188th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
The division was part of 63rd Corps. Under the flag of 188th division it took part in several major battles in the Chinese Civil War.


188th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In February 1951 the division entered Korea with the Corps HQ as a part of People's Volunteer Army. During its deployment in Korea it took part in the Fifth Phase Offensive and the Battle of Cheorwon, during which the division suffered heavy casualties but halted the UN offensive.


188th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In January 1953 393rd Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment was formed and attached to the division.


188th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In October 1953 the division returned from Korea and stationed at Handan, Hebei, becoming the 188th Infantry Division (Chinese: 步兵第188师) of the National Defense Force.


188th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In 1960 the division was renamed as the 188th Army Division (Chinese: 陆军第188师). By then the division was composed of:


188th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In 1962 the division was designated as a "Northern" unit, Catalogue A in War-time Structure, making it a "big" division of 12457 personnel. the division was shortly moved to Fujian province for an emergency alert deployment.


188th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In May 1966 the division moved to Huolu, Hebei after 189th Army Division's transfer to Beijing.


188th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In December 1966, following the outbreak of the Cultural Revolution, the division moved to Beijing and stationed in Xicheng district for security mission. In December the division returned to its barracks.


188th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
From January 27, 1868 to March 9, 1969, Anti- Aircraft Artillery Battalion of 188th Army Division, reinforced by Anti- Aircraft Artillery Battery of 3rd Tank Regiment, 1st Tank Division and attaching to 9th Anti- Aircraft Artillery Division of the Air Force, entered North Vietnam for anti-aircraft missions in Lang Son area.


188th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
On September 6, 1968, 393rd Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment was detached from the division and transferred to newly formed 6th Tank Division and became 23rd Tank Regiment in December 1969.


188th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
The division was not affected during the December 1969 army re-designation, except for its 568th Artillery Regiment was renamed as Artillery Regiment, 188th Army Division.


188th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
On February 22, 1970, the division moved to Baotou for defense purpose. Shortly after the division returned to its barracks.


188th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
From January 14, 1976 to November 1982, the division maintained as a northern unit, catalogue A.


188th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
From November 1982 to 1985, the division maintained as a catalogue A division.


188th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In 1985, the division was renamed as the 188th Infantry Division (Chinese: 步兵第188师) and reorganized as a northern motorized infantry division, catalogue A. The division was then composed of:


188th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
The division took part in the enforced martial law and the crack down on protests in Beijing, June 1989.


188th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In 1998 the division was reorganized: 564th Motorized Infantry Regiment was disbanded, and Tank Regiment, 188th Infantry Division was renamed as Armored Regiment, 188th Infantry Division. The division was then composed of:


188th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In 2003 the division was reduced as the 188th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Chinese: 机械化步兵第188旅) and transferred to the 27th Group Army following 63rd's disbandment.


188th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
In 2017 the brigade was renamed as the 188th Heavy Combined Arms Brigade (Chinese: 重型合成第188旅) and transferred to the 82nd Group Army following 27th's disbandment.


188th New York Infantry Regiment
The 188th New York Infantry Regiment was an American Civil War infantry regiment from New York that served from October 1864 through July 1865 in the Union Army.


188th New York Infantry Regiment
Colonel James R. Chamberlain, succeeded by Col. John McMahon, received authority, September 14, 1864, to recruit this regiment, with headquarters at Rochester, where it was organized and mustered in the service of the United States for one year, October 4, 5, 7, 10 and 22, 1864; except Company A, originally Company C, 183d Infantry, which was mustered in at Elmira September 24, 1864.


188th New York Infantry Regiment, Formation
The regiment was formed in upstate New York, drawing men from Monroe, Ontario, Livingston, Yates, and Steuben counties for one year of service. Company A of the 188th New York was mustered in at Elmira, Chemung County, New York, on September 24, 1864. Company A was originally Company C of the 183rd New York Infantry. Companies B through J were mustered into federal service on October 4, 1864, at Rochester, Monroe County, New York. Company K did not join the regiment until November.


188th New York Infantry Regiment, Formation
The companies were recruited principally: A at Villenova, Allegany, Madison, Yorkshire, Freedom and Mansfield; B at Rochester, Avon, Phelps, Victor, Italy, Penn Yan, Naples and Geneseo; C at Italy, Jerusalem, Rochester, Milo, Avon, Middlesex and Springtwater; D at Springwater, York, Sparta, Avon, Potter, Portage, North Dansville, Geneseo, Leicester and Mt. Morris; E at Livonia, Potter, Portage, Richmond, Avon, Farmington, Jerusalem, Springwater, Seneca, York and Leicester; F at Rochester, Corning, Canandaigua, Hornby and Tuscarora; G at Springwater, Avon, Gorham, Mt. Morris, Canandaigua, Sparta, Middlesex, Leicester, Italy and Barrington; H at Rochester, Sparta, Avon, Dansville and Springwater; I at Avon, Nunda, Rochester, Dansville, Livonia, Groveland, Conesus, Mt. Morris, Phelps and York; and K at Rochester, North Dansville, Conesus, Groveland, Torry, Milo, Avon and Middlesex.


188th New York Infantry Regiment, Federal service
The 188th New York left the state to join the Army of the Potomac on October 13, 1864. Initially, only seven companies left the state but company K followed in November. The army was before Petersburg, Virginia, at that time. The regiment was placed in 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, V Corps then under Major General Gouverneur Warren. The 188th New York remained in this assignment for its entire federal service.


188th New York Infantry Regiment, Federal service
On October 27, less than a month after first muster, the regiment went into battle at Hatcher's Run near the Weldon Railroad. The regiment suffered 7 dead and between 39 and 46 wounded (depending on reports).


188th New York Infantry Regiment, Federal service
On December 8, 1864, the regiment participated on a raid to Hicksford, Virginia, where two soldiers were taken prisoner.


188th New York Infantry Regiment, Federal service
February 6 and 7, 1865 saw the regiment at Hatcher's Run again. During this battle the regiment suffered 5 dead, 21 wounded, and 3 missing.


188th New York Infantry Regiment, Federal service
The Appomattox campaign saw the regiment fight with its corps at White Oak ridge, Gravelly Run and Five Forks, when its casualties aggregated 45 killed and wounded. The 188th New York also participated in the final assault on Petersburg and was present at Appomattox Station on April 9 when General Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia. According to the Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, it reported that the 188th was the regiment that "busted up the confederacy." They were given the honor of posting guard duty around the court house while Lee surrendered the confederacy to Grant.


188th New York Infantry Regiment, Deactivation
The regiment was mustered out of federal service on July 1, 1865, at Washington, D.C., with less than the planned one year of service.


188th New York State Legislature
The 188th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 4, 1989, to December 31, 1990, during the seventh and eighth years of Mario Cuomo's governorship, in Albany.


188th New York State Legislature, Background
Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1938 and the U.S. Supreme Court decision to follow the One man, one vote rule, re-apportioned in 1982 by the Legislature, 61 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. Senate and Assembly districts consisted of approximately the same number of inhabitants, the area being apportioned contiguously without restrictions regarding county boundaries.


188th New York State Legislature, Background
At this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The Liberal Party, the Conservative Party, the Right to Life Party, an "Independent Progressive Party", the Workers World Party, the Libertarian Party, and the Socialist Workers Party also nominated tickets.


188th New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1988, was held on November 8. The only statewide elective office up for election was a U.S. Senator from New York. Democrat Daniel Patrick Moynihan was re-elected with Liberal endorsement. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for U.S. Senator, was: Democrats/Liberals 4,049,000; Republicans/Conservatives 1,876,000; Right to Life 65,000; Independent Progressives 15,000; Workers World 13,500; Libertarians 12,000; and Socialist Workers 11,000.


188th New York State Legislature, Elections
All sitting 22 women members of the legislature—State Senators Mary B. Goodhue (Rep.), a lawyer of Mount Kisco; Nancy Larraine Hoffmann (Dem. ), of Syracuse; Olga A. Méndez (Dem. ), of East Harlem; Velmanette Montgomery (Dem. ), of Brooklyn; and Suzi Oppenheimer (Dem. ), of Mamaroneck; and Assemblywomen Barbara M. Clark (Dem. ), of Queens; Elizabeth Connelly (Dem. ), of Staten Island; Pinny Cooke (Rep.), of Rochester; Geraldine L. Daniels (Dem. ), of the Bronx; Gloria Davis (Dem. ), of the Bronx; Eileen C. Dugan (Dem. ), of Brooklyn; Aurelia Greene (Dem. ), of the Bronx; Earlene Hill Hooper (Dem. ), of Hempstead; Rhoda S. Jacobs (Dem. ), of Brooklyn; Cynthia Jenkins (Dem. ), a librarian of Queens; Helen M. Marshall (Dem. ), a teacher and librarian of Queens; Nettie Mayersohn (Dem. ), of Queens; Patricia McGee (Rep.), of Franklinville; Mary M. McPhillips (Dem. ), of Middletown; Catherine Nolan (Dem. ), of Queens; Audrey Pheffer (Dem. ), of Queens; and Helene Weinstein (Dem. ), a lawyer of Brooklyn—were re-elected. Ada L. Smith (Dem. ), of Queens, was also elected to the State Senate. Cecile D. Singer (Rep.), of Yonkers, was also elected to the Assembly.


188th New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1989, was held on November 7. Two vacancies in the State Senate were filled. Assemblywoman Mary M. McPhillips was elected as County Executive of Orange County.


188th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the first regular session (the 212th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 4, 1989; and recessed indefinitely on July 1.


188th New York State Legislature, Sessions
Ralph J. Marino (Rep.) was elected Temporary President of the Senate.


188th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the second regular session (the 213th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 3, 1990; and recessed indefinitely on July 2.


