1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States
King Kalākaua of the Hawaiian Kingdom made a state visit to the United States from November 28, 1874 to February 3, 1875, at the invitation of US President Ulysses S. Grant. The 91-day round-trip journey across the United States began in Honolulu on November 17, 1874 and returned to Hawaii on February 15, 1875. His arrival at San Francisco on November 28 made him the first reigning monarch of any nation to set foot in the United States. Upon his arrival in Washington, DC, the United States Congress held the first joint meeting in the body's history, less formal than a joint session, to receive him. President Grant hosted him as honoree of the first state dinner at the White House.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States
A career politician who rose through the ranks of chiefs, Kalākaua had previously been to California and Canada with Prince Lot in 1860 as a 23-year-old  government bureaucrat, more than a dozen years away from his accession to the throne. In 1874, the Hawaiian government sent him to Washington, DC this time to seek the elimination of tariffs on the kingdom's sugar exports, after previous attempts had failed.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States
There had been concerns about Kalākaua's willingness to make the journey; however, after putting Elisha Hunt Allen in charge of the negotiations, he sailed for San Francisco, and journeyed across the United States by rail. He was well-received by government officials on federal, state and local levels, and accorded respect as a commander-in-chief by military representatives.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States
Although ill with a viral infection throughout much of his trip, the king accommodated the relentless attention of being in the spotlight across America. He accorded journalist requests for interviews, and interacted with the general public, shaking hands and signing autographs, while crowds of curiosity seekers grew with each stop. Anticipation had grown so strong by the time he reached Washington, DC, that spectators gathered on rooftops to watch him pass by. Goodwill generated by Kalākaua is credited for doing much to help move legislation for the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 through the necessary channels. The resulting close economic ties between the Hawaiian islands and the United States became a major factor leading to the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom in 1893.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Background
Kalākaua was a career politician who rose through the ranks of chiefs, and was named by Kamehameha III in 1844 as eligible to be king. Kamehameha V, the last of the Kamehameha dynasty, died on December 12, 1872, without naming a successor to the throne. Under the 1864 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, if the king did not appoint a successor, a new king would be elected by the legislature to start a new royal line of succession. Lunalilo became the first elected monarch of Hawaii, with Kalākaua holding the rank of Colonel on the royal military staff.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Background
Upon Lunalilo's death on February 3, 1874, a legislative election was held, with Kalākaua being sworn in as monarch on February 13. Two weeks after taking office, he reorganized the Hawaiian military and restored the Household Guards recently abolished by Lunalilo. Like his predecessors, he belonged to fraternal organizations, as a member of the freemasonry Lodge Le Progres de l’Oceanie, and as the founding member of the Ancient Order of Foresters in Hawaii.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Background
When Kalākaua embarked on his state visit to the United States, nine months after being elected, he was the first reigning monarch to visit America, but not the first member of Hawaii's royal family to do so. He was the second reigning Hawaiian monarch to travel abroad, having been preceded in 1824 by King Kamehameha II and Queen Kamāmalu, who had traveled to the United Kingdom via the Strait of Magellan, both of them dying of measles while in London.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Background
Prior to either of their accessions, brothers Prince Liholiho (Kamehameha IV) and Prince Lot (Kamehameha V) had accompanied Dr. Gerrit P. Judd on a year-long diplomatic mission, from September 11, 1849 to September 9, 1850. Judd's mission took them to San Francisco, Panama,  Jamaica, New York, London and Paris. Kamehameha IV's widow Queen Emma had visited New York and San Francisco in 1866 on her return from a personal visit to England and France.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Background
Kalākaua had previously visited the United States in late 1860, when he was chief clerk of the kingdom's Department of the Interior. On that trip, he had accompanied Minister of the Interior Prince Lot, high chief Levi Haʻalelea, and Hawaii's Consul for Peru Josiah C. Spalding on a two-month tour of British Columbia and California.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, The quest for tariff easement
Since the days of visits by whaling ships, and the arrival of the first missionaries in 1820, Hawaii became increasingly populated by non-residents operating within the kingdom's business community. Many of them became friends and advisors to the monarchy. The Alien Land Ownership Act was written by American attorney William Little Lee who arrived in Hawaii only a year before being appointed Land Commissioner. The Act, passed by the legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom on July 10, 1850, allowed non-residents to own Hawaiian land.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, The quest for tariff easement
During the reign of Kamehameha III, sugar production in Hawaii became a successful enterprise, with sugar refineries in Oregon and California as the primary customers, and the kingdom looking to expand its market, but being increasingly hampered by tariffs on their product. The kingdom also had strong economic ties to the United Kingdom. Queen Emma was descended from a British subject, and Queen Victoria had been the godmother of Emma's son Prince Albert Kamehameha. Anglo-American planters operated tariff-free within their own customer bases. In the latter half of the 19th century, the sugar trade had become a booming industry, but import taxes severely dampened Hawaii as a viable economic competitor.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, The quest for tariff easement
Hawaii's sugar planters had worked for decades with the legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom to find a viable remedy to the global market impingement on their profits caused by the tariffs. Solutions debated were tariff reciprocity treaties, annexation of Hawaii by the United States, formal alliances with other countries, and the cession of Pearl Harbor. An 1854 treaty for Hawaii's annexation to the United States was submitted to Kamehameha III, but he never signed it. In 1867, a proposed reciprocity treaty got as far as the United States Congress, but was defeated in the Senate. An aborted 1873 effort to offer Pearl Harbor in return for tariff reciprocity was heavily favored by American owners of Hawaiian plantations. Strong opposition came from Kalākaua and other leaders among the Hawaiian people.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, The quest for tariff easement
The reciprocity treaty, giving away land, is much discussed these days . . . There is a feeling of bitterness against these rude people who dwell on our land and have high handed ideas of giving away somebody else's property as if it was theirs.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, The quest for tariff easement
On August 1, 1874, Hawaii's legislature authorized Kalākaua to ratify a reciprocity treaty in Washington, DC There was speculation that he was lukewarm on the idea. Diplomat Henry A. Peirce, who was serving as the United States Minister to Hawaii, stated, "I don't think the King cares much about the Treaty, but he hopes, as we Americans say, 'to have a good time' generally." The king actually supported the idea of a reciprocity treaty, just not one that ceded Hawaiian land, and he did not want Hawaii to appear to be favoring a single nation.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, The quest for tariff easement
Concern arose that his absence might trigger a hostile takeover of the kingdom by a foreign power. After consulting with his privy council, he agreed to accompany the diplomatic team, but rather than being involved in the negotiations himself, Kalākaua appointed Hawaiian Kingdom Minister to the United States Elisha Hunt Allen to take charge.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, The quest for tariff easement
After exchanges between Peirce and Secretary of State Hamilton Fish, the US government extended a formal invitation to the king for a state visit and placed the man-of-war ship USS Benicia at his disposal. The king would leave the negotiating to his appointed commission, and focused his own efforts on building goodwill between the two nations, raising the island nation's visibility with visits to government leaders across the United States. On October 18, Minister Allen and Privy Councilor Henry A. P. Carter, of C. Brewer & Co., sailed for the United States.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, The quest for tariff easement
The members of the reciprocity commission who traveled with the king included Peirce, Oahu Governor John Owen Dominis, husband of Kalākaua's sister Liliʻuokalani, and Maui Governor John Mākini Kapena, a full-blood Hawaiian who supported a reciprocity treaty but who, during the reign of Lunalilo, had spoken out against cession of Hawaiian territory.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Departing Hawaii (November 14–17, 1874)
At ʻIolani Palace on November 14, the doors were opened to native Hawaiians for a traditional "hoʻokupu", a ceremonial giving of gifts to the king prior to his departure. Kalākaua appointed his brother Leleiohoku II to act as regent during his absence. Likewise, Dominis appointed William F. Allen as acting governor of Oahu, and Kapena appointed Luther Aholo acting governor of Maui. Minister of the Interior William Luther Moehonua closed all government offices on November 16, as a public day of thanksgiving on Kalākaua's 38th birthday.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Departing Hawaii (November 14–17, 1874)
Celebration of the king's birthday began with morning services by various Christian denominations, extolling the historical significance of the upcoming visit. Salutes were fired from the three foreign warships in Honolulu Harbor. At the commencement of the morning service at Kawaiahaʻo, the king and members of the royal family entered the church around noon to address the assembled crowds. Rev. Moses Kuaea, of the Kaumakapili Church, offered a prayer, praised the king's efforts to save the nation's agricultural interest, and asked for the people to pray for his safety during his upcoming trip.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Departing Hawaii (November 14–17, 1874)
The church choir performed "God Save the King", "He Mele Lāhui Hawaiʻi", the national anthem written by Liliʻuokalani, and "Hawaiʻi Ponoʻī", composed by the king and Henri Berger. In his farewell address, Kalākaua stated: "... I believe that if such a Treaty can be secured, the beneficial effects will be soon apparent to all classes, and our nation, under its reviving influences, will grow again."


