1864 Town of Brisbane colonial by-election
The Town of Brisbane colonial by-election, 1864 was a by-election held on 22 April 1864 in the electoral district of Town of Brisbane for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.


1864 Town of Brisbane colonial by-election, History
On 8 April 1864, George Raff, member for Town of Brisbane, resigned. William Brookes won the resulting by-election on 22 April 1864.


1864 Town of New Plymouth by-election
The 1864 Town of New Plymouth by-election was a by-election held  on 18 November 1864 in the Town of New Plymouth electorate during the 3rd New Zealand Parliament.


1864 Town of New Plymouth by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent, Henry Hanson Turton on 21 October 1864.


1864 Town of New Plymouth by-election
He was replaced by Charles Brown. Brown was the only nomination, so was declared elected unopposed.


1864 United States House of Representatives elections in California
The United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1864 were elections for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 8, 1864. California's all-Republican delegation was unchanged. This was the first election in which California was divided into districts. Formerly, all three seats were elected at-large.


1864 United States elections
The 1864 United States elections were held on November 8, 1864. National Union President Abraham Lincoln was elected to a second term, while the Republicans added to their majorities in Congress. The elections were held during the American Civil War. Lincoln would be assassinated shortly into his second term.


1864 United States elections
In the Presidential election, National Union Party nominee President Abraham Lincoln defeated Democratic nominee former General George B. McClellan. Despite factionalism in the Republican Party and earlier concern about the progress of the war, Lincoln easily carried the popular vote and won the greatest share of the electoral vote since James Monroe won re-election unopposed in 1820. Lincoln's win made him the first president to win re-election since Andrew Jackson, and the first two-term President unaffiliated with the Democratic-Republican Party or the Democratic Party since John Adams. Lincoln formed a bipartisan electoral alliance with War Democrats by selecting Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate and campaigning on the National Union ticket, making this the first and to date only election in which a winning ticket was composed of members of two separate parties.


1864 United States elections
Republicans gained seats in the House of Representatives, making their plurality into a majority.


1864 United States elections
In the Senate, Republicans gained several seats, and continued to hold a majority.


1864 United States presidential election
The 1864 United States presidential election, the 20th quadrennial presidential election, was held on Tuesday, November 8, 1864. Near the end of the American Civil War, incumbent President Abraham Lincoln of the National Union Party easily defeated the Democratic nominee, former General George B. McClellan, by a wide margin of 212–21 in the electoral college, with 55% of the popular vote. For the election, the Republican Party and some Democrats created the National Union Party, especially to attract War Democrats.


1864 United States presidential election
Despite some intra-party opposition from Salmon Chase and the Radical Republicans, Lincoln won his party's nomination at the 1864 National Union National Convention. Rather than re-nominate Vice President Hannibal Hamlin, the convention selected Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, a War Democrat, as Lincoln's running mate. John C. Frémont ran as the nominee of the Radical Democracy Party, which criticized Lincoln for being too moderate on the issue of racial equality, but Frémont withdrew from the race in September. The Democrats were divided between the Copperheads, who favored immediate peace with the Confederacy, and War Democrats, who supported the war. The 1864 Democratic National Convention nominated McClellan, a War Democrat, but adopted a platform advocating peace with the Confederacy, which McClellan rejected.


1864 United States presidential election
Despite his early fears of defeat, Lincoln won strong majorities in the popular and electoral vote, partly as a result of the recent Union victory at the Battle of Atlanta. As the Civil War was still raging, no electoral votes were counted from any of the eleven southern states that had joined the Confederate States of America. Lincoln's re-election ensured that he would preside over the successful conclusion of the Civil War.


1864 United States presidential election
Lincoln's victory made him the first president to win re-election since Andrew Jackson in 1832, as well as the first Northern president to ever win re-election. Lincoln was assassinated less than two months into his second term, and he was succeeded by his vice president, Andrew Johnson, who favored quick restoration of the seceded states to the Union without protection for the former slaves. This led to conflict with the Republican-dominated Congress, culminating in his impeachment by the House of Representatives in 1868. He was acquitted in the Senate by one vote.


1864 United States presidential election, Background
The Presidential election of 1864 took place during the American Civil War. According to the Miller Center for the study of the presidency, the election was noteworthy for occurring at all, an unprecedented democratic exercise in the midst of a civil war.


1864 United States presidential election, Background
A group of Republican dissidents who called themselves Radical Republicans formed a party named the Radical Democracy Party and nominated John C. Frémont as their candidate for president. Frémont later withdrew and endorsed Lincoln. In the Border States, War Democrats joined with Republicans as the National Union Party, with Lincoln at the head of the ticket. The National Union Party was a temporary name used to attract War Democrats and Border State Unionists who would not vote for the Republican Party. It faced off against the regular Democratic Party, including Peace Democrats.


1864 United States presidential election, Nominations
The 1864 presidential election conventions of the parties are considered below in order of the party's popular vote.


1864 United States presidential election, Nominations, National Union Party nomination, Temporary split in the Republican Party
As the Civil War progressed, political opinions within the Republican Party began to diverge. Senators Charles Sumner and Henry Wilson from Massachusetts wanted the Republican Party to advocate constitutional amendments to prohibit slavery and guarantee racial equality before the law. Initially, not all northern Republicans supported such measures.


1864 United States presidential election, Nominations, National Union Party nomination, Temporary split in the Republican Party
Democratic leaders hoped that the radical Republicans would put forth their own ticket in the election. The New York World newspaper, particularly interested in undermining the National Union Party, ran a series of articles predicting a delay for the National Union Convention until late in 1864 to allow Frémont time to collect delegates to win the nomination. Frémont supporters in New York City established a newspaper called the New Nation, which declared in one of its initial issues that the National Union Convention would be a "nonentity". The New York World also published false information (further purported by Samuel S. Cox) to limit Lincoln's popularity.


1864 United States presidential election, Nominations, National Union Party nomination, National Union Party
Before the election, some War Democrats joined the Republicans to form the National Union Party. With the outcome of the Civil War still in doubt, some political leaders, including Salmon P. Chase, Benjamin Wade, and Horace Greeley, opposed Lincoln's re-nomination on the grounds that he could not win. Chase himself became the only candidate to contest Lincoln's re-nomination actively, but he withdrew in March when a slew of Republican officials, including some within the state of Ohio upon whom Chase's campaign depended, endorsed Lincoln for re-nomination.


1864 United States presidential election, Nominations, National Union Party nomination, National Union Party
Lincoln was still popular with most members of the Republican Party, and the National Union Party nominated him for a second term as president at their convention in Baltimore, Maryland, on June 7–8, 1864. The party platform included these goals: "pursuit of the war, until the Confederacy surrendered unconditionally; a constitutional amendment for the abolition of slavery; aid to disabled Union veterans; continued European neutrality; enforcement of the Monroe Doctrine; encouragement of immigration; and construction of a transcontinental railroad." It also praised the use of black troops and Lincoln's management of the war.


1864 United States presidential election, Nominations, National Union Party nomination, National Union Party
With incumbent vice president Hannibal Hamlin remaining indifferent about the prospect of a second term in office, Andrew Johnson, the former senator from and current military governor of Tennessee, was named as Lincoln's vice presidential running-mate. He had been governor of Tennessee from 1853 to 1857 and was elected by the legislature to the Senate in 1857. In his congressional service, he sought passage of the Homestead Bill which was enacted soon after he left his Senate seat in 1862. When the Southern slave states, including Tennessee, seceded, he remained firmly with the Union.


1864 United States presidential election, Nominations, National Union Party nomination, National Union Party
He was the only sitting senator from a Confederate state who did not resign his seat upon learning of his state's secession. In 1862, Lincoln appointed him as military governor of Tennessee after most of it had been retaken. In 1864, Johnson was a logical choice as running mate for Lincoln, who wished to send a message of national unity in his re-election campaign, especially to ensure the electoral votes of the border states.


1864 United States presidential election, Nominations, National Union Party nomination, National Union Party
Others who were considered for the nomination, at one point or another, were former Senator Daniel Dickinson, Major General Benjamin Butler, Major General William Rosecrans, Joseph Holt, and former Treasury Secretary and Senator John Dix.


1864 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination, Democratic Party vice-presidential candidates gallery
The Democratic Party was bitterly split between War Democrats and Peace Democrats, a group further divided among competing factions. Moderate Peace Democrats who supported the war against the Confederacy, such as Horatio Seymour, were preaching the wisdom of a negotiated peace. After the Union victory at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863, moderate Peace Democrats proposed a negotiated peace that would secure Union victory. They believed this was the best course of action, because an armistice could finish the war without devastating the South. Radical Peace Democrats known as Copperheads, such as Thomas H. Seymour, declared the war to be a failure and favored an immediate end to hostilities without securing Union victory.


1864 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination, Democratic Party vice-presidential candidates gallery
George B. McClellan vied for the presidential nomination. Additionally, friends of Horatio Seymour insisted on placing his name before the convention, which was held in Chicago, Illinois, on August 29–31, 1864. But on the day before the organization of that body, Horatio Seymour announced positively that he would not be a candidate.


1864 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination, Democratic Party vice-presidential candidates gallery
Since the Democrats were divided by issues of war and peace, they sought a strong candidate who could unify the party. The compromise was to nominate pro-war General George B. McClellan for president and anti-war Representative George H. Pendleton for vice-president. McClellan, a War Democrat, was nominated over the Copperhead Thomas H. Seymour. Pendleton, a close associate of the Copperhead Clement Vallandigham, balanced the ticket, since he was known for having strongly opposed the Union war effort. The convention adopted a peace platform – a platform McClellan personally rejected. McClellan supported the continuation of the war and restoration of the Union, but the party platform, written by Vallandigham, opposed this position.


