 1885.


1880s Pacific typhoon seasons, 1886 season
There were 15 tropical cyclones in the western Pacific in 1886.


1880s Pacific typhoon seasons, 1887 season
There were 21 tropical cyclones in the western Pacific in 1887.


1880s Pacific typhoon seasons, 1888 season
There were 13 tropical cyclones in the western Pacific in 1888.


1880s Pacific typhoon seasons, 1889 season
There were 12 tropical cyclones in the western Pacific in 1889.


1880s in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the decade 1880–1889 to Wales and its people.


1880s in Western fashion
1880s fashion in the in Western and Western-influenced countries is characterized by the return of the bustle. The long, lean line of the late 1870s was replaced by a full, curvy silhouette with gradually widening shoulders. Fashionable waists were low and tiny below a full, low bust supported by a corset. The Rational Dress Society was founded in 1881 in reaction to the extremes of fashionable corsetry.


1880s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Overview
As in the previous decade, emphasis remained on the back of the skirt, with fullness gradually rising from behind the knees to just below the waist. The fullness in back was balanced by a fuller, lower chest, achieved by rigid corseting, creating an S-shaped silhouette, foreshadowing the more radical form of this shape that would become popular in the early 1900s. These gowns typically did not have a long train in the back, which was different from the gowns worn in the 1870s, and were extremely tight. They were known as the "hobble-skirt" due to the tightness of them. Winter gowns were made in darker hues whereas summer ones were made in lighter colors. Velvet was also a very popular fabric used during this period.


1880s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Overview
Skirts were looped, draped, or tied up in various ways, and worn over matching or contrasting colored underskirts. The polonaise was a revival style based on a fashion of the 1780s, with a fitted, cutaway overdress caught up and draped over an underskirt. Long, jacket-like fitted bodices called basques were also popular for clothing during the day.


1880s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Overview
Evening gowns were sleeveless and low-necked (except for matrons), and were worn with long over the elbow or shoulder length gloves of fine kidskin or suede.


1880s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Overview
Choker necklaces and jewelled collars were fashionable under the influence of Alexandra, Princess of Wales, who wore this fashion to disguise a scar on her neck.


1880s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Underwear
The bustle returned to fashion and reached its greatest proportions c. 1886–1888, extending almost straight out from the back waist to support a profusion of drapery, frills, swags, and ribbons. The fashionable corset created a low, full bust with little separation of the breasts.


1880s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Underwear
A usual type of undergarment was called combinations, a camisole with attached knee- or calf-length drawers, worn under the corset, bustle, and petticoat. Woolen combinations were recommended for health, especially when engaging in fashionable sports.


1880s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Outerwear
Riding habits had become a "uniform" of matching jacket and skirt worn with a high-collared shirt or chemisette, with a top hat and veil. They were worn without bustles, but the cut of the jacket followed the silhouette of the day.


1880s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Outerwear
In contrast, hunting costumes were far more fashionably styled, with draped ankle-length skirts worn with boots or gaiters.


1880s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Outerwear
Tailored costumes consisting of a long jacket and skirt were worn for travel or walking; these were worn with the bustle and a small hat or bonnet. Travelers wore long coats like dusters to protect their clothes from dirt, rain, and soot.


1880s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Aesthetic dress
Artistic or Aesthetic dress remained an undercurrent in Bohemian circles throughout the 1880s. In reaction to the heavy drapery and rigid corseting of mainstream Paris fashion, aesthetic dress focused on beautiful fabrics made up simply, sometimes loosely fitted or with a belt at the waist. Aesthetic ideas influenced the tea gown, a frothy confection increasingly worn in the home, even to receive visitors.


1880s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear
Hair was usually pulled back at the sides and worn in a low knot or cluster of ringlets; later hair was swept up to the top of the head. Fringe or bangs remained fashionable throughout the decade, usually curled or frizzled over the forehead, often called "Josephine Curls."


1880s in Western fashion, Women's fashion, Hairstyles and headgear
Bonnets resembled hats except for their ribbons tied under the chin; both had curvy brims. Sometimes people wore ribbons too.


1880s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Coats, jackets, and trousers
Three piece suits, "ditto suits", consisting of a sack coat with matching waistcoat (U.S. vest) and trousers (called in the UK a "lounge suit") continued as an informal alternative to the contrasting frock coat, waistcoat and trousers.


1880s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Coats, jackets, and trousers
The cutaway morning coat was still worn for formal day occasions in Europe and major cities elsewhere, with a dress shirt and an ascot tie. The most formal evening dress remained a dark tail coat and trousers with a dark waistcoat. Evening wear was worn with a white bow tie and a shirt with a winged collar.


1880s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Coats, jackets, and trousers
In mid-decade, a more relaxed formal coat appeared: the dinner jacket or tuxedo, which featured a shawl collar with silk or satin facings, and one or two buttons. Dinner jackets were appropriate when "dressing for dinner" at home or at a men's club.


1880s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Coats, jackets, and trousers
The Norfolk jacket was popular for shooting and rugged outdoor pursuits. It was made of sturdy tweed or similar fabric and featured paired box pleats over the chest and back, with a fabric belt.


1880s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Coats, jackets, and trousers
Full -length trousers were worn for most occasions; tweed or woollen breeches were worn for hunting and other outdoor pursuits.


1880s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Coats, jackets, and trousers
Knee-length topcoats, often with contrasting velvet or fur collars, and calf-length overcoats were worn in winter.


1880s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Coats, jackets, and trousers
By the 1880s the majority of the working class, even shepherds, adopted jackets and waistcoats in fustian and corduroy with corduroy trousers, giving up their smock frocks.


1880s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Shirts and neckties
Shirt collars were turned over or pressed into "wings". Dress shirts had stiff fronts, sometimes decorated with shirt studs, and buttoned up the back.


1880s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Shirts and neckties
The usual necktie was the four-in-hand and or the newly fashionable Ascot tie, made up as a neckband with wide wings attached and worn with a stickpin.


1880s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Shirts and neckties
Narrow ribbon ties were tied in a bow, and white bowtie was correct with formal evening wear.


1880s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Accessories
As in the 1870s, top hats remained a requirement for upper class formal wear; bowlers and soft felt hats in a variety of shapes were worn for more casual occasions, and flat straw boaters were worn for yachting and other nautical pastimes.


1880s in Western fashion, Men's fashion, Accessories
Shoes of the 1880s had higher heels and a narrow toe.


1880s in Western fashion, Children's fashion
Young girls wore dresses with round collars and sashes. Fashionable dresses had dropped waists. Pinafores were worn for work and play. When going out, especially in the winter, girls wore many layers to keep warm. A warm coat was worn with kid leather gloves. Gloves were worn under a muff hand warmer, so when the girl removed her hands from the muff, her gloves would keep them warm. Just like ladies, all upper-class Victorian girls wore gloves when going out. A hat or bonnet was worn as well, along with long, knee-length button-up boots or shorter boots with gaiters to give the appearance of wearing long boots.


1880s in Western fashion, Children's fashion
Older boys wore knee-length breeches and jackets with round-collared shirts.


1880s in film
The decade of the 1880s in film involved some significant events.


1880s in film, Births
This a list of actors and filmmakers who were born between years 1880 and 1884. See also:


1880s in sociology
The following events related to sociology occurred in the 1880s.


1880s in sociology, 1881
Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play creates the sociological magazine La Reforme Sociale.


1880–81 Dumbarton F.C. season
The 1880–81 season was the eighth Scottish football season in which Dumbarton competed at a national level.


1880–81 Dumbarton F.C. season, Scottish Cup
Following some easy wins in the early rounds, and two impressive away victories in the quarter and semi finals, against Rangers and local rivals Vale of Leven respectively, Dumbarton reach their first Scottish Cup final. In the first playing of the final, Queen's Park defeated Dumbarton by the odd goal in three, but after a successful protest due to 'crowd encroachment', a replay was ordered. However despite good play in the second game, Dumbarton were well beaten losing 1-3.


1880–81 Dumbarton F.C. season, Glasgow Charity Cup
Dumbarton were again invited to take part in the Glasgow Charity Cup but were heavily defeated in the semi final by Rangers.


1880–81 Dumbarton F.C. season, Friendlies
Dumbarton's fixture list for the season included home and away ties against the Ayrshire Cup holders, Beith and the first club 'tour' of the north of England was undertaken during the New Year holidays with a further match being played against Blackburn Rovers during the Easter break. In all, 19 'friendly' matches were played during the season, of which 13 were won, 2 drawn and 4 lost, scoring 62 goals and conceding 26.


1880–81 Dumbarton F.C. season, Player statistics
Of note amongst those donning the club's colours for the first time were James Liddle, James McAulay and Michael Paton.


1880–81 Dumbarton F.C. season, Player statistics
Only includes appearances and goals in competitive Scottish Cup matches.


1880–81 Dumbarton F.C. season, Player statistics, International Cap
International trial matches were played on 26 February and 5 March 1881 to consider selection of teams to represent Scotland in the upcoming games against England and Wales. Jock Hutcheson, Andrew Kennedy, John Kennedy, Joe Lindsay, James McAulay, William McKinnon, James Meikleham and Peter Miller all took part.


1880–81 Dumbarton F.C. season, Player statistics, International Cap
As a result Dumbarton's Joe Lindsay picked up his second and third caps playing for Scotland against England and Wales respectively. McKinnon was selected as a reserve.


1880–81 Dumbarton F.C. season, Player statistics, Representative Match
Robert Brown, John Kennedy, Joe Lindsay, William McKinnon and Peter Miller were all selected to play in the Scotch Counties team which played Birmingham & District on 19 February 1881. The 'Scotch' men won 6-0 with both Brown and Lindsay scoring twice.


1880–81 FA Cup
The 1880–81 Football Association Challenge Cup was the tenth staging of the FA Cup, England's oldest football tournament. Sixty-two teams entered, eight more than the previous season, although four of the sixty-two never played a match.


1880–81 Heart of Midlothian F.C. season
Season 1880–81 was the sixth season in which Heart of Midlothian competed at a Scottish national level, entering the Scottish Cup for the sixth time.


1880–81 Heart of Midlothian F.C. season, Overview
Hearts reached the fifth round of the Scottish Cup losing to Arthurlie.


1880–81 Heart of Midlothian F.C. season, Overview
Hearts reached the third round of the Edinburgh FA Cup losing to city rival Hibs. On the way Hearts recorded their biggest known victory against Anchor winning 21–0.


1880–81 Hibernian F.C. season
Season 1880–81 was the fourth in which Hibernian competed at a Scottish national level, entering the Scottish Cup for the fourth time.


1880–81 Hibernian F.C. season, Overview
Hibs reached the third round of the Scottish Cup, losing 5–3 to Edinburgh derby rivals Hearts. The match was played in the Powderhall area of Edinburgh.


1880–81 Home Nations rugby union matches
The 1880–81 Home Nations rugby union matches were a series of international rugby union friendlies held between the England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales national rugby union teams. This season is most notable for the introduction of Wales as an international rugby union nation, playing their first ever match in a game against England. Although Wales were humiliated by a crushing defeat it did not stop rugby union being adopted by Wales as the country's national sport.


1880–81 Home Nations rugby union matches
The only recognised competition held between the countries was the annual Calcutta Cup match, contested between England and Scotland. It was the third challenge for the Cup.


1880–81 Home Nations rugby union matches, Results, Scoring system
The matches for this season were decided on goals scored. A goal was awarded for a successful conversion after a try, for a dropped goal or for a goal from mark. If a game was drawn, any unconverted tries were tallied to give a winner. If there was still no clear winner, the match was declared a draw.


1880–81 Home Nations rugby union matches, The matches, England vs. Ireland
England: A. N. Hornby (Manchester), C. M. Sawyer (Broughton), L Stokes (Blackheath) capt., WR Richardson (Manchester), HH Taylor (Blackheath), JI Ward (Richmond), CWL Fernandes (Leeds), Charles Gurdon (Richmond), C Phillips (Birkenhead Park), GF Vernon (Blackheath), JJ Ravenscroft (Birkenhead Park), George Burton (Blackheath), HC Rowley (Manchester), ET Gurdon (Richmond), WW Hewitt (Queen's House)


1880–81 Home Nations rugby union matches, The matches, England vs. Ireland
Ireland: T Harrison (Queen's College, Cork), W Peirce (Queen's College, Cork), WW Pike (Kingstown), HF Spunner (Tipperary), M Johnston (Dublin University), AJ Forrest (Dublin University) capt., DR Browning (Wanderers), JCS Burkitt (Queen's College, Cork), F Kennedy (Wanderers), HB Morell (Dublin University), WEA Cummins (Queen's College, Cork), WA Wallis (Dublin University), AR McMullen (Queen's College, Cork), G Scriven (Dublin University), H Purdon (NIFC)


1880–81 Home Nations rugby union matches, The matches, England vs. Ireland
England continued their experiment, which it began in 1880, of holding international matches in the North of England, after disappointing crowds in the South. England brought in five new caps, four into the pack, but it was their experienced backs of Hornby and Stokes that continued to cause their opponents the most problems. The game itself was one sided, with Henry Taylor scoring England's very first hat-trick of tries.


1880–81 Home Nations rugby union matches, The matches, Ireland vs. Scotland
Ireland: RE McLean(Dublin University), JC Bagot Lansdowne, WW Pike (Kingstown), HF Spunner (Tipperary), M Johnston (Dublin University), AJ Forrest (Dublin University) capt., DR Browning (Wanderers), JW Taylor (NIFC), J Johnston (Belfast Acads. ), HB Morell (Dublin University), JA McDonald (Methodist College, Belfast), WA Wallis (Dublin University), AR McMullen (Queen's College, Cork), RW Hughes (NIFC), H Purdon (NIFC)


1880–81 Home Nations rugby union matches, The matches, Ireland vs. Scotland
Scotland: Thomas Begbie (Edinburgh Wanderers), Bill Maclagan (Edinburgh Academical), Ninian Finlay (Edinburgh Academical), RC MacKenzie (Edinburgh Academical), Pat Smeaton (Edinburgh Academical), James Campbell (Glasgow Academical), David McCowan (West of Scotland), Charles Reid (Edinburgh Academical), David Cassels (West of Scotland), Gussie Graham (Edinburgh Academical) capt., Bryce Allan (Glasgow Academical), John Junor (Glasgow Academical), George Robb (Glasgow University), Archibald Walker (West of Scotland), John Blair Brown (Glasgow Academical)


1880–81 Home Nations rugby union matches, The matches, Ireland vs. Scotland
With the Irish Rugby Football Union founded in 1879, and centres founded in Leinster, Munster and Ulster, a united Irish rugby-playing community celebrated their first international win with victory over Scotland. The Ireland dropped goal came from John Bagot, in his last appearance for his country. Despite the loss, Scotland showed the way forward by introducing a three-man three-quarter line for the first time at an international level; and also brought in Charles Reid, a teenager from Edinburgh Academy. Reid was the first schoolboy to play in a forward position in an international match.


1880–81 Home Nations rugby union matches, The matches, England vs. Wales
England: TW Fry (Queen's House), R Hunt (Manchester), L Stokes (Blackheath), capt., HT Twynam (Richmond), HH Taylor (Blackheath), Charles Plumpton Wilson (Cambridge University), CWL Fernandes (Leeds), Charles Gurdon (Richmond), A Budd (Blackheath), Harry Vassall (Oxford University), H Fowler (Walthamstow), George Burton (Blackheath), HC Rowley (Manchester), ET Gurdon (Richmond), WW Hewitt (Queen's House)


1880–81 Home Nations rugby union matches, The matches, England vs. Wales
Wales: Charlie Newman (Newport), Richard Summers (Haverfordwest), James Bevan (Cambridge Uni. and Newport) capt., Edward Peake (Newport and Chepstow), Leonard Watkins (Llandaff and Cardiff), Edward John Lewis (Llandovery College), Barry Girling (Cardiff), Aneurin Rees (Llandovery College), Frank Purdon (Swansea) B. B. Mann (Cardiff), Edward Treharne (Cowbridge Grammar School and Pontypridd), Godfrey Darbishire (Bangor), William David Phillips (Cardiff), Richard Garnons Williams (Brecon and Newport), George Frederick Harding (Newport)


1880–81 Home Nations rugby union matches, The matches, England vs. Wales
After the inability of the South Wales Football Union to successfully organise matches with teams from other countries, Richard Mullock, secretary of Newport Athletics Club, managed to arrange an international with the Rugby Football Union, between a Wales XV and England. With a date set, Mullock now needed an international team. The group of players brought together to form the very first Wales team were selected for their geographic spread, to appease as many regions of the country as possible; and their academic pedigree.


1880–81 Home Nations rugby union matches, The matches, England vs. Wales
Without first playing a trial game together, the team had little cohesion with players not only meeting for the first time, but with many also playing out of their normal position. Even with these problems, the result was still shocking, with the England team scoring 7 goals, 6 tries and a dropped goal to nil, 82-0 by modern scoring. One of the Welsh players was later reported as saying that the team was "...lucky to get nil."


1880–81 Home Nations rugby union matches, The matches, England vs. Wales
The fallout from the match, saw hostile editorials and letters in the Welsh press. The SWFU distanced themselves from the match, stating that the Welsh team was a private enterprise conducted by Mullock; but when Mullock pushed forward to set up a Welsh union later that year the clubs went with him, preferring his positive style over the SWFU's inaction. The 12 March 1881 saw the creation of the Welsh Rugby Union, with Mullock installed as secretary.


1880–81 Home Nations rugby union matches, The matches, Scotland vs. England
Scotland: Thomas Begbie (Edinburgh Wanderers), Bill Maclagan (Edinburgh Academical), Ninian Finlay (Edinburgh Academical), RC MacKenzie (Glasgow Academical), Andrew Ramsay Don-Wauchope (Cambridge University), James Campbell (Glasgow Academical), Robert Ainslie (Edinburgh Inst. F.P. ), Charles Reid (Edinburgh Academy), JW Fraiser (Edinburgh Inst. F.P. ), JHS Graham (Edinburgh Academical) capt., D McCowan (West of Scotland), Robert Maitland (Edinburgh Inst. F.P. ), Thomas Ainslie (Edinburgh Inst. F.P. ), William Peterkin (Edinburgh University), JB Brown (Glasgow Academical)


1880–81 Home Nations rugby union matches, The matches, Scotland vs. England
England: A. N. Hornby (Manchester), R Hunt (Manchester), L Stokes (Blackheath) capt., HC Rowley (Manchester), FT Wright (Manchester)/(Edinburgh Academy), Charles Coates (Leeds), CWL Fernandes (Leeds), Charles Gurdon (Richmond), A Budd (Blackheath), Harry Vassall (Oxford University), H Fowler (Walthamstow), George Burton (Blackheath), WW Hewitt (Queen's House), ET Gurdon (Richmond), C Phillips (Birkenhead Park)


1880–81 Home Nations rugby union matches, The matches, Scotland vs. England
The third contest for the Calcutta Cup ended in a draw with a goal and a try scored by both sides. Edinburgh Academy had the distinction of supplying a player on both sides during the game, with Charles Reid representing Scotland, and Frank Wright being drafted into the England squad when the team turned up a player short, when one of their players missed the train. The match was also notable for being the last international game for Lennard Stokes, who retired from rugby to concentrate on his medical career.


1880–81 Irish Cup
The 1880–81 Irish Cup was the inaugural edition of the premier knock-out cup competition in Irish football. The competition began on 5 February 1881 with the first round and ended on 9 April 1881 with the final. Moyola Park were the first winners of the competition, and they have never won it since.


1880–81 Irish Cup
The competition was played in a straight knock-out format. If a match ended level at full time, a replay was required to decide the winner. The very first Irish Cup replay was between Cliftonville and Knock on 26 March 1881. William Morrow of Moyola Park scored the very first goal in an Irish Cup final during his club's 1–0 win over Cliftonville to lift the trophy.


1880–81 Irish Cup, First round
The draw for the first round was made on 10 January 1881, with the matches played on Saturday, 5 February 1881. Alexander received a bye into the semi-finals as a result of the odd number of seven participants.


1880–81 Irish Cup, Semi-finals
The 3 first round winners entered this round, along with Alexander. The matches took place on Saturday, 12 March 1881.


1880–81 Irish Cup, Final
The inaugural Irish Cup final was played on 9 April 1881 at the Cliftonville Cricket Ground, Belfast in front of 1,500 spectators.


1880–81 Morton F.C. season
The 1880–81 season was Morton Football Club's fourth season in which they competed at a national level, entering the inaugural Scottish Cup. The club competed in the Scottish Cup.


1880–81 Northwich Victoria F.C. season
The 1880–81 season was Northwich Victoria's 7th season, however the club was not a member of an organised league and played only challenge matches organised on an ad hoc basis. The club won the Cheshire Senior Cup, then known as the Cheshire County Football Association Challenge Cup, for the second successive season. They also participated in the Welsh Cup for the third time, reaching the semi-final. The side was captained by Matthew Earlam for the 7th successive season. He was also the joint top goalscorer for the season with 8 goals.


1880–81 Northwich Victoria F.C. season, First-team squad
This is the squad who won the Cheshire County Football Association Challenge Cup (Cheshire Senior Cup).


1880–81 Northwich Victoria F.C. season, First-team squad
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.


1880–81 Rangers F.C. season
The 1880–81 season is the 7th season of competitive football by Rangers.


1880–81 Scottish Cup
The 1880–81 Scottish Cup – officially the Scottish Football Association Challenge Cup – was the eighth season of Scotland's most prestigious football knockout competition. Defending champions Queen's Park retained the cup and won the competition for the fifth time after they beat Dumbarton 3–1 in a replayed final which saw Dr John Smith score the first Scottish Cup final hat-trick on 9 April 1881.


1880–81 Scottish Cup, Calendar
As with the previous competitions, the eighth edition of the Scottish Cup took on the format of a traditional knockout tournament. For the earlier rounds, the names of competing teams were placed into lots according to their districts and drawn into pairs. The home team for each tie was determined by the toss of a coin unless it was mutually agreed or only one of the two clubs drawn against one another had a private ground. In the event of a draw, the team who lost the toss would have the choice of ground for the replay.


1880–81 Scottish Cup, Calendar
A similar procedure was used for subsequent rounds however, any club which had received a bye in the previous round would first be drawn against one of the winners of the previous round. The names of winning teams were placed into one lot for later rounds. The choice of venue for the final matches was reserved to the Scottish Football Association.


1880–81 Scottish Cup, Teams
All 135 teams entered the competition in the first round.


1880–81 Scottish Cup, First round
Glengowan, Hibernian, Lenzie, Possil Bluebell and Vale of Leven received a bye to the second round. Glasgow University and Edinburgh University received a bye to the third round.


1880–81 Scottish Cup, Second round
Cartside, Heart of Midlothian and Lenzie received a bye to the third round.


1880–81 Scottish Cup, Third round
Clarkston, Edinburgh University, Glasgow University and South Western received a bye to the fourth round.


1880–81 Scottish Districts season
The 1880-81 Scottish Districts season is a record of all the  rugby union matches for Scotland's district teams.


1880–81 Scottish Districts season
It includes the East of Scotland District versus West of Scotland District trial match.


1880–81 Scottish Districts season, History
On 18 October 1880 the Honorary Secretary of the Scottish Rugby Union, Nat Brewis, announced a new District fixture: the North of Scotland District versus the South of Scotland District. The new fixture was scheduled for 1 January 1881. The teams were announced on 31 December 1880. However there are no reports of the match coming to fruition.


1880–81 Scottish Districts season, History
Nil-Nil at half time, the Inter-City match changed when Glasgow's Malcom Cross left the field injured. At the time there were no substitutes and Glasgow had to play with 14 men.


1880–81 Scottish Districts season, History
The East v West was postponed due to frost, but re-scheduled for 5 February 1881.


1880–81 Scottish Districts season, History
Writing in October 1942 in The Scotsman, E. D. H. Sewell states that referees came into the game in 1885-86 season; before that the captains ran the match; after that two umpires one chosen from each team. But it can be seen from the refereeing appointment of Nat Brewis in the East v West district match that referees were chosen well before that season.


1880–81 Scottish Districts season, Results, Inter-City
Glasgow District: A. J. W. Reid (West of Scotland), M. Cross (Glasgow Academicals) [


1880–81 Scottish Districts season, Results, Inter-City
captain], R. C. Mackenzie (Glasgow Academicals), D. W. Kidston (Glasgow Academicals), J. A. Campbell (Glasgow Academicals) , H. Moncrieff (West of Scotland), B. Allan (Glasgow Academicals), J. B. Brown (Glasgow Academicals),  J. E. Junor (Glasgow Academicals), R. Menzies (Southern), D. Y. Cassells (West of Scotland),  D. McCowan (West of Scotland), J. Adam (West of Scotland), G. H. Robb (Glasgow University), R. Young (Glasgow University)Edinburgh District: B. Cunningham (Institution F. P.), Thomas Begbie (Edinburgh Wanderers), N. J. Finlay (Edinburgh Academicals), W. H. Masters (Institution F.P. ), P. W. Smeaton (Edinburgh Academicals), A. G. Petrie (Royal HSFP) [ captain], G. C. Alexander (Edinburgh Wanderers), H. M. Davidson (Royal HSFP), W. Somerville (Institution F.P. ), J. H. S. Graham (Edinburgh Academicals), T. Ainslie (Institution F. P.), C. Reid (Edinburgh Academicals), R. S. F. Henderson (Edinburgh University),  H. E. Jones (Edinburgh Wanderers), William Peterkin (Edinburgh University)


1880–81 Scottish Districts season, Results, Other Scottish matches
East:  B. A. Cunningham (Edinburgh Institution F.P.) (back) ; Thomas Begbie (Edinburgh Wanderers), N. J. Finlay (Edinburgh Academicals), (half backs); W. H. Masters (Edinburgh Institution F.P. ), P. W. Smeaton (Edinburgh Academicals) (quarter backs) ; A. G. Petrie (captain), H. M. Davidson (Royal HSFF.P. ), J. H. S. Duncan, C. Reid (Edinburgh Academicals), G. Alexander. (Wanderers). R. Ainslie, D. Somerville, Robert Maitland (Edinburgh Institution, F.P. ), R. S. F. Henderson (Edinburgh University), William Peterkin (Edinburgh University) (forwards).


1880–81 Scottish Districts season, Results, Other Scottish matches
West: J. S. Carrick (Glasgow Academicals) (back), R. C. Mackenzie (captain), D. W. Kidston (Glasgow Academicals), R. Steele (Greenock Wanderers) (half backs) ; J. A. Campbell, A. B Graham (Glasgow Academicals) (quarter backs); B. Allan, R. G. Allan, J. B. Brown (Glasgow Academicals), David Cassels (West of Scotland), David McCowan (West of Scotland). J. B. Gemmell, R. E. Menzies (Southern). A. L. M'Clure (Greenock Wanderers), George Robb (Glasgow University)


1880–81 Welsh Cup, First round
1First match was protested by Newtown WS regarding referee eligibility. Shrewsbury Engineers had won the first match 1-0.2One goal for Wrexham was disputed


1880–81 West Bromwich Albion F.C. season
The 1880–81 season was the third season in the history of West Bromwich Albion Football Club. During the season, Albion played their home matches at Cooper's Hill and Dartmouth Park and were captained by Jimmy Stanton.


1880–81 West Bromwich Albion F.C. season, Matches
Though yet to start playing competitive football, West Bromwich Albion did take part in a number of friendly matches throughout the season. On 29 January 1881, Billy Bisseker scored three times in the 5–0 win against Hockley Belmont; this was the first recorded hat-trick by an Albion player. The record of the club's matches during their early years is not complete, for example the score from the match against West Bromwich Royal was not recorded.


1880–81 in English football
The 1880–81 season was the tenth season of competitive football in England.


1880–81 in English football, International matches
England played their first home match outside London when they hosted Wales at Alexandra Meadows in Blackburn.


1880–81 in English football, Honours
Notes = Number in parentheses is the times that club has won that honour. * indicates new record for competition


1880–81 in Scottish football
The 1880–81 season was the eighth season of competitive football in Scotland.


1881
1881 (MDCCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1881st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 881st  year of the 2nd millennium, the 81st  year of the 19th century, and the  2nd   year of the 1880s decade. As of the start of 1881, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1881 Amherst football team
The 1881 Amherst football team represented the Amherst College during the 1881 college football season.


1881 Argyle colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Argyle on 9 December 1881 because of the death of Phillip Myers on 16 November 1881.


1881 Atlanta washerwomen strike
The Atlanta washerwomen strike of 1881 was a labor strike in Atlanta involving washerwomen. Beginning in July 1881, the strike was carried out primarily by African American women who argued for increased wages and greater autonomy in their work. The strike ended in August with some success for the strikers.


1881 Atlanta washerwomen strike, Background
In Atlanta following the Civil War, many African American women were employed as washerwomen, also known as laundresses. There were more African American women employed as washerwomen than in any other domestic work, representing over half of their total workforce. Many of those employed in this field made between $4 to $8 per month.


1881 Atlanta washerwomen strike, Background
In July 1881, several washerwomen in the city founded the Washing Society. At the first meeting, held in a local black church, officials were elected and a uniform rate for washerwomen was decided. While initially consisting of only 20 washerwomen, within three weeks the Washing Society boasted 3,000 members. Society members engaged in door-to-door canvassing and garnered support from several of the black churches in the city. On July 19, the Washing Society declared a strike, demanding higher wages. Additionally, they wanted a flat rate of $1 per twelve pounds of laundry and greater work autonomy.


1881 Atlanta washerwomen strike, Course of the strike
The strike began several weeks before the start of the International Cotton Exposition, a world's fair in Atlanta that was expected to bring a significant number of visitors to the city. The strikers received significant resistance from white authorities and businesspeople in the city. The Atlanta Constitution (which American historian Tera Hunter has called "the opposition's unofficial mouthpiece") was initially dismissive of the strike, though as the strike continued, they began to acknowledge the strength of the strikers. Many strikers were arrested or fined over the course of the strike action.


1881 Atlanta washerwomen strike, Course of the strike
The Atlanta City Council also threatened to impose a business tax on the washerwomen, and many of the strikers' landlords raised their tenants rates. In one such case, a striker who couldn't afford to pay one of the fines was sentenced to 40 days of working on a chain gang. Despite this, the strike continued and spurred labor disputes with other domestic workers in the city. During the strike, African American waiters at the National Hotel refused to work until their wages were increased.


1881 Atlanta washerwomen strike, Course of the strike
In early August, five hundred women strikers met at Wheat Street Baptist Church to discuss the strike. Shortly thereafter, on August 3, the strikers issued an ultimatum to mayor James W. English, saying they would pay a license fee of $25 "as a protection so we can control the washing for the city", but would continue to strike if their demands for higher wages were not met. Following this ultimatum, the city acquiesced and allowed the washerwomen greater autonomy and higher rates in exchange for a $25 license fee.


1881 Atlanta washerwomen strike, Aftermath
The strike is one of several organized by domestic workers in the Southern United States during this time, being preceded by strikes in Galveston, Texas in 1877 and Jackson, Mississippi in 1866, though neither was larger than the Atlanta strike.


1881 Atlanta washerwomen strike, Aftermath
In analyzing the success of the strike, Hunter cited that while some washerwomen saw wage increases, many did not, and low wages would continue to be an issue between washerwomen and their employers. Additionally, Hunter cited the fact that a second strike was threatened to take place during the International Cotton Exposition, though this never came to fruition. However, others have noted that the strike, significant for involving African American women during the early Jim Crow era, was successful in demonstrating the impact of black labor, and domestic work in particular, in the city.


1881 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1881 Atlantic hurricane season ran through the summer and early fall of 1881. This is the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. In the 1881 Atlantic season there were three tropical storms and four hurricanes, none of which became major hurricanes (Category 3+). However, in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded, so the actual total could be higher.


1881 Atlantic hurricane season
An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated. Of the known 1881 cyclones, Hurricane Three and Tropical Storm Seven were both first documented in 1996 by Jose Fernandez-Partagas and Henry Diaz. They also proposed changes to the known tracks of Hurricane Four and Hurricane Five.


1881 Atlantic hurricane season, Season Summary
The Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT) recognizes seven tropical cyclones for the 1881 season. In the 1881 Atlantic season there were three tropical storms, two Category 1 hurricanes and two Category 2 hurricanes. Five of these storms were active in August and two in September. No major hurricanes, Category 3 or greater, are known for this year. Tropical Storm One impacted Mississippi in the first week of August. Later that month, Tropical Storm Two hit Corpus Christi, Texas. At the same time in mid-August, Hurricane Three, a Category 1 hurricane was active in the tropical Atlantic without making a landfall anywhere.


1881 Atlantic hurricane season, Season Summary
A tropical storm developed into Hurricane Four, a Category 1 hurricane, on August 19 north-east of the Bahamas. It became extratropical on August 21. Hurricane Five was the most destructive storm of 1881. It impacted the Georgia coast on August 27 as a Category 2 hurricane and was responsible for a large loss of life. Hurricane Six was a Category 2 hurricane that uprooted trees and demolished several buildings across North Carolina and Virginia in September. The last storm of the year was Tropical Storm Seven. It was active between September 18 and September 24, to the northwest of Bermuda, without making landfall.


1881 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm One
A tropical storm formed on August 1 to the northwest of the western tip of Cuba. It tracked northward, and hit Mississippi before dissipating on August 4.


1881 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Two
A tropical storm hit Corpus Christi, Texas in the middle of August, but caused no reported deaths. Signals were blown down at the harbor, and one boat was lost.


1881 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
From August 11 to August 16, a Category 1 hurricane existed in the tropical Atlantic before turning northward and weakening. It continued northward as a tropical storm throughout August 17 and 18.


1881 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
A tropical storm developed on August 16 off the eastern coast of the Yucatán Peninsula. It tracked northeastward throughout its lifetime, passing through Cuba, the Florida Keys, and the Bahamas before becoming a hurricane on August 19. It weakened to a tropical storm on August 21 and became extratropical the same day.


1881 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five
A tropical storm moved westward through the northeastern Lesser Antilles on August 22. It reached hurricane strength on August 24, and continued northwestward until making landfall between St. Simons Island and Savannah, Georgia on the 27th as a Category 2 hurricane. In Savannah, the lowest pressure recorded was 29.08 inHg (984.76 mb) at 9.20 PM that evening. A wind speed of 80 mph was recorded there before the anemometer was destroyed. Landfall coincided with high tide and proved very destructive as several barrier islands were completely submerged by storm surge. The hurricane moved inland, dissipating on August 29 over northwestern Mississippi. 335 people were reported as being killed in Savannah and the total death toll due to the hurricane was put at 700,making the hurricane among the deadliest to strike the United States.


1881 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six
A hurricane existed north of Hispaniola on September 7. It moved northwestward, reaching a peak of 100 mph prior to hitting southern North Carolina. The hurricane centre moved northward across the Wilmington–Wrightsville Beach area and then close to Norfolk, Virginia, before turning out to sea. Trees were uprooted and buildings demolished at both Smithville (Southport) and Wilmington. An anemometer at Wilmington indicated wind speeds of 90 mph before it was destroyed. The hurricane weakened to a tropical storm over land, bringing heavy, yet beneficial, rain to Washington and other states. It moved out to sea, dissipating near Cape Cod.


1881 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Seven
A tropical storm was first seen on September 18 to the northwest of Bermuda. It tracked to the northeast, reaching a peak of 70 mph (113 km/h) on the 19th while southeast of the Canadian Maritimes. It weakened over the north Atlantic, becoming extratropical on the 22nd and finally dissipating by September 24.


1881 Barcelona Workers' Congress
The 1881 Barcelona Workers' Congress was a congress of the workers' societies of Spain held in Barcelona in September 1881, during the reign of Alfonso XII, from which the new Federation of Workers of the Spanish Region emerged, with an anarcho-collectivist tendency, which replaced the Spanish Regional Federation of the International Workingmen's Association (FRE-AIT) founded eleven years earlier in a labor congress also held in Barcelona.


1881 Barcelona Workers' Congress, Background
During the period in which the FRE-AIT operated clandestinely (1874-1881), ideological and strategic differences emerged within it. At the beginning of 1881, the possibility of legal action was glimpsed in view of the possibility that the Liberal Party of Práxedes Mateo Sagasta, who had promised recognition of freedom of association.


1881 Barcelona Workers' Congress, Background
So the Catalan anarcho-syndicalist group led by Josep Llunas i Pujals, Rafael Farga, Antoni Pellicer and Eudald Canivell i Masbernat tried to take advantage of the opportunity offered to put an end to the period of secrecy and proposed to change the policy of the Federal Commission, which "had moved away from the idea of large labor movements, in favor of secret groups, supporters of direct action."


1881 Barcelona Workers' Congress, Background
For this purpose, he convened an Extraordinary Regional Conference that was held from February 6 to 9, 1881 in Gràcia which was attended by a "regional" delegate of the FRE and during which the Commission —composed by Anselmo Lorenzo, José García Viñas, Trinidad Soriano, Nacher, and González Morago - was dismissed and replaced by a new one formed by the Catalan leaders, plus the Mallorcan bricklayer Francesc Tomàs Oliver.


1881 Barcelona Workers' Congress, Background
"The history of the FRE-AIT ended here, to give way to the reconstruction of a powerful trade union movement, something that the same men of the Alliance, the Barcelona anarcho-syndicalists, professional workers, who imposed themselves on the insurrectionary anarchists not very inclined to public union action." Almost simultaneously the celebration of the Extraordinary Conference the liberal government of Práxedes Mateo Sagasta approved freedom of association.


1881 Barcelona Workers' Congress, Background
On July 10, some fifty workers 'societies in Catalonia - which had held a previous assembly in March - made public a manifesto, probably written by Farga Pellicer, in which they called a workers' congress of the Spanish Region in Barcelona for the end of September. Soon the "collectivist workers" from twenty-two towns in the rest of Spain joined the proposal.


1881 Barcelona Workers' Congress, Background
That same month of July, a Congress of workers' societies from different countries was held in London in which an attempt was made to rebuild the Anarchist International, which was not achieved, but in which a resolution that said that "oral and written propaganda" should be joined "propaganda of the deed" and that illegalism was the only way "that leads to revolution", recommending resorting to the dynamite to reach it. As this resolution was totally contrary to the trade union and legal path advocated by the new management of the FRE, it decided not to disseminate the resolution in Spain.


1881 Barcelona Workers' Congress, Development
Congress delegates declare that individual rights are by their nature imprescriptible and illegislable; that universal suffrage, right of association, freedom of the press, as well as autonomy of the individual, of the municipality, of the comarca and of the region, will not be a truth until individual property is transformed into collective property, so that, entering the workers' collectivities to take possession in usufruct of the factories, workshops, railways, machines and tools, as well as the raw materials, soil, subsoil, mines, etc., for this reason alone the economically emancipated individual remains, and therefore, in a position to agree with complete independence and to freely exercise all rights inherent to the human personality, provided that the individual fulfills the essential duty to produce.


1881 Barcelona Workers' Congress, Development
[ … ] Our organization, purely economic, is different and opposed to that of all bourgeois political parties and workers' politicians, since just as they organize themselves for the conquest of political power, we organize ourselves so that the political and legal states currently existing, are reduced to purely economic functions, establishing instead a free federation of free associations of free producers.


1881 Barcelona Workers' Congress, Development
Manifesto approved at the Founding Congress of the FRTE (Barcelona, September 25, 1881)


1881 Barcelona Workers' Congress, Development
The Congress was held between September 24 and 25, 1881 at the Teatro Circo de Barcelona on Montserrat Street, the same place where the Barcelona Workers' Congress of 1870 had been held. Its main agreement was the founding of the new Federation of Workers of the Spanish Region (FRTE), conforming to legality by suppressing the word "international", one of the reasons that had motivated the prohibition of its predecessor the FRE-AIT. 140 delegates attended representing 162 organizations from 72 localities, of which 35 were from Catalonia and 26 from Andalusia. Pablo Iglesias who had come to represent the Marxist socialist group in Madrid was not allowed to attend. In the "Manifesto to the workers of the Spanish Region" approved in Congress, and of which 28,500 copies were published, anti-politicalism and anarcho-collectivism were reaffirmed:


1881 Barcelona Workers' Congress, Development
We are adversaries of all parliamentary politics and determined champions of the economic struggle, of the destructive politics of all privileges and all monopolies of this unjust organization of present society. [ … ] The Workers' Congress declares itself collectivist in terms of property, anarchist or autonomist in terms of social organization.


1881 Barcelona Workers' Congress, Development
The anarchist newspaper Le Révolte, edited in Geneva by Peter Kropotkin, enthusiastically welcomed the emergence of the FTRE, a continuation of the FRE, even stating that the workers' movement was reborn in Europe.


1881 Barcelona Workers' Congress, Development
The Federal Commission was established on October 7 and was formed by the Barcelona internationalist group that had taken the initiative to end the FRE - Josep Llunas i Pujals, Rafael Farga Pellicer and Antoni Pellicer  - as well as Francesc Tomàs Oliver.


1881 Berwick-upon-Tweed by-election
In 1881, Dudley Marjoribanks, MP, was elevated to the peerage as Baron Tweedmouth. Hubert Jerningham defeated Henry Trotter by a then record margin, despite attacks on Jerningham for supporting the right of atheist Charles Bradlaugh, who had won in Northampton at the 1880 general election, to sit in Parliament.


1881 Birthday Honours
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Wikimandia (talk | contribs) at 23:53, 17 March 2020 (link Charles Lister Ryan using Find link). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1881 Birthday Honours
The 1881 Birthday Honours were appointments by Queen Victoria to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of the British Empire. The appointments were made to celebrate the official birthday of the Queen, and were published in The London Gazette on 24 May 1881.


1881 Birthday Honours
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.


1881 Boston Red Caps season
The 1881 Boston Red Caps season was the eleventh season of the franchise.


1881 Boston Red Caps season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1881 Boston Red Caps season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1881 Boston Red Caps season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1881 Boston Red Caps season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1881 Boston Red Caps season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1881 Boston mayoral election
The Boston mayoral election of 1881 saw  the election of Samuel Abbott Green.


1881 Buffalo Bisons season
The 1881 Buffalo Bisons finished the season with a 45–38 record, good for third place in the National League.


1881 Buffalo Bisons season
A highlight from this season occurred on September 15. In a 12-inning game against Worcester, Buffalo second baseman Davy Force recorded 12 putouts, seven assists, two unassisted double plays, participated in a triple play, and made just one error in 20 chances.


1881 Buffalo Bisons season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1881 Buffalo Bisons season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1881 Buffalo Bisons season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1881 Buffalo Bisons season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1881 Buffalo mayoral election
The Buffalo mayoral election of 1881 saw the election of former Erie County Sheriff Grover Cleveland, who defeated architect and alderman Milton Beebe by what was considered a broad margin.


1881 Buffalo mayoral election
Cleveland would not serve out his entire term as mayor, as he would be subsequently elected Governor of New York the following year.


1881 Bulgarian Constitutional Assembly election
Constitutional Assembly elections were held in Bulgaria in June 1881. The body known as the Grand National Assembly (Bulgaria: Велико Народно събрание - Veliko Narodno Subranie) was convened for a second time in Svishtov in order to consider the amendments to the constitution proposed by prince Alexander I of Battenberg. The proposed amendments were an echo from the Conservative's requests during the first constitutional assembly elections back in 1879. The amendments proposed included restricting civil liberties, reducing the size of the National Assembly, making the franchise indirect and introducing a state council. These amendments would, in effect, suspend the constitution and turn Bulgaria into an authoritarian dictatorship.


1881 Bulgarian Constitutional Assembly election, Campaign
At first the Liberal Party was not perturbed by the proposed amendments as they believed the Bulgarian people were opposed to them and stood behind the Liberal Party. Believing this would be reflected in the election results, the Liberal Party was confident it would dominate the new assembly. This confidence evaporated when Russia decided to back the prince during the election. Russian soldiers were available at the polls to "help illiterates" and to "preserve order", though they placed little restraint on pro-Battenburgist thugs who congregated around polling stations.


1881 Bulgarian Constitutional Assembly election, Results
Having "practiced all the latest modes of bulldozing known to the enlightened citizens", the pro-Battenberg conservatives were able to secure the majority they wanted. Only two electoral districts returned liberal deputies and not all of them reached the assembly.


1881 Bulgarian Constitutional Assembly election, Aftermath
On July 1 the GNA convened in Svishtov. The overwhelming conservative majority supported the constitutional amendments, taking less than two hours to pass all of them. The Prince Alexander had in effect carried out a coup d'état. Following the coup, many infuriated liberals left Bulgaria. Battenberg's regime was weak from the get-go, however, as the real power was being absorbed by the two Russian generals dispatched from Saint-Petersburg, Leonid Sobolev and Alexander Kaulbars. The regime eventually collapsed and the constitution was restored on 6 September 1883.


1881 CCNY Lavender football team
The 1881 CCNY Lavender football team represented the City College of New York during the 1881 college football season.


1881 Carcoar colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Carcoar on 1 December 1881 because Ezekiel Baker was expelled from the Assembly on allegations of bribery and corruption.


1881 Chicago White Stockings season
The 1881 Chicago White Stockings season was the 10th season of the Chicago White Stockings franchise, the 6th in the National League and the 4th at Lakefront Park. The White Stockings won the National League championship with a record of 56–28.


1881 Chicago White Stockings season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1881 Chicago White Stockings season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1881 Chicago White Stockings season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1881 Chicago White Stockings season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1881 Chicago mayoral election
The Chicago mayoral election of 1881 saw Democratic incumbent Carter Harrison Sr. defeat Republican John Clark, winning a majority of the vote and a nearly twelve point margin of victory.


1881 Chicago mayoral election
Unlike in the previous mayoral election, the Socialist Labor Party's nominee did not have much of an impact.


1881 Chilean presidential election
The Chilean presidential election of 1881 took place during the War of the Pacific through a system of electors, and resulted in the election as President of Domingo Santa María, who was the sole candidate after Manuel Baquedano's resignation. Baquedano, nevertheless, received 12 electoral votes in Santiago.


1881 Chios earthquake
The 1881 Chios earthquake occurred at 13:40 local time (11:30 UTC) on 3 April. It caused severe damage on the island of Chios and also affected Çeşme and Alaçatı on the coast of Turkey. The earthquake had an estimated magnitude of 7.3 and there were an estimated 7,866 casualties. The devastation from the earthquake was the last of the three 'catastrophes' that affected the island of Chios in the 19th century.


1881 Chios earthquake, Tectonic setting
The Aegean Sea is an area of mainly extensional tectonics caused by the subduction of the African Plate beneath Aegean Sea Plate.


1881 Chios earthquake, Damage
The town of Chios was devastated, causing many casualties, partly due to the narrowness of the streets. In the rest of the island, 25 out of the 64 villages were destroyed with another 17 badly damaged. In both Çeşme and Alaçatı about 40% of the houses were destroyed.


1881 Chios earthquake, Damage
The number of casualties on the Turkish mainland was low, possibly due to most of the inhabitants leaving their houses to watch the passage of the passenger ship Aya Evangelistra from the shore.


1881 Chios earthquake, Characteristics
The epicenter of the earthquake was in the southeastern part of Chios where intensities reached IX (Violent) on the Mercalli intensity scale. Isoseismal maps show an elongation west to east with an area of intensity VIII (Severe) affecting the western end of the Karaburun Peninsula of the Turkish mainland. Vertical movements of up to 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) were observed. Magnitudes ranging from Mw  = 6.5  to Ms = 7.3  have been estimated for this event.


1881 Chios earthquake, Characteristics
A minor tsunami was reported, based on the presence of fresh sand in a garden in Chios, but there is no other information available.


1881 Chios earthquake, Characteristics
There were many strong aftershocks, the most damaging being on 5 April, 11 April (2), 12 April, 13 April, 18 April, 20 May, 9 June and 26 August.


1881 Chios earthquake, Aftermath
After the earthquake many of the inhabitants of Chios left the island. This followed the trend set by the other two 'catastrophes' of the 19th century that devastated the island, the massacre of Chios in 1822 and the failure of the orange crop in 1833. Together these events left most of Chios in a state of poverty and severely underpopulated.


1881 Christchurch mayoral election
The Christchurch mayoral election held on 30 November 1881 was contested by German-born baker, hotel proprietor and businessman George Ruddenklau, and businessman Charles Taylor. The election was won by Ruddenklau with a small margin.


1881 Christchurch mayoral election, Background and campaign
The election was set for 30 November 1881. At the beginning of September 1881, city councillors Taylor and Aaron Ayers were discussed in the media as likely candidates for the upcoming mayoral election. On 25 November, the incumbent James Gapes announced his candidacy for a third term as mayor, as he was not satisfied with the other two contenders for the position, city councillors Charles Taylor, and George Ruddenklau. Following a requisition, Gapes arranged a public meeting at short notice for Friday, 25 November at the Gaiety Theatre in Cathedral Square, which was well attended.


1881 Christchurch mayoral election, Background and campaign
At the meeting, chaired by the local member of parliament Samuel Paull Andrews, Gapes explained his political views and justified his actions over the previous twelve months. A further public meeting was held at the same venue on Monday, 28 November. Gapes, in his role as mayor, chaired the meeting, and Taylor and Ruddenklau both spoke. The candidates differed in their opinion in how the market square should be run.


1881 Christchurch mayoral election, Background and campaign
Earlier on 28 November, Gapes had advertised that he had withdrawn from the contest.


1881 Christchurch mayoral election, Candidates
Whilst New Zealand was a young colony at the time, both candidates were regarded by some as foreigners as they did not hail from Britain. Ruddenklau was a native German, although had lived amongst English people for 30 years and had been in Christchurch since 1857. Taylor was from North America but stressed that his great-grandparents remained aligned to England after the American Revolution.


1881 Christchurch mayoral election, Candidates
Charles Benjamin Taylor was born in 1824 in Nova Scotia. He was a timber merchant, trader, exporter and importer, owned two ships, and was a member of the chamber of commerce. From 1879, Taylor was the United States consular agent at Christchurch. He married in Christchurch in 1868, but his wife died in childbirth a year later and a further year later, he married her sister; there were seven children from that marriage. Taylor was first elected to Christchurch City Council in September 1879.


1881 Christchurch mayoral election, Candidates
John George Ruddenklau was born in 1829 in Hesse, Germany. He married in England and came to Christchurch in 1857. He at first worked in his profession as a baker but then set up the City Hotel. He was one of the driving forces behind the establishment of the German Church in Christchurch, which was completed in 1874. Ruddenklau was first elected onto Christchurch City Council in January 1866 and served one two-year term. He was a city councillor again in 1877 but was one of the five councillors who resigned in January 1878 in protest against William Wilson's election.


1881 Christchurch mayoral election, Results
The election was won by Ruddenklau on 30 November with a 2.5% vote margin, possibly helped by the support of The Star just prior to the election. Ruddenklau was installed as the next mayor on 21 December 1881. After his one-year term, he was re-elected mayor unopposed. He retired after two terms and stood in the 1884 general election in the Stanmore electorate but was unsuccessful. Ruddenklau died in 1891.


1881 Christchurch mayoral election, Results
Taylor and his family left New Zealand in 1884 and settled in Oakland, California.