1877 in paleontology, Dinosaurs, Laelaps trihedrodon, Cope criticizes Dryptosaurus
O. W. Lucas collected the first remains of what would later in the year be named Laelaps trihedrodon from Quarry I of the Saurian Hill at Garden Park, Colorado. Edward Drinker Cope would describe the material later in the year in a short paper titled "On a carnivorous dinosaurian from the Dakota beds of Colorado." The "Dakota beds" he references are actually Morrison Formation strata.


1877 in paleontology, Dinosaurs, Laelaps trihedrodon, Cope criticizes Dryptosaurus
Cope claims to have a skeleton of unspecified completeness on which to establish the new species, but only describes a partial dentary which has 5 successional teeth, 2 functional teeth, and one tooth missing from its socket. All of the preceding material has since been lost to science with the exception of 5 broken, partial tooth crowns. From the now missing dentary, Cope infers that the creature is a carnivore and compares its dentition to that belonging to other members of his infamous genus "Laelaps", L. aquilunguis and L. incrassatus.


1877 in paleontology, Dinosaurs, Laelaps trihedrodon, Cope criticizes Dryptosaurus
Cope concludes the paper with a pointed criticism of his rival O. C. Marsh's attempt to rename Laelaps as the genus Dryptosaurus because the generic name Laelaps has been used in entomology. Cope claims that since the mite genus Laelaps was a synonym that the name was not truly preoccupied and Marsh's erection of Dryptosaurus has therefore created a new, redundant synonym of Laelaps the dinosaur. However, subsequent researchers have supported Marsh's new name.


1877 in paleontology, Dinosaurs, New genera
An allosaurid theropod. Best known Late Jurassic large bodied theropod from North America.


1877 in paleontology, Dinosaurs, New genera
North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Idaho)


1877 in paleontology, Dinosaurs, New genera
A diplodocoid. Has discovered a vertebra of more than 2 meters in height, but with the passage of time was lost. So the only remaining fossils can even be counted with the fingers.


1877 in paleontology, Dinosaurs, New genera
A stegosaur. Known from the plates on its back and the Tail Spiked ("Thagomizer") on its tail.


1877 in paleontology, Dinosaurs, New genera
Preoccupied by a genus erected by Richard Lydekker this same year. Later renamed Atlantosaurus.


1877 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1877 in poetry, Events, The Annus mirabilis of poetastery
In the annals of poetasting, 1877 stands out as a historic year.


1877 in poetry, Events, The Annus mirabilis of poetastery
The most startling incident in my life was the time I discovered myself to be a poet, which was in the year 1877.


1877 in poetry, Events, The Annus mirabilis of poetastery
So wrote William Topaz McGonagall (1825 –1902) a Scottish weaver, "actor", and "poet" who would become comically renowned as one of the worst poets in the English language.


1877 in poetry, Events, The Annus mirabilis of poetastery
Also this year Poetaster Julia A. Moore, following up on the renown of her first book of verse, The Sweet Singer of Michigan Salutes the Public of 1876, decided to appear before her public. She gave a reading and singing performance, with orchestral accompaniment, at a Grand Rapids, Michigan, opera house.


1877 in poetry, Events, The Annus mirabilis of poetastery
Moore managed to interpret the jeering as criticism of the orchestra.


1877 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1877 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1877 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1877.


1877 in science
The year 1877 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.


1877 in sports
1877 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1877 survey marker 48
The State Line Marker is a historic boundary marker on the state line between Arkansas and Oklahoma. It is located down a path a short way north of a parking area on Talimena Scenic Drive in Ouachita National Forest, about 17 miles (27 km) northwest of Mena, Arkansas. The marker is an octagonal cast iron pipe, with the legend "48 M" on the north face (signifying its marking of the 48th mile), "1877" on the south side (the year of the marker's erection), "ARK" (for Arkansas) on the east side, and "CHOC" (for Choctaw Territory) on the west side. The pipe is mounted in a stone and mortar base installed by the United States Forest Service in 1974. The marker was placed in 1877 following a series of controversial surveys to demarcate the border between Arkansas and what was then Indian Territory.


1877 survey marker 48
The marker was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. This marker is one of the few surviving markers from this survey that is accessible to the public.


1877–1879 Grey Ministry
The Grey Ministry was a responsible government that was formed in New Zealand. It formed in October 1877 and governed for two years until October 1879. From the outset, Sir George Grey served as Prime Minister.


1877–1879 Grey Ministry, Background
As Premier, Grey was highly active in promoting middle-class liberalism to New Zealanders sponsoring ideas such as electoral reform, land taxes, breaking up large estates, regulation of wages and working hours and accessible education. However his ideas were too radical for many of his contemporaries. Grey's administration was perceived as defective and his leadership poor. As he never had a safe majority in Parliament, Grey unsuccessfully asked for a dissolution in 1878. Soon after the economy began to slide into recession, which caused much unemployment and as a result, unpopularity. The next year Grey's government lost a division in the House triggering an election. Grey and his followers failed to win a majority and in October 1879 Grey resigned.


1877–78 Dumbarton F.C. season
The 1877–78 season was the fifth Scottish football season in which Dumbarton competed at a national level.


1877–78 Dumbarton F.C. season, Scottish Cup
During the early years of the Scottish Cup, the earlier rounds of the competition were played on a regional basis, which was always a tough proposition as three of the top Scottish clubs at the time were from Dumbartonshire. This season Dumbarton came up against Vale of Leven in the second round, and lost (to the eventual champions) after a 1-1 draw.


1877–78 Dumbarton F.C. season, Friendlies
During the season, 12 'friendly' matches were played, including home and away fixtures against local teams Renton and Alexandria, and also Glasgow sides, Rangers and South Western. Of these matches, 8 were won, 1 drawn and 3 lost, scoring 32 goals and conceding 8.


1877–78 Dumbarton F.C. season, Player statistics
Of note amongst those appearing in club colours for the first time this season were Joe Lindsay, Jock Hutcheson and William McKinnon.


1877–78 Dumbarton F.C. season, Player statistics
Only includes appearances and goals in competitive Scottish Cup matches.


1877–78 Dumbarton F.C. season, Player statistics, International trial
In order to select a 'Scotland' team to play against England, an international trial match was held for Dunbartonshire players on 9 February 1878 at Alexandria. Archie Lang, Peter Miller, Alex Galbraith, Joe Lindsay and J McMaster all played. A month later on 9 March a second trial match was held at Ibrox to consider selection for the team to play against Wales, with Peter Miller and Alex Galbraith playing. In the end however, none of the Dumbarton men were capped.


1877–78 FA Cup
The 1877–78 Football Association Challenge Cup was the seventh staging of the FA Cup, England's oldest football tournament. Forty-three teams entered, four more than the previous season, although three of the forty-three never played a match.


1877–78 Heart of Midlothian F.C. season
Season 1877–78 was the third season in which Heart of Midlothian competed at a Scottish national level, entering the Scottish Cup for the third time.


1877–78 Heart of Midlothian F.C. season, Overview
Hearts only  reached the first round of the Scottish Cup, being defeated by Edinburgh derby rivals Hibs in the first round after a replay.


1877–78 Heart of Midlothian F.C. season, Overview
Later that season, Hibs and Hearts contested the Final of the Edinburgh FA Cup. Hearts eventually won the local competition after a fourth replay, with the decisive match (won 3–2 by Hearts) played over two months after the first attempt. The long running saga established Hibs and Hearts as the predominant clubs in Edinburgh. The Edinburgh derby, as it would become known, is the second oldest regularly played derby match, after the Nottingham derby between Notts County and Nottingham Forest.


1877–78 Hibernian F.C. season
Season 1877–78 was the first in which Hibernian competed at a Scottish national level, entering the Scottish Cup for the first time.


1877–78 Hibernian F.C. season, Overview
Hibs reached the fifth round of the Scottish Cup, losing 3–1 to South Western. They had defeated Edinburgh derby rivals Hearts in the first round after a replay. The fourth round match against Thornliebank was highly unusual. Hibs won the first match 2–1, but the Scottish Football Association decided to consider the result a draw and ordered a replay. After the replay ended in a 2–2 draw, both clubs were admitted to the fifth round of the competition.


1877–78 Hibernian F.C. season, Overview
Later that season, Hibs and Hearts contested the Final of the Edinburgh FA Cup. Hearts eventually won the local competition after a fourth replay, with the decisive match (won 3–2 by Hearts) played over two months after the first attempt. The long running saga established Hibs and Hearts as the predominant clubs in Edinburgh. The Edinburgh derby, as it would become known, is the second oldest regularly played derby match, after the Nottingham derby between Notts County and Nottingham Forest.


1877–78 Home Nations rugby union matches
The 1877-78 Home Nations rugby union matches are a series of international friendlies held between the England, Ireland and Scotland national rugby union teams.


1877–78 Home Nations rugby union matches, Results, Scoring system
The matches for this season were decided on goals scored. A goal was awarded for a successful conversion after a try, for a dropped goal or for a goal from mark. If a game was drawn, any unconverted tries were tallied to give a winner. If there was still no clear winner, the match was declared a draw.


1877–78 Home Nations rugby union matches, The matches, England vs. Scotland
England: HE Kayll, AW Pearson, A.N. Hornby, L Stokes, WAD Evanson, PLA Price, Edward Kewley capt., FR Adams, FD Fowler, Murray Marshall, JM Biggs, GF Vernon, GT Thomson, Edward Temple Gurdon, H Fowler


1877–78 Home Nations rugby union matches, The matches, England vs. Scotland
Scotland: Bill Maclagan, Malcolm Cross, Ninian Finlay, John Alexander Neilson, James Campbell, Stewart Henry Smith, DR Irvine, G Macleod, Louis Auldjo, RW Irvine capt., AG Petrie, JHS Graham, Henry Melville Napier, NT Brewis, JE Junor


1877–78 Home Nations rugby union matches, The matches, Ireland vs. England
Ireland: RB Walkington capt., RN Maiter, FW Kidd, GL Fagan, TG Gordon, EWD Crocker, WD Moore, F Schute, HW Murray, W Finlay, JA MacDonald, HG Edwards, HC Kelly, RW Hughes, W Griffiths


1877–78 Home Nations rugby union matches, The matches, Ireland vs. England
England: WJ Penny, AW Pearson, A.N. Hornby, HJ Enthoven, AH Jackson, JL Bell, HP Gardner, CL Verelst, T Blatherwick, Murray Marshall capt., A Budd, GF Vernon, WH Hunt, EF Dawson, Edward Beadon Turner


1877–78 Morton F.C. season
The 1877–78 season was Morton Football Club's first season in which they competed at a national level, entering the fifth Scottish Cup. The club also competed in the Scottish Cup.


