1881 City of Nelson by-election
The 1881 Nelson by-election was a by-election held on 7 June 1881 in the City of Nelson electorate during the 7th New Zealand Parliament. The "show of hands" had favoured Richmond (31 to 24).


1881 City of Nelson by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP Acton Adams. The by-election was won by Henry Levestam. Richmond was regarded as the Government nominee.


1881 Cleveland Blues season
The 1881 Cleveland Blues finished the season at 36–48, seventh place in the National League.


1881 Cleveland Blues season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1881 Cleveland Blues season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1881 Cleveland Blues season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1881 Cleveland Blues season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1881 Colorado state capital referendum
The choice of the permanent capital of the U.S. state of Colorado was put to a popular vote in 1881. The cities in active contention were: Denver, Del Norte, Colorado, Pueblo, Colorado Springs, Canon City, and Salida. The City of Denver, which had been the temporary capital since Colorado became a state in 1876, was chosen by 66 percent of voters.


1881 Colorado state capital referendum, Background
Although Denver City was always the largest town in the Territory of Colorado since its recognition in 1861, and then the state, admitted to the union in 1876, there were always those in the state who opposed putting the capital in Denver. The first meeting of the Colorado territorial legislature, held in Denver in 1861, chose Colorado City (now part of Colorado Springs) as the capital. But when the legislature met in Colorado City for the first time in 1862, the facilities were so inadequate that after five days, the delegates voted to adjourn and reconvene in Denver.


1881 Colorado state capital referendum, Background
But when they reconvened in Denver, they chose not to stay there, and named Golden as the territorial capital. Although Golden was officially the territorial capital, the legislature often met in Denver, because it was more of a city. In 1867, the legislature voted to move the state government to Denver.


1881 Colorado state capital referendum, Background
Following 1867 were years of stalemate. Although Denver had enough influence to prevent the removal of the acting capital from Denver, there was also enough opposition to prevent it from being designated as the permanent capital. When Colorado drafted a constitution for admission as a state in 1876, the framers feared that if the state constitution designated any city as the permanent state capital, it would arouse enough opposition that the voters would not ratify the constitution. To solve the dilemma, the Colorado state constitution kicked the problem down the road by providing that a permanent state capital would be chosen by statewide popular vote five years later, in 1881. =)


1881 Colorado state capital referendum, The contenders
Although Denver was a transportation hub, and had more than twice the population of the next-largest city in Colorado, four other cities put themselves forward as sites for the capital. Denver's rivals hoped to use antipathy toward Denver to have themselves named as the capital.


1881 Colorado state capital referendum, The contenders
Some of the larger towns in Colorado did not mount active campaigns for the capital. Leadville, which in 1880 census was the second-most populous town in Colorado with a population of 14,820, showed no interest in becoming state capital. Neither did Silver Cliff, then Colorado's third-largest with a population of 5,040. Golden, which had hosted the territorial government from 1862 to 1867, did not try to win back the capital in 1881.


1881 Colorado state capital referendum, The contenders, Denver
Denver had grown considerably since it became the temporary territorial capital. It grew from 2,360 people in 1870 to 35,629 in 1880. The growth had been considerably aided by the establishment of a railroad connection in 1870, from Denver eastward, by the Kansas Pacific Railroad. This early rail connection made Denver the hub for movement of people and supplies to and from other points in Colorado. Denver was far larger than any of its rivals for state capital. Denver had enjoyed the economic stimulus of hosting the state government, and was eager to make it permanent.


1881 Colorado state capital referendum, The contenders, Denver
It had the advantage of being by far the largest town in Colorado. Committees were formed to visit other parts of the state promoting Denver as the capital, and assuring other cities that Denver wanted only the capital, and in return, Denver would support the location of other institutions, such as the university and the school of mines, outside of Denver.


1881 Colorado state capital referendum, The contenders, Denver
Businessman Henry Brown offered to donate ten acres near downtown Denver for a new state capitol building, if Denver were chosen to have it. Denver supporters hailed the offer, and noted that the tract as an ideal spot, with a grand westward vista toward the mountains. Detractors noted that Brown owned more real estate in the vicinity, which would jump in value if the state capitol building were to be nearby.


1881 Colorado state capital referendum, The contenders, Colorado Springs
Colorado Springs was at the time the fourth most-populous town in Colorado, with 4,226 inhabitants. Founded in 1871, it was growing rapidly, and touted its more genteel atmosphere compared to Denver. Supporters noted that most older states had wisely located their capitals away from large commercial cities. Optimism took hold of the real estate market, and months before the referendum, lots near the proposed site of the capitol building in Colorado Springs sold "at remarkably large prices."


1881 Colorado state capital referendum, The contenders, Pueblo
In 1880, Pueblo had 3,217 inhabitants, not large enough to put it in the top five most populous towns in Colorado. But Pueblo had once come close to becoming the territorial capital. In 1874, the Colorado territorial house had passed a bill to make Pueblo the capital, but the measure was not passed by the territorial senate. The Pueblo Chieftain maintained that Pueblo was the most pleasant city to place the capital, and had plenty of good hotels and restaurants to satisfy the legislators.


1881 Colorado state capital referendum, The contenders, Canon City
Canon City had a population of 1,501 in the 1880 census. It was principally a supply point on the Arkansas River for the mines and oil field. It promoted itself as having the most pleasant climate in the state. It was awarded the territorial prison after losing the contest for the Colorado state capital.


1881 Colorado state capital referendum, The contenders, Salida
Salida had been founded just the preceding year, and had missed the 1880 census. The campaign for state capital consisted of editorials in Salida's weekly newspaper, the Mountain Mail. The Mail printed a distorted map of Colorado showing Salida in the exact geographical center.


1881 Colorado state capital referendum, Results
The referendum was held on 8 November 1881. A total of 45,497 votes were counted. In each city vying for state capital, lopsided majorities voted for their hometowns. In Pueblo County, 2,039 voted for Pueblo, and just 44 for other towns. Arapahoe County, of which Denver was then the county seat, held off releasing its count until nearly all of the other counties had reported, counted 8,839 votes for Denver, which were 99.8 percent of the 8,857 ballots counted. Denver won on the first ballot, thus avoiding a runoff vote.


1881 Colorado state capital referendum, Reactions
Denver was widely accused of buying votes, and bribing newspaper editors to back it for the state capital.


1881 Colorado state capital referendum, Reactions
The Colorado Springs Gazette decried the "terrible political contest in which fraud, corruption and dishonor played so important a part."


1881 Colorado state capital referendum, Reactions
The editor of the Salida Mountain Mail congratulated Denver on its victory, and noted that Denver was a beautiful city that deserved the capital. The editor confessed that the campaign for Salida was just a publicity stunt to bring the town to public attention, and that it had succeeded. He wrote that although Denver had spent "thousands of dollars, perhaps hundreds of thousands" bribing newspaper editors and hiring "bummers" to vote for Denver, the money had performed a public service by supporting newspapers and indigent citizens across the state.


1881 Colorado state capital referendum, Reactions
The Pueblo Chieftain decided that the town was better off without the capital:


1881 Colorado state capital referendum, Reactions
We may have missed the state capital, but we have also missed the corrupting influences of a legislative lobby and our wives and our tender maidens will not be exposed to the insidious wiles of the polished member from the rural districts.


1881 Colorado state capital referendum, Reactions, Historical myths
Since 1881, local myths have grown that various other towns in Colorado were in serious contention to become state capital, among them: Central City, Cripple Creek, Fountain, Golden, Laporte, and Silver Cliff. The town of Cripple Creek was not even in existence until 1892, eleven years after the referendum.


1881 Colorado state capital referendum, Reactions, Historical myths
Internet pages about Central City, Laporte, and Silver Cliff say that not only were those towns in serious contention to be state capital, but that those towns each lost the referendum to Denver by a single vote.


1881 Colorado state capital referendum, Reactions, Historical myths
Did you know Central City lost the vote to be Colorado's state capital by one vote? Yep


1881 Colorado state capital referendum, Reactions, Historical myths
In 1881, in a state election held to determine the location of the state capital, Denver won over Laporte by a single vote.


1881 Colorado state capital referendum, Reactions, Historical myths
In 1881, a state election was held to determine the location of the state capital. Denver won over LaPorte by one vote.


1881 Colorado state capital referendum, Reactions, Historical myths
When Silver Cliff was a booming mining town (if only one vote had been cast the other way, Silver Cliff would now be the state capitol and not Denver), ....


1881 Columbia football team
The 1881 Columbia football team represented Columbia University in the 1881 college football season.


1881 Columbian University football team
The 1881 Columbian University football team was an American football team that represented Columbian University (now known as George Washington University) as an independent during the 1881 college football season. It was the first season in school history.


1881 Courthouse Museum
The 1881 Courthouse Museum is an American historical museum located in Custer, South Dakota. The museum is housed in the original Custer County Courthouse which served as a center for government in Custer County and the Dakota Territory from 1881 to 1973. In November 1972, the 3-story red-brick courthouse was designated a historic site by the U.S Department of Interior. Following completion of a new courthouse located across the street, the original building was given to the Custer County Historical Society in 1973. The 1881 Custer County Courthouse museum was opened on September 6, 1976, by the Custer Country Historical Society. The museum houses exhibits about the Lakota Native American culture, the 1874 expedition of George Custer, and the lives of Victorian-era settlers in the Black Hills and Dakota Territory.


1881 Dartmouth football team
The 1881 Dartmouth football team represented Dartmouth College in the 1881 college football season.


1881 Detroit Wolverines season
In 1881, Detroit Mayor William G. Thompson bought most of the players from the defunct Cincinnati Reds franchise and formed the Detroit Wolverines, which joined the National League. The team finished the season with a 41–43 record, good enough for fourth place in the NL race.


