1867 Romanian general election, Context
One point of contention was the status of Romanian Jews, with various "Reds" and Moldavians emerging as the core opponents of emancipation and advocates of "ethnic protectionism". Therefore, in its final form, the Constitution of July only granted citizenship to Christians, thus reverting a more tolerant Civil Code proclaimed under Cuza.


1867 Romanian general election, Context
There were repeat elections in November, producing a multicolored Assembly, ridiculed in liberal circles as a "tutti frutti" legislature. According to one count of Assembly seats, the radicals shared about 40 seats with their Moldavian allies, or "Free and Independent Faction"; there was a conservative majority of approximately 60 seats, but segmented into competing blocs; Ghica's moderate liberals could only count on some 20 deputies. Another count suggests that Ghica was backed by one third of the Assembly, while the liberals, as the loyal opposition, had another third.


1867 Romanian general election, Context
Those who rejected the system, be they Cuza loyalists or Moldavian separatists, shared between them the remainder. Overall, "there were great clashes of vision between the Assembly majority and the cabinet, as well as between the minority and the cabinet." The election was criticized from the liberal left as fraudulent in favor of the conservatives and moderates, but other contemporaries generally view it as free and fair. Over the next months, however, disputes blocked the validation of various deputies, contributing to the uncertainty of governance.


1867 Romanian general election, Context
In March 1867 the radicals were able to seal the Concordia Agreement, allying them with the Free and Independent Faction, chaired by Nicolae Ionescu, and a group of moderate liberals under Mihail Kogălniceanu (who commended the allegiance of 25 deputies). Tacitly endorsed by Domnitor Carol, this new coalition was backed by a plurality of Assembly members, eventually pushing Ghica to resign. His "Red" replacement, Constantin A. Crețulescu, was nominally a moderate, but the Minister of Internal Affairs, Ion Brătianu, was a "Red" doctrinaire and power-broker, sometimes described as the cabinet's true leader. Possibly pressured by his conditional allies, the antisemitic Factionalists, he also pushed orders to evict Jewish "vagabonds" from the countryside, which sparked an international scandal.


1867 Romanian general election, Context
By late May, Brătianu had to deal with "White" defiance, manifested when senator Petre Mavrogheni of Iași County handed in his resignation. Electors refused to turn up, and sent him a letter expressing contempt that he even organized a scrutiny. The radicalism of government officials was also fomenting an international crisis, once it became apparent that Brătianu was backing the Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee (BRCK) against the Ottoman Empire—which was still Romania's suzerain power. In April, when Panayot Hitov led a BRCK guerrilla force into the Danube Vilayet at Oltenița, the Ottomans began openly calling for Crețulescu to step down.


1867 Romanian general election, Context
The Jewish evictions were especially unpopular within the French Empire, to which the liberals looked for guidance, and soon Brătianu's "demagoguery" was castigated by his allies, including Ștefan Golescu and Dimitrie Sturdza. The latter sought to have Brătianu removed by switching to Ghica's party, and eventually prompted his adversary to resign in July.


1867 Romanian general election, Context
During the parliamentary break, Brătianu's resignation continued to undermine political stability. In July, Factionalists Ceaur-Aslan and Nicolae Iamandi, alongside Grigore Sturdza, published an appeal for the establishment of a regional Moldavian caucus that would defy "Red" centralism (other signatories included Grigore Balș, Panait Balș, Grigore Vârnav, and Colonel Pavlov). This initiative was rejected by Crețulescu and Brătianu, who noted that it infringed on the Constitution. Faced with the crumbling of his alliances, Crețulescu ultimately resigned in August.


1867 Romanian general election, Context
Cuza loyalist Ion Emanuel Florescu was excited by this opportunity, writing to the exiled former Domnitor that anarchy would result in a regime change. Instead, liberal-radicals formed a new governing coalition, which required them to encourage a maximalist version of Romanian nationalism, supporting "Greater Romania" or "Dacia"—namely, the incorporation of Transylvania and other Romanian-inhabited territories of Austria-Hungary. The cause was advanced by Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu and Alexandru Candiano-Popescu, who put out the political newspaper Perseverența. In summer 1867, traveled across Transylvania to "assess the conditions for a probable insurrection." Hasdeu viewed himself as a future "Red" minister, noting in 1871 that the "Dacian ideal" was being more openly promoted by that party by 1868.


1867 Romanian general election, Context
In October, Golescu officially took over as Prime Minister, and Brătianu was able to regain influence, eventually resuming his position at Internal Affairs. After filibustering by the "White" deputy Manolache Costache Epureanu, Golescu agreed to dissolve the Assembly and called in new elections, noting that the slim majority he had could not support a government in the long run. According to researcher Constantin Gane, Brătianu had actually wanted, and worked for, early elections. "The liberal party", he argues, "wanted a Chamber of its own, one that had eluded its grasp for six years, ever since 1862".


1867 Romanian general election, Context
Golescu's message was followed on November 29 by Brătianu's circular letter to the prefects, carried in Monitorul Oficial. Claiming that government had put up no candidates of its own, it asked functionaries to exercise a "moral influence" over the electorate, to produce a result in accordance with the national interest—generally seen as code for an election fraud through intimidation.


1867 Romanian general election, Campaign and results, Early rounds
The election was the second one in history to be held under the census suffrage (and weighted voting) law of July 1866, with a two-round system where simple majorities were not decided in one session. The First College comprised voters who owned more than 300 ducats in property, and the Second included those who declared 100–300 ducats; they each elected 33 deputies with direct elections. The Third College corresponded roughly to a "third estate", specifically designed for urban constituencies, directly electing 58 deputies in proportion to the respective town population. A Fourth College, representing taxpayers not comprised in the other categories, designated 33 of the total 157 deputies through electors. In 1866–1867, there was a 1:50 ratio of electors to registered voters.


1867 Romanian general election, Campaign and results, Early rounds
In the Assembly, where the main rounds took place on December 22–26 (Old Style: December 10–14), the results were a landslide win for Concordia: Concordia men had 85 seats between them. In particular, the election was a victory for "Red" hardliners, including Rosetti and Eugeniu Carada (elected in Ilfov's Third and Fourth College, respectively; Carada had 536 votes to 17), but also Gogu Cantacuzino (in Prahova's Fourth College, 550 votes to 9) and Perseverența's Candiano-Popescu (in Cahul's Fourth College, with 79 votes to 5).


1867 Romanian general election, Campaign and results, Early rounds
In Prahova, where liberals were especially strong and well-organized, the liberal ascendancy was complete, with all seats going to "Reds": Anton I. Arion, industrialist Matache Nicolau, and Ploiești mayor Constantin T. Grigorescu were also returned by the Third College, as was Corneliu Lapati by the Second. A "total triumph" for both houses of Parliament was also boasted by the liberal chapter of Argeș County, where George T. Brătianu and Constantin Hurmuzachi were sent to the Assembly. In some locations, the contest was said to have been mired in dubious practices.


1867 Romanian general election, Campaign and results, Early rounds
One such case was the Fourth College of Vlașca, where the "Red" Grigore Serrurie faced the incumbent, Cezar Bolliac. Rumors recorded by Ghimpele suggest that Bolliac was treating peasant voters to bagels and shots of țuică; in addition, both candidates were alleged to have used ballot stuffing, with the final tallies showing more votes than there were registered voters.


1867 Romanian general election, Campaign and results, Early rounds
A complete "Red" victory was rendered impossible by several contributing factors, including Factionalist independence. According to one approximation by Ghimpele magazine, the Free and Independent Faction had 14 of the majority deputies: Ionescu, Anastasie Fătu, Alexandru Gheorghiu, Alecu D. Holban, Theodor Lateș, Dimitrie Tacu, Nicolae Voinov, Ianache Lecca, Dumitru Lupașcu, Ioan Negură, Mantu Rufu, Petre Suciu, I. Strejescu, and Dumitru Țanu Vidrașcu. Three other winning candidates on the Tutova County list were a local "National Liberal Party", allied with the Faction. Ghimpele viewed the Faction as distinct from either the left, right, or center of the resulting legislature, a party "with only captains, and no footmen." The Factionalist newspaper Dreptatea celebrated a complete victory in the indirect election for Iași County's Fourth College—with "27 democrat delegates" elected, against just 2 "reactionaries".


1867 Romanian general election, Campaign and results, Early rounds
The topic of government interference was at the heart of a polemic in Ilfov. Here, the conservative paper Țérra presented evidence that policemen and firefighters had stormed into the Athenaeum Society polling station to harass "White" voters. This account was disputed by the "Red" editors of Romanulu, who noted that the authorities had only stepped in to curb vote-buying by conservative electioneers. Nationally, Concordia experienced some major defeats: in the First College of Ilfov, government presented Nicolae Haralambie as a "National Party" candidate.


1867 Romanian general election, Campaign and results, Early rounds
He lost to the "White" leader Dimitrie Ghica, who took 94 votes (more than the absolute majority of 89); Haralambie had 67 votes, and a third-party candidate, Constantin Bosianu, only 15. Similarly, the First College of Vaslui County propelled into office a debuting "White", Petre P. Carp, who was just organizing the party chapter in Moldavia, In Dâmbovița, opposition candidates Ienache Văcărescu and Isaia Lerescu also won seats, but, according to Romanulu, both of them were unduly favored by the electoral commission. Overall, 34 deputies were conservative "Whites", and 30 more were moderates, with 8 more elected as independents.


1867 Romanian general election, Campaign and results, Early rounds
The following is a list of Assembly election results as tabulated on December 31 (Old Style: December 19):


1867 Romanian general election, Campaign and results, Senate race
In the race for Senate, which took place on December 30 – January 3 (Old Style: December 18–22), the "Reds" faced significant difficulties. The liberal press aired allegations of fraud by the "Whites": in Olt County, a delegation of electors, including Ioan Căpitănescu, refused to cast their vote, as a sign of protest. A separate scandal took hold in the largely non-Romanian constituency of Bolgrad, where Aristid Pascal, the eventual winner, published manifestos addressing Bessarabian Bulgarians in their native tongue. Another controversy involved Romanulu, which published archive documents from the 1850s. These purportedly showed that Ioan Manu and Constantin N. Brăiloiu, both of whom ran for Senate as "Whites", had plotted a violent clampdown against liberal activists.