1877–78 Queen's Park F.C. season
The 1877–78 season was the seventh season of competitive football by Queen's Park.


1877–78 Queen's Park F.C. season, Scottish Cup
Queen's Park played only four competitive fixtures in 1877–78 as they were knocked out of the Scottish Cup by eventual runners-up 3rd Lanark RV in the third round.


1877–78 Queen's Park F.C. season, FA Cup
Queen's Park received a bye through to the second round but they withdrew before their match with Welsh side Druids.


1877–78 Queen's Park F.C. season, Glasgow Merchants' Charity Cup
Originally, Queen's Park were due to play Rangers in the first round but instead advanced straight to the final while Rangers played 3rd Lanark RV instead. The club retained the cup after they defeated Vale of Leven in the final.


1877–78 Scottish Cup
The 1877–78 Scottish Cup – officially the Scottish Football Association Challenge Cup – was the fifth season of Scotland's most prestigious football knockout competition. For the first time, over 100 teams took part in the competition which began with the first round on 22 September 1877. The cup was won by Vale of Leven for a second time after they defeated Glasgow club 3rd Lanark RV 1–0 in the final on 30 March 1878.


1877–78 Scottish Cup
Heart of Midlothian and Hibernian were drawn to face each other in the first round in what would be the first competitive Edinburgh derby. Hibernian won 2–1 after a replay.


1877–78 Scottish Cup, Calendar
The exact dates of some matches are unknown as newspaper coverage of football in the late 19th century was not as comprehensive as it would become.


1877–78 Scottish Cup, Teams
All 116 teams entered the competition in the first round.


1877–78 Scottish Cup, First round
Caledonian, Dunmore, Grasshoppers, and 17th Renfrew RV received a bye to the second round.


1877–78 Scottish Cup, Second round
Barrhead, Drumpellier, Renton Thistle, Stonefield and Swifts received a bye to the third round.


1877–78 Scottish Cup, Third round
Kilbirnie and St. Clement's received a bye to the fourth round.


1877–78 Scottish Districts season
The 1877-78 Scottish Districts season is a record of all the  rugby union matches for Scotland's district teams.


1877–78 Scottish Districts season
It includes the Inter-City fixture between Glasgow District and Edinburgh District; and the East of Scotland District versus West of Scotland District trial match.


1877–78 Scottish Districts season, History
After last season's defeat at the hands of Edinburgh District, the East of Scotland District decided to play its own trial match to better determine its players for the upcoming match against Edinburgh. The East of Scotland, at the time, picked its players from four leading teams in the area: Aberdeenshire RFC; Abertay RFC; Red Cross Dundee RFC; and St Andrew's University RFC.


1877–78 Scottish Districts season, History
The original intention was for the trial match was to be played at Guthrie Junction between an Aberdeenshire/Red Cross side and an Abertay/St Andrew's University side. St Andrew's University were unwilling to go further north than Dundee for the game; and as a result the Aberdeenshire side did not travel south. Instead the 'north' team was Red Cross with a couple of Perth men; and the 'south' team was Abertay/St Andrew's University.


1877–78 Scottish Districts season, History
In the match, C. Williams of the Red Cross/Perth side thought he had scored a try, but this was disputed and a try was not given. The match ended without a score.


1877–78 Scottish Districts season, History
The East v Edinburgh match was due to be played on 12 January 1878 but was called off the night before, due to frost in the south. It was played instead on 9 February 1878; it ended without a score.


1877–78 Scottish Districts season, History
This was the first year that a dedicated 'Trial match' for international selection was announced: a 'Blues' trial side were to play a 'Whites' trial side.


1877–78 Scottish Districts season, Results, Inter-City
Glasgow District: J. S. Carrick (Glasgow Academicals), R. C. Mackenzie (Glasgow Academicals), M. Cross (Glasgow Academicals), J. K. Tod (Glasgow Academicals), H. W. Little (West of Scotland), D. H. Watson (Glasgow Academicals), J. E. Junor (Glasgow Academicals), S. Smith (Glasgow Academicals), E. Ewart (Glasgow Academicals), A. T. Arthur (Glasgow Academicals), H. M. Napier (West of Scotland), J. Cochrane (West of Scotland), J. Colvil (West of Scotland), W. M. Morton (St. Vincent), J. Fraser (St. Vincent)Edinburgh District: E. Carr (Edinburgh Wanderers), N. J. Finlay (Edinburgh Academicals), W. Maclagan (Edinburgh Academicals), G. Q. Paterson (Edinburgh Academicals), W. Masters (Edinburgh Institute F.P. ), N. T. Brewis [captain], D. Somerville, R. Ainslie (Edinburgh Institute F.P. ), J. H. S. Graham, George Macleod (Edinburgh Academicals), G. Budd, R. G. Strong, J. Shiels (Edinburgh Wanderers), H. M. Davidson (Royal HSFP), R. Bone (Edinburgh University)


1877–78 Scottish Districts season, Results, Other Scottish matches
East of Scotland District South: W. Sherwell (Perth), W. Dick (Dundee Red Cross), P. L. Storrier (Dundee Red Cross), G. Paton (Dundee Red Cross), D. Stiven (Dundee Red Cross), C. Murray (Dundee Red Cross), T. Kyd (Dundee Red Cross), W. Thomson (Dundee Red Cross) [


1877–78 Scottish Districts season, Results, Other Scottish matches
captain], J. Thomson (Dundee Red Cross), T. Luis (Dundee Red Cross), C. Williams (Dundee Red Cross), C. Gourlay (Dundee Red Cross), G. Adie (Dundee Red Cross), P. Henry (Perth), A. Stiven (Dundee Red Cross)East of Scotland District North: J. Armstrong (St. Andrews), G. Ritchie (Abertay), J. Norrie (Abertay), M. Wright (St. Andrews), J. Myles (Abertay), Louis Auldjo (Abertay), G. Lumgair (Abertay), W. Stiven (Abertay), J. Dickie (Abertay), T. Steven (Abertay) [ captain], E. Morrison (St. Andrews), J. Cameron (St. Andrews), W. Traill (St. Andrews), W. Barclay (St. Andrews)


1877–78 Scottish Districts season, Results, Other Scottish matches
East of Scotland District: W. Maclagan (Edinburgh Academicals), N. J. Finlay (Edinburgh Academicals), J. C. Montgomerie (Edinburgh Wanderers), G. Q. Paterson (Edinburgh Academicals), W. Masters (Edinburgh Institute F.P. ), A. G. Petrie [captain], H. M. Davidson (Royal HSFP), J. H. S. Graham, R. W. Irvine (Edinburgh Academicals), N. T. Brewis, D. Somerville, R. Ainslie (Edinburgh Institute F.P. ), R. C. Strong (Edinburgh Wanderers), R. Bone (Edinburgh University), L. Auldjo (Abertay)West of Scotland District: Robert Campbell MacKenzie (Glasgow Academicals), P. Russell (West of Scotland), Malcolm Cross (Glasgow Academicals), H. W. Little (West of Scotland) [ captain], J. Moncrieff (Glasgow University), Henry Melville Napier (West of Scotland), J. Cochrane (West of Scotland), J. Colville (West of Scotland), H. Watson (Glasgow Academicals), John Junor (Glasgow Academicals), Edward Ewart (Glasgow Academicals), Stewart Henry Smith (Glasgow Academicals), David Lang (Paisley), J. Raeburn (St. Vincent), D. W. Morton (St. Vincent)


1877–78 Scottish Districts season, Results, Trial matches
Blues Trial: P. Russel (West of Scotland), Malcolm Cross (Glasgow Academicals), Robert Campbell MacKenzie (Glasgow Academicals), David Watson (Glasgow Academicals) [ captain], George Paterson (Edinburgh Academicals), Gussie Graham (Edinburgh Academicals), Duncan Irvine (Edinburgh Academicals), John Junor (Glasgow Academicals), E. Ewart (Glasgow Academicals), Stewart Henry Smith (Glasgow Academicals), Henry Melville Napier (West of Scotland), J. Cochrane (West of Scotland), Alexander Petrie (Royal HSFP), Nat Brewis (Edinburgh Institution F.P. ), R. G. Strong (Edinburgh Wanderers)Whites Trial: James Stewart Carrick (Glasgow Academicals), A. D. Dunlop (West of Scotland), G. A. Scott (Royal HSFP), H. W. Little (West of Scotland) [ captain], W. Masters (Institution FP), J. Colvil-Edwards (West of Scotland), Louis Auldjo (Abertay), D. Lang (Paisley), John Alexander Neilson (Glasgow Academicals), Robert Ainslie (Institution FP), David Somerville (Institution FP), R. Bone (Edinburgh University), H. M. Davidson (Royal HSFP), W. Morton (St. Vincent), J. Raeburn (St. Vincent)


1877–78 Welsh Cup
The 1877–78 Welsh Cup was the first season of the Welsh Cup. The cup was won by Wrexham who defeated Druids 1–0 in the final.


1877–78 Welsh Cup, Final
The final of the inaugural Welsh Cup tournament was played at Acton Park, Wrexham on 30 March 1878 between Wrexham and Druids of Ruabon. The match was a cliffhanger, with no score until the Wrexham forwards charged the Druids' defenders to take the ball over the line to win the game in the final minute, with James Davies being credited with the goal.


1877–78 in English football
The 1877–78 season was the seventh season of competitive football in England.


1877–78 in English football, Overview
Wanderers became the first club to win the FA Cup three times in a row after beating Royal Engineers 3–1 in this season's final. It was the fifth time they had won the competition overall. They never won it again.


1877–78 in English football, International match
A disastrous day for England saw them trounced by Scotland seven goals to two.


1877–78 in English football, Honours
Notes = Number in parentheses is the times that club has won that honour. * indicates new record for competition


1877–78 in Scottish football
The 1877–78 season was the fifth season of competitive football in Scotland. This season saw the first playing of the Ayrshire Cup.


