1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Return to New Zealand
The matter was brought before the Otago Union, who passed the following resolution: That, having heard all available evidence regarding the charges against certain members of the Native Team, and having received an explicit denial of charges from the accused members and a satisfactory explanation from the management, we are of opinion that there are no facts before us justifying the allegations ...


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Return to New Zealand
It is unlikely, given the attitude of the Otago Rugby Union to the Natives before their departure, that they would have dismissed the allegations if incriminating evidence had existed. The side was back to full strength following the return of their suspended players when the side faced Otago in Dunedin. The Natives outscored their opponents five tries to two, and won 11–8. The side's star player and half-back, Keogh, stayed in Dunedin when the team departed for Christchurch. The side faced Hawke's Bay, who were touring, in Christchurch, and handily defeated them 13–2.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Return to New Zealand
The Natives' play was praised by The Press: "... the wearers of the black passed with remarkable accuracy and quickness between their legs, over their shoulders, under their arms and with their feet". The side then faced Canterbury on 17 August, who they thrashed 15–0. The report published in The Press said of the Natives' performance:


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Return to New Zealand
The play showed on Saturday afternoon was a fine exhibition of what several months of combination and practice will do ...it must be admitted they were far and away too good for our local men. In the loose, in the scrum, dribbling, passing, collaring, or running they were very much indeed Canterbury's superior.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Return to New Zealand
Such runs as were made by Warbrick at full back, by Madigan, Gage, and W. Wynyard, the passing of H. Wynyard, F. Warbrick, and all the backs as well as several forwards, the rushes of Alf Warbrick, Maynard, Taare, Taiaroa, and Rene, and the dodging and fending powers of nearly every one, nonplussed their opponents...


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Return to New Zealand
The side left Christchurch and travelled north where they played Wairarapa in Masterton. The match was won 10–8, and the next day they faced Wellington, who they also defeated. The fixture against Wellington was nearly abandoned because Scott and the Wellington Rugby Union could not agree on a venue; the match went ahead only when the Wellington officials agreed to cede the Natives all profit from the match. After this the Natives travelled to Auckland where they played their last match, against the province on 24 August.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Return to New Zealand
The match was lost 7–2 after each team scored two tries each, but the Aucklanders kicked a drop-goal and a conversion. The loss ended a remarkable run of matches – the Natives had a 31-game unbeaten streak in rugby matches that started with their victory over Widnes on 9 March; the side won 30, and drew one match between the defeats.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Impact and legacy
The tour had a significant impact on the development of rugby within New Zealand. It was the first tour of the British Isles by a team from the Southern Hemisphere, and the longest in the history of the sport. By the time the Natives returned to New Zealand, they had developed into a side superior to any in the country, and introduced a number of tactical innovations. Seventeen of the 26 players went on to play provincially in New Zealand, and two, Ellison and David Gage, subsequently captained New Zealand.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Impact and legacy
The tour also prompted the eventual formation of the New Zealand Rugby Football Union (NZRFU, later renamed New Zealand Rugby) in 1892; one reason for its formation was to ensure greater control over any future touring New Zealand sides. The NZRFU sent an officially sanctioned New Zealand team, captained by Ellison, to tour Australia in 1893. The Natives are also the forefathers of the Māori All Blacks, a representative team organised by the NZRFU, that first played in 1910. The Native team, along with Joe Warbrick, was inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame in 2008 – the seventh inductee.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Squad
The squad consisted of 26 players. The exact names of several of the players is unknown. The number of matches played is a minimum number only – the line-ups for a number of matches in Britain and Australia are either incomplete or unknown.


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Matches played, Matches against national teams, Ireland
Ireland: T Edwards, DC Woods, A Walpole, MJ Bulger, J Stevenson, RG Warren capt., HW Andrews, EG Forrest, JH O'Conor, JG Moffatt, JN Lytle, J Waites, R Stevenson, JC Jameson, FO Stoker


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Matches played, Matches against national teams, Ireland
New Zealand Natives: Billy Warbrick, David Gage, Edward McCausland, Frederick Warbrick, Patrick Keogh, Tabby Wynyard, Charles Madigan, William Elliot, George Williams, Dick Taiaroa, Thomas Ellison, W Anderson, Joe Warbrick, Richard Maynard, Charles Goldsmith


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Matches played, Matches against national teams, Wales
Wales: Jim Webb (Newport), George Thomas (Newport), Dickie Garrett (Penarth), Charlie Arthur (Cardiff), Norman Biggs (Cardiff), Charlie Thomas (Newport), William Stadden (Cardiff), Frank Hill (Cardiff) capt., Alexander Bland (Cardiff), Sydney Nicholls (Cardiff), Jim Hannan (Newport), Theo Harding (Newport), William Towers (Swansea), William Bowen (Swansea), Dan Griffiths, (Llanelli)


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Matches played, Matches against national teams, Wales
New Zealand Natives: Billy Warbrick, Edward McCausland, William Thomas Wynyard, David Gage, William Elliot, Frederick Warbrick, Patrick Keogh, George Wynyard, Alexander Webster, Teo Rene, George Williams, Arthur Warbrick, David Stewart, Wi Karauria, Thomas Ellison


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Matches played, Matches against national teams, England
England: Arthur "Artie" V. Royle, John William "J.W." Sutcliffe, Andrew Stoddart, Richard "Dicky" Evison Lockwood, William Martin Scott, Fernand "Fred" Bonsor capt., Frank Evershed, Donald "Don" Jowett, Charles Anderton, Harry James Wilkinson, Harry Bedford, William Yiend, John W. Cave, Frederick Lowrie, Arthur Robinson


1888–89 New Zealand Native football team, Matches played, Matches against national teams, England
New Zealand Natives: Billy Warbrick, Edward McCausland, Tabby Wynyard, Charles Madigan, William Elliot, David Gage, Patrick Keogh, George Wynyard, Teo Rene, Harry Lee, Thomas Ellison, George Williams, W Anderson, Dick Taiaroa, Richard Maynard


1888–89 Newton Heath LYR F.C. season
The 1888–89 season was Newton Heath's first season of league football, having become a founder member of the Combination in the summer of 1888. The Combination was created as an alternative to the Football League, but its first season was never completed and the league folded in April 1889. This was unfortunate for Newton Heath, as they were considered to have the best record in the league at the time.


1888–89 Newton Heath LYR F.C. season
As well as taking part in league football for the first time, the Heathens also made their traditional entry to the Manchester and District Challenge Cup. They had reached the final in each of their four previous entries, and the 1888–89 season was to be no different. Newton Heath took on Hooley Hill in the final at Whalley Range, beating them 7–0 to win the competition for the third time.


1888–89 Notts County F.C. season
The 1888–89 season was Notts County's first season in the Football League which had just been founded. Because of this Notts County became one of the founder members of the Football League. They finished in 11th position level on points with bottom of the table Stoke and were re-elected.


1888–89 Notts County F.C. season, Final league table
Key: P = Matches played; W = Matches won; D = Matches drawn; L = Matches lost; F = Goals for; A = Goals against; GA = Goal average; Pts = Points


1888–89 Preston North End F.C. season
The 1888–89 season was Preston North End's first season in the Football League, which had just been founded. Because of this Preston became one of the founder members of the Football League. Preston were very successful during the season as they went on to claim the league and cup double without being defeated.


1888–89 Rangers F.C. season
The 1888–89 season is the 15th season of competitive football by Rangers.


1888–89 Royal Arsenal F.C. season
1888–1889 marked the third season of the club that was to become Arsenal F.C.. After the flooding of the Sportsman's Ground, they moved to the nearby Manor Field, using the Lord Derby Pub as a headquarters, and the Railway Tavern as a dressing room. The team competed in the Kent Senior Cup (KSC) for the first time, as well as making their second appearance in the London Senior Cup, reaching the semi-finals of the latter competition. David Danskin continued as captain throughout the season.


1888–89 Royal Arsenal F.C. season, Players
Below is a list of all players who made a registered appearance in the 1888–89 season, along with their appearances, and goals scored. Out of 33 games played, 20 complete line-ups were recorded, with partial records for another 8. Bold indicates that a player was making his debut for Royal Arsenal F.C. that season. Goalkeepers are marked in Italics.


1888–89 Royal Arsenal F.C. season, Matches
A total of 34 games were played over the season, of which 7 were competitive cup fixtures, with the other 26 being friendlies. Over the course of the season, the Royal Arsenal  recorded 17 Wins, 6 Draws and 10 losses, with 1 result unrecorded.


1888–89 Rugby Union County Championship
The 1888–89 Rugby Union County Championship was the inaugural edition of England's premier rugby union club competition at the time.


1888–89 Rugby Union County Championship
Yorkshire won the competition for the first time. They were declared the champion county after finishing the season undefeated and were selected to play the Rest of England in the end of season county fixtures.


1888–89 Scottish Cup
The 1888–89 Scottish Cup was the 16th season of Scotland's most prestigious football knockout competition. 3rd Lanark RV beat Glasgow rivals Celtic (making their Cup début) 2–1 in a replayed final. The original match was won 3–0 by 3rd Lanark RV but the SFA ordered a replay due to the playing conditions.


1888–89 Scottish Cup, Teams
All 166 teams entered the competition in the first round.


1888–89 Scottish Cup, First round
Broughty, Broxburn, Glasgow University, Uddingston, Vale of Leven and 1st Renfrew RV received a bye to the second round.


1888–89 Scottish Cup, Second round
Armadale, Cambuslang Hibernian, Dumbarton, Dunblane, Glasgow University, Irvine and Kirkaldy Wanderers received a bye to the third round.


1888–89 Scottish Cup, Third round
Dunfermline Athletic, Fair City Athletic, Methlan Park and Oban received a bye to the fourth round.


1888–89 Scottish Cup, Fifth round
Campsie, Dumbarton Athletic and East Stirlingshire received a bye to the quarter-finals.


1888–89 Scottish Districts season
The 1888–89 Scottish Districts season is a record of all the  rugby union matches for Scotland's district teams.


1888–89 Scottish Districts season
It includes the East of Scotland District versus West of Scotland District trial match.


1888–89 Scottish Districts season, History
North of Scotland District arranged a match with Edinburgh opposition; this time against St. George. However they arrived in Edinburgh with only 14 men. They also planned a match against Glasgow District on 15 December 1888 at the Holburn Ground in Aberdeen.


1888–89 St. Mary's F.C. season
1888–89 was the fourth season for St. Mary's Football Club (St. Mary's F.C.) based in Southampton in southern England. The club retained the Hampshire Junior Cup for the second consecutive year.


1888–89 St. Mary's F.C. season, Summary of the season
The highlight of the season was the Hampshire Junior Cup and, in particular, the semi-final match which required four matches to get past Cowes. This match generated so much interest in the town that the crowds at the County Ground reached "unprecedented" levels, with some reports claiming up to 7,000 present for the fourth match.


1888–89 St. Mary's F.C. season, Summary of the season
By the end of the season, the Saints' main local rivals, Woolston Works had disbanded leaving St. Mary's as Southampton's most prominent and well-supported football club.


1888–89 St. Mary's F.C. season, Personnel
At the start of the season, the St. Mary's captain, Ned Bromley had moved to London to study dentistry; his role as captain was taken over by George Carter, although Bromley remained with the club, and continued to play in important matches, travelling from London by train.


1888–89 St. Mary's F.C. season, Personnel
George Muir was on teacher-training at Winchester so relinquished the role of club secretary which was taken over by new recruit, F. A. Delamotte.


1888–89 St. Mary's F.C. season, Personnel
Ned Bromley's career came to an end shortly after the 1889 final of the Hampshire Junior Cup, when he was seriously injured in a six-a-side tournament.


1888–89 St. Mary's F.C. season, Home ground
At the start of the season, St. Mary's were still based on Southampton Common, although they hired the County Ground or the Antelope Ground for more popular friendly matches, as well as for Hampshire Junior Cup matches, for which the common was unsuitable as the pitch was not enclosed and thus no entrance fee could be charged. The published match reports frequently omitted any mention of where the match was played or of the names of the players.


1888–89 St. Mary's F.C. season, Strip
The players continued to wear white shorts, black knee-length socks and "white tunics" with a red sash worn diagonally, although, unlike in earlier years, the sash was worn consistently on the left shoulder.


1888–89 St. Mary's F.C. season, Hampshire Junior Cup
The defence of the Hampshire Junior Cup started with a home match against Havant played at the County Ground on 24 November 1888. With Ned Bromley and George Muir  being unavailable as they were both away studying, the Saints' team had a rather makeshift appearance with A. A. Fry playing at full-back in place of Muir, alongside George Carter, Frank Bromley replacing his brother as a forward and four players (Stride, Mate, Delamotte and Farwell) making their competitive debut. The match was won easily 5–0, with Frank Bromley scoring four goals.


1888–89 St. Mary's F.C. season, Hampshire Junior Cup
St. Mary's received a bye in the next round seeing them through to a home tie against Fordingbridge Turks, the oldest team in Hampshire having been founded in 1868. The match was scheduled to be played on 12 January which coincided with a Hampshire F.A. match against Berks & Bucks F.A. for which four St. Mary's players (Ruffell, Carter, Stride and Ned Bromley) had been selected. St. Mary's tried to have the cup match postponed but Fordingbridge refused so the St. Mary's players were withdrawn from the Hampshire F.A. squad.


1888–89 St. Mary's F.C. season, Hampshire Junior Cup
As a result of the doubt over the date of the match, no ground had been organised; on the Saturday morning, Mr. Oswald, the owner of  the Oswald, Mordaunt & Co. shipyard in Woolston "kindly allowed them to play at the Antelope". The shipyard's football team, Woolston Works were now tenants of the Antelope Ground, which stood near the top of St. Mary's Road. The match was a close-fought encounter which St. Mary's won (as reported in the Southampton Times) "by three goals and one disputed goal to two".


1888–89 St. Mary's F.C. season, Hampshire Junior Cup
The semi-final draw set up a match against Cowes on the Isle of Wight to be played on 24 February. The Cowes team included five who had previously played for the Hampshire F.A. compared to the four St. Mary's players and were the favourites to go through to the final. The referee for the match was William Pickford, a journalist who was the driving force behind the Hampshire F.A. and the spread of football throughout the county; Pickford was later to become the president of  the Football Association.


1888–89 St. Mary's F.C. season, Hampshire Junior Cup
At half-time, Cowes were leading by the only goal, scored on 20 minutes, after the ball rebounded into the goal off Whiteley, a Cowes forward, from an attempted clearance by Carter. Cowes's main protagonist was Staite, an infantry private stationed at Parkhurst Barracks, whose "beautiful dribbling" was causing difficulties for the St. Mary's defence requiring the combined attentions of Carter and Verney (at left-half) to contain him. With only two minutes of the match remaining, St. Mary's equalised from a "screw shot" from Farwell. The home side requested that an extra half-hour should be played, but Carter, the St. Mary's captain, declined as the players and fans had to catch the ferry back to Southampton.


1888–89 St. Mary's F.C. season, Hampshire Junior Cup
The replay was set for a fortnight later at the County Ground for which special boats were chartered to bring the Cowes supporters over to the mainland. this time it was St. Mary's who took the lead, through Fry. Staite was again at the centre of the Cowes attacks, hitting the bar with "a brilliant shot" before "scientific play" on the Cowes wings led to their equaliser from Ballard, with a few minutes left to play. As with the first match, the home side requested extra time, but this was declined by the Cowes captain.


1888–89 St. Mary's F.C. season, Hampshire Junior Cup
With a crowd estimated at 2,000 having attended the first replay, the Hampshire County Cricket Club offered to host the second replay at the County Ground and pay the travelling expenses for the Cowes players. Despite this proposal, and suggestions that the match should be played at a more neutral venue in Winchester or Portsmouth, the Hampshire F.A. decided that the venue should be determined by the toss of a coin. St. Mary's won the toss so the second replay was arranged for the County Ground on Wednesday 13 March. As the final was scheduled to be played the following Saturday, the Hampshire F.A. instructed that the match must produce a finalist.


1888–89 St. Mary's F.C. season, Hampshire Junior Cup
By now, the contest between the two clubs had produced great excitement amongst the public, and the crowd at the County Ground on the Wednesday afternoon was considerably larger than that on the previous Saturday. Cowes took an early lead through their centre-forward, Trask, before Bromley equalised. Warn then scored what appeared to be the winning goal for St. Mary's. The ball appeared to be "half a yard" behind the line before it was caught and thrown out by Lieverman, the Cowes goalkeeper. The home players claimed the goal, which was contested by Cowes.


1888–89 St. Mary's F.C. season, Hampshire Junior Cup
The referee consulted the linesman and awarded the goal. The Hampshire Independent reported that, following the dispute, "the excitement ... increased both inside and outside the ropes" although there was no further score. It seemed, therefore, that St. Mary's were through to the final until Cowes lodged a written protest.


1888–89 St. Mary's F.C. season, Hampshire Junior Cup
Cowes's initial protest, on the grounds that the linesman had not raised his flag until after the St. Mary's players appealed, was rejected by the Hampshire F.A. Cowes then lodged a further protest, that, before the referee had actually awarded the goal, the linesman had stopped the ball with his flag even though the ball was technically still in play. Despite St. Mary's challenge to the admissibility of new evidence, the protest was heard and accepted, so the two sides had to meet again to decide the tie.


1888–89 St. Mary's F.C. season, Hampshire Junior Cup
St. Mary's again won the toss and the rematch was played at the County Ground on the following Saturday, 16 March, with the final being postponed. With excitement in both Southampton and Cowes mounting further, over 800 supporters crossed from the Isle of Wight with the total crowd being estimated variously at 5,000 and 7,000, including "over 1,000 ladies". The players were also "fired up" for the rematch and Lieverman was kept busy in the Cowes goal until Fry eventually scrambled the ball home from a Verney corner kick.


1888–89 St. Mary's F.C. season, Hampshire Junior Cup
St. Mary's lead was soon doubled when Verney shot as a team-mate charged the goalkeeper, allowing the ball to slip into the net. In the second half, Cowes came back strongly with Staite scoring after a "dazzling run". The St. Mary's defence prevented any further goals from Cowes, before two late goals from Delamotte. The first came after a shot from Fry hit the crossbar and dropped onto Delamotte's head, while the second came from a "vigorous" shot.


1888–89 St. Mary's F.C. season, Hampshire Junior Cup
The final was held at Bar End, in Winchester against Christchurch on 6 April. After the excitement of the semi-final round, the final was an anti-climax. Most of the game was played deep in the Christchurch half; so much so, that Ruffell in the St. Mary's goal "was enabled to get through a cigarette or two to pass away the tedious moments he had in goal". St. Mary's won 3–0, with the goals coming from Delamotte, N. Bromley and Warn. No estimate of the crowd was included in any match report, although it was reckoned that two-thirds of the crowd came from Southampton. "What happened on arrival at Southampton Docks (station) can be better imagined than described, but jubilation is not precisely the word for it".


1888–89 St. Mary's F.C. season, Hampshire Junior Cup
At the end of the season, the Bournemouth Guardian, edited by William Pickford, concluded that St. Mary's cup progress had "aroused the widest enthusiasm in the county and resulted in such large gates that the County Association certainly owes a debt of gratitude to either them or Cowes or both for raising them from a hand-to-mouth state of existence to that of having a satisfactory balance in the bank".


1888–89 St. Mary's F.C. season, Friendly matches
St. Mary's continued to play friendly matches throughout the season, although reports are not available for many of these. Despite their domination in the Hampshire Junior Cup matches, the team lost four friendlies and only managed two victories.


1888–89 St. Mary's F.C. season, Friendly matches, Results
The results of the friendly matches that are known were as follows:


1888–89 St. Mary's F.C. season, Player statistics
The players who appeared in  the Hampshire Junior Cup were as follows. This list does not include appearances or goals in friendly matches.


1888–89 St. Mary's F.C. season, Players
The players who made their first appearance for the club in 1888–89 include the following:


1888–89 Stoke F.C. season
The 1888–89 season was Stoke's first season in the Football League, Stoke becoming one of the 12 founder members.


1888–89 Stoke F.C. season
There was a major change to English football in 1888–89 following the formation of the Football League. Stoke successfully joined the league along with 11 other professional football clubs. Managed by Harry Lockett Stoke struggled throughout the season and ended up finishing bottom of the table after managing just four victories.


1888–89 Stoke F.C. season, Season review, League
Prior to the 1888–89 season clubs played in friendlies, Staffordshire Senior Cup and in the FA Cup which Stoke entered for the first time in 1883. However once a team has been knocked out of the cup there was little excitement for players and supporters and so a league format was advocated by the chairman of Aston Villa, William McGregor and in the spring of 1888 the Football League was formed with McGregor as its first president.


1888–89 Stoke F.C. season, Season review, League
Harry Lockett represented Stoke at the meeting in Anderton's Hall Hotel, London and was successful as three weeks later Stoke joined the league and Lockett was appointed as the league's first secretary which he went on to occupy from 1888 to 1902. Stoke's first league match was at the Victoria Ground against midlands rivals and FA Cup holders West Bromwich Albion. A crowd in excess of 4,500 attended the contest which was won 2–0 by the visitors thanks to late goals from Joe Wilson and George Woodhall which meant that the "Baggies" were the first side to be top of the table.


1888–89 Stoke F.C. season, Season review, League
Stoke had the misfortune to finish bottom of the table, albeit on goal-average at the end of the first league season after only winning 4 of their 22 matches. These were 3–0 both home and away over Notts County the team who finished level on points with Stoke, 4–3 v Burnley and 2–1 against Blackburn Rovers. Frank Staton had the honour of scoring the club's first league goal which came in a 5–1 loss at Aston Villa.


1888–89 Stoke F.C. season, Season review, League
Stoke's first win was against Notts County on 22 September with two goals from Billy Tunncliffe and a strike from the clubs first Scottish player Bob McSkimming who went on be the leading goalscorer with six. Stoke's heaviest defeat was a 7–0 loss away at the eventual winners of both League and cup Preston North End. Two Stoke players failed to board the train on the morning of that game at Deepdale and so Preston agreed to loan two of their reserves (Bill Smalley and Alfred Dempsey) to make up the numbers. Alf Underwood and Bob McSkimming were Stoke's only ever-presents and Bill Rowley only missed one game. Stoke successfully applied for re-election to along with Burnley, Derby County and Notts County.


1888–89 Stoke F.C. season, Season review, FA Cup
On the same day as the first qualifying round Stoke's first team had an away match against Preston North End so Stoke's reserve side, the Stoke Swifts played the FA Cup tie against Warwick County which they lost 2–1.


1888–89 Welsh Cup
The 1888–89 FAW Welsh Cup was the 12th edition of the annual knockout tournament for competitive football teams in Wales. The competition was won by Bangor.


1888–89 Welsh Cup, First round, Group Three
Vale of Llangollen receive a bye to the next round


1888–89 Welsh Cup, Second round
Bangor receive a bye to the next round1 Match protested regarding poor light, re-play was organised2 Match protested regarding ineligible man, re-play was organised


1888–89 Welsh Cup, Third round
Chirk AAA receive bye to next round1 match protested, re-play was organised


1888–89 West Bromwich Albion F.C. season
The 1888–89 season was the 11th season in the history of West Bromwich Albion, as well as their first season in the newly formed Football League, of which they were a founder member. They finished in 6th position with 22 points.


1888–89 Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. season
The 1888–89 season was the first season of competitive league football in the history of English football club Wolverhampton Wanderers. They played in the inaugural season of the newly formed Football League. The club finished in third place in the league, and as runners-up in the FA Cup.


1888–89 Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. season
The team scored the first goal in Football League history when they took the lead against Aston Villa on the league's opening day. This match, as with all other home games for Wolves, was staged at Dudley Road in Wolverhampton, the only league campaign in which the club have not been based at Molineux.


1888–89 Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. season, Results, Football League
A total of twelve teams competed in the inaugural Football League in the 1888–89 season. Each team would play every other team twice, once at their stadium, and once at the opposition's. Two points were awarded to teams for each win, one point per draw, and none for defeats.


1888–89 in English football
The 1888–89 season was the 18th season of competitive association football in England.


1888–89 in English football, Overview
A new competition, The Football League, started this season. The Football League was open to clubs all over the United Kingdom, but the first twelve entrants (Accrington, Aston Villa, Blackburn Rovers, Bolton Wanderers, Burnley, Derby County, Everton, Notts County, Preston North End, Stoke (now Stoke City), West Bromwich Albion and Wolverhampton Wanderers) were all from the Midlands or North of England (in later years the competition became the de facto English league, though some clubs from outside England still compete in it).


1888–89 in English football, Overview
Each club in the League played each other twice (once at home and once away) and would be awarded two points for a win, one for a draw and none for a loss. From these points, a league table was drawn up. Preston North End were in first place at the end of the season and thus became the first ever Football League champions. They did not lose a match all season (a feat only accomplished once since, by Arsenal in 2003–04) and also won the FA Cup.


1888–89 in English football, Overview
The Football League is still going today and now has 72 clubs in three divisions (down from an all-time high of 92 clubs in four divisions). Since the 1992–93 season, it has become only the second-most important league competition, behind the FA Premier League in the English football league system.


1888–89 in English football, National team
England finished second in the 1888–89 British Home Championship, which was won by Scotland.


1888–89 in English football, National team
John Yates, of Burnley, scored 3 goals against Ireland in his only appearance for England.


1888–89 in Scottish football
The 1888–89 season was the 16th season of competitive football in Scotland.


1888–89 in Scottish football, Glasgow Exhibition Cup
Held to coincide with the International Exhibition of Science, Art and Industry, this early season competition was won by Cowlairs, beating Celtic in the final.


1889
1889 (MDCCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1889th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 889th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 89th  year of the 19th century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1880s decade. As of the start of 1889, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1889 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship
The 1889 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship was the third staging of Ireland's premier Gaelic football knock-out competition. Tipperary were the champions.


1889 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, Format
Only two provincial championship were played: Leinster and Munster. The winners met in the All-Ireland final.


1889 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, Representative clubs
From 1887 until 1891 the club champions represented the whole county.


1889 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, Results, Leinster
The Wicklow–Laois game was later ordered to be played again, and so the final had to be played again as well.


1889 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final
The 1889 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final was the second All-Ireland Final and the culmination of the 1889 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, an inter-county Gaelic football tournament for the top teams in Ireland. Tipperary were the winners.


1889 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final
The Laois (Queens County) team that lost to Tipperary were from the Portlaoise club. They are the only team in history not to get a single score in an All–Ireland football final.


1889 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final
It was Tipperary's first All-Ireland football title: they would win three more in 1895, 1900 and 1920. Football has since declined in the county, with hurling now being more prominent.


1889 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
The 1889 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the third staging of the All-Ireland hurling championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1887. The championship began on 27 July 1889 and ended on 3 November 1889.


1889 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
Tipperary were the defending champions; however, they were defeated in the provincial series. Dublin won the title following a 5-1 to 1-6 defeat of Clare in the final.


1889 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, Teams
A total of ten teams contested the championship, one less than the previous year. It was the first championship to be completed since 1887.


1889 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, Teams
The Leinster championship was contested by just four teams; however, due to walkovers and disputes, only one game was played. 1888 championship participants Kildare did not field a team.


1889 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, Teams
All six counties entered a team in the Munster championship.


1889 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, Teams
Once again, the hurling championship was not contested in either Connacht or Ulster.


1889 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final
The 1889 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship final was a hurling match that was played at St.Patrick's GAA Field, Dublin on 1 November 1889 to determine the winners of the 1889 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, the second season of the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, a tournament organised by the Gaelic Athletic Association for the champion teams of Leinster and Munster. The final was contested by Dublin of Leinster and Clare of Munster, with Dublin winning by 5–1 to 1–6.


1889 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final
The All-Ireland final between Clare and Dublin was a unique occasion as it was the first championship meeting between the two teams.


1889 American Cup
The 1889 American Cup was the fifth edition of the soccer tournament organized by the American Football Association. The Fall River Rovers won their second consecutive title by defeating the Newark Caledonians in the final.


1889 American Cup, Participants
Newcomers to the tournament were the Paterson Rangers and Trenton Rovers. Absent was the Ansonia team while New York was defunct and the Kearny Rangers had amalgamated with ONT.


1889 American Cup, First round
The Fall River Olympics drew a first round bye. The first game between the Almas and Paterson was not completed due to the ball bursting early in the second half. Paterson refused to continue so Alma claimed the contest. However, after a meeting of the delegates it was decided that the game should be replayed because the game had started without a referee in the first place. Clark ONT was awarded their replay match as a result of Trenton Rovers failure to appear.


1889 American Cup, First round
Providence: GK Bailey, DF G.Clegg, McDonald, MF Davina, Cook, Start, FW Thorney, Cook, Axon, Brennan, Healabourn. Pawtucket: GK Watmouth, DF H.Stuart, A.Love, MF J.Dalton, F.Finn, D.Smith, FW Hardy, Mullarkey, Murray, Sandilands, Fd.Lennox.


1889 American Cup, First round, replays
Caledonian- GK J.Thompson, DF J.Byrne, D.Gloak, MF W.Barr, R.McDonald, W.Hood, FW R.McWilliams, T.Hendry, R.Barr, W.Thornton, J.Heron. Tiffany- GK W.Healy, DF T.Crann, M.Flannery, MF D.McCune, E.Hinkley, J.Singleton, FW J.Jeffs, M.Downs, A.Hinkley, T.Flynn, J.Norton.


1889 American Cup, Second round
Rovers: GK Shea, DF Harwood, Fagan, MF Bradley, Waring, Lonsdale, FW Bell, Bruckshaw, Buckley, Bell, Cornell. Olympics: GK Brackell, DF Williamson, Lee, MF Tomlinson, Pilling, Brown, FW Hoctor, Corbet, Taylor, Ingham, Randall.


1889 American Cup, Second round
Alma: GK F.Farrow, DF E.Morton, G.Wright, MF J.Britchford, J.Hood, R.Patterson, FW J.Gray, P.Brennan, H.Shaw, Walter Taylor, J.Smith. Caledonian: GK J.Thompson, DF G.Gloak, J.Brown, MF W.Barr, R.McDonald, W.Stalker, FW R.McWilliams, T.Hendry, J.McCormack, J.Williamson, R.Barr.


1889 Amherst football team
The 1889 Amherst football team was an American football team that represented the Amherst College during the 1889 college football season. The team compiled a 3–5–2 record and was outscored by a total of 198 to 173.


1889 Apia cyclone
The 1889 Apia cyclone was a tropical cyclone in the South Pacific Ocean, which swept across Apia, Samoa on March 15, 1889, during the Samoan crisis. The effect on shipping in the harbour was devastating, largely because of what has been described as "an error of judgement that will forever remain a paradox in human psychology".


1889 Apia cyclone, The growing storm
Events ashore had led to upheaval in the Pacific nations and colonies. Both the United States and Imperial Germany saw this as a potential opportunity to expand their holdings in the Pacific through gunboat diplomacy. In order to be ready should such an opportunity arise, both nations had dispatched squadrons to the town to investigate the situation and act accordingly. A British ship was also present, ostensibly to observe the actions of the other nations during the Samoan upheavals.


1889 Apia cyclone, The growing storm
During the days preceding the cyclone of March 15, increasing signs were visible of the impending disaster. March was cyclone season in this area, and Apia had been hit by a cyclone just three years previously, which the captains of the ships heard about from local people, especially as the weather began to change and the atmospheric pressure began to fall. The captains were experienced Pacific seamen, as were many members of their crews, and they all saw the approaching signs of impending disaster, just as they knew that the only chance they had of riding out the 100 mph (160 km/h) winds was to take to the open sea.


1889 Apia cyclone, The growing storm
Apia is an exposed harbour, unprotected by high ground or an enclosing reef. The northern part of the harbour is open to the Pacific, and thus wind and waves can sweep through the area and drive any shipping which remained in the bay onto the reefs at the Southern end, or toss them right up the beach. However, even though the officers of the various navies were well aware of the necessary procedures in the face of such a threat, none made a move.


1889 Apia cyclone, The growing storm
This has been attributed to jingoism or national pride; none of the men in the harbour was willing to admit in front of the other nations' navies that they were afraid of the elements, and so refused to take precautions, and refused to allow the merchant ships which accompanied them to move either, leaving thirteen ships, some larger vessels, at anchor close to one another in Apia harbour.


1889 Apia cyclone, The cyclone
When the cyclone struck the result was catastrophic. The local people had taken themselves to safety well before the storm struck, but the ships in the bay only began to evacuate at the very last minute, and thus were crowding towards the entrance to the bay when the hurricane hit. Only HMS Calliope escaped, making less than one knot against the oncoming wind and sea; she dragged herself to the open sea, despite being less than six feet from a reef at one point. Once out at sea she was easily able to ride out the ensuing winds. Her survival is attributed to her size (2,227 tons) and her more powerful and modern engines, built only five years before, as compared to the ten or twenty years for many of the other ships.


1889 Apia cyclone, The cyclone
As for the other ships, chaos reigned in the harbour. USS Trenton was tossed against the beach in the afternoon, dragged back into the sea and wrecked on a reef at 10 p.m. that evening, although the majority of her crew survived unhurt and were able to participate in the ensuing rescue operation. USS Vandalia was smashed into the same reef in the early afternoon, and her surviving crew spent a miserable day and night clinging to her rigging before being rescued, by which time 43 of her complement had drowned. USS Nipsic was thrown high on the beach with eight of her crew missing or dead and her internal systems totally wrecked. She would however later be refloated and eventually reconstructed in Hawaii.


1889 Apia cyclone, The cyclone
The German ships fared much worse: SMS Olga came off best, thrown high onto the beach where she was wrecked but many of her crew survived, escaping onto higher ground. SMS Adler and SMS Eber were less fortunate, because they were caught at the harbour mouth by the initial blow and were bodily picked up and smashed together. Eber sank in deep water, while Adler came to rest on her side, on the reef. In total, 96 men from their crews drowned in the storm, and both ships were totally destroyed. All six of the merchant ships remaining in the harbour were wrecked, and the death toll was well over 200 sailors from several nationalities.


1889 Apia cyclone, The cyclone
The incident is often cited as a clear example of the dangers of putting national pride before necessity, especially in the face of natural disaster. The incident did not blunt the Pacific ambitions of any of the imperial powers involved in the disaster. However, the Germans and British continued to make territorial gains amongst the Samoan islands and New Guinea, whilst the United States focused on the Philippines and Micronesia, although more care was taken to respect the weather phenomena of the Pacific from this point on.


1889 Apia cyclone, Notes
Some unreferenced and early sources claim that the Olga was a Russian ship, and that the Nipsic was Japanese. This is not true, and is probably caused by those names sounding "ethnic" to an uninformed observer.


1889 Apia cyclone, Notes
Robert Louis Stevenson wrote an account of this disaster, differing from this article in A footnote to history.


1889 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1889 Atlantic hurricane season ran through the summer and the first half of fall in 1889. In the 1889 Atlantic season there were nine tropical storms and six hurricanes. However, due to scarce technology and the fact that only storms that affected populated land or ships were recorded, the actual total could be higher.


1889 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One
A tropical storm formed on May 16, north of the British Virgin Islands. It strengthened to a Category 1 hurricane, over 400 miles from the coast of Georgia, on May 20. It reached a maximum wind speed of 80 mph/130 km/h that evening then curved away from the mainland and dissipated on May 21. This hurricane did not affect land, but was the first May hurricane on record in the Atlantic basin, and remains one of only four such systems known today.


1889 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two
A tropical storm formed near Cuba on June 15. Later that day it grazed western Cuba as a minimal hurricane, with a maximum wind speed of 75 mph/120 km/h. The storm weakened and made landfall in Florida as a tropical storm on June 17. It then paralleled the Georgia and North and South Carolina coasts before dissipating on June 20 in the open Atlantic.


1889 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
On August 19, Hurricane Three formed to the southwest of Haiti, impacting the Caribbean with heavy rain and a five foot storm surge. Three then moved away from the south by a high pressure system and strengthened to a category 1 hurricane to the east of Virginia. The storm took a course 70 miles away from New England and dissipated on August 28. The remnants passed over New York and Maine, dropping rainfall on the area.


1889 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
A hurricane formed on September 1 east of Barbados. It moved northwestward, becoming a 100 mph storm while crossing near Puerto Rico on September 3-4th. Winds of 48 mph were measured on the island. From September 9 to the 12th it caused flooding and storm surge to the mid Atlantic as it stalled off the coast, causing 40 deaths.


1889 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five
A tropical storm formed on September 2 in the mid-Atlantic. The storm travelled to the northwest and increased in strength, reaching wind speeds of 60 mph/ 95 km/h by September 4. The storm continued at that intensity on the same track for a further two days. The storm became a category 1 hurricane on September 7 and began curving eastward. Five caused the deaths of four people on a ship on September 8. The storm continued as a hurricane travelling over open ocean until September 10 and dissipated the following day. Hurricane five reached its maximum intensity over the north Atlantic at 70 knots.


1889 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six
On September 12, a tropical storm formed over the northern Lesser Antilles. It moved westward across the northern Caribbean, and on the 18th, hit the eastern Yucatán Peninsula as a Category 2 hurricane. After weakening over land, it turned northward, where it again strengthened to a Category 2. While moving northeastward over the Gulf of Mexico, it weakened, and hit near Pensacola, Florida on the 23rd. Its minimal intensity at its U.S. landfall resulted in little damage, but Yucatán fared a little worse. No damage was severe.


1889 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Seven
This storm formed near the Cape Verde islands and wiggled its way to the open Atlantic where the cold water and wind shear made the storm dissipate on September 19. This system had winds of 50 knots.


1889 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Eight
This storm never touched land and took a sharp turn from land and dissipated on October 6. The system was a borderline hurricane at 60 knots.


1889 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Nine
A tropical storm formed south of Cuba on October 5 and then made landfall in both Cuba and Florida. It transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on October 7 just before making landfall in Nova Scotia.


1889 Baltimore Orioles season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1889 Baltimore Orioles season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1889 Baltimore Orioles season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1889 Bashkale clash
The Bashkale Resistance (Armenian: 1889 թվականի Բաշկալեի բախում) was the bloody encounter between three revolutionaries of Armenakan and some Ottoman officials in May 1889. It is named after the town of Başkale in the Van Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire, today in Van Province of Turkey. The event was important as it was reflected on main Armenian newspapers as the recovered documents on the Armenakans showed an extensive plot for an uprising.


1889 Bashkale clash, The event
The comrades Karapet Koulaksizian, Hovhannes Agripasian, and Vardan Goloshian, left the village of Haftvan (Salmast district of Persia), for Van on May 16, 1889. They were stopped near Van by Ottoman police. The police demanded that they disarm to protect the accompanying caravan. In the conflict Goloshian and Agripasian died and Koulaksizian escaped. The police recovered two letters (accompanying documents) addressed to Koulaksizian, one from Avetis Patiguian of London and the other from Mekertitch Portugalian in Marseille.


1889 Bashkale clash, Reflections
Ottoman Empire believed that the men were members of a large revolutionary apparatus and the discussion was reflected on newspapers, (Eastern Express, Oriental Advertiser, Saadet, and Tarik) and the responses were on the Armenian papers. In some Armenian circles, this event was considered as a martyrdom and brought other armed conflicts.


1889 Belfast North by-election
The Belfast North by-election, 1889 was a parliamentary by-election held for the United Kingdom House of Commons constituency of Belfast North on 12 August 1889. The vacancy arose because of the death of the sitting member, Sir William Ewart of the Conservative party. Only one candidate was nominated, the shipbuilder Edward James Harland, also a Conservative, who was elected unopposed.


1889 Birthday Honours
The 1889 Birthday Honours were appointments by Queen Victoria to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of the British Empire. The appointments were made to celebrate the official birthday of The Queen, and were published in the London Gazette on 24 May 1889 and in The Times on 25 May 1889.


1889 Birthday Honours
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.


1889 Boston Beaneaters season
The 1889 Boston Beaneaters season was the nineteenth season of the franchise.


1889 Boston Beaneaters season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1889 Boston Beaneaters season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1889 Boston Beaneaters season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1889 Boston Beaneaters season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1889 Boston Beaneaters season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1889 Boston mayoral election
The Boston mayoral election of 1889 saw the reelection of Thomas N. Hart.


1889 Brecknockshire County Council election
The first election to Brecknockshire County Council was held in January 1889. It was followed by the 1892 election. The county was divided into numerous single member wards with two or more councillors elected to represent some urban wards.


1889 Brecknockshire County Council election, Overview of the result
Breconshire was the only county in Wales to be captured by the Conservatives.


1889 Brighton by-election
The Brighton by-election of 1889 was held on 25 October 1889 after the death of the incumbent Conservative MP William Tindal Robertson. It was retained by the Conservative candidate Gerald Loder.


1889 Brooklyn Bridegrooms season
The 1889 Brooklyn Bridegrooms won the American Association championship by two games over the St. Louis Browns.


1889 Brooklyn Bridegrooms season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = runs; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; SB = Stolen bases


1889 Brooklyn Bridegrooms season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = runs; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; SB = Stolen bases


1889 Brooklyn Bridegrooms season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; BB = Bases on balls; SO = Strikeouts; CG = Complete games


1889 Brooklyn Bridegrooms season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1889 Brooklyn Bridegrooms season, 1889 World Series
The Bridegrooms played in the 1889 World Series representing the American Association against the New York Giants, champions of the National League. The Giants won the series, 6 games to 3. This series would be the first meeting between these two historic rivals.


1889 Brown Bears football team
The 1889 Brown Bears football team represented Brown University in the 1889 college football season.


1889 Buckingham by-election
The 1889 Buckingham by-election was held on 11 October 1889 after the incumbent Conservative MP, Egerton Hubbard succeeded to a peerage as the second Baron Addington. The seat was won by the Liberal candidate Edmund Verney who would later be expelled causing a by-election in 1891. The Conservative candidate, Evelyn Hubbard was the younger brother of the outgoing MP.


1889 Calgary municipal election
The 1889 Calgary municipal election was scheduled for January 7, 1889 to elect a Mayor and six Councillors to sit on the fifth Calgary Town Council from January 21, 1889 to January 20, 1890.


1889 Calgary municipal election
Acclamation were declared in all seats upon close of nominations on December 31, 1888 so no election was held. The Calgary Weekly Herald praised the acclamation as evidence the town has reached a point where "citizens can bring themselves to forget past differences and rise superior to those bitter factional prejudices which have prevailed in the past" Prior to nominations for the election a group of local businessmen proposed a slate of candidates at a public meeting, and spread word that the candidates should not be challenged.


1889 California Golden Bears football team
The 1889 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California, Berkeley during the 1889 college football season. All scheduled games were cancelled due to excessive rains.


1889 Cardiff County Borough Council election
The 1889 Cardiff County Borough Council election was held on Friday 1 November 1889 to elect councillors to Cardiff County Borough Council in Cardiff, Wales. These were the first all-Cardiff elections since the creation of the county borough. The previous full elections were to Cardiff Town Council in November 1888.


1889 Cardiff County Borough Council election, Background
Cardiff had become a county borough on 1 April 1889 as a result of the Local Government Act 1888. With its municipal year running from November, the November 1889 elections were the first all-Cardiff elections in the town since becoming a county borough. Not all council seats were up for election, because councillors stood down for election in rotation. The next all-Cardiff election took place on 1 November 1890.


1889 Cardiff County Borough Council election, Background
In 1889 the council consisted of 30 councillors who were elected by the town's voters and ten aldermen who were elected by the councillors.


1889 Cardiff County Borough Council election, Overview of the result
Contests took place in only two wards, the West ward and the Canton ward, which both elected two councillors. There were contrasting results in these wards, which the South Wales Daily News put down largely to the winning side being better organised, generally with more vehicles available to carry voters to the polling stations. In the West ward, Conservative candidate Mr E.J. Smith was president of the local Lincensed Victuallers Association, so secured the support of every publican.


1889 Cardiff County Borough Council election, Overview of the result
The correspondent in the South Wales Daily News points to the recent South ward by-election, which had happened only five weeks beforehand and should have been a warning to the Liberals in the November election. The South ward by-election took place on 23 September in the docks area of the town and had been won by the Conservative candidate, their first representation in the ward since before 1886.


1889 Cardiganshire County Council election
The first election to the Cardiganshre County Council was held in January 1889. It was followed by the 1892 election. The county was divided into numerous single member wards with two councillors elected to represent Cardigan, Lampeter, New Quay and Llandysul, and four to represent the town of Aberystwyth. 37 Liberals, 10 Conservatives and 1 Unionist were returned.


1889 Cardiganshire County Council election, Overview of the Result
1889 was one of those landmark years in the history of Welsh Liberalism, a coming of age symbolized by the triumph across Wales of Liberal candidates in the inaugural county council elections. Nowhere was this more striking than in Cardiganshire, where a little over twenty years previously the evictions controversy had been at its most apparent. Welsh historiography has, likewise, emphasised the contests in Cardiganshire, citing particular contests (such as those noted below), as symbolic of what occurred throughout Wales. If 1868 saw the cracking of the ice, wrote one historian, 1889 was the year of the flood. Only three major landowners were returned, namely Lord Lisburne, Herbert Davies-Evans (the Lord Lieutenant of the County) and J.C. Harford of Falcondale.


1889 Cardiganshire County Council election, Unopposed Returns
There were only nine unopposed returns, all of whom were Liberals with the exception of Lord Lisburne in Strata Florida.


1889 Cardiganshire County Council election, Contested Elections
There were a large number of contested elections and the majorities were small in most instances. In most cases there were contests between Liberal and Conservative candidates. In some wards, a form of 'primary' election took place to decide upon who should run as the Liberal candidate, although in others Liberal candidates fought each other. There were fewer instances where two Conservatives contested a seat. While many wards were hotly contested and the majorities small, in single figures in some instances, the Liberals could be considered to have scored a landslide victory.


1889 Cardiganshire County Council election, Contested Elections
Some of the victories have been regarded as an illustration of the social changes that had taken place in the county. At Devil's Bridge, T.J. Waddingham of Hafod was defeated by the local postmaster; in Bow Street, a coal merchant (and grandfather of Elystan Morgan, later the only Labour MP to represent the county) defeated Henry Bonsall of Clarach; while in Troedyraur, Sir Marteine Lloyd, a former Conservative parliamentary candidate was defeated by a local farmer.


1889 Cardiganshire County Council election, Contested Elections
The local Conservative-inclined newspapers, notably the Aberystwyth Observer emphasised that local authorities were intended to be non-political and that ‘the best men’ should be elected. A few Conservative candidates, who were usually landlords, scored personal victories against the tide. Most notably the Lord Lieutenant, H. Davies-Evans won by 27 votes in Llanwenog and in neighbouring Lampeter, J.C. Harford of Falcondale had a majority of 14 over the Liberal candidate, local doctor Abel Evans. In Llanfarian two Conservatives faced each other, with Morris Davies holding off the future Liberal MP for the county, Vaughan Davies of Tanybwlch.


1889 Cardiganshire County Council election, Contested Elections
The contest at Aberystwyth, which led to the return of four Liberal candidates, was considered to be somewhat quiet compared with municipal contests. In Cardigan, nominally the county town, a closely fought contest led to the return of the Conservative candidate, Picton Evans and one of the two Liberals, the former Liberal Unionist Levi James.


1889 Cardiganshire County Council election, Contested Elections
In some wards, such as Aberaeron and Borth, there was more excitement, with bonfires being lit to celebrate the return of the successful candidates.


1889 Cardiganshire County Council election, Summary of Results
This section summarises the detailed results which are noted in the following sections. This was the inaugural county election and therefore no comparison can be made with the previous elections. In some cases there is an ambiguity in the sources over the party affiliations and this is explained below where relevant.


1889 Cardiganshire County Council election, Summary of Results
This table summarises the result of the elections in all wards. 48 councillors were elected.


1889 Cardiganshire County Council election, Summary of Results
This table summarises the position following the election of aldermen. Eight were elected from among the elected members and eight from outside the council. This brought the total number of councillors and aldermen to 56.


1889 Cardiganshire County Council election, Summary of Results
This table summarises the position following the by-elections for the seats vacated following the election of aldermen. Technically these were new seats, taking the total number of councillors to 64 However, the Liberals defended six seats and the Conservatives two. The Conservatives won the Tregaron seat which was won by a Liberal at the initial election but lost Llanfair Clydogau


1889 Cardiganshire County Council election, Results, Aberaeron
John Morgan Howell, an ironmonger and already a prominent figure in the public life of the county, and destined to remain so for many years, was returned with a decisive majority over John Griffiths, Nantgwynfynydd, a farmer. It was reported that, following the declaration of the result, the children of Aberarth British School were marched to the town and, in front of Howell's residence and that of the successful candidate at Aberarth (see below) instructed to give each a hearty cheer, which they did. After dark blue balls were sent off and bonfires were lit.


1889 Cardiganshire County Council election, Results, Aberarth
John Hugh Jones, an Aberaeron draper, defeated T.H. Maddy of Dolaeron, a barrister.


1889 Cardiganshire County Council election, Results, Aberystwyth (four seats)
The result in Aberystwyth, after a lively contest, led to the return of the four Liberal candidates. C.M. Williams ( a draper), John James (another tradesman) and George Green (owner of the local foundry) were long-standing members of the Aberystwyth Town Council, the first two being aldermen. The fourth candidate, Thomas Levi, was a well-known figure in cultural and religious circles. John Morgan, who finished bottom of the poll, was the owner of the Aberystwyth Observer.


1889 Cardiganshire County Council election, Results, Blaenporth
Thomas Thomas, a farmer, of Plas, Aberporth, defeated Alexander Jenkins of Penrallt, Aberporth.


1889 Cardiganshire County Council election, Results, Borth
The return of the local Calvinistic Methodist minister was greeted with considerable enthusiasm. Flags were displayed and, after nightfall, bonfires lighted, fireworks discharged, houses illuminated, and hundreds of people paraded the streets up to a late hour. James and some of his supporters were drawn in an open carriage through the village and, addressing the assembly said that the day was rapidly approach- ing when laws would be made by the people for the people.


1889 Cardiganshire County Council election, Results, Cardigan Borough (two seats)
The contest had been noted for claims by the Conservatives that it should not be based on politics. On the declaration of the result and the return of Picton Evans at the head of the poll the bells of the parish church were rung, the traditional pattern for celebrating a Conservative victory in the town. Levi James, returned in second place had briefly become a Liberal Unionist after supporting David Davies at the 1886 General Election, but had subsequently returned to the Liberal fold.


1889 Cardiganshire County Council election, Results, Lampeter Borough
John Charles Harford of Falcondale defeated Abel Evans, a surgeon of Taliesin House.


1889 Cardiganshire County Council election, Results, Llandygwydd
Morgan Jones of Penylan, Llandygwydd, defeated David Lloyd, a surgeon, of Adpar, Newcastle Emlyn.


1889 Cardiganshire County Council election, Results, Llansantffraed
In a closely fought contest, the Conservative candidate won by a narrow margin over retired mariner, Daniel Jones. Surgeon Jenkin Lewis polled only 27 votes but would be more successful in future contests.


1889 Cardiganshire County Council election, Results, Llanwenog
The Lord Lieutenant of the County defeated a Unitarian minister, reflecting past conflicts over religious issues.


1889 Cardiganshire County Council election, Results, Penbryn
David Griffiths of Penylan Fawr defeated Simon Davies of Aberarthen. Both candidates were farmers.


1889 Cardiganshire County Council election, Election of Aldermen
In addition to the 48 councillors the council consisted of 16 county aldermen. Aldermen were elected by the council, and served a six-year term. Following the election of the initial sixteen aldermen, half of the aldermanic bench would be  elected every three years following the triennial council election. After the initial elections, there were sixteen Aldermanic vacancies and the following Alderman were appointed by the newly elected council:


1889 Cardiganshire County Council election, Election of Aldermen
The Liberals consented to their opponents receiving three of the sixteen aldermanic seats, roughly in proportion to their representation on the Council. Of the three Conservatives, Lord Lisburne and William Jones had been elected but Major Price Lewes of Tyglyn Aeron was bottom of the poll at Cilcennin, behind two Liberals. It was suggested that some Liberals had favoured the Lord Lieutenant, Herbert Davies-Evans and Charles Lloyd of Waunifor, defeated at Llandysul, but said to be a good financier, in place of Jones and Lewes, but had been over-ruled.


1889 Cardiganshire County Council election, Election of Aldermen
A number of elected Liberals councillors became aldermen, including Levi James of cardigan, a member of Cardigan Town Council for over twenty years; J.T. Morgan of Talybont; William Davies, Cross Inn, New Quay;


1889 Cardiganshire County Council election, Election of Aldermen
However the decision to choose eight of the new aldermen from outside of the Council soon tarnished the Liberal triumph. There had already been soundings in the local press in opposition to the move. ‘We profoundly regret the decision’ said a Cambrian News editorial, ‘to select outsiders as aldermen wherever that decision has been reached, and believe that a blow has been struck at the new bodies from which they will never recover until that decision is reversed.’   Particular objection was made to the election of aldermen of four candidates defeated at the polls. There were also two Liberal aldermen who did not even seek election.


1889 Cardiganshire County Council election, Aldermanic Vacancies 1889-1895
Roderick Lloyd was appointed county surveyor and resigned his aldermanic seat. In May 1892, Rev John Owen was appointed to succeed him.


1889 Cardiganshire County Council election, Aldermanic Vacancies 1889-1895
Therefore, the following appointment was made for the remaining three years in May 1892.


1889 Cardiganshire County Council election, By-elections
Eight by-elections were caused by the election of aldermen. In several cases local meetings were held to select a Liberal candidate and avoid a contest. At Talybont, for example, a test election was contested under the supervision of, amongst other, Alderman J.T. Morgan of Maesnewydd and William Morgan of neighbouring Bow Street. The Revd. John Davies defeated Richard Jones by 109 votes to 99 and Jones enthusiastically signed the successful candidate’s nomination papers. Two Liberal candidates unsuccessful at the first election, namely Rev John Williams in Cardigan and John Watkin Davies at Llanfair Clydogau, were elected unopposed.


1889 Cardiganshire County Council election, By-elections
The only contested elections were at Strata Florida, where a hotly contested poll led to the return of the rector of Ystrad Meurig for the seat vacates by the Earl of Lisburne and in neighbouring Tregaron, where the Conservatives captured the seat.


1889 Cardiganshire County Council election, By-elections, Aberystwyth by-election
Following the election of C.M. Williams as an alderman. D.C. Roberts, a member of a prominent Liberal family was returned unopposed.


1889 Cardiganshire County Council election, By-elections, Cardigan Borough by-election
Following the election of Levi James as an alderman, the Rev John Williams, defeated at the initial election was returned unopposed.


1889 Cardiganshire County Council election, By-elections, Llanfair Clydogau by-election
Following the election of William Jones, a Conservative, as an alderman, John Watkin Davies, the defeated Liberal candidate at the initial election was returned unopposed.


1889 Cardiganshire County Council election, By-elections, Talybont by-election
Following the election of J.T. Morgan as an alderman. a test election was held between the Rev John Davies and Richard Jones, grocer. Davies was successful and was returned unopposed, with his opponent signing his nomination papers.


1889 Carmarthenshire County Council election
The first election to the Carmarthenshire County Council was held in January 1889. It was followed by the 1892 election.


1889 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Overview of the result
1889 was one of those landmark years in the history of Welsh Liberalism, a coming of age symbolized by the triumph across Wales of Liberal candidates in the inaugural county council elections.


1889 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Candidates and unopposed returns
Most of the seats were contested by Liberal and Conservative candidates. The number of unopposed returns was small.


1889 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Contested elections
There were a large number of contested elections and the majorities were small in most instances. The Liberals won a large majority of the seats with only nine Conservatives returned. There were also two Liberal Unionists, in Carmarthen and Llansteffan.


1889 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Summary of results
This section summarises the detailed results which are noted in the following sections. This was the inaugural county election and therefore no comparison can be made with the previous elections. In some cases there is an ambiguity in the sources over the party affiliations and this is explained below where relevant.


1889 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Summary of results
This table summarises the result of the elections in all wards. 48 councillors were elected.


1889 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Ward results, Llanstephan
Thomas Morris of Coomb was the son of William Morris, former Liberal MP for Carmarthen Boroughs.


1889 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Ward results, St Ishmael
J. Lewis Philipps of Bolahaul, near Carmarthen, had been a prominent figure in county government for many years and was chairman of the Carmarthen Board of Guardians from 1861 until 1884.


1889 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Election of Aldermen
In addition to the 51 councillors the council consisted of 17 county aldermen. Aldermen were elected by the council, and served a six-year term. Following the election of the initial sixteen aldermen, half of the aldermanic bench would be  elected every three years following the triennial council election. After the initial elections, there were seventeen aldermanic vacancies and the following Alderman were appointed by the newly elected council (with the number of votes cast recorded in each case). A second vote was held to determine which aldermen should retire in three years.


1889 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Election of Aldermen
As in Cardiganshire the Liberals agreed that the Conservatives be allocated three aldermanic seats only. Only John Lewis Philipps was an elected member of the Council.


1889 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Election of Aldermen
Initially, Lewis Morris had been elected an alderman but he declined on the basis that he had no sufficient time at his disposal. He was then replaced by W.R. Edwards at the second meeting of the Council.


1889 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Aldermanic Vacanies, 1889-1892
David Bowen died a few weeks after his election as alderman, The council resolved to replace him with another representative from the Llandeilo area to serve for the remainder of the three-year term.


1889 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Aldermanic Vacanies, 1889-1892
Two vacancies arose in early 1891 following the resignation of W de G Warren and the death of J. Lewis Philipps. The vacancies were filled as follows:


1889 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Aldermanic Vacanies, 1889-1892
Morgan Davies died in February 1892, shortly before the end of his term as alderman.


1889 Carmarthenshire County Council election, By-elections
In contrast to the position in other counties only one by-election was caused by the election of aldermen. This was in St Ishmaels where the Liberal candidate captured the seat.


1889 Carmarthenshire County Council election, By-elections, St Ishmaels by-election
Following the election of John Lewis Philipps as an alderman, a Liberal candidate captured the seat after a contest that took place in heavy snow.


1889 Carmarthenshire County Council election, By-elections, 1889-1892, Llanarthney by-election, 1889
Thomas Davies, Bremenda, the member for Llanarthney, died in August 1889 as a result of injuries sustained falling off his horse. Rev R.G. Lawrence of Middleton Hall, an unsuccessful candidate at the election held earlier in the year was returned unopposed.


1889 Carmarthenshire County Council election, By-elections, 1889-1892, Pembrey by-election, 1890
A by-election arose in the Pembrey ward following the appointment of William Howell as returning officer for the county.


1889 Carmarthenshire County Council election, By-elections, 1889-1892, Carmarthen Western Ward (Upper Division) by-election, 1890
D. Rixon Morgan, the sitting member, resigned late in 1890. Professor D.E. Jones of the Presbyterian College, Carmarthen, was chosen as his replacement as Liberal candidate.


1889 Chicago White Stockings season
The 1889 Chicago White Stockings season was the 18th season of the Chicago White Stockings franchise, the 14th in the National League and the 5th at the first West Side Park. The White Stockings finished third in the National League with a record of 67–65.


1889 Chicago White Stockings season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1889 Chicago White Stockings season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1889 Chicago White Stockings season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1889 Chicago White Stockings season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1889 Chicago mayoral election
In the Chicago mayoral election of 1889, Democrat DeWitt Clinton Cregier defeated incumbent Republican John A. Roche, winning a majority of the vote and a margin of victory in excess of ten percent.


1889 Chicago mayoral election, Campaign
Cregier backed strongly by trade unions. John Peter Altgeld threw his backing behind Cregier's candidacy.


1889 Chicago mayoral election, Results
Creiger received 76.86% of the Polish-American vote, while  Roche received 23.07%.


1889 Chilik earthquake
The 1889 Chilik earthquake occurred on July 11 on the Gregorian calendar, or June 30 on the Julian calendar at 15:14 local time in the Tien Shan mountains. The earthquake measured an estimated Mw  7.9 to Mw  8.3 on the moment magnitude scale and was assigned a X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity and Rossi-Forel scales.


1889 Chilik earthquake, Tectonic setting
The geological forces at play in the Turkestan region are directly related to the ongoing collision of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian Plate. The topography of this region is influenced by broad crustal deformation as a result of convergence along the Main Himalayan Thrust. Before the Indian subcontinent collided with Eurasia, there were island arcs and microcontinents between the two landmasses that were also converging. These terranes were later accreted to Eurasia as northward-moving India closed collided with Eurasia, and are now in present-day Central Asia. Ancient suture zones mark the boundary between these accreted terranes.


1889 Chilik earthquake, Tectonic setting
This deformation and accretion led to the formation of the Tien Shan mountains, which are moving 7±2 mm/yr towards the south along faults running along their base. The region is dominated by large, north and south-dipping thrust faults along the southern edge of the Tien Shan mountains, and the northern boundary of the Tarim basin, one of them being the Aheqi Fault Zone.


1889 Chilik earthquake, Earthquake
In the days before the mainshock, many survivors reported peculiar behaviors of animals, including dogs howling and cats being restless.


1889 Chilik earthquake, Earthquake
A post-earthquake survey of the region using reports of the earthquake's damage and effects led to the conclusion that the epicenter was located in the Chilik River Valley. No surface ruptures were identified during the survey as data was obtained via questionnaire given to eyewitnesses. The epicenter zone is elongated in the north northeast-south southwest direction approximately 100 km southwest of Almaty.


1889 Chilik earthquake, Earthquake
Given the earthquake only had a maximum intensity assigned X on the Rossi-Forel scale, and its borad coverage over a wide area, the hypocenter depth is estimated to be at least 40 km beneath the surface. The length of surface ruptures associated with the earthquake is estimated at 200 to 300 km, with an average slip of 6.7 to 9.1 meters for an event consisting of thrust and strike-slip mechanisms. Modern field investigations however, was only able to find 175 km of surface ruptures and fault scarps on multiple fault strands.


1889 Chilik earthquake, Earthquake
A 30-km-long scarp on the Saty Fault, an oblique-reverse structure is assumed to have formed during the 1889 earthquake. Dextral surface ruptures were also identified on the Beshkaragai Fault for a length of 40 km, where a maximum slip of 4.5 meters was observed. Another 100 km surface rupture was identified near the summits of the Kurmentey Range, a subrange in the Tien Shan. The surface ruptures consisted of dextral strike-slip motion of at least 8 meters.


1889 Chilik earthquake, Impact
At Verny (now Almaty), the locals described the ground motion as a slow oscillation, rocking, wave-like motion. The earthquake was the most intense ever felt in the town since 1887. Shaking was so strong that many people and farm animals reportedly fell off their feet and were thrown off the ground by yards. Eyewitnesses reported seeing people thrown up into the air as much as one arshin (71.12 cm). The earthquake itself did not cause severe and widespread damage because new buildings were recently constructed following the 1887 earthquake. Official reports stated that 491 residents reported damage to their homes after the quake.


1889 Chilik earthquake, Impact, Casualties
The shock, despite its intensity, did not result in extreme numbers of fatalities. In the village of Uytala, there were seven recorded deaths, including an elderly man and six children. Four people suffered serious injuries. In Shelek (Chilik), Malovodnoye, and Mikhailovsk, the earthquake collapsed walls and brought down roofs, killing 17 people.


1889 Christchurch North by-election
The Christchurch North by-election of 1889 was a by-election held to elect a member to the New Zealand House of Representatives' 10th session. It was held to fill the gap left by Sir Julius Vogel, the former Premier of New Zealand, by resigning from the Christchurch North electorate.


1889 Christchurch North by-election
Samuel Charles Jolly, who in 1884 had contested Ashburton, was one of the candidates campaigning for election, but after he was poorly received at public meetings did not proceed to nomination.


1889 Christchurch North by-election
The election was held on 19 June 1889 and the official result was released the following day at noon, declaring Edward Humphreys as the elected representative.


1889 Cincinnati Red Stockings season
The 1889 Cincinnati Red Stockings season was a season in American baseball. The team finished in fourth place in the American Association with a record of 76–63, 18 games behind the Brooklyn Bridegrooms.


1889 Cincinnati Red Stockings season, Regular season
The Red Stockings brought back manager Gus Schmelz for a third season in 1889, as he led the team to two straight seasons of 80 or more victories. Cincinnati would have a new shortstop, signing local area player Ollie Beard to his first contract. Cincinnati also signed rookie Bug Holliday, who would play in the outfield. On the mound, another rookie, Jesse Duryea, would join the Red Stockings.


1889 Cincinnati Red Stockings season, Regular season
Bug Holliday had an excellent rookie season, hitting .321 with a league high nineteen home runs and a franchise record 104 RBI. George Tebeau hit .252 with seven homers and 70 RBI, while scoring a team high 110 runs. Hugh Nicol once again led Cincinnati in stolen bases, however, he failed to crack 100 for the first time since joining the team, as he stole 80 bases.


1889 Cincinnati Red Stockings season, Regular season
Jesse Duryea was the ace of the Red Stockings staff, going 32–19 with a 2.56 ERA in 53 games. Lee Viau had a 22–20 record with a 3.79 ERA, while Tony Mullane was 11–9 with a 2.99 ERA.


1889 Cincinnati Red Stockings season, Regular season, Season summary
Cincinnati began the season badly, as they lost their first four games, and were 5–10 in their first fifteen games. The Red Stockings responded by going 16–6 in their next 22 games to climb into third place, however, the team lost their next seven games to fall under .500 once again and into sixth place. Cincinnati would never be a factor in the pennant race, finishing in fourth place with a 76–63 record, eighteen games behind the Brooklyn Bridegrooms.


1889 Cincinnati Red Stockings season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1889 Cincinnati Red Stockings season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1889 Cincinnati Red Stockings season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1889 Cincinnati Red Stockings season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1889 Cincinnati football team
The 1889 Cincinnati football team was an American football team that represented the University of Cincinnati as an independent during the 1889 college football season. The team compiled a 1–1 record. Arch Carson was the team captain. The team had no head coach and played its home games at Union Ball Park in Cincinnati.


1889 Cleveland Spiders season
Before the 1889 season, the Cleveland Blues switched from the American Association to the National League. They also earned a new nickname, the Cleveland Spiders, because so many of their players were very skinny. They finished their first season in the National League with a 61–72 record, good enough for sixth place.


1889 Cleveland Spiders season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1889 Cleveland Spiders season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1889 Cleveland Spiders season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1889 Cleveland Spiders season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1889 College Football All-America Team
The 1889 College Football All-America team was the first College Football All-America Team. The team was selected by Caspar Whitney and published in This Week's Sports.


1889 College Football All-America Team
The team selected by Whitney in 1889 marked the origin of the "All-America" teams that have since been picked in many collegiate sports. All eleven members of the 1889 All-America team played for either Harvard, Princeton or Yale, then known as the "Big Three" of college football. Some sources indicate that Walter Camp assisted Whitney with the selection of the 1889 All-American team, while others indicate that Camp did not become involved in the selection process until some time in the 1890s.


1889 College Football All-America Team
The first All-America team included Amos Alonzo Stagg (then a player for Yale), Pudge Heffelfinger (who later became the first professional football player), "Snake" Ames (who set a college scoring record with 730 points), Edgar Allan Poe (second cousin, twice removed of the writer of the same name), Arthur Cumnock (described as the greatest Harvard football player of all time in 1913), and Roscoe Channing (who later served with Theodore Roosevelt in the Rough Riders).


1889 Columbia football team
The 1889 Columbia football team was an American football team that represented Columbia University as an independent during the 1889 college football season. The team compiled a 2–7–2 record and was outscored by a total of 298 to 54. The team had no coach. J. M. Hewlett was the team captain.


1889 Columbus Solons season
The 1889 Columbus Solons baseball team finished with a 60–78 record, sixth place in the American Association during their debut season.


1889 Columbus Solons season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1889 Columbus Solons season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1889 Columbus Solons season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1889 Columbus Solons season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1889 Columbus Solons season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1889 Cork Senior Football Championship
The 1889 Cork Senior Football Championship was the third staging of the Cork Senior Football Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887.


1889 Cork Senior Football Championship
Midleton won the championship following a 1-00 to 0-01 defeat of Macroom in the final at Cork Park. This was their first championship title.


1889 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
The 1889 Cork Senior Hurling Championship was the third staging of the Cork Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887.


1889 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
Blackrock won the championship after receiving a walkover from Aghada in the final. This was their second championship title overall and their first in two championship seasons.


1889 Cornell Big Red football team
The 1889 Cornell Big Red football team was an American football team that represented Cornell University during the 1889 college football season. The team compiled an 8–4 record and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 354 to 130.


1889 Costa Rican general election
The 1889 Costa Rican general election was held between 7 October 1889 (first degree) and 1 December 1889 (second degree). It was particularly notorious for been the first time in Costa Rica's history that political parties took part in an election. The date of November 7 is still commemorated in Costa Rica as "Democracy's Day" due to the outcome of the liberal government accepting the results of the conservative opposition, as to that point, authoritarian governments were the norm.


1889 Costa Rican general election
Liberals were by far the hegemonic faction in Costa Rica's politics since independence. Unlike other Latin American countries were conflicts and alternation between liberals and conservatives was common, all Costa Rican presidents since the first, Juan Mora Fernández, were liberals with only one exception; Vicente Herrera Zeledón who, despite been conservative, was still a puppet of liberal dictator Tomás Guardia. A series of alliances between the liberal intellectual elite, the coffee-grower bourgeoisie and the army kept the status quo into what was known as Costa Rica's Liberal State.


1889 Costa Rican general election
However, relationships with the Catholic Church were normally cordial. It wasn't until the presidency of freemason and staunch liberal Bernardo Soto Alfaro that the most secularizing and anti-Catholic policies were taken, that the relationships between the two stained.


1889 Costa Rican general election
The Church responded by endorsing its own candidate; lawyer José Joaquín Rodríguez Zeledón of the Democratic Constitutional Party. The liberals, including Soto's government, endorsed Ascensión Esquivel Ibarra from the "Olympus" group, a group of intellectual aristocrats nicknamed as such because of their elitism. Soto went even as far as to allow Esquivel to run the presidency for a while. The Constitutional Party identify itself by using the National pavilion, whilst the Liberal Progressive Party used a red flag, the traditional color of the liberals in Latin America. During the campaign Rodríguez was accused of trying to impose a religious government (despite the fact that he publicly endorsed the need for church-state separation) whilst Esquivel was signaled for Freemason, liberal and Nicaraguan.


1889 Costa Rican general election
The election at the time was held in two levels; first all the male citizens allowed to voted the second-degree electors, then the electors selected the President from among the candidates. The first round of vote was public, the second was secret. The requirements to be an Elector generally included having properties and knowing how to read, which meant that most of them belonged to the rich families or the middle class. Rodríguez won  the popular vote but Soto proclaimed Esquivel the winner and a military parade in support of Esquivel was held on November 7. The Church made a call to defend the results on the streets on November 7 and Soto, fearful of a civil war, resigned and his successor Carlos Durán Cartín handles the power to Rodríguez.


1889 Crescent Athletic Club football team
The 1889 Crescent Athletic Club football team was an American football team that represented the Crescent Athletic Club in the American Football Union (AFU) during the 1889 college football season. The team compiled a 6–1 record (4–0 against AFU opponents), won the AFU championship, and played its home games at Washington Park in Brooklyn. William H. Ford was the team captain. Other key players included Harry Beecher at quarterback, Wyllys Terry at halfback, and Henry J. Lamarche at guard. Alex Moffatt has also been reported as a member of the team.


1889 Crescent Athletic Club football team
Prior to the start of the season, the Crescent Club merged with the Nereid Boat Club which, according to Allison Danzig, "placed the Crescents in the very front rank of athletic organizations of similar character."


1889 Dalmatian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in the Kingdom of Dalmatia in 1889.


1889 Dartmouth football team
The 1889 Dartmouth football team represented Dartmouth College in the 1889 college football season.


1889 Dickinson football team
The 1889 Dickinson football team was an American football team that represented Dickinson College as an independent during the 1889 college football season. The team compiled a 4–1–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 75 to 42.


1889 Dover Conference Academy Athletic Club football team
The 1889 Dover Conference Academy Athletic Club football team represented Dover Conference Academy in the 1889 college football season as an independent. Results may be incomplete, but Dover played in at least three games, compiling a 0–2–1 record.


1889 Dundee by-election
The Dundee by-election, 1889 was a parliamentary by-election held in September 1889 to elect one of the members for the British House of Commons constituency of Dundee, following the death of Joseph Firth.


1889 Dundee by-election, Background
In February 1888 the voters of Dundee had gone to the polls to elect a replacement for Charles Carmichael Lacaita, one of the two members elected for Dundee in the 1886 general election, who had resigned from Parliament due to his disapproval of Gladstone's Home Rule policy. The winner of this contest was the Liberal Joseph Bottomley Firth. However Firth died in September 1889.


1889 Dundee by-election, Election
Shortly after Firth's death speculation started has to who would contest the vacant seat, with the Glasgow Herald reporting ex-Bailie Robertson was expected to be offered the Liberal nomination, with Mr Dalglish and Mr W. L. Boase thought  to be possible Unionist candidates. John Burns was also speculated upon as a possible Socialist candidate. Four local Liberals, including John Leng, reportedly declined nomination as a candidate, but Leng eventually agreed to stand. John Leng had come to Dundee in 1851 to edit and manageThe Dundee Advertiser, which he turned into a daily newspaper. He also founded The People's Journal, The Evening Telegraph and The People's Friend. The Glasgow Herald considered Leng to be a 'strong candidate', but thought that the Dundee Unionists had a chance of defeating him if they selected 'candidate of great local weight'.


1889 Dundee by-election, Election
Ultimately there was no contest and Leng was returned without opposition, the first time the Dundee seat had not been contested since Sir John Ogilvy was returned unopposed at the 1865 general election, when Dundee was still a one-member seat.


1889 Dundee by-election, Election
Leng was a supporter of Irish Home Rule and also supported Home Rule for Scotland, chairing a meeting of the Scottish Home Rule Association on the evening of his election. The Glasgow Herald described him as a strong supporter of Gladstone and considered Dundee 'fortunate' to have him as an MP.


1889 Durham County Council election
The inaugural elections to Durham County Council took place in January 1889. Durham was divided into 72 electoral divisions, with candidates in 32 divisions being returned unopposed. The election saw control of the council being taken by Conservative candidates, although these candidates were largely Independent conservatives as opposed to being party activists.


1889 East Coast by-election
The 1889 East Coast by-election was a by-election held on 13 December 1889 in the East Coast electorate during the 10th New Zealand Parliament.


1889 East Coast by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP Andrew Graham.


1889 East Coast by-election
He was replaced by Alexander Creighton Arthur. William Lee Rees again stood, and came second.


1889 Elginshire and Nairnshire by-election
A by-election was held in Elginshire and Nairnshire in 1889. The election was won by John Seymour Keay.


1889 English cricket season
1889 was the 103rd season of cricket in England since the foundation of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). The number of balls per over was increased from four to five. The four-ball over had been used since time immemorial.


1889 English cricket season
Earlier in the year, on 12 and 13 March, South Africa versus England at Port Elizabeth was the start of cricket in South Africa at both Test and first-class level. Domestic first-class matches began at the end of the same year. The England team, captained by future Hollywood actor C Aubrey Smith, played two Tests on the inaugural tour, at Port Elizabeth and Cape Town, winning both by comfortable margins. Lancashire spinner Johnny Briggs had match figures of 15-28 at Cape Town.


1889 English cricket season, Notes
An unofficial seasonal title sometimes proclaimed by consensus of media and historians prior to December 1889 when the official County Championship was constituted. Although there are ante-dated claims prior to 1873, when residence qualifications were introduced, it is only since that ruling that any quasi-official status can be ascribed. Between 1887 and 1889 an unofficial point system of 1 point for a win and 0.5 points for a draw, devised by the "Cricket Reporting Agency", was used to determine the unofficial "Champion County" The match between Middlesex and Kent at Lord’s was completely washed out


1889 FA Cup Final
The 1889 FA Cup Final was contested by Preston North End and Wolverhampton Wanderers at the Kennington Oval.


1889 FA Cup Final
Preston won 3–0, with goals by Fred Dewhurst, Jimmy Ross and Sam Thomson.


1889 FA Cup Final
This completed the "Double" for the victors, Preston having already won the inaugural Football League title without losing a game, a feat which earned them the nickname "The Invincibles".


1889 French legislative election
The 1889 general election was held on 22 September and 6 October 1889, during the Boulanger affair. It resulted in a victory for the Republicans, and a thorough defeat for the Boulangists.


1889 French legislative election in Algeria
Elections to the National Assembly of France were held in Algeria on 22 September 1889.


1889 Furman Purple Hurricane football team
The 1889 Furman Purple Hurricane football team represented the Furman Purple Hurricane of Furman University during the 1889 college football season.


1889 Georgetown football team
The 1889 Georgetown football team represented the Georgetown University during the 1889 college football season. Georgetown finished the season with a 5–1 record. This season included the first match against a full collegiate team, Virginia. Georgetown's records show this game as a 34–0 victory for the team, while Virginia's record a 32–0 victory for the Cavaliers.