1867 Romanian general election, Campaign and results, Senate race
The votes for Senate were still counted, and in some instances still cast, during January. By January 5, ballotage in the Second Senatorial College awarded mandates to Nicolae Crețulescu (for Ismail), Emil Casimir (Baia), Ion Pastia (Putna), and Iorgu Scorțescu (Roman); Factionalist leader Ionescu was senator for the University of Iași, and Alexandru Orăscu represented the one in Bucharest. Bishop Filaret Scriban, who had initially refrained from running (only urging his fellow Factionalists to elect "good Christians and good patriots"), ended up being voted in as a senator, both in Iași and Botoșani Counties. In Bucharest, Haralambie also presented himself as a candidate in the senatorial race for the Second College, which was only held on January 8.


1867 Romanian general election, Campaign and results, Senate race
Overall, in the upper chamber, the "Reds" lost to a thin majority formed by Ion Ghica's moderates and "White" conservatives. Incomplete lists for the separate precincts and two colleges of Senate appeared in the press, as follows:


1867 Romanian general election, Validation disputes
Parliament was eventually reopened on January 15 (Old Style: January 3), with Gheorghe Enescu as de facto Assembly President. Ailing, the later relinquished office, and was replaced by General Nicolae Golescu (Ștefan's brother). Although his own "Red" subgroup was by then dominant in the lower house, Brătianu allowed a Moldavian Factionalist, Anastasie Fătu, to replace President Golescu by January 27. Senate also resumed proceedings on January 20, and, on January 24, reelected Nifon Rusailă as its Chairman.


1867 Romanian general election, Validation disputes
By then, those who had their mandates confirmed were left to assess reports demanding the invalidation of other deputies and senators. Some, such as Candiano-Popescu, were very soon validated and able to take their seats; although elected for Senate, Haralambie soon gave up, after revelations that he was not of the legal age to run. Bishop Filaret, contested for legal reasons because he had been a monk, was nevertheless also accepted by Senate. Kogălniceanu's ally Ion Emanuel Florescu was surprisingly removed from his seat following a vote by his lower-chamber colleagues.


1867 Romanian general election, Validation disputes
Long conflicts ensued over the early opening of ballot boxes in various precincts. Some, including Alexandru Văsescu and Theodor Lateș, were confirmed regardless of this procedural objection. Another contentious case was litigated by Bolliac, who had lost Serrurie but still demanded to be recognized as a deputy, and had to be evicted from the Assembly; meanwhile, "Red" senator Anton Gugiu was confirmed by his peers in a special vote. According to Ghimpele, Bolliac was denied an opportunity to defend himself from the parliamentary rostrum, despite submitting thirty requests. Deputies voted 62 to 42 not to recognize his claim, but agreed to send in an investigative commission.


1867 Romanian general election, Validation disputes
Another controversy erupted in Tutova County, where, on February 5, virtually all elections were still undecided. The "White" candidate for First College, Manolache Costache Epureanu, asked to be recognized as the winner, but the "Red" majority called fraud, and the seat was left vacant. His ouster was welcomed by Ghimpele as a defeat for the philosemitic camp, with Epureanu mockingly referred to as a "great rabbi of Moldavia". A related issue was that of Factionalist Scarlat Vârnav: elected as a Fourth-College deputy, he had died in suspicious circumstances—allegedly poisoned by his Jewish adversaries. While a toxicological investigation was undertaken in Bucharest, at Bârlad the matter sparked riots, attributed by "Reds" to a Jewish provocation.


1867 Romanian general election, Validation disputes
In Prahova, "White" bosses Theodor C. Văcărescu and Ștefan Greceanu produced reports and telegrams alleging widespread intimidation by infantry troops and the police, including beatings and arbitrary arrests of opposition mayors and electoral agents; Văcărescu also refused to sign the procès-verbal validating Prahova's vote count, and urged the Assembly not to validate Gogu Cantacuzino's mandate. However, he himself was being brought to trial by the local prefect, Andrei Dertman, who alleged that Văcărescu had colluded with the mayor of Popești to get himself fraudulently nominated as a Fourth-College elector.


1867 Romanian general election, Validation disputes
Cantacuzino was finally confirmed on January 21, when the Assembly concluded that Th. C. Văcărescu's accusations were not certified by an electors' petition, as required by law. A petition signed by 21 Prahova electors was nevertheless registered on the same day. It blamed the local police chief, Stan Popescu, and "all police agents and footmen, the nightwatchmen, the subprefects with their assistants and the town-hall clerks", of conspiring to "reject and mistreat" known conservative voters.


1867 Romanian general election, Validation disputes
The controversy continued in a more subdued form when deputies of the opposition, including D. Ghica and George D. Vernescu, alongside G. T. Brătianu, asked for an inquiry into the Prahova affair. Local prosecutors refused to assess the case, dismissing the petition as an attempt to filibuster in the Assembly, while some petitioners backed this by withdrawing their signatures.


1867 Romanian general election, Validation disputes
In Ialomița County, accusations of about blood libel, issued against the local Jews, were quickly dismissed by pathologists, and publicly refuted by the liberal press. Here, the disputed place of deputy in the Second College was eventually awarded to Petru Grădișteanu by Assembly vote. Procedural controversies still surrounded Ionache Văcărescu, who was considered elected, by a slim margin, only after the voters' census was updated, and Tache Moscu, whose narrow win was contested by those who argued that a deciding write-in ballot was meant for his brother, Costache.


1867 Romanian general election, Validation disputes
Other disputes regarded the validation of two deputies whose Romanian citizenship was questioned: Constantin Niculescu Catia (or Câță) and Procopie S. Sgrumalla. Hasdeu's election was also contested by emissaries from the Lipovans and Greeks of Bolgrad—their petition was denied by the Assembly, since they had failed to write it in Romanian. The Senate seats of Covurlui remained contested until another race in spring, when Costache Negri became Second College senator (he resigned shortly after).


1867 Romanian general election, Aftermath
Brătianu's claim that the election had not been fixed, and that government had "no official candidates", was endorsed by accounts in the contemporary press—local and liberal (Românul) as well as Western (La France, Le Siècle). Overall, the election was validated: in his address to the Assembly, Domnitor Carol congratulated government on running an orderly vote, and arguing that elections had been free, "only moderated by the people's own common sense." Kogălniceanu also reaffirmed his party's adherence to the "Red" party line, praising Brătianu for having "transformed the country".


1867 Romanian general election, Aftermath
However, Parliament continued to host debilitating disputes, including over allegations that Golescu had sponsored "Bulgarian bands" of the BRCK to start a revolution in Danube Vilayet, as well as over the functioning of the Court of Cassation. The former accusation, which focused suspicions on the Perseverența group, led to Romania being threatened with an international commission of inquiry.


1867 Romanian general election, Aftermath
Slowly, a right-wing opposition was consolidating, revitalized by Carp and by Alexandru Lahovary, seen by Gane as "the two Benjamins of conservative politics". Antisemitism soon returned as the core issue, when, in Britain, the Earl of Derby cabinet analyzed reports that Romanian Jews were persecuted and prevented from even practicing their religion. The claim was taken up in Romania by Carp, but categorically denied by Brătianu. Government's relationship with the Factionalists was soon put the test when, on March 17, the latter introduced a harshly antisemitic bill, which was ultimately rejected by the mainstream "Reds". Asked by the Prime Minister not to voice his dissidence, Brătianu restated his ethnic nationalism, but agreed that any such xenophobic excess would ruin Romania's fragile relationship with the West.


1867 Romanian general election, Aftermath
This change of attitudes alienated the Faction, and smaller riots erupted in Moldavia, this time specifically targeting both the Jews and Prime Minister Golescu. On April 23, the latter resigned, officially for health reasons, and was replaced by his brother, General Golescu, who took an even more moderate position on the "Jewish Question". Although faced with a motion of no confidence in Senate (where an alliance of Factionalists and "Whites" was formed), he and Brătianu were able to maintain their hold on power.


1867 Romanian general election, Aftermath
Their political survival was especially disappointing for a conservative hopeful, the Dolj deputy George Barbu Știrbei, who missed his opportunity to become Prime Minister, and left on self-imposed exile. Reportedly, his candidacy was rejected by Carol's father, the Prince Hohenzollern, who feared that Știrbei would use his status to usurp the Romanian throne.


1867 Romanian general election, Aftermath
As noted by historian Silvia Marton, "the words 'moral influence' were destined to have an enviable presence in posterity." Brătianu unwittingly coined a euphemism for "the systematic government pressure that will characterize the [electoral] regime at the very least until World War I." Gane also notes that the practice of "restricting voters" only had one precedent (the Moldavian elections of July 1857), but that, after 1867, it "made a name for itself".


1867 Romanian general election, Aftermath
During similarly organized elections in late July, the conservatives also lost the Senate, ensuring that "Reds" completely dominated Parliament to March 1869, when the "White" party returned in a landslide of its own. The sudden fall of radicalism, the loss of favor with Domnitor Carol, and the breakup of Concordia pushed Brătianu and Candiano-Popescu into conspiratorial politics—leading to the rebellious episode known as "Republic of Ploiești".


1867 San Narciso hurricane
The San Narciso Hurricane was the ninth and last known hurricane of the 1867 Atlantic hurricane season. Forming late in the month of October, the hurricane, the costliest and deadliest storm of the 1867 Atlantic hurricane season, caused at least 811 deaths in Saint Thomas (Danish West Indies) and Captaincy General of Puerto Rico and at least $1 million (1867 USD) in damage.


1867 San Narciso hurricane, Meteorological history
On or before 27 October 1867, a tropical storm developed east of the northern Lesser Antilles, and the mail steamer Principe Alfonso skillfully avoided the storm on that day. This tropical storm moved westward or west-southwestward, intensifying into a hurricane on or before 28 October 1867. Intensifying into a major hurricane on 29 October, this tempest hit Sombrero, Anguilla. The northeasterly or northerly wind intensified from 1 am through 6 am; after 8 am, a barometric pressure of 28.65 inches of mercury (97.0 kPa) accompanied a half-hour of relative calm. The wind then shifted to a violent easterly until 11 am and then diminished through 1 pm. The hurricane reached its peak intensity of 110 knots (130 mph; 200 km/h) at 1200 UTC near the island.