1881 Detroit Wolverines season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1881 Detroit Wolverines season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1881 Detroit Wolverines season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1881 Düzce Belediye
1881 Düzce Belediye is a Turkish basketball club based in Düzce. It plays in the Turkish Basketball First League, the national second division. The Kalıcı Konutlar Merkez Spor Salonu, which has a capacity of 2,500 people, is the home arena of the club.


1881 English cricket season
1881 was the 95th season of cricket in England since the foundation of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). There was a first outright title win by Lancashire and a strike by the Nottinghamshire professionals, led by their main bowler Alfred Shaw, over benefits and terms.


1881 English cricket season, Nottinghamshire strike
Nottinghamshire’s professionals, led by Alfred Shaw, held a strike over playing contracts agreed by the MCC and secretary Captain Henry Holden. The players demanded security of contract for all games during the season and the right to organise their own terms rather than those set by the MCC, which during the 1870s as county cricket grew established a strong grip on terms for professional players.


1881 English cricket season, Nottinghamshire strike
The dispute meant that seven of Nottinghamshire’s top players did not play for the first half of the season, and leading batsman Arthur Shrewsbury played only three first-class games all year. Shaw and Shrewsbury used the dispute to organise an eight-month tour of Australia and New Zealand during the winter.


1881 English cricket season, Notes
An unofficial seasonal title sometimes proclaimed by consensus of media and historians prior to December 1889 when the official County Championship was constituted. Although there are ante-dated claims prior to 1873, when residence qualifications were introduced, it is only since that ruling that any quasi-official status can be ascribed. The match between Middlesex and Lancashire at Lord’s was cancelled because Harrow Wanderers had booked the ground on the same day.


1881 FA Cup Final
The 1881 FA Cup Final was contested by Old Carthusians and Old Etonians at the Kennington Oval. Old Carthusians won 3–0, the goals scored by Edward Wynyard, Edward Hagarty Parry, and Alexander Tod.


1881 FA Cup Final, Summary
The final was played at the Kennington Oval on 9 April 1881; this was the Old Carthusians first appearance in the final and the Old Etonians, on their fourth appearance, were expected to win comfortably. In the event, the Old Carthusians won convincingly.


1881 FA Cup Final, Summary
The Carthusians were eventually bailed by the winners... the game from first to last was of a very fast character. The winning team was in first-rate condition, and each member seemed to thoroughly understand the other's play. This all the more creditable, as although plenty of good players yearly leave Charterhouse, the Old Carthusians is a club of comparatively recent growth.


1881 French legislative election
The 1881 general election was held on 21 August and 4 September 1881. This election marked the collapse of the right compared to the 1877 election.


1881 French legislative election
It was a great success for the followers of Léon Gambetta, whom President Jules Grévy appointed premier two months after the election. His government only lasted 73 days, however, before falling over the issue of electoral reform. This led to three short-lived minority governments, until Jules Ferry was able to form a second government in February 1883 with the support of Gambetta's Republican Union.


1881 Gate
The Class of 1881 Gate forms part of the perimeter of Harvard Yard in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Its inscription invites the reader to "come within its gates, in order that in whole-hearted service to the truth, they may enter into life and so be free". The gate has been locked for many years.


1881 Georgetown football team
The 1881 Georgetown football team represented the Georgetown University during the 1881 college football season. Georgetown's official records do not include any games prior to 1887, however media guides prior to 1950 included this season's result. Despite issuing a challenge to Georgetown, the Alexandria High School team did not appear for the game, resulting in a forfeit. This marks the only win credited to Georgetown against Alexandria High School, as match-ups in 1887 and 1888 resulted in defeats for Georgetown.


1881 German federal election
Federal elections were held in Germany on 27 October 1881. The Centre Party became the largest party in the Reichstag, with 100 of the 397 seats, whilst the National Liberal Party, which had previously been the largest party, was reduced to 45 seats. Voter turnout was 56.3%.


1881 Grand National
The 1881 Grand National was the 43rd renewal of the Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 25 March 1881.


1881 Greek legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Greece on 20 December 1881. Supporters of Charilaos Trikoupis emerged as the largest bloc in Parliament, with 125 of the 245 seats. Trikoupis became Prime Minister on 15 March 1882.


1881 Greek legislative election
As the first election to take place after the annexation of Thessaly, by the terms of the Convention of Constantinople, the resulting parliament was the first to feature two Muslim MPs, representing the region's sizeable Muslim minority. Nevertheless, despite the political equality guaranteed to them officially, several Muslim and Jewish citizens in Thessaly complained to the authorities that they were prevented from voting, either by being denied access to the voting stations, or not being registered in the electoral lists. The situation was further confused since the Muslim inhabitants of the area were not necessarily Greek citizens, with many opting to retain their Ottoman citizenship. In addition, according to press reports, the Ottoman authorities announced that any Muslim running for office in the elections would automatically lose their citizenship.


1881 Grey Valley by-election
The 1881 Grey Valley by-election was a by-election held on 16 June 1881 during the 7th New Zealand Parliament in the West Coast electorate of Grey Valley.


1881 Grey Valley by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP Edward Masters on 9 May 1881.


1881 Haiphong typhoon
The 1881 Haiphong typhoon was a typhoon that struck Haiphong, in northern Dai Nam (now Vietnam), and the northern part of the Captaincy General of the Philippines (now the Philippines) on October 8, 1881. The typhoon was first detected east of Southern Luzon on September 27, 1881. The typhoon killed about 3,000 people in northern Vietnam, and 20,000 people in the Philippines, making it the deadliest typhoon to hit the country.


1881 Haiphong typhoon, Meteorological history
While the storm's strength is uncertain (like many disasters prior to the 20th century), records show that the storm was first detected near the Philippines in late September and the system hit Luzon on September 30. Once it was in the South China Sea, it is speculated the storm strengthened again as it entered the Gulf of Tonkin, passing very close to Hainan before it hit the city of Haiphong. The storm then began to move northwards, before exiting China. The storm would go on to hit the Korean Peninsula, and then Japan.


1881 Haiphong typhoon, Impacts
The storm killed an estimated 20,000 people in the Philippines, making it the deadliest storm in the history of the country.


1881 Haiphong typhoon, Impacts
The city of Haiphong lies about 10 miles from the coast of the Gulf of Tonkin and also on the Red River in a low elevation area (delta), connected to an access channel. The town was founded seven years before the typhoon struck. Haiphong, being a low-lying port town, was devastated both physically and economically. Its geography only worsened the damage. With the high waves and winds, rice fields were flooded, buildings were decimated (and, as a result, people either were drowned or left stranded), trees were ripped up, etc. By the time the typhoon passed, most of the town was wiped out. Then, due to the inability to operate as a port town, Haiphong's economy also took impact.


1881 Haiphong typhoon, Impacts
The typhoon killed about 3,000 people in Haiphong, Vietnam. There were erroneous reports that the typhoon was the third-deadliest tropical cyclone on record with a death toll of 300,000, but this was likely due to mixing the death toll with the damage total, as the city only had a population of 18,480 in 1897.


1881 Haiphong typhoon, Aftermath
Any typhoon like the 1881 Haiphong typhoon would be a rare occurrence because its path around Hainan is what made it so strong by the time it hit Haiphong. Any typhoon like this has not happened again since 1881, but analyses predict that it may happen again. The Vietnamese government has also taken action in case of another severe typhoon hitting the area. Haiphong now has a flood defense system including dykes/levees (though not all of them are firm), a flood warning service provided by Vietnam's Meteorological Service, and evacuation plans. However, Haiphong still serves as a port (and a major one today), so any large storms will harm the economy.


1881 Harvard Crimson football team
The 1881 Harvard Crimson football team represented Harvard University in the 1881 college football season. They finished with a 6–1–1 record. The team was managed by first-year head coach, Lucius Littauer, and captained for the second year by William H. Manning.


1881 Harvard Crimson football team, Game summaries, October 31: Harvard 4, Michigan 0
Harvard played Michigan on October 31 in the first matchup of teams from the west and east. The Boston Journal carried a lengthy article about the game, saying that Harvard scored one touchdown and Michigan none.


1881 Harvard Crimson football team, Game summaries, October 31: Harvard 4, Michigan 0
"Yesterday afternoon, in a drenching rain, for the first time an Eastern foot-ball eleven played with a Western eleven. The Western college boys have long wished a chance to try their powers with Eastern opponents, and, to effect this, the University of Michigan this fall have sent on a representative eleven to play the largest of the Eastern colleges. Their first opponent were the Harvard team. They were beaten but with fair weather the result would have been very uncertain.


1881 Harvard Crimson football team, Game summaries, October 31: Harvard 4, Michigan 0
As it was, Harvard won more by luck than by superiority in strength or skill, for with the exception of the first ten minutes they were forced to play a defensive game. ...   During the second half hour the ball was near the Harvard line constantly. Once it came within three feet of the chalk, but the most desperate fighting on the Harvard forced it back foot by foot until the immediate danger was over. ... The Michigan team excelled in running, and their tackling was very fair. As to passing, they did very little. It was by all odds the best game seen in Boston this fall."


1881 Harvard Crimson football team, Game summaries, October 31: Harvard 4, Michigan 0
In 1901, one of the Michigan players, Fred Townsend, wrote an account of the 1881 trip. He said Harvard scored a touchdown at the very beginning of the game, but missed the try for goal. Michigan recovered and came within three yards of scoring a touchdown in the second half, but they were held for downs by the bigger Harvard players.


1881 Honduran presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Honduras in 1881. The result was a victory for the Liberal candidate, incumbent President Marco Aurelio Soto, who received 82% of the vote.


1881 Hungarian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Hungary between 24 June and 3 July 1881. The result was a victory for the Liberal Party, which won 235 of the 413 seats.


1881 Iowa Senate election
In the 1881 Iowa State Senate elections Iowa voters elected state senators to serve in the nineteenth Iowa General Assembly. Elections were held in 25 of the state senate's 50 districts. State senators serve four-year terms in the Iowa State Senate.