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Departing Hawaii (November 14–17, 1874)
The royal party consisting of Kalākaua, his personal secretary E. M. Mayor, diplomat Peirce, governors Dominis and Kapena, and three or four servants departed Hawaii on the morning of November 17. The king was conveyed to the wharf on the personal carriage of Captain William E. Hopkins, of the Benicia. An estimated 3000 to 4000 well-wishers lined the wharf, and the crowds chanted Hawaiian mele, cheered, and wailed at the occasion of the king's leaving. The Hawaiian royal standard was unfurled and salutes fired from the ship as the king and his party boarded and sailed east.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, San Francisco (November 28 – December 5, 1874)
Flying the Hawaiian royal standard, the ship docked in San Francisco the evening of November 28. A formal reception by local dignitaries, along with a 21-gun salute from the Alcatraz Citadel, took place the next morning. They were joined on board by Edward C. Macfarlane, General John Schofield and his chief-of-staff William M. Wherry, and Hawaiian Consul for California Henry W. Severance. San Francisco mayor James Otis, members of the First Regiment National Guard, and the Presidio Band playing "He Mele Lahui Hawaii", escorted all to their suite at the Grand Hotel.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, San Francisco (November 28 – December 5, 1874)
During the king's week-long stay in San Francisco, the city absorbed all costs. Consul Severance acted as the royal greeter for the in-suite November 30 public reception. The following morning, Severance and the king's entourage sat for a portrait at the Bradley and Rulofson photograph gallery. Celso Caesar Moreno, who would later serve in the king's cabinet, presented himself as owner of three telegraph cable charter companies, regaling Kalākaua with his tales of global adventures.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, San Francisco (November 28 – December 5, 1874)
The king made inspections of the military operations at Alcatraz Island and Mare Island Naval Shipyard on December 2, prior to relaxing  at a private men's club. His appearances began to draw spectators, as he accompanied Japanese Minister Yoshida Kiyonari and Japanese Consul Charles Wolcott Brooks to the San Francisco Board of Brokers (predecessor to the San Francisco Stock and Bond Exchange) on December 3, followed by an afternoon at Woodward's Gardens.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, San Francisco (November 28 – December 5, 1874)
On December 4, the king visited the San Francisco Mint, and the Western Union Telegraph office, where he wired greetings to President Ulysses S. Grant and Chicago Mayor Harvey Doolittle Colvin, receiving an immediate reply from Grant. He sat for a portrait by photographer Thomas Houseworth, and granted a parting interview to the San Francisco Chronicle.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, San Francisco (November 28 – December 5, 1874)
San Francisco's enthusiastic reception for the dark-skinned monarch was less than a decade after the American Civil War had divided the nation over the issue of enslavement of persons of color. Giving non-white people equal access to public accommodations would be fought through legislatures and courts for years to come. The African-American newspaper Pacific Appeal noted the irony and speculated, "... there has either been a sudden abandonment of colorphobia prejudice, or an extraordinary amount of toadyism to a crown head by the San Francisco American people."


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, San Francisco (November 28 – December 5, 1874)
The royal party boarded three private cars provided by the rail company on December 5, and began their trip across the continent. In addition to Dominis, Kapena, Mayor and Peirce, the king's official party now included Schofield, Wherry, and Lieutenant Commander William H. Whiting, a junior officer of the Benicia. From that point forward, writer Joseph Irwin accompanied the royal party as an embedded journalist for The Daily Alta California.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Train trip across America (December 5–11, 1874)
The train passed through Sacramento, then through Nevada, by way of Winnemucca, Battle Mountain and Elko. They continued through Ogden, Territory of Utah to Fort Bridger, Territory of Wyoming, where they were entertained by the 4th Infantry Division band. Their train stopped at the Laramie depot on December 8 for a reception at the Railroad Hotel in  Cheyenne, hosted by Governor John Allen Campbell. Among the dignitaries at the hotel were associate justice of the Supreme Court of the Territory of Wyoming Joseph M. Carey, and Colonel Thaddeus H. Stanton.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Train trip across America (December 5–11, 1874)
At Aurora, Illinois a boisterous crowd cheered as the train passed through their town on its way to Grand Island, Nebraska. In Omaha, the train was met at the depot by an estimated 5,000 people, and accorded a 20-gun salute under the direction of General Edward Ord. They remained long enough for Mayor Champion S. Chase and the Omaha City Council to give them a personal tour of the city.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Train trip across America (December 5–11, 1874)
During a late-night layover in Chicago on December 10, the king's cars were switched over to another line going east. On December 11, just after midnight, the train pulled through Fort Wayne, Indiana, and reporters from The Fort Wayne Sentinel boarded in hopes of being granted an audience. In spite of the king already being in bed, he tolerated being interrupted from his sleep to be interviewed.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Washington, DC (December 12–22, 1874)
... men, women and children, all anxious to catch a glimpse of the first reigning King ever on our shores. Every window seemed to be filled with anxious spectators, and the house tops were covered with people. The appearance of the street could only remind one familiar with such scenes of an inauguration day.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Washington, DC (December 12–22, 1874)
When the train carrying Kalākaua arrived in Washington, DC on December 12, it was met at the station by treaty negotiator Minister Allen. The king's car was boarded by Secretary of State Hamilton Fish, Secretary of the Navy George M. Robeson, and Secretary of War William W. Belknap. Journalists on hand represented the New-York Tribune, the New York Times, the New York Telegram, the New York Star, the Baltimore Press Association, and The Republican. After a champagne reception, a United States Marines battalion and the Marine Corps Band escorted them past massive crowds lining B Street and Pennsylvania Avenue to the Arlington Hotel.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Washington, DC (December 12–22, 1874)
Kalākaua had become ill with a head cold on the trip and was being attended by a US Navy physician, when a message arrived from President Ulysses S. Grant, inviting him to be the guest of honor at a White House state dinner. Visitors to his suite were received by the other members of his entourage, and the White House state dinner was postponed.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Washington, DC (December 12–22, 1874), Joint meeting of Congress (December 18)
On December 18, Kalākaua was the first person in history received by the United States Congress in a joint meeting, in this case occurring in the President's Room of the United States Senate. This differs from a joint session of Congress, for which the United States Constitution requires a joint resolution, and is often used for formal addresses. Joint meetings of Congress are rare, and another one was not called until the 1900 Centennial of the Capital City.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Washington, DC (December 12–22, 1874), Joint meeting of Congress (December 18)
The king was escorted in by Senator Simon Cameron, Chairman of the Senate  Committee on Foreign Relations, and Representative Godlove Stein Orth, Chairman of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs. He was formally welcomed by a short speech from Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Michael C. Kerr. Kalākaua's illness had hindered his ability to deliver an oration. Minister Allen instead read prepared remarks expressing the king's thanks for their hospitality, and hopes for continued favorable relations between their nations. He met privately with Massachusetts senator William B. Washburn, who extended an invitation from the American Board of Commission of Foreign Missionaries to visit them in Boston.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Washington, DC (December 12–22, 1874), State dinner (December 22)
President Grant initiated the White House state dinner tradition when he hosted the December 22 dinner to honor Kalākaua. Written invitations were sent out on December 19, for the 7–11 p.m. event. Dignitaries attending were:


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Washington, DC (December 12–22, 1874), State dinner (December 22)
Unable to attend, but also invited, was General William Tecumseh Sherman.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Visit to the Northeast (December 23, 1874 – January 9, 1875), New Jersey and New York (December 23–30, 1874)
Spectators lined the December 23 route, amassing at depots in Washington, D.C, Baltimore, Maryland,  Wilmington, Delaware, West Philadelphia and stations through New Jersey. Guards foiled an attempted security breach at Trenton, as several men caught up in the frenzy of the moment tried to gain access to Kalākaua. The New York City council held a reception at the train depot, followed by a carriage ride past throngs of curiosity seekers en route to the Windsor Hotel.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Visit to the Northeast (December 23, 1874 – January 9, 1875), New Jersey and New York (December 23–30, 1874)
During dinner with New York mayor Samuel B. H. Vance and city officials, they were entertained by a local musical band. On Christmas Eve, Kalākaua, Wherry and Dominis enjoyed a sleigh ride through Central Park. At an unannounced visit to the coed Normal School, they were given a tour of the facilities by its founder Thomas Hunter. The king's visit to the New York Stock Exchange created excitement among the brokers. Capping the day, they attended a performance of The Black Crook at the Grand Opera House. A Christmas Day observance at Saint Thomas Church was followed by a photo session at Jeremiah Gurney's studio.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Visit to the Northeast (December 23, 1874 – January 9, 1875), New Jersey and New York (December 23–30, 1874)
Acknowledging the king's previous service as foreman of Hawaii Engine 4 in Honolulu, the New York City Fire Department took him on an inspection tour of nearby facilities on December 26. Kalākaua and staff donned their dress uniforms for a private in-suite  presentation of Army and Navy officers, during which members of the Board of Trade were also introduced.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Visit to the Northeast (December 23, 1874 – January 9, 1875), New Jersey and New York (December 23–30, 1874)
Kalākaua accepted an invitation to appear on December 29 at  P. T. Barnum's Great Traveling World's Fair, Museum, Menagerie and Hippodrome. Barnum was the founder of Barnum & Bailey Circus, and had promoted the 1850–52 Jenny Lind tour of America. An advertisement for Kalākaua's appearance ran in the New-York Tribune, and Barnum would later remember the event's attendance record as 20,000. Barnum provided the royal party with bannered box seats to view the performances. For the finale, Barnum and Kalākaua rode the perimeter of the arena in an open carriage, as Kalākaua waved and tipped his hat to the cheering crowd.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Visit to the Northeast (December 23, 1874 – January 9, 1875), New Jersey and New York (December 23–30, 1874)
The King immediately arose, and, amid tremendous cheering, he stepped into the carriage. I took a seat by his side, andhe smilingly remarked, sotto voce: "We are all actors."