1867 San Narciso hurricane, Meteorological history
From 1:30 pm to 2:00 pm, its eye passed over Sankt Thomas, Danish West Indies.


1867 San Narciso hurricane, Meteorological history
The hurricane weakened slightly before reaching Captaincy General of Puerto Rico later on 29 October, the memorial of Saint Narcissus of Jerusalem; following the Puerto Rican convention of naming hurricanes after the saint of the day on which a hurricane strikes the island, the storm acquired the name San Narciso. The hurricane made landfall in Puerto Rico, and its winds decreased further over the island. Despite its small size, it ranks among the most intense hurricanes recorded on the island. It passed near the city of Fajardo, between 5 pm and 6 pm and later passed near Caguas. People sensed tremors in the towns of Humacao, Luquillo, and Peñuelas. The storm affected all of the towns in the island of Puerto Rico. San Narciso hit the island of Hispaniola on 30 October 1867. The storm probably dissipated that day over the high mountains of the island.


1867 San Narciso hurricane, Impact
The hurricane caused at least 811 deaths in total: 600 in Sankt Thomas (Danish West Indies - now Saint Thomas, the United States Virgin Islands) and 211 on Puerto Rico.


1867 San Narciso hurricane, Impact
On Tortola (British Virgin Islands), the storm reached its peak fury from noon to 2 pm and blew down one-third of the "miserable tenements." Deaths numbered 22 at Road Town, 2 on Peter Island, and 2 on Westland (now Soper's Hole).


1867 San Narciso hurricane, Impact
On Saint Thomas, the hurricane drove ashore or otherwise wrecked 80 ships including the RMS Rhone and the barometric pressure reached 28.50 inches of mercury (96.5 kPa) with winds of 74 miles per hour (119 km/h); about 600 people drowned.


1867 San Narciso hurricane, Impact
It caused 211 deaths in Puerto Rico, and the damages were calculated at 13 million Spanish escudos. The hurricane ruined agriculture of the island of Puerto Rico, causing a great economic crisis. The hurricane and various other factors contributed to the discontent on the island that erupted into the Grito de Lares of 1868.


1867 San Narciso hurricane, Impact
It almost destroyed the city of Santo Domingo de Guzmán, Dominican Republic, where 200 persons died on that day.


1867 Town of New Plymouth by-election
The 1867 Town of New Plymouth by-election was a by-election held  on 29 April 1867 in the Town of New Plymouth electorate during the 4th New Zealand Parliament.


1867 Town of New Plymouth by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent, John Richardson on 16 March 1867.


1867 Town of New Plymouth by-election
Atkinson was the only nomination, so was declared elected unopposed.


1867 United States House of Representatives elections in California
The United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1867 was an election for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred on September 6, 1867 for the 40th Congress. The Democrats gained two districts from the Republicans.


1867 United States Senate election in New York
The 1867 United States Senate election in New York was held on January 15, 1867, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 3) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate. Incumbent Senator Ira Harris was not renominated for a second term in office. U.S. Representative Roscoe Conkling was elected to succeed him.


1867 United States Senate election in New York
With large Republican majorities in both houses of the Legislature, the real contest was for Republican Party support, which was determined in a joint caucus of Senate and Assembly Republicans. A three-way race between Harris, Conkling, and Judge Noah Davis eventually gave way to a two-way contest between Conkling and Davis, with Conkling prevailing on the fifth ballot.


1867 United States Senate election in New York, Background
Republican Ira Harris had been elected in February 1861 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1867.


1867 United States Senate election in New York, Background
At the State election in November 1865, 27 Republicans and 5 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1866-1867) in the State Senate. At the State election in November 1866, 82 Republicans and 46 Democrats were elected for the session of 1867 to the Assembly. The 90th State Legislature met from January 1 to April 20, 1867, at Albany, New York.


1867 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates, Republican caucus
The caucus of Republican State legislators met on January 10, State Senator Charles J. Folger presided. State Senator Thomas Parsons (28th D.) was absent, but had his vote cast by proxy. They nominated Congressman Roscoe Conkling for the U.S. Senate. The incumbent Senator Ira Harris was voted down.


1867 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates, Democratic caucus
The caucus of the Democratic State legislators met also on January 10. State Senator Henry C. Murphy was nominated on the first ballot with 25 votes against 21 for Ex-D.A. of New York A. Oakey Hall.


1867 United States Senate election in New York, Result
Roscoe Conkling was the choice of both the Assembly and the State Senate, and was declared elected.


1867 United States Senate election in New York, Aftermath
Conkling was re-elected in 1873 and 1879, and remained in office until May 17, 1881, when he resigned in protest against the distribution of federal patronage in New York by President James A. Garfield without being consulted. The crisis between the Stalwart and the Half-Breed factions of the Republican party arose when the leader of the New Yorker Half-Breeds William H. Robertson was appointed Collector of the Port of New York, a position Conkling wanted to give to one of his Stalwart friends.


1867 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania
The 1867 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on January 15, 1867. Simon Cameron was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.


1867 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Results
Incumbent Republican Edgar Cowan, who was elected in 1861, was a candidate for re-election to another term, but was defeated by former Democratic Senator and former United States Secretary of War Simon Cameron, who had previously switched to the Republican Party. The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on January 15, 1867, to elect a Senator to fill the term beginning on March 4, 1867. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:


1867 Vermont gubernatorial election
The 1867 Vermont gubernatorial election took place on September 3, 1867. In keeping with the "Mountain Rule", incumbent Republican Paul Dillingham was not a candidate for another term as governor of Vermont. The Republican nomination was won by John B. Page, who had previously served as Vermont State Treasurer. The Democratic nomination was won by John L. Edwards of Newport, who had previously served as State's Attorney of Orleans County. In the general election, Page was elected to a one-year term as governor.


1867 Virgin Islands earthquake and tsunami
The Virgin Islands earthquake occurred on November 18, 1867, at 2.45 p.m. in the Anegada Trough about 20 km southwest of Saint Thomas, Danish West Indies (now US Virgin Islands). The 7.5 magnitude earthquake came just 20 days after the devastating San Narciso hurricane killed more than 600 people in the same region. Tsunamis from this earthquake were some of the highest ever recorded in the Lesser Antilles since those produced by the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. Wave heights exceeded 10 meters in some islands in the Lesser Antilles.


1867 Virgin Islands earthquake and tsunami, Tectonic setting
The US Virgin Islands are part of the Greater Antilles that lies parallel to the Puerto Rico Trench; an oblique subduction zone where the North American Plate is underthrusted beneath the Caribbean Plate along the Lesser Antilles subduction zone transits to strike-slip along the Septentrional-Oriente fault zone. Because of this transition, the overriding Caribbean Plate begins to extend, and normal faults starts to break out as a result. Subduction and shallow crustal faults pose earthquake and tsunami risk to the area, although the Lesser Antilles megathrust has not seen any major earthquake along its subduction interface. A possible earthquake along the megathrust may have been the Mw 8.3, 1843 Guadeloupe earthquake.


1867 Virgin Islands earthquake and tsunami, Earthquake
The earthquake consisted of two shocks, 10 minutes apart, and the two tsunamis came 10 minutes after each shock. Shaking reportedly lasted a minute in Frederiksted, where the earthquake stirred a dust cloud that blanketed the town. Shaking reached intensity IX on the Rossi-Forel scale in the Danish West Indies.


1867 Virgin Islands earthquake and tsunami, Earthquake
The Reid Fault located 17 km south of Saint Thomas on the northern scarp of the Anegada Trough runs for seven tens of kilometers may have ruptured and produced slip no greater than ten meters.


1867 Virgin Islands earthquake and tsunami, Earthquake
Another possible fault is the Zahibo Fault which is 120 km long and 30 km by measured width. The rupture may have initiated at a depth of 3 km along this thrust fault. An underwater landslide triggered by movement on the seafloor would likely be the primary source of the tsunami as the run-up heights of the tsunami were unusually high, and the waves arrived almost immediately after the quake.


1867 Virgin Islands earthquake and tsunami, Tsunami
At Saint Thomas, the first wave was described as a "straight white wall, about 15 to 23 feet (4.6 to 7.0 meters)" which advanced to the harbor, 10 minutes after the earthquake. The wave picked up steamers along the way and broke to just a few feet in front of the town. Its run-up height was 9.1 meters across the town. A smaller wave came shortly and penetrated further in the island. Thirty people perished when the waves swept them away. Run -ups of 6 meters were recorded at Charlotte Amalie, where 12 people died. The La Plata, a steamship serving the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company was knocked over by the waves, killing nearly all of its crew onboard.


1867 Virgin Islands earthquake and tsunami, Tsunami
Little Saba saw the highest waves at 15.2 meters. A US Navy ship, the USS De Soto which had arrived the day before was ripped from her moorings and beached. The second wave then brought the ship with her bottom seriously damaged back to sea.


1867 Virgin Islands earthquake and tsunami, Tsunami
At Christiansted, Saint Croix, the 7–9 meter waves drowned five people and inundated the island up to 90 meters inland. The tsunami destroyed 20 houses and stranded numerous boats inland. In some parts of the island, the waves reached a run-up height of 14.6 meters. Frederiksted on the same island was hit by waves up to 7.6 meters. The surging seawater beached many vessels including a US Navy ship, USS Monongahela along the beaches of Frederiksted.


1867 Virgin Islands earthquake and tsunami, Tsunami
Meanwhile, at Road Town, British Virgin Islands, the waves were between 1.2 and 1.5 meters which swept away much of the low-lying towns. In Antigua, the sea level rose 8–10 feet (2.4 to 3.0 meters) at the Saint John harbor.


1867 Virgin Islands earthquake and tsunami, Tsunami
Eyewitnesses in Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe saw the sea receding and returning, flooding the place up to 2 meters. Deshayes was hit with very high waves, an estimated 18.3 meters (60 feet) in height and a length of 5 km. The tsunami swept away many personal belongings and items. In Saint-Rose however, the waves were determined to be no more than 10 meters when a church said to house fleeing survivors, 10 meters above sea-level remained undamaged.


1867 Virgin Islands earthquake and tsunami, Tsunami
In Puerto Rico, wave heights of 1 to 6 meters swept through the island's coast. A parish church in Bayamón barrio-pueblo was damaged as a result of the earthquake.


1867 Waimea by-election
The 1867 Waimea by-election was a by-election held on 28 June 1867 in the Waimea electorate during the 3rd New Zealand Parliament.


1867 Waimea by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP Arthur Robert Oliver on 9 January 1867.


1867 Wanganui by-election
The 1867 Wanganui by-election was a by-election held  on 29 April 1867 in the Wanganui electorate during the 4th New Zealand Parliament.


1867 Wanganui by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent, John Bryce, who had resigned because of ill-health.


1867 Wanganui by-election
He was replaced by Henry Shafto Harrison, who had previously represented the district.


1867 Wanganui by-election
Hutchison, who came second, was the editor of The Chronicle.


1867 Wisconsin gubernatorial election
The 1867 Wisconsin gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1867. Incumbent Republican Party Governor Lucius Fairchild won re-election with nearly 52% of the vote, defeating Democratic candidate John J. Tallmadge.


1867 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Democratic Party
John J. Tallmadge was a businessman and the former mayor of Milwaukee, having left office less than a year before the 1867 election. Prior to his two terms as mayor, he was one of the founders of the Milwaukee Chamber of Commerce and served as its president in 1863 and 1864.


1867 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Republican Party
Lucius Fairchild was the incumbent governor of Wisconsin, having been elected in the 1865 election. Prior to his election as governor, he was Wisconsin Secretary of State for one term. Fairchild had also been a Union Army officer in the American Civil War, having served as a colonel in the famous Iron Brigade when they participated in fierce fighting at Gettysburg. Fairchild lost an arm due to wounds sustained at Gettysburg, and was later awarded an honorary promotion to brigadier general.


1867 flood of Chattanooga
The 1867 flood of Chattanooga is the largest flood in the city's recorded history. The flood followed a period of heavy rain that affected most of the Tennessee Valley and lasted from March 7 to March 11, 1867. At its highest point, the water of the Tennessee River crested 58 feet (18 metres) above its normal level, and it inundated much of the city. As a result of the flooding, Chattanooga's residents began to raise the city's street level by about one story.


1867 flood of Chattanooga, Meteorology
The flood of 1867 took place before reliable methods of meteorological data recording. However, it is known that days before the flood, a large area of Southern Appalachia including Tennessee, North Carolina, and Georgia experienced the same, large storm. The tremendous amounts of rainwater combined with the melting snow caused the tributaries and rivers of the Tennessee Valley to swell. In Chattanooga, the Tennessee River began to rise on March 4.


1867 flood of Chattanooga, Flood
Starting March 4, 1867, Chattanooga experienced a four-day-long rainstorm. By March 9, all of Chattanooga's streets were under 4 to 8 feet (1.2 to 2.4 metres) of water. Because there was no warning sent out, most residents of Hamilton Country were unprepared for a calamity of this magnitude. In addition to many lives being lost in the flood, the city also experienced huge structural damage. Military Bridge, which, at the time, was the only bridge that connected the north and south shores, was washed away.


1867 flood of Chattanooga, Flood
Chattanooga's telegraph lines were also destroyed or washed away, leaving the Chattanooga residents unable to communicate with neighboring cities. Low lying croplands and livestock fields were washed away, leaving local farmers devastated, and businesses and homes along the shores of the river were completely destroyed. At night, the city fell victim to looting and violence while the Tennessee River continuously rose sometimes at a rate of one foot every hour. On March 10, the Chattanooga American Union wrote that "the losses of our merchants, businessmen, and citizens cannot be estimated." Though the exact death toll is unknown, many residents in Chattanooga and the surrounding areas were killed. Corpses floated through the city's flooded streets, and a man on the old Lookout Mountain road had claimed that he had seen fifteen bodies float past in a day.


1867 flood of Chattanooga, Impact
Following the destruction of the Military Bridge, Chattanooga city was without a bridge until the Walnut Street Bridge was constructed in 1891. On March 9, an anonymously written article appeared in the Daily American Union saying that city officials had begun planning to start a major city project that would raise the street level by about one story through the city. The remnants of this massive project are still noticeable to the naked eye. Downtown Chattanooga is filled with tops of old windows and doors protruding out of the sidewalk and what seem to be basement doors that do not lead anywhere.


1867 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1867 in Australia.


1867 in Australian literature
This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1867.


1867 in Australian literature, Births
A list, ordered by date of birth (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of births in 1867 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of death.


1867 in Australian literature, Deaths
A list, ordered by date of death (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of deaths in 1867 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of birth.


1867 in Canada, Historical documents
Thomas D'Arcy McGee lectures on the state of cultural development in Canada


1867 in Canada, Historical documents
Court validates a "country marriage," allowing a Metis man to inherit


1867 in Canada, Historical documents
Report on Anglican mission work among and by Indigenous people in Rupert's Land


1867 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1867 in Chile.


1867 in Japan
Events in the year 1867 in Japan. It corresponds to Keiō 2 and Keiō 3 in the Japanese calendar.


1867 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during 1867 in New Zealand.


1867 in New Zealand, Incumbents, Government and law
The number of seats in the House of Representatives is increased to 74 with the creation of four Māori seats, and male Māori are given the right to vote. The Legislative Council now has 36 seats.


1867 in New Zealand, Sport, Horse racing
A Wellington Cup is held in Wellington. This is no relation to the annual race held from 1874. Racing had only recently been moved from the beaches to Hutt Park in Lower Hutt and Burnham Water in Miramar.


1867 in New Zealand, Sport, Rowing
The Star Boating Club is formed in Wellington. (other sources state 1867)


1867 in Portugal, Events
Death penalty was abolished for civil crimes except treason in time of war.


1867 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1867 in South Africa.


1867 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1867 to Wales and its people.


1867 in architecture
The year 1867 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1867 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1867.


1867 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology (from Greek: paleo, "ancient"; ontos, "being"; and logos, "knowledge") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1867.


1867 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1867 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1867 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1867 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1867.


1867 in science
The year 1867 in science and technology involved many significant events, listed below.


1867 in sports
1867 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1867 in the British Virgin Islands
Events from the year 1867 in the British Virgin Islands.


1867–68 Sheffield Wednesday F.C. season
The  1867–68 Season was Sheffield Wednesday F.C. 's first season after being formed on 5 September 1867. For this first season of their existence "The Wednesday" as they were called played their home matches on an open field known as "high field" in the present Highfields area of Sheffield. The actual location of the ground was on Upper Colver Road which no longer exists but was situated on the present day site of the Highfields Library which stands near the junction of London Road and Abbeydale Road.


1867–68 Sheffield Wednesday F.C. season, Formation
The club was initially a cricket team named The Wednesday Cricket Club after the day of the week on which they played their matches. The footballing side of the club was established to keep the team together and fit during the winter months. SWFC was born on the evening of Wednesday 4 September 1867 at a meeting at the Adelphi Hotel in Sheffield. The formation was announced two days later with the following statement in the Sheffield Independent newspaper:


1867–68 Sheffield Wednesday F.C. season, Formation
Even at this first meeting it became apparent that football would soon come to eclipse the cricketing side of the club. The formation of the football club came within a decade of the first football club in the world, Sheffield F.C., being formed. Hallam F.C. was set up shortly afterwards and by 1867 Association football was becoming very popular. The Wednesday played their first football match in October 1867 against the Mechanics Club at Norfolk Park, a game which they won by three goals and four rouges to nil.


1867–68 Sheffield Wednesday F.C. season, Cromwell Cup victory
Wednesday entered their first significant tournament in early 1868 when they took part in the  Cromwell Cup, a knock out competition for four clubs. All the clubs invited to take part by Oliver Cromwell, stage-manager of the Theatre Royal in Sheffield, had been formed for less than two years. Wednesday defeated Exchange 4–0 at the Mackenzie Ground on 1 February in their first match to qualify for the final. A week later Garrick beat Wellington by a "rouge" to nil at Norfolk Park to set up a Wednesday v Garrick final on 15 February 1868 at Bramall Lane.


1867–68 Sheffield Wednesday F.C. season, Cromwell Cup victory
The Cromwell Cup final was the first match that Wednesday played in that an admittance fee was charged. A crowd of around 600 assembled at Bramall Lane for the final with Garrick winning the toss and electing to play with a strong wind at their back. Garrick had the better of the play in the first half and hit the post after ten minutes, however it was goal-less at half time.


1867–68 Sheffield Wednesday F.C. season, Cromwell Cup victory
The second half was more evenly contested with Garrick having some dangerous attacking moments but Wednesday skipper John Marsh along with Denton and Whelan played well in defence to keep the score at 0–0 at full-time. Jenkinson, Broomhead and Alf Wood also had good games for Wednesday. It was decided to keep playing extra time until one of the teams scored. After ten minutes of extra time Wednesday scored when Whelan passed to Wood who played the ball into the goal mouth which resulted in a general melee. A Garrick defender hit the ball high into the air and when it dropped it hit somebody on the shoulder and went into the goal.


1867–68 Sheffield Wednesday F.C. season, Cromwell Cup victory
Wednesday skipper John Marsh was carried from the pitch by jubilant supporters although it was not until 16 March that he was presented with the cup by Oliver Cromwell at the Theatre Royal on the occasion of his benefit night. After the presentation of the cup the Wednesday players adjourned to the nearby Adelphi Hotel, where landlord Harry Sampson kept his promise and filled the cup with champagne.


1868
1868 (MDCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1868th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 868th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 68th  year of the 19th century, and the  9th   year of the 1860s decade. As of the start of 1868, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1868 Alabama gubernatorial election
The 1868 Alabama gubernatorial election took place on February 4, 1868, in order to elect the Governor of Alabama. Republican William Hugh Smith ran unopposed. This is the first time that a Republican became Governor of Alabama.


1868 Argentine presidential election
The Argentine presidential election of 1868 was held on 12 April to choose the president of Argentina. Domingo Sarmiento was elected.