1878
1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1878th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 878th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 78th  year of the 19th century, and the  9th   year of the 1870s decade. As of the start of 1878, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1878 Alabama gubernatorial election
The 1878 Alabama gubernatorial election took place on August 5, 1878, in order to elect the Governor of Alabama. Democrat Rufus W. Cobb ran unopposed.


1878 Amherst football team
The 1878 Amherst football team was an American football team that represented Amherst College during the 1878 college football season. The team compiled a 1–3 record and was outscored by a total of six points to one.


1878 Argyllshire by-election
The Argyllshire by-election of 1878 was fought on 27 August 1878. The byelection was fought due to the resignation of the incumbent Liberal Member of Parliament, the Marquess of Lorne to become Governor General of Canada. It was retained by Lorne's brother the Liberal candidate Lord Colin Campbell.


1878 Argyllshire by-election, Expenses
Lord Campbell's expenses came to £5,700 9s 4d and Colonel Malcolm's were approximately £9,000.


1878 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1878 Atlantic hurricane season lasted from the summer through much of the fall. Records show that 1878 featured a relatively active hurricane season. A total of twelve storms were observed during the year. There were two tropical storms, eight hurricanes and two major hurricanes (Category 3+). However, in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded, so the actual total could be higher.


1878 Atlantic hurricane season
An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated. Of the known 1878 cyclones, both Hurricane Three and Hurricane Four were first documented in 1995 by Jose Fernandez-Partagas and Henry Diaz, who also proposed large changes to the known tracks of Hurricanes Two, Seven and Eight. Further analysis from 2000 onwards extended the duration of Hurricane Three by one day and identified major track changes for Hurricane Five.


1878 Atlantic hurricane season, Season summary
The Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT) recognizes twelve tropical cyclones for 1878 in the Atlantic basin; two were tropical storms and ten were hurricanes. This season caused a total of 108 fatalities. The most notable hurricane of the 1878 Atlantic season was Hurricane Eleven or the Gale of 1878. This hurricane caused at least 72 fatalities in Cuba and the United States. Estimated damage from this storm amounted to $2 million. The first storm of 1878 was Tropical Storm One, which formed in the Gulf of Mexico on July 1.


1878 Atlantic hurricane season, Season summary
It impacted Florida and weakened to a tropical depression over land but regained some intensity when it emerged into the Atlantic. It brought high winds and heavy rainfall as far as North Carolina. Hurricane Two grew from a tropical storm near the Leeward Islands to impact Mexico as a Category 1 hurricane on August 18. Hurricane Three was a Category 1 hurricane that existed in the mid-Atlantic from August 19 to August 21, when it dissipated over the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Hurricane Four was first seen near the Bahamas on August 25.


1878 Atlantic hurricane season, Season summary
It tracked northeast and passed within 90 miles of Bermuda before dissipating in the mid-Atlantic on August 30. Hurricane Five hit the Leeward Islands on September 2, then Haiti and passed north of Cuba. It made landfall on the Florida peninsula as a tropical storm, moved offshore, strengthened and made another landfall near Tampa before passing over St Augustine on September 11. The storm caused several ship wrecks along the east coast of Florida. Hurricane Six was a Category 2 hurricane that existed in the western Atlantic between September 12 and September 18.


1878 Atlantic hurricane season, Season summary
Hurricane Seven is the only known Category 4 hurricane of 1878. It made landfall on Haiti as a Category 1 hurricane and rapidly weakened to a tropical storm but regained hurricane strength in the Atlantic. After passing through the Bahamas it grew to a Category 2 hurricane. It continued to grow, becoming a Category 3 hurricane on September 30 and reaching Category 4 strength by October 8. Hurricane Eight grew from a tropical storm in the Gulf of Mexico on October 9.


1878 Atlantic hurricane season, Season summary
It crossed over Florida and grew to a Category 1 hurricane as it tracked north off the US east coast. Hurricane Nine was a minimal Category 1 Hurricane that existed in the Atlantic between October 9 and October 16. Hurricane Ten also remained at sea throughout its entire duration between October 13 and October 19. Hurricane Eleven, or the Gale Of 1878, was the most destructive storm of the year. It first made landfall in Cuba at hurricane strength, then weakened before passing over Florida and the Bahamas. The storm again strengthened before making landfall in North Carolina. It dissipated over New York on October 24. Tropical Storm Twelve passed over the Lesser Antilles in late November before passing close to Puerto Rico and then dissipating near Jamaica on December 2.


1878 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm One
On July 1 a tropical storm developed in the Gulf of Mexico off the Florida coast. It produced frequent rain, easterly wind, and diminishing pressure in Florida. The storm made landfall in Florida on July 2 with maximum sustained winds of 40 knots (74 km/h; 46 mph); Punta Rassa, Florida, recorded a minimum pressure of 29.77 inches of mercury (1,008 mb) that afternoon. Key West, Florida, registered a wind of 36 miles per hour (58 km/h). The storm likely briefly weakened to a tropical depression over Florida but emerged into the Atlantic Ocean that afternoon and quickly regained tropical storm status. Rainy weather with frequent easterly gales extended northward through South Carolina.


1878 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm One
On July 3, easterly gales and rainy weather prevailed along the Atlantic coast as far north as Cape Hatteras. Smithville, North Carolina, registered a maximum wind of 38 miles per hour (61 km/h) from the east. The tropical storm exited the coastal region on the afternoon of July 3, and no further records are, currently, known.


1878 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two
A tropical storm was discovered in the vicinity of the Leeward Islands on August 8. It moved to the west across the Caribbean Sea and then to the northwest. By the time that it entered the Gulf of Mexico, the system had intensified into a hurricane. The storm moved west across the Gulf of Mexico, and maintained hurricane status until making landfall in Mexico on August 18. The hurricane had dissipated over Mexico by the next day.


1878 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
A Category One hurricane was first observed in the mid-Atlantic, north-east of Bermuda, on August 19. It moved to the north, toward Atlantic Canada. The hurricane grazed Nova Scotia shortly before it reached peak intensity. Sustained winds at peak intensity were 90 mph (140 km/h) while the minimum central pressure was at 963 mbar, the most intense on record for a category 1 hurricane. It then grazed Newfoundland before it became extratropical in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence on August 21.


1878 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
A tropical storm was discovered in the vicinity of the Bahamas on August 25. It moved to the northeast early in its duration. By August 27 it strengthened into a hurricane. After this it steadily got stronger as it moved toward Bermuda. On August 28 it had been upgraded to a Category 2 hurricane. Near peak intensity it passed within 90 miles (140 km) of Bermuda. At peak intensity, the maximum sustained wind was 100 mph (160 km/h) and the pressure was 972 mbar. The intensity of the storm barely leveled off over the next two days. The cyclone was last seen on August 30.


1878 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five
A tropical storm was first observed on September 1 just north of South America. It moved to the west-northwest, becoming a hurricane before hitting the Leeward Islands on September 2. It continued across the Caribbean, hitting Haiti and paralleling the north coast of Cuba. By September 7 it had weakened to a tropical storm and was east of Key West, Florida. It made landfall, on the Florida peninsula, soon afterwards and began moving slowly north before drifting back offshore where it strengthened. It remained over Florida for three days due to slow movement.


1878 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five
On the morning of September 10 it began moving east and made landfall north of Tampa with maximum sustained winds of 105 mph (169 km/h). The center passed over St. Augustine on September 11. When it reached the western Atlantic it became a hurricane again and caused several ships to be wrecked along the north-east coast of Florida, between Cape Canaveral and Amelia Island. It hit South Carolina by the morning of September 12, and, becoming extratropical, reached Ontario (where, claiming at least 4 lives, it had been raining since September 10) by the morning of September 13. In Central Florida, the cyclone flooded the area near Fort Basinger, including the Kissimmee River valley, in present-day Okeechobee County. Very heavy rainfall along its path affected the Florida peninsula. The hurricane caused at least nine deaths, though some reports suggest more were likely.


1878 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six
A Category One hurricane was first discovered over 1,000 miles (1,600 km) to the east of the Windward Islands on September 11. After several days it grew to a Category 2 hurricane with winds peaking at 100 mph (160 km/h).The minimum pressure is unknown. It dissipated on September 18 about 350 miles (560 km) to the south-southeast on Bermuda.


1878 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Seven
A tropical storm was first observed in the central Caribbean on September 24. It moved to the north, strengthening into a Category 1 hurricane before making landfall in Haiti. It quickly weakened to a tropical storm while passing roughly 11 miles (18 km) to the west of Port-au-Prince. An American brigantine was wrecked at Tiburon with all hands lost. The storm rapidly regained hurricane status after emerging into the Atlantic. It passed through the eastern Bahamas shortly before it was upgraded to a Category 2 hurricane.


1878 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Seven
Again it gradually strengthened, becoming a Category 3 hurricane by September 30 and a Category 4 hurricane by October 2. It continued to the northeast and moved away from land. The cyclone also maintained major hurricane status at a high latitude, roughly at 47.5N, but weakened somewhat before it was last seen on October 8.


1878 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Eight
A tropical storm formed in the Gulf of Mexico on October 9. It moved across Florida, and after tracking near the coasts of Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, it strengthened to a hurricane. The storm brought heavy wind and rain to New England, causing 27 deaths.


1878 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Nine
A tropical storm was first discovered on October 9 in the mid-Atlantic. It strengthened into a minimal hurricane before it dissipated at sea on October 16. It is likely that Hurricane Eight and Hurricane Nine merged into a single, large extratropical storm onOctober 16.


1878 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Ten
Hurricane Ten was a major hurricane that remained at sea during its entire duration. It was first discovered while a tropical storm of October 13. Over the next two days it strengthened slightly. By October 15 it became a hurricane and a Category 2 hurricane by the next day. It had also become a Category 3 hurricane on October 17. It attained peak intensity on October 18, sustained winds reached 120 mph (190 km/h). The hurricane weakened slightly before it was last seen on October 19.


1878 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Eleven
On October 18 a tropical storm formed west of Jamaica. As it neared landfall in Cuba, it strengthened to a 100 mph (160 km/h) hurricane, but weakened while crossing the island. It passed over southeast Florida and the Bahamas, strengthening to a 100 mph (160 km/h) hurricane again before hitting North Carolina between Wilmington and Morehead City. The hurricane raced across the interior of the United States, becoming extratropical on the 24th over New York. The hurricane caused over $2 million in damage, and at least 72 casualties. These included 19 people killed when a ship, the A.S.Davis, was driven ashore at Virginia Beach. In total, the hurricane was responsible for 22 shipwrecks. Among these was the steamer City of Houston which was lost on Frying Pan Shoals.


1878 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Twelve
A tropical storm was first discovered on November 25 some 700 miles east of the Lesser Antilles. On November 28 and 29 it passed over much of the northern Lesser Antilles. The storm then passed near the southern coast of Puerto Rico and its effects were felt in southeastern and southern Puerto Rico. It was first known tropical storm to impact Puerto Rico in November. Sustained winds of 70+mph. Later on it continued into the Caribbean and dissipated on December 2 while a few hundred miles south of Jamaica.


1878 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Twelve
This is the earliest known tropical cyclone to exist in the month of December on record, though most of its life spanned in November.


1878 Belfast by-election
The Belfast by-election of 1878 was held on 2 April 1878. The by-election was held due to the resignation (Inspector of Fisheries in Ireland) of the incumbent Conservative MP, William Johnston. It was won by the Conservative candidate William Ewart.


1878 Belgian general election
Partial general elections were held in Belgium on 11 June, 18 June and 15 July 1878. The result was a victory for the Liberal Party, which won 72 of the 132 seats in the Chamber of Representatives and 36 of the 66 seats in the Senate. Voter turnout was 62.5%, although only 56,640 people were eligible to vote.


1878 Belgian general election
Under the alternating system, elections for the Chamber of Representatives were only held in four out of the nine provinces: Hainaut, Limburg, Liège and East Flanders. Additionally, special elections were held in the arrondissements of Antwerp, Brussels and Kortrijk after these electoral districts got one extra seat due to population growth.


1878 Belgian general election
They were the first elections with strict guarantees for secret ballots following the law of 9 July 1877, which contributed to the success of the liberals.


1878 Belgian general election, Constituencies
The distribution of seats among the electoral districts was as follows for the Chamber of Representatives, with the difference compared to the previous election due to population growth:


1878 Birthday Honours
The 1878 Birthday Honours were appointments by Queen Victoria to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of the British Empire. The appointments were made to celebrate the official birthday of the Queen, and were published in The London Gazette in May 1878.


1878 Birthday Honours
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.


1878 Boston Red Caps season
The 1878 Boston Red Caps season was the eighth season of the franchise. The Red Caps won their second straight National League pennant.


1878 Boston Red Caps season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1878 Boston Red Caps season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1878 Boston Red Caps season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1878 Boston Red Caps season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1878 Boston by-election
The Boston by-election of 1878 was fought on 12 August 1878. The byelection was fought due to the resignation in order to contest Argyllshire of the incumbent Conservative MP, John Malcolm. It was won by the Conservative candidate Thomas Garfit, who was unopposed.


1878 Boston mayoral election
The Boston mayoral election of 1878 saw  Frederick O. Prince elected to return the mayoralty for a second nonconsecutive term.


1878 Bristol by-election
The Bristol by-election of 1878 was fought on 14 December 1878. The byelection was fought due to the resignation of the incumbent Liberal MP, Kirkman Hodgson. It was won by the Liberal candidate Lewis Fry.


1878 British Columbia general election
The 1878 British Columbia general election was held in 1878.


1878 British Columbia general election, Political context, Non-party system
There were to be no political parties in the new province. The designations "Government" and "Opposition" and "Independent" (and variations on these) functioned in place of parties, but they were very loose and do not represent formal coalitions, more alignments of support during the campaign. "Government" meant in support of the current Premier; "Opposition" meant campaigning against him, and often enough the Opposition would win and immediately become the Government. The Elections British Columbia notes for this election describe the designations as "Government (GOV.) candidates supported the administration of G.A.B. Walkem. Those opposed ran as Reform (REF. ), Opposition (OPP. ), Independent Reform (IND.REF. ), or Independent Opposition (IND.OPP.) candidates. Those who ran as straight Independents (IND.) were sometimes described as Government supporters (IND./GOV. ).


1878 British Columbia general election, Political context, Byelections not shown
Any changes due to byelections are shown below the main table showing the theoretical composition of the House after the election. A final table showing the composition of the House at the dissolution of the Legislature at the end of this Parliament can be found below the byelections. The main table represents the immediate results of the election only, not changes in governing coalitions or eventual changes due to byelections.


1878 British Columbia general election, Political context, List of ridings
The original ridings had remained twelve in number, electing 25 members of the first provincial legislature from 12 ridings (electoral districts), some with multiple members. There were no political parties were not acceptable in the House by convention, though some members were openly partisan at the federal level (usually Conservative, although both Liberal and Labour allegiance were on display by some candidates).


1878 British Columbia general election, Political context, List of ridings, Statistics
Mainland 2,271 votes 11 seats (excluding Kootenay's) 206.45 votes/seat :


1878 British Columbia general election, Political context, List of ridings, Statistics
Note that these figures refer to votes actually cast, not the population per se nor the total of the potential voters' list.


1878 British Columbia general election, Political context, Polling conditions
Property requirements for voting instigated for the 1875 election were dropped. Natives (First Nations) and Chinese were disallowed from voting, although naturalized Kanakas (Hawaiian colonists) and American and West Indian blacks and certain others participated. The requirement that knowledge of English be spoken for balloting was discussed but not applied.


1878 British Columbia general election, Byelections
As customary, byelections were held to confirm the appointment of various members to the Executive Council (cabinet). In this Parliament, all three such byelections were won by acclamation:


1878 British Columbia general election, Byelections
Walkem's byelection acclamation confirmed him as Premier; Executive Council appointments were decided and made by the Lieutenant-Governor in this period, not by the Premier directly, but by the L-G in Consultation with the Premier (as still is the case, though only as a formal technicality, not in practice). The Premier's position itself was technically an appointment, as there were no political parties nor leaders, other than unofficial ones for each faction in the House to whom the Lieutenant-Governor would turn if their known caucus was sufficient to form a government.


1878 British Columbia general election, Byelections
Other byelections were held on the occasion of death, ill health, retirement and/or resignation for other reasons. These were won by:


1878 British Columbia general election, Composition of House at dissolution
Note: Government/Opposition status applies to candidate at time of election in 1878, not at time of dissolution in 1882.


1878 Brown Bears football team
The 1878 Brown Bears football team represented Brown University in the 1878 college football season. The team traveled to Amherst, Massachusetts and played the Lord Jeffs in their first football game.


1878 CCNY Lavender football team
The 1878 CCNY Lavender football team represented the City College of New York during the 1878 college football season.


1878 Canadian federal election
The 1878 Canadian federal election was held on September 17, 1878 to elect members of the House of Commons of the 4th Parliament of Canada. It resulted in the end of Prime Minister Alexander Mackenzie's Liberal government after only one term in office. Canada suffered an economic depression during Mackenzie's term, and his party was punished by voters for it. The Liberals' policy of free trade also hurt their support with the business establishment in Toronto and Montreal.


1878 Canadian federal election
Sir John A. Macdonald and his Conservative Party were returned to power after having been defeated four years before amidst scandals over the building of the Canadian Pacific Railway.


1878 Canadian federal election, National results
* Party did not nominate candidates in the previous election.


1878 Canterbury by-election
The Canterbury by-election of 1878 was fought on 2 March 1878. The byelection was fought due to the resignation of the incumbent Conservative MP, Henry Munro-Butler-Johnstone. It was won by the Conservative candidate Alfred Gathorne-Hardy, who was unopposed.


1878 Canterbury colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Canterbury on 10 January 1878 because Sir Henry Parkes was appointed Colonial Secretary forming the third Parkes ministry. Such ministerial by-elections were usually uncontested however on this occasion a poll was required in Canterbury and The Lachlan (James Watson). Both were comfortably re-elected. The other 5 ministers were re-elected unopposed.


1878 Carmarthen Boroughs by-election
The Carmarthen Boroughs by-election, 1878 was a parliamentary by-election held for the House of Commons constituency of Carmarthen Boroughs in West Wales on 11 May 1878.


1878 Carmarthen Boroughs by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the sitting Liberal MP, Sir Arthur Cowell-Stepney, 2nd Baronet.


1878 Carmarthen Boroughs by-election, Candidates
The Liberals selected Benjamin Thomas Williams, QC, a successful barrister and a former Recorder of Carmarthen.


1878 Carmarthen Boroughs by-election, The result
There being no other candidates putting themselves forward Williams was returned unopposed.


1878 Cheviot by-election
The 1878 Cheviot by-election was a by-election held on 21 May 1878 during the 6th New Zealand Parliament in the electorate of Cheviot in Canterbury.


1878 Cheviot by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP Leonard Harper on 2 April 1878.


1878 Chicago White Stockings season
The 1878 Chicago White Stockings season was the 7th season of the Chicago White Stockings franchise, the 3rd in the National League and the 1st at Lakefront Park. The White Stockings finished fourth in the National League with a record of 30–30.


1878 Chicago White Stockings season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1878 Chicago White Stockings season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1878 Chicago White Stockings season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1878 Christchurch mayoral election
The Christchurch mayoral election held on 27 November 1878 was contested by the incumbent mayor, Henry Thomson, and senior Christchurch City Councillor Charles Thomas Ick. The election was won by Ick with a large margin.


1878 Christchurch mayoral election, Background
Initially, councillors elected one of their own as mayor towards the end of the year, and the role was usually awarded to the most senior councillor. The system changed with the introduction of The Municipal Corporations Acts Amendment Act, 1875, as that legislation stipulated that mayors had to be elected at large (i.e. by eligible voters). The 1875 was won unopposed by the incumbent, and the 1876 election was the first that was put to public vote. The 1878 election was the third mayoral election where eligible ratepayers voted. The incumbent, Henry Thomson, was first elected in 1877.


1878 Christchurch mayoral election, Background
One of the Christchurch newspapers, The Star, ran a vigorous campaign against Ick. The source of their editor's objection was Ick's alignment with former mayor William Wilson. Wilson was evidently a capable men, but his reputation was seriously dented when he lost a fraud case on all counts. Wilson stood for election to the city council once more earlier in 1878 and upon being elected, five city councillors resigned in protest, including George Ruddenklau, James Jameson, and Alexander William Bickerton.


1878 Christchurch mayoral election, Candidates
Henry Thomson was born in Scotland in 1828. He emigrated to Australia in 1852, came to New Zealand in 1856, and settled in Christchurch in 1865. He worked as a jeweller for his father-in-law. He was also a manager for the railways. Thomson was elected onto the town and later city council in 1867, 1868, and 1875, before being elected mayor in 1877.


1878 Christchurch mayoral election, Candidates
Charles Thomas Ick came to Dunedin in 1858, where he was in business as a mercer and draper. He farmed in Waikouaiti between 1863 and 1870, when he came to Christchurch and established himself as an auctioneer. He held various public offices while living in Waikouaiti and was elected onto the Christchurch city council in 1872, 1874, and 1877. Ick contested the 1876 mayoral election but was defeated by James Gapes.


1878 Christchurch mayoral election, Election
Ick was nominated by former mayors Henry Sawtell and James Gapes. Thomson was nominated by former mayors Andrew Duncan and James Jameson. George Leslie Lee acted as the returning officer. Ick won the election by a large margin.


1878 Christchurch mayoral election, Election
A year later, Ick won the 1879 mayoral election against Aaron Ayers and Gapes. Ick did not stand again in 1880, and was succeeded by James Gapes.


1878 Cincinnati Reds season
The 1878 Cincinnati Reds season was a season in American baseball. The team finished second in the National League with a record of 37–23, four games behind the Boston Red Caps.


1878 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season
After finishing their first two seasons in the National League in last place, the Reds were hoping for some improvement in the 1878 season. Cincinnati signed Cal McVey of the Chicago White Stockings to become the team's new third baseman, and new manager. Catcher Deacon White of the Boston Red Caps signed with Cincinnati. White led the National League with a .387 batting average, 103 hits, eleven triples, 49 RBI, and a .545 slugging percentage with the Red Caps in 1877. White also led the National League with 60 RBI while playing for the White Stockings in 1876. On the mound, 23-year-old Will White was signed by the Reds. White appeared in three games with the Boston Red Caps in 1877, going 2–1 with a 3.00 ERA.


1878 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season
Charley Jones had another very solid season with the Reds, as he had a .310 batting average, along with a team high three home runs and 39 RBI. White saw his production slip, however, he still hit .314 with 29 RBI. Player-manager McVey was solid with a .306 average and two home runs along with 28 RBI. Rookie King Kelly hit .283 with 27 RBI. White had a spectacular season, going 30–21 with a 1.79 ERA in 468 innings pitched.


1878 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season, Season summary
The Reds opened the season with a six-game winning streak, and stayed hot in their first twenty games, going 15–5, and were sitting in first place in the National League. Cincinnati then went on a six-game losing streak, falling to 15–11, and out of first place. The Reds never reclaimed first place; however, they finished the season strong, including a nine-game winning streak late in the year, to finish in second place with a 37–23 record, five games behind the first place Boston Red Caps.


1878 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1878 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1878 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1878 Cirencester by-election
The Cirencester by-election of 1878 was held on 12 March 1878. The byelection was fought due to the succession to a peerage of the incumbent Conservative MP, Allen Bathurst who became the sixth Earl Bathurst. It was won by the Conservative candidate Thomas William Chester-Master.


1878 City of Dunedin by-election
The 1878 City of Dunedin by-election was a by-election held  on 1 July 1878 in the City of Dunedin electorate in Dunedin during the 6th New Zealand Parliament. At the time the electorate had three members.


1878 City of Dunedin by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent, William Larnach. The winner was Richard Oliver.


1878 City of Wellington by-election
The 1878 City of Wellington by-election was a by-election held in the multi-member City of Wellington electorate during the 6th New Zealand Parliament, on 18 February 1878.


1878 City of Wellington by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of one of the two incumbent MPs, William Travers, and led to his replacement by George Elliott Barton as a form of protest.


1878 Colombian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in the United States of Colombia in 1878. The result was a victory for Julián Trujillo Largacha of the Liberal Party.


1878 Colombian presidential election, Electoral system
The 1863 constitution changed the electoral system from a direct vote to an indirect vote. The President was now elected on the basis of which candidate received the most votes in each state, with a candidate required to win in at least five of the nine states to be elected. If no candidate received a majority, Congress would elect the President from the main contenders. Following the tensions around the 1875 elections of the electoral college, constitutional reforms in 1876 ended the staggered nature of the college elections, requiring that all electors were elected on the same day across the country.


1878 Colorado gubernatorial election
The 1878 Colorado gubernatorial election was held on October 1, 1878. Republican nominee Frederick Walker Pitkin defeated Democratic nominee William A. H. Loveland with 49.98% of the vote.


1878 Columbia football team
The 1878 Columbia football team represented Columbia University in the 1878 college football season.


1878 Connecticut gubernatorial election
The 1878 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1878. Republican nominee Charles B. Andrews defeated Democratic incumbent governor Richard D. Hubbard with 46.66% of the vote.


1878 Connecticut gubernatorial election
As no candidate had won a majority of the vote, the Republican-controlled state legislature elected Andrews, who had received a plurality.


1878 Delaware gubernatorial election
The 1878 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1878. Incumbent Democratic Governor John P. Cochran was unable to seek re-election. Former State Senator John W. Hall ran as the Democratic nominee to succeed Cochran. The Republican Party, chastened by its long string of defeats, failed to run a statewide candidate. Instead, the Greenback Party stepped in, and Kensey Johns Stewart ran as the Greenback nominee. The absence of the Republican Party on the ballot caused turnout to crash, and Hall defeated Stewart by the largest margin in state history.


1878 Delaware gubernatorial election, Bibliography
This Delaware elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1878 Down by-election
The Down by-election of 1878 was fought on 17 May 1878. The byelection was fought due to the death of the incumbent Liberal MP, James Sharman Crawford. It was won by the Conservative candidate Viscount Castlereagh.


1878 East Macquarie colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of East Macquarie on 1 February 1878 because of the resignation of Sir John Robertson who had also been elected to Mudgee on the same day.


1878 East Maitland colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of East Maitland on 5 June 1878 because of the death of Stephen Scholey.


1878 East Somerset by-election
The East Somerset by-election of 1878 was held on 20 March 1878. The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Conservative MP, Richard Bright. It was won by the Conservative candidate Sir Philip Miles.


1878 English cricket season
1878 was the 92nd season of cricket in England since the foundation of the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). The first official tour by an Australian team was undertaken, although it played no Test matches. A match at Old Trafford inspired a famous poem.


1878 English cricket season, Notes
An unofficial seasonal title sometimes proclaimed by consensus of media and historians prior to December 1889 when the official County Championship was constituted. Although there are ante-dated claims prior to 1873, when residence qualifications were introduced, it is only since that ruling that any quasi-official status can be ascribed. Middlesex, Nottinghamshire and Yorkshire were all seen as having some claims to the "Championship", but the general consensus was that none of these teams could claim superiority


1878 FA Cup Final
The 1878 FA Cup Final was a football match between Wanderers and Royal Engineers on 23 March 1878 at Kennington Oval in London. It was the seventh final of the world's oldest football competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup (known in the modern era as the FA Cup). Wanderers had won the Cup in the previous two seasons and on four previous occasions in total, including the first FA Cup Final, in 1872, in which they defeated the Engineers. The Engineers had also won the Cup, having defeated Old Etonians in the 1875 final.


1878 FA Cup Final
Wanderers, who were considered firm favourites to win the Cup for the third consecutive season, took the lead after only five minutes through Jarvis Kenrick, but the Engineers quickly equalised. The cup-holders regained their lead before half-time and added a third goal after the interval to secure a 3–1 victory. Under the original rules of the competition, the Cup was retired and presented to the club on a permanent basis to mark their third straight win, but the Wanderers returned the Cup to The Football Association on the condition that it never again be won outright by any club.


1878 FA Cup Final, Route to the final
Wanderers were the reigning cup holders and had also won the tournament in 1872, 1873 and 1876. In the first of these victories they had defeated the Royal Engineers. The Engineers had won the competition in 1875. Both teams entered the competition at the first round stage. Wanderers were allocated a home tie against Panthers and easily defeated their opponents 9–1, proceeding to the second round where they were paired with High Wycombe and again recorded a high-scoring victory, winning 9–0. Their opponents in the third round, Barnes, proved stronger opposition, particularly as key players such as Hon.


1878 FA Cup Final, Route to the final
Arthur Kinnaird were unavailable for the cup-holders. The match ended in a 1–1 draw necessitating a replay, which Wanderers (back to full strength) won 4–1. In the quarter-finals Wanderers defeated Sheffield 3–0 and then, with an uneven number of teams remaining in the competition, the team received a bye into the final.


1878 FA Cup Final, Route to the final
The Engineers' scheduled first round opponents were Highbury Union, but they withdrew from the competition, giving the Engineers a walkover victory. The "Sappers", as the Royal Engineers regiment is traditionally nicknamed, went on to defeat Pilgrims 6–0 and Druids 8–0, with hat-tricks in both matches from Lieut. Robert Hedley, to reach the quarter-finals where their opponents were 1874 cup-winners Oxford University. The initial match finished in a 3–3 draw, and the replay also finished without a victor, ending 2–2. Finally, the Engineers emerged victorious in a second replay, winning 4–2. This set up a semi-final match against Old Harrovians, the team for former pupils of Harrow School. The match was played at Kennington Oval and the Engineers reached the final by defeating the Harrovians 2–1.


1878 FA Cup Final, Match, Summary
Wanderers, who were considered the firm favourites by the book-makers, won the coin toss and chose to defend the Harleyford Road end of The Oval. The match drew a crowd estimated at 4,500 spectators, the highest yet recorded for an FA Cup Final. Both teams played with two full-backs, two half-backs and six forwards; the team captains were the Hon. Arthur Kinnaird and Lieut. Robert Hedley. The cup-holders immediately dominated the game and Kinnaird quickly had an unsuccessful shot on goal.