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Visit to the Northeast (December 23, 1874 – January 9, 1875), New Jersey and New York (December 23–30, 1874)
That evening, Kalākaua invited author Mark Twain to join the royal group in attending a stage production of Twain's 1873 novel The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today at New York's Park Theatre. The two had become acquainted in Hawaii in 1866 during the reign of Kamehameha V, when Twain was there as a reporter for the Sacramento Union. Unable to attend the play with the king, Twain invited Kalākaua to dine at his Connecticut home. The king was unable to accept the invitation, due to a prior commitment in New Haven.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Visit to the Northeast (December 23, 1874 – January 9, 1875), New Jersey and New York (December 23–30, 1874)
On December 30, the New York masonic Lodge No. 330 held a reception at Doric Hall for their masonry brother Kalākaua.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Visit to the Northeast (December 23, 1874 – January 9, 1875), New England (December 31, 1874 – January 9, 1875)
En route to Boston, they made a December 31 stopover in New Haven, Connecticut, home to Yale College. During a luncheon at New Haven City Hall, Kalākaua paid tribute to Yale's role in training many of the kingdom's leaders. Speeches from Connecticut governor Charles Roberts Ingersoll and New Haven mayor Henry Gould Lewis were followed by an official review of the New Haven Fire Department, a service at Center Church, and a visit to the home of Yale professor Chester Lyman, where the king signed autograph books and photos of himself. A banquet at the home of New Haven postmaster Nehemiah D. Sperry concluded the day's events.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Visit to the Northeast (December 23, 1874 – January 9, 1875), New England (December 31, 1874 – January 9, 1875)
New Bedford, Massachusetts had been the point of origin for many whaling ships and missionaries sent to Hawaii. The day after stopping in New Haven, they accepted an invitation from New Bedford's Mayor George B. Richmond to visit the town. Kalākaua obliged autograph seekers during his visit to the Potomaka Mills plant. A collation (religious fasting meal) for the king was hosted by Mayor George B. Richmond, and attended by nearly 100 master mariners who had visited Hawaii, the New Bedford City Guards and the Schouler Guards. At city hall, a large audience joined them for the playing of the Hawaiian national anthem. Before departure, the king shook hands with every individual. Dinner with 60 guests at the Parker House included the king's cousin Mary Pitman, and another autograph session.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Visit to the Northeast (December 23, 1874 – January 9, 1875), New England (December 31, 1874 – January 9, 1875)
On their January 2 arrival in Boston, the king indulged in a shopping trip, escorted by Massachusetts Lieutenant  Governor Thomas Talbot and Governor-elect William Gaston. Kalākaua was a guest at the swearing-in ceremony for the second term of Mayor Samuel C. Cobb, who hosted a banquet for him at the Revere House. The royal party attended services at Park Street Church on Sunday. Kalākaua attended a legislative session of the Board of Aldermen and was the guest of honor at a joint reception by the United States Army and the United States Navy.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Visit to the Northeast (December 23, 1874 – January 9, 1875), New England (December 31, 1874 – January 9, 1875)
Over the next few days, they participated in a guided tour of select schools in Boston and visits to the Merchants Exchange and the Massachusetts General Court. He was escorted through an inspection tour of the newly completed Boston and Providence Railroad depot at Park Square. He sat for a photo session at the studio of James Wallace Black. A tour of the manufacturing district of Lowell, Massachusetts was followed by a lunch with 150 guests, where he shook hands with many spectators. Arriving at the depot for his return trip to Boston, the king once again indulged anyone who approached him for an autograph.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Visit to the Northeast (December 23, 1874 – January 9, 1875), New England (December 31, 1874 – January 9, 1875)
Kalākaua and party arrived at Waltham by sleigh on January 8, to visit the Waltham Watch Company. Escorted through the factory by company executives, the king expressed interest in the details of how watches were manufactured. Following a visit to an art gallery in Watertown, they proceeded to Newton, boarding a Boston-bound train. Their return trip to San Francisco began on January 9.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Train trip homewards (January 10–20, 1875), Niagara Falls (January 10–11, 1875)
The train carrying the king arrived in Niagara Falls, New York, on January 10, for an overnight stay in a large suite at the Spencer House. Advance notice of his visit drew a crowd of spectators who waited for hours in the frigid temperatures at the train station. Accompanied by Kapena, Whiting, and Lieutenant G. M. Totten, and never having recovered from the illness he picked up at the start of his trip, the king confined himself to his suite. The following morning, they departed for Chicago in a private car provided by the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Train trip homewards (January 10–20, 1875), Chicago and Milwaukee (January 12–16, 1875)
Upon arrival the morning of January 12, Kalākaua's party was met at the depot by Chicago mayor Harvey Doolittle Colvin and numerous city officials. A private reception was held at the Grand Pacific Hotel, where the king's 5-room suite accommodations were provided at no cost by hotel manager John Drake.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Train trip homewards (January 10–20, 1875), Chicago and Milwaukee (January 12–16, 1875)
The following two days, accompanied by Mayor Colvin, Commissioner John Jones, and several members of the city council, the royal party inspected city infrastructure projects. The agenda included a tour of the city water works, grain storage elevators at Armour's Warehouse, the Union Stock Yards and a visit to the Chicago Board of Trade. Hooley's Theatre hosted the king's party for a performance of the play Lost in London.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Train trip homewards (January 10–20, 1875), Chicago and Milwaukee (January 12–16, 1875)
On January 15, Kalākaua made a daytrip to Milwaukee as the guest of honor at the formal luncheon hosted by United States Congressman William Pitt Lynde. The congressman was a cousin to Amos Starr Cooke, who ran the Chiefs' Children's School that Kalākaua and his siblings had attended. Lynde's daughter Clara had once visited Hawaii as house guest of the Cookes, when a youthful David Kalākaua had been her unofficial guardian. Also in attendance at the luncheon was Wisconsin Governor Harrison Ludington.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Train trip homewards (January 10–20, 1875), Chicago and Milwaukee (January 12–16, 1875)
Upon his return to Chicago that same day, he attended a reception at Oriental Lodge No. 33, A.F. & A.M. On the morning of January 16, the royal party departed on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, bound for St. Louis, Missouri.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Train trip homewards (January 10–20, 1875), Missouri (January 18–20, 1875)
General William Tecumseh Sherman, unable to attend the White House state dinner, visited with the king at a stopover in St. Louis on January 18. The reception at the train station included Sherman, various city officials, newspaper reporters, and a police escort. Due to a large crowd gathered at the front entrance to the Southern Hotel, the police instead brought him through what was described as "the ladies' entrance". After a private reception by the gathered officials in the hotel, Kalākaua was received at the Merchants' Exchange and later given a tour of the city. In Jefferson City, Missouri, he was the guest of a joint session of the state legislature on January 20. Following the visit, the royal party boarded a Missouri Pacific Railroad train heading for California.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Return to Hawaii (January 27 – February 15, 1875)
Arriving in San Francisco on January 27, they quartered at the Grand Hotel. Consul H. W. Severance, who had been appointed by Kamehameha V in 1868, received the Royal Order of Kalākaua in gratitude for his service. Kalākaua made a visit to the Robin Hood Lodge of the Ancient Order of Foresters while he was in the city. On their last evening, the king received proposals from  entrepreneurs interested in expanding their operations to Hawaii. Farewell speeches were made by the king,  and by former speaker of the California State Assembly George Barstow, representing the Temperance Societies.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Return to Hawaii (January 27 – February 15, 1875)
On February 3, a volley of artillery salutes rang out from nearby forts as the USS Pensacola carrying the royal party was escorted out of the bay at 11 a.m. by General Schofield and crew on the USS McPherson. US Commissioner to Samoa Albert Barnes Steinberger was a fellow passenger on the voyage home. Ninety-one days after the king had left Hawaii, the Pensacola docked in Honolulu on February 15, 1875.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Aftermath
The Daily Alta California commented that the king's presence moved the process forward to where, "It is generally conceded that the reciprocity treaty will go through but with little opposition". Hawaiian historian Ralph S. Kuykendall believed Kalākaua's state visit not only gave the king a greater understanding of the American people and the workings of their government, but also educated Americans about the Pacific island nation. The spotlight on Hawaii, "enormously increased the general interest in the current discussion of the proposed reciprocity treaty." Hawaiian legislators Joseph Nāwahī and George Washington Pilipō led the native Hawaiian opposition who saw the treaty as a step towards annexation of the kingdom and only beneficial to the elite number of Euro-American businessmen.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Aftermath
A seven-year reciprocity treaty was negotiated and ratified in 1875. Going into effect September 9, 1876, it admitted Hawaii's sugar products into the United States duty-free. No Hawaiian land was ceded in the agreement. At the treaty's expiration, an extension was negotiated that  ceded exclusive use of Pearl Harbor to the United States.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Aftermath
The treaty's most immediate result was an increase in new United States plantation owners. San Francisco sugar refiner Claus Spreckels became a prime investor in Hawaii's sugar industry. Over the term of Kalākaua's reign, the treaty had a major effect on the kingdom's income. In 1874, Hawaii exported $1,839,620.27 in products. In 1881, Kalākaua embarked on a world tour to negotiate with friendly nations for contract  labor for Hawaii's plantations. Exported products for 1890, the last full year of his reign, amounted to $13,282,729.48 (all figures given are Hawaiian dollars) Exportation of sugar during that time period went from 24,566,611 pounds (11,143,227 kg) to 330,822,879 pounds (150,058,734 kg).


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Aftermath
As the kingdom's income rose, so did Kalākaua's expenditures (all figures given are Hawaiian dollars): this included $343,595 to build and furnish ʻIolani Palace; a delayed coronation in excess of $50,000; and a $75,000 public celebration of his 50th birthday. He made an attempt, subsequently blocked by the legislature, to allocate a $1,000,000 bonus for his San Francisco friend Celso Caesar Moreno to lay an undersea telegraph cable, and briefly appointed him Minister of Foreign Affairs. Moreno and Prime Minister Walter Murray Gibson proposed a Polynesian Confederation administered by Hawaii. The concept never came to fruition, but in an attempt to interfere in the politics of Samoa, an island group that consisted of what is now Samoa and American Samoa, Gibson persuaded the legislature to allocate $100,000 for a confederation steamboat.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Aftermath
Increase in land ownership by businessmen, either missionary descendants or more recent investors, led to a proliferation of non-Hawaiians being elected to the kingdom's legislature. In 1887, Kalākaua was forced to sign the Bayonet Constitution, codifying the legislature as the supreme authority over any actions by the monarchy. Sanford B. Dole, who helped draft it, asserted that key issues were the king's handling of finances, and the lack of a system of checks and balances over the monarchy's stewardship. The new law allowed non-residents to vote, while also placing economic and literacy restrictions on voting rights of residents. Asians, the primary work force on the plantations, had their voting rights stripped.


1874–75 state visit by Kalākaua to the United States, Aftermath
Kalākaua's brother and heir apparent Leleiohoku II died April 9, 1877. The king then proclaimed his sister Liliʻuokalani to be his successor. Upon his 1891 death, she ascended to the throne. On January 17, 1893, the Kingdom of Hawaii fell to a coup d'état, planned and executed by the Committee of Safety, mostly foreign-born residents in Honolulu, whose goal was the annexation of Hawaii by the United States.