1868 Argentine presidential election, Background
Presiding over a prosperous economy overshadowed somewhat by the costly Paraguayan War, President Mitre was at pains to avoid risking the tenuous national unity his administration had secured. Though he hand-picked prospective candidates, Mitre avoided the appearance of direct support for any one figure, while limiting the field to those he considered acceptable. Electors from Buenos Aires Province favored Autonomist Party candidate Adolfo Alsina, who was instead persuaded by Mitre to run for the vice-presidency. The nomination was handed to the Ambassador to the United States, Domingo Sarmiento, who remained at his post and did not campaign.


1868 Argentine presidential election, Background
Mitre also supported former Unitarian Party leader Rufino de Elizalde and his running mate General Wenceslao Paunero, a key figure in Mitre's victory at the Battle of Pavón. These candidates were all preferred by the president over that year's dark horse, former President Justo José de Urquiza (whom Mitre attempted to dissuade from running for fear of the separatist conflict his presence might provoke).


1868 Argentine presidential election, Background
These candidates were, with the exception of Sarmiento, contentious in many circles and provided the new system its first real test. The electoral college met on 12 April 1868, and selected Sarmiento by 79 out of 131 votes, making this the only closely contested race during this era.


1868 Arica earthquake
The 1868 Arica earthquake occurred on 13 August 1868, near Arica, then part of Peru, now part of Chile, at 21:30 UTC. It had an estimated magnitude between 8.5 and 9.0. A tsunami (or multiple tsunamis) in the Pacific Ocean was produced by the earthquake, which was recorded in Hawaii, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand.


1868 Arica earthquake, Tectonic setting
The earthquake occurred along the boundary between the Nazca Plate and the South American Plate. The earthquake was likely a result of thrust-faulting, caused by the subduction of the Nazca plate beneath the South American plate.


1868 Arica earthquake, Tectonic setting
The coasts of Peru and Chile have a history of great megathrust earthquakes originating from this plate boundary, such as the 1960 Valdivia earthquake and the 2010 Chile earthquake.


1868 Arica earthquake, Damage
The earthquake caused almost complete destruction in the southern part of Peru, including Arica, Tacna, Moquegua, Mollendo, Ilo, Iquique, Torata and Arequipa, resulting in an estimated 25,000 casualties, and many shipwrecks.


1868 Arica earthquake, Damage
The tsunami drove three ships anchored in port nearly 800 m (2,600 ft) inland: the 1560-ton Peruvian corvette America, the U.S. gunboat Wateree and the U.S. store ship Fredonia, which was completely destroyed. The brig Chañarcillo and two schooners, Rosa Rivera and Regalon, were also lost. The port city of Pisco was razed.


1868 Arica earthquake, Damage
The tsunami caused considerable damage in Hawaii, washing out a bridge along the Waiohi River. In New Zealand, it is the only fatal tsunami on record, causing substantial damage on the Chatham Islands and an estimated 20 people washed out to sea. On the mainland, Banks Peninsula was hardest hit with a Maori village and two houses washed away and boats damaged, and one death was recorded.


1868 Arica earthquake, Characteristics, Earthquake
Two separate earthquakes have been described; they may both refer to the same event.


1868 Arica earthquake, Characteristics, Earthquake
The earthquake was felt over a wide area, up to 1,400 km (870 mi) to the northwest in Samanco, Peru and 224 km (139 mi) to the east in Bolivia. Estimates of its magnitude range from 8.5 to 9.0. A 600 km (370 mi) rupture length has been estimated from the pattern of isoseismals making it one of the largest fault breaks in modern times.


1868 Arica earthquake, Characteristics, Earthquake
About 400 aftershocks were recorded by 25 August of that year.


1868 Arica earthquake, Characteristics, Earthquake
Contemporary accounts say that the earthquake shaking lasted somewhere between five and ten minutes.


1868 Arica earthquake, Characteristics, Tsunami
Although this event generated a tsunami that was noted across the Pacific, most of the associated damage was localised along the coasts of southern Peru and what is now northernmost Chile. The first wave arrived at Arica 52 minutes after the earthquake, with a 12 m (39 ft) height, followed by the largest 16 m (52 ft) wave 73 minutes later.


1868 Arica earthquake, Future risk
In 2001 the Arica area was identified as forming part of a seismic gap between 15° and 24°S, with no major earthquake since 1877. In accordance with this theory a major earthquake was considered likely to happen in the near future. More specifically, in 2005 a magnitude 8.6 event was forecast for the northern Chile part of the gap, the location of the subsequent 2014 Iquique earthquake. An earthquake affecting the same sector of the plate boundary as the 1868 event with a magnitude of 8.8 was also forecast as likely to occur by 2126. A repeat of the 1868 event would probably cause more casualties, because of the increase of population in areas at risk.


1868 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1868 Atlantic hurricane season was among the quietest on record, with only four tropical cyclones recorded. Only two seasons had fewer storms than in 1868, and seven had the same number of storms. Initially, there were no known storms during the season, although a re-analysis confirmed the activity. All tropical activity occurred within a 45‑day span. There may have been other unconfirmed tropical cyclones during the season. Meteorologist Christopher Landsea estimates up to six storms were missed from the official database, due to small tropical cyclone size, sparse ship reports, and relatively unpopulated coastlines.


1868 Atlantic hurricane season
Only one of the storms, the second, made landfall, doing so near Apalachicola, Florida. It produced heavy rainfall and gusty winds across the southeastern United States, although there was no severe damage associated with the storm. The first hurricane killed two people when a ship passed through its winds for 14 hours. The third hurricane, located in the western Caribbean Sea, did not affect land, although two ships experienced its strong winds. The final hurricane lasted three days across the western Atlantic, forcing one ship to halt its voyage due to storm damage.


1868 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One
The first known tropical cyclone of the season was observed on September 3, about halfway between the Bahamas and Bermuda. A nearby ship estimated winds of 80 mph (130 km), indicating the presence of the hurricane. It moved northward initially, passing about 220 mi (355 km) west of Bermuda on September 4. Thereafter, the hurricane turned toward the northeast, and the ship "John Richardson" encountered gale force winds on September 5, resulting in a wreck of its cargo.


1868 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One
On September 6, it was estimated to have reached peak winds of 105 mph (165 km/h), based on observations from the ship with the call sign "Greenock". The hurricane lashed the ship with strong winds for 14 hours, killing the captain and one crewman. At the time, it was about 400 mi (640 km) southeast of Halifax, Nova Scotia. Turning to the northeast, the hurricane passed south of Newfoundland before last being observed on September 7.


1868 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Two
A ship sunk in the western Gulf of Mexico on October 1, which was the first indication of the second tropical cyclone of the season. The storm moved slowly northeastward toward the southeastern Louisiana coastline, intensifying to its estimated peak winds of 70 mph (115 km/h). On October 4, it passed near or over southeastern Louisiana, producing heavy rain and gusty winds in New Orleans. Flooding was observed in portions of the city, and the West Rigolets Lighthouse on Lake Pontchartrain suffered $5,000 in damage due to the storm (1868 USD, $81,000 2010 USD). The storm accelerated northeastward and struck near Apalachicola, Florida late on October 4.


1868 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Two
As the storm crossed over the Florida panhandle and southeastern Georgia, the winds weakened to 45 mph (72 km/h), although it still produced heavy rainfall and gusty winds in Savannah, Georgia. No severe damage was reported in the city. The tropical storm continued northeastward, emerging into the western Atlantic and paralleling the coastlines of the Carolinas just offshore. Several ships reported strong winds and rough seas.


1868 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Two
On October 6, the storm restrengthened to its peak intensity before becoming an extratropical cyclone about 200 mi (320 km) southeast of Cape Cod; however, one meteorologist assessed it as acquiring extratropical characteristics after it exited Georgia into the western Atlantic. As an extratropical storm, it reached winds of 80 mph (130 km/h), based on a ship report south of Atlantic Canada. Late on October 7, the storm was last observed to the south of Newfoundland. The storm was the only one in the season not to attain hurricane status.


1868 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
As the previous storm was moving along the coastline of the southeastern United States, a new hurricane was observed in the western Caribbean Sea, about halfway between Honduras and Jamaica. Its intensity, based on a ship report, was estimated at 105 mph (165 km/h). The hurricane moved slowly west-northwestward, and another ship experienced its strong winds on October 7. There were no further observations, so its complete track is unknown.


1868 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
The final known hurricane of the season was observed on October 15, to the northeast of the central Bahamas. The ship "Jim Cow", en route from New York to Panama, suffered heavy damage from the storm, so much that it could not complete its voyage. Moving generally northeastward, the hurricane was estimated to have reached peak winds of 105 mph (165 km/h), based on ship reports. On October 17 the cyclone was absorbed by a rapidly intensifying extratropical cyclone off the coast of New England. It never affected land.


1868 Avon by-election
The 1868 Avon by-election was a by-election held on 8 June during the 4th New Zealand Parliament in the Christchurch electorate of Avon.


1868 Avon by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP William Reeves on 2 May 1868. Reeves had been elected in the 11 March 1867 Avon by-election and after attending the 1867 parliamentary session, he resigned as his business partner had died in late 1867.


1868 Avon by-election
Reeves' notice of resignation, dated 2 May, first appeared in newspapers on 5 May. On that same day, the local newspapers The Press and the Lyttelton Times published a requisition signed by 362 electors addressed to William Rolleston, urging him to stand, as well as his lengthy response acceding to that request.


1868 Avon by-election
In his response, Rolleston outlined his political views: in contrast to the outgoing Superintendent of Canterbury, William Sefton Moorhouse, Rolleston wanted to be prudent with his capital programme and cut back public debts; he favoured the careful and deliberate abolition of provincial governments but saw no haste to action this measure; he advocated a better system of distribution of the provincial revenues handed to the central government (as Canterbury paid more than its fair share).


1868 Avon by-election
The by-election unfolded during the upcoming election for the superintendency of the Canterbury Province. Moorhouse, whose popularity had sunk to a low, had resigned in early April 1868 over personal financial difficulties. Moorhouse was encouraged by some voters to make himself available for the Avon by-election but he stated that he was not prepared to stand; his financial difficulties were not public knowledge at the time. On 22 May 1868, Rolleston was elected unopposed to the highest political office in Canterbury.


1868 Avon by-election
Rolleston had since 1865 been a public servant, appointed by Premier Frederick Weld as the Under Secretary in the Native Department. Rolleston needed to wind up his role in Wellington and left for the capital after he announced his candidacy for both the Superintendency and the Avon electorate. Rolleston's resignation from the Native Department was gazetted later in May. On 19 May, Rolleston arrived back at Lyttelton from Wellington.


1868 Avon by-election
The nomination meeting was set for Tuesday, 8 June 1868 at the Papanui school, with an election (if necessary) to be held the following day. Thomas Maude (the father of Nurse Maude) acted as the returning officer. The Papanui land owner Henry Matson proposed Rolleston and William Lane—best known for his ownership of Mill Island in the Avon River—seconded the nomination. As there were no other nominations, Rolleston won the Avon by-election unopposed.


1868 Avon by-election
The by-election success was the beginning of Rolleston's long parliamentary career. He remained a member of parliament until 1899, with two three-year breaks. In total, he spent 25 years in Parliament.


1868 Barcelona Workers' Congress
The 1868 Barcelona Workers' Congress was convened on December 13, 1868, by the Central Directorate of Workers' Societies of Barcelona, which had been created two months earlier thanks to the freedom achieved after the triumph of the Glorious Revolution of September 1868. Sixty-one Catalan workers' societies attended. Its most immediate antecedent was the 1865 Barcelona Workers' Congress - the first in the history of the labor movement in Spain, although it was also limited to Catalonia. It wasn't until 1870 that the first state-level workers' congress was held, which also had its headquarters in Barcelona, and from which the FRE-AIT would emerge.


1868 Barcelona Workers' Congress, Background
The September Revolution of 1868 opened a period of freedom in which the workers' societies - in their two variants of mutual aid societies and of resistance societies - were able to emerge from the secrecy in which they had lived for most of the reign of Isabella II. In October the Provisional Government decreed freedom of association and that same month the "Central Directorate of the Barcelona Workers' Societies" was founded, into which it integrated those that had survived during the underground and new ones that were created then. Societies of hand weavers and mechanical weavers, bakers, stonemasons, locksmiths, printers, cabinetmakers, tailors, etc. joined it.


1868 Barcelona Workers' Congress, Background
The "Central Directorate" issued an appeal "To the workers of Catalonia" in which it summoned them to hold a Congress, because "in all countries where the institutions give enough guarantee for this, the working class meets, holds congresses, not only local but international". It was proposed that three representatives for each workers' society in Barcelona and five for each locality where there were workers' societies would attend. In Congress, it would be especially about the form of government that would replace the overthrown Kingdom of Spain.


1868 Barcelona Workers' Congress, Background
The first issue that embraces them all today is the reconstitution of our homeland, which must be born from the system of government that the nation accepts as the most advantageous ... This must be the fundamental basis of the deliberations of the congress, to determine which is the form of government that can best protect the interests of the working class, in order to support it with the efforts of all, voting in the elections for deputies who undertake to defend within the national representation the approach of the system of government that has seemed most advantageous.


1868 Barcelona Workers' Congress, Development
61 Catalan workers' associations were represented at the congress, 34 from Barcelona and the remaining, of the 45 that have been identified, from Roda, Tiana, Mataró, Igualada , Sallent, Moyá, Manlleu, Sabadell, Estany, Martorell and Tarragona. Among the agreements that were adopted included the support for the establishment of a Federal Republic, the participation of the working class in the elections and the decision to publish a weekly newspaper under the name of La Federación - which would later become the most important internationalist newspaper.


1868 Barcelona Workers' Congress, Development
Cooperativism was also supported as a way to achieve social emancipation, as well as the formation of mixed commissions of employers and workers in which they would discuss their demands. Among its leaders were men who would later become prominent figures of the FRE-AIT: Rafael Farga Pellicer and Antonio Marsal Anglora, appointed secretaries of the organization; and Juan Nuet, Jaime Balasch, Clement Bové and Juan Fargas.


1868 Barcelona Workers' Congress, Development
Those who defended the federal Republic argued that through it "we will obtain decentralization, that in vain we will wait for it from those who want a unitary Republic, which so much favors ... the courtiers who live at the expense of the other provinces." Farga Pellicer said "that the three political parties, absolutist, constitutional and democratic, that exist, represent the three classes in which society is currently divided: the nobility, the middle class and the working class" and that "if they do not want to commit suicide then they must vote for and defend the Republic ...


1868 Barcelona Workers' Congress, Development
The working class, despite being more ignorant, will solve the problem of freedom, equality and brotherhood of the peoples." He also stated that "the cooperative societal system is the only one that will emancipate the worker from the tyranny of capital, the federative Republic will be the one that will emancipate the people from the tyranny of despots." In its first issue La Federación proclaimed its support for the Federal Republic, "a form of government that best suits the class interests of the workers, a political form necessary for their emancipation".


1868 Barcelona Workers' Congress, Consequences
In January 1869, the "Central Directorate of the Barcelona Workers' Societies" asked the workers to vote for the candidacies of the Federal Democratic Republican Party "because [political] indifference among you would be a crime ...; because we would give place to that despotism and other plagues attached to it were once again enthroned in our poor country. The proclamation was signed by Farga Pellicer.


1868 Barcelona Workers' Congress, Consequences
The worker Pablo Alsina, a member of the Veil Weavers Society, and Baldomer Lostau i Prats were elected by Barcelona, who would later join the Barcelona section of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA).


1868 Barcelona Workers' Congress, Consequences
After the celebration of the elections, the "Central Directorate" organized a "political tea", on February 5, to honor the deputies of the Federal Democratic Republican Party elected by the constituency from Barcelona, and in which Pablo Alsina took the floor.


1868 Barcelona Workers' Congress, Consequences
Two days earlier the "Central Directorate" had issued a manifesto "To the workers of all countries" in response to the message sent by the Geneva section of the IWA "to the Spanish workers" dated December 26, 1868, and in which it opposed their supporting the Republic, and to the one sent by the German section in which it set out the opposite position. To the Genevans, the manifesto said: "It is well enough that the freedom that the political revolution exclusively provides is unnecessary to lift the people from moral and material decay ...


1868 Barcelona Workers' Congress, Consequences
We all understand that freedom without political equality, and political equality without economic freedom, is nothing more than a hoax. But we came out of a despotic and prostrate situation, in which our rights to instruction, to science, to intellectual life did not exist. And to the Germans: "Today, that for freedom the Republic goes to the realization of the greatest social problems ... See [the working people] organize hundreds of COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES, well convinced that for them, and only for them, it must be well redeemed soon from the miserable condition of wage slavery ... See them ... compact ... go to the elections with the holy desire of the Republic."


1868 Barcelona Workers' Congress, Consequences
As Josep Termes has pointed out, "in this period of integration between workerism and federalism", "prominent leaders of the Barcelona unions not only appeared in the ranks of federal republicanism, but they even reached leading positions in the party."


1868 Belgian general election
General elections were held in Belgium on 9 June 1868. In the elections for the Chamber of Representatives the result was a victory for the Liberal Party, which won 72 of the 122 seats. Voter turnout was 55.6%, although only 55,297 people were eligible to vote.


1868 Belgian general election
Under the alternating system, elections were only held in five out of the nine provinces: Antwerp, Brabant, Luxembourg, Namur and West Flanders. A special election was held in the arrondissement of Tongeren.


1868 Birmingham by-election
The Birmingham by-election of 1868 was held on 21 December 1868. The by-election was held due to the incumbent Liberal MP John Bright, becoming President of the Board of Trade. It was retained by Bright who was unopposed.


1868 Boston mayoral election
The Boston mayoral election of 1868 saw the reelection of Nathaniel B. Shurtleff.


1868 Brazilian political crisis
The 1868 Brazilian political crisis led to the resignation of the ruling Progressive cabinet and the return of the Conservative Party to power in the Empire of Brazil.


1868 Canterbury colonial by-election
A by-election for the seat of Canterbury in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly was held in September 1868 because of the resignation of James Pemell.


1868 Central Cumberland colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Central Cumberland on 17 December 1868 because of the resignation of Allan Macpherson, who left the colony to return to Europe.


1868 City of London by-election
The City of London by-election of 1868 was held on 21 December 1868. The by-election was fought due to the incumbent Liberal MP, George Joachim Goschen, becoming President of the Poor Law Board. It was retained by Goschen who was unopposed.


1868 City of Nelson by-election
The 1868 City of Nelson by-election was a by-election held on 24 December 1868 in the City of Nelson electorate during the 4th New Zealand Parliament.


1868 City of Nelson by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP Edward Stafford. The by-election was won by Nathaniel Edwards.


1868 Clermont colonial by-election
The Clermont colonial by-election, 1868 was a by-election held on 22 June 1868 in the electoral district of Clermont for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.


1868 Clermont colonial by-election, History
On 11 May 1868, Charles Fitzsimmons, the member for Clermont, resigned. John Scott won the resulting by-election on 22 June 1868.


1868 Collingwood by-election
The 1868 Collingwood by-election was a by-election held on 18 March 1868 in the Collingwood electorate during the 4th New Zealand Parliament.


1868 Collingwood by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP Andrew Richmond on 7 February 1868.


1868 Collingwood by-election
The by-election was won by Arthur Collins, by the narrow margin of three votes.


1868 Colombian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in the United States of Colombia in 1868. The result was a victory for Santos Gutiérrez of the Liberal Party.


1868 Colombian presidential election, Electoral system
The 1863 constitution changed the electoral system from a direct vote to an indirect vote. The President was now elected on the basis of which candidate received the most votes in each state, with a candidate required to win in at least five of the nine states to be elected. If no candidate received a majority, Congress would elect the President from the main contenders.


1868 Connecticut gubernatorial election
The 1868 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 6, 1868. It was the first of four consecutive contests between the same two men. Incumbent governor and Democratic nominee James E. English defeated Republican nominee Marshall Jewell with 50.88% of the vote.


1868 Danish West Indies status referendum
A referendum on transferring ownership to the United States was held on 9 January 1868 on the islands of Sankt Jan and Sankt Thomas, two of three main islands in the Danish West Indies. In the referendum, held by universal male suffrage, voters could approve or reject the outcome of negotiations for the sale of the two islands to the United States for US$7.5 million. The third island, Sankt Croix, was to be sold separately to the US at a later date.


1868 Danish West Indies status referendum
The sale was approved by 98.26% of voters. Although it was a binding referendum, the US Senate finally reneged on the agreement in 1870. The Islands were later transferred to the United States after a second referendum in 1916 and the subsequent Treaty of the Danish West Indies.


1868 Democratic National Convention
The 1868 Democratic National Convention was held at Tammany Hall in New York City between July 4, and July 9, 1868. The slogan for the 1868 Democratic National Convention was, "This is a White Man's Country, Let White Men Rule". The convention was notable for the return of Democratic Party politicians from the southern states.


1868 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Presidential candidates
The front-runner in the early balloting was George H. Pendleton, who led on the first 15 ballots, followed in varying order by incumbent president Andrew Johnson, Winfield Scott Hancock, Sanford Church, Asa Packer, Joel Parker, James E. English, James Rood Doolittle, and Thomas A. Hendricks. The unpopular Johnson, having narrowly survived impeachment, won 65 votes on the first ballot, less than one-third of the total necessary for nomination, and thus lost his bid for election as president in his own right.


1868 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Presidential candidates
Meanwhile, the convention chairman Horatio Seymour, former governor of New York, received 9 votes on the fourth ballot from the state of North Carolina. This unexpected move caused "loud and enthusiastic cheering," but Seymour refused, saying,


1868 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Presidential candidates
I must not be nominated by this Convention, as I could not accept the nomination if tendered. My own inclination prompted me to decline at the outset; my honor compels me to do so now. It is impossible, consistently with my position, to allow my name to be mentioned in this Convention against my protest. The clerk will proceed with the call.


1868 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Presidential candidates
After numerous indecisive ballots, the names of John T. Hoffman, Francis P. Blair, and Stephen Johnson Field were placed in nomination. This raised the number of names placed into nomination to thirteen. None of these new candidates, however, gained much traction.


1868 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Presidential candidates
For twenty-one ballots, the opposing candidates battled it out: the East battling the West for control, the conservatives battling the radicals. The two leading candidates were determined that the other should not receive the nomination; because of the two-thirds rule of the convention, a compromise candidate was needed. Seymour still hoped it would be Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase, but on the twenty-second ballot, the chairman of the Ohio delegation announced, "at the unanimous request and demand of the delegation I place Horatio Seymour in nomination with twenty-one votes-against his inclination, but no longer against his honor."


1868 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Presidential candidates
Seymour had to wait for the rousing cheers to die down before he could address the delegates and decline.


1868 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Presidential candidates
I have no terms in which to tell of my regret that my name has been brought before this convention. God knows that my life and all that I value most in life I would give for the good of my country, which I believe to be identified with that of the Democratic party...


1868 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Presidential candidates
...but when I said that I could not be a candidate, I meant it! I could not receive the nomination without placing not only myself but the Democratic party in a false position. God bless you for your kindness to me, but your candidate I cannot be.


1868 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Presidential candidates
Seymour left the platform to cool off and rest. No sooner had he left the hall than the Ohio chairman cried that his delegation would not accept Seymour's declination; Utah's chairman rose to say that Seymour was the man they had to have. While Seymour was waiting in the vestibule, the convention nominated him unanimously.


1868 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Presidential candidates
In 1868, the States of Arkansas, Alabama, Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Louisiana were readmitted to the Union. Nebraska had been admitted to the Union on March 1, 1867. Texas, Mississippi and Virginia had not yet been readmitted to the Union.


1868 Democratic National Convention, Vice Presidential nomination, Declined
Exhausted, the delegates unanimously nominated General Francis Preston Blair, Jr. for vice-president on the first ballot after the names of Augustus C. Dodge and Thomas Ewing, Jr. were withdrawn from consideration. Blair's nomination reflected a desire to balance the ticket east and west as well as north and south.


1868 Democratic National Convention, Vice Presidential nomination, Declined
Blair had worked hard to acquire the Democratic nomination and accepted second place on the ticket, finding himself in controversy. Blair had gained attention by an inflammatory letter addressed to Colonel James O. Broadhead, dated a few days before the convention met. In his letter, Blair wrote that the "real and only issue in this contest was the overthrow of Reconstruction, as the radical Republicans had forced it in the South."


1868 Dutch general election
General elections were held in the Netherlands on 22 January 1868.


1868 East Moreton colonial by-election
The East Moreton colonial by-election, 1868 was a by-election held on 23 December 1868 in the electoral district of East Moreton for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.


1868 East Moreton colonial by-election, History
On 11 December 1868, John Douglas, member for East Moreton, resigned. Henry Jordan won the resulting by-election on 23 December 1868.


1868 Ecuador earthquakes
The 1868 Ecuador earthquakes occurred at 19:30 UTC on August 15 and 06:30 UTC on 16 August 1868. They caused severe damage in the northeastern part of Ecuador and in southwestern Colombia. They had an estimated magnitude of 6.3 and 6.7 and together caused up to 70,000 casualties. The earthquake of 15 August occurred near El Ángel, Carchi Province, close to the border with Colombia, while that of August 16 occurred near Ibarra in Imbabura Province. Reports of these earthquakes are often confused with the effects of the earthquake of 13 August at Arica.


1868 Ecuador earthquakes, Tectonic setting
The active tectonics of Ecuador is dominated by the effects of the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South American Plate. The high degree of coupling across the plate boundary where the Carnegie Ridge is being subducted beneath northern Ecuador causes unusually intense intraplate deformation. Known faults within the area of the earthquake epicenters are the SSW-NNE trending San Isidro, El Ángel, Río Ambi and Otavalo Faults, all considered to be dextral strike-slip faults, sometimes with reverse movement. All these faults are interpreted to have moved in the last 1.6 million years.


1868 Ecuador earthquakes, Damage, 15 August
The towns of El Ángel and La Concepcion were severely shaken by the first earthquake and El Ángel was described as "ruined".


1868 Ecuador earthquakes, Damage, 16 August
Ibarra was devastated, with every building destroyed and only a few walls left standing. Nearby Otavalo was left without a single house standing and 6,000 people died. In Imbabura, there were 15–20,000 casualties.


1868 Ecuador earthquakes, Characteristics
There was a minor foreshock the previous afternoon (possibly the 15 August event), with the mainshock occurring at 01:30 local time early on the morning of 16 August. The shaking lasted for one minute.


1868 Ecuador earthquakes, Aftermath
The relief efforts were organised by Gabriel García Moreno, who had been appointed to that role by the federal government.


1868 Ecuador earthquakes, Aftermath
On 26 April each year, in the 'El Retorno' festival, Ibarra celebrates the return of the inhabitants in 1872 after a four-year absence following the earthquake.


1868 Ecuadorian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Ecuador in 1868. The result was a victory for Juan Javier Espinosa. He took office on 20 January.


1868 English cricket season
1868 was the 82nd season of cricket in England since the foundation of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). It featured the first organised group of Australian sportspeople to travel overseas, being an all-Aboriginal cricket team.


1868 English cricket season, Playing record (by county)
Owing to an exceptionally hot and dry summer, and the absence of the forthcoming revolution of the heavy roller, 1868 was to be the last season in which every county match was finished outright.


1868 English cricket season, Notes
Hampshire, though regarded until 1885 as first-class, played no inter-county matches between 1868 and 1869 or 1871 and 1874.


1868 Exeter by-election
The Exeter by-election of 1868 was held on 21 December 1868. The by-election was held due to the incumbent Liberal MP, John Coleridge, becoming Solicitor General for England and Wales. It was retained by Coleridge who was unopposed.


1868 Florida gubernatorial election
The 1868 Florida gubernatorial election was held on May 4, 1868. Republican nominee Harrison Reed defeated the Democratic nominee George W. Scott.


1868 Franklin by-election
The 1868 Franklin by-election was a by-election held on 2 July 1868 in the Franklin electorate during the 4th New Zealand Parliament.


1868 Franklin by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP Robert Graham on 25 May 1868.


1868 Goldfields North colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Goldfields North on 17 December 1868 because of the resignation of George Pickering.


1868 Grand National
The 1868 Grand National was the 30th renewal of the Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 4 March 1868.


1868 Greek legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Greece on 21 March 1868. Supporters of Alexandros Koumoundouros and Dimitrios Voulgaris won a majority of the 184 seats. Voulgaris remained Prime Minister, having assumed office on 6 February.


1868 Greenwich by-election
The Greenwich by-election of 1868 was held on 21 December 1868. The by-election was held due to the incumbent Liberal MP, William Ewart Gladstone, becoming the Prime Minister and First Lord of the Treasury. It was retained by Gladstone who was unopposed.


1868 Halifax by-election
The Halifax by-election of 1868 was a by-election held in England on 21 December 1868 for the House of Commons constituency of Halifax in the West Riding of Yorkshire. The by-election was held due to the incumbent Liberal MP, James Stansfeld, becoming Lord Commissioner of the Treasury. It was retained by Stansfeld who was unopposed.


1868 Hawaii earthquake
The 1868 Hawaii earthquake was the largest recorded in the history of Hawaiʻi island, with an estimated magnitude of 7.9 Mfa and a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). The earthquake occurred at 4 p.m. local time on April 2, 1868 and caused a landslide and tsunami that led to 77 deaths. The aftershock sequence for this event has continued up to the present day.


1868 Hawaii earthquake, Background
The island of Hawaiʻi (commonly called the "Big Island") is the currently active volcanic center of the Hawaiian Islands formed over the Hawaii hotspot. Two of the active volcanoes on the Big Island are Kīlauea and Mauna Loa with a newer submarine volcano forming the Loihi Seamount to the southeast of the island. Continued growth of the southeastern part of the island is accompanied by major slumping and southeastward movement of the flanks of the two volcanoes.


1868 Hawaii earthquake, Background
This flank displacement is linked to extension within the rift zones associated with both of the active volcanoes, the Mauna Loa and Kīlauea rifts. From the interpretation of seismic reflection data, it has been proposed that the southeastward displacement takes place on a decollement surface near the top of the oceanic crust. The slumping is thought to affect only the upper part of the flank as the amount of shortening observed in the toe thrust zone is much larger than that observed in the extensional faults associated with the slumps, but matches well with estimates of extension within the volcanic rift systems.


1868 Hawaii earthquake, Background, The Hilina Slump
The Hilina Slump is the largest of the active slumps around the Hawaiian islands. The 'backscarp' to the slump is formed by the Hilina extensional fault system, which is known to have moved in both the 1868 event and the 1975 Kalapana earthquake.


1868 Hawaii earthquake, Background, Earthquake
A firsthand description of the events was written by Frederick S. Lyman, a goat and sheep rancher at Keaīwa near the epicenter of the events. A sequence of foreshocks began on March 27, with tremors every few minutes. They increased steadily in intensity, including one on March 28 that had an estimated magnitude of 7.1. The sequence continued until 4 p.m. on April 2, when the mainshock occurred. One interpretation of this sequence of events is that they were related to the movement of two separate landslide structures on the south side of the island.


1868 Hawaii earthquake, Background, Earthquake
The first, triggered by an eruption that began in the upper part of Mauna Loa's southwest rift, involved movement of a block that extended seawards for at least 12 miles (19 km). The tremors over the next four days are regarded as aftershocks of the 7.1 event caused by this movement. The mainshock involved movement of the entire southern flank of Kīlauea on the basal detachment at an estimated depth of 9 kilometers (5.6 mi), and was probably triggered by the earlier event.


1868 Hawaii earthquake, Background, Earthquake
The aftershock sequence has continued for over 140 years until the present day. The aftershock frequency fits a modified Omori (power law) for the first few decades and an exponential function thereafter.


1868 Hawaii earthquake, Damage
Wooden houses were knocked off their foundations in Keaīwa, Punaluʻu Beach and Nīnole, while thatched houses supported by posts in the same areas were torn to shreds. The earthquake demolished nearly every stone wall and house within the Kaʻū district in an instant. At Waiʻōhinu, a large stone church built by Reverend John D. Paris collapsed, and in Hilo the shaking destroyed the few stone buildings and most walls.


1868 Hawaii earthquake, Damage, Tsunami
A tsunami was caused by coastal subsidence associated with reactivation of the Hilina slump, triggered by the earthquake. At Kapapala the land subsided by as much as 2 m and formerly dry land was flooded to a depth of 1.5 m.The tsunami on the Kaʻū and Puna coasts caused major destruction at Honuapo, Keauhou and Punaluʻu. The greatest damage was caused at Keauhou, where a wave height of 12–15 m was reported. All houses and warehouses were destroyed and 46 people were drowned.


1868 Hawaii earthquake, Damage, Landslides
The earthquake triggered landslides over a wide area. The largest was a mudslide 3 km wide and 9 m thick, that swept down the flanks of Mauna Loa at Kapapala. It swept away trees, animals and people, causing 31 fatalities.


1868 Hawaii earthquake, Effect on volcanic eruptions
Kīlauea was the most affected by the lateral displacement associated with the earthquake, as it did not have another major eruption until 1919. It also disrupted the magma system beneath Mauna Loa, as is shown both in reduced lava volumes and an abrupt change in the lava chemistry.


1868 Hayward earthquake
The 1868 Hayward earthquake occurred in the San Francisco Bay Area, California, United States on October 21. With an estimated moment magnitude of 6.3–6.7 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), it was the most recent large earthquake to occur on the Hayward Fault Zone. It caused significant damage and a number of deaths throughout the region, and was known as the "Great San Francisco earthquake" prior to the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire.


1868 Hayward earthquake, Earthquake
The earthquake occurred at 7:53 a.m. on October 21, 1868. Its epicenter was likely located near Hayward, California, and its magnitude has been estimated to have been 6.3–6.7 on the moment magnitude scale. At the surface, ground rupture was traced for 20 miles (32 km), from San Leandro to what is now the Warm Springs District in Fremont.


1868 Hayward earthquake, Earthquake, Damage
The town of Hayward experienced the most damage, with nearly every building destroyed or significantly damaged in the earthquake. The Alameda County Courthouse in San Leandro was destroyed, which resulted in the re-location of the County Seat to Oakland, its current site. The adobe chapel of Mission San José in what is now Fremont was also destroyed, as were several buildings in San Jose, San Francisco and throughout Alameda County. Damage was reported from Santa Rosa in the north to Gilroy and Santa Cruz in the south. Thirty deaths were attributed to the earthquake.


1868 Hayward earthquake, Earthquake, Intensity
The United States Geological Survey estimates that Hayward experienced shaking measuring IX (Violent) on the modified Mercalli scale. San Leandro experienced shaking measuring VIII (Severe), while San Francisco and Oakland experienced shaking measuring VII (Very strong).


1868 Illinois gubernatorial election
The 1868 Illinois gubernatorial election was the fourteenth election for this office. Republican nominee, John M. Palmer defeated the Democratic nominee John R. Eden.


1868 Illinois gubernatorial election
At this time in Illinois history, the Lieutenant Governor was elected on a separate ballot from the governor. This would remain so until the 1970 constitution.


1868 Indiana gubernatorial election
The 1868 Indiana gubernatorial election was held on October 13, 1868. Incumbent Republican Conrad Baker defeated Democratic nominee Thomas A. Hendricks with 50.14% of the vote.


1868 Kirkcudbrightshire by-election
The Kirkcudbrightshire by-election of 1868 was an uncontested election held on 30 January 1868. The by-election was brought about due to the death of the incumbent Liberal MP, James Mackie. It was won by the Liberal candidate Wellwood Herries Maxwell, who stood unopposed.


1868 Leichhardt colonial by-election
The Leichhardt colonial by-election, 1868 was a by-election held on 29 June 1868 in the electoral district of Leichhardt for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.


1868 Leichhardt colonial by-election, History
On 11 May 1868, Edmund Royds, the member for Leichhardt, resigned. Edmund's brother, Charles Royds, won the resulting by-election on 29 June 1868.


1868 Liverpool Town Council election
Elections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Monday 2 November 1868. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.


1868 Liverpool Town Council election, Election result
Because of the large number of uncontested seats, these statistics should be taken in that context.


1868 Liverpool Town Council election, Aldermanic Elections
At the meeting of the Council on 9 November 1868, the terms of office of eight alderman expired.


1868 Liverpool Town Council election, Aldermanic Elections
The following eight were elected as Aldermen by the Council (Aldermen and Councillors) on 9 November 1868 for a term of six years.


1868 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No. 3, Vauxhall,
Caused by the election of Councillor Thomas Rigby (Conservative, Vauxhall, elected 1 November 1867) as an Alderman on 9 November 1868.


1868 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No. 12, Lime Street,
Following the death of Councillor William Bottomley Bairstow (Liberal, Lime Street, elected 2nd November 1868) which was reported to the Council on 6 January 1869.


1868 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No. 5, Exchange,
The death of alderman Joseph Cooper J.P. Was reported to the Council on 10 February 1869. Councillor James Tyrer (Conservative, elected for the Exchange ward on 1 November 1867) was elected as an alderman by the Council on 17 February 1869.


1868 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No. 15, South Toxteth,
The death of Councillor William Cowley Miller (Liberal, elected for the South Toxteth ward on 1 November 1866) was reported to the Council on 2 June 1869.


1868 London University by-election
The London University by-election of 1868 was held on 21 December 1868. The by-election was held due to the incumbent Liberal MP, Robert Lowe, becoming Chancellor of the Exchequer. It was retained by Lowe who was unopposed.


1868 Louisiana gubernatorial election
The 1868 Louisiana gubernatorial election was the first election to take place under the Louisiana Constitution of 1868. As a result of this election Henry C. Warmoth was elected Governor of Louisiana. At age 26 he was the youngest governor in the state's history. The result was a lop-sided result for Warmoth because of the Republican Party's overwhelming support amongst the freedmen who were the voting majority in the state at the time.


1868 Lyttelton by-election
The 1868 Lyttelton by-election was a by-election held on 2 November 1868 during the 4th New Zealand Parliament in the Canterbury electorate of Lyttelton.


1868 Lyttelton by-election
The by-election was caused by the death of the incumbent MP George Macfarlan; he had been elected by the 1867 Lyttelton by-election.


1868 Lyttelton by-election
The by-election was won by John Thomas Peacock. As there were no other candidates, he was declared duly elected.


1868 Maine gubernatorial election
The 1868 Maine gubernatorial election was held on September 14, 1868. Incumbent Republican Governor and war hero Joshua Chamberlain defeated the Democratic candidate Eben F. Pillsbury.


1868 Maine gubernatorial election, General election, Results
Chamberlain won reelection to a third term, and won a majority of 19,316 votes.


1868 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1868 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 3.


1868 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
Governor Alexander Bullock did not run for re-election to a fourth term. William Clafin was elected to succeed him over Democrat John Quincy Adams II.


1868 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Republican nomination, Results
At the Worcester convention on September 9, Benjamin F. Butler withdrew Loring's name from contention and Claflin was nominated by acclamation.


1868 Massachusetts legislature
The 89th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1868 during the governorship of Republican Alexander Bullock. George O. Brastow served as president of the Senate and Harvey Jewell served as speaker of the House.


1868 Michigan gubernatorial election
The 1868 Michigan gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1868. Republican nominee Henry P. Baldwin defeated Democratic nominee John Moore with 56.65% of the vote.


1868 Missouri gubernatorial election
The 1868 Missouri gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1868 and resulted in a victory for the Republican nominee, Congressman Joseph W. McClurg, over Democratic nominee former Congressman John S. Phelps.


1868 Missouri gubernatorial election
This was the first election a governor was elected to a 2-year term, instead of 4 years. Missouri would return to electing its governors to 4-year terms in 1880.


1868 New Jersey gubernatorial election
The 1868 New Jersey gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1868. Democratic nominee Theodore Fitz Randolph defeated Republican nominee John Insley Blair with 51.42% of the vote.


1868 New York state election
The 1868 New York state election was held on November 3, 1868, to elect the governor, the lieutenant governor, a Canal Commissioner, an Inspector of State Prisons and the Clerk of the Court of Appeals, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly.