1891 Brazilian presidential election
The Brazilian presidential election of February 1891 was the first presidential election held in Brazil. The president was elected by Congress and resulted in the election as President of Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca, who had been the Head of the Provisional Government since November 15, 1889, when the monarchy was overthrown. Under the Constitution promulgated by Congress of 24 February 1891, the congressional election was held on the following day, 25 February 1891, and the President-elect, together with the Vice President-elect, took office on 26 February 1891.


1891 British Lions tour to South Africa
The 1891 British Isles tour to South Africa was the first British Isles rugby union tour of South Africa and only the second overseas tour conducted by a joint British team. Between 9 July and 7 September, the team played 20 games, including three Tests against the South Africa national rugby union team. The British Isles not only won all three Test matches, but also won all 17 provincial games. Although not named as such at the time, the tour is retrospectively recognised as a British Lions tour.


1891 British Lions tour to South Africa, Tour details
After the South African Rugby Board was formed in 1889, the committee decided one of the best ways to promote the game was to invite a British side to visit, similar to the British Isles tour of Australia and New Zealand in 1888. In September 1890 the Rugby Football Union (RFU) discussed the proposed tour; in attendance was Mr J Richards of Cape Town, who, as an Old Leysian, had connections to the English game. The tour was agreed, with Cecil Rhodes agreeing to guarantee any financial losses the tour may incur.


1891 British Lions tour to South Africa, Tour details
The first overseas British tour of 1888, was not sanctioned by the RFU, and therefore is often not recognised as an official Lions tour, so the South African Tests were actually the first matches that allowed the British players to be awarded international caps.


1891 British Lions tour to South Africa, Tour details
Captained by Scottish international Bill Maclagan, the British team consisted of players from English and Scottish clubs with a heavy contingent of members from Cambridge University teams. Of the players roughly half were, or would win national caps, and the majority of those who did not were former Cambridge Blues. Although containing four Scots, the fact that the tour was organised by the RFU, the team was initially recognised as an English team, but retrospectively gained its British Isles tag. The touring party had been selected by a committee composed of George Rowland Hill, the president of the RFU, R.S. Whalley, Harry Vassall, Arthur Budd and J.H.S. McArthur.


1891 British Lions tour to South Africa, Tour details
The British team took in twenty matches, three of them tests against the South African team. The tourists won all twenty matches conceding just a single try, which was scored against them in the very first game. Although the Test top scorer for the tourists was Arthur Rotherham, mainly because a conversion at the time was worth twice as much as a try; the tour's outstanding scorer was Randolph Aston. At six-foot three, and weighing 15 stones, Aston played in all 20 matches and was the unstoppable try scorer of the tour. Out of the 89 tries scored by the British team, Aston scored 30 including the first try against the South African team in the first Test.


1891 British Lions tour to South Africa, Tour details
The tourists played in red and white hooped shirts and dark blue shorts.


1891 British Lions tour to South Africa, Results
Complete list of matches played by the British Isles in South Africa:


1891 British Lions tour to South Africa, Match details, First test
South Africa: Ben Duff, Harry Boyes, Chubb Vigne, Mosey van Buuren, Alfred Richards, Frank Guthrie, Oupa Versfeld, Bill Bisset, Herbert Hayton Castens (capt. ), Tiger Devenish, Japie Louw, Edward Little, Fred Alexander, GA Merry, Frank HamiltonBritish Isles: William Grant Mitchell, Paul Robert Clauss, Randolph Aston, Bill Maclagan (capt. ), Arthur Rotherham, William Wotherspoon, William Bromet, John Harding Gould, Johnny Hammond, Froude Hancock, Robert MacMillan, Clement Pearson Simpson, Aubone Surtees, Robert Thompson, Thomas Sherren Whittaker


1891 British Lions tour to South Africa, Match details, Second test
South Africa: Ben Duff, Harry Boyes, Chubb Vigne, Arthur de Kock, Alfred Richards, Jackie Powell, Oupa Versfeld, Bob Snedden (capt. ), Bob Shand, Wilfred Trenery, Japie Louw, DW Smith, Fred Alexander, Fairy Heatlie, CW SmithBritish Isles: William Grant Mitchell, Paul Robert Clauss, Randolph Aston, Bill Maclagan (capt. ), Howard Marshall, Edward Bromet, William Bromet, John Harding Gould, Johnny Hammond, Froude Hancock, Robert MacMillan, Edwin Mayfield, Aubone Surtees, Robert Thompson, Thomas Sherren Whittaker


1891 British Lions tour to South Africa, Match details, Third test
South Africa: Ben Duff, AJ Hartley, Chubb Vigne, Hasie Versfeld, Alfred Richards (capt. ), Frank Guthrie, Oupa Versfeld, Bill Bisset, Bob Shand, CG van Renen, Japie Louw, Edward Little, JA McKendrick, Fairy Heatlie, TW ChignellBritish Isles: William Grant Mitchell, Paul Robert Clauss, Randolph Aston, Bill Maclagan (capt. ), Howard Marshall, Arthur Rotherham, William Bromet, Edward Bromet, Johnny Hammond, Froude Hancock, Robert MacMillan, Edwin Mayfield, Aubone Surtees, Robert Thompson, Thomas Sherren Whittaker


1891 Brooklyn Grooms season
The 1891 Brooklyn Grooms (the name was shortened from "Bridegrooms" this season) started the year with real estate mogul George Chauncey purchasing a controlling interest in the ballclub to join Ferdinand Abell and Charles Byrne in the ownership group. The former owner of the Brooklyn Ward's Wonders in the now defunct Players' League, Chauncey organized a merger of his team with the Grooms, forcing the firing of manager Bill McGunnigle (despite his winning two league championships) and replacing him with former Wonders manager and shortstop, John Montgomery Ward.


1891 Brooklyn Grooms season
The new owner also thought the team could generate larger revenue from a bigger stadium, so they decided to move the team to his stadium, Eastern Park. Games would be split between the new facility and old Washington Park during the 1891 season and the team would move full-time in 1892. With all the turmoil, the team fell back into the pack, finishing the season in sixth place.


1891 Brooklyn Grooms season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = runs; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; SB = Stolen bases


1891 Brooklyn Grooms season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = runs; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; SB = Stolen bases


1891 Brooklyn Grooms season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; BB = Bases on balls; SO = Strikeouts; CG = Complete games


1891 Brown Bears football team
The 1891 Brown Bears football team represented Brown University during the 1891 college football season.


1891 Buchtel football team
The 1891 Buchtel football team represented Buchtel College in the 1891 college football season. This season was the team's first. They did not have a coach and were led by captain Charles Weeks. They were outscored by their opponents 22–94 and finished with a record 1–3.


1891 Buckingham by-election
The 1891 Buckingham by-election was held on 28 May 1891 after the expulsion of the incumbent Liberal MP, Edmund Verney, who had won in a by-election two years' previously. The seat was retained by the Liberal candidate Herbert Samuel Leon. The Conservative candidate, Evelyn Hubbard was the younger brother of a previous MP and had stood in the 1889 by-election.


1891 Calgary municipal election
The 1891 Calgary municipal election was scheduled for January 5, 1891 to elect a Mayor and six Councillors to sit on the seventh Calgary Town Council from January 5, 1891 to January 18, 1892.


1891 Calgary municipal election, Background
Voting rights were provided to any male, single woman, or widowed British subject over twenty-one years of age who are assessed on the last revised assessment roll with a minimum property value of $200.


1891 Calgary municipal election, Background
The election was held under multiple non-transferable vote where each elector was able to cast a ballot for the mayor and up to four ballots for separate councillors.


1891 Calgary municipal election, Results, Councillors
Election was held under Multiple non-transferable vote where each elector was able to cast a ballot for the mayor and up to six ballots for separate councillors.


1891 California Golden Bears football team
The 1891 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California, Berkeley during the 1891 college football season. The team competed as an independent, without a head coach, and compiled a record of 0–1.


1891 Canadian federal election
The 1891 Canadian federal election was held on March 5, 1891 to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 7th Parliament of Canada. It was won by the Conservative Party of Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald.


1891 Canadian federal election
The main issue of the 1891 campaign was Macdonald's National Policy, a policy of protective tariffs. The Liberals supported reciprocity (free trade) with the United States.


1891 Canadian federal election
Macdonald led a conservative campaign emphasizing stability, and retained the Conservatives' majority in the House of Commons. It was a close election and he campaigned hard. Macdonald died a few months after the election, which led to his succession by four different Conservative Prime Ministers until the 1896 election.


1891 Canadian federal election
Senator John Abbott succeeded Macdonald as Conservative leader and Prime Minister after Macdonald's death on June 6, 1891. Abbott's most famous political comment was "I hate politics." He had in fact supported John Sparrow David Thompson to succeed Macdonald. Abbott, in failing health, was finally succeeded by Thompson in 1892. Mackenzie Bowell, another senator, succeeded Thompson after his sudden death from a heart attack on December 12, 1894. Bowell was ousted by several of his own cabinet ministers and replaced by Charles Tupper in April 1896, who led the Conservatives in the June 1896 election.


1891 Canadian federal election
It was Wilfrid Laurier's first election as leader of the Liberals. Although he lost the election, he increased the Liberals' support. He returned in 1896 to win a solid majority, despite losing the popular vote.


1891 Canadian federal election
Canadian voters would return to the issue of free trade 20 years later in the 1911 federal election.


1891 Canadian federal election, National results
* Party did not nominate candidates in the previous election.


1891 Canadian federal election, National results
2 The Parliamentary website identifies two candidates in Nova Scotia as being "Progressives". This may be an error.


1891 Canterbury colonial election re-count
In September 1891 the Elections and Qualifications Committee conducted a re-count of the 1891 Canterbury election. There were 4 seats available. Joseph Carruthers (Free Trade) had been comfortably re-elected at the head of the poll with 7,231 votes, 19.8%. The following 4 candidates were separated by 105 votes, with John Wheeler (Free Trade) defeating James Eve (Ind. Free Trade) for the final seat with a margin of 5 votes. The next best candidate, John Grant (Labour) was a further 487 behind, with 3,857 votes, 10.6%.