1864 United States presidential election, Nominations, Radical Democracy Party nomination, Radical Democracy Party vice-presidential candidates gallery
The Radical Democracy Convention assembled in Ohio with delegates arriving on May 29, 1864. The New York Times reported that the hall which the convention organizers had planned to use had been double-booked by an opera troupe. Almost all delegates were instructed to support Frémont, with a major exception being the New York delegation, which was composed of War Democrats who supported Ulysses S. Grant. Various estimates of the number of delegates were reported in the press; The New York Times reported 156 delegates, but the number generally reported elsewhere was 350 delegates. The delegates came from 15 states and the District of Columbia. They adopted the name "Radical Democracy Party".


1864 United States presidential election, Nominations, Radical Democracy Party nomination, Radical Democracy Party vice-presidential candidates gallery
A supporter of Grant was appointed chairman. The platform was passed with little discussion, and a series of resolutions that bogged down the convention proceedings were voted down decisively. The convention nominated Frémont for president, and he accepted the nomination on June 4, 1864. In his letter, he stated that he would step aside if the National Union Convention would nominate someone other than Lincoln. John Cochrane was nominated for vice-president.


1864 United States presidential election, General election
The 1864 election was the first time since 1812 that a presidential election took place during a war.


1864 United States presidential election, General election
For much of 1864, Lincoln himself believed he had little chance of being re-elected. Confederate forces had triumphed at the Battle of Mansfield, the Battle of Cold Harbor, the Battle of Brices Cross Roads, the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain and the Battle of the Crater. In addition, the war was continuing to take a very high toll in terms of casualties with campaigns such as Grant's Overland Campaign and the perceived lack of progress. The prospect of a long and bloody war started to make the idea of "peace at all cost" offered by the Copperheads look more desirable. Because of this, McClellan was thought to be a heavy favorite to win the election. Unfortunately for Lincoln, Frémont's campaign got off to a good start.


1864 United States presidential election, General election
However, several political and military events eventually made Lincoln's re-election inevitable. In the first place, the Democrats had to confront the severe internal strains within their party at the Democratic National Convention. The political compromises made at the Democratic National Convention were contradictory and made McClellan's efforts to campaign seem inconsistent.


1864 United States presidential election, General election
Secondly, the Democratic National Convention influenced Frémont's campaign. Frémont was appalled at the Democratic platform, which he described as "union with slavery". After three weeks of discussions with Cochrane and his supporters, Frémont withdrew from the race in September 1864. In his statement, Frémont declared that winning the Civil War was too important to divide the Republican vote. Although he still felt that Lincoln was not going far enough, the defeat of McClellan was of the greatest necessity. General Cochrane, who was a War Democrat, agreed and withdrew with Frémont. On September 23, 1864, Frémont also brokered a political deal in which Lincoln removed U.S. Postmaster General Montgomery Blair from office, and on September 24 Abraham Lincoln relieved Blair of his duty as Postmaster General. McClellan's chances of victory faded after Frémont withdrew from the presidential race.


1864 United States presidential election, General election
Lastly, with the fall of Atlanta on September 2, there was no longer any question that a Union military victory was inevitable and close at hand.


1864 United States presidential election, General election
In the end, the Union Party mobilized the full strength of both the Republicans and the War Democrats under the slogan "Don't change horses in the middle of a stream". It was energized as Lincoln made emancipation the central issue, and state Republican parties stressed the perfidy of the Copperheads.


1864 United States presidential election, General election, Results
The American Civil War was in progress and unfinished during this election. Because eleven Southern states had declared secession from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America, only twenty-five states participated in the election.


1864 United States presidential election, General election, Results
Louisiana and Tennessee had recently been re-captured. They chose presidential electors, but their votes were rejected by Congress due to having recently seceded from the Union. Both states had voted for Lincoln, so it would not have changed the result in any case.


1864 United States presidential election, General election, Results
Three new states participated for the first time: Kansas, West Virginia, and Nevada.


1864 United States presidential election, General election, Results
Despite Kentucky's state government never seceding from the Union, the Commonwealth had an election participation rate decrease of almost 40% compared to the election of 1860.


1864 United States presidential election, General election, Results
McClellan won just three states: Kentucky, Delaware, and his home state of New Jersey. Lincoln won in every state he carried in 1860 except New Jersey, and also carried a state won four years earlier by Stephen Douglas (Missouri), one carried by John C. Breckinridge (Maryland) and all three newly admitted states (Kansas, Nevada and West Virginia). Altogether, 212 electoral votes were counted in Congress for Lincoln – more than enough to win the presidency even if all of the states in rebellion had participated and voted against him.


1864 United States presidential election, General election, Results
Lincoln was highly popular with soldiers and they in turn recommended him to their families back home. The following states allowed soldiers to cast ballots: California, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Michigan, Rhode Island, and Wisconsin. Out of the 40,247 army votes cast, Lincoln received 30,503 (75.8%) and McClellan 9,201 (22.9%), with the rest (543 votes) scattering (1.3%). Only soldiers from Kentucky gave McClellan a majority of their votes, and he carried the army vote in the state by a vote of 2,823 (70.3%) to 1,194 (29.7%).


1864 United States presidential election, General election, Results
Of the 1,129 counties making returns, Lincoln won in 728 (64.5%), while McClellan carried 400 (35.4%). One county (0.1%) in Iowa split evenly between Lincoln and McClellan.


1864 United States presidential election, General election, Results
This was the last election the Republicans won in Maryland until 1896.


1864 United States presidential election, General election, Results
(a) The states in rebellion did not participate in the election of 1864. (b) The 17 electoral votes from Tennessee and Louisiana were rejected. Had they not been rejected, Lincoln would have received 229 electoral votes out of a total of 250, well in excess of the 126 required to win. (c) One elector from Nevada did not vote.


1864 United States presidential election, General election, Geography of results, Cartographic gallery
Results explicitly indicating the percentage for the National Union candidate in each county


1864 United States presidential election, General election, Geography of results, Cartographic gallery
Results explicitly indicating the percentage for the Democratic candidate in each county


1864 United States presidential election, General election, Geography of results, Cartographic gallery
Results explicitly indicating the percentage for "other" candidate(s) in each county


1864 United States presidential election, General election, Geography of results, Results by state
Source: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836–1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp. 247–57.


1864 United States presidential election, General election, Close states
States in red were won by Republican Abraham Lincoln; states in blue were won by Democrat George B. McClellan.


1864 United States presidential election, General election, Close states
State where the margin of victory was under 1% (33 electoral votes):


1864 United States presidential election, General election, Close states
States where the margin of victory was under 5% (35 electoral votes):


1864 United States presidential election, General election, Close states
States where the margin of victory was under 10% (65 electoral vote):


1864 United States presidential election in California
The 1864 United States presidential election in California took place on November 8, 1864, as part of the 1864 United States presidential election. State voters chose five electors of the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1864 United States presidential election in California
California voted for the Republican incumbent, Abraham Lincoln, over the Democratic challenger, Union Army Major General George B. McClellan.


1864 United States presidential election in Connecticut
The 1864 United States presidential election in Connecticut took place on November 8, 1864, as part of the 1864 United States presidential election. Voters chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1864 United States presidential election in Connecticut
Connecticut voted for the National Union candidate, Abraham Lincoln, over the Democratic candidate, George B. McClellan. Lincoln won the state by a narrow margin of 2.76%.


1864 United States presidential election in Delaware
The 1864 United States presidential election in Delaware took place on November 8, 1864, as part of the 1864 United States presidential election. State voters chose three representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1864 United States presidential election in Delaware
Delaware was won by the 4th Commanding General of the United States Army George B. McClellan (D–New Jersey), running with Representative George H. Pendleton, with 51.81%	 of the popular vote against the incumbent President Abraham Lincoln (R-Illinois), running with former Senator and Military Governor of Tennessee Andrew Johnson, with 48.19% of the popular vote.


1864 United States presidential election in Illinois
The 1864 United States presidential election in Illinois took place on November 8, 1864, as part of the 1864 United States presidential election. Illinois voters chose 16 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1864 United States presidential election in Illinois
Illinois was won by the incumbent President Abraham Lincoln (R-Illinois), running with former Senator and Military Governor of Tennessee Andrew Johnson, with 54.42% of the popular vote, against the 4th Commanding General of the United States Army George B. McClellan (D–New Jersey), running with Representative George H. Pendleton, with 45.58% of the vote.


1864 United States presidential election in Indiana
The 1864 United States presidential election in Indiana took place on November 8, 1864, as part of the 1864 United States presidential election. Indiana voters chose 13 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1864 United States presidential election in Indiana
Indiana was won by the incumbent President Abraham Lincoln (R-Illinois), running with former Senator and Military Governor of Tennessee Andrew Johnson, with 53.60% of the popular vote, against the 4th Commanding General of the United States Army George B. McClellan (D–New Jersey), running with Representative George H. Pendleton, with 46.40% of the vote.


1864 United States presidential election in Iowa
The 1864 United States presidential election in Iowa took place on November 8, 1864, as part of the 1864 United States presidential election. Iowa voters chose eight representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1864 United States presidential election in Iowa
Iowa was won by the incumbent President Abraham Lincoln (R-Illinois), running with former Senator and Military Governor of Tennessee Andrew Johnson, with 64.12% of the popular vote, against the 4th Commanding General of the United States Army George B. McClellan (D–New Jersey), running with Representative George H. Pendleton, with 35.88% of the vote.


1864 United States presidential election in Kansas
The 1864 United States presidential election in Kansas took place on November 8, 1864, as part of the 1864 United States presidential election. Kansas voters chose three representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1864 United States presidential election in Kansas
This was the first presidential election Kansas was involved in, as it had been admitted as the 34th state on January 29, 1861. The state won by the incumbent President Abraham Lincoln (R-Illinois), running with former Senator and Military Governor of Tennessee Andrew Johnson, with 79.19% of the popular vote, against the 4th Commanding General of the United States Army George B. McClellan (D–New Jersey), running with Representative George H. Pendleton, with 17.78% of the vote.


1864 United States presidential election in Kansas
With 79.19% of the popular vote, Lincoln's victory with in the state would be his strongest victory in the country in terms of percentage in the popular vote, and the strongest performance by any presidential candidate in Kansas history.


1864 United States presidential election in Kansas
543 votes were cast for an independent candidate named E. Cheeseborough along with 112 write-in votes were cast. William G. Cutler's History of the State of Kansas  states that Ellsworth Cheeseborough was nominated for Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket on September 8, 1864, but died before the election. It also appears that the write-in votes were cast for another Republican candidate for Presidential Elector Nelson McCracken, who also died before the election. All of the Cheeseborough votes came from the Soldier's vote.


1864 United States presidential election in Kentucky
The 1864 United States presidential election in Kentucky took place on November 8, 1864, as part of the 1864 United States presidential election. Kentucky voters chose 11 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1864 United States presidential election in Kentucky
Kentucky was won by the 4th Commanding General of the United States Army George B. McClellan, running with Representative George H. Pendleton, with 69.83% of the popular vote against the incumbent President Abraham Lincoln, running with former Senator and Military Governor of Tennessee Andrew Johnson, with 30.17% of the popular vote.


1864 United States presidential election in Kentucky
Despite having been born and raised for the first five years of his life in Kentucky, Lincoln came in a distant second, losing to McClellan by 39%. In addition, it was the only state that McClellan won by more than 6%. As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last occasion when Butler County and Monroe County voted for a Democratic presidential candidate.


1864 United States presidential election in Louisiana
The 1864 United States presidential election in Louisiana took place on November 8, 1864, as part of the 1864 United States presidential election.


1864 United States presidential election in Louisiana
Louisiana voted for incumbent Republican President Abraham Lincoln. The state (along with Tennessee) chose electors for the election after being captured early in the American Civil War. However, due to issues related to the Civil War, their votes were rejected.


1864 United States presidential election in Maine
The 1864 United States presidential election in Maine took place on November 8, 1864, as part of the 1864 United States presidential election. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1864 United States presidential election in Maine
Maine voted for the National Union candidate, Abraham Lincoln, over the Democratic candidate, George B. McClellan. Lincoln won the state by a margin of 18.14%.


1864 United States presidential election in Maryland
The 1864 United States presidential election in Maryland took place on November 8, 1864, as part of the 1864 United States presidential election. Maryland voters chose seven representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1864 United States presidential election in Maryland
Maryland was won by the incumbent President Abraham Lincoln (R-Illinois), running with former Senator and Military Governor of Tennessee Andrew Johnson, with 55.09% of the popular vote, against the 4th Commanding General of the United States Army George B. McClellan (D–New Jersey), running with Representative George H. Pendleton, with 44.91% of the vote.


1864 United States presidential election in Maryland
This was the last time that a Republican would win Maryland in a presidential election until William McKinley won it in 1896.


1864 United States presidential election in Massachusetts
The 1864 United States presidential election in Massachusetts took place on November 8, 1864, as part of the 1864 United States presidential election. Voters chose 12 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1864 United States presidential election in Massachusetts
Massachusetts voted for the National Union candidate, Abraham Lincoln, over the Democratic candidate, George B. McClellan. Lincoln won the state by a margin of 44.44%.


1864 United States presidential election in Massachusetts
Although Lincoln ran under the National Union banner, this is the best Republican performance in Massachusetts as of 2021. With 72.22% of the popular vote, Lincoln's performance in Massachusetts made it his third best performance in the 1864 election after Kansas and neighboring Vermont.


1864 United States presidential election in Michigan
The 1864 United States presidential election in Michigan took place on November 8, 1864, as part of the 1864 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1864 United States presidential election in Michigan
Michigan was won by incumbent president Abraham Lincoln over Democratic challenger George B. McClellan by a margin of 7.2%.


1864 United States presidential election in Michigan
As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last time Ottawa County voted for a Democratic Presidential candidate.


1864 United States presidential election in Minnesota
The 1864 United States presidential election in Minnesota took place on November 8, 1864, as part of the 1864 United States presidential election. State voters chose four representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1864 United States presidential election in Minnesota
Minnesota was won by the incumbent President Abraham Lincoln (R-Illinois), running with former Senator and Military Governor of Tennessee Andrew Johnson, with 59.06% of the popular vote, against the 4th Commanding General of the United States Army George B. McClellan (D–New Jersey), running with Representative George H. Pendleton, with 40.94% of the vote.


1864 United States presidential election in Missouri
The 1864 United States presidential election in Missouri took place on November 8, 1864, as part of the 1864 United States presidential election. Voters chose 11 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1864 United States presidential election in Missouri
Missouri was won by the incumbent President Abraham Lincoln (R-Illinois), running with former Senator and Military Governor of Tennessee Andrew Johnson, with 69.72% of the popular vote, against the 4th Commanding General of the United States Army George B. McClellan (D–New Jersey), running with Representative George H. Pendleton, with 30.28% of the vote.


1864 United States presidential election in Missouri
Despite the fact that slavery and state's rights were popular in Missouri, the state gave Lincoln his fourth best result for popular vote percentage points after neighboring Kansas, Vermont and Massachusetts. The state was also his tenth highest for total votes.


1864 United States presidential election in Nevada
The 1864 United States presidential election in Nevada took place on November 8, 1864, as part of the 1864 United States presidential election. Nevada voters chose two representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1864 United States presidential election in Nevada
Nevada voted in its first ever presidential election in 1864, having become the 36th state just eight days before the election (on October 31). The state was won by the incumbent President Abraham Lincoln (R-Illinois), running with former Senator and Military Governor of Tennessee Andrew Johnson, with 59.84% of the popular vote, against the 4th Commanding General of the United States Army George B. McClellan (D–New Jersey), running with Representative George H. Pendleton, with 40.16% of the vote.


1864 United States presidential election in Nevada
Due to one of the electors getting snowbound and there being no law to replace him, this election is one of three occasions (as of October 2021) where only two electoral votes were cast by a state or district in a presidential election: the others were in Mississippi in 1820, as one of the state's three electors died before the Electoral College convened and there was insufficient time to find a replacement, and the District of Columbia in 2000, as one of the district's three electors abstained.


1864 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
The 1864 United States presidential election in New Hampshire took place on November 8, 1864, as part of the 1864 United States presidential election. Voters chose five representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1864 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
New Hampshire voted for the National Union candidate, Abraham Lincoln, over the Democratic candidate, George B. McClellan. Lincoln won the state by a margin of 5.12%.


1864 United States presidential election in New Jersey
The 1864 United States presidential election in New Jersey took place on November 8, 1864, as part of the 1864 United States presidential election. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1864 United States presidential election in New Jersey
New Jersey voted for the Democratic candidate, George B. McClellan, over the National Union candidate, incumbent Abraham Lincoln. McClellan won his home state by a narrow margin of 5.68%. New Jersey was one of the three states McClellan won, with the other two being Delaware and Kentucky.


1864 United States presidential election in New York
The 1864 United States presidential election in New York took place on November 8, 1864, as part of the 1864 United States presidential election. Voters chose 33 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1864 United States presidential election in New York
New York voted for the National Union candidate, Abraham Lincoln, over the Democratic candidate, George B. McClellan. Lincoln won the state by a bare margin of 0.92%.


1864 United States presidential election in Ohio
The 1864 United States presidential election in Ohio was held on November 8, 1864 as part of the 1864 United States presidential election. State voters chose twenty-one electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1864 United States presidential election in Ohio
Ohio was won by the National Union Party candidate, incumbent Republican President Abraham Lincoln, who won the state with 56.37% of the popular vote. The Democratic Party candidate, George B. McClellan, garnered 43.63% of the popular vote.


1864 United States presidential election in Oregon
The 1864 United States presidential election in Oregon took place on November 8, 1864, as part of the 1864 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1864 United States presidential election in Oregon
Oregon was won by the incumbent President Abraham Lincoln (R-Illinois), running with former Senator and Military Governor of Tennessee Andrew Johnson, with 53.90% of the popular vote, against the 4th Commanding General of the United States Army George B. McClellan (D–New Jersey), running with Representative George H. Pendleton, with 46.10% of the vote.


1864 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania
The 1864 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place on November 8, 1864, as part of the 1864 United States presidential election. Voters chose 26 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1864 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania voted for the National Union candidate, Abraham Lincoln, over the Democratic candidate, George B. McClellan. Lincoln won Pennsylvania by a narrow margin of 3.5%.


1864 United States presidential election in Rhode Island
The 1864 United States presidential election in Rhode Island took place on November 8, 1864, as part of the 1864 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1864 United States presidential election in Rhode Island
Rhode Island voted for the National Union candidate, Abraham Lincoln, over the Democratic candidate, George B. McClellan. Lincoln won the state by a margin of 24.48%.


1864 United States presidential election in Tennessee
The 1864 United States presidential election in Tennessee took place on November 8, 1864, as part of the 1864 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 10 electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1864 United States presidential election in Tennessee
Tennessee voted for incumbent Republican President Abraham Lincoln. The state (along with Louisiana) chose electors for the election after being captured early in the American Civil War. However, due to issues related to the Civil War, their votes were rejected.


1864 United States presidential election in Vermont
The 1864 United States presidential election in Vermont took place on November 8, 1864, as part of the 1864 United States presidential election. Voters chose five representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1864 United States presidential election in Vermont
Vermont voted for the National Union candidate, Abraham Lincoln, over the Democratic candidate, George B. McClellan. Lincoln won the state by a wide margin of 52.20%.


1864 United States presidential election in Vermont
With 76.10% of the popular vote, Lincoln's victory with in the state would be his second strongest victory in the country in terms of percentage in the popular vote after Kansas.


1864 United States presidential election in West Virginia
The 1864 United States presidential election in West Virginia took place on November 8, 1864, as part of the 1864 United States presidential election. West Virginia voters chose five representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1864 United States presidential election in West Virginia
West Virginia was won by the incumbent President Abraham Lincoln (R-Illinois), running with former Senator and Military Governor of Tennessee Andrew Johnson, with 68.24% of the popular vote, against the 4th Commanding General of the United States Army George B. McClellan (D–New Jersey), running with Representative George H. Pendleton, with 31.76% of the vote.


1864 United States presidential election in West Virginia
With 68.24% of the popular vote, West Virginia would prove to be Lincoln's fifth strongest state in terms of popular vote percentage after Kansas, Vermont, Massachusetts and Missouri.


1864 United States presidential election in Wisconsin
The 1864 United States presidential election in Wisconsin was held on November 8, 1864 as part of the 1864 United States presidential election. State voters chose eight electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1864 United States presidential election in Wisconsin
National Union Party candidate and incumbent President Abraham Lincoln won Wisconsin with 55.88 percent of the popular vote, winning the state's eight electoral votes.


1864 Vermont gubernatorial election
The 1864 Vermont gubernatorial election for governor of Vermont took place on September 6. Incumbent J. Gregory Smith was a candidate for reelection to a second one-year term, in keeping with the provisions of the Republican Party's "Mountain Rule". The Democratic nominee was Timothy P. Redfield, a former member of the Vermont Senate, the Free Soil Party's 1851 nominee for governor, and the Democratic nominee in 1863. In the general election, the Republican Party's dominance of Vermont politics continued, and Smith was easily reelected.


1864 Waimea by-election
The 1864 Waimea by-election was a by-election held on 29 November 1864 in the Waimea electorate during the 3rd New Zealand Parliament.


1864 Waimea by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP Alfred Saunders on 31 October 1864.


1864 West Suffolk by-election
The 1864 West Suffolk by-election was held in the United Kingdom on 8 December 1864 when the incumbent Conservative MP, Frederick Hervey became the Marquess of Bristol and so had to resign his seat in the  House of Commons. His brother Augustus Hervey, also a Conservative, was elected unopposed.


1864 West Virginia gubernatorial election
The 1864 West Virginia gubernatorial election took place on October 27, 1864, to elect the governor of West Virginia.


1864 Western Downs colonial by-election
The Western Downs colonial by-election, 1864 was a by-election held on 2 November 1864 in the electoral district of Western Downs for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.


1864 Western Downs colonial by-election, History
On 2 October 1864, Thomas DeLacy Moffat, one of the members of Western Downs, happened to die. FOr this reason, John Watts won the resulting by-election on 2 November 1864.


1864 and 1865 United States House of Representatives elections
Elections to the United States House of Representatives were held in 1864 to elect Representatives to the 39th United States Congress. The election coincided with the presidential election of 1864, in which President Abraham Lincoln was re-elected.


1864 and 1865 United States House of Representatives elections
In the midst of the American Civil War, the opposition Democrats were deeply divided between the Copperheads, a group that demanded an immediate negotiated settlement with the Confederate States of America, and the War Democrats, who supported the war. With the Democrats lacking any coherent message, they lost half their seats to Lincoln's Republican Party, who increased their majority to a commanding level.


1864 and 1865 United States House of Representatives elections
The National Union Party (formerly known as the Unionists) lost seven seats, retaining control of 18 seats (some classify the Representatives as including 13 Unconditional Unionists and five Unionists), all from the border states of Maryland, Tennessee, and Kentucky, as well as West Virginia.


1864 and 1865 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries
One new seat was added for the new State of Nevada and 8 vacancies were filled by the readmission of Tennessee, the first secessionist state to be readmitted. Three former Confederate States held elections in 1865 that were rejected by Congress.


1864 and 1865 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries
Of the rejected elections, Florida's and Mississippi's claimants' parties are unknown, while North Carolina elected 4 Union and 3 Conservative Representatives.


1864 and 1865 United States House of Representatives elections, California
Note: This was the first election in which California elected representatives from congressional districts.


1864 and 1865 United States House of Representatives elections, Nevada, 38th Congress
On October 31, 1864, the new state of Nevada elected Republican Henry G. Worthington to finish the term ending March 3, 1865.


1864 and 1865 United States House of Representatives elections, Nevada, 39th Congress
Worthington was not renominated for the next term, however, and on November 7, 1865, Republican Delos R. Ashley was elected November 7, 1865 for the term that had already begun but would not formally meet until December 4, 1865.


1864 and 1865 United States House of Representatives elections, Ohio
Ohio's delegation swung from 14–5 Democratic to 17-2 Republican as 10 Democratic incumbents lost renomination or re-election.


1864 and 1865 United States House of Representatives elections, Wisconsin
Wisconsin elected six members of congress on Election Day, November 8, 1864.


1864 and 1865 United States Senate elections
The United States Senate elections of 1864 and 1865 were elections corresponding with Abraham Lincoln's re-election, with the Republican Party gaining two seats in the United States Senate. As these elections occurred during the Civil War, most of the Southern States were absent.


1864 and 1865 United States Senate elections
As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.


1864 and 1865 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections during the 38th Congress
In these elections — some special and some initial — the winners were seated during 1864 or in 1865 before March 4; ordered by election date.


1864 and 1865 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections leading to the 39th Congress
In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1865; ordered by state.


1864 and 1865 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections during the 39th Congress
In this election, the winner was elected in 1865 after March 4.


1864 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1864 in Australia.


1864 in Australian literature
This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1864.


1864 in Australian literature, Births
A list, ordered by date of birth (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of births in 1864 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of death.


1864 in Australian literature, Deaths
A list, ordered by date of death (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of deaths in 1864 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of birth.


1864 in Canada, Historical documents
Report from a Confederate agent in Canada (including failed breakout at Johnson's Island POW camp)


1864 in Canada, Historical documents
Brief account of Confederate agents' raid on St. Albans, Vermont


1864 in Canada, Historical documents
Consequences in the U.S.A. follow the freeing of the St. Albans raiders by a Canadian court


1864 in Canada, Historical documents
Canadian in the Union Army describes desperate Confederate assaults at Battle of Franklin, Tennessee


1864 in Canada, Historical documents
Intelligence reports that Greek fire is being manufactured at Windsor, Ontario for burning Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit and other U.S. cities


1864 in Canada, Historical documents
Halifax, Nova Scotia sends a message of support to President Lincoln


1864 in Canada, Historical documents
Speaker in Montreal argues the U.S.A. is not hostile toward Canada


1864 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1864 in Chile.


1864 in Japan, Deaths
This year in Asia article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1864 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during 1864 in New Zealand.


1864 in New Zealand, Sport, Cricket
Gearge Parr's All-England Eleven plays at a cricket carnival in Dunedin against teams from Otago and Canterbury. They later play at Christchurch's Hagley Park. None of the matches qualified as first-class and the home sides were allowed to field up to 22 batsmen.


1864 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1864 in South Africa.


1864 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1864 to Wales and its people.


1864 in architecture
The year 1864 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1864 in art, Works
29 January 1864: "Annie, my first success", Julia Margaret Cameron's first satisfactory print


1864 in art, Works
Sadness: Ellen Terry photographed in 1864 by Julia Margaret Cameron


1864 in art, Works
Choosing: Ellen Terry painted by her husband of 1864 G. F. Watts


1864 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1864.


1864 in literature
In these times of ours, though concerning the exact year there is no need to be precise...


1864 in paleontology
Paleontology, palaeontology or palæontology (from Greek: paleo, "ancient"; ontos, "being"; and logos, "knowledge") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because mankind has encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1864.


1864 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1864 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1864 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1864 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1864.


1864 in science
The year 1864 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.


1864 in sports
1864 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1864–65 Barnes F.C. season
This was the third season of Barnes Football Club. Significant developments included the club's first known "athletic sports" event, a day on which club members and members of the public were invited to take part in athletic competitions.


1864–65 New South Wales colonial election
The 1864–65 New South Wales colonial election was held between 22 November 1864 and 10 January 1865. This election was for all of the 72 seats in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly and it was conducted in 52 single-member constituencies, six 2-member constituencies and two 4-member constituencies, all with a first past the post system. The previous parliament of New South Wales was dissolved on 10 November 1864 by the Governor, Sir John Young, on the advice of the Premier, James Martin. Suffrage was limited to adult white males.


1864–65 New South Wales colonial election
There was no recognisable party structure at this election; instead the government was determined by a loose, shifting factional system.


1864–65 New South Wales colonial election, Results
New South Wales colonial election, 22 November 1864 – 10 January 1865 Legislative Assembly << 1860–1869–70 >>


1865
1865 (MDCCCLXV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1865th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 865th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 65th  year of the 19th century, and the  6th   year of the 1860s decade. As of the start of 1865, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1865 Alabama gubernatorial election
The 1865 Alabama gubernatorial election took place on November 6, 1865, in order to elect the Governor of Alabama. Whig Robert M. Patton won with a narrow plurality of the votes, beating Democrat Michael J. Bulger by about 4,000 votes.


1865 Alabama gubernatorial election
This was the last time a Whig won any election in US history.


1865 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1865 Atlantic hurricane season included two landfalling hurricanes, with one that caused over 325 deaths. The first storm was reported on May 30 by ships in the western Caribbean. A month later, a storm hit southern Texas, and in late August, a storm paralleled the coastline of the Carolinas. The fourth storm of the season was also the longest-lasting, forming east of the Lesser Antilles before hitting Guadeloupe and eventually moving ashore in Louisiana. In both of its major landfalls, the storm left many houses destroyed.


1865 Atlantic hurricane season
There was confusion whether or not the fifth storm of the season was separate from the fourth storm, as both systems struck Louisiana in September. Another hurricane occurred in late September, before the final storm of the season developed north of Panama. The final hurricane struck Cuba and Key West, Florida before dissipating north of Bermuda on October 25.


1865 Atlantic hurricane season
At one time, one hurricane researcher identified a tropical storm over Cuba in late August, although there was no evidence the storm actually existed. There was also a report of a hurricane over Louisiana on October 22, although it is unknown if it was related to other storms in the season. There may have been additional unconfirmed tropical cyclones during the season. Meteorologist Christopher Landsea estimates up to six storms were missed from the official database, due to small tropical cyclone size, sparse ship reports, and relatively unpopulated coastlines.


1865 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm One
On May 30, a tropical storm in the western Caribbean Sea wrecked a ship named the "Golden Rule", which was sailing from New York to the east coast of Nicaragua. The ship first encountered the storm on May 29, reporting high winds and heavy rainfall. After the wreck, the crew sailed to a nearby island, where they were rescued by two United States ships after 10 days. The winds were estimated at 60 mph (95 km/h), although the entire track of the storm is unknown, HURDAT has done its best to track it.


1865 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Two
The second known storm of the season was reported near Brownsville, Texas on June 30. Its existence is known based on a newspaper report in the New Orleans Times. The winds were estimated at 60 mph (95 km/h); however, it is a potentially unreliable estimate due to a lack of significant population providing observations. The entire track of the storm is unknown. It is possible that a Tropical Depression reported by newspapers 1 day later was  the same as this one, except at a lower intensity and wind speed.


1865 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Three
A ship off the coast of Hatteras, North Carolina sustained damage from a storm on August 20. Further ship reports indicated the tropical storm maintained a general northeast track off the North Carolina coastline. On August 22 the storm made its closest approach to the state, and while remaining offshore it produced winds of around 45 mph (72 km/h) along the coast. Around that time, the storm attained peak winds of 70 mph (120 km/h) over the ocean. On August 23, high waves from the storm left one ship's cargo a complete wreck. It was last observed on August 24 to the southeast of Nantucket.


1865 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
The fourth tropical cyclone of the season, also the longest-lasting, was first observed on September 6 to the east of the Lesser Antilles. A small cyclone, it tracked westward and struck Guadeloupe as a fully developed hurricane. Many residents in the small nearby island of Marie-Galante evacuated to Guadeloupe, but some died in the attempt. In Îles des Saintes, the hurricane destroyed all but two buildings. Damage was similarly heavy in Basse-Terre. The overall death toll was estimated at 300, including 36 on Marie-Galante.


1865 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
After moving through the Lesser Antilles, the hurricane moved through the Caribbean Sea, passing between Jamaica and Haiti and bypassing Cuba to the south. It curved northward in the Gulf of Mexico, moving ashore on September 13 near the border between Texas and Louisiana with an estimated atmospheric pressure of 969 millibars (28.6 inHg).


1865 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
Upon moving ashore, the hurricane produced high tides as far east as the mouth of the Mississippi River, in addition to as far inland as Calcasieu Lake, Louisiana. Three towns were destroyed, causing two of them to be abandoned. Across the state, there were 25 deaths, many of them in Leesburg. In neighboring Texas, damage was greatest in Orange, where 196 homes were destroyed out of the 200 in the town. The hurricane capsized 19 boats in the Sabine River, causing multiple deaths. The hurricane weakened over Louisiana and dissipated over Arkansas on September 14. It was also known as the "Sabine River-Lake Calcasieu Storm".


1865 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Five
A tropical storm struck the south-central Louisiana coast on September 7, while the previous system was located over the Caribbean. The storm wrecked a ship, and its winds were estimated around 70 mph (120 km/h). The track was incomplete, and there was a possibility that the storm was misreported as the previous hurricane.


1865 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six
On September 28, a ship encountered a hurricane to the northeast of the Turks and Caicos islands. The winds in the hurricane extended far to the northwest, and high waves affected the southeast United States coast from Charleston, South Carolina to Cape Hatteras. The hurricane's track is unknown.


1865 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Seven
The final tropical cyclone of the season formed on October 18, just north of the coast of Panama. The storm brushed the country's coast with high waves for several days, causing $300,000 in damage (1865 USD). Moving north-northwestward, the storm intensified into a hurricane by October 21 over the western Caribbean. After turning more to the north, it struck Cuba, producing strong winds that destroyed the roof of the Belen College Observatory in Havana. In the city, the hurricane destroyed several boats and houses. A station on the island recorded a pressure of 975 mbar (28.78 inHg), suggesting winds of about 80 mph (135 km/h).


1865 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Seven
After crossing the island, the hurricane intensified further over the Florida straits until striking Key West, Florida, where peak winds were estimated around 105 mph (165 km/h). Its pressure was estimated at 969 millibars (28.6 inHg), and the hurricane either sunk or washed every boat ashore at the harbor in Key West. Rainfall totaled 4.10 in (104 mm) over a three-day period. In nearby Fort Jefferson in the Dry Tortugas, the hurricane destroyed one building and damaged several others, killing one person. It later moved across the Florida mainland, weakening slightly. It is possible that this hurricane crossed over from the Pacific, however Pacific records are inaccurate at this time. About a dozen ships encountered the hurricane across the western Atlantic, before the storm was last observed on October 25 north of Bermuda.


1865 Barcelona Workers' Congress
The 1865 Barcelona Workers Congress was held in December —in September, according to Manuel Tuñón de Lara - from 1865 in Barcelona (Spain) and brought together 22 Catalan workers' societies, taking advantage of a moment tolerance during the final crisis of the reign of Elizabeth II (1863-1868). It was the first workers' congress to be held in Spain, although it was limited to Catalonia.


1865 Barcelona Workers' Congress, Background
After the Progressive Biennium, workers' societies were once again banned, although some continued to exist underground. There was some initiative to address the social question by members and sympathizers of the Progressive Party in Catalonia as the foundation in 1862 of the Catalan Working Class Athenaeum. The situation changed in 1864 when the Captain General of Catalonia, Domingo Dulce y Garay, in fact allowed the workers' societies to function, which opened a period of freedom, during which two newspapers of some importance appeared, El Obrero and La Asociación.


1865 Barcelona Workers' Congress, Background
The first issue of El Obrero was released on September 4, 1864, directed by Antoni Gusart i Vila, with the aim of defending "the interests of the proletariat" and achieving the right of workers' association, both for the "resistance to capital" and to form "workers' societies applied to production and consumption", that is, to form cooperatives, a movement that gained strength by those years and that also gave legal cover to the resistance societies. The idea of holding a Congress in Barcelona to coordinate the existing workers' societies came from El Obrero. The editors of El Obrero thought that the congress would serve to "promote the cooperative movement, which, implanted in England a few years ago, has spread rapidly throughout the European nations."


1865 Barcelona Workers' Congress, Development
Chaired by Gusart and by various members of the editorial staff of El Obrero, the Congress was held from December 24 to 26, 1865 — or in September, according to other sources - at the Salón Universal in Barcelona. Some 300 delegates from twenty-two associations attended, according to Josep Termes. Forty, according to Tuñón de Lara. The agenda consisted of the following three points proposed by El Obrero:


1865 Barcelona Workers' Congress, Development
1. Can the association redeem the proletarian, giving back to the worker the freedom of action that he lacks? If so, what is the course that societies should follow to avoid, as far as possible, the malaise of the working class, since up to now the situation has not improved? 2. Cooperative societies, what advantages do they bring to the associates and what are the probabilities of success? 3. Would it be advisable to establish a federation for the best success in operations and that would serve as a basis for the progressive progress of the societies?


1865 Barcelona Workers' Congress, Development
The first important agreement that was reached was the formation of a federation of workers' societies and workers' centers in those places where there was more than one society, of which El Obrero would be its official organ. One of its objectives would be to propagate "the practice of cooperative societies." The second was to send a petition to the Government to recognize freedom of association, "since how many exhibitions have been addressed to the Cortes have been as many stones thrown into deep chasm." The "Exhibition" was published in El Obrero on January 7, 1866, with Gusart as the first signatory, followed by Ramón Cartañá, Miquel Martorell, Matías Fuster, Josep Morera, Josep Espinal and Josep Roig. The exhibition said, among other things, the following:


1865 Barcelona Workers' Congress, Development
If the association of capitals has given the middle class the preponderance that it enjoys today, the effects of which are derived from the wise law of progress, the materially producing class must reach the position that corresponds to it as an integral part of the nation; There can be no doubt that the union and solidarity that the association carries with it is what will lead it to the achievement of such a just right. [


1865 Barcelona Workers' Congress, Development
...]  The conditions to which our class is currently subjected are in extreme vexatious; the shortage of wages, the heavy burden of an unbearable work on our physical strength, considerably diminish the robustness of the producing arm and hundreds of our brothers die emaciated from pain in the middle of their existence.


1865 Barcelona Workers' Congress, Development
Politics was not discussed in Congress, "nor was anyone allowed to speak about the state, nor would it have been allowed, as it was not the responsibility of the meeting."


1865 Boston mayoral election
The Boston mayoral election of 1865 saw Frederic W. Lincoln Jr. reelected to a seventh overall term.


1865 Broadway
1865 Broadway is a building in New York City owned by AvalonBay Communities and designed by architect Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill. It is located on the Lincoln Square neighborhood of Manhattan's Upper West Side, on Broadway between 61st and 62nd Streets. The new structure replaced another SOM-designed building completed in 1965.


1865 Broadway, History, Original building
The headquarters of the American Bible Society originally stood on the site. Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill designed the original structure. It incorporated some Biblical symbolism, inspired by its anchor tenant. John Kriskiewicz, a Manhattan-based historian of architecture, referred to the original 1865 Broadway as “structurally expressive” but also expressed that it “might have left the public cold.” The Bible Society placed the building on the market in 2014.


1865 Broadway, History, New structure
AvalonBay purchased the building from the Society in 2015 for $300 million, after the organization announced it intended to move its headquarters to Philadelphia. Like the former building, Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill designed the new building. 1865 Broadway topped out in December 2017. The building will contain mostly residential space, with a mix of apartments for rent and condominiums for sale.


1865 Broadway, History, New structure
SOM took inspiration from the facade of I. M. Pei's Brutalist Kips Bay Towers.


1865 Burnett colonial by-election
The 1865 Burnett colonial by-election was a by-election held on 13 May 1865 in the electoral district of Burnett for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.


1865 Burnett colonial by-election, History
On 15 April 1865, John Edwards, the member for Burnett, resigned. Charles Haly won the resulting by-election on 13 May 1865.


1865 Canterbury colonial by-election
A by-election for the seat of Canterbury in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly was held on 24 February 1865 because of the resignation of John Lucas, who had been elected to both Canterbury, and Hartley.


1865 Cerberus
1865 Cerberus is a stony asteroid and near-Earth object of the Apollo group, approximately 1.6 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 26 October 1971, by Czech astronomer Luboš Kohoutek at the Hamburger Bergedorf Observatory, Germany, and given the provisional designation 1971 UA. It was named for Cerberus from Greek mythology.


1865 Cerberus, Orbit and classification
Cerberus orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.6–1.6 AU once every 1 years and 1 month (410 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.47 and an inclination of 16° with respect to the ecliptic.


1865 Cerberus, Orbit and classification
The Apollo asteroid has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.1567 AU (23,400,000 km), which corresponds to 61 lunar distances. It passes within 30 gigametres (Gm) of the Earth 7 times from the year 1900 to the year 2100, each time at a distance of 24.4 Gm to 25.7 Gm. It also makes close approaches to Mars and Venus.


1865 Cerberus, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen and SMASS taxonomy, Cerberus is a common stony S-type asteroid, composed of 65% plagioclase and 35% pyroxene. It has a rotation period of 6.804 hours and a geometric albedo of 0.220. With a maximum lightcurve range of 2.3, Cerberus may be cigar shaped like 1I/ʻOumuamua.


1865 Cerberus, Naming
This minor planet is named after the figure from Greek mythology, Cerberus, a three-headed dog that guarded the entrance to Hades, the Underworld. His capture marked the last of the twelve labors of Hercules. It is also the name of an extinct constellation, Cerberus, now contained in the eastern part of Hercules. (It should not be confused with Kerberos, a moon of the dwarf planet Pluto.) The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 December 1974 (M.P.C. 3758).


1865 Chicago mayoral election
In the Chicago mayoral election of 1865, Republican John Blake Rice defeated Democratic incumbent Francis Cornwall Sherman by a landslide 33% margin of victory.


1865 Chicago mayoral election
The election was held on April 18, only four days after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln.


1865 Chicago mayoral election
Originally, Democrat Leonard Rothgerber had been one of the candidates running. However, in the aftermath of the assassination of the Republican president, the shaken public had come to coalesce in support of Republican mayoral candidate Rice. Sensing this, Democratic candidate Leonard Rothgerber withdrew from the race and declared that there was a need for the nation to stand united. As a gesture of gratitude, Rice reimbursed Rothgerber's campaign expenses.


1865 Chicago mayoral election
While he remained on the ballot, Sherman also all-but-withdrew from the race as well in the aftermath of Lincoln's assassination.


1865 Chicago mayoral election
This was the last of four mayoral elections which Chicago held during the course of the American Civil War.


1865 Clermont colonial by-election
The Clermont colonial by-election, 1865 was a by-election held on 18 March 1865 in the electoral district of Clermont for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.


1865 Clermont colonial by-election, History
Under the Additional Members Act 1864, the seats of Clermont, Kennedy, Maryborough, Mitchell, Rockhampton and Warrego were created. By-elections to fill the new seats were held on 1 February 1865 (Maryborough and Rockhampton), on 18 March 1865 (Clermont and Kennedy) and on 25 March 1865 (Mitchell and Warrego). Sydney Davis was elected in Clermont.


1865 Connecticut gubernatorial election
The 1865 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 3, 1865, the last such election held during the American Civil War, and the last gubernatorial election in which the Republicans adopted the National Union Party name. It was a rematch of the 1864 Connecticut gubernatorial election. Incumbent governor and National Union nominee William Alfred Buckingham defeated Democratic nominee Origen S. Seymour with 57.48% of the vote. It was the eighth and last of Buckingham's consecutive victories.


1865 Danish Folketing election
Folketing elections were held in Denmark on 30 May 1865. Christian Albrecht Bluhme remained Prime Minister after the elections, although only until November.


1865 Danish Folketing election, Electoral system
The elections were held using first-past-the-post voting in single-member constituencies. Only 14% of the population was eligible to vote in the elections, with suffrage restricted to men over 30 who were not receiving poor relief (or who had not paid back any previous poor relief received), were not classed as "dependents" (those who were privately employed but did not have a household) and who had lived in their constituency for a certain length of time.


1865 Dunedin mayoral election
The Dunedin mayoral election held on 21 July 1865 was the inaugural mayoral election in Dunedin, New Zealand.


1865 Dunedin mayoral election
Five candidates stood for election. William Mason was successful, with James Paterson coming second. The other three candidates received much fewer votes than those two candidates. Edward Cargill acted as returning officer. Polling was undertaken in four wards: South, High, Bell, and Leith. A secret ballot based on the first-past-the-post voting system was used in Dunedin, in contrast to Christchurch and Wellington, where mayors were chosen by the city councillors amongst one of themselves until 1875.


1865 East Sydney colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of East Sydney on 17 February 1865 because Charles Cowper had been appointed Premier and Colonial Secretary, forming the fourth Cowper ministry. Such ministerial by-elections were usually uncontested however on this occasion a poll was required in East Sydney, The Glebe (Thomas Smart) and  West Sydney (John Darvall and John Robertson). Each minister was comfortably re-elected. Only The Paterson (William Arnold) was uncontested.


1865 East Sydney colonial by-election
Frederick Birmingham was a surveyor and engineer from Parramatta, who was an unsuccessful candidate for Parramatta at the election in November 1864, polling just 16 votes (1.3%)


1865 Ecuadorian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Ecuador in 1865. The result was a victory for Jerónimo Carrión, who received 73% of the vote. he took office on 7 September.


1865 English cricket season
1865 was the 79th season of cricket in England since the foundation of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). W. G. Grace made his debut as a first-class player and the new Lancashire County Cricket Club played its first match.


1865 Florida gubernatorial election
The 1865 Florida gubernatorial election was held on November 29, 1865. Democratic nominee David S. Walker ran completely unopposed and was elected unanimously.


1865 Florida gubernatorial election
This election was the first election following the begin of reconstruction.


1865 Glebe colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of The Glebe on 17 February 1865 because Thomas Smart had been appointed Colonial Treasurer in the fourth Cowper ministry. Such ministerial by-elections were usually uncontested however on this occasion a poll was required in East Sydney (Charles Cowper), The Glebe and  West Sydney (John Darvall and John Robertson). Each minister was comfortably re-elected. Only The Paterson (William Arnold) was uncontested.


1865 Glebe colonial by-election
Daniel Dalgleish was a former member for West Sydney who was defeated at the election on 24 November 1864. He was then an unsuccessful candidate at the elections for The Glebe (29 November 1864) and Goldfields South (10 January 1865). The day after his loss here, Dalgelish was again unsuccessful at the West Sydney by-election (18 February 1865), which was the final occasion on which he stood for parliament.


1865 Gold Fields by-election
A by-election was held in the Gold Fields electorate on 29 May 1865. The by-election was won by Charles Edward Haughton, who defeated two other candidates.


1865 Gold Fields by-election, Background
The Gold Fields electorate was a two-member constituency, and William Baldwin and George Brodie were the initial representatives starting with the 1863 supplementary election. Baldwin resigned, and this triggered the by-election. His resignation took effect on 27 April 1865, but it was known about well before that date. Henry Wirgman Robinson was appointed as returning officer, and he set the date for the nomination meeting for Monday, 22 May, with an election to be held if required the following Monday. Robinson also defined the polling places: thirteen courthouses throughout Otago, and six campsites.


1865 Gold Fields by-election, Run up to the election
Charles Edward Haughton of Arrowtown was the first person to declare his candidacy; he was first mentioned in the newspapers on 12 April. The local Queenstown newspaper, the Lake Wakatip Mail, came out in strong opposition to Haughton and thought him unqualified to represent the electorate.


1865 Gold Fields by-election, Run up to the election
Other candidates were Messrs Manders of Queenstown, James Benn Bradshaw, Duncan Campbell, and Jackson.


1865 Gold Fields by-election, Run up to the election, Nomination meeting
The nomination meeting was held at the courthouse in Lawrence, the centre of the Tuapeka district. Manders and Jackson were delayed and could not get to the meeting in time, and their nominations were not allowed. Campbell won the show of hands at the nomination meeting by a large margin, and a poll was demanded on behalf of Haughton.


1865 Gold Fields by-election, Election
Haughton received 227 votes out of a total of 506; his majority was 78 votes. Bradshaw came second with 149 votes. Campbell received 130 votes.


1865 Gold Fields by-election, Election
Bradshaw put a protest to the returning officer regarding the deputy returning officer at Nevis not having received the official instructions until after the close of the poll. The returning officer declared that his deputy at Nevis had been sworn in as required, and that the instructions had not arrived in time was immaterial as no elector had come to the polling station during the day. The table below shows the results for the individual polling stations.


1865 Gold Fields by-election, Election
Haughton represented the Gold Fields electorate until the end of the term in 1866, and was then successful in the 1866 election in the Hampden electorate. Bradshaw stood in the 1866 election in the Gold Field Towns electorate and was also returned.


1865 Grand National
The 1865 Grand National was the 27th renewal of the Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 8 March 1865.


1865 Greek legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Greece on 14 May 1865. Supporters of Alexandros Koumoundouros emerged as the largest bloc in Parliament, holding 95 of the 170 seats. Koumoundouros remained Prime Minister until 1 November, when he was replaced by Epameinondas Deligiorgis.


1865 Gwydir colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Gwydir on 29 June and 20 July 1865 as a result of the Committee on Elections and Qualifications declaring that the seat of Thomas Dangar was vacant because he had an office of profit under the Crown.


1865 Gwydir colonial by-election
Dangar was elected at the 1865 election for the Gwydir in unusual circumstances. Dangar had been appointed the returning officer but was persuaded to stand for the seat, resulting in a delay of a month before the poll could be held. Dangar had a contract with the Government to carry the mail on the Barwon and Namoi rivers and this was held to be an office of profit and thus disqualified him from being a member of the Legislative Assembly.


1865 Gwydir colonial by-election, Polling places
Polling did not occur at the late added polling places until 20 July.


1865 Gwydir colonial by-election, Result
It was a comfortable victory for Dangar, with his margin over Single increasing from 53 votes to 81 votes.


1865 Hungarian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Hungary between 10 November and 11 December 1865. The Deák Party won a majority of the seats.


1865 Hungarian parliamentary election, Results
1: The Far-Left was a fraction of the Centre-left Party. They didn't have own membership or president


1865 Hungarian parliamentary election, Results
Later, after the joining of representatives from Transylvania and Croatia, the constitution of the Parliament was as follows:


1865 International Exhibition
The Exposição Internacional do Porto, known in English as the International Exhibition of 1865, was a world's fair held in the Portuguese city of Porto. The exhibition was housed inside the grand Palácio de Cristal, which was modelled on the synonymous Crystal Palace erected for The Great Exhibition held during 1851 in London. The building's designer was Anglo-Irish civil engineer Francis Webb Sheilds, who also engineered its construction – he had been the resident engineer for the earlier building between 1852 and 1858. The building was demolished in 1951 after hosting many other expositions.


1865 International Exhibition, Background
The exhibition was inaugurated on 15 September 1865 in the presence of the Portuguese king, Luís I and his consort Maria Pia of Savoy. Upon inauguration, it became the first world's to occur on the Iberian Peninsula. The exhibition was shown until January 1866, and the theme of the event was industrial and trade innovations with an emphasis in primary materials, machinery, manufacture and fine arts.


1865 International Exhibition, Organization
Chiefly organized by the Associação Industrial Portuense (today called the Associação Empresarial de Portugal), the exhibition hosted 3,139 exhibitors, of which 499 were French, 265 German, 107 British, 89 Belgian, 62 Brazilian, 24 Spanish, and 16 Danish. Russia, the Netherlands, Turkey, the United States and Japan were also represented.


1865 Iowa Senate election
In the 1865 Iowa State Senate elections, Iowa voters elected state senators to serve in the eleventh Iowa General Assembly. Following the expansion of the Iowa Senate from 46 to 48 seats in 1865, elections were held for 23 of the state senate's 48 seats. State senators serve four-year terms in the Iowa State Senate.


1865 Iowa Senate election
Following the previous election in 1863, Republicans had control of the Iowa Senate with 41 seats to Democrats' five seats.


1865 Iowa Senate election
To claim control of the chamber from Republicans, the Democrats needed to net 20 Senate seats.


1865 Iowa Senate election
Republicans maintained control of the Iowa State Senate following the election with the balance of power shifting to Republicans holding 42 seats and Democrats having six seats (a net gain of 1 seat each for Republicans and Democrats).


1865 Italian general election
General elections were held in Italy on 22 October 1865, with a second round of voting on 29 October. It was the second one in the history of Italy.


1865 Italian general election, Electoral campaign
The Historical Right was led by the former Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia, Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora, a long-time general who fought during the Italian unification.


1865 Italian general election, Electoral campaign
On the other hand, the bloc of the Historical Left was led by Urbano Rattazzi, a liberal politician who was between the founders of the Italian left-wing parliamentary group.


1865 Italian general election, Electoral campaign
In opposition to the two main blocs there were a third party known as The Extreme, a far-left coalition, under the leadership of Giuseppe Mazzini, an Italian revolutionary and a key figure of the Unification.


1865 Italian general election, Electoral campaign
On 22 and 29 October, only 504,263 men of a total population of around 23 million were entitled to vote. Right-wing candidates emerged as the largest bloc in Parliament with around 41% of the 443 seats. They were largely aristocrats representing rentiers from the north of the country, and held moderate political views including loyalty to the crown and low government spending; the general La Marmora was appointed Prime Minister by the king Victor Emmanuel II.


1865 Kennedy colonial by-election
The Kennedy colonial by-election, 1865 was a by-election held on 18 March 1865 in the electoral district of Kennedy for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.


1865 Kennedy colonial by-election, History
Under the Additional Members Act 1864, the seats of Clermont, Kennedy, Maryborough, Mitchell, Rockhampton and Warrego were created. By-elections to fill the new seats were held on 1 February 1865 (Maryborough and Rockhampton), on 18 March 1865 (Clermont and Kennedy) and on 25 March 1865 (Mitchell and Warrego). George Elphinstone Dalrymple was elected in Kennedy.


1865 Liberian general election
General elections were held in Liberia in May 1865. The result of the presidential election was a victory for incumbent President Daniel Bashiel Warner of the Republican Party.


1865 Liverpool Town Council election
Elections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Wednesday 1 November 1865. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.


1865 Liverpool Town Council election, Election result
Because nine of the sixteen wards were uncontested, these statistics should be taken in that context.


1865 Liverpool Town Council election, Aldermanic Elections
At the meeting of the Council on 9 November 1865, the terms of office of eight alderman expired.


1865 Liverpool Town Council election, Aldermanic Elections
The following eight were elected as Aldermen by the Council (Aldermen and Councillors) on 9 November 1865 for a term of six years.


1865 Louisiana gubernatorial election
The 1865 Louisiana gubernatorial election was the second election to take place under the Louisiana Constitution of 1864. As a result of this election James Madison Wells was re-elected Governor of Louisiana. The result was a lopsided victory for Wells because many whites, who supported the Democratic Party, remained disqualified due to their support of the Confederacy. Nonetheless Democrats nominated fugitive former Governor Henry Watkins Allen.


1865 Maltese general election
General elections were held in Malta between 9 and 14 January 1865.


1865 Maltese general election, Background
The elections were held under the 1849 constitution, which provided for an 18-member Government Council, of which ten members would be appointed and eight elected.


1865 Maltese general election, Results
A total of 2,685 people were registered to vote, of which 2,329 cast votes, giving a turnout of 87%.


1865 Maryborough colonial by-election
The Maryborough colonial by-election, 1865 was a by-election held on 1 February 1865 in the electoral district of Maryborough for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.


1865 Maryborough colonial by-election, History
Under the Additional Members Act 1864, the seats of Clermont, Kennedy, Maryborough, Mitchell, Rockhampton and Warrego were created. By-elections to fill the new seats were held on 1 February 1865 (Maryborough and Rockhampton), on 18 March 1865 (Clermont and Kennedy) and on 25 March 1865 (Mitchell and Warrego). William Henry Walsh was elected in Maryborough.


1865 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1865 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 7.


1865 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
Governor John Albion Andrew did not run for a sixth term in office. Republican Alexander Bullock was elected to succeed him, defeating Democrat Darius Couch.


1865 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Republican nomination
At the Worcester convention on September 14, Alexander Bullock was nominated unanimously.


1865 Massachusetts legislature
The 86th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1865 during the governorship of John Albion Andrew. Jonathan E. Field served as president of the Senate and Alexander Hamilton Bullock served as speaker of the House.


1865 Melbourne Cup
The 1865 Melbourne Cup was a two-mile handicap horse race which took place on Thursday, 2 November 1865.


1865 Melbourne Cup
This year was the fifth running of the Melbourne Cup. The Victoria Racing Club awarded a trophy for the first time in the history of the race. The race was won by an 8 year old Gray named Toryboy becoming both the first gray and 8 year old to win the race. The runner up, Panic actually protested the race which was quickly dismissed.


1865 Melbourne Cup
This is the list of placegetters for the 1865 Melbourne Cup.


1865 Memphis earthquake
The 1865 Memphis earthquake struck southwest Tennessee near the Mississippi River in the United States on August 17 that year. Soon after the Mfa 5.0 earthquake hit, observers said the earth appeared to undulate and waves formed in nearby rivers. The force of the earthquake felled and cracked chimneys in Memphis and New Madrid, Missouri on the other side of the Mississippi. Shaking from the earthquake spread as far as St. Louis, Missouri; Jackson, Mississippi; and Illinois. Apart from the 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes, only three major events have struck the state of Tennessee, in 1843, 1865, and 1895. Several minor events have taken place as well.


1865 Memphis earthquake, Background
The earliest earthquakes known to have struck Tennessee were the series known as the New Madrid earthquakes, which rocked the Midwestern United States from their base in Missouri. Damage consisted of fallen chimneys on buildings. More significant were major geologic changes, including sand volcanoes, fissures, and even sinking of land. The events were recorded by whites and Native Americans. Three major earthquake events occurred in Tennessee in 1843, 1865, and 1895. The 1843 event registered Mercalli intensities of VIII (Severe); it resulted in cracking walls, shattering windows, and toppling chimneys. Felt over an area of 1,000,000 square kilometers (386,102 sq mi), the earthquake caused more alarm than damage in Western Tennessee.


1865 Memphis earthquake, Damage and intensity
Shaking in 1865 felled chimneys in Memphis, and the earth "appeared to undulate", creating small waves on rivers nearby. The earthquake was felt from Illinois throughout the lower Mississippi Valley from Illinois Mississippi. According to a 1993 paper by the United States Geological Survey, this event had a magnitude of 5.0 and a Mercalli intensity of VII (Very strong). This body wave magnitude was derived using either the felt area of the shock or an isoseismal map. In a 2009 report, "Tennessee Earthquake History", the USGS did not include the 1865 earthquake. It classified the 1843 temblor as having a greater Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe), compared to the 1865 event.


1865 Minnesota gubernatorial election
The 1865 Minnesota gubernatorial election was held on November 7, 1865 to elect the governor of Minnesota.


1865 Mitchell colonial by-election
The Mitchell colonial by-election, 1865 was a by-election held on 25 March 1865 in the electoral district of Mitchell for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.


1865 Mitchell colonial by-election, History
Under the Additional Members Act 1864, the seats of Clermont, Kennedy, Maryborough, Mitchell, Rockhampton and Warrego were created. By-elections to fill the new seats were held on 1 February 1865 (Maryborough and Rockhampton), on 18 March 1865 (Clermont and Kennedy) and on 25 March 1865 (Mitchell and Warrego). John Gore Jones won in Mitchell.


1865 Monara colonial by-election
A by-election was held in the New South Wales state electoral district of Monara, also called Monaro, on 30 March 1865. No poll was required as William Grahame was the only candidate nominated. The by-election was triggered by the resignation of James Martin. At the 1864–65 New South Wales colonial election, Martin had been defeated at elections for East Sydney (22 November), Tumut (10 December) and Wellington (21 December), before being elected to both Monara (24 December) and The Lachlan (28 December). Martin chose to resign from Monara.


1865 New Jersey gubernatorial election
The 1865 New Jersey gubernatorial election was held on November 7, 1865. Republican nominee Marcus Lawrence Ward defeated Democratic nominee Theodore Runyon with 51.07% of the vote.


1865 New York state election
The 1865 New York state election was held on November 7, 1865, to elect the Secretary of State, the State Comptroller, the Attorney General, the State Treasurer, the State Engineer, two Judges of the New York Court of Appeals, a Canal Commissioners, an Inspector of State Prisons and the Clerk of the Court of Appeals, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate.


1865 New York state election, History
The Democratic state convention met on September 6 and 7 at Albany, New York. C. H. Winfield was Temporary Chairman until the choice of James M. Humphrey as President. ;


1865 New York state election, History
The Republican state convention met on September 20 at Syracuse, New York. Charles J. Folger was Temporary Chairman until the choice of Chauncey M. Depew as Permanent Chairman. Ward Hunt and John K. Porter were nominated for the Court of Appeals by acclamation. Francis Barlow was nominated for Secretary of State on the first ballot (vote: Barlow 191, Charles H. Van Wyck 172, Daniel E. Sickles 3, Chauncey M. Depew [incumbent] 1). Thomas Hillhouse was nominated for Comptroller on the first ballot (vote: Hillhouse 253, James A. Bell 82, Tracy Beadle 25).


1865 New York state election, History
John Howland was nominated for Treasurer on the first ballot (vote: Howland 208, George W. Schuyler [incumbent] 146). John H. Martindale was nominated for Attorney General by acclamation. J. Platt Goodsell was nominated for State Engineer on the second ballot (first ballot: Goodsell 123, Charles K. Graham 123, William B. Taylor [incumbent] 72, Charles W. Mentz 26, Daniel C. Jeune 21; second ballot: Goodsell 200, Graham 153, Taylor 7). Robert C. Dorn was nominated for Canal Commissioner on the first ballot (vote: Dorn 186, Alexander Barkley 160). Henry A. Barnum was nominated for Prison Inspector during the first ballot. Patrick H. Jones was nominated for Clerk of the Court of Appeals by acclamation.


1865 New York state election, Results
The incumbent Porter was re-elected. The incumbent Robinson was defeated.


1865 New York state election, Results
27 Republicans and 5 Democrats were elected to a two-year term (1866–67) in the New York State Senate.


1865 New York state election, Results
91 Republicans and 37 Democrats were elected for the session of 1866 to the New York State Assembly.


1865 Newfoundland general election
The 1865 Newfoundland general election was held on 7 November 1865 to elect members of the 9th General Assembly of Newfoundland in Newfoundland Colony. The Conservative Party led by Frederick Carter formed the government.


1865 Norwegian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Norway in 1865. As political parties were not officially established until 1884, all those elected were independents. The number of seats in the Storting remained at 111, the first time it had been unchanged since 1823. Voter turnout was 41.8%, although only 4.8% of the country's population was eligible to vote.


1865 Ohio gubernatorial election
The 1865 Ohio gubernatorial election was held on October 10, 1865. National Union nominee Jacob Dolson Cox defeated Democratic nominee George W. Morgan with 53.53% of the vote.


1865 Omata by-election
The 1865 Omata by-election was a by-election held  on 18 July in the Omata electorate in Taranaki during the 3rd New Zealand Parliament.


1865 Omata by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent, James Crowe Richmond, who had been appointed to the Legislative Council.


1865 Omata by-election
He was replaced by Francis Gledhill. Atkinson won on the show of hands, but Gledhill's supporters requested a poll which was held on the next day. Then Gledhill won by one vote, although apparently two Atkinson supporters from Waitara arrived three or four minutes late after the polling station had closed and had to "reserve their vote".


1865 Open Championship
The 1865 Open Championship was the sixth Open Championship and was held on 14 September at Prestwick Golf Club. Andrew Strath won the championship by two shots from Willie Park, Sr. There were 12 competitors.


1865 Open Championship
Strath had the lead after the first round on 55, a one stroke ahead of Willie Dow and Park, and two ahead of Old Tom Morris. Making his debut, Young Tom Morris scored 60. After two rounds, Park was in the lead with a total of 108 after a round of 52 with Strath a shot behind on 109. Both Dow and Morris dropped out of contention after poor rounds. In the final round, Park scored 56 while Strath took 53 to give him a two stroke victory.


1865 Parnell by-election
The 1865 Parnell by-election was a by-election held on 20 April 1865 in the Parnell electorate during the 3rd New Zealand Parliament.


1865 Parnell by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP Reader Wood on 18 February 1865.


1865 Parnell by-election
As no other candidates were nominated, he was declared duly elected; Mr Creighton and Mr Coolahan had retired from the contest.


1865 Pennsylvania State Equal Rights League Convention
This was the first meeting of the Pennsylvania State Equal Rights League, which was a civil rights organization formed to promote equal rights for African American citizens of the state. The Pennsylvania State Equal Rights League was part of a nationwide movement to promote legal and political rights for black Americans.


1865 Pennsylvania State Equal Rights League Convention, Proceedings of the Convention
This convention convened in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania at the Union Wesleyan Church from February 8–10, 1865. Two sessions were held per day. The morning session was from 9:30am to 12:30pm, and the afternoon session was from 2pm to 5pm. Each session was opened with prayer.


1865 Pennsylvania State Equal Rights League Convention, Proceedings of the Convention, Resolutions Adopted
Rules for the conduction of future League meetings were also established: