1878 Quebec general election
The 1878 Quebec general election was held on May 1, 1878 to elect members of the 4th Legislative Assembly for the Province of Quebec, Canada. The result was a hung parliament, with no party having a clear majority. Only one seat divided the two major parties, the Quebec Conservative Party and the Quebec Liberal Party. The balance of power was held by two Independent Conservatives.


1878 Quebec general election
The incumbent premier, Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière, was able to form a minority government with the support of the Independent Conservatives, even though the Conservative Party had one seat more than the Liberals.


1878 Quebec general election, Political events
The election was called in unusual circumstances. On March 8, 1878, the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec, Luc Letellier de Saint-Just, dismissed the Conservative premier, Charles Boucher de Boucherville, in a dispute over proposed railway legislation. The Lieutenant Governor then appointed Joly de Lotbinière, the leader of the Liberals, as premier. Since the Conservatives still maintained a substantial majority in the Legislative Assembly, on March 22, 1878 Joly de Lotbinière requested the dissolution of the Assembly and a general election, which Letellier de Saint-Just ordered.


1878 Quebec general election, Political events
The election was fought in part over economic issues and in part over the actions of the Lieutenant Governor, who was criticised by the Conservatives for having installed Joly de Lotbinière by a coup d'état. One of the leading Conservatives, Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau, opened his campaign with the slogan:  "Silence the voice of Spencer Wood [the residence of the Lieutenant Governor] and let the mighty voice of the people speak." Joly de Lotbinière agreed that the people should decide, and campaigned on the slogan “The province must choose between direct taxation and economy.”


1878 Quebec general election, Political events
Following the election results, Joly de Lotbinière was able to stay in office for one year as the leader of a minority government supported by the Independent Conservatives, even though the Conservative Party had one more seat than the Liberals. In 1879, he was defeated in the Assembly by the Conservatives, who formed a minority government.


1878 Quebec general election, Electoral map
The Legislative Assembly was composed of sixty-five single-member constituencies or "ridings". The 1878 election was conducted under the pre-Confederation electoral map of the former Province of Canada. That map had set the boundaries for the sixty-five constituencies of Canada East, which became Quebec. The British North America Act, 1867 provided that the pre-Confederation electoral map would continue to be used for Quebec elections until altered by the Legislature of Quebec. The map of the sixty-five constituencies was also to be used in federal elections, until altered by Parliament.


1878 Quebec general election, Conduct of the election, Secret ballot
The election was conducted under The Quebec Election Act, a provincial statute. It was the second election where the secret ballot was used in Quebec.


1878 Quebec general election, Conduct of the election, Preparation of voter lists
The Act required that each municipality prepare a voter list in March of each year, based on the valuation of property and ownership used for the tax rolls. The list was drawn up the secretary-treasurer of each municipality. The municipal council then reviewed the list and could make corrections to it. Once approved by the municipal council, the list was in force until the preparation of the list in the next year. Any person who was dissatisfied by their inclusion or exclusion from the list could appeal to the local judge of the superior court or district magistrate, whose decision on the issue was final.


1878 Quebec general election, Conduct of the election, Procedure for the election
The election began with a proclamation issued by the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec, setting the date for nomination of candidates. The date was the same for all constituencies. The provincial Clerk of the Crown in Chancery then issued sixty-five writs, directed to the Returning Officer for each constituency, directing them to conduct the election. The Returning Officer would be the registrar or sheriff of the constituency.


1878 Quebec general election, Conduct of the election, Procedure for the election
On the date set for nominations, the Returning Officer would hold a public meeting to receive nominations. The meeting was conducted at the most central and convenient location in the constituency, in a court house, city hall or registry office, between noon and one o'clock.


1878 Quebec general election, Conduct of the election, Procedure for the election
To be nominated, a candidate had to file a nomination paper with the Returning Officer, signed by at least twenty-five supporters eligible to vote in the constituency, and accompanied with a deposit of $200. The nomination paper and deposit had to be filed on or before the nomination meeting.


1878 Quebec general election, Conduct of the election, Procedure for the election
If only one nomination was received, the Returning Officer would declare that person to be elected, and immediately report the result to the Clerk of the Crown in Chancery with the return of the writ. If two or more candidates were nominated, voting would occur one week after the nomination date set in the writ. The Returning Officer would establish polling stations throughout the constituency. On polling day, the polls would open in each station and voters would cast their ballots in the locked ballot box.


1878 Quebec general election, Conduct of the election, Procedure for the election
When the polls closed, the deputy returning officers would unlock the ballot box, count the ballots in the presence of the candidates or their agents, and prepare a record of the vote. The deputy returning officer would then place all of the records and ballots in the ballot box, lock it, and deliver the ballot box to the Returning Officer.


1878 Quebec general election, Conduct of the election, Procedure for the election
Once all the ballot boxes were received, the Returning Officer would open all the ballot boxes in the presence of witnesses and total the votes from each polling station. The Returning Officer would declare the candidate with the most votes elected. If there was a tie between the top two candidates, the Returning Officer was required to give a written casting vote immediately to decide the election. In no other circumstances could the Returning Officer vote.


1878 Quebec general election, Conduct of the election, Procedure for the election
The Returning Officer would then prepare a complete report of the results of the election, along with his return of the writ, and forward it all to the Clerk of the Crown in Chancery.


1878 Quebec general election, Results
The election resulted in a hung parliament: neither of the parties had a majority. Two Independent Conservatives were elected, who held the balance of power.


1878 Queensland colonial election
Elections were held in the Australian state of Queensland between 4 November 1878 and 10 December 1878 to elect the members of the state's Legislative Assembly.


1878 Queensland colonial election, Key dates
Due to problems of distance and communications, it was not possible to hold the elections on a single day.


1878 Reading by-election
The Reading by-election of 1878 was fought on 17 May 1878. The byelection was fought due to the death of the incumbent Liberal MP, Sir Francis Goldsmid. It was won by the Liberal candidate George Palmer.


1878 Rhode Island gubernatorial election
The 1878 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was held on April 3, 1878. Incumbent Republican Charles C. Van Zandt defeated Democratic nominee Isaac Lawrence with 58.12% of the vote.


1878 Rochester by-election
The Rochester by-election of 1878 was fought on 14 June 1878. The byelection was fought due to the death of the incumbent Liberal MP, Philip Wykeham Martin. It was won by the Liberal candidate Arthur Otway.


1878 Roslyn by-election
The 1878 Roslyn by-election was a by-election for the electorate of Roslyn on 29 July 1878 in Dunedin during the 6th New Zealand Parliament.


1878 Roslyn by-election
The by-election resulted from the resignation of the previous member Arthur John Burns on 28 June 1878.


1878 Roslyn by-election
The by-election was won by Henry Driver, who had previously held the seat from 1869 to 1871.


1878 Roslyn by-election
He was opposed by Archibald Hilson Ross, who claimed that Driver (who denied it) "shouted" electors with drinks. Ross represented Roslyn from 1884 to 1890 and was Mayor of Dunedin from 1880 to 1881.


1878 Rutgers Queensmen football team
The 1878 Rutgers Queensmen football team represented Rutgers University in the 1878 college football season. The Queensmen compiled a 1–2–1 record, scored one point, and allowed six points.


1878 Rutgers Queensmen football team
The team had no coach, and its captain was Thomas Fitz-Randolph.


1878 SAFA season
The 1878 South Australian Football Association season was the 2nd season of the top-level Australian rules football competition in South Australia.


1878 SAFA season
The SAFA competition was contested by seven teams with the admission of Norwood, after Bankers and Woodville folded at the end of 1877.


1878 SAFA season
Each team played each other twice this season, the first time a standardised fixture was in place.


1878 SAFA season
In its first season, Norwood won their first premiership, going through the year undefeated.


1878 SAFA season, Pre season
The SAFA clubs played inter club matches on 4 May.


1878 SAFA season, Pre season
An additional pre season game was played between some South Australian and Victorian residents who live in Adelaide.


1878 SAFA season, Premiership season
Premiership matches are those that took place after 11 May.


1878 SAFA season, Premiership season, Round 4
The Port Adelaide vs. Victorian game was called off due to bad weather and rescheduled for 6 July despite Port kicking a goal.


1878 Scottish Cup Final
The 1878 Scottish Cup Final was the fifth final of the Scottish Cup and the final of the 1877–78 Scottish Cup, the most prestigious knockout football competition in Scotland. The match was played at Hampden Park in Crosshill (today part of Glasgow) on 30 March 1878 and was watched by a crowd of 5,000 spectators. The final was contested by the defending champions Vale of Leven and 3rd Lanark RV who had never won the cup.


1878 Scottish Cup Final
Scotland international forward John McDougall scored the only goal of the game after 65 minutes to give Vale of Leven a 1–0 victory and a second successive cup triumph.


1878 Scottish Cup Final, Background
For both defending champions Vale of Leven and 3rd Lanark RV, the 1878 final marked their second appearance in the Scottish Cup final. Vale of Leven had beaten Rangers in the 1877 final while 3rd Lanark RV lost to the defending champions, Queen's Park, in 1876.


1878 Scottish Cup Final, Background
The teams' only prior meeting was in the previous season's competition when Vale of Leven recorded a 1–0 third-round win on their way to lifting the trophy for the first time.


1878 Scottish Cup Final, Route to the final
Both teams progressed through six previous rounds to reach the final.


1878 Scottish Cup Final, Route to the final, Vale of Leven
Vale of Leven were given a walkover in the First Round of the cup, before being handed a second round tie away at Dumbarton. They drew 1–1 at Dumbarton before sealing a 4–1 victory in the replay. Vale progressed through the third round with a 3–0 win over Lennox to secure a fourth round tie against Rangers. The first match ended in a goalless draw, but Rangers were soundly beaten 5–0 in the replay at home. A convincing 10–0 win over Jordanhill followed in the fifth round to set up a quarter-final match against Parkgrove. Vale of Leven won 5–0 and were then given a bye in the semi-final stage.


1878 Scottish Cup Final, Route to the final, 3rd Lanark RV
3rd Lanark RV's cup campaign began with a 1–0 win away at Clyde to give the team a second round tie against Derby, who they defeated 11–0 at Cathkin Park. The team secured a 1–0 victory at home to Queen's Park in the third round. In the fourth round, 3rd Lanark RV again won at home, this time defeating Govan 7–0. They were then again handed a home tie in the fifth round and were again victorious, beating Beith 4–0. 3rd Lanark RV beat South Western 2–1 in the quarter-final before eventually overcoming Renton after two replays in the semi-final.


1878 South Australian colonial election
Colonial elections were held in South Australia from 29 March to 30 April 1878. All 46 seats in the South Australian House of Assembly were up for election.


1878 South Australian colonial election
Since the inaugural 1857 election, no parties or solid groupings had been formed, which resulted in frequent changes of the Premier. If for any reason the incumbent Premier of South Australia lost sufficient support through a successful motion of no confidence at any time on the floor of the house, he would tender his resignation to the Governor of South Australia, which would result in interested members declaring their intent to run for the vacant position. A parliamentary ballot would then take place, resulting in the member with the most votes being sworn in by the Governor as the next Premier.


1878 South Australian colonial election
Informal groupings began and increased government stability occurred from the 1887 election. The United Labor Party would be formed in 1891, while the National Defence League would be formed later in the same year.


1878 South Carolina gubernatorial election
The 1878 South Carolina gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1878 to select the governor of South Carolina. Wade Hampton III was renominated by the Democrats and ran against no organized opposition in the general election to win reelection for a second two-year term.


1878 South Carolina gubernatorial election, Campaign
Upon becoming governor after a prolonged struggle against Daniel Henry Chamberlain in the gubernatorial election of 1876, Wade Hampton adopted moderate racial policies and favored many Republican proposals. For instance, the state modified the agriculture lien law and passed a law giving counties the ability to mandate the fencing of livestock. Hampton also appointed many blacks to government positions and provided for more funds to be spent educating black children than white children.


1878 South Carolina gubernatorial election, Campaign, Republican convention
The state Republican Party held their convention in Columbia on August 7 and August 8. The white Republican leaders opposed fielding a slate of candidates for statewide offices and even proposed a resolution to endorse Hampton. They felt that any opposition to Hampton would only encourage the Democrats to mount an aggressive and unified campaign. Instead, they proposed for the party to concentrate its resources on contesting the local races in hopes that the Democrats would not vigorously contest those elections due to lack of competition at the state level.


1878 South Carolina gubernatorial election, Campaign, Republican convention
However, many prominent black Republicans favored fielding a slate of statewide candidates and launch an all out campaign against the Democrats. The sentiment among the delegates favored this position, but party chairman, Robert B. Elliott, and other Republican leaders managed to convince the delegates the futility of fielding a statewide campaign. When a resolution was offered to pledge the Republican Party to field a state ticket, it was defeated by a vote of 85-35. The platform of the party adopted at the convention merely stated that a full slate was inexpedient because it was "impossible for Republican voters to organize and vote without incurring great personal danger". Thus, the campaign of 1878 for the Republicans was left up to the county organizations.


1878 South Carolina gubernatorial election, Campaign, Fusion
An attitude of apathy and defeatism swept through the Republican camp and most were resigned to the inevitable destruction of the party. One leader commented that it was highly unlikely "that the Republicans could succeed without federal troops in 1878 where they had failed with them in 1876." Several Republican county organizations passed resolutions supporting Hampton's reelection for governor and even endorsed Democratic candidates for county offices. For example, in Marion County the Republicans placed five out of nine Democratic candidates on their ticket in a policy of fusion.


1878 South Carolina gubernatorial election, Campaign, Democratic division
Throughout Hampton's first term in office, he appealed for political harmony between the races. Hampton carried out his pledge to ensure equal rights between the races and he appointed more black men to office than Chamberlain had during his term as governor. The more militant faction of the Democratic Party, led by Martin Gary, was entirely against any cooperation with blacks and instead sought to remove blacks completely from political life. The Edgefield County Democrats would not acknowledge any black Democratic clubs and they prevented blacks from participating in the primary elections. Hampton publicly refuted this policy and no other county followed suit. Nevertheless, new laws were enacted by the General Assembly in 1877 to make it harder for blacks to participate and vote in the electoral process.


1878 South Carolina gubernatorial election, General election
The general election was held on November 5, 1878 and Wade Hampton was reelected as governor of South Carolina with no organized opposition, although there was much more electoral fraud and violence than the election in 1876. For instance, on Edisto Island where 1,000 Republicans and 50 Democrats resided, the polls never opened. The Red Shirts in Fairfield County physically beat anyone who dared vote for a Republican. Combined with the lack of a Republican candidate and new prohibitive voting laws, turnout was not surprisingly much less than the 1876 election.


1878 South Northumberland by-election
The South Northumberland by-election of 1878 was fought on 17 April 1878. The byelection was fought due to the succession to a peerage of the incumbent Conservative MP, Lord Eslington. It was won by the Conservative candidate Edward Ridley.


1878 Southampton by-election
The Southampton by-election of 1878 was fought on 14 June 1878. The byelection was fought due to the death of the incumbent Conservative MP, Russell Gurney. It was won by the Conservative candidate Alfred Giles.


1878 St. Croix labor riot
The 1878 St. Croix labor riot, locally also known as Fireburn, was a labor riot on Saint Croix, one of the Virgin Islands, then part of the Danish West Indies. The revolt started on October 1, 1878 and was suppressed after several days of looting and burning. Among the leaders were several women – "Queen Mary" Thomas, "Queen Agnes" Salomon, and "Queen Mathilda" McBean – who became known as "Queens of the Fireburn".


1878 St. Croix labor riot, Events leading up to the riot
In July 1848, the slaves of Danish West Indies staged a protest and gained their freedom. This freedom would be short-lived, as plantation owners quickly began devising new regulations. The now free laborers were forced, by law, to sign contracts which bound them and their families to the plantations on which they worked. By signing these contracts, the laborers became slaves again, in all but name.


1878 St. Croix labor riot, Contract Day
In October 1878, laborers gathered in Frederiksted to demand higher wages and better working conditions. Although it was initially a peaceful gathering, the crowd began to become violent after rumors circulated, including a rumor that a laborer had been hospitalized, but was mistreated and died in police custody. The rioters threw stones and the Danish soldiers retaliated with gunfire. As violence escalated, the soldiers barricaded themselves inside a fort. Unable to scale the gates to access the fort, the rioters turned their focus on the town and began looting the town, using torches to burn many buildings and plantations.


1878 St. Croix labor riot, Contract Day
On October 4, British, French, and American warships arrived and offered to help stop the riot. However, Governor Garde was confident he and his men had the situation under control, and turned the ships away, though some soldiers borrowed guns from the British ships. The next day, the Governor ordered all laborers to return to their plantations or be declared "rebels". Laborers were forbidden from leaving their plantations without written permission from the plantation owner. By mid-October, the riot had died down and peace was returning to the islands.


1878 St. Croix labor riot, Queens of the Fireburn
Among the prominent leaders of the riot were three women, Mary "Queen Mary" Thomas, "Queen Agnes", and "Queen Mathilda." The three women were sentenced to jail, and served their terms in Denmark. A folk song from the 1880s, entitled "Queen Mary", was written about Mary's role in the riot.


1878 St. Croix labor riot, Queens of the Fireburn
In 2004, historian Wayne James uncovered Danish documents, including photographs of the prison where the women served their sentences, a storybook they wrote, and "a host of other historically significant documents and photos." According to him, these documents reveal the existence of a fourth "queen," Susanna Abramsen, who was known as "Bottom Belly."


1878 St. Croix labor riot, Aftermath
The riots caused great destruction to property on the islands. 879 acres were burned, and the damage caused was estimated at hundreds of thousands of dollars. Direct casualties of the riot include the deaths of 60 black laborers and two soldiers, and 14 women who died in an explosion. In addition, 12 laborers were condemned to death and hanged on October 5 1878.


1878 St. Croix labor riot, Aftermath
One year after the events of Fireburn, in October 1879, new contracts were written which would supposedly increase wages for laborers. However, these contracts were weighted in favor of the plantation owners, and thus resulted in little to no improvement in the laborers' lives.


1878 St. Croix labor riot, Legacy
In 2018 artists Jeannette Ehlers and La Vaughn Belle unveiled a 7 meters (23 ft)-tall statue of Mary Thomas, seated on a throne with a cane knife and torch. Its installation in Copenhagen made the statue Denmark's first public monument to a black woman.


1878 St. Croix labor riot, Legacy
The Three Queens Fountain at Blackbeard's Castle, St. Thomas honors Queens Mary, Agnes, and Mathilda


1878 St. Croix labor riot, Legacy
T-shirt with Fireburn and Three Queens motif, St. Croix 2015


1878 Stevens football team
The 1878 Stevens football team was an American football team that represented Stevens Institute of Technology in the 1878 college football season. The team compiled a 1–1–2 record and was outscored by a total of four goals to one. The team played its home games at the St. George's Cricket Club grounds in Hoboken, New Jersey.


1878 Stevens football team, Game summaries, Princeton
On October 26, at 2:30 p.m., the Princeton football team played a football match against Stevens Institute of Technology and (with some participation from members of the St. George's Cricket Club). The game was played between teams of 15 players per side on the Princeton University grounds before a large crowd, including many carriages parked in the space outside the ropes. Princeton scored four goals and six touchdowns. Stevens did not score.


1878 Stevens football team, Game summaries, Princeton
The lineup for Stevens Institute was as follows: Spofford, Rosenbury, Dilworth, Clarke, Leib, Rosenberger, Denton, Dashill and Suydam as forwardss; Merritt, Connover, and Herrick as halfbacks; and Hysop, Pracay, and Moore as backs. Merritt was the Stevens team captain.


1878 Stevens football team, Game summaries, Rutgers
On October 30, the team from Stevens Institute played a match against the Rutgers College team in New Brunswick, New Jersey. The game ended in a scoreless tie with neither side scoring a goal or touchdown.


1878 Stevens football team, Game summaries, Columbia
On November 5, Stevens was scheduled to play a match against the team from the College of the City of New York (CCNY) at St. George's Cricket Club grounds in Hoboken, New Jersey. The CCNY club did not show up, but a group of nine students from Columbia arrived and agreed to a "scratch game". Sides were chosen among the available players by Herrick of Stevens and Burton of Columbia. Burton's team scored three touchdowns, but neither team scored a goal.


1878 Stevens football team, Game summaries, Rutgers
On November 9, at 3:00 p.m., Stevens hosted Rutgers for a return match on the St. George's Cricket Club grounds. Neither team scored a touchdown or goal in the first or second halves. The sides agreed to an additional 10 minutes. Reisenberger recovered the ball beyond Rutgers' goal line for a touchdown, and Suydam kicked the goal giving Stevens the victory by one goal to none.


1878 Stevens football team, Game summaries, Rutgers
The lineup for Stevens included Muller, Gowen, Ruh, Macauley, and Hasbrouck at the forward positions, Howe, See and Randolph at the halfback positions, and Voorhees and Norris as backs. Randolph was the team captain.


1878 Swarthmore Quakers football team
The 1878 Swarthmore Quakers football team represented Swarthmore College during the 1878 college football season. The team lost a game to Penn. The game had 45-minute halves and bore little resemblance to the modern game. Swarthmore was the 15th school to play football, and the second in the  state of Pennsylvania after Penn.


1878 Swedish general election
General elections were held in Sweden in 1878 to elect the Second Chamber of the Riksdag for a three-year term. Following the elections, the Lantmanna Party remained the largest party, holding 92 of the 204 seats.


1878 Swedish general election
Direct elections were held in 21 of the 24 urban constituencies and 73 of the 140 rural constituencies, an increase of four constituencies using direct elections. In the other 70 constituencies, the elections were indirect and carried out using electors.


1878 Swedish general election
Of a total population of 4.5 million, only 270,337 people (6%) were eligible to vote.


1878 Swiss federal election
Federal elections were held in Switzerland on 27 October 1878. The Radical Left remained the largest group in the National Council.


1878 Swiss federal election, Electoral system
The 135 members of the National Council were elected in 48 single- and multi-member constituencies using a three-round system. Candidates had to receive a majority in the first or second round to be elected; if it went to a third round, only a plurality was required. Voters could cast as many votes as there were seats in their constituency. There was one seat for every 20,000 citizens, with seats allocated to cantons in proportion to their population.


1878 Swiss federal election, Results, National Council, Summary
Voter turnout was highest in Schaffhausen (where voting was compulsory) at 95.1% and lowest in Schwyz at 26.7%.


1878 Taieri by-election
The 1878 Taieri by-election was a by-election held on 11 July 1878 during the 6th New Zealand Parliament in the electorate of Taieri in Otago.


1878 Taieri by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP Donald Reid on 6 June 1878.


1878 Tamworth by-election
The Tamworth by-election of 1878 was fought on 24 April 1878. The byelection was fought due to the resignation of the incumbent, Conservative MP, Robert William Hanbury, in order to contest North Staffordshire. It was won by the Liberal candidate Hamar Bass.


1878 Tariffville train crash
The Tariffville train crash was a railroad accident that occurred on January 15, 1878 on the Connecticut Western line, then a 69 mi (111 km) route linking Hartford and the Hudson Valley.


1878 Tariffville train crash
On January 15, 1878, around 10:00 PM, a passenger train returning from Hartford crossed the wooden bridge spanning the Farmington River at Tariffville, as one of the two main bridge spans collapsed, dropping two locomotives, one baggage car and three passenger coaches into the icy river. Some people from New Hartford hitching a ride between the cars were killed when they were thrown beneath the wreck. The wreck claimed 13 lives and injured more than 70, some severely. Many of the passengers were returning from a Protestant revival meeting in Hartford featuring well-known evangelist Dwight L. Moody.


1878 Tariffville train crash
Residents of Tariffville provided emergency assistance for passengers and provided them with dry clothing and shelter. Dr. D.P. Pelletier was the first Hartford surgeon notified of the accident. He went to a drug store on Capitol Avenue and used the store's telephone to summon other doctors for a relief train in what is possibly the first emergency telephone call. A special relief train carrying physicians and other rescue personnel was sent that became known as the "Samaritan Special."


1878 Timaru by-election
The 1878 Timaru by-election was a by-election held on 8 April in the Timaru electorate during the 6th New Zealand Parliament.


1878 Timaru by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent, Edward Stafford, who was retiring from politics. He was replaced by Richard Turnbull. As he was the only candidate nominated, he was declared elected. He did not support universal manhood suffrage as proposed by Sir George Grey.


1878 Truro by-election
The Truro by-election 1878 was a parliamentary by-election held for the House of Commons of the United Kingdom constituency of Truro on 26 September 1878.


1878 Truro by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was fought due to the death of the incumbent Conservative MP, Sir Frederick Williams.


1878 United States House of Representatives elections in Florida
Elections to the United States House of Representatives in Florida were held November 5, 1878 for the 46th Congress.


1878 United States House of Representatives elections in Florida, Background
For the first few post-Reconstruction elections in Florida, the Republicans dominated Congressional elections. The previous election was the first election in which a Democrat won on the initial results (a Republican victory was successfully contested by a Democrat after the 1870 and 1874 elections). Going into the election, Florida's delegation was split between one Republican and one Democrat.


1878 United States House of Representatives elections in Florida, Contested election
As in the 1874 and 1876 elections, the results in the 2nd district were successfully contested. This time, Horatio Bisbee, Jr. (R) successfully challenged the election of Noble A. Hull (D), and was declared with victor with a vote of 11,194 - 10,844, serving in House January 22 - March 3, 1881


1878 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina
The 1878 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina were held on November 5, 1878 to select five Representatives for two-year terms from the state of South Carolina. Two Democratic incumbents were re-elected, two Republican incumbents were defeated and the open seat was picked up by the Democrats. The composition of the state delegation after the election was solely Democratic.


1878 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, Voter fraud
South Carolina was one state rampant with voter fraud, particularly through the use of tissue ballots, thin ballots hidden in the normal ballot, typically 10 to 20 at a time. The almost statewide exclusion of Republicans as Commissioners of Elections, and the ensuing appointment of nearly all Democratic Managers of Elections, allowed to Democratic Managers to perpetrate this scheme. When the votes were counted and more votes than voters were found, the Managers removed and destroyed the Republican ballots resulting in the complete takeover of the state.


1878 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 1st congressional district
Incumbent Republican Congressman Joseph Rainey of the 1st congressional district, in office since 1870, was defeated by Democratic challenger John S. Richardson.


1878 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 2nd congressional district
Incumbent Republican Congressman Richard H. Cain of the 2nd congressional district, in office since 1877, declined to seek re-election. Democrat Michael P. O'Connor, a contestant in the 1876 election, defeated Republican Edmund William McGregor Mackey in the general election.


1878 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 3rd congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman D. Wyatt Aiken of the 3rd congressional district, in office since 1877, defeated Republican challenger J.F. Ensor.


1878 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 4th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman John H. Evins of the 4th congressional district, in office since 1877, defeated Republican challenger Alexander S. Wallace.


1878 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 5th congressional district
Incumbent Republican Congressman Robert Smalls of the 5th congressional district, in office since 1875, was defeated by Democratic challenger George D. Tillman.


1878 United States elections
The 1878 United States elections occurred in the middle of Republican President Rutherford B. Hayes's term, during the Third Party System. It was the first election following the end of the Reconstruction Era, and Redeemers had gained back control of most Southern governments following the Compromise of 1877. Members of the 46th United States Congress were chosen in this election. Democrats won control of the Senate for the first time since the start of the Civil War. Democrats lost a majority in the House, but retained a plurality and control of the chamber.


1878 United States elections
In the House, Democrats and Republicans both lost seats to the Greenback Party and a group of independent Democrats, with the Democrats retaining only a plurality. Democrat Samuel J. Randall won re-election as Speaker of the House.


1878 United States elections
In the Senate, Democrats picked up several seats, taking control of the chamber.


1878 VFA season
The 1878 Victorian Football Association season was the second season of the Australian rules football competition. The premiership was won by the Geelong Football Club, after it defeated Melbourne in a playoff match on 5 October. It was the club's first VFA premiership, and the first in a sequence of three consecutive premierships won from 1878 to 1880. Geelong was unbeaten during the year.


1878 VFA season, Association membership
There were seven senior metropolitan clubs in the Association in 1878: Albert-park, Carlton, Essendon, Hotham, Melbourne, St Kilda and West Melbourne. Essendon and West Melbourne had been leading junior teams in 1877 and competed as seniors in 1878. Additionally, several provincial teams – including premiers Geelong – competed as senior clubs affiliated with the Association.


1878 VFA season, 1878 VFA premiership
Among the metropolitan clubs, Melbourne had the best record, finishing with eleven wins and five draws from its twenty-three matches, ahead of Carlton, whose record was seventeen wins and one draw from twenty-four matches.


1878 VFA season, 1878 VFA premiership
Despite Carlton having a numerically superior record, at the time, Melbourne and Carlton were considered to be by far the strongest of the metropolitan clubs, with Melbourne's position as the top club based almost entirely on head-to-head matches between the two clubs, of which Melbourne won all four. Among the provincial clubs, Geelong was by far the strongest, having gone through the season undefeated with fifteen wins and one draw from sixteen matches.


1878 VFA season, 1878 VFA premiership
However, Geelong had played only three games against metropolitan clubs (wins against Carlton, Hotham and Albert-park), while its provincial opponents were not considered as strong as the metropolitan competition, which gave rise to a dispute as to whether or not Geelong's record was strong enough to claim the premiership. To resolve the matter, Melbourne and Geelong scheduled a playoff match - the first in Association history - on 5 October, the week after the season was to have finished.


1878 VFA season, 1878 VFA premiership
Geelong won the playoff match by four goals to win the premiership.


1878 VFA season, 1878 VFA premiership, Club senior records
The below table details the playing records of the seven senior metropolitan clubs and Geelong in all matches during the 1878 season. Two sets of results are given:


1878 VFA season, 1878 VFA premiership, Club senior records
The clubs are listed in the order in which they were ranked in the Australasian newspaper. The VFA had no formal process by which the clubs were ranked, so the below order should be considered indicative only, particularly since the fixturing of matches was not standardised; however, the top three placings were later acknowledged in publications including the Football Record and are considered official. The senior records include the premiership playoff match.


1878 Vermont gubernatorial election
The 1878 Vermont gubernatorial election took place on September 3, 1878. Incumbent Republican Horace Fairbanks, per the "Mountain Rule", did not run for re-election to a second term as Governor of Vermont. Republican candidate Redfield Proctor defeated Democratic candidate W. H. H. Bingham to succeed him.


1878 Waipa by-election
The 1878 Waipa by-election was a by-election held on 24 July 1878 during the 6th New Zealand Parliament in the electorate of Waipa in the Waikato.


1878 Waipa by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP Alfred Cox on 13 June 1878.


1878 Waipa by-election
The by-election was won by Edward Graham McMinn, described as a Government supporter. Special trains ran from Auckland to Mercer to poll the Auckland voters, with 60 to 70 availing themselves of this conveyance.


1878 Waipa by-election
Frederick Alexander Whitaker opposed the government of George Grey. There were reportedly "nearly forty natives on the roll, besides some ninety votes about Auckland" (for whom the nearest polling booth was Newcastle). Whitaker lost the by-election, but won the seat in the 1879 election, and McMinn came third (Waipa voted on 10 September 1879).


1878 Waipa by-election, Results
The following table gives the election result. Note that the Returning officer (in The New Zealand Herald report) had 243 votes for Whitaker and a majority for McMinn of 41; another report from the Otago Witness has 245 and 39 but does give subtotals by booth:


1878 Wallingford tornado
The Wallingford Tornado was an F4 tornado that struck the town of Wallingford, Connecticut, on Friday, August 9, 1878. The violent tornado destroyed most of the town, killing about 34 people—estimated totals varied—and injuring at least 70, many severely. This was the deadliest tornado ever to strike the state of Connecticut, and the second deadliest ever in New England, after the Worcester tornado of 1953.


1878 Wallingford tornado, Before the storm
The storm system that eventually spawned the Wallingford tornado produced damaging winds and at least one tornado far before it reached the town. The first tornado from this storm system touched down in South Kent, unroofing houses, blowing down barns, and uprooting and tossing trees into the air. It moved steadily southeast for 12 mi (19 km), moving just south of New Preston, and then through Washington, before turning north and dissipating. The next path of damage started further north along the Shepaug River. It is unknown whether this was a tornado or straight-line winds, but the damage path continued southeast for three miles before disappearing again. More damage was reported near Waterbury, where a house was unroofed two miles west of the town. In the town itself, branches and chimneys were damaged.


1878 Wallingford tornado, Before the storm
As the storm approached Wallingford, observers described a black, rolling funnel, with clouds blowing in from all directions. This system passed directly over Cheshire, producing a strong wind at the surface which caused some minor damage. The storm then moved directly towards Wallingford.


1878 Wallingford tornado, The Wallingford tornado
In Wallingford, the day prior to the tornado was clear, and said to be "one of the loveliest [days] of the season". At around 5 p.m. the sky began to get dark, and by 5:30 p.m. the air was very black. At around 6 p.m., the air at the surface was calm, but lightning began to fill the sky, and the clouds began moving at a very rapid pace, frightening some residents into shelter.


1878 Wallingford tornado, The Wallingford tornado
The tornado started at 6:15 p.m. local time as a waterspout over Community Lake, just west of town. It then moved through the center of town along Christian Street, damaging almost every structure as it went. The tornado tore houses from their foundations, throwing some more than 600 feet (180 meters). A receipt from the town was later found 65 miles (105 km) east in Peacedale, Rhode Island. Large trees were uprooted and snapped, and those that were still standing were stripped of small limbs and leaves. The Catholic Church was blown to bits, and heavy tombstones in the nearby cemetery were tossed around. The brand-new brick high school building was almost completely destroyed. The tornado's path through town was only two miles long, but the damage path was up to 600 feet (180 meters) wide.


1878 Wallingford tornado, The Wallingford tornado
More tornadic damage was reported in southern Durham and Killingworth, with some homes severely damaged, but there were some minor injuries, one young woman in Killingworth was injured by shards of glass from a breaking window. Some sources insist that the Wallingford tornado dissipated a few miles west of the town, and this was an entirely separate tornado, but without a modern damage survey it is impossible to tell. The parent storm finally moved out over the ocean around 8 PM.


1878 Wallingford tornado, Aftermath
A district schoolhouse was converted into a temporary morgue immediately after the storm; 21 bodies were discovered and placed there that night. One person was found dead 3300 feet (1 km) from where he had been standing. The tornado brought down telegraph lines and poles around the area, so assistance from physicians in nearby towns took more than an hour. More than 50 special police were sworn in to prevent looting, and to control the crowds of curious onlookers who had come by train from surrounding cities.


1878 Wallingford tornado, Aftermath
Thirty five homes were completely destroyed, with many more being unroofed or receiving some sort of damage. Damage estimates were around $150,000 from buildings alone; utilities and railway facilities received a lot of damage as well. Final estimates were around $250,000 ($5.3 million when adjusted for inflation).


1878 Wallingford tornado, Aftermath
Tornadoes are not very uncommon in the state of Connecticut, but tornadoes of this power are rare. Though tornadoes have only been officially rated on the Fujita scale since 1950, this tornado has been estimated to be of F4-intensity on the scale. This would make it one of only three tornadoes of this intensity to ever affect the state, as of 2008. Thirty-four people were killed by the tornado—thirty-one more than the second-deadliest Connecticut tornado—and 70 others injured.


1878 Wallingford tornado, Aftermath
The tornado also devastated a branch of the Oneida Community that had operated in Wallingford from 1851 through 1878. The subsidiary community closed down and the members consolidated with the main community.


1878 Welsh Cup Final
The 1878 Welsh Cup Final, was the 1st in the competition. It was contested by Wrexham and Druids at the Acton Park, Wrexham.


1878 Welsh Cup Final, Final
The final of the inaugural Welsh Cup tournament was played at Acton Park, Wrexham on 30 March 1878 between Wrexham and Druids of Ruabon. The pitch was donated by Sir R. A. Cunliffe, and was a roped off portion of land measuring 120 yards by 76. Entrance was gained via Rhosnessney Lodge with sixpence being charged for admission. The match was a cliffhanger, with no score until the Wrexham forwards charged the Druids' defenders to take the ball over the line to win the game in the final minute, with James Davies being credited with the goal.


1878 West Kent by-election
The West Kent by-election of 1878 was fought on 15 May 1878. The by-election was fought due to the resignation in order to contest Oxford University of the incumbent Conservative MP, John Gilbert Talbot. It was won by the Conservative candidate Viscount Lewisham.


1878 Wimbledon Championship
The 1878 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The tournament ran from 15 July until 20 July. It was the 2nd staging of the Wimbledon Championships, and the first Grand Slam tennis event of 1878. There were 34 competitors, excluding Spencer Gore who as champion was not required to participate until the best of the challengers had won the All comers' final. The winner of the All Comers' final was Frank Hadow, a planter from Ceylon who was on leave in Britain.


1878 Wimbledon Championship
He defeated Robert Erskine, a friend of the family who had enticed him to participate in the championship, in straight sets 6–4, 6–4, 6–4. On 18 July 1878 Hadow defeated reigning champion Spencer Gore in three sets, 7–5, 6–1, 9–7 before a crowd of about 700 spectators. Hadow effectively introduced the tactic of lobbing to counter Gore's volleying game.


1878 Wimbledon Championship
The height of the net was reduced from 5 feet (1.5 m) at the posts and 3 feet 3 inches (0.99 m) in the middle to 4 feet 9 inches (1.45 m) at the posts and 3 feet (0.91 m) in the middle. The distance of the service line from the net was reduced from 26 feet (7.9 m) to 22 feet (6.7 m). Arthur Myers was the first player to serve over hand.


1878 Wimbledon Championship – Singles
Frank Hadow defeated Robert Erskine 6–4, 6–4, 6–4 in the All Comers' Final, and then defeated the reigning champion Spencer Gore 7–5, 6–1, 9–7 in the Challenge Round to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1878 Wimbledon Championships.


1878 Worcester by-election
The Worcester by-election of 1878 was fought on 28 March 1878. The byelection was fought due to the death of the incumbent Liberal MP, Alexander Clunes Sheriff. It was won by the Conservative candidate John Derby Allcroft.


1878 Yale Bulldogs football team
The 1878 Yale Bulldogs football team represented Yale University in the 1878 college football season. The Bulldogs finished with a 4–1–1 record. The team recorded five shutouts and outscored its opponents by a combined total of 7 to 1.


1878 Yass Plains colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Yass Plains on 2 January 1878 because Michael Fitzpatrick was appointed Colonial Secretary in the Farnell ministry. Such ministerial by-elections were usually uncontested and on this occasion the six other ministers were re-elected unopposed.


1878 York by-election
The York by-election of 1878 was a by-election held in England on 20 February 1878 for the House of Commons constituency of York. The byelection was held due to the incumbent Conservative MP, James Lowther, becoming Chief Secretary for Ireland. It was retained by the incumbent.


1878 and 1879 United States House of Representatives elections
Elections to the United States House of Representatives were held in 1878 and 1879 for Representatives to the 46th United States Congress. These elections occurred in the middle of President Rutherford B. Hayes's term.


1878 and 1879 United States House of Representatives elections
With a sour economy as the nation's pressing issue, both major parties lost seats to the new Greenback Party, which was established to promote the long-term use of paper money as a solution to stop enormous economic fluctuations. The Democratic Party remained the largest party, but lost its majority. However, it allied with several independent politicians and was able to remain in power. This was the fourth and last recorded House election where both major parties lost seats at the same time.


1878 and 1879 United States House of Representatives elections, Election dates
In most states, the elections were held November 5, 1878.


1878 and 1879 United States House of Representatives elections, Election dates
In 1845, Congress set a uniform nationwide date for choosing presidential electors. This Act of Congress did not affect election dates for Congress, which remained within the jurisdiction of state governments, but over time, the states moved their congressional elections to this date as well. In this cycle, there were still 7 states with earlier election dates, and 1 with a later election date:


1878 and 1879 United States House of Representatives elections, Election dates
California's elections were the last time a state held congressional general elections after November.


1878 and 1879 United States House of Representatives elections, Colorado
Patterson successfully contested the election and was seated March 4, 1877.


1878 and 1879 United States House of Representatives elections, Florida
In the 2nd district the difference between the two candidates, in the initial returns, was just 22 votes. Bisbee challenged Hull's election, and Bisbee challenged Hull's electionwas eventually awarded the seat on January 22, 1881.


1878 and 1879 United States House of Representatives elections, South Carolina
South Carolina was rampant with voter fraud, particularly through the use of tissue ballots, thin ballots hidden in the normal ballot, typically 10 to 20 at a time. The almost statewide exclusion of Republicans as Commissioners of Elections, and the ensuing appointment of nearly all Democratic Managers of Elections, allowed to Democratic Managers to perpetrate this scheme. When the votes were counted and more votes than voters were found, the Managers removed and destroyed the Republican ballots resulting in the complete takeover of the state.


1878 and 1879 United States Senate elections
The United States Senate elections of 1878 and 1879 were elections which had the Democratic Party retake control of the United States Senate for the first time since before the Civil War.


1878 and 1879 United States Senate elections
As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.


1878 and 1879 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 45th Congress
In these elections, the winners were seated in 1879 before March 4; ordered by election date.


1878 and 1879 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 46th Congress
In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1885; ordered by state.


1878 and 1879 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections during the 46th Congress
In this election, the winner was elected in 1879 after March 4.


1878 and 1879 United States Senate elections, New York
In New York, the election was held on January 21, 1879, by the New York State Legislature. Republican Roscoe Conkling had been re-elected in January 1873 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1879. At the State election in November 1877, 19 Republicans and 13 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1878-1879) in the State Senate.


1878 and 1879 United States Senate elections, New York
At the State election in November 1878, 97 Republicans, 28 Democrats and 3 Greenbackers were elected for the session of 1879 to the Assembly, and Republican Thomas Murphy was elected to fill the vacancy in the State Senate caused by the death of Democrat John Morrissey. The 102nd New York State Legislature met from January 7 to May 22, 1879, at Albany, New York.


1878 and 1879 United States Senate elections, New York
The caucus of Republican State legislators met on January 20, Temporary President of the State Senate William H. Robertson presided. Present were all Republican legislators except State Senator Louis S. Goebel (6th D.) and Assemblyman James W. Wadsworth. They re-nominated the incumbent U.S. Senator Conkling unanimously. The caucus of the Democratic State legislators met also on January 20.


1878 and 1879 United States Senate elections, New York
State Senator Thomas C. E. Ecclesine (8th D.) offered to adopt a prostest against the senatorial election proceedings, claiming that the senatorial and assembly districts were incorrectly apportioned and thus the State Legislature did not represent the wish of the people of the State. The protest was substituted by a resolution to appoint a committee which would elaborate an address on the apportionment at a later date. Ecclesine then marched out, and the remaining legislators nominated Lieutenant Governor William Dorsheimer for the U.S. Senate.


1878 and 1879 United States Senate elections, New York
The two Greenback assemblymen John Banfield (Chemung Co.) and George E. Williams (Oswego Co.) voted for 87-year-old Peter Cooper, a New York City inventor, industrialist and philanthropist who had run for U.S. President in 1876 on the Greenback ticket.


1878 and 1879 United States Senate elections, New York
Roscoe Conkling was the choice of both the Assembly and the State Senate, and was declared elected.


1878 and 1879 United States Senate elections, New York
Note: The votes were cast on January 21, but both Houses met in a joint session on January 22 to compare nominations, and declare the result.


1878 and 1879 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania
In Pennsylvania, the election was held January 20, 1879. J. Donald Cameron was re-elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.


1878 and 1879 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania
After Sen. Simon Cameron resigned from office, his son J. Donald Cameron was elected by the General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, in 1877 to serve the remainder of the unexpired term, which was to expire on March 4, 1879. The Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on January 20, 1879, to elect a Senator to serve the term beginning on March 4, 1879. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:


1878 college football season
The 1878 college football season had no clear-cut champion, with the Official NCAA Division I Football Records Book listing Princeton as having been selected national champions.


1878 flood in Miskolc
The Hungarian city of Miskolc lies on the drainage area of the river Sajó and the stream Szinva. Both the river and the stream played an important part in the development of the city, but during great rains they also meant danger. There were floods in 1691, 1788, 1813, 1845 and 1853, but the largest, which had the most victims and is still remembered as the "Great Flood", was the one which destroyed the city in 1878. Of all the floods in 19th century Hungary, this one killed the most people.


1878 flood in Miskolc
On August 30, 1878, large storms coming from the Transdanubian region arrived in Northern Hungary – first in Eger, next in Óhuta, Diósgyőr and Miskolc, and then in Tállya, Golop and Mád. The rainfall swelled the streams Szinva and Pece, and destroyed the largest part of Downtown Miskolc. The water swept away bridges, mills and houses, carrying a large amount of debris. The water level rose by half a meter per minute, making it impossible for many people to escape. In some parts of the city the water was 4–5 meters deep.


1878 flood in Miskolc
The flood destroyed 2000 buildings and killed almost 300 people (or 400 if people in neighbouring areas are also included in the count). In the small village of Óhuta, 73 houses were destroyed.


1878 flood in Miskolc
After the flood the citizens of Miskolc had to rebuild the city with almost no help. In previous and following years, the cities of Pest (1838) and Szeged (1879) were rebuilt in countrywide collaboration, with the help of generous donations. However, in the case of Miskolc, the fact that other, then more important, cities were threatened by flood diverted the nation's attention, even though the flood in Miskolc killed more victims than the floods in Szeged and Pest combined.


1878 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1878 in Australia.


1878 in Australian literature
This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1878.


1878 in Australian literature, Births
A list, ordered by date of birth (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of births in 1878 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of death.


1878 in Australian literature, Deaths
A list, ordered by date of death (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of deaths in 1878 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of birth.


1878 in Belgium
The following lists events that happened during 1878 in the Kingdom of Belgium.


1878 in Canada, Historical documents
J.A. Macdonald's speech about the dismissal of Quebec's government by its lieutenant-governor


1878 in Canada, Historical documents
Hudson's Bay Company policy change causes Indigenous people to starve in the Sept-Îles, Que. area


1878 in Canada, Historical documents
Editorial foresees great immigration as Winnipeg inaugurates regular train service


1878 in Canada, Historical documents
Arrivals in Manitoba find the good land is "taken" and freight and other costs are exorbitant


1878 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1878 in Chile.


1878 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during 1878 in New Zealand.


1878 in New Zealand, Sport, Cricket
An Australian team tours New Zealand in January and February, playing seven provincial teams. None of the matches have first-class status as the home sides fielded between 15 and 22 players. A win by the Canterbury XV is the first ever win by a New Zealand side over an international touring team.


1878 in New Zealand, Sport, Rugby union
New clubs were formed in Featherston and Carterton, both in the south Wairarapa. Existing football clubs in Gisborne, Palmerston North and Feilding adopted rugby rules.


1878 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1878 in South Africa.


1878 in Sweden
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 20:50, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): fixed sort key; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1878 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1878 to Wales and its people.


1878 in association football
The following are the association football events of the year 1878 throughout the world.


1878 in baseball
The following are the baseball events of the year 1878  throughout the world.


1878 in baseball, Champions
Inter-league playoff: Boston (NL) and Buffalo (IA) each won 1 game in 2 game series.


1878 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1878.


1878 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1878.


1878 in paleontology, Arthropods, Newly named arachnids
An orb-web spider egg sack ichnogenus. moved to Araneaovoius columbiae (2011).


1878 in paleontology, Arthropods, Newly named insects
An aphidoid of uncertain placement Moved to Sbenaphis quesneli (1890).


1878 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs
O. W. Lucas recovers more material which would be referred to Laelaps trihedrodon from Morrison Formation strata near Garden Park, Colorado.


1878 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named dinosaurs
An allosaurid theropod. Possibly a synonym of Allosaurus. Type species E. amplexus


1878 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1878 in poetry, Events
You have come here and paid twenty-five cents to see a fool; I receive seventy-five dollars, and see a whole houseful of fools.


1878 in poetry, Events
Her husband eventually forbids her from publishing any more poetry and in 1882 moves the family 100 miles (160 km) north.


1878 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1878 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1878 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1878.


1878 in science
The year 1878 in science and technology involved many significant events, listed below.


1878 in sports
1878 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1878 papal conclave
The 1878 papal conclave, which resulted from the death of Pope Pius IX on 7 February 1878, met from 18 to 20 February. The conclave followed the longest reign of any other pope since Saint Peter. It was the first election of a pope who would not rule the Papal States. It was the first to meet in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican because the venue used earlier in the 19th century, the Quirinal Palace, was now the palace of the King of Italy, Umberto I.


1878 papal conclave, Questions facing the cardinals
When the cardinals assembled, they faced a dilemma. Should they choose a pope who would continue to espouse Pius IX's reactionary religious and political views, and would continue to refuse to accept Italy's Law of Guarantees guaranteeing the pope religious liberty in the Kingdom of Italy? Or should they turn away from the policies of Pius IX and choose a more liberal pope who could work for reconciliation with the King of Italy? Would choosing such a policy be seen as a betrayal of Pius IX, the self-proclaimed "Prisoner in the Vatican"?


1878 papal conclave, Questions facing the cardinals
Other broader issues included Church-State relations in Italy, the Third French Republic, Ireland and the United States; the heresy Pope Leo XIII later called Americanism; divisions in the Church caused by the proclamation of papal infallibility by the First Vatican Council; and the status of the First Vatican Council, which had been halted suddenly and never concluded. The length of Pope Pius' reign suggested the cardinals give special consideration to the age and health of the man they elected.


1878 papal conclave, Conclave
Some 61 of 64 cardinals entered the conclave. Two others arrived too late from New York and Dublin to participate and one did not attend for health reasons. Three of the 61 had participated in the previous conclave in 1846: Luigi Amat di San Filippo e Sorso, Fabio Maria Asquini, and Domenico Carafa della Spina di Traetto.


1878 papal conclave, Conclave
With what many churchmen believed was the "unstable" and "anti-Catholic" situation in a Rome that was no longer controlled by the Church, some cardinals, notably Cardinal Manning, Archbishop of Westminster, urged that the conclave be moved outside Rome, perhaps even to Malta. However the Camerlengo, Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci, advocated otherwise, and an initial vote among cardinals to move to Spain was overturned in a later vote. The conclave finally assembled in the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican on 18 February 1878.


1878 papal conclave, Conclave
Going into the conclave, Cardinal Pecci was the one candidate favored to be elected, in part because many of the cardinals who headed to Rome had already decided to elect him. In addition to Pecci's competent administration as Camerlengo during the brief sede vacante period up to the conclave, Pecci was seen as the opposite of Pope Pius IX in terms of manner and temperament, and had also had a successful diplomatic career prior to being Archbishop-Bishop of Perugia. Pecci's election was also facilitated in that Alessandro Franchi, the candidate favored by the conservatives, urged his supporters to switch their support to the Camerlengo.


1878 papal conclave, Conclave
One account reported the voting tabulations without providing its source.


1878 papal conclave, Conclave, Ballot 1 (morning 19 February)
On the first ballot, held on the morning of 19 February the votes were


1878 papal conclave, Conclave, Ballot 1 (morning 19 February)
This ballot was ruled invalid because at least one cardinal did not mark his ballot properly.


1878 papal conclave, Result, implications, and aftermath
The election of Cardinal Pecci, who took the name of Leo XIII, was a victory for the liberals. Pecci had been an effective bishop whose diocese had moved from the Papal States to the Kingdom of Italy successfully, without Church problems. He was seen as a diplomatic pragmatist with the tact and flexibility opponents of the previous pope believed Pius IX lacked. At 68 Leo was also young enough to do the job without hindrance of health problems, but old enough to offer the prospect of a relatively short reign of ten to fifteen years. Whereas Pius IX was seen as having isolated the Church from international opinion (his confining Jews in ghettos and his treatment of minorities had been condemned by world leaders such as Gladstone), while Leo was seen as an "internationalist" who could earn back the Vatican some international respect.


1878 papal conclave, Result, implications, and aftermath
Though always seemingly in poor health and delicate condition, Leo reigned for 25 years. He had the third longest reign of any pope until that time. When he died on 20 July 1903 at the age of 93 he had lived to be older than any of his known predecessors.


1878–79 Dumbarton F.C. season
The 1878–79 season was the sixth Scottish football season in which Dumbarton competed at a national level.


1878–79 Dumbarton F.C. season, Scottish Cup
Dumbarton reached the sixth round of the Scottish Cup before losing out to their local rivals, Vale of Leven - who went on to retain the cup for the third successive year.


1878–79 Dumbarton F.C. season, Friendlies
During the season, 10 'friendly' matches were played, including home and away fixtures against local rivals Renton, and a home game against the holders of the Ayrshire Cup, Mauchline. Of these matches, 8 were won and 2 drawn, scoring 36 goals and conceding 7.


1878–79 Dumbarton F.C. season, Player statistics
Of note amongst those donning the club's colours for the first time was Robert 'Sparrow' Brown.


1878–79 Dumbarton F.C. season, Player statistics
Only includes appearances and goals in competitive Scottish Cup matches.


1878–79 FA Cup
The 1878–79 Football Association Challenge Cup was the eighth staging of the FA Cup, England's oldest football tournament. Forty-three teams entered, although six of the forty-three never played a match.


1878–79 Heart of Midlothian F.C. season
Season 1878–79 was the fourth season in which Heart of Midlothian competed at a Scottish national level, entering the Scottish Cup for the fourth time.


1878–79 Heart of Midlothian F.C. season, Overview
Hearts reached the fourth round of the Scottish Cup, losing 2–1 to Helensburgh.


1878–79 Heart of Midlothian F.C. season, Overview
Hearts also reached the final of the Edinburgh FA Cup losing 2–0 to Hibs after a replay.


1878–79 Hibernian F.C. season
Season 1878–79 was the second in which Hibernian competed at a Scottish national level, entering the Scottish Cup for the second time.


1878–79 Hibernian F.C. season, Overview
Hibs reached the fifth round of the Scottish Cup, losing 2–1 to Helensburgh.


1878–79 Hibernian F.C. season, Overview
The club began using a ground in the Powderhall area of Edinburgh during this season.


1878–79 Home Nations rugby union matches
The 1878–79 Home Nations rugby union matches are a series of international friendlies held between the England, Ireland and Scotland national rugby union teams. The only recognised competition held between the countries was the inaugural Calcutta Cup match, contested between England and Scotland. It was the first challenge for the Cup, and ended in an unspectacular draw.


1878–79 Home Nations rugby union matches, Results, Scoring system
The matches for this season were decided on goals scored. A goal was awarded for a successful conversion after a try, for a dropped goal or for a goal from mark. If a game was drawn, any unconverted tries were tallied to give a winner. If there was still no clear winner, the match was declared a draw.


1878–79 Home Nations rugby union matches, The matches, Ireland vs. Scotland
Ireland: RB Walkington, T Harrison, JC Bagot, RN Matier, AM Whitestone, WJ Goulding, WEA Cummins, AM Archer, HC Kelly, W Finaly, JA McDonald, JW Taylor, WC Neville capt., G Scriven, H Purdon


1878–79 Home Nations rugby union matches, The matches, Ireland vs. Scotland
Scotland: Bill Maclagan, Malcolm Cross, Ninian Finlay, WH Masters, James Campbell, Robert Ainslie, DR Irvine, JB Brown, D. Somerville, RW Irvine capt., AG Petrie, JHS Graham, Henry Melville Napier, NT Brewis, ER Smith


1878–79 Home Nations rugby union matches, The matches, Scotland vs. England
Scotland: Bill Maclagan, Malcolm Cross, Ninian Finlay, John Alexander Neilson, James Campbell, Robert Ainslie, Duncan Irvine, JB Brown, EN Ewart, RW Irvine capt., AG Petrie, JHS Graham, Henry Melville Napier, NT Brewis, JE Junor


1878–79 Home Nations rugby union matches, The matches, Scotland vs. England
England: WJ Penny, H Huth (Huddersfield), L Stokes, WAD Evanson, HH Taylor, HH Springman, S Neame, Frank Reginald Adams capt., FD Fowler, A Budd, G Harrison (Hull), George Burton, HC Rowley, Roger Walker, NF McLeod


1878–79 Home Nations rugby union matches, The matches, England vs. Ireland
England: WJ Penny, WAD Evanson, L Stokes, HT Twynam, WE Openshaw, Harold Dingwall Bateson, S Neame, Frank Reginald Adams capt:, JM Biggs, A Budd, G Harrison (Hull), GW Burton, HC Rowley, Edward Temple Gurdon, NF McLeod


1878–79 Home Nations rugby union matches, The matches, England vs. Ireland
Ireland: WW Pike, WJ Willis, JC Bagot, J Heron, AM Whistestone, BN Casement, JR Bristow, F Schute, HW Murray, W Finaly, JJ Keon, JL Cuppaidge, WC Neville capt., G Scriven, H Purdon


1878–79 Morton F.C. season
The 1878–79 season was Morton Football Club's second season in which they competed at a national level, entering the inaugural Scottish Cup. The club competed in the Scottish Cup.


1878–79 Scottish Cup
The 1878–79 Scottish Cup – officially the Scottish Football Association Challenge Cup – was the sixth season of Scotland's most prestigious football knockout competition. Defending champions Vale of Leven met Rangers in the final but, after a 1–1 draw in the original match on 19 April 1879, the replay was scratched and Vale of Leven were awarded the cup. Rangers objected to a goal being disallowed in the original match and refused to play the replay.


1878–79 Scottish Cup
This was the second consecutive season that more than 100 teams entered the competition with a record 125 clubs competing after Pollokshaws Athletic withdrew before the competition began.


1878–79 Scottish Cup, Format
As with the previous competitions, the sixth edition of the Scottish Cup took on the format of a traditional knockout tournament. For the earlier rounds, the names of competing teams were placed into lots according to their districts and drawn into pairs. The home team for each tie was determined by the toss of a coin unless it was mutually agreed or only one of the two clubs drawn against one another had a private ground. In the event of a draw, the team who lost the toss would have the choice of ground for the replay.


1878–79 Scottish Cup, Format
A similar procedure was used for subsequent rounds however, any club which had received a bye in the previous round would first be drawn against one of the winners of the previous round. The names of winning teams were placed into one lot for later rounds. The choice of venue for the final matches was reserved to the Scottish Football Association.


1878–79 Scottish Cup, Format, Calendar
The exact dates of some matches are unknown as newspaper coverage of football in the late 19th century was not as comprehensive as it would become.


1878–79 Scottish Cup, Teams
All 126 teams entered the competition in the first round.


1878–79 Scottish Cup, First round
In total, there were 59 first round ties after Clarkston, Burnside, Port Glasgow, St Clement's and Shaugraun received a bye to the second round, Pollokshaws Athletic withdrew before the competition began and Glasgow University and Edinburgh University received a bye to the third round. However, only 51 ties were played after Girvan, Blythswood, Stranraer, Maybole Carrick, Star of Leven, 4th Renfrew RV and Govanhill scratched to Catrine, Clyde, Cree Rovers, Mauchline, Renton, Stonefield and Wellpark respectively. Dennistoun were drawn to play Clydesdale but both teams were disqualified from the competition.


1878–79 Scottish Cup, First round
Two-time defending champions Vale of Leven began the competition with a 6–0 home win against Alclutha from Dumbarton on 21 September 1878. On the same day, Queen's Park – who were looking to regain the trophy they had last won in 1876 – had a similarly convincing win as they saw off Kelvinbank 8–0. Rangers defeated Shaftesbury 3–0 at Kinning Park a week later while there were big wins for Kilmarnock Portland (9–0 vs. Dean), Upper Clydesdale (12–0 vs. Newmains) and Whitefield (10–0 vs. Telegraphists).


1878–79 Scottish Cup, Second round
The second round began on 12 October 1878 with Govan's 2–1 over Oxford. Most of the ties were played a week later. Queen's Park defeated Pollokshields Athletic 6–0 at Lorne Park while Rangers won 6–1 at home to Whitefield. Vale of Leven recorded the biggest win of the round as they thumped Renton Thistle 11–0 at North Street Park on 26 October.


1878–79 Scottish Cup, Second round
With an even number of teams in the draw, no byes were awarded but not every team would play a match. St Clement's scratched from their tie with Arbroath before Shotts scratched from their replay with Clarkston after the teams had drawn 1–1 on 19 October. Glengowan defeated Airdrie 2–0 away from home but neither side advanced as both were disqualified and, despite losing 5–0 to South Western, a protest from Petershill was upheld and a replay was ordered. South Western also won the replay 8–0.


1878–79 Scottish Cup, Third round
Renfrew Ramblers and Rob Roy received a bye to the fourth round while Glasgow University scratched from their tie with Queen's Park. The third round began on 2 November 1878 as 3rd Lanark RV defeated South Western 2–1 at Cathkin Park. A week later, free-scoring Vale of Leven took their tally for the competition to 32 goals after a thumping 15–0 win over Jamestown at North Street Park setting a new Scottish Cup record for the biggest margin of victory in the process. Rangers defeated Parkgrove 8–2 while Beith recorded a 7–1 triumph over Barrhead.


1878–79 Scottish Cup, Third round
Although Thistle defeated Partick 2–1 on 16 November and did play in and win their fourth round tie, they were later disqualified from the competition with Partick reinstated in the fifth round.


1878–79 Scottish Cup, Fourth round
Most fourth round ties were played on 30 November 1878 and, with an even number of teams, there were no byes awarded. Vale of Leven continued their fine form, recording a third consecutive double-figures win, as they defeated Govan 11–1 conceding a goal for the first time in the process. Beith were the last Ayrshire team standing after thumping Kilmarnock Athletic 9–1 while Mauchline lost 5–0 to Queen's Park and Kilmarnock Portland lost 6–1 in a replay to Dumbarton. Similarly, Hibernian became the last Edinburgh club standing after thumping Rob Roy 9–0 while Heart of Midlothian lost 2–1 to Helensburgh. Rangers defeated Alexandra Athletic 3–0.


1878–79 Scottish Cup, Fourth round
Thistle, who had defeated Partick in the previous round, were disqualified from the competition following their 2–0 win over Stonelaw and both Partick and Stonelaw were reinstated.


1878–79 Scottish Cup, Fifth round
All five fifth round matches were played on 8 March 1879. Dumbarton reached the quarter-finals for the first time in three seasons with a 9–1 win at home to Stonelaw while fellow Dunbartonshire club Helensburgh defeated the last remaining Edinburgh side, Hibernian, 2–1 away from home. Queen's Park played 3rd Lanark RV in a replay of the 1876 final at Hampden Park and they eased through with a 5–0 win while Rangers defeated Partick 4–0. Holders Vale of Leven defeated Beith 6–1 at North Street Park.


1878–79 Scottish Cup, Quarter-finals
With just five teams left, there were only two quarter-final ties and Helensburgh received a bye to the semi-finals. Both games were played on 22 March 1879. Queen's Park's quest to regain the trophy was ended by Glasgow rivals Rangers as Dunlop scored the only of the game at Hampden Park to see them through to the semi-finals. They were joined by Vale of Leven as the defending champions eased passed Dunbartonshire rivals Dumbarton with a 3–1 win at North Street Park.


1878–79 Scottish Cup, Semi-final
For the third consecutive season, there was just one semi-final played and Rangers, for the second time, received a bye to the final. Helensburgh hosted Dunbartonshire rivals Vale of Leven but they were no match for a Vale side targeting a third consecutive title as they succumbed to a 3–0 loss at Kirkmichael Park.


1878–79 Scottish Cup, Final
Hampden Park in Glasgow again played host to the Scottish Cup final as Vale of Leven faced Rangers in a rematch of the 1877 final on 19 April 1879. That tie took three matches to decided and it initially looked like this year's final would be no different after goals from Struthers and Ferguson saw the teams draw 1–1 in front of 6,000 spectators. However, Rangers had been incensed by the referee's decision to disallow a goal and refused to play the replay, scheduled for 26 April. As a result, Vale of Leven were awarded the trophy, their third success in three years.


1878–79 Scottish Districts season
The 1878-79 Scottish Districts season is a record of all the  rugby union matches for Scotland's district teams.


1878–79 Scottish Districts season
It includes the East of Scotland District versus West of Scotland District trial match.


1878–79 Scottish Districts season, History
Due to 9 weeks of frost there was no inter-city match played this season.


1878–79 Scottish Districts season, History
The East v West match was played; in quite soft ground. The kick-off was delayed, and the players found it tough to score. The match ended nil - nil.


1878–79 Scottish Districts season, Results, Other Scottish matches
West of Scotland District: Robert Campbell MacKenzie (Glasgow Academicals), Malcolm Cross (Glasgow Academicals), P. Russell (West of Scotland), James Campbell (Glasgow Academicals), J. Nelson (Glasgow Academicals), Edward Ewart (Glasgow Academicals), John Blair Brown (Glasgow Academicals), Stewart Henry Smith (Glasgow Academicals), J. Colville (West of Scotland), Henry Melville Napier (West of Scotland), J. Cochrane (West of Scotland), J. Adam (West of Scotland), F. Buchanan (West of Scotland), Charles Stewart (West of Scotland), R. Drummond (Glasgow University)East of Scotland District: J. C. Montgomery (Edinburgh Wanderers), Ninian Finlay (Edinburgh Academicals), Bill Maclagan (Edinburgh Academicals), William Masters (Edinburgh Institution F.P. ), William Sorley Brown (Edinburgh Institution F.P. ), Alexander Petrie (Royal HSFP), Errol Smith (Edinburgh Institution F.P. ), Duncan Irvine (Edinburgh Academicals), J. Bannerman (Edinburgh Academicals), Nat Brewis (Edinburgh Institution F.P. ), A. Ainslie (Edinburgh Institution F.P. ), David Somerville (Edinburgh Institution F.P. ), Thomas Ainslie (Edinburgh Institution F.P. ), R. S. F. Henderson (Edinburgh University), N. G. Thomson (Red Cross Dundee)


1878–79 Welsh Cup
The 1878–79 Welsh Cup was the second season of the Welsh Cup. The cup was won by Newtown White Star who defeated Wrexham 1–0 in the final.


1878–79 West Bromwich Strollers F.C. season
The 1878–79 season was the first season in the history of West Bromwich Albion Football Club. The club was formed in 1878 under the name West Bromwich Strollers, by workers from the George Salter's Spring Works in West Bromwich. The name "Strollers" is said to have been coined when the players were unable to purchase a football in West Bromwich and thus had to walk two miles to Wednesbury to buy one there instead.


1878–79 West Bromwich Strollers F.C. season
The club's first recorded match—and their only recorded match from the 1878–79 season—took place on 23 November 1878. The game was a 12-a-side home friendly against workers from Hudson's, a local soap factory, and finished 0–0. Although the exact venue was not recorded, it is known that the club played at both Cooper's Hill and Dartmouth Park during their first few years. Evidence of the Hudson's match did not come to light until 1993; at some point after this discovery, the club altered their published date of formation from 1879 to 1878.


1878–79 in English football
The 1878–79 season was the eighth season of competitive football in England.


1878–79 in English football, National team
For the first time, England played a team other than Scotland. England played both Scotland and Wales at Kennington Oval, London, beating Wales 2–1. This match was played in atrocious weather conditions with the team captains agreeing to play only 30 minutes in each half. England gained revenge on Scotland for the previous year's debacle by beating them 5–4.


1878–79 in English football, National team
Note –  credits England's 4th (equalising) goal against Scotland as an own goal by the Scottish goalkeeper, Robert Parlane.


1878–79 in English football, Honours
Notes = Number in parentheses is the times that club has won that honour. * indicates new record for competition


1878–79 in Scottish football
The 1878–79 season was the sixth season of competitive football in Scotland. This season saw the introduction of the third regional competition with the inaugural playing of the Renfrewshire Cup.


1879
1879 (MDCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1879th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 879th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 79th  year of the 19th century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1870s decade. As of the start of 1879, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1879 Amherst football team
The 1879 Amherst football team represented Amherst College during the 1879 college football season. The team beat Williston and lost to Massachusetts.


1879 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1879 Atlantic hurricane season ran from the summer to near the end of autumn in 1879. In 1879 there were two tropical storms, four hurricanes, and two major hurricanes (Category 3+). However, in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded, so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated.


1879 Atlantic hurricane season
Of the known 1879 cyclones, Hurricane One were first documented in 1995 by Jose Fernandez-Partagas and Henry Diaz. They also proposed large changes to the known tracks of Hurricanes Two, Three, Seven and Eight. Later one storm was deemed not to be a tropical cyclone at all and was dropped from the database.


1879 Atlantic hurricane season, Season summary
The Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT) recognizes eight tropical cyclones for the 1879 season. Two were tropical storms and six were hurricanes, with winds of 75 mph (119 km/h) or greater. The first storm of the season formed as a tropical storm off the Carolinas on August 9. It briefly reached Category 1 hurricane strength before dissipating on August 12 off Newfoundland. The second cyclone of the year was a major Category 3 hurricane. Known as The Great Beaufort Hurricane, it caused extensive damage to both North Carolina and Virginia.


1879 Atlantic hurricane season, Season summary
Hurricane Three made landfalls at both the Yucatan Peninsula and near Galveston, Texas, causing great damage along the Louisiana coast. Hurricane Four was the second Category 3 cyclone of the year and, like Hurricane Three, also struck the Gulf coast. In this case the damage and destruction were centred on Morgan City, Louisiana. Tropical Storm Five existed between October 3 and 7th and dissipated over Louisiana. Tropical Storm Six travelled from east of Barbados to make landfall first on Isla de la Juventud, then Cuba and later Florida.


1879 Atlantic hurricane season, Season summary
Hurricane Seven began as a tropical storm in the Caribbean Sea, before crossing Florida and travelling north, parallel to the US east coast. The last cyclone of the year was a Category 2 hurricane that developed from a tropical storm as it travelled from close to Hispaniola to a point off Atlantic Canada before dissipating on November 20.


1879 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One
A tropical storm was first discovered on August 9, offshore of the Carolinas. It grew to a Category 1 hurricane as it paralleled the North Carolina coast throughout August 11. It moved out to sea, dissipating offshore of Atlantic Canada on August 12.


1879 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two
The Great Beaufort Hurricane of 1879 was first seen on August 13 as a tropical storm near the Windward Islands. It passed to the north of the islands, and became a hurricane near the Bahamas on August  16. It continued northward, and hit eastern North Carolina on the morning of August 18 as a 115 mph (185 km/h) hurricane. At 6 a.m. that morning anemometer cups at Cape Lookout were blown away when indicating 138 mph (222 km/h) and the wind was afterward estimated to have reached 168 mph (270 km/h).


1879 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two
Anemometers were also destroyed at Hatteras, Fort Macon, Kitty Hawk, Portsmouth, and Cape Henry, Virginia, with speeds estimated at 100 mph (160 km/h) or more. A storm surge up to 8 feet high was seen at Norfolk, Virginia. After crossing the state it moved into the northwestern Atlantic, crossing Cape Cod and Nova Scotia before becoming extratropical on August 20. The hurricane was responsible for 46 deaths, as well as great damage in North Carolina and Virginia.


1879 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
A tropical storm was first seen in the Western Caribbean on August 19. On August 20, it made landfall in the Yucatan Peninsula as a Category 1 hurricane. The hurricane weakened to a tropical storm and restrengthened into a hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico. There it reached its peak intensity of 100 mph and a minimal pressure of 964 mb. It made landfall east of Galveston, Texas near the border with Louisiana. At Calcasieu Pass a wave grounded twelve vessels high and dry. Further along the Louisiana coast many buildings were destroyed and crops ruined. The system rapidly weakened and dissipated on August 24.


1879 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
A tropical storm was first seen on August 28 in the Gulf of Mexico. By the end of the next day it had strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane, and by the end of August 31, it had reached Category 3 status. Throughout the morning of September 1 the hurricane maintained wind speeds of 130 mph while making landfall in Louisiana, near Morgan City. Damage was extensive - trees were uprooted, a sawmill, some cabins and two churches were destroyed while flooding washed away bridges. One person died. It weakened to a Category 2 hurricane by the end of September 1, and the next day weakened further to a tropical depression. Hurricane Four caused $500,000 in damage.


1879 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Five
A tropical storm formed on October 2, about halfway between Jamaica and Panama. It grazed Cuba and made landfall in Louisiana before it dissipated on October 7.


1879 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Six
A tropical storm was first seen on October 8 east of Barbados. On October 9 it moved through the Leeward and Windward Islands. It moved across the Caribbean and passed near Jamaica on October 12. On October 13, the storm made landfall on Isla de la Juventud and on Cuba itself shortly thereafter. Early on October 16, it made landfall on the Florida Panhandle and dissipated later that day.


1879 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Seven
A tropical storm was discovered in the northwestern Caribbean Sea on October 24. It made landfall in Florida in the Big Bend Area as a 70 mph tropical storm. Later the storm paralleled the Eastern Seaboard of the United States and Atlantic Canada. On October 29 it briefly became a Category 1 hurricane before it dissipated the same day.


1879 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Eight
On November 18, a tropical storm formed to the north of Hispaniola. It grew to a Category 1 hurricane the next day. On November 20 it reached its peak intensity of 100 mph winds, before becoming extratropical. The extratropical storm affected Atlantic Canada with winds equivalent to a Category 1 hurricane.


1879 Birthday Honours
The 1879 Birthday Honours were appointments by Queen Victoria to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of the British Empire. The appointments were made to celebrate the official birthday of the Queen, and were published in The London Gazette on 24 May 1879.


1879 Birthday Honours
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.


1879 Boston Red Caps season
The 1879 Boston Red Caps season was the ninth season of the franchise.


1879 Boston Red Caps season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1879 Boston Red Caps season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1879 Boston Red Caps season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1879 Boston mayoral election
The Boston mayoral election of 1879 saw  Frederick O. Prince reelected to his third overall term.


1879 Bouctouche tornado
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Paul Cant (talk | contribs) at 12:16, 15 April 2020. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1879 Bouctouche tornado
The 1879 Bouctouche Tornado was a tornado that struck the town of Bouctouche, New Brunswick on Wednesday, August 6, 1879.


1879 Bouctouche tornado
It is estimated that the tornado was an F3 in strength, and is the easternmost major tornado in North America, though weaker tornadoes and waterspouts have been known to form in Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia.


1879 Bouctouche tornado
The tornado killed 5 people, injured 10 others, and rendered 25 families homeless.


1879 Bouctouche tornado
The Moniteur Acadian published an extra edition to cover the full details. But a short report was issued from St. John, N.B. dated Aug. 12, and it appears in several newspapers, including The Woodville Advocate of Aug. 21, 1879.


1879 Broederstroom
1879 Broederstroom, provisional designation 1935 UN, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 16 October 1935, by Dutch astronomer Hendrik van Gent at the Leiden Southern Station (081), annex to the Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. The asteroid was named after the South African village of Broederstroom.


1879 Broederstroom, Orbit and classification
Broederstroom is a member of the Flora family. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,229 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic.


1879 Broederstroom, Orbit and classification
No precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg in 1935.


1879 Broederstroom, Physical characteristics
Broederstroom has been characterized as a common stony S-type asteroid.


1879 Broederstroom, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
In January 2007, a rotational lightcurve obtained by Italian amateur astronomer Antonio Vagnozzi gave a well-defined rotation period of 3.01555 hours with a brightness variation of 0.11 magnitude (U=3). In Spring 2014, photometry at the Palomar Transient Factory in California gave two lightcurves with a period of 3.016 and 3.02 hours and an amplitude of 0.12 magnitude (U=2/2).


1879 Broederstroom, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Broederstroom measures 7.444 and 7.66 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.242 and 0.319, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link, assumes an albedo of 0.24 – derived from the asteroid 8 Flora, the family's principal body and namesake – and calculates a diameter of 7.14 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.42.


1879 Broederstroom, Naming
This minor planet was named after the village Broederstroom located in the North West province of South Africa. The Leiden Southern Observatory was later located near this town for 25 years until 1982. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 8 April 1982 (M.P.C. 6833).


1879 Buffalo Bisons season
The 1879 season was the debut year in the National League for the Buffalo Bisons, who had previously played an independent schedule. The Bisons wound up with a record of 46–32 and finished in third place.


1879 Buffalo Bisons season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1879 Buffalo Bisons season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1879 Buffalo Bisons season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1879 Bulgarian Constituent Assembly election
Constituent Assembly elections were held in Bulgaria between 1 and 30 January 1879, although only 117 of the 231 members of the Assembly were elected during this period. It followed the country's liberation from the Ottoman Empire, and saw the Conservative Party and the Liberal Party emerge as the two main parties. The Assembly was opened on 10 February, and convened in Veliko Tarnovo to ratify the country's first constitution, known as the Tarnovo Constitution, on 16 April. The parliament was later transferred to Sofia, which became the capital of the country.


1879 Bulgarian Constituent Assembly election
Following debates between the Conservatives, who were in favour of a bicameral parliament, and the Liberals, who supported a unicameral system, the new constitution made provision for a unicameral National Assembly, which was elected later in the year.


1879 Bulgarian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Bulgaria between 30 September and 7 October 1879. The result was a victory for the Liberal Party, which won 140 of the 170 seats. Voter turnout was 32.0%.


1879 California gubernatorial election
The 1879 California gubernatorial election was held on September 3, 1879, to elect the governor of California.


1879 Cambridgeshire by-election
The Cambridgeshire by-election of 1879 was fought on 30 January 1879. The byelection was fought due to the death of the incumbent Conservative MP, Elliot Yorke. It was won by the Conservative candidate Edward Hicks, who was unopposed.


1879 Canterbury by-election
The Canterbury by-election of 1879 was held on 8 May 1879. The byelection was fought due to the resignation of the incumbent Conservative MP, Lewis Majendie. It was won by the Conservative candidate Robert Peter Laurie.


1879 Canterbury by-election, Corruption
The Liberal candidate Charles Edwards was accused of spending about £140 (equivalent to £13,494 in 2019) on buying votes during the campaign. Although Edwards disclaimed knowledge of this and blamed his campaign manager, he did admit that the money was spent on bribery.


1879 Chicago White Stockings season
The 1879 Chicago White Stockings season was the 8th season of the Chicago White Stockings franchise, the 4th in the National League and the 2nd at Lakefront Park. The White Stockings finished fourth in the National League with a record of 46–33.


1879 Chicago White Stockings season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1879 Chicago White Stockings season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in