1891 Canterbury colonial election re-count
The committee declared that John Wheeler (Free Trade) had not been elected the member for Canterbury, however no by-election was conducted. Instead instead the committee declared that James Eve (Ind. Free Trade) based on its own count of the result.


1891 Cardiff County Borough Council election
The 1891 Cardiff County Borough Council election was held on Monday 2 November 1891 to elect councillors to Cardiff County Borough Council in Cardiff, Wales. These were the third all-Cardiff elections since the creation of the county borough. The previous elections were in November 1890 and the next elections were in November 1892


1891 Cardiff County Borough Council election
The result of the election saw no overall change in composition of the council.


1891 Cardiff County Borough Council election, Background
Cardiff had become a county borough in April 1889. In July 1890 the town's ward boundaries were redrawn, increasing the number of electoral wards from five to ten. On 25 July the General Purposes Committee of the council had redistributed the existing councillors over the ten wards. Not all council seats were included in each contest, because the three councillors in each ward stood down for election in three-yearly rotation.


1891 Cardiff County Borough Council election, Background
Elections normally took place on 1 November each year. Because 1 November 1891 fell on a Sunday, the 1891 elections took place on 2 November.


1891 Cardiff County Borough Council election, Background
The council consisted of 30 councillors who were elected by the town's voters and ten aldermen who were elected by the councillors. Ten seats were up for election in November 1891.


1891 Cardiff County Borough Council election, Overview of the result
Contests took place in seven of the ten electoral wards, namely Canton, Cathays, Central, Grangetown, Riverside, Roath and South. In three wards - Adamsdown, Park and Splott - the (Liberal) councillors were elected unopposed.


1891 Cardiff County Borough Council election, Overview of the result
Prior to the election, three of the seven contested seats were held by the Liberal Party and four by the Conservatives. This remained the case after the results were announced. In comparison with 1890, the Liberals had an overall increase in votes of 299, in comparison with 127 for the Conservatives.


1891 Cardiff County Borough Council election, Overview of the result
The Conservatives concentrated their campaigning in the Central and South wards, though in the South ward the retiring Conservative councillor only won by one vote.


1891 Cardiff County Borough Council election, Overview of the result, Council composition
Following these elections, the council's Liberal majority remained, with 26 Liberal members, 13 Conservatives and one Liberal Unionist.


1891 Cardiff County Borough Council election, Ward results, Grangetown
Fireworks were let off after the result was announced, celebrating Brain's re-election.


1891 Cardiff County Borough Council election, Ward results, Riverside
Beavan had previously lost his council seat in the South ward in November 1890.


1891 Cardiff County Borough Council election, Ward results, South
Morel, a ship owner, had been the sitting councillor for six years. There was more than one recount and the results were not announced until 10 p.m. The winning candidate was not present at the count, being ill with pleurisy.


1891 Case football team
The 1891 Case football team was an American football team that represented the Case School of Applied Science in Cleveland, Ohio, now a part of Case Western Reserve University. The season was the team's first. Playing as an independent during the 1891 college football season, the team compiled a 1–2 record.


1891 Census of India
The 1891 Census of India was conducted by the British Raj and covered the lands now part of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Burma. The Census Commissioner was Jervoise Athelstane Baines, who was later knighted for his work in India. Baines changed the classification from that which had been used in the 1881 census. His obituary in the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society describes the changes as being "first the separation of caste from religion and, secondly, the substitution of the population subsisting by an occupation for that exercising it." He wrote the resultant 300-page General Report, which had "a literary flavour and wide scholarship" rather than a mere analysis of the data. The total population reported was about 287,000,000.


1891 Central Colonels football team
The 1891 Central Colonels football team represented Central University in Richmond, Kentucky during the 1891 college football season.


1891 Central Cumberland colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Central Cumberland on 29 August 1891 because of the death of Robert Ritchie (Free Trade).


1891 Chicago Colts season
The 1891 Chicago Colts season was the 20th season of the Chicago Colts franchise, the 16th in the National League and the 1st at South Side Park. The Colts finished second in the National League with a record of 82–53.


1891 Chicago Colts season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1891 Chicago Colts season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1891 Chicago Colts season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1891 Chicago Colts season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1891 Chicago Colts season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1891 Chicago mayoral election
The Chicago mayoral election of 1891 saw "Reform" candidate Hempstead Washburne narrowly win a four-way race against incumbent Democrat DeWitt Clinton Cregier, former mayor Carter Harrison Sr., and Citizens Party candidate Elmer Washburn. Also running was Socialist Labor candidate Thomas J. Morgan. Due to the four-way split in popular support, Washburne won with merely a 28.83% vote share and less than a quarter-of-a-percent margin of victory over second-place finisher Creiger.


1891 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Democratic nomination
Crieger's term as mayor had been regarded as decent. However, many Democrats were displeased with Cregier's favoritism of the city's Irish population over other groups. Additionally, followers of former mayor Carter Harrison Sr. felt that Cregier had been disregarding them when making political appointments. A number of scandals had also tainted his administration.


1891 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Democratic nomination
Cregier was challenged by former mayor Carter Harrison Sr. Harrison sensed voter dissatisfaction with Cregier. Harrison also desired to oversee the city's hosting of the World's Columbian Exposition (which the city had hosted the right to host by the United States government in 1890, after a successful bid effort in which Cregier had been involved). Wishing to stage a political comeback, Harrison had come out of his retirement to run again for mayor.


1891 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Democratic nomination
The race for the Democratic nomination was contentious and rancorous. Each candidate ran fierce campaigns.


1891 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Democratic nomination
Harrison's campaign was managed by Adolf Kraus. The most influential backer of Harrison's candidacy was considered to be Frank Lawler. Lawler and Harrison each made speeches before large and excited crowds across the city in support of Harrison's candidacy.


1891 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Democratic nomination
Local Democratic establishment leadership largely stood behind Cregier. The city's Democratic executive committee formally supported his candidacy. Cregier received the backing of political organizations such as the Wah-na-ton Club and the Iroquois Club. Creiger also had the backing of individuals such as John M. Palmer and Clarence S. Darrow.


1891 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Democratic nomination
The primary to elect delegates to the city nominating convention was held on March 20, and showed a clear victory for Cregier. However Harrison's supporters alleged that electoral fraud had taken place.


1891 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Democratic nomination
At the convention, an effort successfully prevented Harrison from being allowed to enter the convention hall. In protest of this, 47 of Harrison's 99 pledged delegates withdrew their places. In the end, Cregier was renominated at the convention by a vote of 331 to 52.


1891 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Carter Harrison Sr.'s independent candidacy
While Cregier had managed to fend-off Harrison's challenge for the Democratic nomination, Harrison opted to challenge him in the general election as an independent.


1891 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Citizen's Party nomination
The Citizen's Party, which was operated through the Union League Club of Chicago and organized by notable businessmen such as Potter Palmer, Marshall Field, and Philip Danforth Armour, nominated Elmer Washburn.


1891 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Citizen's Party nomination
The Citizen's Party and Washburn's candidacy was a well-funded attempt by the old elite of the city to retake control of local politics, for the claimed purposes of bringing cleaner and more efficient governance, and lower taxes.


1891 Chicago mayoral election, Nominations, Citizen's Party nomination
Franklin MacVeagh, the original candidate sought by the (largely Republican) reformers behind the party declined to run. It was after this that Washburn would enter the race.


1891 Chicago mayoral election, General election
In their platform Democrats, who nominated Crieger, supported an eight hour work day, affirmed that the streets were the property of the citizens, supported legislation for the masses, demanded that the city undertake its own construction work rather than relying on contractors, urged the enforcement of factory and tenement laws, urged a fixed salary to be paid to the city treasurer, and for the interest on deposits to belong to the city treasury.


1891 Chicago mayoral election, General election
The Democratic electorate was split between Cregier and Harrison. Union support was also split between the two candidates.


1891 Chicago mayoral election, General election
Reform candidate Hempstead Washburne and Citizens candidate Elmer Washburn (former Director of the United States Secret Service and former Chicago Police Chief) were both members of the Washburn family. Elmer Washburn was cousins with Hempstead Washburne's father Elihu B. Washburne.


1891 Chicago mayoral election, General election
In addition to being nominated by the Citizens committee, Elmer Washburn was also backed/nominated by the Prohibition Party. Elmer Washburn was criticized by some as "puritanical". Advancing a Sabbatarian agenda, the Citizens ticket he headed supported the closing of saloons, parks, and streetcar service on the Sabbath. His campaign was well-funded and well-publicized.


1891 Chicago mayoral election, General election
The race was intense, with all candidates engaging in vitriol, including slander. Harrison focused most of his attacks at Cregier. Cregier focused most of his attacks towards Harrison. Washburn focused his attacks on both Cregier and Harrison. Washburn divided his attacks among all three of the other main candidates.


1891 Chicago mayoral election, General election
Harrison's forces tried to paint Cregier as incompetent and as having unscrupulous connections. Creiger's forces, in turn, tried to claim that, through Frank Lawler, Harrison was connecticted to widely unpopular streetcar magnate Charles Yerkes.


1891 Chicago mayoral election, General election
On one occasion during the campaign, Harrison literally had mud slung at him.


1891 Chicago mayoral election, General election, Results
Creiger received 77.92% of the Polish-American vote, while Harrison received 10.42% and Washburne received 7.83%.


1891 Chicago mayoral election, General election, Allegations of irregularities misconduct
After the election, some factions of the Democratic party vocally issued allegations that there had been election irregularities and misconduct. It was alleged that strong-arm tactics being used by lieutenants of Creiger in seven wards.


1891 Chicago mayoral election, Aftermath
The divide between the Cregier's and Harrison's supporters would endure into the fall, when they held separate caucuses and sat separately at the Democratic Party convention. However, they ultimately united behind the party at this convention, supporting the Democratic ticket for the fall elections.


1891 Chicago mayoral election, Aftermath
Complaints of election irregularities and misconduct strengthened the push for the adoption of a secret ballot in Chicago.


1891 Chilean presidential election
The Chilean presidential election of 1891 took place through a system of electors, and resulted in the election as President of Jorge Montt, who was the sole candidate.


1891 Cincinnati Kelly's Killers season
The 1891 Cincinnati Kelly's Killers season was a season in American baseball. The "Kelly" in the name came from manager King Kelly, who was also the team's starting catcher. In 1891, their only season of existence, they finished with a record of 43–57, good for sixth place in the American Association, 32½ games behind the Boston Reds.


1891 Cincinnati Kelly's Killers season
The team, which was also called the Cincinnati Reds, folded on August 17, and was replaced by the Milwaukee Brewers, brought in from the Western League. Kelly himself moved on to the Boston Reds. After the season, the American Association itself folded.


1891 Cincinnati Kelly's Killers season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1891 Cincinnati Kelly's Killers season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1891 Cincinnati Kelly's Killers season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1891 Cincinnati Kelly's Killers season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1891 Cincinnati Reds season
The 1891 Cincinnati Reds season was a season in American baseball. Shortly before the start of the baseball season, owner Al Johnson sold the club to John T. Brush. The team finished in a tie for last place in the National League with the Pittsburgh Pirates with a record of 56–81, 30.5 games behind the Boston Beaneaters.


1891 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season
After a fairly successful first season in the National League in 1890, the Reds looked to improve on their 77–55 record in 1891. The team brought back manager Tom Loftus for a second season.


1891 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season
Cincinnati had a new starting shortstop, as Germany Smith joined the team from the Brooklyn Bridegrooms. The light hitting Smith batted .191 with a homer and 47 RBI with the Bridegrooms in 1890. The Reds would also have third baseman Arlie Latham for the full season, as he had split the 1890 season between the Reds and Chicago Pirates of the Players' League. Latham had some big seasons with the St. Louis Browns of the American Association in the 1880s, leading the league in runs (152) in 1886, and stolen bases (109) in 1888. Veteran pitcher Old Hoss Radbourn joined the Reds after going 27–12 with a 3.31 with the Boston Reds of the Players' League in 1890. Radbourn had a huge season back in 1884 with the Providence Grays, going 59–12 with a 1.38 ERA, 73 complete games and striking out 441 hitters.


1891 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season
Bug Holliday rebounded from a substandard 1890 season by leading the team with a .319 average, nine homers and 84 RBI. Jocko Halligan, who joined the Reds in July, had a .312 average with three homers and 44 RBI in only 61 games. Latham hit .272 with seven homers and 53 RBI, as well as leading the team with 87 stolen bases. Tony Mullane led the pitching staff with 23 victories, while Billy Rhines finished the year 17–24 with a team best 2.87 ERA and 138 strikeouts.


1891 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season, Season summary
The Reds started the season off losing four games in a row to their Ohio rivals, the Cleveland Spiders, which included a 23–4 loss. That set the tone for the season, as wins were scarce, as Cincinnati fell into the National League cellar. The Reds battled back, finishing off the season with a seven-game winning streak to move into a virtual tie with the Pittsburgh Pirates for seventh place. Both teams finished 30½ games behind the pennant winning Boston Beaneaters, but the Reds had a slightly better winning percentage by virtue of having played two more games than the Pirates.


1891 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1891 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1891 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1891 Cincinnati football team
The 1891 Cincinnati football team was an American football team that represented the University of Cincinnati as an independent during the 1891 college football season. The team compiled a 4–2–1 record. Clyde Johnson was the team captain. The team had no head coach and played its home games at Union Ball Park in Cincinnati.


1891 Cisleithanian legislative election
Legislative elections were held in Cisleithania in 1891 to elect the members of the eighth Imperial Council. They were the last elections in Cisleithania before the Badeni electoral reform, which drastically increased male suffrage. The German Liberal and Constitutional Party received 32.81% of the vote.


1891 Cisleithanian legislative election, Electoral system
The elections were held according to the curia arrangement that was instituted in 1873 to complement the implementation of direct elections. Voters were classified according to their status and wealth into four curiae:


1891 City of Christchurch by-election
The Christchurch by-election of 1891 was a by-election during the 11th New Zealand Parliament held on 9 October that year in the Christchurch electorate. It was triggered by the resignation of sitting member Westby Perceval who had been appointed as the new Agent-General in the United Kingdom.


1891 City of Christchurch by-election
The election would later come under protest by Eden George who claimed that nominations had been accepted too late to warrant candidacy.


1891 Cleveland Spiders season
The 1891 Cleveland Spiders season was a season in American baseball. They finished with a 65–74 record and a fifth-place finish in the National League.


1891 Cleveland Spiders season
The Spiders moved to a new ballpark in 1891. League Park was financed by Spiders owner Frank Robison, and it would be the team's home for the remainder of their existence. It would also be home to the Cleveland Indians.


1891 Cleveland Spiders season
The Spiders also had a new manager. Patsy Tebeau, the team's starting third baseman, was named manager midway through the season. He remained the Spiders manager until his contract was reassigned to the St. Louis Perfectos before the 1899 season.


1891 Cleveland Spiders season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1891 Cleveland Spiders season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1891 Cleveland Spiders season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1891 Cleveland Spiders season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1891 Colgate football team
The 1891 Colgate football team represented Colgate University in the 1891 college football season.


1891 College Football All-America Team
The 1891 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected by Caspar Whitney as the best players at their positions for the 1891 college football season. Whitney began publishing his All-America Team in 1889, and 1891 was the first year Whitney's list was published in Harper's Weekly.


1891 Colorado Silver and Gold football team
The 1891 Colorado Silver and Gold football team was an American football team that represented the University of Colorado during the 1891 college football season. The team competed as an independent, without a head coach, and compiled a record of 1–4 which included the program's first win.


1891 Columbia football team
The 1891 Columbia football team was an American football team that represented Columbia University as an independent during the 1891 college football season. The team compiled a 1–5 record and was outscored by a total of 220 to 32. The team had no coach. T. Ludlow Chrystie was the team captain.


1891 Columbus Solons season
The 1891 Columbus Solons baseball team finished with a 61–76 record, sixth place in the American Association. The team folded at the conclusion of the season.


1891 Columbus Solons season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1891 Columbus Solons season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1891 Columbus Solons season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1891 Columbus Solons season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1891 Columbus Solons season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1891 Cork City by-election
The Cork City by-election, 1891 was a parliamentary by-election held for the United Kingdom House of Commons constituency of Cork City on 6 November 1891. It arose as a result of the death of the sitting member, Charles Stewart Parnell of the Irish Parliamentary Party.


1891 Cork City by-election, Background
In the year before the by-election, the Irish Parliamentary Party had split in two after Parnell, its leader, had been cited as co-respondent in a divorce case, causing a scandal. A majority of the party's MPs left to found an Anti- Parnellite group. Three successive by-elections showed public support favouring the Anti- Parnellites. Even with Parnell dead, the bitterness that had arisen in the course of the party split was still deep.


1891 Cork City by-election, The campaign
The Parnellites nominated their most prominent figure, John Redmond, for the seat. As the sitting MP for North Wexford, Redmond had to resign in order to contest the by-election. The anti-Parnellites nominated Martin Flavin, a local butter merchant and member of Cork Corporation. There was also a Conservative candidate, Captain Dominick Sarsfield, a landowner, Orangeman, and descendant of Patrick Sarsfield.


1891 Cork City by-election, Result
The Parnellites would have expected to do well in their former leader's own constituency, although the other member - this was a two-seat constituency - was Maurice Healy, a strong anti-Parnellite. In the event, the result was a big success for Flavin, who got 3,669 votes as against 2,157 for Redmond and 1,161 for Sarsfield - a majority of 1,512 (and 351 over the other two combined). Flavin only held the seat until the following year's general election, when he retired due to ill-health. Redmond was subsequently elected in a by-election in Waterford City and held the seat until his death in 1918; Dominick Sarsfield was taken ill shortly after the election and died the following February.


1891 Cork Senior Football Championship
The 1891 Cork Senior Football Championship was the fifth staging of the Cork Senior Football Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887.


1891 Cork Senior Football Championship
Clondrohid won the championship following a 3-05 to 0-02 defeat of Nils in the final. This was their first ever championship title.


1891 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
The 1891 Cork Senior Hurling Championship was the fifth staging of the Cork Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887.


1891 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
Aghabullogue were the defending champions, however, they decided not to field a team and granted a walkover to Inniscarra. For the first time ever the championship was divided along divisional lines. The champion clubs of the four divisions contested the county championship.


1891 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
On 31 May 1891, Blackrock won the championship following a 4-04 to 0-00 defeat of Inniscarra in the final. This was their third championship title overall and their first title in two years.


1891 Cornell Big Red football team
The 1891 Cornell Big Red football team was an American football team that represented Cornell University during the 1891 college football season. The team compiled a 7–3 record and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 298 to 34.


1891 County Carlow by-election
The County Carlow by-election, 1891 was a parliamentary by-election held for the United Kingdom House of Commons constituency of County Carlow on 7 July 1891. It arose as a result of the death of the sitting member, James Patrick Mahon.


1891 County Carlow by-election, Background
The by-election took place at a crucial moment in the history of the Irish Nationalist party. After a public scandal in which it was revealed that its leader, Charles Stewart Parnell, was living in a relationship with Katharine O'Shea, wife of one of his party MPs, and had three children by her, the party split, the Anti- Parnellite majority leaving to form the Irish National Federation, while the Parnellite minority continued as the Irish National League. By-elections offered the two sides an opportunity to test their support among the general population. Anti - Parnellite candidates had been successful in North Kilkenny and in North Sligo; a third loss would represent a crushing blow to Parnell's supporters.


1891 County Carlow by-election, Campaign
The Parnellites were positive about their prospects. Parnell, who had just married the now-divorced Katherine, told the Times in an interview that this was the first by-election since the crisis had arisen that he had any prospect of winning; Bagenalstown, in the west of the county, was considered a Parnellite stronghold.


1891 County Carlow by-election, Campaign
On 23 June the Anti- Parnellite campaign nominated their candidate: John Hammond, Chairman of Carlow Town Commissioners. The next day, the Parnellites nominated Andrew Kettle, a founder of the Irish Land League.


1891 County Carlow by-election, Campaign
At the start, there were signs that it might be a quiet campaign. The Times declared that 'it will be hard for either party to infuse any real fighting spirit into it'. The choice of Mr Kettle, it declared, 'is not looked upon as providing a strong candidate whose selection indicates confidence and determination'. Hammond, on the other hand, was 'regarded as a half-hearted Nationalist, a mild specimen of the patriot who was on too good terms with the minority to be implicitly trusted in the day of trial'. The campaign, it announced, 'is at present slow and spirited'.


1891 County Carlow by-election, Campaign
Parnell, in contrast to recent by-elections, ran a studiously moderate campaign. On 28 June he arrived in Carlow and addressed a large crowd at the Town Hall. There were reports that a Parnellite group had been stoned on the outskirts of the town, but there were no other disturbances.


1891 County Carlow by-election, Campaign
The next day, Parnell spoke at Bagenalstown, and addressed the issue of how his personal life affected his public responsibilities:


1891 County Carlow by-election, Campaign
On the same day, Tim Healy MP addressed an Anti- Parnellite meeting. "Could there be anything in Carlow of the nature of a contest were it not for Kitty O'Parnell?" he asked, to laughter and cheers. "They had no means of getting rid of English dictation except by the aid of the English democracy".


1891 County Carlow by-election, Campaign
On 1 July, Parnell spoke to an enthusiastic crowd at Hacketstown, described as 'entirely Parnellite'. A later meeting in Rathvilly, however, was attended by 'hooting, groaning and beating of tin cans', and the return to Carlow town was described as 'undemonstrative and chilling'. Healy and Hammond, meanwhile, were well received at Leighlinbridge.


1891 County Carlow by-election, Campaign
The Parnellite campaign suffered a major setback on the next day, when the leadership of the Roman Catholic church, who had been quiet on the issue to that point, issued a letter stating that Parnell "has utterly disqualified himself to be the political leader" of the Irish people, and calling on them to repudiate his leadership. The letter was signed by all of the Archbishops and Bishops with the exception of Dr O'Dwyer of Limerick. The 'open hostility to ecclesiastical authority' of some of his supporters was cited as an important factor in their decision. At the same time, Bernard O'Neill, Parish priest of Bagenalstown, made clear that as one of those who had nominated Kettle, he urged his parishioners to vote for him.


1891 County Carlow by-election, Campaign
The Anti-Parnellites made much of the opposing candidate's name. Kettle was described as 'a utensil' for Parnell, prepared to 'boil over' if necessary. They used kettles in demonstrations to make noise and drown out their opponent's speeches. An effigy of Katherine O'Shea holding a kettle was suspended from a tree, and a dead fox hung out with a kettle tied to its tail.


1891 County Carlow by-election, Campaign
In the closing days, heated divisions were apparent. Parnell was well received at Fenagh but driven out of Ballon with 'shouts, execrations, and the beating of kettles'. A fight broke out between supporters of the two sides who passed on the road near Tullow. The groups 'engaged each other with stones and sticks for several minutes. ... The missiles and bludgeons were used to such effect that blood flowed freely, and the Anti-Parnellites were eventually forced to retreat." By now, the Times was reporting that, while Parnell continued to predict victory, his supporters appeared less confident and were talking of their determination to fight on even if defeated.


1891 County Carlow by-election, Voting
Polling day was reported as quiet, apart from two attempts to assault Parnell, and one alleged case of personation. Kettle's supporter, Father O'Neill, protested that one of his curates was acting as a personation agent for Hammond; his three curates, defending their support for the Anti- Parnellite candidate, produced a letter from the local bishop, urging O'Neill to abstain from campaigning and allow them to promote the Anti- Parnellite cause.


1891 County Carlow by-election, Voting
The result was an emphatic victory for the Anti- Parnellites, with Hammond receiving 3,747 votes as against just 1,532 for Kettle, a majority of 2,215. Seeing how well they could do in one of the strongest Parnellite seats, his opponents now calculated that they would win all but three of the Nationalist constituencies in a general election. For the Parnellites, it was a heavy blow, described by the Freeman's Journal as 'far and away larger than anyone could have anticipated'. Parnell died just three months later.


1891 County Championship
The 1891 County Championship was the second officially organised running of the County Championship, and ran from 18 May to 27 August 1891. Surrey County Cricket Club claimed their second successive title by winning 12 of their 16 games.


1891 Crescent Athletic Club football team
The 1891 Crescent Athletic Club football team was an American football team that represented the Crescent Athletic Club in the American Football Union (AFU) during the 1891 college football season. The team played its home games at Eastern Park in Brooklyn, compiled a 5–3 record (3–0 against AFU opponents), and won the AFU championship. Two of the team's losses were to Walter Camp's undefeated 1891 Yale team that did not allow its opponents to score a single point. Harry Beecher, who played for Yale from 1884 to 1887, was the Crescent team's quarterback and captain.


1891 Cypriot legislative election
Legislative elections were held in Cyprus on 7 November 1891.


1891 Cypriot legislative election, Electoral system
The Legislative Council consisted of six official members appointed by the High Commissioner and twelve elected members, three of which were Muslims and nine of which were non-Muslims.


1891 Cypriot legislative election, Electoral system
The island was divided into three constituencies, each formed of two districts. Each constituency elected one Muslim and three non-Muslims. Muslim voters had one vote, whilst non-Muslims could vote for up to three candidates. Due to the high levels of illiteracy, voting was not secret, with voters required to tell the polling officers their candidates of choice, often in front of agents of the candidates.


1891 Cypriot legislative election, Electoral system
Suffrage was limited to men aged over 21 who had been permanent residents during the five years prior to the elections, and who had paid either the verghi tax (which was levied as an annual payment of one four-thousandth of a property's value, 4% of rental income or 3% on profits or salaries) or rent for a dwelling or shop within the last year. However, of the estimated 40,000 taxpayers in the territory at the time of the elections, only those that had been able to pay their taxes on time were able to register to vote. The number of registered voters for the non-Muslim seats dropped from 15,408 in 1886 to 10,030.


1891 Cypriot legislative election, Campaign
In Limassol–Paphos there were only non-Muslim three candidates; incumbent MLC Aristotle Paleologos, former MLC (1886–1889) Socrates Fragoudis, and the lawyer Ioannis Kyriakidis.


1891 Cypriot legislative election, Campaign
The Nicosia–Kyrenia constituency also only had three non-Muslim candidates; incumbent MLCs Paschalis Constantinides and Kyrillos Papadopoulos, and Yerasimo Hadji Diako, the Abbot of Kykkos Monastery.


1891 Cypriot legislative election, Campaign
The Larnaca–Famagusta constituency was the only one to have a contested vote, with seven candidates running; incumbent MLCs Achillea Liasides and Richardos Matei and Nikolaos Rossos, Loukas Paisiou (a teacher), Georgios Siakallis (a landowner and lawyer), Ioannis Vontitsianos (a farmer) and Arthur Young, the Commissioner of Famagusta. Liasides was the incumbent MLC for Nicosia–Kyrenia, but had switched constituency to allow Yerasimo Hadji Diako to be elected unopposed, having been promised the full support of the church in his re-election campaign.


1891 Cypriot legislative election, Campaign
As a British official, Young's candidacy was controversial, with Greek Cypriot politicians convinced it was a ploy by the government to reduce Greek representation in the Council, whilst Greek language newspapers called for voters not to vote for him. Young's British superiors were also unhappy with his decision to run, with High Commissioner Henry Ernest Gascoyne Bulwer writing to Secretary of State for the Colonies Lord Knutsford, stating that he had strong reservations about Young being a candidate as he suspected Young would neglect his official duties and would not be sufficiently independent of government when serving in the Council.


1891 Cypriot legislative election, Results, Non-Muslim seats
Turnout was significantly higher than in the 1886 elections, which was attributed to Young's candidacy.


1891 Cypriot legislative election, Aftermath
Following the elections, Young submitted an appeal to the Supreme Court, calling for the election of Liasides and Siakallis to be overturned. The case was heard between 29 December 1891 and 6 January 1892 and attracted significant interest from the press. Young claimed that Kyrillos Papadopoulos (the Metropolitan of Kyrenia) and the Archimandrite Philotheus had persuaded their followers not to vote for him through religious threats, and had provided voters with transport on polling day. The judge found both Papadopoulos and the Archimandrite guilty of corruption and intimidation, and fined them. The election of Liasides and Siakallis was annulled, and a by-election for the two vacant seats scheduled for 11 February 1892. However, Liasides and Siakallis were easily re-elected, and the fines for the priests were paid by fundraising efforts.


1891 Cypriot legislative election, Aftermath
There were no further changes in the non-Muslim membership until the resignation of Limassol–Paphos representatives Aristotle Paleologos for health reasons in January 1896. In the subsequent by-election on 8 February, Ioannis Economidis was returned unopposed. Around the same time, one of the other Limassol–Paphos MLCs, Ioannis Kyriakides resigned, resulting in a by-election on 3 February in which Georgios Pavlidis was returned unopposed.


1891 Dartmouth football team
The 1891 Dartmouth football team represented Dartmouth College in the 1891 college football season. The team lost to Harvard on opening day.


1891 Doane Tigers football team
The 1891 Doane Tigers football team represented Doane College in the 1891 college football season.


1891 Dutch general election
General elections were held in the Netherlands on 9 June 1891. The Liberal Union emerged as the largest party, winning 53 of the 100 seats in the House of Representatives.


1891 East Dorset by-election
The 1891 East Dorset by-election was held on 27 November 1891 after the death of the incumbent Conservative MP George Hawkesworth Bond. The seat was retained by the Conservative candidate Humphrey Napier Sturt.


1891 Egmont by-election
The 1891 Egmont by-election was a by-election held on 17 February 1891 during the 11th New Zealand Parliament in the Taranaki electorate of Egmont.


1891 Egmont by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP Harry Atkinson when he was appointed to the Legislative Council, along with six other Conservatives; to block any radical measures introduced by the new Liberal Government of John Ballance.


1891 Egmont by-election
McGuire was opposed by Robert Bruce who had previously represented Rangitikei.


1891 English cricket season
1891 was the second season of County Championship cricket in England. There were no international tours. The County Championship was won by Surrey in even more dominant fashion than previously as they won twelve of their 16 games. Debutants Somerset finished fifth out of the nine teams.


1891 European Figure Skating Championships
The 1891 European Figure Skating Championships were held on January 23rd and 24th. Elite figure skaters competed for the title of European Champion in the category of men's singles. The competitors performed only compulsory figures. These were the first European Figure Skating Championships ever.


1891 European Figure Skating Championships
The skating association of Germany and Austria joined in one club "Deutscher und Österrreichischer Eislaufverband" organised these first European Championships in figure skating in Hamburg, German Empire in 1891 even before the International Skating Union (ISU) was found.


1891 FA Cup Final
The 1891 FA Cup Final was contested by Blackburn Rovers and Notts County at the Kennington Oval. Blackburn won 3–1, their second consecutive FA Cup Final victory, with goals by Geordie Dewar, Jack Southworth and William Townley. James Oswald scored Notts County's goal.


1891 Furman Purple Hurricane football team
The 1891 Furman Purple Hurricane football team represented the Furman Purple Hurricane of Furman University during the 1891 college football season.


1891 Geneva Covenanters football team
The 1891 Geneva Covenanters football team was an American football team that represented Geneva College as an independent during the 1891 college football season. Led by second-year head coach William McCracken, Geneva compiled a record of 4–2.


1891 Georgetown football team
The 1891 Georgetown football team represented the Georgetown University during the 1891 college football season. Georgetown finished the season with a 2–2 record. For the first time in their history, Georgetown had a coach, Tommy Dowd, who also played baseball for the Washington Senators. They played home games at Boundary Park, also the home venue for the Senators.


1891 Grand National
The 1891 Grand National was the 53rd renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 20 March 1891.


1891 Greensburg Athletic Association season
The 1891 Greensburg Athletic Association season was their second season in existence. The team's record for this season is largely unknown.


1891 Harvard Crimson football team
The 1891 Harvard Crimson football team represented Harvard University in the 1891 college football season. The Crimson finished with a 13–1 record. The team won its first 13 games by a combined score of 588–16, but lost its final game against Yale by a 10–0 score.


1891 Home Nations Championship
The 1891 Home Nations Championship was the ninth series of the rugby union Home Nations Championship. Six matches were played between 3 January and 7 March. It was contested by England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales.


1891 Home Nations Championship
The 1891 Championship was won by Scotland, the fourth time the country had topped the table, but the first time Scotland had taken the Triple Crown title.


1891 Home Nations Championship
Rule changes this year, included the introduction of penalty goals, as although penalty kicks were introduced in 1882 no goal attempts could be made from one until this season. The two umpires were renamed as touch-judges and their powers were reduced to mark the spot where the ball left the field of play; a status that remained until additional powers were reinstated in 1982. Players could now pick up a dead ball, and the dead ball line was set at a maximum of 25 yards.


1891 Home Nations Championship, Results, Scoring system
The matches for this season were decided on points scored. A try was worth one point, while converting a kicked goal from the try gave an additional two points. A dropped goal was worth three points. Penalty goals were now worth three points, as although introduced in 1882, no attempt could be made from a penalty kick at goal until this season.


1891 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Wales vs. England
Wales: Billy Bancroft (Swansea), Tom Pearson (Cardiff), Charlie Arthur (Cardiff), David Gwynn (Swansea), Percy Lloyd (Llanelli), Charlie Thomas (Newport), Hugh Ingledew (Cardiff), Percy Bennett (Cardiff Harlequins), David William Evans (Cardiff), Harry Packer (Newport), William Bowen (Swansea) capt., Walter Rice Evans (Swansea), Jim Hannan (Newport), Rowley Thomas (London Welsh), Edward Pegge (Neath)


1891 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Wales vs. England
England: William Grant Mitchell (Richmond), Frederic Alderson (Hartlepool Rovers) capt., RE Lockwood (Heckmondwike), Percy Christopherson (Blackheath), William Leake (Harlequins), J Berry (Tyldesley), Eustace North (Oxford Uni. ), Tom Kent (Salford), Sammy Woods (Cambridge U. ), JT Toothill (Bradford), D Jowett (Heckmondwike), Richard Budworth (Blackheath), RP Wilson (Liverpool OB), William Bromet (Tadcaster), J Richards (Bradford)


1891 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Ireland vs. England
Ireland Dolway Walkington (NIFC) capt., RW Dunlop (Dublin U. ), S Lee (NIFC), R Montgomery (NIFC), Benjamin Tuke (Bective Rangers), AC McDonnell (Dublin U. ), JN Lytle (NIFC), EG Forrest (Wanderers), J Waites (Bective Rangers), JH O'Conner (Bective Rangers), CV Rooke (Dublin U. ), J Roche (Wanderers), WJN Davis (Bessbrook), Victor Le Fanu (Landsdowne), LC Nash (Queen's Co. Cork)


1891 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Ireland vs. England
England: William Grant Mitchell (Richmond), Frederic Alderson (Hartlepool Rovers) capt., RE Lockwood (Heckmondwike), Piercy Morrison (Cambridge U. ), William Leake (Harlequins), J Berry (Tyldesley), Eustace North (Oxford Uni. ), Tom Kent (Salford), Sammy Woods (Cambridge U. ), JT Toothill (Bradford), D Jowett (Heckmondwike), Launcelot Percival (Oxford Uni. ), RP Wilson (Liverpool OB), William Bromet (Tadcaster), J Richards (Bradford)


1891 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Scotland vs. Wales
Scotland: Henry Stevenson (Edinburgh Acads), Gregor MacGregor (Cambridge Uni), Paul Clauss (Oxford Uni. ), W Neilson (Merchiston), CE Orr (West of Scotland), Darsie Anderson (London Scottish), Frederick Goodhue (London Scottish), A Dalglish (Gala), HTO Leggatt (Watsonians), GT Neilson (West of Scotland), MC McEwan (Edinburgh Acads) capt., I MacIntyre (Edinburgh Wanderers), Robert MacMillan (West of Scotland), JD Boswell (West of Scotland), JE Orr (West of Scotland)


1891 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Scotland vs. Wales
Wales: Billy Bancroft (Swansea), William McCutcheon (Swansea), Dickie Garrett (Penarth), David Gwynn (Swansea), George Thomas (Newport), Ralph Sweet-Escott (Cardiff), Hugh Ingledew (Cardiff), Percy Bennett (Cardiff Harlequins), Sydney Nicholls (Cardiff), Tom Graham (Newport), William Bowen (Swansea), Walter Rice Evans (Swansea), David Daniel (Llanelli), Rowley Thomas (London Welsh), Willie Thomas (Llanelli) capt.


1891 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Ireland vs. Scotland
Ireland Dolway Walkington (NIFC) capt., RW Dunlop (Dublin U. ), S Lee (NIFC), HG Wells (Bective Rangers), Benjamin Tuke (Bective Rangers), ED Cameron (Bective Rangers), JN Lytle (NIFC), RD Stokes (Queens College), J Moffatt (Belfast Albion), JH O'Conner (Bective Rangers), JH O'Conor (Bective Rangers), J Roche (Wanderers), WJN Davis (Bessbrook), EF Frazer (Bective Rangers), LC Nash (Queen's Co. Cork)


1891 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Ireland vs. Scotland
Scotland: Henry Stevenson (Edinburgh Acads), Gregor MacGregor  (Cambridge Uni), Paul Clauss (Oxford Uni. ), GR Wilson (Royal HSFP), CE Orr (West of Scotland), William Wotherspoon (Cambridge Uni), Frederick Goodhue (London Scottish), A Dalglish (Gala), HTO Leggatt (Watsonians), GT Neilson (West of Scotland), MC McEwan (Edinburgh Acads) capt., I MacIntyre (Edinburgh Wands), WR Gibson (Royal HSFP), JD Boswell West of Scotland, JE Orr (West of Scotland)


1891 Home Nations Championship, The matches, England vs. Scotland
England: William Grant Mitchell (Richmond), Frederic Alderson (Hartlepool Rovers) capt., RE Lockwood (Heckmondwike), Percy Christopherson (Blackheath), William Leake (Harlequins), J Berry (Tyldesley), Eustace North (Oxford Uni. ), Tom Kent (Salford), Sammy Woods (Cambridge U. ), Edgar Bonham-Carter (Oxford Uni. ), D Jowett (Heckmondwike), Richard Budworth (Blackheath), RP Wilson (Liverpool OB), John Rogers (Moseley), J Richards (Bradford)


1891 Home Nations Championship, The matches, England vs. Scotland
Scotland: Henry Stevenson (Edinburgh Acads), Gregor MacGregor  (Cambridge Uni), Paul Robert Clauss (Oxford Uni. ), Willie Neilson (Merchiston), CE Orr (West of Scotland), Darsie Anderson (London Scottish, Frederick Goodhue (London Scottish), Robert MacMillan (London Scottish), HTO Leggatt (Watsonians), GT Neilson (West of Scotland), MC McEwan (Edinburgh Acads) capt., I MacIntyre (Edinburgh Wands), WR Gibson (Royal HSFP), JD Boswell (West of Scotland), JE Orr (West of Scotland)


1891 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Wales vs. Ireland
Wales: Billy Bancroft (Swansea), Tom Pearson (Cardiff), Dickie Garrett (Penarth), Charlie Thomas (Newport), Percy Lloyd (Llanelli), Evan James (Swansea), David James (Swansea), John Samuel (Swansea), Charles Nicholl (Llanelli), Tom Graham (Newport), Stephen Thomas (Llanelli), Tom Deacon (Swansea), David Samuel (Swansea), Rowley Thomas (London Welsh), Willie Thomas (Llanelli) capt.


1891 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Wales vs. Ireland
Ireland Dolway Walkington (NIFC), RW Dunlop (Dublin U. ), S Lee (NIFC), HG Wells (Bective Rangers), R Pedlow (Bessbrook), ED Cameron (Bective Rangers), T Fogarty (Garryowen), RD Stokes (Queens College), FO Stoker (Wanderers), JS Jameson (Lansdowne), R Stevenson (Dungannon) capt., J Roche (Wanderers), WJN Davis (Bessbrook), CV Rooke (Dublin U. ), L.C. Nash (Queen's Co. Cork)


1891 Honduran presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Honduras between 4 and 6 September 1891. The result was a victory for Ponciano Leiva of the Progressive Party.


1891 Honduran presidential election, Background
The Liberal Party was established by Policarpo Bonilla in January 1891 in order to oppose president Luis Bográn. At its founding congress, Bonilla was selected as the party's presidential candidate. Bográn subsequently founded the National Party later in January, which consisted of moderate liberals and supporters of former president José María Medina. However, he did not run for re-election. In February the Progressive Party was established, with Ponciano Leiva as its presidential candidate.


1891 Honduran presidential election, Background
During the campaign, Bonilla called for the granting of women's suffrage. However, his campaign was disrupted by the government invoking emergency powers on the pretext of an uprising.


1891 Honduran presidential election, Aftermath
Leiva took office in November after being confirmed by Congress.


1891 Hong Kong sanitary board election
The 1891 Sanitary Board Election held on 17 June 1891 was the second election for the 2 unofficial seats in the Sanitary Board of Hong Kong.


1891 Hong Kong sanitary board election
Only ratepayers on the jury lists of the year were eligible to vote.


1891 Hong Kong sanitary board election
There were 256 out of the 445 persons of the electorate voted. Each elector could cast up to two votes.


1891 Illawarra colonial by-election
A by-election for the seat of Illawarra in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly was held on 3 October 1891 because the Elections and Qualifications Committee declared that the election of John Nicholson and Andrew Lysaght Sr. at the election for Illawarra in June was void because of there were insufficient printed ballot papers and handwritten papers were used.


1891 Illinois Fighting Illini football team
The 1891 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois during the 1891 college football season. It was the second football team in the program's history. Coached by Robert Lackey, the team compiled a 5–1 record. Fullback Ralph W. Hart was the team captain.


1891 Indiana Hoosiers football team
The 1891 Indiana Hoosiers football team was an American football team that represented Indiana University Bloomington during the 1891 college football season. In Indiana's fourth season of intercollegiate football, Billy Herod served as the school's football coach. Indiana played six games and compiled a 1–5 record. The team's 30–0 victory over the Louisville Athletic Club was the first in the history of the Indiana University football program.


1891 Iowa College Pioneers football team
The 1891 Iowa College Pioneers football team was an American football team that represented Iowa College (later renamed Grinnell College) during the 1891 college football season. In its first season under head coach Theron Lyman, the team compiled a 1–1–1 record.


1891 Iowa Hawkeyes football team
The 1891 Iowa Hawkeyes football team represented the University of Iowa during the 1891 college football season. It ended in controversy. Following victories over Cornell and Nebraska, and losses to Minnesota and Iowa College, the Hawkeyes were 2-2 heading into their final game against Kansas in Kansas City, Missouri. Following an argument where Kansas argued that Iowa had not put the ball into play fairly, the Jayhawks left the field claiming a 14–12 victory. However, the game was not called until after the next play, when Iowa scored an uncontested touchdown. Today, Iowa lists the game as an 18–14 Hawkeye victory.


1891 Iowa Hawkeyes football team
Earlier in the year, two firsts were established in Hawkeye football history. On November 2, the Hawkeyes played rival Minnesota for the first of many times in school history. Later, on November 26, the Hawkeyes played their first game outside the state of Iowa in a win against Nebraska. The game was played in Omaha, Nebraska.


1891 Iowa Hawkeyes football team, Schedule
‡ The outcome of this game is disputed (see above).


1891 Iowa Senate election
In the 1891 Iowa State Senate elections Iowa voters elected state senators to serve in the twenty-fourth Iowa General Assembly. Elections were held in 32 of the state senate's 50 districts. State senators serve four-year terms in the Iowa State Senate.


1891 Iowa Senate election
A statewide map of the 50 state Senate districts in the 1891 elections is provided by the Iowa General Assembly


1891 Iowa Senate election
Following the previous election, Republicans had control of the Iowa Senate with 28 seats to Democrats' 20 seats, one seat for the Union Labor Party and one Independent.


1891 Iowa Senate election
To claim control of the chamber from Republicans, the Democrats needed to net 5 Senate seats.


1891 Iowa Senate election
Democrats claimed control of the Iowa State Senate following the 1891 general election with the balance of power shifting to Democrats holding 25 seats, Republicans having 24 seats, and a lone seat for the People's Party (a net gain of 5 seats for Democrats and 1 seat for the People's Party).


1891 Iowa gubernatorial election
The 1891 Iowa gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1891. Incumbent Democrat Horace Boies defeated Republican nominee Herman C. Wheeler with 49.40% of the vote.


1891 Kansas Jayhawks football team
The 1891 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas as an independent during the 1891 college football season. In their first and only season under English professor and head football coach Edwin Mortimer Hopkins, the Jayhawks compiled a 7–0–1 record and outscored opponents by a combined total of 160 to 54. The season included the first football games played against both Iowa and Missouri. John Kenzie was the team captain.


1891 Kentucky Derby
The 1891 Kentucky Derby was the 17th running of the Kentucky Derby. The race took place on May 13, 1891. The winning time of 2:52.25 was the slowest winning time in Derby history.


1891 Kentucky Derby
With each rider under orders to stay off the lead until the stretch, all four horses ran abreast the whole way waiting for someone to make a move. This resulted in the field to canter their way around the track going a mile in 2:01, a mile and a quarter in 2:26 ¾ and finish the mile and half race in 2:52.


1891 Kentucky State College Blue and Yellow football team
The 1891 Kentucky State College Blue and Yellow football team represented Kentucky State College during the 1891 college football season. The team lost a single match to Centre, the first instance of this rivalry. The 1891 team's colors were blue and light yellow, decided before the Centre–Kentucky game on December 19. A student asked "What color blue?" and varsity letterman Richard C. Stoll pulled off his necktie, and held it up. This is still held as the origin of Kentucky's shade of blue. The next year light yellow was dropped and changed to white.


1891 Kentucky gubernatorial election
The 1891 Kentucky gubernatorial election was held on August 3, 1891. Democratic nominee John Y. Brown defeated Republican nominee Andrew T. Wood with 49.85% of the vote.


1891 Lafayette football team
The 1891 Lafayette football team was an American football team that represented Lafayette College as an independent during the 1891 college football season. In its first year under head coach Wallace Moyle, the team compiled a 2–9–1 record and was outscored by a total of 161 to 86. Moncure March was the team captain. The team played its home games on The Quad in Easton, Pennsylvania.


1891 Lehigh football team
The 1891 Lehigh football team was an American football team that represented Lehigh University as an independent during the 1891 college football season. The team compiled a 7–6 record and was outscored by a total of 198 to 174.


1891 Lewisham by-election
The Lewisham by-election, 1891 was a by-election held on 26 August 1891 for the British House of Commons constituency of Lewisham.


1891 Lewisham by-election
The by-election was triggered by the elevation to the peerage of the serving Conservative Party Member of Parliament (MP), Viscount Lewisham on the death of his father.


1891 Lewisham by-election, Candidates
The Unionist candidate was John Penn. The Liberal Party candidate was George Septimus Warmington.


1891 Lewisham by-election, Candidates
Penn, who was treasurer of the  and president of the Lee, Lewisham and Blackheath Horticultural Society, was head of his family's marine engineering firm in nearby Greenwich and as such was a major local employer. In his election address, he stated that he was a loyal supporter of Lord Salisbury's government and praised their policies in Ireland, which he said had brought a reduction in rural crime and poverty, and declared himself in favour of restrictions on immigration and for improvements to the Thames. He was supported by the Liberal Unionist party. Warmington, a solicitor, was a resident of the area for over 20 years, a vestryman and Poor Law guardian and deacon of the Burnt Ash Congregational Church.


1891 Lewisham by-election, Issues in the campaign
The major questions that arose in the course of the campaign were Irish Home Rule, free education, and labour questions. Mr V Clayton of the Liberal Unionists, spoke widely in the constituency against what he saw as the 'specious literature' from the Home Rule side. His talks were accompanied by magic lantern slides showing 'the houghing of cattle and the pouring of pitch upon the heads of unhappy constables'. Penn had to contend with allegations from the Liberals that he paid his workers inadequate wages.


1891 Lewisham by-election, Issues in the campaign
One issue that arose in the course of the campaign was that of temperance, and proposals to close public houses on Sundays. Penn told a deputation of temperance supporters that he could not support them. The deputation issued an appeal to temperance voters to vote for Warmington; his nomination was later officially seconded by the Temperance party. Penn later told a deputation from the Blackheath Licensed Victuallers and Beerseller's Protection Society that he was in favour of compensation being given to any publican who was forced to close on Sundays. The Society, believed to influence about a thousand votes, pledged him their support.


1891 Lewisham by-election, Issues in the campaign
Two unknown factors in the by-election were the number of new voters on the register - around 2,400 since the last general election - and the number of voters who were expected to be away on holiday at the time, estimated at around 500 to 1,000, a circumstance which was thought likely to favour the Liberals. Special trains were laid on to ferry working class voters to the constituency on the day.


1891 Lewisham by-election, Polling
On polling day, one feature which attracted attention was the arrival of a number of fire engines from Merryweather & Sons, sent to ferry Conservative voters to the polls. The Conservatives also had a St Bernard dog carrying a motto, "Vote for Penn, and don't you forget it." The Liberals paraded "Mr Balfour's maiden", a battering-ram of the type used in evictions in Ireland under the authority of the Chief Secretary of Ireland, Arthur Balfour.


1891 Lewisham by-election, Polling
The result, announced just after midnight, was a win for the Conservative candidate, with a slightly reduced majority from the preceding general election five years earlier.


1891 Liberian general election
General elections were held in Liberia in 1891. In the presidential election, the result was a victory for Joseph James Cheeseman of the True Whig Party, who defeated former Secretary of War and Navy Anthony D. Williams, Jr., who ran on the New Republican Party ticket.


1891 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
The 1891 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship was the fifth staging of the Limerick Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Limerick County Board in 1887.


1891 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
Treaty Stones won the championship after a 2-01 to 0-01 defeat of South Liberties in the final. It was their first championship title.


1891 Liverpool City Council election
Elections to Liverpool City Council were held on Monday 2 November 1891. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.


1891 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 2, Scotland, 16 January 1892
Caused by the resignation of Councillor George Jeremy Lynsky (Irish Nationalist, Scotland, elected 1 November 1889) was reported to the council on 6 January 1892.


1891 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 2, Scotland, 16 January 1892
Councillor Lynsky resigned his seat to become a candidate for the city coronership.


1891 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 10, Rodney Street,
Caused by the resignation of Councillor Ernest Augustine Gibson (Liberal, Rodney Street, elected 1 November 1889), which was reported to the council on  3 February 1892.


1891 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 1, Everton ward, 16 February 1892
Caused by the death of Councillor Edward Whitley MP (Conservative, Everton ward, elected 1 November 1889).


1891 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, Aldermanic By-election, 2 March 1892
The death of Alderman William John Lunt on 14 February 1892 was reported to the council on 2 March 1892.


1891 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, Aldermanic By-election, 2 March 1892
To fill this position Edward Lawrence was elected by the council as an Alderman on 2 March 1892


1891 Liverpool School Board election
Elections to the Liverpool School Board were held on Tuesday 17 November 1891.


1891 Liverpool School Board election
There were twenty-nine candidates for the fifteen Board member positions.


1891 Liverpool School Board election
After the election, the composition of the school board was:


1891 Louisville Colonels season
The 1891 Louisville Colonels baseball team finished with a 54–83 record, collapsing back into mediocrity after their pennant winning season of 1890. They finished the season in eighth place in the American Association. After the season, the Association folded and four teams, including Louisville, were admitted into the National League.


1891 Louisville Colonels season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1891 Louisville Colonels season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1891 Louisville Colonels season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1891 Louisville Colonels season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1891 Manhattan Athletic Club football team
The 1891 Manhattan Athletic Club football team was an American football team that represented the Manhattan Athletic Club in the American Football Union (AFU) during the 1891 college football season.


1891 Martinique hurricane
The 1891 Martinique hurricane, also known as Hurricane San Magín, was an intense major hurricane that struck the island of Martinique and caused massive damage. It was the third hurricane of the 1891 Atlantic hurricane season and the only major hurricane of the season. It was first sighted east of the Lesser Antilles on August 18 as a Category 2 hurricane. The storm made landfall on the island of Martinique, where it caused severe damage, over 700 deaths and at least 1,000 injuries.


1891 Martinique hurricane
It crossed eastern Dominican Republic while tracking on a northwestward direction on August 19–20, passed the Mona Passage on August 20 and the Bahamas on August 22–23. It crossed the U.S. State of Florida and dissipated in the Gulf of Mexico after August 25. Total damage is estimated at $10 million (1891 USD). The storm is considered to be the worst on Martinique since 1817.


1891 Martinique hurricane, Meteorological history
The equivalent of a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale with winds of 105 mph (169 km/h) was first observed at 1200 UTC on August 18, 1891, about 100 mi (160 km) east of Barbados. Tracking northwestward at 20 mph (32 km/h), at 1800 UTC the storm attained winds that correspond to Category 3 status, what is now considered major hurricane. That night, the hurricane passed over Martinique, lashing the island for four continuous hours.


1891 Martinique hurricane, Meteorological history
It is reported that numerous people suffered deafness on the island during the passage of the storm, believed to be a result of drastic decreases in barometric pressure. After reaching a peak intensity with winds of 125 miles per hour (201 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 961 mb, the storm began to weaken, and was downgraded to the equivalence of Category 2 status early on August 20.


1891 Martinique hurricane, Meteorological history
At 1800 UTC, it tracked just to the south of Puerto Rico and, as it began to turn northward, it made landfall on the extreme eastern edge of the Dominican Republic with winds of 100 mph (160 km/h). Around midnight on August 21, the cyclone passed north of Grand Turk of the Turks and Caicos Islands. During the late afternoon and into the evening hours there, frequent rain squalls occurred, and at 10:15 pm a strong gust of wind was reported. After that gust, the winds decreased in intensity, until around 12:00 am when winds picked up from the west. By 8:00 am the next morning, the wind had become south, and rain was steadily falling on the island.


1891 Martinique hurricane, Meteorological history
Back on a northwestward track, it continued to weaken, and tracked through the Bahamas on August 22. The center of the storm was reported to have tracked directly over Crooked Island, Bahamas. Beginning on August 23, a ridge of high pressure was situated off the southeast coast of the United States. Now a Category 1 hurricane, the ridge of high pressure prevented the storm executing a recurve to the north or northeast. Instead, it tracked over the Florida Peninsula as a tropical storm, making landfall near Homestead on August 24. Subsequently, it moved into the Gulf of Mexico, where it officially dissipated on August 25. However, there were reports of a cyclonic disturbance in the east Gulf of Mexico until August 29.


1891 Martinique hurricane, Impact
On Martinique, the storm struck the east side of the island at about 6:00 pm. Throughout the storm, frequent lightning occurred. Houses, crops and trees across the entire island were obliterated. Especially, the loss of coffee, sugar and cotton crops had a large effect on Martinique's economy. At Ducos, it is noted that only four homes remained following the storm, and at St. Pierre, at least 34 people lost their lives. At Fort de France, the main part of the hospital collapsed, crushing to death two artillery men. Also, a military camp in Balata was destroyed, where houses comprising the campus suffered from severe roof damage. A number of soldiers there sustained injuries from airborne wood blanks and beams. All vessels at harbors were lost during the hurricane.


1891 Martinique hurricane, Impact
Initially, the total number of fatalities was placed at sixty. Later, 118 were reported dead in coastal locations alone. Even after the storm, finding an exact number of casualties was difficult because all roads in and out of interior sections of the island were impassable, blocked by downed trees and large amounts of washed out soil and rock. For a final death toll, the August 1891 Monthly Weather Review states that 700 perished in the storm. However, some newspapers report that the passage of the cyclone resulted in at least 1,000 deaths in Martinique. Additionally, another 1,000 people sustained injuries of one form or another as a direct result of the cyclone. Total damage is estimated at $10 million (1891 USD).


1891 Martinique hurricane, Impact
Elsewhere, when the hurricane passed north of Grand Turk, three people drowned on the island, and there was some damage to small houses and shipping vessels. In the U.S. State of Florida, it hit near Homestead as a minimal hurricane, blowing boats onshore near present-day Cutler, though due to lack of observations near the landfall location its impact in the state is largely unknown.


1891 Maryland gubernatorial election
The 1891 Maryland gubernatorial election took place on November 3, 1891.


1891 Maryland gubernatorial election
Incumbent Democratic Governor Elihu Emory Jackson did not seek re-election.


1891 Maryland gubernatorial election
Democratic candidate Frank Brown defeated Republican candidate William J. Vannort.


1891 Massachusetts Aggies football team
The 1891 Massachusetts Aggies football team represented Massachusetts Agricultural College in the 1891 college football season. The team played its home games at Alumni Field in Amherst, Massachusetts. Massachusetts finished the season with a record of 2–5.


1891 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1891 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1891. Incumbent Democratic Governor William Russell was re-elected to a second term in office over Republican U.S. Representative Charles H. Allen.


1891 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
Russell was the first Democratic Governor of Massachusetts re-elected to a second term in office since George S. Boutwell in 1851 and the first ever re-elected by popular vote.


1891 Massachusetts legislature
The 112th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1891 during the governorship of William E. Russell. Henry H. Sprague served as president of the Senate and William Emerson Barrett served as speaker of the House.


1891 Mauritian general election, Electoral system
The 1885 constitution provided for a 28-member Legislative Council, which consisted of the Governor, 12 officials, 5 appointed members and 10 elected members. The ten elected members were returned from nine constituencies formed from the nine districts, which all districts returning one member except Port Louis, which returned two.


1891 Mauritian general election, Electoral system
The franchise for the elections was severely limited; the right to vote was restricted to people with Rs300 of immovable property or movable property worth Rs3,000, a monthly salary of Rs50, those paying rent of Rs25 a month or paying a licence duty of at Rs200 a year. People married to eligible voters, or the oldest son of a qualifying widow were also entitled to vote. As a result, although the population of Mauritius was around 370,000, only 5,164 people were eligible to vote, of which just 401 were Asian.


1891 Mercer Baptists football team
The 1891 Mercer Baptists football team represented Mercer University in their inaugural season, the 1891 college football season. They finished with a record of 0–2 and were outscored by their opponents 2–70.


1891 Miami Redskins football team
The 1891 Miami Redskins football team was an American football team that represented Miami University during the 1891 college football season. There was no paid head coach for the season. In their second game, they lost 0 to 104 against Ohio Wesleyan.


1891 Michigan State Normal Normalites football team
The 1891 Michigan State Normal Normalites football team represented Michigan State Normal School (later renamed Eastern Michigan University) during the 1891 college football season. In the first season of intercollegiate football at Michigan Normal, the Normalites played only two games, losing to Ann Arbor High School (4–34) and the University of Michigan literary team (0–30). James M. Swift was the team's coach.


1891 Michigan State Normal Normalites football team
The school's 1893 yearbook credits coach Swift with introducing "scientific football" to the school.


1891 Michigan State Normal Normalites football team
The Detroit Free Press reported on the first Michigan Normal football game as follows: "Today witnessed the inaugural game of foot ball in this city [Ypsilanti] between the Ann Arbor High School and the Normals. The Normals began practicing less than a fortnight ago with some good material, including Paton, formerly manager of athletic sports at Oberlin College, and Swift, of Massachusetts, a noted player. Dergan, the norma sprinter, has turned out to be an excellent quarter-back, and the entire team with little practice will surely develop into a winning eleven." Dorgan scored a touchdown in the first half (counting for four points at that time) for the first points scored in the program's history.


1891 Michigan State Normal Normalites football team
The players who participated in Michigan Normal's first season of college football included George H Adams, Walter M. Adrion, Frank E. Angevine, Frank E. Arthur, and James M. Swift.


1891 Michigan Wolverines football team
The 1891 Michigan Wolverines football team was an American football team that represented the University of Michigan in the 1891 college football season. The team compiled a 4–5 record and outscored opponents by a total of 168 to 124.


1891 Michigan Wolverines football team
James Van Inwagen was the team captain. Frank Crawford was the team's coach, assisted by Mike Murphy.


1891 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Michigan's first football coach
The 1891 season was the first in which the Michigan football team had a coach. In his history of the University of Michigan, Wilfred Byron Shaw cites the hiring of Frank Crawford as a watershed moment in the history of the school's football program: "A new era in the history of football at Michigan began in 1891, when with a fair schedule and an experienced coach, Frank Crawford . . ., the systematic development of a team began ..."  Crawford was an 1891 graduate of Yale University who was enrolled at the University of Michigan School of Law. As a first-year law student, Crawford was both the unpaid coach and a substitute player for the 1891 team.


1891 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Michigan's first football coach
Crawford was already enrolled at the law school and a member of the football team when he was selected as Michigan's first head coach. The appointment was made at a meeting of the university's athletic directors on October 16, 1891. The directors also confirmed the appointment of Mike Murphy, the trainer at the Detroit Athletic Club, to assist Crawford.


1891 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Michigan's first football coach
There is some inconsistency in how coaching responsibilities for the 1891 team have been recorded. While Crawford has been identified by several sources as Michigan's first football coach, others indicate that Crawford and Murphy were the joint head coaches in 1891. Still others indicate that Murphy was the one directing the team, or that Murphy relinquished the coaching duties to Crawford midway through the season to focus on his duties as trainer. Murphy was the leading athletic trainer in the United States. He gained his reputation as a trainer at Yale and was hired in 1889 by the Detroit Athletic Club where he trained John Owen and Harry M. Jewett, who became the fastest sprinters in the country.


1891 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Michigan's first football coach
The Chicago Daily Tribune reported in November 1891 that the Michigan team was "coached systematically" by Murphy, Crawford, Horace Greely Prettyman and James Duffy.


1891 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season expectations
The 1891 season began with complaints that the student body had become apathetic toward football. On October 3, 1891, The Chronicle-Argonaut reported that the university's Athletic Association was having difficulty securing memberships. Students asked to subscribe had responded, "I guess I'll wait till I see what the foot-ball prospects are." The newspaper urged, "No policy is more fatal to athletic interest than this. ... You must subscribe now and encourage the management if you desire to see good games and see our Eleven go to the front. How can our manager arrange for games if there are no funds backing him? How can he hire a trainer?" Elsewhere in the same issue, interested students were encouraged to submit their names to the team's captain, James Van Inwagen, to fill open place on the line.


1891 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season expectations
On October 24, 1891, The Yellow and Blue, a weekly publication of the university's fraternities, wrote:


1891 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season expectations
"Although it is not our desire to find fault with the football management, we would like to ask one or two pertinent questions in regard to the present situation. Why has no training table been provided? Is an earnest effort being made to secure a coach who is thoroughly acquainted with eastern tactics? No eastern captain would consider his team in condition without several weeks of physical training, including the training table. We have never taken the trouble here to give the system of physical training a fair trial, neither have we won a great game of football. ... The expense of a training table would not be very great, and money could not e expended to better advantage."


1891 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season expectations
The article noted that, with 2,600 students, there should be an ability to raise funds for football, but that there "seems to be a general apathy in regard to foot ball."


1891 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Ann Arbor High School
On October 10, 1891, Michigan opened its season with a 62–0 victory over Ann Arbor High Schoolat the Ann Arbor Fairgrounds. Michigan scored 12 touchdowns: six by Edward De Pont, four by James Van Inwagen, and one each by William Pearson and Roger Sherman. Van Inwagen kicked seven goals from touchdown. Despite the score, The U. of M. Daily wrote: "The work of the University team was very poor. There was absolutely no team work, as was to be expected since the men had never lined up together before."


1891 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Ann Arbor High School
Michigan's starting lineup in the game was George Dygert (left end), William Pearson (left tackle), Virgil Tupper (left guard), Berry (center), Charles Thomas (right guard), Wright (right tackle), Roger Sherman (right end), George S. Holden (quarterback), James Van Inwagen (halfback), Frank Loomis (halfback), Edward P. De Pont (fullback).


1891 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Albion
On October 17, 1891, Michigan lost for the first time to Albion by a 10–4 score. The game was played at the Ann Arbor Fairgrounds in 30-minute halves. Michigan had played Albion seven times from 1886 to 1890 and had won all seven of the previous matches by a combined score of 287-22.


1891 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Albion
Albion scored first, using a formation that Michigan argued was illegal. The Albion linemen, excepting the ends, locked arms and formed a wedge of protection for the quarterback who ran behind the wedge. The ends, halfbacks, and fullback locked in behind the quarterback, protecting the ball carrier from all sides. Because Albion's line was heavier, Michigan's line had difficulty in stopping Albion's advance. Michigan argued that the use of interlocking of arms violated new rules prohibiting the use of arms to interfere with or obstruct an opponent who was not carrying the ball.


1891 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Albion
Michigan also argued that the quarterback run was illegal as a violation of a rule prohibiting the first man to receive the ball when snapped from advancing the ball. Burnham (quarterback and captain) and Anderson (left halfback) scored touchdowns for Albion in the first half, and Burnham kicked a goal from touchdown. Hayes scored a touchdown for Michigan in the second half.


1891 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Albion
The Albion team arrived at its local train station at midnight following the game. They were met at the depot by a large crowd, including almost every male student at the college, armed with kazoos, razoos, bells, drums, and fish-horns. The team was taken by carriage to a bonfire on College Hill, where Burnham provided a first-hand account of the game.


1891 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Albion
Michigan's starting lineup against Albion was Ralph Hayes (right end), George Dygert (right tackle), Charles Thomas (right guard), Berry (center), Virgil Tupper (left guard), William Pearson (left tackle), Williams (left end), Roger Sherman (quarterback), James Van Inwagen (right halfback and captain), Lawrence Grosh (left halfback), and Edward P. De Pont (fullback).


1891 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Olivet
On Monday, October 19, 1891, Michigan defeated Olivet by an 18–6 score at Olivet, Michigan. The train carrying the Michigan team left Ann Arbor at 7:40 a.m. and arrived in Olivet at 1:00 p.m. The game began at 2:30 p.m. and was played in 30-minute halves. In the first half, Olivet scored a touchdown, but Powers blocked the kick for goal. Olivet also scored on a safety that resulted from a blocked punt after which the punter, James Duffy, fell on the ball. The score was tied at 6-6 at halftime.


1891 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Olivet
Michigan scored three touchdowns against Olivet, two by Lawrence Grosh and one by James Van Inwagen. Duffy kicked all three goals from touchdown. The U. of M. Daily complained that Olivet played "a very unprofessional game" with "considerable slugging" and "dirty work" by Gilbert who was finally disqualified from the game.


1891 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Olivet
Michigan's starting lineup against Olivet was Frank Crawford (right end), Ralph Hayes (right tackle), Charles Thomas (right guard), Edward Wickes (center), Virgil Tupper (left guard), Hiram Powers (left tackle), George Dygert (left end), Roger Sherman (quarterback), James Van Inwagen (right halfback), Lawrence Grosh (left halfback), and James Duffy (fullback).


1891 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Oberlin
On October 24, 1891, Michigan defeated Oberlin, 26–6, at the Ann Arbor Fairgrounds. The game began at 3:32 p.m. and was played in 30-minute halves. Oberlin scored first and kicked goal for a 6-0 lead. James Van Inwagen scored around end, but the goal was missed, and Michigan trailed, 6-4. Michigan's second touchdown was scored by quarterback Roger Sherman. After another Michigan back fumbled, an Oberlin player "stooped to pick it up, when Sherman darted beneath him, secured the ball and pushed it over the line." Michigan again missed the kick for goal, but took an 8-6 lead into halftime.


1891 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Oberlin
In the second half, Michigan scored 18 points on three touchdowns by left tackle William Pearson and three kicks for goal by George Dygert. The U. of M. Daily praised Oberlin for a clean and gentlemanly game, but criticized two Michigan players (Hiram Powers and Ralph Hayes) for "unnecessary talking in the rush line," opining that such "incessant 'jawing'" was a fault that lessened their effectiveness as players.


1891 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Oberlin
Michigan's starting lineup against Oberlin was Hiram Powers (right end), Ralph Hayes (right tackle), Charles Thomas (right guard), Edward Wickes (center), Virgil Tupper (left guard), William Pearson (left tackle), Ralph Stewart McPherran (left end), Roger Sherman (quarterback), George Dygert (right halfback), Williams (left halfback), and James Van Inwagen (fullback and captain).


1891 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Butler
On October 31, 1891, Michigan defeated Butler, 42–6, at the Ann Arbor Fairgrounds. The game began at 3:22 p.m. and was played in 45-minute halves. Michigan's head coach and left halfback Frank Crawford scored the first touchdown on a 25-yard run around the right end, dodging several Butler players. George Dygert kicked the goal, and Michigan led, 6-0. Left tackle William Pearson scored Michigan's second touchdown, carrying "several Butler men over the line on his shoulders." Dygert missed the goal, and Michigan led, 10-0. Pearson scored the third touchdown, and Dygert again missed the goal. James Van Inwagen scored the fourth touchdown on a left end run with blocking from Crawford. Dygert kicked the goal, and Michigan led, 20-0, at halftime.