1881 Iowa Senate election
Following the previous election, Republicans had control of the Iowa Senate with 41 seats to Democrats' seven seats and two Greenbackers.


1881 Iowa Senate election
To claim control of the chamber from Republicans, the Democrats needed to net 19 Senate seats.


1881 Iowa Senate election
Republicans maintained control of the Iowa State Senate following the 1881 general election with the balance of power shifting to Republicans holding 45 seats, Democrats having two seats, two Greenbackers, and one Independent (a net gain of 4 seats for Republicans and 1 Independent seat).


1881 Iowa gubernatorial election
The 1881 Iowa gubernatorial election was held on October 11, 1881. Republican nominee Buren R. Sherman defeated Democratic nominee L. G. Kinne with 56.72% of the vote.


1881 Kentucky Derby
The 1881 Kentucky Derby was the 7th running of the Kentucky Derby. The race took place on May 17, 1881.


1881 Kentucky State College football team
The 1881 Kentucky State College football team represented Kentucky State College—now known as the University of Kentucky—in the 1881 college football season.


1881 Kentucky University football team
The 1881 Kentucky University football team represented Kentucky University (now known as Transylvania University) in the 1881 college football season.


1881 Lewisburg football team
The 1881 Lewisburg football team represented the University at Lewisburg—now known as Bucknell University—during the 1881 college football season. In the schools first-ever game, it lost to Penn State.


1881 Liberian general election
Presidential elections were held in Liberia in May 1881. The result was a victory for incumbent President Anthony W. Gardiner of the True Whig Party against Republican nominee Joseph James Cheeseman.


1881 Liverpool City Council election
Elections to Liverpool City Council were held on Tuesday 1 November 1881. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.


1881 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 12, Lime Street, 25 November 1881
Caused by the death of Councillor John Henstock (Party? Lime Street, elected 4 April 1881)which was reported to the Council on 9 November 1881.


1881 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 7, St. Peter's, 25 November 1881
Caused by the resignation of Councillor Alexander Balfour (Liberal, St. Peter's, elected 1 November 1879).


1881 Massachusetts Aggies football team
The 1881 Massachusetts Aggies football team represented Massachusetts Agricultural College in the 1881 college football season. The team played its home games at Alumni Field in Amherst, Massachusetts. Massachusetts finished the season with a record of 2–1–1.


1881 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1881 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 8.


1881 Massachusetts legislature
The 102nd Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1881 during the governorship of John Davis Long. Robert R. Bishop served as president of the Senate and Charles J. Noyes served as speaker of the House.


1881 Men's Tennis tour
The 1881 Men's tennis tour  was composed of the fifth annual pre-open era tour now incorporated 32 tournaments staged in Australia, Canada, Great Britain and Ireland, and the United States. The 1881 Wimbledon Championships was won by William Renshaw. This year also saw the inaugural and important 1881 U.S. National Championships held at Newport Casino which Richard Sears won. This was also the year that the United States National Lawn Tennis Association, which is the world's first national tennis association, was founded. Renshaw then won two other big tournaments of the year, the Irish Lawn Tennis Championships and Princes Club Championships, whilst Richard Taswell Richardson won the prestigious Northern Championships.


1881 Men's Tennis tour, Calendar
Notes 1: Challenge Round: the final round of a tournament, in which the winner of a single-elimination phase faces the previous year's champion, who plays only that one match. The challenge round was used in the early history of tennis (from 1877 through 1921), in some tournaments not all.


1881 Men's Tennis tour, Calendar
Notes 2:Tournaments in italics were events that were staged only onetime


1881 Michigan Wolverines football team
The 1881 Michigan Wolverines football team represented the University of Michigan in the 1881 college football season. While the University of Michigan had fielded "football" teams in 1879 and 1880, those teams played a game that was more in line with traditional rugby, and many consider the 1881 team to be the first at Michigan to play American football. The team finished with a record of 0–3 after playing the top teams in the country – Harvard, Yale and Princeton.


1881 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season overview
The 1881 season was only the third during which Michigan fielded a football team. Prior to 1881, Michigan had played only three games, two against the University of Toronto and one against Racine College in Chicago. Moreover, the game played by Michigan was more in the nature of British rugby rather than American football. One author has observed: "When the Michigan rugby team went East in November of 1881 they were playing a more traditional rugby game than their eastern counterparts."


1881 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season overview
The players on the Michigan team came from throughout the western states, including Illinois (Frank Wormwood and team captain and quarterback Walter S. Horton), Iowa (Richard Dott and Fred Townsend), North Dakota (the DePuy brothers), the Upper Peninsula (fullback William J. Olcott), and even Florida (Purl Woodruff).


1881 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season overview
In 1881, Michigan scheduled games against the top American football teams—the Eastern powerhouses of Harvard, Yale and Princeton. Every year between 1870 and 1893, only Yale, Princeton, or Harvard has been credited with the consensus or shared national championship except Columbia in 1875. Retrospective historical power ratings have ranked them as the top three college football teams of 1881. The Michigan-Harvard game, which was played on Halloween 1881, was the first time any of the elite Eastern teams had played a team from the West. In his history of college football, David M. Nelson cites Michigan's 1881 Eastern trip as the origin of intersectional football: "In 1881 football became an intersectional game with the University of Michigan invading the East to play Harvard, Princeton and Yale."


1881 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season overview
Michigan played all three games in the East over a five-day period between October 31, 1881, and November 4, 1881. While Michigan lost all three games, the games were close, and the Michigan team earned the respect of the Eastern press. Forward Fred Townsend wrote about the trip in 1901, saying:


1881 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season overview
We were a lot of inexperienced players, without team work, depending entirely on individual play. Our half-backs, I believe, were equal to any we met, but our line was weak, the men being light and having little experience. Most of us had never played in a match game and some of us had never seen a copy of the rules.


1881 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season overview
Having lost all of its games and being outscored 28–4, the 1881 Michigan team holds the distinction of having the worst record in the school's history—a record that has not been matched in the more than 125 years of football that followed. After the 1881 season, Michigan did not schedule any intercollegiate games in 1882 and did not return to intercollegiate play until 1883.


1881 Michigan Wolverines football team, Press accounts of the games, October 31: Harvard 4, Michigan 0
The Boston Journal carried a lengthy article about the Michigan-Harvard game, which it summarized as follows:


1881 Michigan Wolverines football team, Press accounts of the games, October 31: Harvard 4, Michigan 0
"Yesterday afternoon, in a drenching rain, for the first time an Eastern foot-ball eleven played with a Western eleven. The Western college boys have long wished a chance to try their powers with Eastern opponents, and, to effect this, the University of Michigan this fall have sent on a representative eleven to play the largest of the Eastern colleges. Their first opponent were the Harvard team. They were beaten but with fair weather the result would have been very uncertain.


1881 Michigan Wolverines football team, Press accounts of the games, October 31: Harvard 4, Michigan 0
As it was, Harvard won more by luck than by superiority in strength or skill, for with the exception of the first ten minutes they were forced to play a defensive game. ... At 3:15, in the midst of a drenching rain, the game began. Perhaps a hundred spectators had by this time gathered."


1881 Michigan Wolverines football team, Press accounts of the games, October 31: Harvard 4, Michigan 0
Harvard scored the only points of the game in the first half on a play that was disputed by Michigan's players. The Boston Journal noted:


1881 Michigan Wolverines football team, Press accounts of the games, October 31: Harvard 4, Michigan 0
"Individual players kept losing their temper, and much time was wasted in upclose quarreling over little questions of no account. If the Westerners hadn't talked so much they might have won, or at least tied the game. ... During the second half hour the ball was near the Harvard line constantly. Once it came within three feet of the chalk, but the most desperate fighting on the Harvard forced it back foot by foot until the immediate danger was over. ... The Michigan team excelled in running, and their tackling was very fair. As to passing, they did very little. It was by all odds the best game seen in Boston this fall."


1881 Michigan Wolverines football team, Press accounts of the games, October 31: Harvard 4, Michigan 0
Another Massachusetts paper, The Fitchburg Sentinel, reported: "The Harvard university football team won one touch-down at Cambridge, Monday, and the Michigan university team won nothing."


1881 Michigan Wolverines football team, Press accounts of the games, November 2: Yale 11, Michigan 0
Michigan's worst defeat on the Eastern trip was an 11–0 defeat against Yale. The next day, the New Haven Evening Register carried the following account of the game:


1881 Michigan Wolverines football team, Press accounts of the games, November 2: Yale 11, Michigan 0
"The Yale foot ball team easily defeated the players from the University of Michigan at Hamilton Park, yesterday afternoon, in the presence of 500 people. The Yales outplayed their opponents in every particular, and kept the ball near their goal during the greater part of the game. ... The score was: Yale, 2 goals, University of Michigan, no goals, Touchdowns for safety: Yale none, University of Michigan 8. Olcott and DePuy played a good game for the visitors."


1881 Michigan Wolverines football team, Press accounts of the games, November 4: Princeton 13, Michigan 4
The final game of the trip was a 13–4 loss to Princeton. One New Jersey newspaper reported: "The Princeton College team were victorious Thursday in a football match with the team of the University of Michigan after an exciting struggle." New Jersey's Daily State Gazette wrote: "A finely contested game of football at the University grounds Friday, between Princeton and University of Michigan resulted in a victory for the home team, Princeton 1 goal, 2 touchdowns; University of Michigan 0."


1881 Michigan Wolverines football team, Players
The following players were members of the 1881 football team according to the roster published in the 1882 edition of "The Palladium", the University of Michigan yearbook.


1881 Minnesota gubernatorial election
The 1881 Minnesota gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1881 to elect the governor of Minnesota.


1881 Minnesota tornado outbreak
The 1881 Minnesota tornado outbreak was a deadly tornado outbreak that struck southern Minnesota on July 15–16, 1881. At least six tornadoes touched down between 2:00 pm – 6:00 pm CST, killing 24 people and injuring at least 123. The deadliest tornado of the outbreak, an F4 that killed 20 people in and near New Ulm, was likely a tornado family that may have caused F5 damage to rural farmsteads. Six people died in New Ulm, where people from nearby settlements had congregated to avoid Native American attacks.


1881 Mississippi gubernatorial election
The 1881 Mississippi gubernatorial election took place on November 8, 1881, in order to elect the Governor of Mississippi. Incumbent Governor John M. Stone ran for reelection to a second full term, but lost the Democratic nomination to Robert Lowry.


1881 Mississippi gubernatorial election, General election
In the general election, Democratic candidate Robert Lowry defeated Republican candidate Benjamin King. The election was marred by massive fraud, and would mark the last time until 1975 in which a non-Democrat received more than 40% of the vote.


1881 New York state election
The 1881 New York state election was held on November 8, 1881, to elect the Secretary of State, the State Comptroller, the Attorney General, the State Treasurer, the State Engineer and a judge of the New York Court of Appeals, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate.


1881 New York state election, Nominations
The Greenback-Labor state convention met on August 24 at Elmira, New York. Mr. Furbish was Temporary and Permanent Chairman. All candidates were nominated by acclamation.


1881 New York state election, Nominations
The Prohibition state convention met on September 15 at Utica, New York and nominated Stephen Merritt for Secretary of State; Jefferson Bissell, of Steuben County, for Comptroller; Frederick Gates for Treasurer; George Brooks, of Otsego County, for Attorney General; John J. Hooker, of Tioga County, for State Engineer; and Walter Farrington for Judge of the Court of Appeals.


1881 New York state election, Nominations
The Republican state convention met on October 5. The incumbent Secretary of State Joseph B. Carr was re-nominated by acclamation. Ira Davenport was nominated for Comptroller on the first ballot (vote: Davenport 290, Henry L. Duguid 191). Leslie W. Russell was nominated for Attorney General on the first ballot (vote: Russell 255, Hamilton Ward, Sr. [ incumbent] 231). James W. Husted was nominated for Treasurer during the first ballot. Ex-State Engineer Silas Seymour (in office 1856-1857) was nominated again for this office, and Francis M. Finch, who had been appointed to the Court of Appeals to fill the vacancy caused by the election of Charles J. Folger as Chief Judge, was nominated to succeed himself, both by acclamation.


1881 New York state election, Nominations
The Democratic state convention met on October 11 and 12 at Albany, New York. The Tammany delegates were not admitted and left the convention. Erastus Brooks was chosen Permanent Chairman. William Purcell, of Rochester, was nominated for Secretary of State on the first ballot (vote: Purcell 258, Charles Hughes 96, R. S. Stevens 14). George H. Lapham, of Yates County, was nominated for Comptroller by acclamation. Roswell A. Parmenter, of Troy, was nominated for Attorney General on the first ballot (vote: Parmenter 221, James W. Covert 57, J. Thomas Spriggs 55, Ruggles 21, Lewis L. Bundy 16).


1881 New York state election, Nominations
Robert A. Maxwell was nominated after the roll was, amid some confusion, called twice for the first ballot (vote Maxwell 197, H. Catlin 187). Thomas Evershed, of Orleans County, was nominated for State Engineer by a rising vote. Augustus Schoonmaker, Jr., was nominated for the Court of Appeals during the first ballot when the name of William C. Ruger was withdrawn.


1881 New York state election, Results
Almost the whole Republican ticket was elected. Only Robert A. Maxwell managed to be elected on the Democratic ticket.


1881 New Zealand general election
The New Zealand general election of 1881 was held on 8 and 9 December in the Māori and European electorates, respectively, to elect 95 MPs to the 8th session of the New Zealand Parliament.


1881 New Zealand general election
1881 was the first time a general election was held under universal male suffrage; all MPs were elected in single-member electorates; and the country quota was introduced, allowing rural electorates to have 25% fewer voters than urban electorates. Beginning with the 1881 election, all elections in European electorates were to be held on the same day, a measure not introduced for Māori electorates until 1951.


1881 New Zealand general election, 1881 electoral redistribution
The previous electoral redistribution was undertaken in 1875 for the 1875–1876 election. In the six years since, New Zealand's European population had increased by 65%. In the 1881 electoral redistribution, the House of Representatives increased the number of European representatives to 91 (up from 84 since the 1875–76 election). The number of Māori electorates was held at four.


1881 New Zealand general election, 1881 electoral redistribution
The House further decided that electorates should not have more than one representative, which led to 35 new electorates being formed: Ashburton, Auckland North, Awarua, Christchurch North, Christchurch South, Coromandel, Dunedin Central, Dunedin East, Dunedin South, Dunedin West, Foxton, Franklin North, Franklin South, Hawke's Bay, Hokonui, Inangahua, Kumara, Lincoln, Manukau, Moeraki, Peninsula, St Albans, Stanmore, Sydenham, Taranaki, Tauranga, Te Aro, Thorndon, Waimate, Waipawa, Wairarapa North, Wairarapa South, Waitotara, Wakanui, and Wellington South. In addition, two electorates that had previously been abolished were recreated: Bay of Islands and Oamaru.


1881 New Zealand general election, 1881 electoral redistribution
These changes necessitated a major disruption to existing boundaries. Only six electorates remained unchanged: Waikato, Waipa, Bruce, Lyttelton, Nelson, and Picton.


1881 New Zealand general election, 1881 electoral redistribution
The electoral distribution was the first that formally acknowledged the existence of a country quota, where country electorates contained 25% fewer voters than town electorates.


1881 New Zealand general election, The election
The 1881 election was held on Thursday, 8 December, in the Māori electorates and on Friday, 9 December, in the European electorates to elect a total of 95 MPs to the 8th Parliament. A total number of 120,972 (66.5%) voters turned out to vote. In 11 seats there was only one candidate. 36 and 55 seats were in the North Island and South Island, respectively, plus the 4 Māori electorates.


1881 New Zealand general election, The election
The incumbent government led by John Hall retained office having support from 45 members with 39 "Greyites" (supporters of George Grey) and 11 Independents not affiliated with either faction.


1881 New Zealand general election, Results
The following table shows the successful candidate for each electorate.


1881 Newtown colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Newtown on 1 December 1881. The election was triggered by the appointment of Stephen Brown to the Legislative Council, taking up the office of Postmaster-General.


1881 Nicobar Islands earthquake
The 1881 Nicobar Islands earthquake occurred at about 07:49 local time (01:49 UTC) on 31 December, with an epicentre beneath Car Nicobar. It occurred as two separate ruptures, the largest of which had an estimated magnitude of 7.9 on the moment magnitude scale and triggered a tsunami that was observed around the Bay of Bengal. It is probably the earliest earthquake for which rupture parameters have been estimated instrumentally.


1881 Nicobar Islands earthquake, Tectonic setting
The Nicobar Islands are a series of volcanic islands that are part of an active volcanic arc, formed above the subduction zone where the Indo-Australian Plate passes beneath the Burma Plate. The convergence along this plate boundary is highly oblique, with the plate vector running at a low angle to the boundary. Most of the strike-slip component of the convergence is accommodated by the Great Sumatran fault, which passes northwards into the Andaman Sea spreading centre. This plate boundary has been the location of many historical megathrust earthquakes. The 1881 rupture area lies almost entirely within that for the Mw = 9.2 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, while rupturing less than a third of its down-dip width.


1881 Nicobar Islands earthquake, Damage
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands suffered some damage, although the only masonry buildings affected were in Port Blair, including an infantry barrack and a chimney, both of which suffered severe cracking. On Car Nicobar the coconut plantations and native huts were extensively damaged and sand volcanoes were observed. There were no reported casualties associated with either the earthquake or the subsequent tsunami.


1881 Nicobar Islands earthquake, Characteristics, Earthquake
The earthquake was very widely felt with reports from many parts of mainland India, Burma and Sumatra, a total area of 2,000,000 square miles (5,200,000 km2). The rupture area, and therefore the magnitude, has been calculated by modelling the observed tsunami arrival times and heights. Two rupture areas have been identified. The larger, and more southerly, measured 150 km x 60 km dipping about 20° to the east with a displacement of 2.7 metres (8.9 ft) and a smaller area to the north dipping 15° to the east with a displacement of 0.9 m (3.0 ft). The larger gives an estimated  Mw = 7.9 event and the smaller a Mw  = 7.0 event.


1881 Nicobar Islands earthquake, Characteristics, Tsunami
The tsunami was recorded by eleven of a series of continuous tide gauges around the Bay of Bengal that had recently been deployed by the Great Trigonometric Survey of India. The ten gauges on the Indian mainland were synchronised using a telegraph to Madras (Chennai) time, while that at Port Blair was set by a chronometer linked to local time. The maximum recorded wave height was 1.22 m (4.0 ft) at Nagapattinam.


1881 Ohio gubernatorial election
The 1881 Ohio gubernatorial election was held on October 11, 1881. Incumbent Republican Charles Foster defeated Democratic nominee John W. Bookwalter with 50.10% of the vote.


1881 Open Championship
The 1881 Open Championship was the 21st Open Championship, held 14 October at Prestwick Golf Club in Prestwick, South Ayrshire, Scotland. Bob Ferguson won the Championship for the second successive year, by three strokes from runner-up Jamie Anderson.


1881 Open Championship
The weather was terrible, taking place on the same day as the Eyemouth disaster, where over 100 fishermen lost their lives. Play was delayed an hour for the weather to improve but it actually got worse and eventually started at 11:30.


1881 Open Championship
The 1st hole proved to be particularly challenging. At 578 yards it was a long hole by the standards of the time, although Tom Morris Jr. had holed his third shot in his opening round of the 1870 Open Championship. Ferguson was in the first group and started with an eight. In his three tries at the hole that day he took a total of 25 (8-9-8) but lost nothing on his nearest challenger Anderson who also took 25 (8-10-7). The scores of the other players is unrecorded.


1881 Open Championship
Ferguson played an excellent first round, scoring 53 (8-4-4-6-4-5-3-3-6-3-3-4). This was four strokes better than anyone else. He scored 60 in his second round and Willie Campbell with a 56 reduced the lead to three, with Anderson four behind.


1881 Open Championship
Campbell had a poor final round of 65 and Jamie Anderson was Ferguson's only challenger. Ferguson played a steady final round of 57 and although Anderson had a good last round, Ferguson won by a clear three strokes.


1881 Penn Quakers football team
The 1881 Penn Quakers football team represented the University of Pennsylvania in the 1881 college football season. They finished with a 0–5 record, managing to only score a single point.


1881 Penn State football team
The 1881 Penn State football team was an American football team that represented Pennsylvania State College—now known as Pennsylvania State University–during the 1881 college football season. It was the first football team fielded by the school. Penn State played only one game in 1881, beating Lewisburg by a score of 9–0. Although this game was reported in two State College newspapers and The Mirror, the University at Lewisburg campus newspaper, Bucknell denies that this game ever happened. Penn State did not field teams from 1882 through 1886.


1881 Philadelphia mayoral election
The Philadelphia mayoral election of 1881 saw Samuel G. King defeat three-term incumbent mayor William S. Stokley.


1881 Philadelphia mayoral election
This would be the last time until 1951 that a Democrat would win the mayoralty of Philadelphia. It would also be the last time until 1911 that a Republican would fail to win the mayoralty.


1881 Philadelphia mayoral election
The Philadelphia Republican establishment had not accepted Stokley as one of their own and prominent reformist Republicans such as Rudolph Blankenburg opposed Stokley for corruption.


1881 Philadelphia mayoral election
After the influential Committee of One Hundred voted to endorse Stokley, Blankenburg and John Paul Verree resigned their memberships. The Committee reversed itself and endorsed King in the election.


1881 Portuguese legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Portugal on 21 August 1881. The result was a landslide victory for the Regeneration Party, which won 122  seats.


1881 Preston by-election
The Preston by-election of 1881 took place on 20 May 1881 after the death of the incumbent MP Edward Hermon. The Conservative candidate William Farrer Ecroyd campaigned on a fair trade platform and won the seat.


1881 Princeton Tigers football team
The 1881 Princeton Tigers football team represented the College of New Jersey, then more commonly known as Princeton College, in the 1881 college football season. The team finished with a 7–0–2 record and was retroactively named national champion by the Billingsley Report and as co-national champion by Parke H. Davis. This season marked Princeton's 11th national championship in a 13-year period between 1869 and 1881. P. T. Bryan was the captain of the team.


1881 Princeton Tigers football team
No goals were scored against the Tigers in 1881 and the season ended as it had for the fourth time in five years; a 0–0 tie against Yale in or near New York.


1881 Princeton Tigers football team, Game summaries, November 4: Princeton 1, Michigan 0
The Michigan Wolverines toured the east in 1881, playing the first games between western and eastern teams. Michigan played at Harvard on October 31 and at Yale on November 2, 1881, losing both games. The trip was planned to end after the Yale game, however a Princeton representative attended the game in New Haven and challenged Michigan to a game in two days. Michigan's captain and quarterback Walter S. Horton did not want to accept, but the team over-ruled him. Horton then refused to play, and substitute Henry S. Mahon had to fill in for him.


1881 Princeton Tigers football team, Game summaries, November 4: Princeton 1, Michigan 0
Michigan forward Fred Townsend wrote about the game in 1901, reporting that Princeton scored a goal in the first half on a long kick aided by the wind. Michigan could not score any goals or touchdowns throughout the contest, while late in the second half Princeton scored two touchdowns. A New Jersey newspaper reported: "The Princeton College team were victorious Thursday [sic] in a football match with the team of the University of Michigan after an exciting struggle." The Daily State Gazette wrote: "A finely contested game of football at the University grounds Friday, between Princeton and University of Michigan resulted in a victory for the home team, Princeton 1 goal, 2 touchdowns; University of Michigan 0."


1881 Providence Grays season
The Providence Grays finished the 1881 season in second place in the National League for a second straight season. However, management strife and sagging attendance hurt the team's bottom line and they occasionally had trouble meeting payroll.


1881 Providence Grays season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1881 Providence Grays season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1881 Providence Grays season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1881 Queanbeyan colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Queanbeyan on 27 January 1881. The election was triggered by the resignation of James Thompson, taking up the government position of Railway Land Valuator.


1881 Quebec general election
The 1881 Quebec general election was held on December 2, 1881, to elect members of the 5th Legislative Assembly for the Province of Quebec, Canada. The Quebec Conservative Party, led by Premier Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau, defeated the Quebec Liberal Party, led by Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière.


1881 Randolph–Macon Yellow Jackets football team
The 1881 Randolph–Macon Yellow Jackets football team represented Randolph–Macon College during the 1881 college football season.


1881 Rhode Island gubernatorial election
The 1881 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was held on April 6, 1881. Incumbent Republican Alfred H. Littlefield defeated Democratic nominee Horace A. Kimball with 66.97% of the vote.


1881 Richmond Colts football team
The 1881 Richmond Colts football team was an American football team that represented Richmond College—now known as the University of Richmond—as an independent during the 1881 college football season. They finished 2–0 with both wins coming against Randolph–Macon of Ashland, Virginia.


1881 Rutgers Queensmen football team
The 1881 Rutgers Queensmen football team represented Rutgers University as an independent during the 1881 college football season. The team compiled a 2–4–1 record and outscored its opponents, 11 to 8. The team had no coach, and its captain for the second consecutive year was John Morrison.


1881 SAFA season
The 1881 South Australian Football Association season was the 5th season of the top-level Australian rules football competition in South Australia. The premiership season began on Saturday 7 May.


1881 SAFA season
The years premiership trophy was called the Fowler Challenge Cup.


1881 SAFA season
Kensington and Adelaide  merged to create a full squad but resigned from the competition after 4 games.


1881 SAFA season, Premiership season, Round 5
Norwood's match against Adelaide-Kensington shows in the published tables as a Win for Norwood due to Adelaide-Kensington withdrawal from the Competition during the week. Norwood played against a 25 team from Royal Park.


1881 SAFA season, Premiership season, Round 14
The Victorian v Port Adelaide match was abandoned due to a crowd invasion and declared a draw. A disputed goal (due to the goal umpire not at his post) 20 minutes before time caused both teams to withdraw from the ground.


1881 Scottish Cup Final
The 1881 Scottish Cup Final was the eighth final of the Scottish Cup and the final of the 1880–81 Scottish Cup, the most prestigious knockout football competition in Scotland. The original match was played at Kinning Park sports ground in the burgh of Kinning Park (today part of Glasgow) on 26 March 1881 and was watched by a crowd of 15,000 spectators. The final was contested by defending champions Queen's Park and Dumbarton.


1881 Scottish Cup Final
The result of the original match - a 2–1 win for Queen's Park - was declared void after Dumbarton protested about spectators on the pitch during the game and a replay was ordered. Queen's Park had also threatened to withdraw from the SFA. The gates had to be closed during the replay.


1881 Scottish Cup Final
The replay took place at the same venue on 9 April 1881 in front of 10,000 spectators. Queen's Park won the competition for the fifth time after they beat Dumbarton 3–1 in a match which saw Dr John Smith score the first Scottish Cup final hat-trick.


1881 Scottish Cup Final, Background
Defending champions Queen's Park had reached the final on four previous occasions and had gone on to lift the trophy each time. Of those four finals, only the 1876 final required a replay. Prior to the final, Queen's Park's total of four Scottish Cup wins was a record and the most goals scored by a single player in a Scottish Cup final match was two by Queen's Park's Thomas Highet in the 1876 replay.


1881 Scottish Cup Final, Background
Dumbarton were one of only three teams to have competed in each of the first eight editions of the Scottish Cup not to have reached the final before, the others being Alexandra Athletic and Kilmarnock. They had previously reached the semi-finals on three occasions: in 1874–75 when they lost to Renton after a replay; 1875–76 when they lost to 3rd Lanark RV after a second replay and 1879–80 when they lost to eventual winners Queen's Park.


1881 Scottish Cup Final, Background
The previous season's semi-final, which Queen's Park won 1–0, was the only previous meeting between the teams.


1881 Shao
1881 Shao, provisional designation 1940 PC or 1968 OO, is a background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 25 kilometers (16 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 3 August 1940, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The presumed C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 7.45 hours. It was named for Chinese astronomer Cheng-yuan Shao.


1881 Shao, Orbit and classification
Shao is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8–3.5 AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,062 days; semi-major axis of 3.17 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 10° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg in 1940.


1881 Shao, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In July 2013, a rotational lightcurve of Shao was obtained from photometric observations by Italian amateur astronomer Silvano Casulli. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 7.452 hours with a brightness variation of 0.15 magnitude (U=2). A second lightcurve by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory from December 2014, gave a shorter period of 5.61 hours and an amplitude of 0.11 (U=2), indicative for a rather spherical shape.


1881 Shao, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Shao measures between 24.083 and 25.46 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0994 and 0.115. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057, and calculates a diameter of 29.21 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.4.


1881 Shao, Naming
This minor planet was named after Chinese astronomer Cheng-yuan Shao (born 1927), an assistant to Richard McCrosky (see previously numbered 1880 McCrosky) in Harvard's minor-planet program at the Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and Oak Ridge Observatory in Massachusetts, United States. Shao was also involved in the recovery of near-Earth asteroid 1862 Apollo. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3936).


1881 South Australian colonial election
Colonial elections were held in South Australia from 8 April to 27 April 1881. All 46 seats in the South Australian House of Assembly were up for election, along with six of the 18 seats in the South Australian Legislative Council.


1881 South Australian colonial election, House of Assembly
Since the inaugural 1857 election, no parties or solid groupings had been formed, which resulted in frequent changes of the Premier. If for any reason the incumbent Premier of South Australia lost sufficient support through a successful motion of no confidence at any time on the floor of the house, he would tender his resignation to the Governor of South Australia, which would result in interested members declaring their intent to run for the vacant position. A parliamentary ballot would then take place, resulting in the member with the most votes being sworn in by the Governor as the next Premier.


1881 South Australian colonial election, House of Assembly
Informal groupings began and increased government stability occurred from the 1887 election. The United Labor Party would be formed in 1891, while the National Defence League would be formed later in the same year.


1881 South Australian colonial election, Legislative Council
The franchise for the South Australian Legislative Council was more limited, requiring voters to meet a minimum value of land owned.


1881 South Australian colonial election, Legislative Council
Ayers and Tarlton had been members whose terms had expired just before the election and they were re-elected.


1881 Southern Maori by-election
The 1881 Southern Maori by-election was a by-election held on 1 March 1881 in the Southern Maori electorate during the 7th New Zealand Parliament.


1881 Southern Maori by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP Ihaia Tainui.


1881 Southern Maori by-election
The by-election was won by Hōri Kerei Taiaroa; he had been disqualified from the Legislative Council and Tainui had resigned so that he could return to the Lower House.


1881 Spanish general election
The 1881 Spanish general election was held on Sunday, 21 August and on Friday, 2 September 1881, to elect the 2nd Restoration Cortes of the Kingdom of Spain. All 392 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 180 of 360 seats in the Senate.


1881 Spanish general election
Though formally competitive, the 1881 general election was held under the recently developed system of turno pacifico; in accordance with a semi-formal power-sharing arrangement brokered by Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, elections—under influence by machine bosses called caciques—served as a rubber stamp for a routine handover of power initiated by the King. The 1881 election, as expected, sanctioned the pre-arranged handover from the Conservatives to the newly-created Liberal Fusionist Party. From 1881 until the end of the constitutional monarchy, the turno power-sharing plan would continue dominating the Spanish political landscape nearly uninterruptedly.


1881 Spanish general election, Overview, Background
The Spanish Constitution of 1876 enshrined Spain as a constitutional monarchy, awarding the King power to name senators and to revoke laws, as well as the title of commander-in-chief of the army. The King would also play a key role in the system of El Turno Pacífico (the Peaceful Turn) by appointing and toppling governments and allowing the opposition to take power. Under this system, the Conservative and Liberal parties alternated in power by means of election rigging, which they achieved through the encasillado, using the links between the Ministry of Governance, the provincial civil governors, and the local bosses (caciques) to ensure victory and exclude minor parties from the power sharing.


1881 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
The Spanish Cortes were envisaged as "co-legislative bodies", based on a nearly perfect bicameralism. Both the Congress of Deputies and the Senate had legislative, control and budgetary functions, sharing equal powers except for laws on contributions or public credit, where the Congress had preeminence. Voting for the Cortes was on the basis of censitary suffrage, which comprised national males over twenty-five, being taxpayers with a minimum quota of twenty-five pesetas per territorial contribution or fifty per industrial subsidy, as well as being enrolled in the so-called capacity census (either by criteria of Education or for professional reasons).


1881 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
For the Congress of Deputies, 88 seats were elected using a partial block voting in 26 multi-member constituencies, with the remaining 304 being elected under a one-round first-past-the-post system in single-member districts. Candidates winning a plurality in each constituency were elected. In constituencies electing eight seats, electors could vote for up to six candidates; in those with seven seats, for up to five candidates; in those with six seats, for up to four; in those with four or five seats, for up to three candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts.


1881 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
Additionally, up to ten deputies could be elected through cumulative voting in several single-member constituencies, provided that they obtained more than 10,000 votes overall. The Congress was entitled to one member per each 50,000 inhabitants, with each multi-member constituency being allocated a fixed number of seats: 8 for Madrid, 5 for Barcelona and Palma, 4 for Seville and 3 for Alicante, Almería, Badajoz, Burgos, Cádiz, Cartagena, Córdoba, Granada, Jaén, Jerez de la Frontera, La Coruña, Lugo, Málaga, Murcia, Oviedo, Pamplona, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Santander, Tarragona, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza. The law also provided for by-elections to fill seats vacated throughout the legislature.


1881 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
For the Senate, 180 seats were indirectly elected, with electors voting for delegates instead of senators. Elected delegates—equivalent in number to one-sixth of the councillors in each municipal corporation—would then vote for senators using a write-in, two-round majority voting system. The provinces of Álava, Albacete, Ávila, Biscay, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Guipúzcoa, Huelva, Logroño, Matanzas, Palencia, Pinar del Río, Puerto Príncipe, Santa Clara, Santander, Santiago de Cuba, Segovia, Soria, Teruel, Valladolid and Zamora were allocated two seats each, whereas each of the remaining provinces was allocated three seats, for a total of 147.


1881 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
The remaining 33 were allocated to a number of institutions, electing one seat each—the Archdioceses of Burgos, Granada, Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Cuba, Seville, Tarragona, Toledo, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; the Royal Spanish Academy; the Royal Academies of History, Fine Arts, Sciences, Moral and Political Sciences and Medicine; the Universities of Madrid, Barcelona, Granada, Havana, Oviedo, Salamanca, Santiago, Seville, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; and the Economic Societies of Friends of the Country from Madrid, Barcelona, Cuba–Puerto Rico, León, Seville and Valencia.


1881 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
An additional 180 seats comprised senators in their own right—the Monarch's offspring and the heir apparent once coming of age; Grandees of Spain of the first class; Captain Generals of the Army and the Navy Admiral; the Patriarch of the Indies and archbishops; as well as other high-ranking state figures—and senators for life (who were appointed by the Monarch).


1881 Spanish general election, Overview, Election date
The term of each House of the Cortes—the Congress and one-half of the elective part of the Senate—expired five years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The Monarch had the prerogative to dissolve both Houses at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election.


1881 St Ives by-election
The St Ives by-election of 1881 was fought on 11 April 1881. The by-election was fought due to the death of the incumbent Liberal MP, Sir Charles Reed.


1881 Suburbs of Nelson by-election
The 1881 Suburbs of Nelson by-election was a by-election held  on 11 January 1881 in the Suburbs of Nelson electorate in Nelson during the 7th New Zealand Parliament.


1881 Suburbs of Nelson by-election
The by-election was caused by the death of the incumbent Andrew Richmond, on 15 November 1880. The by-election was won by Arthur Collins. Collins was opposed by Arthur Harley, described as a young man with radical ideas like abolishing the governor and the legislative council and issuing a paper currency. Harley was said to be all for "smashing and wasting" and to out-Greys Grey in his Greyism! So it was a fight between "Communism and Constitutionalism".


1881 Swedish general election
General elections were held in Sweden in 1881 to elect the Second Chamber of the Riksdag for a three-year term. Following the elections, the Lantmanna Party remained the largest party, holding 101 of the 206 seats.


1881 Swedish general election
Direct elections were held in all 24 urban constituencies and 78 of the 142 rural constituencies, an increase of six constituencies using direct elections. In the other 64 rural constituencies, the elections were indirect and carried out using electors.


1881 Swedish general election
Of a total population of 4.6 million, only 281,193 people (6.1%) were eligible to vote.


1881 Swiss federal election
Federal elections were held in Switzerland on 30 October 1881. The Radical Left remained the largest group in the National Council, regaining the majority they had lost in 1863.


1881 Swiss federal election, Electoral system
The 145 members of the National Council were elected in 49 single- and multi-member constituencies using a three-round system. Candidates had to receive a majority in the first or second round to be elected; if it went to a third round, only a plurality was required. Voters could cast as many votes as there were seats in their constituency. There was one seat for every 20,000 citizens, with seats allocated to cantons in proportion to their population.


1881 Swiss federal election, Electoral system
The elections were held under the new Federal law concerning the elections of National Council members passed on 3 May 1881. The number of seats was increased from 135 to 145 following the 1880 census, and the number of constituencies from 48 to 49; Bern and Zürich both gained two seats, whilst Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Basel-Stadt, Geneva, Schwyz, Ticino and Vaud all gained one.


1881 Swiss federal election, Results, National Council, Summary
Voter turnout was highest in Schaffhausen (where voting was compulsory) at 95.2% and lowest in Schwyz at 28.3%.


1881 Troy Trojans season
The 1881 Troy Trojans finished in 5th place in the National League with a 39–45 record.


1881 Troy Trojans season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1881 Troy Trojans season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1881 Troy Trojans season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1881 U.S. National Championships (tennis)
The inaugural U.S. National Championship was a tennis tournament that took place in August 1881 at the Newport Casino, Newport, Rhode Island and in that first year only clubs that were members of the United States National Lawn Tennis Association were permitted to enter the tournament. A Men's Singles competition and a Men's Doubles competition were played, and Richard Sears became the first men's singles U.S. National Tennis Champion.


1881 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Doubles
Clarence Clark /  Fred Taylor defeated  Arthur Newbold /  Alexander Van Rensselaer, 6-5, 6-4, 6-5


1881 U.S. National Championships – Doubles
The doubles champions of the first U.S. championships were Clarence Clark and Frederick Winslow Taylor.


1881 U.S. National Championships – Doubles, Draw
The draw is for the most part unknown. It seems to have consisted of four rounds. In the first round, Clark and Taylor defeated Smith and Crawford Nightingale. In a second match, Alexander Van Rensselaer and Arthur Newbold beat Arthur Rives and Stevens 6–5 and 6–2. Like in the singles competition, except for the final, each match was played on the best of three sets.


1881 U.S. National Championships – Singles
Richard Sears won the Men's Singles tennis title at the inaugural U.S. National Championships, by beating William Glyn 6–0, 6–3, 6–2 in the final. Except for the final, each match was played on the best of three sets. Winner of a set was the player who won six games first; no two-games advantage was required. The participation was restricted to USNLTA club members only.


1881 United Kingdom census
The United Kingdom Census of 1881 recorded the people residing in every household on the night of Sunday 3 April 1881, and was the fifth of the UK censuses to include details of household members.


1881 United Kingdom census, Data recorded
Details collected include: address, name, relationship to the head of the family, marital status, age at last birthday, gender, occupation, and place of birth. As with earlier censuses, the form asked whether any "lunatics", "imbeciles" or "idiots" lived in the household, causing the Registrar General to observe that: "It is against human nature to expect a mother to admit her young child to be an idiot, however much she may fear this to be true. To acknowledge the fact is to abandon all hope."


1881 United Kingdom census, Data recorded
Notable respondents included Winston Churchill, Karl Marx and Charles Darwin.


1881 United Kingdom census, Indexing
The 1881 census was the first UK census to be indexed in its entirety. In the 1980s, in a project that has been characterised as "the largest collection of historical source material to be made available in computerised form", and "the first major 'crowd-sourced' exercise in the world", the Genealogical Society of Utah began collaborating with the Federation of Family History Societies and the Scottish Association of Family History Societies to produce an index to the 1881 census for England, Wales, Scotland, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man.


1881 United Kingdom census, Indexing
In 1994 and 1995 the resulting index was published, county by county, on microfiche, and made available to institutions. In 1999 the index was published on a set of 24 CD-ROMs and made available to the general public.


1881 United Kingdom census, Indexing
In August 2001 the index for Scotland was made available online on Scots Origins, then the official data site of the General Register Office for Scotland, and is now available on its successor ScotlandsPeople. In February 2003, the remaining material was made available free of charge on the FamilySearch website. Free access to the online index is now available from several other sites, though the Scottish data remains exclusive to ScotlandsPeople.


1881 United States House of Representatives elections
There were seven special elections to the United States House of Representatives in 1881 during the 47th United States Congress. There were no special elections that year for the 51st United States Congress, which ended March 3, 1881.


1881 United States Senate election in New York
The 1881 United States Senate election in New York was held on January 18, 1881, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 1) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.


1881 United States Senate election in New York, Background
Democrat Francis Kernan had been elected in January 1875 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1881.


1881 United States Senate election in New York, Background
At the State election in November 1879, 25 Republicans and 7 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1880-1881) in the State Senate. At the State election in November 1880, 81 Republicans and 47 Democrats were elected for the session of 1881 to the Assembly. The 104th State Legislature met from January 4, 1881, on at Albany, New York.


1881 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates, Republican caucus
The caucus of Republican State legislators met on January 13, State Senator Dennis McCarthy presided. All but one of the legislators were present, only State Senator Edward M. Madden (13th D.) was absent. The caucus nominated Ex-Congressman Thomas C. Platt for the U.S. Senate. Platt was a friend of the other U.S. Senator from New York, Roscoe Conkling, and belonged to the Stalwart faction. The opposing Half-Breeds (in the press sometimes referred to as the "anti-machine men") at first wanted to nominate Chauncey M. Depew, but he withdrew before balloting.


1881 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates, Republican caucus
The majority of the Half-Breeds, led by President pro tempore of the State Senate William H. Robertson, then supported Platt, a minority voted for Sherman S. Rogers, the defeated Republican candidate for Lieutenant Governor of New York in 1876. Congressman Richard Crowley was supported by a faction led by Speaker of the State Assembly George H. Sharpe, allied with Governor Alonzo B. Cornell. U.S. Vice President William A. Wheeler, and Congressmen Elbridge G. Lapham and Levi P. Morton also received votes.


1881 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates, Democratic caucus
The caucus of the Democratic State legislators met on January 17, State Senator Charles A. Fowler (14th D.) presided. They re-nominated the incumbent U.S. Senator Francis Kernan by acclamation.


1881 United States Senate election in New York, Result
Thomas C. Platt was the choice of both the State Senate and the Assembly, and was declared elected.


1881 United States Senate election in New York, Aftermath
Platt remained in office for only ten weeks, until May 16, 1881, when he resigned together with his boss Roscoe Conkling in protest against the distribution of federal patronage in New York by President James A. Garfield, a Half-Breed, without being consulted, what Conkling said was a breach of a pledge given by Garfield.


1881 United States Senate election in New York, Aftermath
The confrontation between the Stalwart and the Half-Breed factions of the Republican party arose when the leader of the Half-Breeds William H. Robertson was appointed Collector of the Port of New York, the highest paying federal office in New York, a position Conkling wanted to give to one of his Stalwart friends. Conkling and Platt then tried to show their power by standing for re-election, but Elbridge G. Lapham and Warner Miller were elected instead to fill the vacancies. This effectively ended Conkling's political career, and severely harmed Platt's. However, 16 years later, in 1897, Platt was re-elected to the U.S. Senate, and served two terms.


1881 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania
The 1881 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on thirty separate dates from January to February 1881. On February 23, 1881, John I. Mitchell was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.


1881 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Results
The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on January 27, 1881, to elect a Senator to serve the term beginning on March 4, 1881. Thirty-five ballots were recorded on thirty separate dates spanning from January 27 to February 23, 1881. The results of the thirty-fifth and final ballot of both houses combined are as follows:


1881 United States Senate special elections in New York
The 1881 United States Senate special election in New York was held from May 31 to July 22, 1881, by the New York State Legislature to elect two U.S. senators (Class 1 and Class 3) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.


1881 United States Senate special elections in New York
Amid ongoing disputes with President James A. Garfield over federal patronage privileges in the state of New York, particularly the lucrative postings at the New York Customs House, Republican Senators Roscoe Conkling and Thomas C. Platt both resigned. Their resignations were designed to trigger special elections, in which they expected to be re-elected to affirm their support in the New York Legislature as a show of either popularity or political force. Instead, the legislature demurred for 52 days before electing Warner Miller and Elbridge Lapham in their place.


1881 United States Senate special elections in New York
On July 1, Platt withdrew from the election after 31 inconclusive joint ballots, most of them led by Chauncey Depew. The early ballots for Conkling's seat were generally led by former Vice President of the United States William A. Wheeler. On July 2, President Garfield was shot by Charles Guiteau, who declared his support for Conkling's Stalwart faction immediately after the shooting. With no consensus emerging for either seat, a Republican caucus met on July 8 to nominate replacement candidates and settled on Warner Miller and Elbridge Lapham after Depew withdrew. Two weeks later, Warner Miller was elected to Platt's seat. Conkling's supporters held out for another week before acquiescing to the unanimous nomination of Lapham on July 22, ending the election.


1881 United States Senate special elections in New York
President Garfield died on September 19. With the Stalwart faction effectively eliminated by Conkling's removal from office, Congress passed the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, which was signed into law by Chester A. Arthur, a former Conkling protégé.


1881 United States Senate special elections in New York, Background
The Republican boss, and leader of the Stalwart faction, Roscoe Conkling had been elected to a third term (Class 3) in January 1879. Thomas C. Platt had been elected on Conkling's advice in January 1881 and had just taken his seat (Class 1) on March 4.


1881 United States Senate special elections in New York, Background, Conkling and Platt resignations
On May 16, 1881, both U.S. senators from New York resigned in protest against the distribution of federal patronage in New York by President James A. Garfield, a Half-Breed, without being consulted. The confrontation between the Stalwart and the Half-Breed (in the press now usually referred to as the "Administration men") factions of the Republican Party arose when the leader of the New Yorker Half-Breeds, President pro tempore of the State Senate William H. Robertson, was appointed Collector of the Port of New York, the highest paying federal office in New York.


1881 United States Senate special elections in New York, Background, Conkling and Platt resignations
Conkling preferred that Collector Edwin Merritt continue on the post until his term would expire in 1882, and then give it to one of his Stalwart friends, but Garfield was set on showing his gratitude to Robertson who had been instrumental in Garfield's nomination at the 1880 Republican National Convention. On March 28, Conkling, Platt, Vice President Chester A. Arthur and Postmaster General Thomas L. James sent a letter to Garfield urging him to withdraw the nomination. Garfield resented this intrusion and did not budge. Conkling and Platt took exception to the fact that Robertson and the New York delegates to the National Convention had been pledged by the State Convention to vote for the nomination of former President Ulysses S. Grant, but had broken his pledge and orchestrated the nomination of another candidate.


1881 United States Senate special elections in New York, Background, Conkling and Platt resignations
Conkling and Platt then stood for re-election thus trying to rebuke the President and be vindicated by the State Legislature.


1881 United States Senate special elections in New York, Background, Legislative composition
At the 1879 state election, 25 Republicans and 7 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1880–1881) in the State Senate.


1881 United States Senate special elections in New York, Background, Legislative composition
At the 1880 state election, 81 Republicans and 47 Democrats were elected for the session of 1881 to the Assembly.


1881 United States Senate special elections in New York, Background, Legislative composition
The 104th New York State Legislature met from January 4 to July 23, 1881, at Albany, New York.


1881 United States Senate special elections in New York, Nominations, Republican caucus
When the first surprise about the resignations subsided, a majority of the Republican State legislators were determined to be rid of Conkling. Intense canvassing followed, many names were speculated about as candidates, but it proved difficult to call a caucus, since no majority of legislators or of the caucus committee agreed.


1881 United States Senate special elections in New York, Nominations, Republican caucus
A caucus of Republican State legislators was finally called by Speaker of the Assembly George H. Sharpe for May 30. Assemblyman Andrew S. Draper presided, and secretaries were appointed. Only 8 State senators and 27 assemblymen were present, and the caucus adjourned for lack of quorum until the next day, but nobody was nominated.


1881 United States Senate special elections in New York, Nominations, Democratic caucus
The caucus of the Democratic State legislators met on May 30, Assemblyman Michael C. Murphy, of New York City, presided. They nominated Ex-U.S. Senator Francis Kernan and State Senator John C. Jacobs, both on the first ballot.


1881 United States Senate special elections in New York, Election
On May 31, the legally prescribed day for the election, the Assembly and the State Senate took a ballot, but no candidate received a majority. On June 1, both Houses met in joint session, compared the result of the ballot, and finding that nobody had received a majority in either House, proceeded to a joint ballot in which nobody received a majority either. Afterwards, Stalwarts and Administration men met in separate conferences. The Stalwarts hung on to Conkling and Platt.


1881 United States Senate special elections in New York, Election
At the Administration men's conference 61 State legislators were present and Chauncey M. Depew was the frontrunner for the long term (Class 1), but the anti-Conkling men were split into a handful of factions, unable to compromise. From June 2 on, joint ballots were taken every day, Monday through Saturday at noon.


1881 United States Senate special elections in New York, Election
After almost three weeks of deadlock, it was believed that Governor Cornell would consider the votes cast for State Senator Jacobs as void, and to accept as elected any Republican candidate who would receive a simple majority of a quorum, meaning that if at least 81 votes were cast for all candidates except Jacobs, the frontrunner would be elected with 42. On this day, 155 legislators present, and 52 voting for Jacobs, somebody could claim to be elected with a vote of 52, and get his credentials issued by the governor.


1881 United States Senate special elections in New York, Election
Thus, when Ex-Vice President Wheeler had received 50 votes in the 23rd ballot, State Senator Charles A. Fowler (Dem., 14th D.) withdrew Jacobs's name before the end of the roll call, and the Democratic members who had voted already (the roll was called in alphabetical order of surnames, first Senate, then Assembly) asked to change their votes, which was granted by Lt. Gov. George G. Hoskins.


1881 United States Senate special elections in New York, Election
After Jacobs's withdrawal during the 23rd ballot, a Democratic caucus was held in the afternoon of June 22, Assemblyman Michael C. Murphy presided. Ex-Congressman Clarkson N. Potter was nominated after an informal ballot, in which votes were scattered about 11 candidates, and a formal ballot in which Potter received a majority.


1881 United States Senate special elections in New York, Election
After a month of deadlock and 31 ballots, Thomas C. Platt withdrew from the contest on July 1, and most of the Platt men then switched to Richard Crowley. On the morning of the next day, President Garfield was shot and the news arrived in Albany just before the State Legislature met for the 33rd ballot.


1881 United States Senate special elections in New York, Election
On July 6, after the 37th ballot, the Anti- Conkling men met in conference. 59 legislators attended, and State Senator Dennis McCarthy presided. No agreement was reached, and a call was issued for a new conference to be held the next day. On July 7, after the 39th ballot, the Anti- Conkling conference was attended by 65 legislators, and a call for a regular Republican caucus was signed by 59 of them. On July 8, after the 41st ballot, a regular Republican caucus finally met. 64 legislators answered to the first roll call, and Thomas G. Alvord was chosen Chairman.


1881 United States Senate special elections in New York, Election
Since the Stalwarts were not attending, it was agreed that nominations were to be made with a minimum vote of 54, a majority of the total 106 Republican legislators.


1881 United States Senate special elections in New York, Election
The frontrunner to succeed Platt (Class 1 seat), Chauncey M. Depew, withdrew from the contest for the sake of party unity, and the caucus instead nominated Congressman Warner Miller on the fifth ballot (First ballot: Miller 27, William A. Wheeler 22, Sherman S. Rogers 9, Noah Davis 2, Alonzo B. Cornell 2, William M. Evarts 2, Richard Crowley 1, Roscoe Conkling 1, Henry E. Temain 1; Second ballot: Miller 28, Wheeler 28, Rogers 10; Third ballot: similar to second; Fourth ballot: Miller 32 then withdrawal of Rogers, then many changes, then withdrawal of Wheeler; Fifth ballot: Miller unanimously).


1881 United States Senate special elections in New York, Election
Then they nominated on the second ballot Congressman Elbridge G. Lapham to succeed Conkling (First ballot: Lapham 38, Cornell 12, Tremain 10, Crowley 5, James W. Wadsworth 1; Second ballot: Most votes for Lapham, then some changes, then a re-call of the roll, and finally unanimously). The Conkling men however refused to accept the caucus nominations and continued to vote for Conkling, and now for Wheeler instead of Crowley to succeed Platt. On July 11, after the 43rd ballot, the Stalwarts demanded a new caucus but the Chairman of the State Senate Caucus Committee Dennis McCarthy refused to issue a call.


1881 United States Senate special elections in New York, Election
On July 16, after seven weeks of deadlock, Warner Miller was elected on the 48th ballot to succeed Platt. Conkling held out for another week. On July 22, after the 55th ballot, the Republican legislators met in conference. 76 legislators attended, State Senator Dennis McCarthy presided, and this conference issued the call for a caucus to meet at 3 p.m. The caucus was attended by Stalwarts and Administration men, all Republican legislators who had voted on the previous ballot being present.


1881 United States Senate special elections in New York, Election
They nominated Elbridge G. Lapham on the first ballot (vote: Lapham 61, Conkling 28, Stewart L. Woodford 1, William M. Evarts 1), and the nomination was then "made unanimous." At 5 p.m. another ballot, the 56th and last, was taken by the State Legislature, and Lapham was elected to succeed Conkling.


1881 United States Senate special elections in New York, Aftermath
Lapham and Miller took their seats on October 11, 1881, and served single terms. Lapham remained in office until March 3, 1885; Miller until March 3, 1887. Conkling's political career effectively ended after this episode, the second longest deadlock in New York State legislative history. Platt returned to the U.S. Senate in 1897, and served two terms until 1909.


1881 VFA season
The 1881 Victorian Football Association season was the fifth season of the Australian rules football competition. The premiership was won by the South Melbourne Football Club. It was the club's first VFA premiership.


1881 VFA season, Association membership
Between the 1880 and 1881 seasons, the West Melbourne Football Club dropped out of the senior ranks of the Association, leaving seven clubs.


1881 VFA season, 1881 VFA premiership
The 1881 premiership was won by the South Melbourne Football Club, with Geelong placing second.


1881 VFA season, 1881 VFA premiership
The two clubs had almost equal records in senior matches played, with South Melbourne winning seven and drawing three of eleven matches, and Geelong winning seven and drawing two of ten matches. South Melbourne' sole loss was against Carlton, while Geelong's loss came against South Melbourne. It was thought that both could lay some claim to the premiership, but the consensus among the major newspapers was that South Melbourne was the premier club as the other match they played against Geelong had been drawn. Carlton finished third.


1881 VFA season, 1881 VFA premiership, Club senior records
The below table details the playing records of the seven clubs in all matches during the 1881 season, where the information is available. Two sets of results are given:


1881 VFA season, 1881 VFA premiership, Club senior records
The clubs are listed in the order in which they were ranked in the Australasian newspaper. The VFA had no formal process by which the clubs were ranked, so the below order should be considered indicative only, particularly since the fixturing of matches was not standardised; however, the top three placings were later acknowledged in publications including the Football Record and are considered official.


1881 VFA season, 1881 VFA premiership, Club senior records
It is noted that although East Melbourne was a senior club in 1881, it was very uncompetitive, so, in its review of the season the Australasian did not consider matches against East Melbourne amongst its senior results. As such, in the below table, the 'Senior Results' does not include matches against East Melbourne, but East Melbourne's results against the other senior clubs are given.


1881 VFA season, 1881 VFA premiership, Club senior records
Some data is missing from the below table based on the availability of information.


1881 VFA season, Intercolonial matches
Association representative teams played four intercolonial matches during 1881: two against New South Wales, and two against South Australia. All were played under Victorian rules.


1881 Virginia gubernatorial election
The 1881 Virginia gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1881. The Readjuster Party candidate William Evelyn Cameron won in a historic upset election. The Readjusters were a unique state mixture of Republicans, populist (or "New Departure") Democrats, freedmen, poor voters, and those in favor of "re-adjusting" the state debt owed to Northern banks for the various internal improvements financed before the war. Some of those internal improvements went to West Virginia, as they were physically located in there, as it counter-seceded from Virginia, who had sided with the Confederacy during the Civil War.


1881 Virginia gubernatorial election
The Democratic candidate, John Warwick Daniel, was a Virginia State Delegate and Virginia State Senator who was elected Representative in 1882 and then United States Senator in 1886, succeeding the leader of the Readjuster Party, William Mahone. Cameron's Lieutenant Governor, a position that is separately elected, was Republican John Francis Lewis. Lewis at the time of his election was a United States Marshal, and had previously served as Lieutenant Governor before resigning to serve as Senator upon the readmission of the State of Virginia to the United States.


1881 Welsh Cup Final
The 1881 Welsh Cup Final, was the 4th in the football competition. It was contested by Druids and Newtown White Star at the Racecourse Ground, Wrexham.


1881 Wimbledon Championship
The 1881 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The tournament ran from 2 July until 13 July. It was the 5th staging of the Wimbledon Championships, and the first Grand Slam tennis event of 1881. The defending champion John Hartley lost in straight sets in the final to challenger William Renshaw, who defeated Hartley in 37 minutes, 6–0, 6–1, 6–1. The result is said to have been influenced by Hartley suffering from an attack of 'English cholera'.


1881 Wimbledon Championship – Singles
William Renshaw defeated Richard Richardson 6–4, 6–2, 6–3 in the All Comers' Final, and then defeated the reigning champion John Hartley 6–0, 6–1, 6–1 in the Challenge Round to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1881 Wimbledon Championships.


1881 Wisconsin gubernatorial election
The 1881 Wisconsin gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1881.


1881 Wisconsin gubernatorial election
Republican nominee Jeremiah McLain Rusk defeated Democratic nominee Nicholas D. Fratt and two other nominees with 47.57% of the vote.


1881 Wisconsin gubernatorial election
This was the last Wisconsin gubernatorial election held in an odd-numbered year. In 1882, a constitutional amendment was carried moving gubernatorial elections to even-numbered years.