188th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The legislature met again from December 3 to 14, 1990. This session was called to consider state budget cuts, an increase in CUNY's tuition rates, and an anti-crime plan proposed by Mayor of New York City David Dinkins.


188th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. John B. Sheffer II changed from the Assembly to the Senate at the beginning of the session. Assemblyman Kemp Hannon was elected to fill a vacancy in the Senate.


188th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


188th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.


188th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


188th Ohio Infantry Regiment
The 188th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 188th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 188th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


188th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 188th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, and mustered in for one year service on March 4, 1865, under the command of Colonel Jacob E. Taylor.


188th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment left Ohio for Nashville, Tennessee, March 4. It was attached to 1st Brigade, Defenses Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad, Department of the Cumberland, to April 1865. 1st Brigade, 1st Sub-District, District of Middle Tennessee, to September 1865. Performed provost duty at Murfreesboro, Tennessee, until May 1865. At Tullahoma, Tennessee, until July, and at Nashville, Tennessee, until September 1865.


188th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 188th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service September 21, 1865, at Nashville, Tennessee.


188th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 45 enlisted men during service, all due to disease.


188th Rescue Squadron
The 188th Rescue Squadron is unit of the New Mexico Air National Guard. It is assigned to the 150th Special Operations Wing located at Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico.


188th Rescue Squadron, History, World War II
The squadron was first organized at Key Field, Mississippi in February 1943 as the 621st Bombardment Squadron, one of the four original squadrons of the 404th Bombardment Group. The squadron was initially equipped with a mix of Douglas A-24 Banshees and Bell P-39 Airacobras. In July 1943, the squadron moved to Congaree Army Air Field, South Carolina, where it was redesignated the 507th Fighter-Bomber Squadron The following month. In early 1944, the squadron converted to Republic P-47 Thunderbolts. Completing its training for combat in March, it deployed to the United Kingdom.


188th Rescue Squadron, History, World War II
The squadron arrived at its first overseas station, RAF Winkton, England in early April. It became operational on 1 May and began bombing and strafing targets in France to help prepare for Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy. At the end of the month, it dropped the "Bomber" from its name and became the 507th Fighter Squadron, but retained the air support mission. The squadron provided top cover for the landings on D-Day.


188th Rescue Squadron, History, World War II
A month later, on 6 July, the squadron moved to Chippelle Airfield in France, from which it provided air support for Operation Cobra, the Allied breakout at Saint-Lô, later that month. Despite suffering heavy losses from flak, the squadron helped cover four armored divisions dunging the breakout. This support earned the squadron the French Croix de Guerre with Palm.


188th Rescue Squadron, History, World War II
The squadron supported the Allied advance across the Netherlands, operating from bases in France and from Sint-Truiden Airfield, Belgium. Its actions in this area, resulted in the squadron being cited in the order of the day of the Belgian Army and the award of the Belgian Fourragère for its contributions to the liberation of the Belgian people. On 10 September, the squadron participated in three armed reconnaissance missions. On these missions, despite adverse weather and heavy antiaircraft fire, the squadron attacked lines of communications, factories and rail targets as ground forces advanced. These missions earned the squadron the Distinguished Unit Citation.


188th Rescue Squadron, History, World War II
During December 1944 and January 1945, attacked German positions during the Battle of the Bulge. Later it supported Operation Lumberjack and the establishment of a bridgehead on the west bank of the Rhine in March 1945. The squadron also flew air interdiction missions, strafing and bombing troop concentrations, railroads, highways, bridges, ammunition and fuel dumps, armored vehicles, docks, and tunnels. It covered bombing missions by Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses, Consolidated B-24 Liberators, and Martin B-26 Marauders. On 4 May, the squadron flew armed reconnaissance missions that would prove to be its last combat missions of the war.


188th Rescue Squadron, History, World War II
The squadron briefly served with occupation forces in Germany before returning to the United States in August 1945. It reassembled at Drew Field, Florida on 11 September, but was inactivated on 9 November 1945.


188th Rescue Squadron, History, New Mexico Air National Guard
507th Fighter Squadron was redesignated the 188th Fighter Squadron on 24 May 1946, and allotted to the National Guard. It was organized at Kirtland Field, New Mexico and was extended federal recognition on 7 July 1947. The squadron was equipped with North American F-51D Mustangs and a few Douglas A-26 Invaders, The 188th's post-war mission was the air defense of New Mexico.


188th Rescue Squadron, History, New Mexico Air National Guard, Korean War federalization
On 10 February 1951, the 188th was federalized and brought to active duty for the Korean War. A total of 54 officers and 400 airmen moved to Long Beach Municipal Airport, California, as part of the 1st Fighter-Interceptor Wing. It was redesignated the 188th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, with a mission of air defense of Southern California. Most unit members were transferred to active-duty Air Force units and deployed to Japan and South Korea. First Lieutenants Robert Lucas and Joseph Murray were killed while flying close air support missions in Korea. Captain Francis Williams and First Lieutenant Robert Sands were each credited with three MiG-15 kills. The squadron was kept up to strength with regulars, reservists and other guardsmen.


188th Rescue Squadron, History, New Mexico Air National Guard, Korean War federalization
The squadron began to re-equip with North American F-86E Sabres in October 1951, but reverted to Mustangs two months later. Air Defense Command, however, was having difficulty adapting the wing base organization to the dispersed squadrons required for the air defense mission. In February 1952, it inactivated its fighter wings, including the 1st Wing, and replaced them with regional organizations. The squadron was assigned to the 4705th Defense Wing, which acted as a temporary headquarters for former 1st Wing operational squadrons. In March, the squadron was assigned to the 27th Air Division. The unit was released from active duty in November 1952, transferring its personnel and Mustangs to the regular 354th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, which was simultaneously activated.


188th Rescue Squadron, History, New Mexico Air National Guard, Cold War
After the Korean War ended, the 188th was redesignated the 188th Fighter-Bomber Squadron and equipped with Lockheed F-80C Shooting Star jet aircraft. In July 1955, it once again became the 188th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron and augmented Air Defense Command, being gained by Western Air Defense Force.


188th Rescue Squadron, History, New Mexico Air National Guard, Cold War
On 1 July 1957, the 188th was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 150th Fighter Group was established. The 188th becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the group headquarters, 150th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 150th Air Base Squadron, and the 150th USAF Dispensary. Also, the 188th assumed 24-hour air defense alert status at Kirtland. In April 1958, the first Air National Guard unit to receive the North American F-100A Super Sabre was the 188th, which received these planes in April 1958. This conversion raised group strength to 956 officers and airmen.


188th Rescue Squadron, History, New Mexico Air National Guard, Cold War
In April 1961, an aircraft malfunction caused an AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missile to launch and shoot down a Boeing B-52B Stratofortress bomber near Grants, New Mexico. The B-52B, from the 95th Bombardment Wing took off from Biggs Air Force Base, Texas on a training mission. During an intercept by two New Mexico ANG F-100As, an AIM-9B launched and impacted one of the engine pods on the bomber's left wing, taking the B-52's left wing off in the subsequent explosion. Three B-52 crewmembers died; the F-100 pilot was absolved of any blame. In the fall of 1962, the Cuban Missile Crisis put the 188th on an alert status that lasted for 90 days.


188th Rescue Squadron, History, New Mexico Air National Guard, Cold War
In 1964, the F-100As were retired and the 188th received newer F-100C and twin-seat F-100F Super Sabre trainers, and became the 188th Tactical Fighter Squadron, gained by Tactical Air Command. In January 1968, the group was activated as a result of the Pueblo Crisis, and in June of that year the 188th Tactical Fighter Squadron and approximately 250 maintenance and support personnel were deployed to Tuy Hoa Air Base, Republic of Vietnam. Remaining group members were assigned to various bases in South Korea.


188th Rescue Squadron, History, New Mexico Air National Guard, Cold War
The unit flew over 6000 combat sorties in the F-100C Super Sabre and amassed over 630 medals and decorations before release from federal active duty in June 1969. Captain Michael Adams was killed in action and Major Bobby Neeld and First Lieutenant Mitchell Lane remain listed as missing in action. The unit received the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award with Combat "V' Device. After its Vietnam War deployment, the 188th was relieved from active duty and returned to New Mexico State Control on 4 June 1969.


188th Rescue Squadron, History, New Mexico Air National Guard, Cold War
In 1973, after the United States withdrew its forces from South Vietnam, the 188th became the first Air National Guard squadron to receive LTV A-7D Corsair II subsonic tactical close air support aircraft from Tactical Air Command units that were preparing to receive the new Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II. Receiving its aircraft from the 354th Tactical Fighter Wing at Myrtle Beach Air Force Base and the 355th Tactical Fighter Wing at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona. The aircraft had excellent accuracy with the aid of an automatic electronic navigation and weapons delivery system. Although designed primarily as a ground attack aircraft, it also had limited air-to-air combat capability.


188th Rescue Squadron, History, New Mexico Air National Guard, Cold War
In 1977, the unit participated in the "Coronet Ante" exercise, which was part of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization "Coldfire" exercise in Europe. The 150th TFG deployed nine A-7Ds to Gilze Rijen Air Base, The Netherlands, from 2 September through 27 September 1977. Close air support missions were flown over The Netherlands, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Belgium, and the North Sea. In 1980, the 188th received the new twin-seat A-7K trainer.


188th Rescue Squadron, History, New Mexico Air National Guard, Cold War
In 1980, the 150th Tactical Fighter Group was first guard unit to be assigned to the Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force; the first to participate in Bright Star joint service exercises in Southwest Asia; the to receive the Low Altitude Night Attack modification to the A-7D; the first to participate in a deployed bare base operational readiness inspection, and the first to have a crew chief as a member of the Air Force Thunderbirds. Additionally, the unit set an A-7D and first endurance record of 11 1/2 hours non-stop from Pease Air Force Base, New Hampshire to Cairo West Air Base, Egypt.


188th Rescue Squadron, History, New Mexico Air National Guard, Cold War
The unit was partially activated in support of Operation Desert Storm, although no A-7D aircraft were sent to Southwest Asia. On 11 December 1990, 44 members of the 150th Security Police Flight and other unit members were deployed to Saudi Arabia. All members returned home by May 1991.


188th Rescue Squadron, History, New Mexico Air National Guard, Post Cold War operations
Early in the 1990s with the end of the Cold War and the continued decline in military budgets, the Air Force restructured to meet changes in strategic requirements, decreasing personnel, and a smaller infrastructure. The 150th Group adopted the new USAF Objective Wing Organization in early 1992, with the word "tactical" being eliminated from its designation and the squadron became the 188th Fighter Squadron.


188th Rescue Squadron, History, New Mexico Air National Guard, Post Cold War operations
The 188th flew A-7D's for twenty years before converting to the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon. On 11 May 1992 the 188th received its first Block 40 F-16C and their last A-7D left on 28 September 1992, being retired to Davis-Monthan AFB Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center storage. With this event the A-7D was almost phased out completely as the 188th was one of the last Air National Guard units to fly the venerable aircraft.


188th Rescue Squadron, History, New Mexico Air National Guard, Post Cold War operations
However, instead of converting to older F-16A/B models, the squadron received relatively new blo+ck 40 aircraft. This type had the Low Altitude Night Targeting Infra Red Navigational system (LANTIRN) on board for advanced navigation and targeting by day and night. Again, the 188th was the first within the Air National Guard to have this capacity. On 1 October 150th expanded to become a Wing, and the 188th Fighter Squadron became part of the new 150th Operations Group.


188th Rescue Squadron, History, New Mexico Air National Guard, 150th Defense System Evaluation Flight
An out of the ordinary organizational setup was also at hand in the 188th. Within the squadron was another flight – being the 150th Defense Systems Evaluation Flight – which flew F-16C block 30 aircraft. It typically had about five on hand. Even during the time frame when the 188th was flying block 40s the flight had F-16 block 30s. The flight provided fighter aircraft support to the US Army Air Defense Center and White Sands Missile Range.


188th Rescue Squadron, History, New Mexico Air National Guard, 150th Defense System Evaluation Flight
Typically testing for the army and various navies around the world. With the USAF, the flight was selected to do all the flight tests for the F/A-22 Raptor before they leave the Marietta factory in Georgia. Tests usually involved avionics, radar systems and more. The squadron would deploy two F-16s to the Marietta factory adjacent to Dobbins Air Reserve Base, Atlanta, Georgia for a six-week period for each test. But for the most part any other tests were done over the White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico. The flight was discontinued in 2007 with many jets departing during the year prior.


188th Rescue Squadron, History, New Mexico Air National Guard, Expeditionary Force deployments
In mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with air expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force concept was developed that would mix active duty, reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as "provisional" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of "aviation packages" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.


188th Rescue Squadron, History, New Mexico Air National Guard, Expeditionary Force deployments
In April 1998, the squadron was the major force provider for the 188th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron, deploying 6 F-16s and support personnel to Ahmad al-Jaber Air Base, Kuwait in support of Operation Southern Watch. Operation Southern Watch was an operation which was responsible for enforcing the United Nations mandated no-fly zone below the 32nd parallel in Iraq. This mission was initiated mainly to cover for attacks of Iraqi forces on the Iraqi Shi’ite Muslims. The expeditionary squadron was inactivated in July 1998.


188th Rescue Squadron, History, New Mexico Air National Guard, Expeditionary Force deployments
Another 188th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron was activated in March 2001, deploying to Incirlik Air Base, Turkey in support of Operation Northern Watch. Operation Northern Watch was a US European Command Combined Task Force which was responsible for enforcing the United Nations mandated no-fly zone above the 36th parallel in Iraq. This mission was a successor to Operation Provide Comfort which also entailed support for the Iraqi Kurds. The deployed personnel and aircraft returned in June 2001 and the 188th EFS was again inactivated.


188th Rescue Squadron, History, New Mexico Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
After the attacks of 11 September 2001, the squadron supported several deployments in support of Operation Noble Eagle to Atlantic City Air National Guard Base, New Jersey and March Air Reserve Base, California. Within hours of the terrorist attacks on New York and Washington, squadron pilots flew combat air patrol sorties over key resources in the western United States, and continued to do so for many months. Expeditionary squadrons have also been activated, deploying worldwide in the F-16 to Singapore, Australia, Chile, and South Korea.


188th Rescue Squadron, History, New Mexico Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism
In May 2004, the 188th deployed its F-16s to Balad Air Base, Iraq, becoming the first U. S. fighter squadron to be stationed at the base. In October 2007, the unit returned to Balad as part of a rainbow deployment Air Expeditionary Force 9/10 (Cycle 6) which included the 119th, 120th, 134th, 163rd, 186th and 188th squadrons. The deployment cycle started in September and the 188th sent six aircraft with two spares that returned stateside immediately.


188th Rescue Squadron, History, New Mexico Air National Guard, Special operations
Although rated a number one facility in the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure plan, the USAF decided to close down 188th and convert Kirtland from a fighter to a special operations base as part of the reduction of the USAF fighter fleet by 250 aircraft. It was hoped that some of the money saved would allow the USAF to purchase new aircraft, such as the F-35A Lightning II.


188th Rescue Squadron, History, New Mexico Air National Guard, Special operations
In 2009, the 21 F-16C/D aircraft of the New Mexico ANG were reassigned to other Air National Guard units in the District of Columbia Air National Guard and the Vermont Air National Guard as part of the "Fiscal Year 2010 Combat Air Force Restructure". The last two F-16s left Kirtland in September 2010. The 150th was to become an associate wing of Kirtland's 58th Special Operations Wing.


188th Rescue Squadron, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


188th Reserve Mountain Division (Wehrmacht)
German Division Nr. 188 was raised in late 1939. It consisted of the 136th, 138th and 139th Mountain Replacement Regiments and the 112th Artillery Replacement Regiment, plus supporting units. It began the war on border guard duty in the mountainous region between Austria and Yugoslavia with the primary mission of training reservists and replacements for the regular mountain divisions. In the spring of 1941 it joined the invasion of Yugoslavia, with the three mountain regiments given responsibility of seizing control of Carniola and Carinthia on the Yugoslav side of the border, which they carried out quickly and effectively against little to no resistance.


188th Reserve Mountain Division (Wehrmacht)
After the campaign, the division remained in reserve at Innsbruck. On 8 October 1943 it was redesignated as the 188th Reserve Mountain Division and reorganized with Reserve Mountain Regiments 136, 137, 138, and 139, each with two battalions, and Reserve Artillery Regiment 112, also with two battalions, and transferred to northern Italy. On 27 February 1944 it was transferred to Istria to conduct security warfare (Bandenbekämpfung). A few days later it was again redesignated as the 188th Mountain Division and its regiments were redesignated as Mountain Regiments 901, 902, 903, 904 and Mountain Artillery Regiment 1088. It surrendered in Istria when the war ended in 1945.


188th Wing
The 188th Wing is a unit of the Arkansas Air National Guard, stationed at Ebbing Air National Guard Base, Fort Smith, Arkansas. The 188th is equipped with the MQ-9 Reaper. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Combat Command.


188th Wing, Overview
The 188th Wing is a Remotely Piloted Aircraft (MQ-9 Reaper), Space Focused Targeting, and Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Unit based in Fort Smith, Ark. The men and women of the 188th are able to rapidly deploy and support ground forces all over the world.


188th Wing, Units
The 188th Wing consists of the following 4 groups, each of which has multiple squadrons, flights and sections assigned:


188th Wing, History
On 22 August 1962, the Arkansas Air National Guard 184th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 188th Tactical Reconnaissance Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 184th TRS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 188th Headquarters, 188th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 188th Combat Support Squadron, and the 188th USAF Dispensary. The 184th TRS was equipped with the RF-84F Thunderstreak.


188th Wing, History
In 1970 with the winding-down of the Vietnam War, the 184th began receiving McDonnell RF-101C Voodoos, replacing the RF-84Fs the unit had been flying for over a decade. The USAF had, however, planned for the RF-101C to be gradually phased out of USAF service in favor of the McDonnell RF-4C Phantom II and the aircraft remained with the 184th TRS for only a brief period of time, and in 1970 was retired.


188th Wing, History, Tactical Fighter
Following their withdrawal from the Vietnam War, numerous USAF F-100D Super Sabres were turned over to the Air National Guard. Tactical Air Command realigned the 188th into a Tactical Fighter Group in 1972, and equipping the unit with Vietnam Veteran F-100D and twin-seat F-100F Trainers. In 1979, the Super Sabre was being retired and the 184th TFS began receiving F-4C Phantom IIs to be used in an air defense role. In 1988, as part of the retirement of the Phantom II, the squadron began receiving Block 15 F-16A Fighting Falcons. The first F-16 delivery to the squadron was on 1 July 1988 and the formal acceptance of the F-16 happened on 15 October. On 15 March 1992 the 184th dropped the Tactical name from the squadron as the parent 184th converted to the USAF Objective organization.


188th Wing, History, Tactical Fighter
In early 2001 the 184th FS began to retire its F-16A/B block 15s to AMARC in exchange for F-16C block 32s. They never received any D-models. Because the squadron flew the rarely seen block 32, the squadron became a source for spare F-16s for the USAF Thunderbirds flight demonstration team. In the end the 184th FS never had to give up any of their aircraft as the Thunderbirds took needed aircraft from home based Nellis 57th Fighter Wing.


188th Wing, History, Tactical Fighter
Deployed to Prince Sultan AB, Saudi Arabia (24 October 2002 to December 2002) in support of Operation Southern Watch. In 2005, the 188th deployed nearly 300 Airmen and multiple F-16C Fighting Falcons to Balad Air Base, Iraq, in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom.


188th Wing, History, BRAC 2005
BRAC 2005 initially decided to inactivate the 188th Fighter Wing and close Fort Smith ANGB. With a great deal of effort by Arkansas' leaders caused the BRAC panel to change its decision on the 184th FS and give it a new mission. The squadron would still lose its F-16s but in their place would get a total of eighteen A-10 Thunderbolt II ground attack aircraft. One of the deciding factors was Fort Smiths location near Fort Chaffee, a former National Guard training post.


188th Wing, History, BRAC 2005
On 18 October 2006 the 184th FS began giving up F-16s when two departed for the 194th Fighter Squadron located at Fresno Air National Guard Base, California. By April 2007 the 184th FS had already begun to receive the A-10 from the Massachusetts ANG 104th Fighter Wing and pilots had already commenced cross training in October. On 14 April 2007 the 184th FS marked the day with a celebration 'Viper Out/Warthog In' day. The 184th FS took the opportunity to display their new A-10 paint scheme and to still fly the F-16 but the 184th FS at this point was officially an A-10 unit.


188th Wing, History, Current status
Between late March and early July 2012, the Wing deployed 375 Airmen and 10 aircraft to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. They were assigned to the 455th Air Expeditionary Wing, Bagram Airfield, near Kabul. This was the second AEF deployment for the 188th as a unit since receiving A-10 Thunderbolt II "Warthogs" 14 April 2007. The 188th's last AEF deployment transpired in 2010 when the unit deployed about 300 Airmen and 12 A-10Cs to the 451st Air Expeditionary Wing at Kandahar Airfield.


188th Wing, History, Current status
The Guardsmen remained in Afghanistan until October, flying close-air support in response to ground troops who may be in contact with the enemy, or to escort convoys in particularly hostile areas. When not supporting ground troops, A-10s patrol designated sectors and provided aerial reconnaissance on locations of interest to ground commanders. In three months, Arkansas ANG A-10s delivered more than 60,000 30mm cannon rounds and more than 250 precision munitions on enemy targets.


188th Wing, History, Current status
In early 2013 the Air Force planned to realign the 188th Fighter Wing and replace its 20 A-10 aircraft, converting the 184th FS to operate the General Atomics [MQ-9 Reaper] remotely piloted aircraft (RPA). On 7 June 2014, the last A-10 aircraft departed the 188th Fighter Wing. At the same time, the 184th Fighter Squadron was re-designated the 184th Attack Squadron.


188th Wing, History, Current status
In late 2014 the 188th Fire Department which supported the fighter wing operations, but also covered the regional airport, was disbanded after over two decades of full-time service.


188th Wing, History, Current status
On June 3rd, 2021 Ebbing Air National Guard Base was chosen as the location to host a multi-national training site for the F-16 Falcon and F-35. The 188th Wing will become a host unit for these new aircraft.


189
Year 189 (CLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Silanus and Silanus (or, less frequently, year 942 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 189 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


189 (number)
189 (one hundred [and] eighty-nine) is the natural number following 188 and preceding 190.


189 AM
The following radio station broadcasts on AM frequency 189 kHz:


189 BC
Year 189 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Nobilior and Vulso (or, less frequently, year 565 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 189 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


189 Phthia
Phthia (minor planet designation: 189 Phthia) is a bright-coloured, rocky main belt asteroid that was discovered by German-American astronomer Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters on September 9, 1878 in Clinton, New York and named after Phthia, a region of Ancient Greece.


189 Phthia
Photometric observations of this asteroid at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico during 2008 gave a light curve with a period of 22.346 ± 0.001 hours and a brightness variation of 0.26 ± 0.02 in magnitude.


189 km
189 km (Russian: 189 км) is a rural locality (a passing loop) in Demyanovskoye Rural Settlement of Leninsk-Kuznetsky District, Russia. The population was 25 as of 2010.


189 km, Geography
The passing loop is located on the Yurga-Tashtagol line, 11 km north of Leninsk-Kuznetsky (the district's administrative centre) by road.


1890
1890 (MDCCCXC) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1890th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 890th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 90th  year of the 19th century, and the  1st   year of the 1890s decade. As of the start of 1890, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1890 AHAC season
The 1890 AHAC season was the fourth season of the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada. Play was in challenges. The Montreal Hockey Club would win the final challenge of the season to win the Canadian championship for the third season in a row.


1890 AHAC season, League business
The annual meeting of the Amateur Hockey Association was held in the rooms of the MAAA in Montreal, on November 22, 1889. The main business was whether to accept Quebec or not, and whether to change the Crystals team name to the Dominions. Representatives from most of the hockey clubs were present. The election for the ensuing year resulted as follows:


1890 AHAC season, Regular season
The season consisted of challenge games as well as numerous exhibition matches between all the teams in the AHAC. Quebec would challenge this season. The Montreal Crystals would be known as the Dominion Hockey Club of Montreal for this season.


1890 AHAC season, Regular season, Overall record
Statistics are based on challenge games only and do not include stats regarding exhibition games


1890 AHAC season, Player statistics, Goaltender averages
Note: GP = Games played, GA = goals against, SO = Shutouts, GAA = Goals against average


1890 Alabama gubernatorial election
The 1890 Alabama gubernatorial election took place on August 4, 1890, in order to elect the Governor of Alabama.


1890 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship
The 1890 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship was the fourth staging of Ireland's premier Gaelic football knock-out competition. Cork were the champions.


1890 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, Representative clubs
From 1887 until 1891 the club champions represented the whole county.


1890 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, Results, Connacht Championship
Galway were the only entrants, so they received a bye to the All-Ireland semi-final.


1890 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final
The 1890 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final was a Gaelic football match played at Clonturk Park on 26 June 1892 to determine the winners of the 1890 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, the 4th season of the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, a tournament organised by the Gaelic Athletic Association for the champions of the four provinces of Ireland. The final was contested by Cork of Munster who were represented by Midleton and Wexford of Leinster who were represented by Blue and Whites, with Cork winning by 2-4 to 0-1.


1890 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final
The All-Ireland final had originally been fixed for 17 November 1890, however, the surprise arrival of Ulster champions Armagh necessitated a semi-final which Cork won. The final was then postponed for nineteen months, only being arranged on the Monday before the refixed date. Wexford were hampered from the beginning as they were short four of their regular team. After missing a great goal chance the Wexfordmen were in arrears by 1-3 to 0-1 at the interval.


1890 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final
The second half was a stop-start affair. 13 minutes of play were followed by an 8-minutes stoppage as one of the teams couldn't locate a substitute for an injured player. 3 more minutes of play followed before a 7-minute stoppage due to an injury to a Cork player. Shortly after Wexford scored a goal before bagging a second moments later to level the game. A proposed replay was cancelled due to a fair being held in Midleton and Cork were declared the champions on a score line of 2-4 to 0-1.


1890 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final
Cork's All-Ireland victory was their first championship title. As All-Ireland champions in hurling also, Cork became the first county to achieve the double.


1890 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
The 1890 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the fourth staging of the All-Ireland hurling championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1887. The championship began on 3 August 1890 and ended on 16 November 1890.


1890 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
Dublin were the defending champions, however, they were defeated in the provincial series. Cork won the title, after successfully launching an objection having originally been beaten by Wexford in the final.


1890 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, Teams
A total of eleven teams contested the championship, one more than the previous year.


1890 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, Teams
The Leinster championship was contested by five teams. Kildare made a return to the championship after a one-year absence, however, they failed to field a team and gave a walkover to their opponents.


1890 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, Teams
All six counties entered a team in the Munster championship, however, a number of walkovers meant that only two games were played.


1890 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, Teams
Once again, the hurling championship was not contested in either Connacht or Ulster.


1890 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final
The 1890 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final was the 3rd All-Ireland Final and the culmination of the 1890 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, an inter-county hurling tournament for the top teams in Ireland. The match was held at Clonturk Park, Dublin, on 16 November 1890, between Cork represented by the Aghabullogue club and Wexford represented by the Castlebridge club. The match was abandoned by the Cork team due to rough play by their opponents, with Wexford leading 2-2 to 1-6 (at the time, a goal was worth more than any number of points). Cork were later awarded the title.


1890 American Cup
The 1890 American Cup was the sixth edition of the soccer tournament organized by the American Football Association. The Fall River Olympics won their first title becoming the second Fall River team to do so after the Rovers had won the previous two editions.


1890 American Cup, First round
Olympics: GK Harwood, DF Stewart, Lee, MF Leigh, Burgess, Whittaker, FW Clarkson, Finlow, Randall, Taylor, Ingham. EastEnds: GK Marshall, DF Atley, Stanton, MF Sharrocks, Mercer, Foley, FW Tobin, Farnell, Taylor, Sunderland, Snape.


1890 American Cup, First round
Rovers: GK Shea, DF Bradley, Lonsdale, MF Adams, Waring, Buckley, FW Bell, Blakeley, Wilde, Duff, Connell. Pawtucket: GK Hardy, DF Harry Stewart, Love, MF Smith, Devanney, Lennox, FW Sandiland, Jeffrey, Murray, Mularkey, Graham.


1890 American Cup, First round
Longfellows: GK M.Gorvin, DF T.Fay, T.Masterton, MF T.Pope, T.Court, R.Neave, FW J.Green, J.McConnell, T.Brockington, C.Gorvin, J.Lennon. ONT: GK T.Hughes, DF A.Lyon, W.Walker, MF J.Polisher, C.Alsopp, G.Williams, FW C.Bradley, A.Smith, T.Henderson, W.Downs, A.Singleton, L.D.Flynn.


1890 American Cup, Second round
Rovers: GK J.Howarth, DF H.Holden, Jack Hood, MF T.Cranor, Joe Swithemby, W.Barr, FW John Swithemby, F.Costello, A.Cutler, James Hood, J.Connolly. Longfellows: GK W.Gordon, DF T.Fay, T.Masterson, MF T.Pope, D.Campbell, R.Reaves, FW T.Green, J.Taylor, W.Paul, C.Gorvin, J.Leonard.


1890 American Cup, Semifinals
Olympics: GK Cornell, DF Harwood, Jack Stuart, MF Burgess, Pilling, Whittaker, FW Clarkson, Finlan, Taylor, Slater, Hingham. Pawtucket: GK J.Shea, DF Love, Harry Stuart, MF Devanney, Smith, Finn, FW Sanderlands, Jeffrey, Murray, Mullarkey, Graham.


1890 American Cup, Semifinals
Kearny: GK Cutler, DF Holden, John Hood, MF Crans, Joe Swithemby, Howarth, FW McNabb, Jack Swithemby, Barr, Connelly, James Hood. Trenton: GK W.Bradshaw, DF Almon, Rhodes, MF James, Irwin, Cooper, FW Ward, J.Bradshaw, Heaton, Carthege, Byat.


1890 American Cup, Final
Olympics: GK Connell, DF Harwood, Stewart, MF Burgess, Pilling, Whittaker, FW Clarkson, Finlan, Taylor, Slater, Ingham. Rovers: GK Cutler, DF Holden, Hood, MF Swithemby, Howarth, Crawn, FW Wood, J.Swithemby, Connelly, J.Hood, Barr, Jameson.


1890 Amherst football team
The 1890 Amherst football team was an American football team that represented the Amherst College during the 1890 college football season. The team compiled a 6–5–1 record and was outscored by a total of 185 to 184. Two of Amherst's losses were to undefeated national champion Harvard. Excluding the two one-sided losses to Harvard, Amherst outscored its opponents, 178 to 47. The team played its home games at Blake Field in Amherst, Massachusetts.


1890 Arkansas gubernatorial election
The 1890 Arkansas gubernatorial election was held on September 1, 1890.


1890 Arkansas gubernatorial election
Incumbent Democratic Governor James Philip Eagle defeated Union Labor and Republican fusion nominee Napoleon B. Fizer with 55.51% of the vote.


1890 Army Cadets football team
The 1890 Army Cadets football team represented the United States Military Academy in the 1890 college football season. In the Academy's first season fielding a team in intercollegiate football, the Cadets compiled a 0–1 record.


1890 Army Cadets football team
Football began being played at the Academy in 1889, but only one inter-class match game was played that year. During the 1890 season, the Cadets played only one game, on the West Point grounds, losing to the Navy Midshipmen by a 24 to 0 score in the inaugural Army–Navy Game. A week before the game, The New York Times reported that the planned match "is beginning to assume almost national proportions." During the game, Army's quarterback Kirby Walker was knocked out of the game four times, the last time being carried off the field and to the hospital in an unconscious state.


1890 Army Cadets football team
After the victory, Navy cadets in Annapolis "fired twenty-four great guns, and then paraded the streets with horns."


1890 Army Cadets football team
A 20-year-old Army player, Dennis Michie, was the captain of the 1890 Army football team, though he is sometimes listed as the team's head coach. Michie was the lightest player on the team at 142 pounds. Michie was killed in 1898 during the Spanish–American War. Army's home football stadium, Michie Stadium, was dedicated in his honor when it opened in 1924.


1890 Army Cadets football team
No Army Cadets were honored on the 1890 College Football All-America Team.


1890 Army Cadets football team, Players
The following individuals were members of Army's first intercollegiate football team in 1890.


1890 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1890 Atlantic hurricane season was among the least active Atlantic hurricane seasons on record. The first tropical cyclone of the season was initially observed on May 27 and the last storm, Hurricane Four, dissipated over Central America on November 1. These dates fall within the period with the most tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic. The first storm moved slowly north-northwestward, bringing heavy rains and extensive flooding to Cuba, which caused at least three fatalities and at least $1 million (1890 USD) in damage. It dissipated in the Gulf of Mexico on May 29.


1890 Atlantic hurricane season
Tropical cyclogenesis went dormant for nearly two and a half months, until another system was observed near the Windward Islands on August 18. It traversed the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, grazing the Yucatan Peninsula and making landfall in Louisiana before dissipating on August 28. Impact from the storm was minimal.


1890 Atlantic hurricane season
Of the season's four tropical cyclones, two reached hurricane status. One of these two strengthened into a major hurricanes, which are Category 3 or higher on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. The strongest cyclone of the season, the third hurricane, peaked at Category 3 strength, with maximum sustained winds of 120 mph (195 km/h). Rough seas produced by this storm sunk a ship in the vicinity of the Lesser Antilles, drowning 10 people. The final tropical cyclone was first observed in the southwestern Caribbean Sea on October 31.


1890 Atlantic hurricane season
Peaking as a strong Category 1 hurricane, it headed westward and made landfall in Nicaragua, before being last noted over Central America on November 1. The storm produced only minor damage in Nicaragua. Collectively, the tropical cyclones of this season resulted in at least $1 million in damage and 14 confirmed fatalities.


1890 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm One
According to HURDAT – North Atlantic hurricane database – a tropical depression developed on May 27, while located about 65 miles (105 km) south of Isla de la Juventud, Cuba. The depression moved north-northwestward and did not strengthen before making landfall near Pinar del Río, Cuba, early the following day. It crossed Cuba without weakening and emerged into the southeastern Gulf of Mexico on May 28. Later that day, the depression intensified into a tropical storm. The cyclone continued to strengthen and peaked with winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) early on May 29. It was last noted about 125 miles (200 km) west-northwest of Dry Tortugas, Florida at around 1800 UTC.


1890 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm One
The storm brought heavy rains to Cuba, with 13.58 inches (345 mm) observed in Havana in a 36-hour period. Flooding and mudslides caused extensive damage to several cities, including Calabazar, Chorrera, Havana, Puentes Grandes, San Antonio de los Baños, and Rincon. Several people had to be rescued. Nearly all telegraphic and railroad services were interrupted by flooding. With damage estimates in the millions of dollars, the event was described as "the most disastrous rains that had ever visited Cuba." At least 4 fatalities were confirmed after a ship capsized, while a "good number" of other persons drowned.


1890 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Two
After no activity for over two months, the barque Aspatogan encountered "very heavy weather" associated with a tropical storm in the eastern Caribbean Sea on August 18. The system moved west-northwestward across the Caribbean Sea and strengthened slowly. Early on August 24, the storm attained its maximum sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h), while situated about 80 miles (130 km) south-southwest of Grand Cayman. Re -curving northwestward, it brushed the Yucatan Peninsula on August 25, shortly before entering the Gulf of Mexico. The storm again re-curved northward while located in the central Gulf of Mexico. At 1600 UTC, it made landfall near Dulac, Louisiana with winds of 60 mph (95 km/h). The system quickly weakened to a tropical depression and dissipated over northern Mississippi on August 28.


1890 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
The steamship Haytian encountered a storm equivalent in intensity to a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, while located about 470 miles (760 km) east-northeast of Dominica on August 26. The cyclone headed northwestward and strengthened into a Category 3 hurricane early on the following day, becoming the only major hurricane of the season. Later on August 27, the storm attained its maximum sustained wind speed of 120 mph (195 km/h). The ship Portuense recorded a minimum barometric pressure of 965 mbar (28.5 inHg) at 0700 UTC on August 28. However, the ship sunk in the rough seas later that day while situated about 250 miles (400 km) northeast of Anegada, British Virgin Islands, drowning ten people, including the ship's captain and nine crew members.


1890 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
After peak intensity, the storm began to weaken and fell to Category 2 strength on August 29. Later that day, the hurricane began re-curving northward and then accelerated northeastward on August 30. Although the storm passed well offshore the East Coast of the United States, rough seas caused "great damage" at beaches in New Jersey. While approaching Newfoundland on September 1, the system weakened to a Category 1 hurricane. Late on September 1, it weakened to a tropical storm, shortly before becoming extratropical about 465 miles (750 km) east-northeast of St. Lunaire-Griquet, Newfoundland and Labrador.


1890 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
The steamship Gussie first encountered a hurricane with winds of 90 mph (150 km/h) early on October 31, while located about 95 miles (153 km) northeast of Providencia Island, Colombia. The cyclone tracked westward and maintained its intensity as a strong Category 1 hurricane. Late on October 31, it made landfall in Nicaragua just south of Cabo Gracias a Dios. At 0000 UTC on November 1, the system weakened to a tropical storm. Six hours later, it was last noted over the Olancho Department of Honduras. Impact from this system in Central America is unknown.


1890 Australian maritime dispute
The 1890 Australian maritime dispute was an industrial dispute that began on 15 August 1890 when the Mercantile Marine Officers' Association directed its members to give 24 hours' notice to their employers after negotiations broke down with the Steamship Owners' Association of Victoria over longstanding pay and conditions claims. Industrial action quickly spread to seamen, wharf labourers, then gas stockers. Coal miners from Newcastle, Broken Hill, and even New Zealand were locked out after refusing to dig coal for non-union operated vessels. By September 1890, 28,500 workers were on strike.


1890 Australian maritime dispute
The Melbourne branch of the Marine Officers' Association had joined the Melbourne Trades Hall Council, and the New Zealand branch was affiliated with the Maritime Labour Council. In July 1890 the Union Steamship Company of New Zealand had conceded a pay rise of one pound, following arbitration. Many of the owners had privately conceded that an increase in pay was justified and overdue.


1890 Australian maritime dispute
The Sydney branch of the union, not affiliated with the Sydney Maritime Council, negotiated with the owners and were told their case was reasonable, but could not be considered while the Melbourne branch was affiliated with Melbourne Trades Hall. In a last minute mediation, officials of the union agreed to withdraw from the Melbourne Trades Hall, if employers agreed to compromise in a last minute meeting with a union delegation. The Shipowners refused to meet the delegation, which thus precipitated the strike.


1890 Australian maritime dispute
Ostensibly over pay and conditions, the causes of the dispute were considered more complex, and point to an employer conspiracy to render trade union activity ineffective, and employer activity to counter union solidarity in secondary boycott of non-union shorn wool in the pastoral industry. While some historians argue that the strike was caused by a downturn in economic conditions, others argue the depression of the 1890s did not start till 1892.


1890 Australian maritime dispute
In early July 1890, the Amalgamated Shearers' Union of Australasia had issued a manifesto calling a boycott on non-union wool shorn in the coming shearing season. This emulated a successful boycott of non-union wool called by the Queensland Shearers Union in 1889 and instituted by the Wharf Labourer's Union and Brisbane Trades Hall. The campaign to break union solidarity was engineered by stevedore Alfred Lamb, a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, owner of one of the four main wool exporting firms, and vice president of the NSW Employers' Union. He attended meetings of the Pastoralists Union of NSW, the Pastoralists Union of Victoria, organised a memorandum of understanding and agreements among wool shippers, shipping agents and shipowners.


1890 Australian maritime dispute, Social turmoil
While police had been used in strikes before 1890, the military had not usually been called in other than at the Lambton Colliery strike in the Hunter Valley two years earlier. During the strike military units were extensively used in New South Wales and Victoria. Armed troops were deployed to support the police in Sydney, Melbourne, Newcastle and a number of other ports around Australia, as violence escalated against non-union labour and against the property of companies operating shipping, the mines, the wharves and ports.


1890 Australian maritime dispute, Social turmoil
In Melbourne, the announcement that a public meeting was going to be held on 31 August 1890 to support the maritime strikers sent the Victorian government into precautionary mode. On the eve of the meeting, the Victorian Mounted Rifles were briefed by their commanding officer Lieutenant-Colonel Tom Price:


1890 Australian maritime dispute, Social turmoil
Men of the Mounted Rifles, one of your obligations imposes on you the duty of resisting invasion by a foreign enemy, but you are also liable to be called upon to assist in preserving law and order in the colony. ... To do your work faintly would be a grave mistake.


1890 Australian maritime dispute, Social turmoil
If it has to be done effectively you will each be supplied with 40 rounds of ammunition, leaden bullets, and if the order is given to fire, don't let me see any rifle pointed in the air; fire low and lay them out so that the duty will not have to be performed again.


1890 Australian maritime dispute, Social turmoil
Price was quite clear and quite unapologetic about his intentions. He only wanted ′'to hit the strikers in the legs ... not to kill them outright. He explained that the term 'lay them out' was used in his regiment to mean 'temporary disablement'.


1890 Australian maritime dispute, Social turmoil
A force of 1,000 militia and mounted police and another 1,000 special constables were embodied by the time of the meeting. These forces, apart from a troop of mounted police were held in reserve out of the way and the 40,000 who attended the meeting, although enthusiastic, were orderly and the forces were not called in.


1890 Australian maritime dispute, Union defeat
The strike was defeated when the Marine Officers returned to work on the employers terms in November 1890, with Illawarra coal miners being the last workers to return to work in January 1891. A shortage of money to sustain the strike and a plentiful supply of strikebreakers eventually defeated the strikers. Wage cuts were introduced for everyone in the maritime industry, with wage cuts of up to 30 per cent. The defeat of the 1890 maritime strike and the 1891 Australian shearers' strike, laid the framework for the Australian labour movement entry into parliamentary politics. The New South Wales Labour Defence Committee summed up the unions mood in this statement:


1890 Australian maritime dispute, Union defeat
the time has come when trade unionists must use the parliamentary machine that in the past has used them.


1890 Ayr Burghs by-election
The Ayr Burghs by-election, 1890 was a parliamentary by-election held for the British House of Commons constituency of Ayr Burghs in 1890. The seat had become vacant when the sitting Liberal Party Member of Parliament John Sinclair retired.


1890 Baker Methodists football team
The 1890 Baker Methodists football team represented Baker University in the 1890 college football season. They finished with a record of 1–1 in their inaugural season.


1890 Balmain colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Balmain on 10 July 1890 because John Hawthorne (Free Trade) resigned due to bankruptcy.


1890 Baltimore Orioles season
The Baltimore Orioles team left the American Association after the 1889 season and started playing in the minor Atlantic Association. However, when the Brooklyn Gladiators ballclub folded mid-way through the 1890 season the Orioles returned to the AA to finish out the season.


1890 Baltimore Orioles season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1890 Baltimore Orioles season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1890 Baltimore Orioles season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1890 Bassetlaw by-election
The 1890 Bassetlaw by-election was a parliamentary by-election held for the British House of Commons constituency of Bassetlaw in Nottinghamshire on 15 December 1890.


1890 Bassetlaw by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the death of the sitting Conservative MP, William Beckett-Denison, on 23 November 1890. Beckett-Denison had won the newly created seat at the 1885 general election.


1890 Bassetlaw by-election, The candidates
The Conservative party selected Sir Frederick Milner, son-in-law of the deceased MP and former member for York, as their candidate. Milner's candidature was supported by Francis Foljambe, a Liberal Unionist and former MP for the area, who had been defeated by Beckett-Denison in the 1885 election. The Liberal candidate was John William Mellor, former MP for Grantham.


1890 Bassetlaw by-election, The campaign
Campaigning was lively. "The constituency is being flooded with literature of every description", reported the Times. Women campaigners were active, from the Conservative Primrose League and the Women's Liberal association who were reported to be 'taking a Home Rule van through the district'.


1890 Bassetlaw by-election, The campaign
The Home Rule issue was a difficult one for the Liberals at this precise moment, with a split in the Irish Parliamentary Party taking place over the continued leadership of Charles Stewart Parnell, following a crisis over the divorce of his partner Katharine O'Shea; Liberal leader William Gladstone had warned the party that Parnell's continued leadership would mean the end of prospects of Home Rule.


1890 Bassetlaw by-election, The campaign
At a public meeting in the Constituency, the Conservative MP for North Armagh, Edward James Saunderson, made fun of Gladstone's difficulties: "in 1886, a marriage was consummated between Mr Gladstone and his followers and Mr Parnell and his friends. Since then, however, there had been a divorce (cheers and laughter), and ... they had discovered that all the love was on one side".


1890 Bassetlaw by-election, The campaign
The issue was picked up in a later speech by the Liberal Unionist MP for Tyrone South Thomas Russell: "he would ask his fellow Nonconformists not to submit the Presbyterians, Methodists and Independents of Ireland to the shame and humiliation of being governed by a man who was a convicted adulterer and liar, and whose conduct, he regretted to say, was practically condoned by the Liberal party".


1890 Bassetlaw by-election, The campaign
The Liberal position was put in a speech by Henry Labouchère, MP for Northampton: "He was not going to love Ireland less because Mr Parnell loved Mrs O'Shea more. (Laughter) ... Mr Parnell was doing his best to wreck Home Rule in Ireland ... if they could only win [the] Bassetlaw election it would put backbone and hope into the Liberals all over the country." Gladstone himself, speaking at a public meeting in the constituency, emphasised that the crisis only showed how important it was to achieve Home Rule: "Why should English politics, and Scotch and Welsh politics, be dependent on the choice of an Irish leader?"


1890 Bassetlaw by-election, The campaign
The Parnell crisis overshadowed all other issues in the campaign, although it was always most likely that Milner would hold his father-in-law's seat, picking up the rural vote while the miners supported the Liberal. The Conservatives defended their actions on improvements in housing for the poor while Milner had spoken against an eight-hour day for miners, which Mellor supported.


1890 Bassetlaw by-election, The vote
Polling, which opened at 8 a.m., was heavy in the 28 polling districts in the constituency. Counting began at 9 a.m. next morning, with the result declared at half past ten. Milner held the seat for the Conservatives, with a substantially increased majority from the last contested election of 728 votes (Beckett-Denison had been returned unopposed in 1886). He told his supporters that this was a blow against the Liberal leader: "He could only hope that this emphatic answer would cause Mr Gladstone to withdraw himself from the arena of active politics". Mellor, in his turn, assured his followers that "the party would go on increasing and the great cause of Liberalism would surmount all difficulties."


1890 Belgian general election
Partial general elections were held in Belgium on 10 June 1890. In the elections for the Chamber of Representatives the result was a victory for the Catholic Party, which won 94 of the 138 seats.


1890 Belgian general election
Under the alternating system, elections were held in only four out of the nine provinces: Hainaut, Limburg, Liège and East Flanders. Thus, only 69 seats out of the 138 were up for election. Additionally, a special election was held in Neufchâteau on 3 June 1890.


1890 Belgian general election, Constituencies
The distribution of seats among the electoral districts was as follows:


1890 Birthday Honours
The 1890 Birthday Honours were appointments by Queen Victoria to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of the British Empire. The appointments were made to celebrate the official birthday of The Queen, and were published in the London Gazette on 20 May 1890 and in The Times on 21 May 1890.


1890 Birthday Honours
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.


1890 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, Privy Councillor
The Queen appointed the following to Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council:


1890 Boston Beaneaters season
The 1890 Boston Beaneaters season was the 20th season of the franchise.


1890 Boston Beaneaters season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1890 Boston Beaneaters season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1890 Boston Beaneaters season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1890 Boston Beaneaters season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1890 Boston Reds season
The 1890 Boston Reds baseball team was a member of the short-lived Players' League. They compiled an 81–47 record and won the league championship. After the season, the league folded, but the Reds were invited to join the American Association for the following season.


1890 Boston Reds season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1890 Boston Reds season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1890 Boston Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1890 Boston Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1890 Boston Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1890 Boston mayoral election
The Boston mayoral election of 1890 saw the election of Nathan Matthews Jr. Incumbent Mayor Thomas N. Hart was defeated for the Republican nomination by Moody Merrill.


1890 British Columbia general election
The 1890 British Columbia general election was held in 1890. The number of members was increased for this election from 27 in the previous election to 33, although the number of ridings was decreased to 18.


1890 British Columbia general election, Political context, Non-party system
There were to be no political parties in the new province. The designations "Government" and "Opposition" and "Independent" (and variations on these) functioned in place of parties, but they were very loose and do not represent formal coalitions, more alignments of support during the campaign. "Government" meant in support of the current Premier; "Opposition" meant campaigning against him, and often enough the Opposition would win and immediately become the Government.


1890 British Columbia general election, Political context, Non-party system
Although Labour as a party had run candidates in previous election, this election saw the first victories by Labour candidates (in Nanaimo and Nanaimo City), and a "Farmer" candidate (in the second Nanaimo seat). There were five successful independents.


1890 British Columbia general election, Political context, The Robson Government
The government of newspaperman John Robson received a mandate after assuming power the year before. Robson died in office in 1892, yielding to Theodore Davie.


1890 British Columbia general election, Political context, Byelections not shown
Any changes due to byelections are shown below the main table showing the theoretical composition of the House after the election. A final table showing the composition of the House at the dissolution of the Legislature at the end of this Parliament can be found below the byelections. The main table represents the immediate results of the election only, not changes in governing coalitions or eventual changes due to byelections.


1890 British Columbia general election, Political context, List of ridings
The original ridings were thirteen in number, and Cowichan was restored to a two-member seat while New Westminster was increased to three, with the new total being 33 members. There were no political parties were not acceptable in the House by convention, though some members were openly partisan at the federal level (usually Conservative, although both Liberal and Labour allegiance were on display by some candidates).


1890 British Columbia general election, Political context, Polling conditions
Natives (First Nations) and Chinese were disallowed from voting, although naturalized Kanakas (Hawaiian colonists) and American and West Indian blacks and certain others participated. The requirement that knowledge of English be spoken for balloting was discussed but not applied.


1890 British Ultimatum
The 1890 British Ultimatum was an ultimatum by the British government delivered on 11 January 1890 to Portugal. The ultimatum forced the retreat of Portuguese military forces from areas which had been claimed by Portugal on the basis of historical discovery and recent exploration, but which the United Kingdom claimed on the basis of effective occupation. Portugal had attempted to claim a large area of land between its colonies of Mozambique and Angola including most of present-day Zimbabwe and Zambia and a large part of Malawi, which had been included in Portugal's "Rose-coloured Map".


1890 British Ultimatum
It has sometimes been claimed that the British government's objections arose because the Portuguese claims clashed with its aspirations to create a Cape to Cairo Railway, linking its colonies from the south of Africa to those in the north. This seems unlikely, as in 1890 Germany already controlled German East Africa, now Tanzania, and Sudan was independent under Muhammad Ahmad. Rather, the British government was pressed into taking action by Cecil Rhodes, whose British South Africa Company was founded in 1888 south of the Zambezi and the African Lakes Company and British missionaries to the north.


1890 British Ultimatum, Background
At the start of the 19th century, the Portuguese presence in Africa south of the equator was limited in Angola to Luanda and Benguela and a few outposts, the most northerly of which was Ambriz and in Mozambique to the Island of Mozambique, several other coastal trading posts as far south as Delagoa Bay and the virtually independent Prazo estates in the Zambezi valley  The first challenge to Portugal's wider claims came from the Transvaal Republic, which in 1868 claimed an outlet to the Indian Ocean at Delagoa Bay.


1890 British Ultimatum, Background
Although in 1869, Portugal and the Transvaal reached agreement on a border under which all of Delagoa Bay was Portuguese, the UK then lodged an objection, claiming the southern part of that bay. The claim was rejected after arbitration by President MacMahon of France. His award made in 1875 upheld the border agreed in 1869. A second challenge came from the foundation of a German colony at Angra Pequena, now known as Lüderitz in Namibia in 1883. Although there was no Portuguese presence there, Portugal had claimed it on the basis of discovery.


1890 British Ultimatum, Background
A far more serious dispute arose in the area of the Zambezi valley and Lake Nyasa. Portugal occupied the coast of Mozambique from the 16th century, and from 1853 the Portuguese government embarked on a series of military campaigns to bring the Zambezi valley under its effective control. During the 1850s, the areas south of Lake Nyasa (now Lake Malawi) and west of the lake were explored by David Livingstone and several Church of England and Presbyterian missions were established in the Shire Highlands in the 1860s and 1870s.


1890 British Ultimatum, Background
In 1878, the African Lakes Company was established by businessmen with links to the Presbyterian missions. Their aim was to set up a trading company that would work in close cooperation with the missions to combat the slave trade by introducing legitimate trade and develop European influence in the area. A small mission and trading settlement was established at Blantyre in 1876.


1890 British Ultimatum, Background
Portugal attempted to assert its African territorial claims through three expeditions led by Alexandre de Serpa Pinto, first from Mozambique to the eastern Zambezi in 1869, then to the Congo and upper Zambezi from Angola in 1876 and lastly crossing Africa from Angola in 1877–1879. These expeditions were undertaken with the intention of claiming the area between Mozambique and Angola.


1890 British Ultimatum, Background
Following Serpa Pinto's explorations, the Portuguese government in 1879 made a formal claim to the area south and east of the Ruo River (the present south-eastern border of Malawi) and, in 1882, occupied the lower Shire River valley as far as the Ruo. The Portuguese then asked the British government to accept this territorial claim, but the opening of the Berlin Conference of 1884–85 ended the discussions. Portugal's efforts to establish this corridor of influence between Angola and Mozambique were hampered by one of the articles in the General Act of the Berlin Conference which required effective occupation of areas claimed rather than historical claims based on discovery or those based on exploration, as Portugal had used.


1890 British Ultimatum, Background
To validate Portuguese claims, Serpa Pinto was appointed as its consul in Zanzibar in 1884 and given the mission of exploring the region between Lake Nyasa and the coast from the Zambezi to the Rovuma River and securing the allegiance of the chiefs in that area. His expedition reached Lake Nyasa and the Shire Highlands but failed to make any treaties of protection with the chiefs in territories west of the lake. At the northwest end of Lake Nyasa around Karonga, the African Lakes Company made, or claimed to have made, treaties with local chiefs between 1884 and 1886. Its ambition was to become a chartered company and control the route from the lake along the Shire River.


1890 British Ultimatum, Background
Despite the outcome of the Berlin Conference, the idea of a trans-African Portuguese zone was not abandoned; to help to create it, Portugal signed treaties with France and Germany in 1886. The German treaty noted Portugal's claim to territory along the course of the Zambezi linking Angola and Mozambique. Following the treaties, the Portuguese foreign minister prepared what became known as the Rose Coloured Map, representing a claim stretching from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean. North of the Zambezi, these Portuguese claims were opposed by both the African Lakes company and the missionaries.


1890 British Ultimatum, Background
The main opposition to Portuguese claims in the south came from Cecil Rhodes, whose British South Africa Company was founded in 1888. As late as 1888, the British Foreign Office declined to offer protection to the tiny British settlements in the Shire Highlands. However, it did not accept the expansion of Portuguese influence there, and in 1889, it appointed Henry Hamilton Johnston as British consul to Mozambique and the Interior, and instructed him to report on the extent of Portuguese rule in the Zambezi and Shire valleys. He was also to make conditional treaties with local rulers outside Portuguese control. The conditional treaties did not establish a British protectorate but prevented the rulers from accepting protection from another state.


1890 British Ultimatum, Ultimatum
In 1888, the Portuguese government instructed its representatives in Mozambique to make treaties of protection with the Yao chiefs southeast of Lake Nyasa and in the Shire Highlands. Two expeditions were organised, one under Antonio Cardoso, a former governor of Quelimane, set off in November 1888 for Lake Nyasa; the second expedition under Serpa Pinto (now governor of Mozambique) moved up the Shire valley. Between them, these two expeditions made over 20 treaties with chiefs in what is now Malawi. Serpa Pinto met Johnston in August 1889 east of the Ruo, when Johnston advised him not to cross the river into the Shire Highlands. Although Serpa Pinto had previously acted with caution, he crossed the Ruo to Chiromo, now in Malawi in September 1889.


1890 British Ultimatum, Ultimatum
The incursion led to an armed conflict between Portuguese troops led by Serpa Pinto and the Makololo on 8 November 1889 near the Shire river.


1890 British Ultimatum, Ultimatum
Following this minor clash, Johnston's vice-consul, John Buchanan, accused Portugal of ignoring British interests in this area and declared a British protectorate over the Shire Highlands in December 1889 despite contrary instructions. Shortly afterward, Johnston himself declared a further protectorate over the area to the west of Lake Nyasa (also contrary to his instructions) although both protectorates were later endorsed by the Foreign Office.


1890 British Ultimatum, Ultimatum
The actions formed the background to an Anglo-Portuguese crisis in which a British refusal of arbitration was followed by the 1890 British Ultimatum.


1890 British Ultimatum, Ultimatum
The ultimatum was a memorandum sent to the Portuguese Government by Lord Salisbury on 11 January 1890 in which he demanded the withdrawal of the Portuguese troops from Mashonaland and Matabeleland (now Zimbabwe) and the Shire-Nyasa region (now Malawi), where Portuguese and British interests in Africa overlapped. It meant that the UK was now claiming sovereignty over territories, some of which had been claimed as Portuguese for centuries.


1890 British Ultimatum, Ultimatum
What Her Majesty's Government require and insist upon is the following: that telegraphic instructions shall be sent to the governor of Mozambique at once to the effect that all and any Portuguese military forces which are actually on the Shire or in the Makololo or in the Mashona territory are to be withdrawn. Her Majesty's Government considers that without this the assurances given by the Portuguese Government are illusory. Mr. Petre is compelled by his instruction to leave Lisbon at once with all the members of his legation unless a satisfactory answer to this foregoing intimation is received by him in, the course of this evening, and Her Majesty's ship Enchantress is now at Vigo waiting for his orders.


1890 British Ultimatum, Ultimatum
The Mr. Petre mentioned was the British Minister in Lisbon.


1890 British Ultimatum, Aftermath
Although the ultimatum required Portugal to cease from its activities in the disputed areas, there was no similar restriction on further British efforts to establish occupation there. Agents for Rhodes were active in Mashonaland and Manicaland and in what is now eastern Zambia, and John Buchanan asserted British rule in more of the Shire Highlands.


1890 British Ultimatum, Aftermath
There were armed clashes between Portuguese troops who were already in occupation in Manicaland and Rhodes’ incoming men in 1890 and 1891, which ceased only when some areas that had been allocated to Portugal in the unratified 1890 treaty were reassigned to Rhodes’ British South Africa Company in the 1891 treaty, with Portugal being given more land in the Zambezi valley in compensation for this loss.


1890 British Ultimatum, Aftermath
When Portugal acquiesced to British demands, it was considered as a breach of the Treaty of Windsor (1386) and seen as a national humiliation by republicans in Portugal, who denounced the government and the King as responsible for it. The government fell, and António de Serpa Pimentel was appointed prime minister. The British Ultimatum inspired the original lyrics of the Portuguese National Anthem, "A Portuguesa". It was considered by Portuguese historians and politicians at that time to be the most outrageous and infamous action of the UK against its oldest ally. The reason that Lord Salisbury and his diplomatically isolated British government used tactics that could have led to war has been plausibly argued as the result of fear of Portuguese occupation of Manicaland and the Shire Highlands, which would have forestalled British interests.


1890 British Ultimatum, Aftermath
In an attempt to reach an agreement over Portuguese African borders, the Treaty of London defining the territorial limits of Angola and Mozambique, was signed on 20 August 1890 by Portugal and the United Kingdom. The treaty was published in the Diário do Governo (Portugal's Government Diary) on 30 August and presented to the parliament that same day, leading to a new wave of protests and the downfall of the Portuguese government. Not only was it never ratified by the Portuguese Parliament but also Cecil Rhodes, whose plans of expansion it affected, also opposed this treaty.


1890 British Ultimatum, Aftermath
A new treaty was negotiated which gave Portugal more territory in the Zambezi valley than the 1890 treaty, but what is now the Manicaland Province of Zimbabwe passed from Portuguese to British control. This treaty was signed in Lisbon on 11 June 1891, and in addition to defining boundaries, it allowed freedom of navigation on the Zambezi and Shire rivers and allowed the UK to lease land for a port at Chinde at the mouth of the Zambezi.


1890 British Ultimatum, Aftermath
The 1890 ultimatum soured Anglo-Portuguese relations for some time, although when in the late 1890s Portugal underwent a severe economic crisis, its government sought a British loan. However, with the outbreak of the Boer war, Britain sought support from Portugal and signed an Anglo-Portuguese Declaration on 14 October 1899. This new treaty reaffirmed former treaties of Alliance and committed Britain to defending Portuguese colonies from possible enemies. In return, Portugal agreed to stop arms being supplied to the Transvaal through Lourenço Marques and declared its neutrality in the conflict.


1890 British Ultimatum, Aftermath
Although official relations were repaired, the 1890 ultimatum was said to be one of the main causes for the Republican Revolution, which ended the monarchy in Portugal 20 years later (5 October 1910), and the assassination of the Portuguese king (Carlos I of Portugal) and the crown prince (1 February 1908).


1890 Brooklyn Bridegrooms season
The 1890 Brooklyn Bridegrooms left the American Association and joined the National League. They won the league championship, becoming one of a select few teams to win championships in different leagues in back-to-back seasons.


1890 Brooklyn Bridegrooms season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = Runs scored; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; SB = Stolen bases


1890 Brooklyn Bridegrooms season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = Runs scored; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; SB = Stolen bases


1890 Brooklyn Bridegrooms season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; CG = Complete games; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; BB = Bases on balls; SO = Strikeouts


1890 Brooklyn Bridegrooms season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; CG = Complete games; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; BB = Bases on balls; SO = Strikeouts


1890 Brooklyn Bridegrooms season, 1890 World Series
In the 1890 World Series, the Bridegrooms faced the American Association Champions, the Louisville Colonels. The Series ended in a 3–3–1 tie.


1890 Brooklyn Gladiators season
The 1890 Brooklyn Gladiators baseball team finished with a 26–73 record, last place in the American Association during their only season in existence. The team failed to finish the season, folding after their game against the Syracuse Stars on August 25. They were replaced by the resurrected Baltimore Orioles franchise, which had left the league at the end of the 1889 season.


1890 Brooklyn Gladiators season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1890 Brooklyn Gladiators season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1890 Brooklyn Gladiators season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1890 Brooklyn Gladiators season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1890 Brooklyn Ward's Wonders season
The 1890 Brooklyn Ward's Wonders baseball team was a member of the short lived Players' League. They compiled a 76–56 record, good for second place. The team was named by the press for their manager, John Montgomery Ward, who helped to organize the Players' League. After the season, the league folded, and the Wonders were bought out by the National League's Brooklyn Bridegrooms.


1890 Brooklyn Ward's Wonders season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1890 Brooklyn Ward's Wonders season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1890 Brooklyn Ward's Wonders season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1890 Brooklyn Ward's Wonders season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1890 Brown Bears football team
The 1890 Brown Bears football team represented Brown University during the 1890 college football season.


1890 Buffalo Bisons season
The 1890 Buffalo Bisons baseball team was a member of the short lived Players' League, and an "outlaw" franchise that used the name of the existing minor league Buffalo Bisons without permission. They compiled a 36–96 record, which landed them in last place, 46½ games behind the pennant-winning Boston Reds and 20 games behind the seventh-place Cleveland Infants in the eight-team league. After the season, the league folded, as did the team.


1890 Buffalo Bisons season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1890 Buffalo Bisons season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1890 Buffalo Bisons season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1890 Buffalo Bisons season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1890 Buffalo Bisons season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1890 Bulgarian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Bulgaria on 7 September 1890. The result was an overwhelming victory for the People's Liberal Party of Prime Minister Stefan Stambolov.


1890 Caernarvon Boroughs by-election
The Caernarvon Boroughs by-election, 1890 was a parliamentary by-election held on 10 April 1890 for the British House of Commons constituency of Caernarvon Boroughs.


1890 Caernarvon Boroughs by-election, Previous MP
The seat had become vacant when the previous Conservative Member of Parliament (MP), Edmund Swetenham died. Swetenham (1822 – 19 March 1890) was a barrister who had contested the seat in 1885 and been elected its MP in 1886.


1890 Caernarvon Boroughs by-election, Candidates
Two candidates were nominated. The list below is set out in descending order of the number of votes received at the by-election.


1890 Caernarvon Boroughs by-election, Candidates
1. The Liberal Party candidate, David Lloyd George (17 January 1863 – 26 March 1945) was a local solicitor from Criccieth (one of the six boroughs in the district). In 1890 he was an ambitious young man, aged 27, whose political and legal work had made him well known in all parts of the constituency. He had become an Alderman of Caernarvonshire County Council, when it was established in 1889.


1890 Caernarvon Boroughs by-election, Candidates
Subsequent to the by-election Lloyd George had a long and distinguished political career. He served in many high offices, notably as Chancellor of the Exchequer 1908-1915 and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 1916-1922. He led the Liberal Party, after the retirement of H. H. Asquith, from 1926 to 1931. Lloyd George continued to represent the Boroughs from 1890 until he was elevated to the peerage as the 1st Earl Lloyd George of Dwyfor in February 1945.


1890 Caernarvon Boroughs by-election, Candidates
2. Representing the Conservative Party was a local landowner, the squire of Llanystumdwy, Ellis Nanney. He was a popular figure locally, but his health was poor and he was a reluctant candidate. Nanney had previously contested the county seats of Caernarvonshire in 1880 and Eifion in 1885. After the by-election he contested Caernarvon Boroughs again in the 1895 general election.


1890 Caernarvon Boroughs by-election, Constituency and Campaign
The constituency was a district of six boroughs, located in different parts of the county of Caernarvonshire, in north west Wales.


1890 Caernarvon Boroughs by-election, Constituency and Campaign
The area had a reputation, since 1832, as a middle of the road constituency. It was not known as a particularly radical seat. However, since the extension of the franchise in 1885, most parts of Wales had become more supportive of the Liberal Party. Liberal support tended to be associated with religious nonconformity and the Conservative voters were more likely to be Anglican in religion.


1890 Caernarvon Boroughs by-election, Constituency and Campaign
Lloyd George had a strong political appeal to his fellow nonconformists. He had become well known by taking up high-profile legal actions, addressing nonconformist grievances. By the standards of the era, David Lloyd George was a Welsh nationalist. Lloyd George hoped to use the national issue to appeal beyond his nonconformist base. However this issue was more popular in South Wales than in the north. The North Wales Liberal Federation was hesitant over Home Rule for Wales. Tom Ellis thought Lloyd George's support for it reduced his majority at the by-election.