1875
1875 (MDCCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1875th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 875th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 75th  year of the 19th century, and the  6th   year of the 1870s decade. As of the start of 1875, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1875, Further reading and year books
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1875 Armagh City by-election
The Armagh City by-election of 1875 was held on 18 October 1875. The byelection was fought due to the death of the incumbent Conservative MP, John Vance. It was won by the Conservative candidate George Beresford.


1875 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1875 Atlantic hurricane season featured three landfalling tropical cyclones. However, in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded, so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 has been estimated. There were five recorded hurricanes and one major hurricane – Category 3 or higher on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson scale.


1875 Atlantic hurricane season
Reanalysis of the season for HURDAT – the official database for Atlantic tropical cyclones – was completed by 2011. Of the known 1875 cyclones, both the first and fifth cyclones were first documented in 1995 by Jose Fernandez-Partagas and Henry Diaz. They also proposed large changes to the known track of the sixth system and to the duration of the second storm, as well as more minor changes to the track of third cyclone. The duration of the second system was further amended in 2008.


1875 Atlantic hurricane season
Although three tropical cyclones made landfall, only one caused significant damage. The season's third known and strongest system, known as the Indianola hurricane, brought devastation to portions of the Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles, and Texas. It is estimated that the hurricane caused about 800 fatalities, with approximately 300 in the city of Indianola, Texas, alone. The storm left over $5 million (1875 USD) in damage.


1875 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One
The first known storm of the season was initially observed by the schooner J. W. Coffin on August 16, with the hurricane situated about 255 mi (410 km) northeast of Little Abaco Island in the Bahamas. Due to sparsity of data, HURDAT indicates that the cyclone maintained intensity as an 80 mph (130 km/h) Category 1 hurricane on the modern day Saffir–Simpson scale, as it tracked north-northeastward to northeastward. The hurricane was last noted offshore Nova Scotia by the bark Electra late on August 19.


1875 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two
A tropical storm developed about 820 mi (1,320 km) west-southwest of the Cabo Verde Islands early on September 1. On September 3, the Spanish brig Engracia became the first ship to encounter the storm. That day, the cyclone intensified into a Category 1 hurricane while moving northwestward. The hurricane peaked with maximum sustained winds of 80 mph (130 km/h). Early on September 6, the steamship Caribbean observed a barometric pressure of 982 mbar (29.0 inHg), the lowest in relation to the storm. On September 7, the cyclone began moving northward and then northeastward later that day. The storm was last noted by the Knoch Train late on September 10, about 450 mi (720 km) east of Newfoundland.


1875 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
The storm was first observed on September 1 to the southwest of Cabo Verde by the ship Tautallon Castle. However, HURDAT does not indicate a tropical cyclone until the system was situated east of Barbados on September 8. The hurricane moved westward and passed between Martinique and St. Lucia on the following day. The hurricane slowly deepened in the Caribbean Sea while gradually curving northwestward. Late on September 12 and early on September 13, the cyclone brushed the Tiburon Peninsula of Haiti.


1875 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
On September 13, the storm made a few landfalls on the southern coast of Cuba before moving inland over Sancti Spíritus Province. The system emerged into the Gulf of Mexico near Havana and briefly weakened to a tropical storm. Thereafter, the storm slowly re-intensified and gradually turned westward. At 12:00 UTC on September 16, the hurricane became a Category 3 hurricane with winds peaking at 115 mph (185 km/h), based on land observations. The minimum barometric pressure was 955 mbar (28.2 inHg), based on the pressure–wind relationship developed by National Hurricane Center meteorologist Dan Brown in 2006. Seven hours later, the hurricane made landfall near Indianola, Texas. The storm quickly weakened and turned northeastward, before dissipating over Mississippi on September 18.


1875 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
The hurricane brought heavy rainfall to several islands of the Lesser Antilles, especially Saint Vincent. Flooding and landslides caused severe damage to crops and roads. Most streets of Kingstown were inundated with 3 ft (0.91 m) of water, while two bridges and several homes were swept away. Outside the capital city, water swept away more than 30 homes in total from Hopewell and Mesopotamia. Four people drowned in the latter, with five other fatalities in Queensbury. In Martinique, 20 deaths occurred after the ship Codfish sank in the harbor.


1875 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
Navassa Island experienced strong winds, heavy rainfall, and waves that topped the 75 ft (23 m) cliffs. Many trees were downed and several homes were destroyed. Strong winds and above normal tides in Cuba left damage across the island, especially in Júcaro and Santa Cruz del Sur. In Texas, Old Velasco was completely leveled, while the town of Indianola was nearly destroyed. Three-quarters of the buildings in Indianola were washed away and the remaining structures were in a state of ruin, with only eight buildings left undamaged. Approximately 300 people were killed in Indianola.


1875 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
The town was again almost completely destroyed by another hurricane in 1886 and subsequently abandoned. Four people drowned after the two lighthouses at Pass Cavallo were swept away. At Galveston, several houses and a railroad bridge were destroyed, and a ship, the Beardstown sunk in Galveston Bay. The town suffered about $4 million in damage and 30 deaths. Overall, the hurricane left an estimated 800 deaths.


1875 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Four
A tropical storm formed in the west-central Gulf of Mexico on September 24. After initially moving northwestward, the storm curved east-northeastward by the following day. The cyclone peaked with maximum sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h), and due to lack of data, was believed to have maintained this intensity until making landfall near modern-day Panama City, Florida at 13:00 UTC on September 27. By early September 28, the storm weakened to a tropical depression and soon dissipated near the Florida–Georgia state line. Several locations along the Gulf Coast of the United States reported heavy rainfall, with 6 in (150 mm) and 3 in (76 mm) of precipitation observed in Mobile and New Orleans, respectively.


1875 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five
The schooner Pilot's Pride first encountered this hurricane northeast of the Bahamas on October 7. The system moved just west of due north and intensified into a Category 2 hurricane on the following day. Based on ship reports, the hurricane is estimated to have peaked with maximum sustained winds of 105 mph (165 km/h). The bark Marie was damaged by the storm on October 8 and returned to port for repairs. Early on October 9, the cyclone curved northeastward and weakened to a Category 1 hurricane. The storm was last noted to the southeast of Sable Island late on October 10.


1875 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six
The final known tropical cyclone of the season was first encountered by the schooner Lillie Taylor early on October 12, about 150 mi (240 km) northeast of the Abaco Islands. Moving slowly northward to north-northeastward, the storm slowly strengthened, reaching hurricane intensity on October 14. The system peaked with maximum sustained winds of 80 mph (130 km/h), based on observations from the ship E.E. Ruckett. The cyclone weakened to a tropical storm early on October 15 and began accelerating northeastward. Early October 16, the storm made landfall near Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, with winds of 60 mph (95 km/h), shortly before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone. Several locations along the East Coast of the United States reported heavy rainfall.


1875 Bedfordshire by-election
The Bedfordshire by-election of 1875 was fought on 28 April 1875. The byelection was fought due to the resignation of the incumbent Liberal MP, Francis Bassett. It was won by the Liberal candidate Marquess of Tavistock, who was unopposed.


1875 Birthday Honours
The 1875 Birthday Honours were appointments by Queen Victoria to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of the British Empire. The appointments were made to celebrate the official birthday of the Queen, and were published in The London Gazette in May and June 1875.


1875 Birthday Honours
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.


1875 Blackburn by-election
The Blackburn by-election of 1875 was fought on 30 September 1875. The by-election was fought due to the death of the incumbent Conservative MP, Henry Master Feilden. It was won by the Conservative candidate Daniel Thwaites.


1875 Boston Red Stockings season
The 1875 Boston Red Stockings season was the fifth season of the Boston Red Stockings franchise. They won their fourth consecutive National Association championship.


1875 Boston Red Stockings season
Managed by Harry Wright, Boston finished with a record of 71–8 to win the pennant by 15 games. Pitcher Al Spalding started 62 of the Red Stockings' games and led the NA with 54 wins. Catcher Deacon White (.367), second baseman Ross Barnes (.364), and first baseman Cal McVey (.355) finished 1–2–3 in the league's batting race. McVey paced the circuit with 87 runs batted in, and outfielder Jim O'Rourke had the most home runs, with 6. The Boston offense scored more runs than any other team in the NA. According to the FiveThirtyEight ELO rating system, they are the greatest team of all time.


1875 Boston Red Stockings season
Harry Wright, Al Spalding, Jim O'Rourke, and shortstop George Wright have all been elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame.


1875 Boston Red Stockings season
This was the last season of the Association, which dissolved at the end of the year. The Red Stockings club would join the new National League in 1876.


1875 Boston Red Stockings season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1875 Boston Red Stockings season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1875 Boston Red Stockings season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1875 Boston Red Stockings season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1875 Boston mayoral election
The Boston mayoral election of 1875 saw the reelection of Samuel C. Cobb to a third consecutive term.


1875 Breconshire by-election
The Breconshire by-election of 1875 was fought on 20 May 1875. The byelection was fought due to the succession to a peerage of the incumbent Conservative MP, Godfrey Morgan. It was won by the Liberal candidate William Fuller-Maitland.


1875 Bridport by-election
The Bridport by-election of 1875 was fought on 31 March 1875. The byelection was fought due to the death of the incumbent MP, Thomas Alexander Mitchell. It was won by the Liberal candidate Pandeli Ralli.


1875 British Columbia general election
The 1875 British Columbia general election was held in 1875. Many of the politicians in the House had served with the Legislative Council or Assembly or the Executive Council, or had otherwise been stalwarts of the colonial era - some supporters of Confederation, others not. Some were ranchers or mining bosses from the Interior, others were colonial gentry from the Island and New Westminster, and others direct arrivals from Britain, Ireland or "Canada", which was still considered a different place not only in the minds of the politicians but in the language used in Hansard during this period.


1875 British Columbia general election, Statistics
Vancouver Island 4,477 votes total in thirteen seats 344.38 voters per seat:


1875 British Columbia general election, Statistics
Note that these figures refer to votes actually cast, not the population per se nor the total of the potential voters' list.


1875 British Columbia general election, Political context, Issues and debates
The issues of Chinese immigration and the unbuilt railway defined the politics of the period, and were the main topic of debate in the campaign as well as in the House. As ever since in British Columbia politics, a tough stand against the Dominion Government (Ottawa) upon these issues, and over better terms for BC, was a prerequisite for success at the polls.


1875 British Columbia general election, Political context, Issues and debates
Politicians and newspapermen (often the same thing in the early Legislature) were alarmed that British Columbia appeared not to have a say in the route of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and that Ottawa had no plans to assist in immigration to the new province in order to build the railway and otherwise populate the former colony. The issue of a promised railway along the east coast of Vancouver Island to its southern tip at Victoria was also of major political importance, especially to voters in the Island ridings (Victoria City, Victoria, Nanaimo City, Comox, Alberni, Cowichan, Esquimalt).


1875 British Columbia general election, Political context, Issues and debates
Also occupying the House were capital proposals and expenditures on projects such as improvements to the Dewdney Trail, the Cariboo Road, the Grand Trunk Road (Old Yale Road), and the financing of the Lillooet Cattle Trail, even though its main proponent, Thomas Basil Humphreys, the first MLA for Lillooet, was now MLA for Victoria. Victoria City MLA Andrew Charles Elliott, soon to be Premier, had been a provincial Magistrate in Lillooet and also supported the project, then the largest capital expenditure in the new province to date, and larger than anything outlaid in the colonial period. The trail was finally built and used in its entirety and for its original purpose - bringing cattle from the West Fraser rangelands directly to the Coast - was a financial disaster (as were also the Dewdney, Cariboo and Grand Trunk projects, and as had been the Douglas Road originally.


1875 British Columbia general election, Political context, Non-party system
There were to be no political parties in the new province. The designations "Government" and "Opposition" and "Independent" (and variations on these) functioned in place of parties, but they were very loose and do not represent formal coalitions, more alignments of support during the campaign. "Government" meant in support of the current Premier; "Opposition" meant campaigning against him, and often enough the Opposition would win and immediately become the Government. The Elections British Columbia notes for this election describe the designations as "Government (GOV.) candidates supported the administration of G.A.B. Walkem. Those opposed ran as Reform (REF. ), Opposition (OPP. ), Independent Reform (IND.REF. ), or Independent Opposition (IND.OPP.) candidates. Those who ran as straight Independents (IND.) were sometimes described as Government supporters (IND./GOV. ).


1875 British Columbia general election, Political context, The Walkem Government
Actual governing coalitions were very shaky, and between 1871 and 1903, when parties were formalized in BC, there were sixteen governments (as defined by Premierships) but only ten elections. This was one of the few early elections that produced a stable regime, as the mandate was called for and won by the incumbent government of the popular George Anthony Boomer Walkem, who retired from the office of Premier a year later only to return in 1878 to serve again as Premier for a full four years further - a record in the period.


1875 British Columbia general election, Political context, The Walkem Government
In this election he had already been in office since the previous year, being voted to the position of Premier by the House after the retirement of Amor de Cosmos from the Legislature, as his serving in the provincial House simultaneously with his seat in the House of Commons in Ottawa had been disallowed. Walkem similarly returned in 1878 because of the retirement of Andrew Charles Elliott, who had assumed the reins of power when he retired from his seat in 1876 and had been offered an appointment as a judge. From Walkem's retirement in 1882 to the end of the Prior government and the non-party period in 1903 - eleven years - there were ten governments.


1875 British Columbia general election, Political context, Byelections not shown
Any changes due to byelections are shown below the main table showing the theoretical composition of the House after the election. A final table showing the composition of the House at the dissolution of the Legislature at the end of this Parliament can be found below the byelections. The main table represents the immediate results of the election only, not changes in governing coalitions or eventual changes due to byelections.


1875 British Columbia general election, Political context, List of ridings
The original ridings had remained twelve in number, electing 25 members of the first provincial legislature from 12 ridings (electoral districts), some with multiple members. There were no political parties were not acceptable in the House by convention, though some members were openly partisan at the federal level (usually Conservative, although both Liberal and Labour allegiance were on display by some candidates). In all there were 55 candidates in the election, competing for 5,656 votes cast.


1875 British Columbia general election, Political context, Polling conditions
The secret ballot had been instituted for the first time, unlike the open poll book and show of hands in the 1871 election. Nomination meetings for candidates, however, still retained the old show of hands method of voting. The election was called on August 30, with polling day on a varying schedule from September 11 to October 25 and the legislature meeting for the first time on January 10, 1876.


1875 British Columbia general election, Political context, Polling conditions
The varying schedule meant that some returns were in on October 1, on the same day other ridings were voting and still others would vote long after new of the returns elsewhere had come in. Election days varied because of travel difficulties and local work and weather conditions, and even in New Westminster and Victoria the "city" ridings voted a week in advance of those for the surrounding more rural ridings, although no returns (count of votes) were in until after the interval elapsed.


1875 British Columbia general election, Political context, Polling conditions
Natives (First Nations) and Chinese were disallowed from voting, although naturalized Kanakas (Hawaiian colonists) and American and West Indian blacks and certain others participated. The requirement that knowledge of English be spoken for balloting was discussed but not applied.


1875 British Columbia general election, Byelections
Two sets of byelections were held to confirm appointments to the Executive Council (cabinet), as was the custom in earlier times. Some ministerial candidates in this series of byelections were confirmed by acclamation, others were contested. These byelections were:


1875 British Columbia general election, Byelections
Other byelections were also held due to deaths and other appointments; all were contested:


1875 British Columbia general election, Composition of House at dissolution
Note: Government/Opposition status applies to candidate at time of election in 1875, not at time of dissolution in 1878.


1875 Brooklyn Atlantics season
The Brooklyn Atlantics played in 1875 as a  member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players. They finished eleventh in the league with a record of 2-42. The league folded at the conclusion of the season, and the Atlantics did not join the National League which succeeded it in 1876.


1875 Brooklyn Atlantics season, Player stats, Batting
Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In


1875 CCNY Lavender football team
The 1875 CCNY Lavender football team represented the City College of New York during the 1875 college football season.


1875 California gubernatorial election
The 1875 California gubernatorial election was held on September 7, 1875, to elect the governor of California.


1875 Caversham by-election
The 1875 Caversham by-election was a by-election held on 20 August 1875 during the 5th New Zealand Parliament in the Caversham electorate in the south-east of the South Island.


1875 Caversham by-election
The by-election was held because of the death of sitting member of parliament William Tolmie.


1875 Caversham by-election
The election saw Robert Stout narrowly win the seat by just twenty-one votes over his sole opponent, William Larnach. Both were new to the political arena with neither having stood for Parliament before.


1875 Central Cumberland colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Central Cumberland on 28 June 1875 because of the resignation of Joseph Wearne.


1875 Chicago White Stockings season
The 1875 Chicago White Stockings season was the 4th season of the Chicago White Stockings franchise, the 3rd and final in the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players and the 2nd at 23rd Street Grounds. The White Stockings finished sixth in the National Association with a record of 30–37.


1875 Chicago White Stockings season, Player stats, Batting
Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In


1875 City of Auckland West by-elections
The 1875 City of Auckland West by-elections were two by-elections held in the City of Auckland West electorate in Auckland, following two resignations during the 4th New Zealand Parliament


1875 Columbia football team
The 1875 Columbia football team represented Columbia University in the 1875 college football season. The team finished with a 4–1–1 record and was retroactively named co-national champion by Parke H. Davis. They outscored their opponents 13–10 (scoring used then differed from today's system).


1875 Connecticut gubernatorial election
The 1875 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 5, 1875. Incumbent governor and Democratic nominee Charles R. Ingersoll defeated Republican nominee J. Greene with 53.23% of the vote.


1875 Connecticut gubernatorial election
This was the last gubernatorial election to elect the Governor of Connecticut to a term of one year, from May 7, 1875, to May 7, 1876.


1875 Cúcuta earthquake
The 1875 Cúcuta earthquake (also known as earthquake of the Andes) occurred on 18 May at 11:15 AM. It completely demolished Cúcuta, Villa del Rosario (Colombia), San Antonio del Tachira and Capacho (Venezuela). The earthquake killed many Venezuelans in San Cristóbal, La Mulata, Rubio, Michelena, La Grita, Colón, amongst others, and was felt in both Bogotá and Caracas.


1875 Cúcuta earthquake
That day, the city of Cúcuta and the town of Villa del Rosario, in the Norte de Santander department (Colombia) and the municipalities of San Antonio del Táchira and Capacho, Táchira State (Venezuela) were destroyed totally by this catastrophic earthquake. Villa del Rosario was a historical and calm population. In 1821 had met in the main church (Historic church) to means to construct, the members of the First Congress of the Great Colombia, known as Congress of Cúcuta.


1875 Cúcuta earthquake
Still it is observed the rest of the church that collapse during the great seismic movement, the houses of that time in the zone were of the purest Spanish colonial style.


1875 Cúcuta earthquake, Death toll
The exact number of victims is not known; Spokane Daily Chronicle reported that the figure was as many as 2,500, while other sources say that the death toll was about 1,000. Early newspaper reports put the number at 8 to 10,000. The Evening Post wrote that 5,000 died outright with a further 9,000 dying from the after effects such as fever and lockjaw.


1875 Cúcuta earthquake, Affected areas
The earthquake covered 5 degrees of Latitude and was 500 miles long. Populated areas affected were, Villa of the Rosary, San Luis, Salazar, Woods of the Palms, Gramalote, Bochalema and San Faustino in Colombia. San Antonio, Capacho, San Cristóbal, the Mulata, Rubio, Michelena, La Grita, Colón in Venezuela. In addition it was also felt in Bogota and Caracas.


1875 Dallas municipal election
The 1875 Dallas municipal election was a mayoral and municipal election in Dallas, Texas. The election was held on April 6, 1875. In the election, W. L. Cabell defeated challenger J. C. Bogel and eventual mayor John Kerfoot.


1875 East Aberdeenshire by-election
The East Aberdeenshire by-election of 1875 was fought on 22 December 1875. The byelection was fought due to the death of the incumbent Liberal MP, William Dingwall Fordyce. It was won by the Conservative Party (UK) candidate Alexander Hamilton-Gordon.


1875 East Kent by-election
The East Kent by-election of 1875 was fought on 27 January 1875. The byelection was fought due to the succession to a peerage of the incumbent Conservative MP, George Milles. It was won by the Conservative candidate Wyndham Knatchbull.


1875 English cricket season
1875 was the 89th season of cricket in England since the foundation of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). Nottinghamshire regained its place as the unofficial "Champion County". It was in many ways the last season before pitches began to improve and produce much heavier scoring: it was definitely the last season where "dead shooters" were frequently seen at Lord's before the heavy roller made for regular bounce there.


1875 English cricket season, Notes
An unofficial seasonal title sometimes proclaimed by consensus of media and historians prior to December 1889 when the official County Championship was constituted. Although there are ante-dated claims prior to 1873, when residence qualifications were introduced, it is only since that ruling that any quasi-official status can be ascribed.


1875 FA Cup Final
The 1875 FA Cup Final was a football match between Royal Engineers and Old Etonians on 13 March 1875 at Kennington Oval in London. It was the fourth final of the world's oldest football competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup (known in the modern era as the FA Cup). Heading into the final, the Royal Engineers were playing in their third final after losing the 1872 and 1874 finals while the Old Etonians were playing in their first FA Cup final.


1875 FA Cup Final
Prior to the final, the Royal Engineers had played one more match than the Old Etonians with the Etonians getting a bye in the second round due to the odd number of the teams that had entered the tournament. 2,000 people saw the match which ended in a 1–1 draw, Henry Renny-Tailyour scored for the Engineers but Alexander Bonsor replied to have the match end in a draw and have the final being replayed for the first time with two goals from Renny-Tailyour sealing the Royal Engineers' first and only FA Cup title.


1875 FA Cup Final, Route to the final
The Engineers, who lost the final on two of the three previous occasions, kicked off with a resounding 3–0 win over Marlow. They kept the scoring feat up in the next round, beating Cambridge University 5–0. The Quarter Final was a closely fought match against Clapham Rovers, just prevailing 3–2. The Semi-final produced a repeat fixture of the final of 1874, as the Engineers faced Oxford University. This time, the Engineers won 1–0.


1875 FA Cup Final, Route to the final
The Old Etonians started off against the Swifts, which proved a very tough match. After two drawn games, the Etonians managed to pull off a 3–0 victory. In the second round they received a bye which led them into the quarter-finals. Following a win against Maidenhead, they played Shropshire Wanderers. An extremely close match was just edged out by a single goal to nil.


1875 FA Cup Final, Final matches
The first match was notable chiefly because it was played in a "howling gale". The conditions considerably favoured the Etonians team, which had the wind at its backs for all but 10 minutes of the 90, and all 30 minutes of extra time (teams in this period changed ends after every goal- this game was the last to feature this rule). Cuthbert Ottaway received an ankle injury after 37 minutes into the final, following a collision with Richard Ruck, and was forced to leave the field; in his absence, the Old Boys were regarded as fortunate to have held on for a 1–1 draw.


1875 FA Cup Final, Final matches
Ottaway failed to recover in time for the replay, held only three days later, and Etonians also lost the services of three other players who had prior commitments. Unable to obtain adequate replacements, the Old Boys arrived at the ground an hour late and lost the delayed replay 0–2. Henry Renny-Tailyour scored all three goals in both matches for the Engineers.


1875 FA Cup Final, Final matches
The newspaper The Observer published the following chronicle of the match on 14 March 1875:


1875 FA Cup Final, Final matches
... considering the coldness of the weather, there was a large attendance of visitors, who must have numbered over 1,000... With the change of ends, the Engineers soon showed their superiority, and five minutes had scarcely elapsed before Von Donop ran the ball a short distance along the right side, planting it well in front of the Old Etonians goal, and Renny-Tailyour, who was in waiting, had little difficult in scoring the goal. The Engineers wore scarlet and blue jerseys and stockings, and blue serge knickerbockers, the Old Etonians being dressed in blue and white, which difference of uniform made the players on either side very discernible.


1875 Grand National
The 1875 Grand National was the 37th renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 18 March 1875.


1875 Greek legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Greece on 18 July 1875. Supporters of Alexandros Koumoundouros emerged as the largest bloc in Parliament, with 80 of the 190 seats. Koumoundouros became Prime Minister on 27 October.


1875 Hartford Dark Blues season
In their second season in the National Association, the  1875 Hartford Dark Blues finished in third place. They were managed by starting third baseman Bob "Death to Flying Things" Ferguson.


1875 Hartford Dark Blues season
The Dark Blues, with future Hall of Famers Candy Cummings and Tommy Bond, had the best pitching staff in baseball. Cummings won 35 games, and the 19-year-old Bond finished second in league ERA at 1.56.


1875 Hartford Dark Blues season
Following the season, they were one of the NA teams chosen to join the new National League.


1875 Hartford Dark Blues season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = position; G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In


1875 Hartlepool by-election
The Hartlepools by-election of 1875 was fought on 29 July 1875. The byelection was fought due to the resignation of the incumbent Liberal MP, Thomas Richardson. It was won by the Liberal candidate Lowthian Bell.


1875 Horsham by-election
The Horsham by-election of 1875 was fought on 17 December 1875. The byelection was fought due to the resignation of the incumbent Conservative MP, William Vesey-FitzGerald, who became Chief Charity Commissioner for England and Wales. It was won by the Liberal candidate Robert Henry Hurst (junior). who had previously been MP for the seat but was defeated at the previous General Election.


1875 Horsham by-election
This election was declared void and Hurst did not stand in the by-election in 1876.


1875 Hungarian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Hungary between 1 July and 18 August 1875. The result was a victory for the Liberal Party (Hu: Szabadelvű Párt), which won 333 of the 414 seats.


1875 Indianola hurricane
The 1875 Indianola hurricane brought a devastating and deadly storm surge to the coast of Texas. The third known system of the 1875 Atlantic hurricane season, the storm was first considered a tropical cyclone while located east of the Lesser Antilles on September 8. While passing through the Windward Islands. After entering the Caribbean Sea, the cyclone gradually began to move more northwestward and brushed the Tiburon Peninsula of Haiti late on September 12. On the following day, the storm made a few landfalls on the southern coast of Cuba before moving inland over Sancti Spíritus Province.


1875 Indianola hurricane
The system emerged into the Gulf of Mexico near Havana and briefly weakened to a tropical storm. Thereafter, the storm slowly re-intensified and gradually turned westward. On September 16, the hurricane peaked as a Category 3 hurricane with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). Later that day, the hurricane made landfall near Indianola, Texas. The storm quickly weakened and turned northeastward, before dissipating over Mississippi on September 18.


1875 Indianola hurricane
The hurricane brought heavy rainfall to several islands of the Lesser Antilles, especially on Barbados and Saint Vincent. The latter reported significant damage and loss of life, including a ship that sunk with the loss of 20 crew members. Flooding and landslides caused severe damage to crops and roads, while two bridges and several homes were swept away, including more than 30 homes in total from the towns of Hopewell and Mesopotamia. Another 20 lives were lost after the ship Codfish sank offshore Martinique.


1875 Indianola hurricane
Navassa Island experienced strong winds, heavy rainfall, and very large waves, downing many trees and destroying several homes. Strong winds and above normal tides in Cuba left damage across the island, especially in Júcaro (close to Venezuela, Cuba) and Santa Cruz del Sur. In Texas, the storm completely destroyed Velasco and nearly destroyed the town of Indianola. In the latter, storm surge washed away three-quarters of the buildings and significantly damaged the structures that remained standing. Only eight buildings in the town were undamaged. Four people drowned after the two lighthouses at Pass Cavallo were swept away. At Galveston, several houses and a railroad bridge were destroyed, and a ship, the Beardstown, sunk in Galveston Bay. The town suffered about $4 million in damage and 30 deaths. Overall, the hurricane caused approximately 800 deaths, with at least 300 in Indianola alone.


1875 Indianola hurricane, Meteorological history
The hurricane or its precursor was first observed on September 1 by the ship Tautallon Castle, which was located southwest of Cape Verde. The storm moved westward and was later encountered on September 5 by a vessel which observed "terrific seas" and a barometric pressure of 982 mbar (29.0 inHg). However, HURDAT – the Atlantic hurricane database – does not confirm the existence of a tropical cyclone until 00:00 UTC on September 8, while the storm was situated about 285 miles (260 km) east-northeast of Barbados.


1875 Indianola hurricane, Meteorological history
Initially estimated to have been a Category 1 hurricane on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson scale, the system moved westward to west-northwestward, passing through the Windward Islands between Martinique and St. Lucia early on September 9. The cyclone was estimated to have intensified into a Category 2 hurricane around 00:00 UTC on September 11. Thereafter, the system began moving in a more northwestward direction. Late on September 12, the hurricane brushed the Tiburon Peninsula of Haiti.


1875 Indianola hurricane, Meteorological history
Continuing northwestward, the cyclone made landfall near Pilón, Cuba, with winds of 105 mph (165 km/h), shortly before 06:00 UTC on September 13. The storm briefly re-emerged into the Caribbean and weakened to a Category 1 hurricane before making landfall on the south coast of modern-day Sancti Spíritus Province around 18:00 UTC with winds of 90 mph (150 km/h). Early the following day, the system emerged into the Straits of Florida and weakened to a tropical storm at about 06:00 UTC on September 14, before becoming a Category 1 hurricane again six hours later.


1875 Indianola hurricane, Meteorological history
Early on September 15, the cyclone curved to the west-northwest and re-intensified further, becoming a Category 2 hurricane again by 12:00 UTC. About 24 hours later, the system intensified into a Category 3 hurricane and peaked with maximum sustained winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). Around 21:00 UTC on September 16, the hurricane made landfall near Indianola, Texas, at the same intensity.


1875 Indianola hurricane, Meteorological history
Based on sustained winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) and the pressure–wind relationship developed by National Hurricane Center meteorologist Dan Brown in 2006, the barometric pressure was estimated at 955 mbar (28.2 inHg), the lowest associated with the storm. The hurricane curved northward after moving inland and quickly weakened to a tropical storm by 12:00 UTC the next day. Turning northeastward shortly thereafter, the system weakened to a tropical depression on June 18 and dissipated over southern Mississippi around 18:00 UTC that same day.


1875 Indianola hurricane, Preparations and impact, Caribbean
On Saint Vincent, the hurricane was "accompanied by a deluge of rain unprecedented", with nearly 12 in (300 mm) of precipitation falling in 12 hours. Loss of lives and severe damage to properties were reported by The Times. Landslides occurred throughout the island, causing heavy damage, especially to agriculture. At one plantation alone, the storm destroyed nearly 15 acres (6.1 ha) of sugar cane. A number of roads were left impassible. The storm also demolished several arrowroot mills, which were generally owned by poor Black cultivators.


1875 Indianola hurricane, Preparations and impact, Caribbean
In the Kingstown area, local streams, some of which typically resembled arroyos, rose as much as 12 ft (3.7 m) in six hours. Most of the streets were flooded with over 3 ft (0.91 m) of water, while marketplaces and low-lying areas were also inundated. Many homes and two bridges were swept away. At the Roman Catholic cemetery, floodwaters unearthed several recently interred bodies and swept them into the ocean. Along the coast, seven of the ten vessels docked at the bay were beached.


1875 Indianola hurricane, Preparations and impact, Caribbean
In the Mariaqua Valley of Saint Vincent, hundreds of people fled their homes from the villages of Hopewell and Mesopotamia. Water swept away more than 30 homes in total from both villages. Four people drowned in Mesopotamia. Additionally, five fatalities occurred in Queensbury. During the storm, the volcano La Soufrière showed signs of activation. Following the storm, the Legislative Assembly of Saint Vincent voted to allocate £500 (US$2776) for repairing roads and £300 (US$1666) for relief to those whose homes were destroyed. A total of 52 people were granted aid, many of whom lived in Mesopotamia.


1875 Indianola hurricane, Preparations and impact, Caribbean
On Barbados, several locations reported around 13 in (330 mm) of precipitation, while up to 15 in (380 mm) of rain was observed. Three vessels on the island were driven ashore. The ship Codfish sank at a harbor in Martinique, drowning all 20 crew members. In Haiti, the schooner Agnes became stranded at Les Cayes. Additionally, several coasters and two foreign ships were grounded. Heavy rainfall and strong winds were also reported on Navassa Island. Many trees were brought down and several homes were destroyed. One building was lifted and smashed, and all wooden structures were demolished.


1875 Indianola hurricane, Preparations and impact, Caribbean
The railroad was torn up, while eight loaded train cars were tossed from the track. A flat stone weighing 25 tons disappeared during the storm. Along the coast, waves crashed over cliffs that were 45 to 75 ft (14 to 23 m) in height. Boathouses and wharves were demolished, while a gig and eight lighters capsized. Jamaica experienced storm surge, heavy rainfall, and near-hurricane-force winds. In Falmouth, storm surge inundated roads. Adverse weather conditions briefly interrupted communications between Holland Bay and Kingston, as well as between Holland Bay and Santiago de Cuba.


1875 Indianola hurricane, Preparations and impact, Caribbean
The Belen College Observatory in Havana, Cuba, issued a storm warning on September 11, as forecasters anticipated that the hurricane would continue west-northwestward and strike the island. This was the first issuance of a tropical cyclone-related warning in the Caribbean Sea. The well-publicized warning was credited with saving many lives. Tides in Cuba reached 3 ft (0.91 m) above normal at the bay in Santiago de Cuba. A severe thunderstorm associated with the hurricane killed a girl, and injured two men at a fishing village. The hurricane destroyed a section of railroad in Guantánamo. Strong winds and above normal tides left damage across the island, particularly in Júcaro and Santa Cruz del Sur. In the latter, the tides inundated many streets. Strong winds destroyed all shacks and partially damaged even the strongest buildings.


1875 Indianola hurricane, Preparations and impact, United States
In Louisiana, the hurricane sunk or swept ashore several ships along the coast. Even at the protected New Orleans harbor, ships foundered. Communications with the schooner Mabel was lost after it sailed out of the mouth of the Mississippi River. The state experienced more intense impacts after the storm moved eastward out of Texas. At Shell Island, located near the west end of Vermilion Bay, tides exceeded those during the 1856 hurricane. In New Orleans, the steamer Natchez collided with the ferry Lousie.


1875 Indianola hurricane, Preparations and impact, United States
The boats linked together and drifted down the Mississippi River, until the Natchez was re-secured after passing the Belle Rowland and the C. H. Dufree. In St. Mary Parish, 34 hours of heavy rainfall and storm surge generated by "tremendous equinoctial storm" caused considerable damage to cotton and sugar cane. Inland, observers in Calcasieu Parish noted that the wind shifted with "terrific force" as the storm crossed Louisiana.


1875 Indianola hurricane, Preparations and impact, United States
The storm brought a strong storm surge to the Texas coast, causing heavy damage and a total of 800 deaths. Three-quarters of the buildings in Indianola were washed away and the remaining structures were in a state of ruin, with only eight buildings left undamaged. Boats were washed as far as 9 miles (14 km) inland. The town may have experienced winds gusts between 145 and 150 mph (233 and 241 km/h), though the anemometer blew away after recording a wind gust of 88 mph (142 km/h). Approximately 300 people were killed in Indianola.


1875 Indianola hurricane, Preparations and impact, United States
In the aftermath of the storm in Indianola, looters stole possessions from the deceased. Fifteen people caught looting from the dead were killed. Surviving residents of Indianola debated relocating the town. However, considerations were dropped after political ambitions interfered. The town would be rebuilt, only to be devastated again by the 1886 hurricane.


1875 Indianola hurricane, Preparations and impact, United States
In Cameron County, damage to a railroad resulted in a suspension of service between Brownsville and Port Isabel. The sand dunes on Matagorda Island were flattened. The hurricane killed approximately 90% of residents of Saluria, located on the eastern end of the island. Two lighthouses at Pass Cavallo were swept away, including the four light keepers. Velasco was completely leveled. The city was not rebuilt until 1888, at which time it had been relocated about 4 miles (6.4 km) farther upstream the Brazos River.


1875 Indianola hurricane, Preparations and impact, United States
At Galveston, tides reached up to 10 ft (3.0 m) above normal, cutting two temporary channels across the island. Several houses on the eastern side of the island and a railroad bridge were destroyed. In Galveston Bay, the steamer Beardstown sunk. The storm dropped 6.48 in (165 mm) of rainfall on September 17 – a record for that date. Winds possibly reached 110 mph (180 km/h), with the wind being "higher andharder" than during the 1867 hurricane.


1875 Indianola hurricane, Preparations and impact, United States
Farther north, Harrisburg and Houston were impacted by the hurricane. Water from Galveston Bay at Houston swept farther inland than ever recorded at the time. Trees were brought down throughout the city, with some streets resembling "forests just cut down", according to The Daily News. Fallen trees and fences blocked sidewalks on Congress Street. A number of homes were deroofed. Three buildings at the fairgrounds were destroyed. Heavy rainfall flooded some streets. Two bridges over White Oak Bayou were washed away, while a few houses along the bank of the bayou were also swept away.


1875 Indianola hurricane, Preparations and impact, United States
Damage in Houston reached about $50,000. In Spring, heavy precipitation caused streams to overflow and streets to quickly flood, with The Daily News noting that floodwaters took "almost everything within its reach." A combination of strong winds and torrential rains damaged several miles of railroad tracks and washed out several roads. Cotton crops were completely wiped out. In Wallisville, several buildings were demolished, while moderate damage occurred in Beaumont and Liberty. Strong winds buffeted Austin County for about 48 hours, causing severe damage to vegetation and downing many trees.


1875 Indianola hurricane, Preparations and impact, United States
The storm left a lasting impact on warnings being issued for hurricanes. Within the United States, the public was dissatisfied with the Signal Corp forecasts after the Indianola hurricane. The immediate response by the Signal Corp was the creation of the hurricane warning flag, a pair of red flags 10 by 8 ft (3.0 by 2.4 m) each in size, inset with black rectangles. From October 1, 1875, hurricane warning flags were  hoisted in areas where hurricane warnings were in effect, and illuminated at night.


1875 Iowa Senate election
In the 1875 Iowa State Senate elections, Iowa voters elected state senators to serve in the sixteenth Iowa General Assembly. Elections were held in 30 of the state senate's 50 districts. State senators serve four-year terms in the Iowa State Senate.


1875 Iowa Senate election
Following the previous election, Republicans had control of the Iowa Senate with 36 seats to Democrats' 10 seats and four members of the Anti- Monopoly Party.


1875 Iowa Senate election
To claim control of the chamber from Republicans, the Democrats needed to net 16 Senate seats.


1875 Iowa Senate election
Republicans maintained control of the Iowa State Senate following the 1875 general election with the balance of power shifting to Republicans holding 40 seats and Democrats having 10 seats (a net gain of 4 seats for Republicans).


1875 Iowa gubernatorial election
The 1875 Iowa gubernatorial election was held on October 12, 1875. Republican nominee Samuel J. Kirkwood defeated Democratic nominee Shepherd Leffler with 57.03% of the vote.


1875 K Street
1875 K Street is a mid-rise office building located in the United States capital of Washington, D.C.. The building began construction in 2000, and was completed in 2001. Upon completion, the building rose to 155 feet (47 m), featuring 12 floors and 5 elevators. The architect of the building was Hartman-Cox Architects, who designed the postmodern design of the building. The building was sold to Shorenstein Properties in 2005 for $113 million.


1875 K Street
Law firm Willkie Farr & Gallagher is the anchor tenant in the building. Foley Hoag also has its Washington office in this building, There also was a Così restaurant located in the building, which was replaced by a Protein Bar in 2014.


1875 Kaiapoi by-election
The 1875 Kaiapoi by-election was a by-election held on 30 October 1875 during the 5th New Zealand Parliament in the Canterbury electorate of Kaiapoi.


1875 Kaiapoi by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP John Studholme on 8 December 1874.


1875 Kentucky Derby
The 1875 Kentucky Derby was the first running of the Kentucky Derby. The race took place on May 17, 1875. The first Kentucky Derby was a 1.5-mile race, and the traditional distance of 1.25 miles was not established until the 1896 Derby. Thirteen of the fifteen jockeys in the race, including winner Oliver Lewis, were African-American. Attendance was estimated at 10,000.


1875 Kentucky Derby
The winner was Aristides, by two lengths. His jockey was Oliver Lewis, his trainer was Ansel Williamson, and his owner was H.P. McGrath. Aristides' half-brother and stablemate Chesapeake also ran in the race. Both Aristides' jockey and trainer were black. Aristides's time of 2 minutes and 37.75 seconds was at the time a world record for the distance.


1875 Kentucky Derby, Payout
The winner received a purse of $2,850. The second-place finisher received $200.


1875 Kentucky gubernatorial election
The 1875 Kentucky gubernatorial election was held on August 2, 1875. Democratic nominee James B. McCreary defeated Republican nominee John Marshall Harlan with 58.31% of the vote.


1875 Keokuk Westerns season
The Keokuk Westerns played their first and only season of professional baseball in 1875 as a  member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players. They finished thirteenth in the league with a record of 1-12.


1875 Keokuk Westerns season, Player stats, Batting
Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In


1875 Kilkenny City by-election
The Kilkenny City by-election of 1875 was fought on 28 April 1875. This arose due to the death of the incumbent Home Rule MP, John Gray.


1875 Kilkenny City by-election
It was contested by three candidates: Gray's son Edmund Dwyer Gray, Edward Marum, and Benjamin Whitworth, former MP for Drogheda. Gray told the electors that his programme did not differ substantially from that of Whitworth: he was in favour of "Home Rule, denominational education, fixity of tenure at fair rents, and reform of the Grand Jury Laws."


1875 Kilkenny City by-election
Whitworth was elected, with 307 votes; Gray received 125 and Marum 112. The Times saw this as a blow to the Home Rule League - who had condemned Whitworth's programme as vague and inadequate - and anticipated that he would act independently of the Home Ruler movement, although "he will probably be often found acting in harmony with the Home Rule Members".


1875 Kilkenny City by-election
The reason for the success of Whitworth, who was seen as having the support of the Protestant voters although he was also proposed by the Roman Catholic vicar-general of the diocese, was considered to be the "promises of material aid which he made to Kilkenny". His nomination was seconded by the prominent brewer John Francis Smithwick who would later succeed him as MP for the city.


1875 Kilkenny City by-election
Marum went on to be elected MP for County Kilkenny and Gray for County Tipperary.


1875 Kirkcaldy Burghs by-election
The Kirkcaldy Burghs by-election of 1875 was fought on 20 April 1875. The byelection was fought due to the death of the incumbent Liberal MP, Robert Reid. It was won by the Liberal candidate George Campbell.


1875 Liberian general election
Presidential elections were held in Liberia in May 1875. The result was a victory for former President James Spriggs Payne of the Republican Party. Payne took office on 3 January 1876.


1875 Liechtenstein general election
General elections were held in Liechtenstein in April and May 1875. Six of the seats in the Landtag were indirectly elected by electors selected by voters.


1875 Liechtenstein general election, Electors
Electors were selected through elections that were held between 26 and 30 April. Each municipality had two electors for every 100 inhabitants.


1875 Liechtenstein general election, Results
The electors met on 8 May in Vaduz to elect six Landtag members and five substitute members. The Landtag members and their substitutes were elected in three ballots. Of the 160 electors, 156 participated in the voting.


1875 Liechtenstein general election, Results
Ferdinand Walser declined his election. Markus Kessler declined to take his seat in the Landtag following the election and was replaced by Josef Anton Amann.


1875 Liverpool Town Council election
Elections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Monday 1 November 1875. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years. Eleven of the sixteen wards were uncontested.


1875 Liverpool Town Council election, Election result
Because of the large number of uncontested seats, these statistics should be taken in that context.


1875 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No. 16, North Toxteth, 6 November 1875
Caused by the death of Alderman Charles Turner MP which was reported to the Council on 25 October 1875. This position was filled by the election of Councillor Joseph Harrison (Conservative, North Toxteth, elected 1 November 1873) as an alderman.


1875 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, Aldermanic Election, 22 May 1876
The death of the Mayor, Alderman Peter Thompson was reported to the Council on 22 May 1876.


1875 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, Aldermanic Election, 22 May 1876
Former Councillor Andrew Boyd (Conservative, Rodney Street, last elected 24th September 1875 to 1 November 1875) was elected as an alderman by the Council (Councillors and Aldermen) on 22 May 1876.


1875 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No. 14, West Derby, 3 August 1876
Councillor Edward Samuelson (Conservative, West Derby, elected 1 November 1874) was elected as an alderman by the Council (Councillors and Aldermen) on 19 July 1876.


1875 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No. 3, Vauxhall, 6 September 1876
Caused by the death of Councillor James Whitty which was reported to the Council on 4 October 1876.


1875 Maine gubernatorial election
The 1875 Maine gubernatorial election was held on September 13, 1875. Republican candidate Seldon Connor defeated the Democratic candidate Charles W. Roberts.


1875 Maltese general election
General elections were held in Malta between 1 and 4 December 1875.


1875 Maltese general election, Background
The elections were held under the 1849 constitution, which provided for an 18-member Government Council, of which ten members would be appointed and eight elected.


1875 Maltese general election, Results
A total of 2,570 people were registered to vote, of which 2,047 cast votes, giving a turnout of 80%.


1875 Maryland gubernatorial election
The 1875 Maryland gubernatorial election took place on November 2, 1875.


1875 Maryland gubernatorial election
Incumbent Democratic Governor James Black Groome did not seek re-election, having withdrawn his name from consideration prior to the Democratic state convention.


1875 Maryland gubernatorial election
Democratic candidate John Lee Carroll defeated Republican candidate James Morrison Harris.


1875 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1875 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1875. Incumbent Democratic Governor William Gaston ran for re-election to a second term in office, but was defeated by Republican Alexander H. Rice, a former U.S. Representative and Mayor of Boston.


1875 Massachusetts legislature
The 96th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1875 during the governorship of William Gaston. George B. Loring served as president of the Senate and John E. Sanford served as speaker of the House.


1875 Massachusetts legislature
Notable legislation included an "Act To Provide For The Supervision Of The Construction And Maintenance Of Reservoirs And Dams."


1875 Meath by-election
The Meath by-election of 1875 was fought on 17 April 1875. The byelection was fought due to the death of the incumbent Home Rule MP, John Martin. It was won by the Home Rule candidate Charles Stewart Parnell.


1875 Mid Surrey by-election
The Mid Surrey by-election of 1875 was fought on 24 November 1875. The byelection was fought due to the resignation (Justice of the Court of Appeal) of the incumbent Conservative MP, Richard Baggallay. It was won by the Conservative candidate Sir Trevor Lawrence.


1875 Minnesota gubernatorial election
The 1875 Minnesota gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1875 to elect the governor of Minnesota.


1875 NYU Violets football team
The 1875 NYU Violets football team represented New York University in the 1875 college football season.


1875 New Haven Elm Citys season
The New Haven Elm Citys played in their first and only season in  1875 as a  member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players. They finished eighth in the league with a record of 7-40. The team and league folded at the conclusion of the season.


1875 New Haven Elm Citys season, Player stats, Batting
Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In


1875 New York Mutuals season
The New York Mutuals baseball team finished sixth in the  National Association in 1875. The league folded after this season and the Mutuals joined the new National League in 1876.


1875 New York Mutuals season, Player stats, Batting
Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In


1875 New York state election
The 1875 New York state election was held on November 2, 1875, to elect the Secretary of State, the State Comptroller, the Attorney General, the State Treasurer, the State Engineer, a Canal Commissioner and an Inspector of State Prisons, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate.


1875 New York state election, History
The Republican state convention met on September 8 at Saratoga, New York. Frederick W. Seward was nominated for Secretary of State by acclamation. Francis E. Spinner was nominated for Comptroller on the first ballot (vote: Spinner: 259, A. S. Diven 49, Edwin D. Morgan 36, W. W. Palmer 23, E. B. Judson 18, Calvin T. Hulburd 4, Francis C. Barlow 3). Edwin A. Merritt was nominated for Treasurer by acclamation. George F. Danforth was nominated for Attorney General on the first ballot (vote: Danforth 258, L. B. Prince 149). Oliver H. P. Cornell was nominated for State Engineer on the first ballot (vote: Cornell 301, Joseph N. Green 71, Charles H. Fisher 12, George Geddes 1). William T. Tinsley for Canal Commissioner, and Benoni I. Ives for Prison Inspector, were nominated by acclamation.


1875 New York state election, History
The Democratic state convention met on September 16 and 17 at Syracuse, New York. John Bigelow, a Republican, was proposed by DeWitt Clinton Littlejohn for Secretary of State, and was nominated by acclamation. Ex-Comptroller Lucius Robinson (in office 1862-1865) was re-nominated by acclamation. Charles S. Fairchild was nominated for Attorney General during the first ballot. Charles N. Ross was nominated for Treasurer on the first ballot. John D. Van Buren, Jr. was nominated for State Engineer by acclamation. Christopher A. Walrath for Canal Commissioner, and Rodney R. Crowley for Prison Inspector, were then nominated amid great noise and confusion.