1878 FA Cup Final, Match, Summary
After only five minutes Henry Wace crossed the ball from a wide position and Jarvis Kenrick kicked the ball past the Engineers' goalkeeper Lieut. Lovick Friend to give the Wanderers the lead. Approximately ten minutes later, Wanderers goalkeeper James Kirkpatrick suffered a broken arm during a tussle on the goal-line, but managed to keep the ball out of the goal, and went on to play the remainder of the match despite his injury. In the 20th minute of the game, the Engineers scored an equalising goal. Some modern sources state that Lieut. William Morris scored the goal, however contemporary newspaper reports in The Field, The Sporting Life and Bell's Life in London all state that Morris took a throw-in which led to a "scrimmage" or "bully" in front of the Wanderers' goal, out of which the ball was forced over the goal-line.


1878 FA Cup Final, Match, Summary
Towards the end of the first half, the Wanderers were awarded a free kick. Kinnaird took the kick, which led to a second goal for the cup-holders. Modern sources list Kinnaird as the goalscorer, but some contemporary reports suggest that, following his free kick, another "scrimmage" ensued in front of the Engineers' goal before the ball was forced over the line. Shortly after the half-time break, the Engineers' captain Robert Hedley appeared to have scored a goal, but it was disallowed due to an infringement of the offside rule. After around twenty minutes of the second half, Kenrick scored his second goal following some skilful play by Hubert Heron, giving Wanderers a 3–1 lead which they retained until the end of the game.


1878 FA Cup Final, Post-match
As was the norm until 1882, the winning team did not receive the trophy at the stadium on the day of the match, but later in the year at their annual dinner. Under the original rules of the competition, if a team won the Cup three times in succession, it would be retired and become their "absolute property". Wanderers secretary C. W. Alcock, however, returned the Cup to The Football Association on the condition that the rule be removed and no other team permitted to win the Cup outright. The only other team to win the Cup in three successive seasons to date is Blackburn Rovers, who won it three times in a row in the 1880s. On that occasion the club was presented with a commemorative shield.


1878 FA Cup Final, Post-match
Three weeks after the Cup final, Wanderers played Scottish Cup winners Vale of Leven at Kennington Oval in a match for the unofficial "championship of Britain". In front of a crowd of around 2,000 spectators, Wanderers turned in what was regarded by the press as a sub-standard performance and were defeated 3–1.


1878 Flint Boroughs by-election
The Flint Boroughs by-election of 1878 was fought on 5 July 1878. The byelection was fought due to the death of the incumbent Liberal MP, Peter Ellis Eyton. It was won by the Liberal candidate John Roberts.


1878 Franklin by-election
The 1874 Franklin by-election was a by-election held on 20 May 1878 in the Franklin electorate during the 6th New Zealand Parliament.


1878 Franklin by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP Hugh Lusk on 16 April 1878.


1878 Franklin by-election
At the nomination meeting, Richard Hobbs of Pokeno was put forward. As there were no other nominations, he was declared duly elected.


1878 Geelong Football Club season
The 1878 season was the second in which Geelong competed in the Victorian Football Association. Geelong finished the season as premiers despite only playing four matches against other senior opponents. Geelong finished the season by winning a play-off against the best metropolitan club, Melbourne. The result was five goals to one, winning the premiership.


1878 German federal election
Federal elections were held in Germany on 30 July 1878. The National Liberal Party remained the largest party in the Reichstag, with 97 of the 397 seats. Voter turnout was 63.4%.


1878 Grand National
The 1878 Grand National was the 40th renewal of the Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 29 March 1878.


1878 Greenock by-election
The Greenock by-election of 1878 was fought on 25 January 1878. The by-election was called due to the resignation of the incumbent Liberal MP, James Johnston Grieve. It was won by the Liberal candidate James Stewart.


1878 Grey Valley by-election
The 1878 Grey Valley by-election was a by-election held on 22 May 1878 during the 6th New Zealand Parliament in the West Coast electorate of Grey Valley.


1878 Grey Valley by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP Martin Kennedy on 13 April 1878.


1878 Grey Valley by-election
He was opposed by William Henry Harrison (who had been elected for the electorate in the 1871 election) and John Barrowman; Heber Newton withdrew but got 25 votes.


1878 Haddington Burghs by-election
The Haddington Burghs by-election of 1878 was fought on 3 August 1878. The byelection was fought due to the resignation of the incumbent Liberal MP, Sir Henry Ferguson Davie. It was won by the Liberal candidate Lord William Hay.


1878 Harvard Crimson football team
The 1878 Harvard Crimson football team represented Harvard University in the 1878 college football season. They finished with a 1–2 record. The team captain, for the second consecutive year, was Livingston Cushing.


1878 Harvard Crimson football team
On November 9, 1878, Harvard opened its football season with a victory over Amherst at Boston's South End Grounds. Harvard scored three goals and three touchdowns and held Amherst scoreless.


1878 Harvard Crimson football team
On November 16, Harvard lost to Princeton in a game played before approximately 1,000 spectators at the Boston Baseball Grounds. The New York Herald called it "a magnificent contest."


1878 Harvard Crimson football team
One week later, on November 23, Harvard lost to Yale before 700 spectators at the Boston Baseball Grounds. Yale won on a kick for goal.


1878 Hereford by-election
The Hereford by-election of 1878 was fought on 14 March 1878. The byelection was fought due to the resignation of the incumbent Conservative MP, Evan Pateshall. It was won by the Conservative candidate George Arbuthnot.


1878 Hokitika by-election
The Hokitika by-election 1878 was a by-election held in the multi-member Hokitika electorate during the 6th New Zealand Parliament, on 26 June 1878. The by-election was caused by the resignation of incumbent MP Charles Button and was won by Seymour Thorne George, who defeated Gerard George Fitzgerald. Thorne George was suggested as a candidate by the premier, Sir George Grey; he was the Premier's nephew, and lived in the North Island.


1878 Hokitika by-election, Background
Button had first been elected to the House of Representatives in the 1876 general election. He had contested the two-member Hokitika electorate with four other candidates, and as the second-highest polling candidate, he was successful; the other successful candidate was Edmund Barff. When Hokitika electorate constituents passed a resolution in 1878 that thanked Button but expressed regret that he did not support Sir George Grey, Button handed in his resignation on 22 May.


1878 Hokitika by-election, Candidates
Electors presented a petition to Robert Reid, asking to allow him to be nominated, but he declined as his business affairs needed his attention. Reid had been one of the candidates in the 1876 election, and had been narrowly beaten into third place. Another person asked to stand was the shop keeper and lay preacher D. W. Virtue, but he also declined.


1878 Hokitika by-election, Candidates
A local newspaper, the West Coast Times, mentioned that whilst Gerard George Fitzgerald was apparently interested, he would stand no chance. The newspaper was dismissive of Fitzgerald ("would not be likely to meet with general support") and questioned whether the returning officer would even accept his nomination; this referred to his bankruptcy earlier in the year. Fitzgerald was the first to formally declare his candidacy on 10 June 1878 by placing an advertisement in the West Coast Times. The following day, the West Coast Times ran the most critical editorial about Fitzgerald:


1878 Hokitika by-election, Candidates
The electors are now asked to return a gentleman to Parliament who is rightly considered unfit for the public service, who was, in fact, if not in name, dismissed for conduct for which there is no excuse. He is quite competent to be a member of the House, but incompetent to sit on the Magistrate's Bench! Is Parliament become a refuge for the destitute? Is the Insolvency Court a half-way house to the Legislature? Does a long experience of questionable company tend to qualify a man to represent a large constituency in Parliament? Mr Fitzgerald is well known to every one in Hokitika and on the Coast. Why should he show his contempt for this constituency by offering them his services?


1878 Hokitika by-election, Candidates
The premier at the time, Sir George Grey, was very popular with people on the West Coast. Robert Reid was a strong supporter of Grey, and Reid owned the West Coast Times' from 1874 to 1883, doing everything he could to support the Grey administration. A Hokitika man enquired by telegram whether Grey could recommend a good candidate from outside the area. Sir George replied:


1878 Hokitika by-election, Candidates
My nephew Seymour Thorne George would be glad to represent your district if you sent him a requisition asking him to do so. He was with me when I visited your district in February last. G. Grey


1878 Hokitika by-election, Candidates
The Grey River Argus was most critical of this situation. Thorne George, at the time in his mid-20s, was described by them as a "perfect nobody". Thorne George replied to the requisition by telegram from Wellington on 10 June, acceding to the request. He arrived in Hokitika by coach from Christchurch on 19 June and gave his first public speech on the following evening in the Hokitika town hall.


1878 Hokitika by-election, Candidates
Richard Seddon, who had contested the 1876 election coming fourth, was noted as not being inclined to run in the by-election. Like Fitzgerald, Seddon was in financial difficulties and a few months later, in October, he filed for bankruptcy. As a staunch liberal and supporter of George Grey, Seddon organised support for Thorne George.


1878 Hokitika by-election, Candidates
There was also a discussion whether to ask Button to stand again. The West Coast Times argued that the vote passed at the meeting that resulted in his resignation may not have been representative. The newspaper reported on 14 June that Button had decided against contesting the election.


1878 Hokitika by-election, Candidates
Another candidate was Andrew Cumming, a well-known individual and for some years trading in Hokitika. S. Croumbie-Brown of Kumara announced himself as a candidate. A staff member of the Kumara Times, he was virtually unknown in the district.


1878 Hokitika by-election, Nomination meeting and subsequent events
The hustings were erected outside the Hokitika Magistrate's Court building for the nomination meeting on 20 June at noon. Marcus Furlong South was the returning officer. Because of heavy rain, the nomination meeting was held inside the court, with the returning officer taking the bench. The merchant James Chesney nominated Thorne George, with the merchant Joseph Churches seconding the nomination. Fitzgerald was nominated by John Bevan and seconded by George Davidson, an engineer, blacksmiths and ironfounder.


1878 Hokitika by-election, Nomination meeting and subsequent events
The third person to be nominated was Croumbie-Brown, but by then, the rain had stopped and the waiting crowd demanded forcefully for the remaining affairs to be held on the hustings. The returning officer moved the affairs outside and asked for a show of hands, which he declared in favour of Fitzgerald. A formal poll was asked for on behalf of Croumbie-Brown. Fitzgerald then gave an address to the electors, and towards the end, it started raining again. The other two candidates said that they would not keep the electors while it was raining, and the proceedings were terminated.


1878 Hokitika by-election, Nomination meeting and subsequent events
Cumming placed an advertisement the day after the nomination meeting giving reasons why he had withdrawn from the contest. Croumbie-Brown announced his resignation from the contest after a 22 June meeting held by Thorne George in Kumara in front of an alleged crowd of 1,200 people.


1878 Hokitika by-election, Results
Polling day was Wednesday, 26 June 1878, and voting was done between 9 am and 4 pm. The only polling booth in Hokitika was at the Magistrate's Court building, but 13 further booths were throughout the electorate. There were 1,673 votes cast in the election by secret ballot. A New Zealand census had been held in 1878 and this had resulted in an updated electoral roll for the Hokitika electorate of 1,823 names. The turnout was thus over 91% at the by-election. Fitzgerald had a small majority at the Hokitika booth, but overall Thorne George won the by-election with a majority of just over 5% of the votes.


1878 Hokitika by-election, Results
Thorne George represented the Hokitika electorate until the end of the parliamentary term. In the 1879 election, he announced that he would contest the Rodney electorate north of Auckland (where he was successful). There were four liberal candidates for the two seats in the Hokitika electorate, and Seddon sought and obtained an endorsement from George Grey for his candidacy: "You are worthy; stand yourself." The opposition candidate Robert Reid and Seddon were returned for the Hokitika electorate.


1878 Hungarian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Hungary between 5 and 14 August 1878. The result was a victory for the Liberal Party, which won 239 of the 413 seats.


1878 Indianapolis Blues season
The Indianapolis Blues were in the National League for only the 1878 season, after playing as an independent team in 1877. They finished in fifth place, one of just two teams to finish below .500.


1878 Indianapolis Blues season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1878 Indianapolis Blues season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1878 Indianapolis Blues season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1878 Indianapolis Blues season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1878 Invercargill by-election
The 1878 Invercargill by-election was a by-election during the 6th New Zealand Parliament in the Southland electorate of Invercargill. The by-election occurred following the resignation of MP George Lumsden and was won by Henry Feldwick.


1878 Invercargill by-election, Background
George Lumsden, who was first elected to represent Invercargill in the 1875 election, resigned in 1878. This triggered the Invercargill by-election, which was held on 17 July 1878. Two independent candidates contested the election, Henry Feldwick and James Walker Bain. Feldwick obtained 51.22% of the votes and was successful.


1878 Invercargill mayoral election
The 1878 Invercargill mayoral election was held on 22 July 1878.


1878 Invercargill mayoral election
Incumbent mayor Joseph Hatch was defeated by former mayor George Lumsden.


1878 Kansas gubernatorial election
The 1878 Kansas gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1878. Republican nominee John St. John defeated Democratic nominee John R. Goodin with 53.52% of the vote.


1878 Kentucky Derby
The 1878 Kentucky Derby was the 4th running of the Kentucky Derby. The race took place on May 21, 1878. Winning horse Day Star set a new Kentucky Derby record with a winning time of 2:37.25.


1878 Leith Burghs by-election
The Leith Burghs by-election of 1878 was fought on 29 January 1878. The byelection was fought due to the resignation of the incumbent Liberal MP, Donald Robert Macgregor. It was won by the Liberal candidate Andrew Grant.


1878 Liechtenstein general election
General elections were held in Liechtenstein in April and May 1878. New elections were called after the Landtag was dissolved as part of the compromise between the representatives of the Oberland and Unterland regions during the 1877 general election.


1878 Liechtenstein general election
Starting from this election, Landtag members were elected to represent their electoral districts and not Liechtenstein as a whole. The country was divided into two electoral districts; Oberland (with seven seats) and Unterland (with five seats).


1878 Liechtenstein general election, Electors
Electors were selected through elections that were held between 16 and 30 April. Each municipality had two electors for every 100 inhabitants.


1878 Liechtenstein general election, Results
The election of Oberland's Landtag members and substitutes was held on 15 May in Vaduz. Of Oberland's 100 electors, 96 were present. Oberland elected seven Landtag members and four substitutes.


1878 Liechtenstein general election, Results
The election of Unterland's Landtag members and substitutes was held on 16 May in Mauren. All of Unterland's 60 electors were present. Unterland elected five Landtag members and two substitutes.


1878 Liverpool Town Council election
Elections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Saturday 1 November 1878. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.


1878 Liverpool Town Council election, Election result
Given the significant number of uncontested wards, these statistics should be read in that context.


1878 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No. 9, Great George
Caused by John Hampden Jackson (Liberal, Great George, elected 1 November 1878) ceasing to be a Councillor.


1878 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No. 13, St. Anne Street
Caused by Thomas Hayes Sheen (Conservative, St. Anne Street, elected 1 November 1878) ceasing to be a Councillor.


1878 Londonderry County by-election
The Londonderry County by-election of 1878 was fought on 18 December 1878. The byelection was fought due to the death of the incumbent Liberal MP, Richard Smyth. It was won by the Liberal candidate Sir Thomas McClure.


1878 Macedonian rebellion
The 1878 Macedonian rebellion (Greek: Μακεδονική επανάσταση του 1878) was a Greek rebellion launched in opposition to the Treaty of San Stefano, according to which the bulk of Macedonia would be annexed to Bulgaria, and in favour of the union of Macedonia with the Kingdom of Greece. This followed the brief Greco-Turkish war of 1878 in which Greece had declared war on 2 February against the Ottoman Empire, only for the Greek forces to return to their bases shortly after crossing the border due to the intervention of the Great Powers and the signature of the Treaty of San Stefano.


1878 Macedonian rebellion
It is reported that revolutionary outbreaks in the same year, are located alongside Macedonia in Epirus, Thessaly and Crete, seeking union with the Greek state. In Macedonia there was greater willingness and enthusiasm than in Thessaly. The revolution had two main foci in Macedonia, one was on Olympus, and the other in Vourinos.


1878 Macedonian rebellion, Events
The revolution of Olympus began in Litohoro on February 19, 1878 led by Kosmas Doumpiotis extended to the surrounding areas and drowned in blood by the Ottomans, with its tragic epilogue being the destruction of Litohoro on March 4 of that year. In the revolution of Litohoro, which was the forerunner to the uprisings across Macedonia, participated bodies from all the regions of Western and Central Macedonia, as well as Eastern Macedonia (mainly from Melnik).


1878 Macedonian rebellion, Events
The uprising began on Mount Vourinos led by Anastasios Picheon. On February 18, 1878, rebels from different parts of western Macedonia formed, in the Vourinos settlement, the "Provisional Government of Macedonian province of Elimeia" seeking the abolition of the Treaty of San Stefano and the Association of Macedonia with Greece. The summer of 1878, about 15,000 armed men escalated a guerrilla war in the mountains of Western Macedonia from Kozani to Bitola. The revolutionaries of Western Macedonia had no help from the Greek state.


1878 Macedonian rebellion, Events
In northern Macedonia, rebellions went as far as Veles, where the chieftain Katrakos was acting with 50 men. After the suppression of the uprising, many Velesians were forced to resort to Thessaloniki. The revolt ended in the winter of that year due to bad weather and lack of organization.


1878 Macedonian rebellion, Aftermath
The Macedonian Revolution of 1878 did not achieve its purpose, but the opposition of the Greek population of Macedonia to the annexation to a Greater Bulgaria was documented internationally, and also the diplomatic position of Greece and those countries opposed to the Treaty of San Stefano was strengthened. So at the Treaty of Berlin in June 1878, the Macedonian territories remained Ottoman and were not annexed to Bulgaria. In response to this development, the Bulgarian population of Macedonia rose similarly in the autumn of 1878 in regions of Kresna and Razlog, but to no avail.


1878 Maldon by-election
The Maldon by-election of 1878 was fought on 11 December 1878. The by-election was fought due to the resignation of the incumbent Conservative MP, George Sandford. It was won by the Liberal candidate George Courtauld.


1878 Manitoba general election
The 1878 Manitoba general election was held on December 18, 1878 to elect representatives to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba.


1878 Marlborough by-election
The Marlborough by-election of 1878 was fought on 31 January 1878. The byelection was fought due to the succession to a peerage of the incumbent Liberal MP, Lord Ernest Brudenell-Bruce. It was won by the Liberal candidate Lord Charles Brudenell-Bruce.


1878 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1878 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 5.


1878 Massachusetts legislature
The 99th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1878 during the governorship of Alexander H. Rice. John B. D. Cogswell served as president of the Senate and John Davis Long served as speaker of the House.


1878 Men's Tennis tour
The 1878 Men's tennis tour was composed of the second annual pre-open era tour. It now incorporated 6 tournaments staged in Great Britain and Ireland the Wimbledon championships was won by Patrick Francis Hadow defeating the challenger and defending champion Spencer Gore.


1878 Men's Tennis tour, Calendar
Notes 1: Challenge Round: the final round of a tournament, in which the winner of a single-elimination phase faces the previous year's champion, who plays only that one match. The challenge round was used in the early history of tennis (from 1877 through 1921), in some tournaments not all.


1878 Men's Tennis tour, Calendar
Notes 2:Tournaments in italics were events that were staged only once that season


1878 Michigan gubernatorial election
The 1878 Michigan gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1878. Incumbent Republican Charles Croswell defeated Democratic nominee Orlando M. Barnes with 44.66% of the vote.


1878 Mid Somerset by-election
The Mid Somerset by-election of 1878 was fought on 19 March 1878. The byelection was fought due to the resignation of the incumbent Conservative MP, Ralph Neville-Grenville. It was won by the Conservative candidate William Gore-Langton.


1878 Middlesbrough by-election
The Middlesbrough by-election, 1878 was a parliamentary by-election held on 5 July 1878 to elect a new Member of Parliament (MP) for the British House of Commons constituency of Middlesbrough in the North Riding of Yorkshire.


1878 Middlesbrough by-election, Vacancy
The vacancy was caused by the death on 18 June 1878 of the town's Liberal MP, Henry Bolckow.


1878 Middlesbrough by-election, Vacancy
The town of Middlesbrough had been enfranchised by the Representation of the People Act 1867, and at the United Kingdom general election the industrialist Henry Bolckow had been elected unopposed as its first Member of Parliament (MP). In 1853, he had become the town's first mayor.


1878 Middlesbrough by-election, Candidates
The Conservative Party candidate was Samuel Sadler, the owner of a major chemicals business in the town, and Mayor of Middlesbrough in 1877. The Liberal Party selected Isaac Wilson, whose railway locomotive business had been merged in 1865 to Hopkins, Gilkes & Co. Wilson had been Mayor in 1854.


1878 Middlesbrough by-election, Results
The result was a victory was for Wilson, who held the seat for the Liberal with a comfortable majority of 37.6% of the votes.


1878 Middlesbrough by-election, Aftermath
Wilson held the seat until he stood down at the 1892 general election.


1878 Middlesbrough by-election, Aftermath
Sadler did not stand again until the 1895 general election, when he was also unsuccessful. But he finally won the seat at the 1900 general election, 22 years after the by-election. He was defeated at the 1906 general election.


1878 Middlesex by-election
The 1878 Middlesex by-election was held on 12 April 1878, due to the incumbent Conservative MP, Lord George Hamilton, becoming Vice-President of the Committee of the Council on Education. It was retained by the incumbent.


1878 Milwaukee Grays season
The Milwaukee Grays were members of the National League for only the 1878 season, having played as an independent team in 1877. They finished in sixth place, one of only two teams to finish below .500.


1878 Milwaukee Grays season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1878 Milwaukee Grays season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1878 Milwaukee Grays season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1878 Milwaukee Grays season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1878 New Brunswick general election
The 1878 New Brunswick general election was held in June 1878, to elect 41 members to the Post-Confederation 24th New Brunswick Legislative Assembly, the governing house of the province of New Brunswick, Canada. The election was held before the adoption of party labels. John James Fraser was appointed premier of New Brunswick on May 4, 1878, following the resignation of George Edwin King, and led his government into the election weeks later.


1878 New Brunswick general election
Of forty-one MLAs(members of the Legislative Assembly), thirty-one were in support of the government, and ten formed the opposition.


1878 New Ross by-election
The New Ross by-election of 1878 was fought on 17 December 1878. The byelection was fought due to the death of the incumbent Home Rule MP, John Dunbar. It was won by the Conservative candidate Charles George Tottenham.


1878 New York state election
The 1878 New York state election was held on November 5, 1878, to elect a judge of the New York Court of Appeals, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and one member of the New York State Senate to sit in the 102nd New York State Legislature.


1878 New York state election, History
Due to the increase of the Governor's term to three years, in 1878 there was only one officer to be elected statewide: a judge of the Court of Appeals, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of William F. Allen in June 1878. Samuel Hand had been appointed temporarily to fill the vacancy until the end of the year.


1878 New York state election, History
The National Labor-Greenback convention met on July 23 and 24 at Syracuse, New York. T. C. Daily was President. Ex-Secretary of State Gideon J. Tucker (in office 1858-1859) was nominated for the Court of Appeals after the first ballot in which he had an equal number of votes as James Wright, a lawyer from Elmira, who withdrew.


1878 New York state election, History
Although the state convention of 1877 had given the State Committee the option to nominate a candidate for the Court of Appeals (this being the only statewide elected official this year) without calling a state convention, the Republican boss Conkling preferred to assemble one to have a new State Committee elected. The Republican state convention met on September 26 at Saratoga, New York. Roscoe Conkling was Temporary and Permanent Chairman. George F. Danforth was nominated for the Court of Appeals on the first ballot (vote: Danforth: 226, Joshua M. Van Cott 99, George W. Parsons 79).


1878 New York state election, Result
The Republican judge was elected due to the "spoiler candidate" Tucker who diverted a large number of votes in New York City from the Democratic to the Greenback ticket.


1878 New York state election, Result
Republican Thomas Murphy was elected to the New York State Senate.


1878 New York state election, Result
97 Republicans 28 Democrats and 3 Greenbackers were declared elected to the New York State Assembly.


1878 New Zealand census
The 1878 New Zealand census was the first held in four years. Information is taken from the NZ census website. The population of New Zealand was 414,216.


1878 Newcastle-under-Lyme by-election
The Newcastle-under-Lyme by-election of 1878 was fought on 23 August 1878. The byelection was fought due to the resignation of the incumbent Conservative MP, Sir Edmund Buckley. It was won by the Liberal candidate Samuel Rathbone Edge.


1878 Newfoundland general election
The 1878 Newfoundland general election was held in 1878 to elect members of the 13th General Assembly of Newfoundland in Newfoundland Colony. The Conservative Party led by William Vallance Whiteway formed the government.


1878 North Lancashire by-election
The North Lancashire by-election of 1878 was held on 8 April 1878. The by-election in the North Lancashire constituency was fought due to the incumbent Conservative MP, Frederick Stanley, becoming Secretary of State for War and in the normal practice of the time, he vacated the seat in his appointment to the Cabinet, to be returned unopposed.


1878 North Staffordshire by-election
The North Staffordshire by-election of 1878 was fought on 24 April 1878. The byelection was fought due to the elevation to the peerage of the incumbent Conservative MP, Charles Adderley. It was won by the Conservative candidate Robert William Hanbury.


1878 Nova Scotia general election
The 1878 Nova Scotia general election was held on 17 September 1878 to elect members of the 27th House of Assembly of the Province of Nova Scotia, Canada. It was won by the Conservative Party.


1878 Open Championship
The 1878 Open Championship was the 18th Open Championship, held 4 October at Prestwick Golf Club in Prestwick, South Ayrshire, Scotland. Jamie Anderson won the Championship for the second successive year, by two strokes from runner-up Bob Kirk.


1878 Open Championship
In overcast weather with some rain, James Morris took the early lead with a first round of 50. Jamie Anderson, Bob Kirk and the English amateur John Ball each scored 53, to be three shots behind. Morris began the second round badly and finished with a 56 for a total of 106. Anderson, with a second round of 53, was tied with him, while Bob Kirk and Tom Morris, Sr. were both two strokes behind.


1878 Open Championship
Morris was in the third group out and had a final round 55 for a total of 161. Playing a few groups behind, Anderson began his third round with two sevens, but thereafter played steadily. With Morris finished he was told that he needed to play the last four holes in 17 to tie with Morris. At the Burn Hole (the 9th) he holed a full iron shot for a three, followed this with a four at the 10th, and at the Short Hole (the 11th) his tee shot landed on top of the hill behind the green.


1878 Open Championship
The ball then ran down the hill and into the hole for a hole-in-one. A five at the last gave him a round of 51 and a total of 157. Bob Kirk, playing in the last group, was still in contention. On the last green he was told that if he holed his long putt he would tie Anderson. The putt lipped out and he missed the return putt but his score of 159 was enough to give him second place.


1878 Open Championship, Final leaderboard, Playoff
Ball and Martin had a 12-hole playoff later the same day. Martin scored 55 to Ball's 64 and took fourth place.


1878 Oregon gubernatorial election
The 1878 Oregon gubernatorial election took place on June 3, 1878 to elect the governor of the U.S. state of Oregon. The election matched Republican Cornelius C. Beekman against Democrat William Wallace Thayer, with Thayer defeating Beekman by a very small margin.


1878 Oxford University by-election
The Oxford University by-election of 1878 was fought on 13–17 May 1878. The byelection was fought due to the elevation to the peerage of the incumbent Conservative MP, Gathorne Hardy. It was won by the Conservative candidate John Gilbert Talbot.


1878 Oxfordshire by-election
The Oxfordshire by-election of 1878 was fought on 5 February 1878. The byelection was fought due to the resignation of the incumbent Conservative MP, Joseph Warner Henley. It was won by the Conservative candidate Edward William Harcourt.


1878 Parnell by-election
The 1878 Parnell by-election was a by-election held on 20 February 1878 in the Parnell electorate during the 6th New Zealand Parliament.


1878 Parnell by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP Reader Wood on 21 January 1878, to go to England.


1878 Parnell by-election
The by-election was won by Reader Wood, who had held the seat from 1861 to 1865.


1878 Parnell by-election
As no other candidates were nominated, he was declared duly elected.


1878 Penn Quakers football team
The 1878 Penn Quakers football team represented the University of Pennsylvania in the 1878 college football season. They finished with a 1–2–1 record.


1878 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election
The 1878 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election occurred on November 5, 1878. Incumbent governor John F. Hartranft, a Republican, was not a candidate for re-election. Republican candidate Henry M. Hoyt defeated Democratic candidate Andrew H. Dill and Greenback candidate Samuel R. Mason to become Governor of Pennsylvania.


1878 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election
This election extended the governor's term from three to four years.


1878 Perth by-election
The Perth by-election of 1878 was fought on 29 January 1878. The byelection was fought due to the succession to a peerage of the incumbent Liberal MP, Arthur Kinnaird. It was won by the Liberal candidate Charles Stuart Parker.


1878 Perthshire by-election
The Perthshire by-election of 1878 was fought on 2 February 1878. The byelection was fought due to the death of the incumbent Conservative MP, Sir William Stirling-Maxwell. It was won by the Conservative candidate Henry Home-Drummond-Moray.


1878 Peterborough by-election
The Peterborough by-election of 1878 was fought on 29 October 1878. The byelection was fought due to the death of the incumbent Liberal MP, George Hammond Whalley.


1878 Port Chalmers by-election
The 1878 Port Chalmers by-election was a by-election held on 12 April 1878 in the Port Chalmers electorate during the 6th New Zealand Parliament.


1878 Port Chalmers by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP William Reynolds.


1878 Port Chalmers by-election, Results
The following table gives the election result (possibly missing one booth, but no later result has been found):


1878 Portuguese legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Portugal on 13 October 1878. The result was a victory for the Regeneration Party, which won 97  seats.


1878 Princeton Tigers football team
The 1878 Princeton Tigers football team represented the College of New Jersey, then more commonly known as Princeton College, in the 1878 college football season. The team finished with a 6–0 record and allowed only one goal. The Tigers were retroactively named national champions by the Billingsley Report, National Championship Foundation, and Parke H. Davis. This season marked Princeton's eighth national championship, and one of 11 in a 13-year period between 1869 and 1881. The team's captain was Bland Ballard.


1878 Providence Grays season
The Providence Grays were a new franchise that joined the National League for the 1878 baseball season. They finished in third place.


1878 Providence Grays season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1878 Providence Grays season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1878 Providence Grays season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1878 Providence Grays season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts