1869 Saxby Gale, Naming of the storm, Letter to the Editor, Dec. 25, 1868
With your permission, I will, during September next, for the safety of mariners, briefly reminding your readers of this warning. In the meantime there will be time for the repair of unsafe sea walls, and for the circulation of this notice by means of your far-reaching voice, throughout the wide world.


1869 Saxby Gale, Naming of the storm, Letter to the Editor, Dec. 25, 1868
At the period referred to in 1863 the moon happened to be any extreme south declination, and accordingly the greater devastation occurred in the Southern Hemisphere (e.g. Melbourne – vide The Times of Feb. 13 1864 – the Cape of Good Hope &c.), but next year the two hemispheres will be affected alike.


1869 Saxby Gale, Naming of the storm, Letter to the Editor, Dec. 25, 1868
I am quite aware that in taking this step I am allowing a sense of social duty to outweigh personal considerations; but I accept the consequences. – I have, &c.,


1869 Saxby Gale, Naming of the storm, Letter to the Editor, Sept. 16, 1869
Sir, – I owe every apology before again presumed in to seek a small space in your journal, but I am afraid the general popular attribution of the present serious gales to equinoctial causes may allow the seaman into a dangerous feeling of security when these gales leave us.


1869 Saxby Gale, Naming of the storm, Letter to the Editor, Sept. 16, 1869
We read long and painful lists of casualties from "fearful gales," "fierce jails," "frightful hurricanes," &c., at Padstow, Falmouth, and Weymouth respectively; while a "tale of unparalleled fury" is described as felt at Weston-super-Mare and Boulogne, &c. ; so that passing occurrences, taken in connection with my warning of October 5 to 7, are sufficiently serious, if I have not (as some people seem to think I have) mistaken in the period of greatest danger altogether.


1869 Saxby Gale, Naming of the storm, Letter to the Editor, Sept. 16, 1869
I am sorry to say that they present of weather has nothing to do with the equinox : these are not equinoctial gales; they are to come. The mere equinoxes has only power to cause a serious disturbance when it occurs in unison with luni-solar influences. We must remember the present prevailing succession of gales set in a few hours before my marked 6th to 10th inst. (we will say within bounds), more than a fortnight before the equinox actually takes place. Equinoctial gales are the effect of an equinox, which effect must, of course, be preceded by the cause. As well we might expect to hear the report of a gun a fortnight before it is fired, as to have equinoctial gales set in weeks before the sun crosses the equator, late p.m. on the 22nd inst.


1869 Saxby Gale, Naming of the storm, Letter to the Editor, Sept. 16, 1869
Letters to me from the coast manifest considerable anxiety as to October 5th to 7th.


1869 Saxby Gale, Naming of the storm, Letter to the Editor, Sept. 16, 1869
It is a high responsibility, but with my strong convictions, resulting from experience, what am I to do when asked whether I will endeavour, as much as in me lies, to prevent loss of life and property? Can I forget the lives I may in person have assisted to save? Can one ever forget his experiences when, on many occasions, forming one of a lifeboat's crew at the Goodwin?


1869 Saxby Gale, Naming of the storm, Letter to the Editor, Sept. 16, 1869
My suggestions have been thankfully received by those whose lives would soon be periled by disregard of warnings. Fishermen may be induced not to sail for the Dogger Bank without every precaution; pilots and those whose work lies in the English Channel are forewarned and will be forearmed; and, indeed, will be better prepared for the worst if you will kindly permit me, sir, to state again the reason why I expected extreme bad weather in October. It is still imperfectly understood by the multitude.


1869 Saxby Gale, Naming of the storm, Letter to the Editor, Sept. 16, 1869
I discovered some years since that neither the moon nor the sun ever crosses the earth's equator without causing atmospheric disturbance, and especially in the winter months. The disturbance is greatly intensified when the new moon in perigee happens at such periods.


1869 Saxby Gale, Naming of the storm, Letter to the Editor, Sept. 16, 1869
Now, the new moon was in perigee (that is to say, the moon was at the part of her orbit nearest to the earth and is a direct line with the sun), on the 6th instant, thus combining three powers of attraction of the two bodies. About 30 hours afterwards the moon crossed the equator, and hence arose the continuation of atmospheric disturbance (as it always does in similar cases) which often takes so long to subsided.


1869 Saxby Gale, Naming of the storm, Letter to the Editor, Sept. 16, 1869
The consequences of this disturbance are interchanges of air currents, to the disturbance of temperature, inducing condensation of vapor, resulting in partial vacuums, which the rushing in of air tends to equilibrate; hence we have in and from these, gales and showers of a strength and quantity perfectly inestimable, except from comparisons.


1869 Saxby Gale, Naming of the storm, Letter to the Editor, Sept. 16, 1869
Now between the two causes referred to and a third cause of disturbance there was, I say, an interval of about 30 hours; but in October next all three corresponding causes will occur within a space of seven hours – i.e. perigee on the 5th at 7 a.m., lunar equinox at noon, and new moon at 2 p.m..


1869 Saxby Gale, Naming of the storm, Letter to the Editor, Sept. 16, 1869
So that even from these causes alone ought to expect in October increased disturbance; but this will furthermore be intensified by the circumstances of the sun's being nearer to us in October that it was on the 7th September by at least eight seconds of parallax, or about one quarter of his whole yearly change of distance.


1869 Saxby Gale, Naming of the storm, Letter to the Editor, Sept. 16, 1869
Therefore, one is justified in expecting (to say the least) quite as great an atmospheric disturbance early in October as we have had since 6th inst. ; and I am sorry to say the same may be expected with equal uncertainty and intensity on the 1st to 3rd November next. The warnings apply to all parts of the world; effects may be felt more in some places that in others. It is painful to have to forebode evil; but better thus than to merit self-reproach under circumstances which might lead to permanent regrets. Could I save one life, it would be very cheaply purchased in making better known certain laws of nature. – I have the honor to be Sir, your obedient servant,


1869 Saxby Gale, Naming of the storm, Op-Ed Column, Oct. 1, 1869
My attention has been drawn to a letter of Capt. Saxby, R.N., to the Standard of London in which a remarkable atmospheric disturbance is predicted for the coming 5th of October, as the result of the relative positions of the Earth, the Sun, and the Moon, on that day. It may be remembered that a similar prediction of weather likely to occur about the same period, based on similar reasoning, was given to the world some months ago, by an observer in one of the West Indian Islands. Other calculations from district sources point to like conclusions. I have been asked my opinion with regard to these forecasts; and would thus state it publicly, in the hope of doing some good.


1869 Saxby Gale, Naming of the storm, Op-Ed Column, Oct. 1, 1869
I believe that a heavy gale will be encountered here on Tuesday next, the 5th Oct., beginning perhaps on Monday night, possibly deferred as late this Tuesday night; but between those two periods it seems inevitable. At its greatest force the direction of the wind should be South West; having commenced at or near South. Should Monday, the 4th, be a warm day for the season, an additional guarantee of the coming storm will be given. Roughly speaking, the warmer it may be on the 4th, the more violent will be the succeeding storm.


1869 Saxby Gale, Naming of the storm, Op-Ed Column, Oct. 1, 1869
Apart from the theory of the moon's attraction, as applied to meteorology, – which is disbelief by many – the experience of any careful observer teaches him to look for a storm at next new moon; and the state of the atmosphere, and consequent weather lately, appears to be leading directly not only to this blow next week, but to a succession of gales during next month. Telegrams from points to the South West of us might give notice of the approach of this storm, and I trust this warning will not be unheeded.


1869 Scarborough by-election
The Scarborough by-election of 1869 was fought on 12 March 1869. The by-election was fought due to the death of the incumbent Liberal MP Sir John Vanden-Bempde-Johnstone. It was won by the unopposed Liberal candidate Sir Harcourt Vanden-Bempde-Johnstone.


1869 South Derbyshire by-election
The South Derbyshire by-election of 1869 was fought on 16 January 1869. The by-election was fought due to the death of the incumbent MP of the Conservative Party, Sir Thomas Gresley. It was won by the Conservative candidate Henry Wilmot.


1869 Spanish general election
General elections to the Cortes Generales were held in Spain on the 15 January 1869. At stake were all 352 seats in the Congress of Deputies, plus 11 Puerto Rican and 18 Cuban additional seats.


1869 Spanish general election, History
The 1869 elections were the first ones after the Glorious Revolution of 1869, and also the first ones in the Sexenio Democrático.


1869 Stafford by-election
The Stafford by-election of 1869 was fought on 7 June 1869. The by-election was fought due to the Void election of the incumbent MP of the Conservative Party, Walter Meller. It was won by the Conservative candidate Thomas Salt.


1869 Swedish general election
General elections were held in Sweden in 1869 to elect the Second Chamber of the Riksdag for a three-year term. In urban areas the elections were direct, whilst in some rural areas the vote was indirect, using electors.


1869 Swedish general election, Electoral system
Suffrage was given to men over the age of 21 who either had a taxable income of at least 800 riksdaler a year, owned a property worth at least 1,000 riksdaler, or rented a property taxed to at least 6,000 riksdaler.


1869 Swedish general election, Electoral system
The Second Chamber had one representative from every Domsaga (or two for Domsaga with a population over 40,000) and one representative for every 10,000 residents of a town (with smaller towns merged into combined constituencies). Candidates were required to be at least 25 years old.


1869 Swiss federal election
Federal elections were held in Switzerland on 31 October 1869. The Radical Left remained the largest group in the National Council.


1869 Swiss federal election, Electoral system
The 128 members of the National Council were elected in 47 single- and multi-member constituencies; there was one seat for every 20,000 citizens, with seats allocated to cantons in proportion to their population. The elections were held using a three-round system; candidates had to receive a majority in the first or second round to be elected; if it went to a third round, only a plurality was required. Voters could cast as many votes as there were seats in their constituency. In six cantons (Appenzell Innerrhoden, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Glarus, Nidwalden, Obwalden and Uri), National Council members were elected by the Landsgemeinde.


1869 Swiss federal election, Results, National Council, Summary
Voter turnout was highest in Aargau at 85.6% (higher than the 79.1% who voted in Schaffhausen, where voting was compulsory) and lowest in Schwyz and Zug at 22.1%.


1869 Taieri by-election
The 1869 Taieri by-election was a by-election held on 19 June 1869 during the 4th New Zealand Parliament in the Otago electorate of Taieri.


1869 Taieri by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP Donald Reid. The by-election was won by Henry Howorth. The runner-up was Thomas Culling, with six candidates having contested the election.


1869 Tipperary by-election
The Tipperary by-election of 1869 was fought on 27 November 1869. The by-election was fought due to the death of the incumbent MP of the Liberal Party, Charles Moore. It was won by the Independent Nationalist candidate Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa.


1869 Tower Hamlets by-election
The Tower Hamlets by-election of 1869 was fought on 8 November 1869. The by-election was fought due to the incumbent Liberal MP Acton Smee Ayrton becoming First Commissioner of Works and Public Buildings. It was retained by Acton Smee Ayrton who was unopposed.


1869 Town of Brisbane colonial by-election
The Town of Brisbane colonial by-election, 1869 was a by-election held on 10 February 1869 in the electoral district of Town of Brisbane for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.


1869 Town of Brisbane colonial by-election, History
On 30 January 1869, Theophilus Parsons Pugh, member for Town of Brisbane, resigned. George Edmondstone was elected unopposed at the resulting by-election on 10 February 1869.


1869 Town of New Plymouth by-election
The 1869 Town of New Plymouth by-election was a by-election held  on 28 April 1869 in the Town of New Plymouth electorate during the 4th New Zealand Parliament.


1869 Town of New Plymouth by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent, Harry Atkinson on 18 March 1869.


1869 Town of New Plymouth by-election
This by-election required a poll, unlike previous by-elections in the Town of New Plymouth (1862 by-election, 1863 by-election, 1864 by-election, 1865 by-election and 1867 by-election) when the sole candidate was unopposed and was declared the winner without a show of hands or poll.


1869 Town of New Plymouth by-election
Carrington, who came second was described as the Father of New Plymouth.


1869 Town of New Plymouth by-election
After the returning officer had declared the result of the poll, the candidate Mr Upjohn asked if he could have the names of the 15 people who voted for him; the returning officer said he would have to ask for permission from the Government.


1869 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
The 1869 United States Senate election in Massachusetts was held on January 19, 1869. Incumbent Charles Sumner was re-elected to a fourth term in office.


1869 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
At the time, Massachusetts elected United States senators by a majority vote of each separate house of the Massachusetts General Court: the House and the Senate.


1869 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Background
In the 1868 state legislative elections, Republicans maintained an overwhelming majority in both houses. Only 20 Democratic Representatives and two Democratic Senators were elected. This ensured Sumner's re-election in the January session, though there was some speculation that Sumner would vacate his seat to accept a Cabinet appointment in the newly elected Grant administration.


1869 United States Senate election in New York
The 1869 United States Senate election in New York was held on January 19, 1869, by the New York State Legislature. Incumbent Senator Edwin D. Morgan stood for a second term in office, but lost the support of the Republican legislative caucus in favor of Reuben Fenton.


1869 United States Senate election in New York, Background
Republican Edwin D. Morgan had been elected in February 1863 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1869.


1869 United States Senate election in New York, Background
At the State election in November 1867, 17 Republicans and 15 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1868-1869) in the State Senate. At the State election in November 1868, Democrat John T. Hoffman was elected Governor, and 75 Republicans and 53 Democrats were elected for the session of 1869 to the Assembly. The 92nd New York State Legislature met from January 5 to May 11, 1869, at Albany, New York.


1869 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates, Republican caucus
The caucus of Republican State legislators met on January 16, Assemblyman John H. Selkreg presided. All 92 legislators were present. They nominated Ex-Governor Reuben E. Fenton for the U.S. Senate. The incumbent U.S. Senator Edwin D. Morgan was very keen on his re-election, but was voted down. Speaker Truman G. Younglove had held back the appointments to the standing Assembly committees until after the caucus, and subsequent election, of a U.S. Senator, and was accused by the Morgan men to have made a bargain to favor the Fenton men with appointments after the election was accomplished. After the caucus, comparing notes, the assemblymen discovered that some of the most important committee chairmanships had been promised to a dozen different members by Speaker Younglove.


1869 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates, Republican caucus
Note: On the first ballot, 93 votes were cast, one too many, and it was annulled without announcing the result. The above stated result transpired unofficially. The blank vote caused some debate if the result was really invalidated by it, but it was finally agreed to take a second ballot.


1869 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates, Democratic caucus
The caucus of the Democratic State legislators met on January 18. State Senator Henry C. Murphy was again nominated, like in 1867.


1869 United States Senate election in New York, Election
In the Assembly, Republicans DeWitt C. Hoyt (Saratoga Co.) and James O. Schoonmaker (Ulster Co.); and Democrats James Irving (NYC), Lawrence D. Kiernan (NYC), Harris B. Howard (Rensselaer Co.), James B. Pearsall (Queens), John Tighe (Albany Co.) and Moses Y. Tilden (Columbia Co.); did not vote.


1869 United States Senate election in New York, Election
In the State Senate, Republicans Matthew Hale (16th D.) and Charles Stanford (15th D.); and Democrats Cauldwell, Thomas J. Creamer, Michael Norton (5th D.) and John J. Bradley (7th D.); did not vote.


1869 United States Senate election in New York, Result
Reuben E. Fenton was the choice of both the Assembly and the State Senate, and was declared elected.


1869 United States Senate election in New York, Aftermath
Fenton served one term, and remained in office until March 3, 1875.


1869 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania
The 1869 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on January 19, 1869. John Scott was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.


1869 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Results
The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on January 19, 1869, to elect a Senator to serve the term beginning on March 4, 1869. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:


1869 Vermont gubernatorial election
The 1869 Vermont gubernatorial election took place on September 7, 1869. Incumbent Republican John B. Page, per the "Mountain Rule", did not run for re-election to another term as Governor of Vermont. Republican candidate Peter T. Washburn, who had served in the Vermont House of Representatives and as Adjutant General of the Vermont Militia, defeated Democratic candidate Homer W. Heaton, a former member of the Vermont House, to succeed him. The 1869 election was the final time the Governor of Vermont was elected for a one-year term; terms were changed to two years beginning in 1870.


1869 Virginia gubernatorial election
Virginia's elections of 1869 occurred during the post-American Civil War Reconstruction Era and included African-American candidates and so-called "carpetbaggers", politicians from the North, often former Union Army officers, who ran in elections in southern states then under the authority of the Federal government and U.S. Army. The election included the  1869 Virginia gubernatorial election held on July 6, 1869 to elect the governor of Virginia. Gilbert Carlton Walker was elected as a "True Republican" defeating H. H. Wells, who was running as a "Radical Republican." Walker switched his party affiliation to Democratic in 1870.


1869 Virginia gubernatorial election
Elections results brought 21 African Americans to office in the Virginia House of Delegates and six to the Virginia State Senate. Thomas Bayne was a party leader among the African-American group, although he lost the election when a White Republican ran against him in the same election, splitting the vote and allowing a Democrat to win.


1869 Waikouaiti by-election
The 1869 Waikouaiti by-election was a by-election held on 27 April 1869 in the Waikouaiti electorate during the 4th New Zealand Parliament.


1869 Waikouaiti by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP Robert Mitchell.


1869 Waikouaiti by-election
The by-election was won by Francis Rich. As there were no other nominations, he was duly declared elected.


1869 Wallace by-elections
The 1869 Wallace by-elections were two by-elections held in the Wallace electorate in Southland, following two resignations during the 4th New Zealand Parliament


1869 Waterford City by-election
The Waterford City by-election of 1869 was fought on 22 November 1869. The by-election was fought due to the resignation (Inspector of Irish Fisheries) of the incumbent MP of the Liberal Party, John Aloysius Blake. It was won by the Liberal candidate Sir Henry Winston Barron.


1869 West Sussex by-election
The West Sussex by-election of 1869 was held on 17 April 1869. The by-election was held due to the succession to a peerage of the incumbent Conservative MP Henry Wyndham. It was won by the unopposed Conservative candidate the Earl of March.


1869 Westbury by-election
The Westbury by-election of 1869 was fought on 27 February 1869. The by-election was fought due to the void election of the incumbent MP of the Conservative Party, John Lewis Phipps. It was won by the Conservative candidate Charles Paul Phipps.


1869 Westmeath by-election
The Westmeath by-election of 1869 was fought on 7 January 1869. The by-election arose through the appointment of the incumbent member, Algernon Fulke Greville, as Parliamentary Groom in Waiting, requiring him to seek re-election as was the custom of the time. It was retained by Greville who was unopposed.


1869 Westmeath by-election
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1869 Wexford Borough by-election
The Wexford Borough by-election of 1869 was held on 26 February 1869. The by-election was held because the election of the incumbent Liberal MP, Richard Joseph Devereux had been declared void. It was retained by Devereux who was unopposed.


1869 Wigtown Burghs by-election
The Wigtown Burghs by-election of 1869 was held on 4 January 1869. The by-election was held due to the incumbent Liberal MP, George Young, becoming Solicitor General for Scotland. It was retained by Young who was unopposed.


1869 Wisconsin gubernatorial election
The 1869 Wisconsin gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1869. Incumbent Republican Party Governor Lucius Fairchild won re-election with over 53% of the vote, defeating Democratic candidate Charles D. Robinson.


1869 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Democratic Party
Charles D. Robinson was a businessman and newspaper publisher and had been the 3rd Secretary of State of Wisconsin. Prior to his nomination for Governor, Robinson had served in the Wisconsin State Assembly for one term, in 1850, had served as a Quartermaster with the Union Army during the American Civil War, and served one term as Mayor of Green Bay, Wisconsin, in 1866. He was the creator, writer, and publisher of the Democratic paper The Green Bay Advocate since 1846.


1869 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Republican Party
Lucius Fairchild was the incumbent Governor of Wisconsin, having been elected in the 1865 election and re-elected in 1867. Prior to his election as Governor, he was Wisconsin Secretary of State for one term. Fairchild had also been a Union Army officer in the American Civil War, having served as a Colonel in the famous Iron Brigade when they participated in fierce fighting at Gettysburg. Fairchild lost an arm due to wounds sustained at Gettysburg, and was later awarded an honorary promotion to Brigadier General.


1869 Youghal by-election
The Youghal by-election of 1869 was fought on 11 May 1869. The by-election was fought due to the election of the Liberal incumbent MP, Christopher Weguelin, being voided due to bribery. Weguelin had won the seat in the 1868 general election.


1869 Youghal by-election
It was won by another Liberal candidate Montague John Guest.


1869 college football season
The 1869 college football season was the first season of intercollegiate football in the United States. While played using improvised rules more closely resembling soccer and rugby than modern gridiron football, it is traditionally considered the inaugural college football season. The 1869 season consisted of only two games, both between Rutgers and Princeton. The first was played on November 6 at Rutgers' campus, and the second was played on November 13 at Princeton's campus. Both games were won by the home team.


1869 college football season
The first college football national championship was awarded retroactively to the two teams. Princeton was named the champion by the Billingsley Report and the National Championship Foundation, while college football research historian Parke H. Davis named Rutgers and Princeton co-champions. Various other ratings and retrospectives have rated the teams differently.


1869 college football season
The two games were played with rules very different from what is currently understood as American football, and also played under home field rules that differed from each other. However, in both games, there was no running with the ball, each team included 25 players, and the ball was perfectly spherical.


1869 college football season, First intercollegiate football game played
Modern folklore places the very first game of college football as a contest between teams from Rutgers College and the College of New Jersey, commonly known as Princeton College. Rutgers won the game by a score of 6–4. This game in reality was more reminiscent of "soccer" than "football" as known today, where each team fields eleven men, the ball could be advanced by picking it up and carrying it, and play is stopped by physically knocking down the ball-carrier. The first such game of college football in the United States in this format was played between Tufts and Harvard Colleges on June 4, 1875.


1869 college football season, Rematch
A rematch was played at Princeton a week later under Princeton rules. One of the biggest differences in rules was the awarding of a "free kick" to any player that caught the ball on the fly. This rule seriously affected the speed advantage of Rutgers that had allowed them to win the first contest. Princeton won the second game by a score of 8 to 0.


1869 college football season, Aftermath
The two schools had originally scheduled to meet three times in 1869, but the third 1869 game never took place, reportedly because of the officials at both programs who complained about more emphasis being put on the contests rather than academics and studying. Other sources claim that it may have been canceled due to disagreement over what set of rules to play under. Due to each team winning one game, the inaugural football season ended with Princeton and Rutgers each tied at 1–1, and therefore each received a partial share of the 1869 college football national championship awarded retroactively.


1869 college football season, Aftermath
Rutgers players from the first game were honored 50 years later in a ceremony at their homecoming. The last surviving member of this Rutgers team was George H. Large, who died in 1939. The last surviving member for Princeton was Robert Preston Lane, who died in 1938.


1869 college soccer season
The 1869 college soccer season was the fourth season of intercollegiate soccer in the United States. While played using improvised rules resembling American football and rugby, it is also considered one of the first ever college soccer seasons. The 1869 season consisted of only two total games, both of which occurred between Rutgers University and Princeton University; The first was played on November 6 at Rutgers' campus, and the second was played on November 13 at Princeton's campus. The games itself are also considered the first ever college football games.


1869 college soccer season
Additionally, various of college soccer codes were intended to be played between Columbia and Adelphi University, as well as Virginia Military Institute and Washington & Lee University. These matches, to record, were cancelled.


1869 college soccer season, Matches played
There were only two reported matches to be played during the season, both between teams from Rutgers College (now Rutgers University) and the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University). Rutgers won the game by a score of 6–4.


1869 college soccer season, Matches played
In addition to being considered one of the earlier soccer games reported in the United States, these two games are considered to be the first organized American college football games to ever be played.


1869 in Argentina, Deaths
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1869 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1869 in Australia.


1869 in Australian literature
This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1869.


1869 in Australian literature, Births
A list, ordered by date of birth (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of births in 1869 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of death.


1869 in Australian literature, Deaths
A list, ordered by date of death (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of deaths in 1869 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of birth.


1869 in Canada, Historical documents
Red River resident finds those who are opposed to the Metis provisional government are unwilling to resist it


1869 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1869 in Chile.


1869 in India, Deaths
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1869 in Japan
Events from the year 1869 in Japan. It corresponds to Meiji 2 in the Japanese calendar.


1869 in Liberia
The following lists events that happened during 1869 in Liberia.


1869 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during 1869 in New Zealand.


1869 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1869 in South Africa.


1869 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1869 to Wales and its people.


1869 in architecture
The year 1869 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1869 in baseball
The following are the baseball events of the year 1869  throughout the world.


1869 in baseball, Professional matches
At its December 1868 meeting the NABBP permitted professional clubs for the first time. There had been no professional clubs outside the Association, and no brand new professional clubs were established for 1869. Rather, the entire first-year effect of the change was that twelve existing members declared professional status. All of them had fielded at least regionally strong teams in 1868 and most if not all had compensated at least some of their players. (Some compensation of players continued in the amateur field.)


1869 in baseball, Professional matches
The Cincinnati Red Stockings were first to sign an all-salary team, ten men for eight months. From the west, the strongest team in Cleveland also joined the pro field. From the eastern corridor there were ten including all of the one-time champions and claimants.


1869 in baseball, Professional matches
Cincinnati was unbeatable. Otherwise the record of professional matches (see table) is remarkable for its balance, relative to the records of the stronger teams during the amateur era and to most of the following pro seasons.


1869 in baseball, Professional matches
The Irvingtons did not travel, or win; after July they played only two matches with the Mutuals (four in all). Forest City of Cleveland did not travel far, only to Cincinnati and upstate New York. Those two did not face each other or any of the three teams standing just above them. That imbalance, typical of the time, contributed to the losing records of all five. Weaker teams were weaker gate attractions with less incentive and almost always less ability to travel.


1869 in baseball, Professional matches
The Irvingtons disbanded and the Keystones returned to amateur ranks, but all the others remained in the professional field for 1870. Indeed, all but Cincinnati remained in operation at least to 1872.


1869 in baseball, Amateur clubs
The amateur ranks during 1869 probably included some clubs who compensated their players by traditional methods such as division of the gate receipts (as Spalding said of Rockford by the end of the decade). Four of the amateurs would "go pro" in 1870, including the Forest City of Rockford, Illinois, with some success.


1869 in baseball, Amateur clubs
The professional field was relatively strong in 1869 and its weaker teams did not play many games. The Forest Citys did not beat any pro teams, but they played only four matches with Cincinnati, losing three by twenty runs and one by merely 14–15 on July 24. (They traveled no further than Detroit and Ohio while eastern pros also traveled no further than Ohio, home of their westernmost rivals. Even so, the Forest Citys of Rockford and Cleveland did not get together.)


1869 in baseball, Amateur clubs
The Stars of Brooklyn, led by pitcher Candy Cummings, won 2 of 7 matches with pro teams, beating the Mutuals 26–12 on June 19 and the visiting Olympics of Washington 49–11 on July 19. They lost five to the Mutuals and Atlantics by only 28 runs, total margin. Harvard college won 1 of 6 against pros, beating the powerful Athletics of Philadelphia 35–21 on July 9; the next day they lost a close one to the much weaker Keystones. Against amateurs Star won fourteen with one defeat; Harvard won thirteen with one draw. Next season they would win six each against the slightly larger pro field.


1869 in baseball, Amateur clubs
Lowell of Boston, listed among the major teams by Bill Ryczek, played three fairly close game against the pros, losing 21–26 to the Mutuals, 9–29 to undefeated Red Stockings, and 33–38 to the Eckfords.


1869 in baseball, Amateur clubs
Pastime of Baltimore won 2 of 9 against pro teams, including 1 of 4 local matches Maryland and one with the Troy Haymakers. The Olympics, Mutuals, Athletics, and Keystones beat them four teams by only 32 runs, total margin. Resolute of Elizabeth, New Jersey beat Irvington 16–15 and lost twice to the Eckfords.


1869 in baseball, Amateur clubs
These six amateur teams barely faced each other on the field: Lowell lost six to its local rival Harvard and one to Star (July 5, the Fourth being a Sunday that year). Harvard toured for ten days but played only the professional Eckfords in New York City.


1869 in birding and ornithology
Birds described in 1869 include Hartlaub's spurfowl, subantarctic shearwater, Himalayan vulture, Palani laughingthrush, Anchieta's barbet and the long-tailed myna.


1869 in birding and ornithology, Events
John Gerrard Keulemans was persuaded by Richard Bowdler Sharpe to illustrate his A Monograph of the Alcedinidae, or Family of Kingfishers (1868-1871)


1869 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1869.


1869 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1869.


1869 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1869 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1869 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1869 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1869.


1869 in science
The year 1869 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.


1869 in sports
1869 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1869 in the United Kingdom, Births
16 August - Vincent Lambert, Suspected Vampire (Unknown date of death)


1869–70 New South Wales colonial election
The 1869–70 New South Wales colonial election was held between 3 December 1869 and 10 January 1870. This election was for all of the 72 seats in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly and it was conducted in 52 single-member constituencies, six 2-member constituencies and two 4-member constituencies, all with a first past the post system. Suffrage was limited to adult white males. The previous parliament of New South Wales was dissolved on 15 November 1869 by the Governor, Lord Belmore, on the advice of the Premier, John Robertson.


1869–70 New South Wales colonial election
There was no recognisable party structure at this election; instead the government was determined by a loose, shifting factional system.


1869–70 New South Wales colonial election, Results
New South Wales colonial election, 3 December 1869 – 10 January 1870 Legislative Assembly << 1864–65–1872 >>


186th (2/2nd West Riding) Brigade
The 186th (2/2nd West Riding) Brigade was a formation of the Territorial Force of the British Army. It was assigned to the 62nd (2nd West Riding) Division and served on the Western Front during the First World War.


186th (2/2nd West Riding) Brigade, Formation
The infantry battalions did not all serve at once, but all were assigned to the brigade during the war.


186th (Kent) Battalion, CEF
The 186th (Kent) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Chatham, Ontario, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 in Kent County, Ontario. After sailing to England in March 1917, the battalion was absorbed into the 4th Reserve Battalion on April 7, 1917. The 186th (Kent) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. Smith Neil.


186th (Kent) Battalion, CEF
The 186th Battalion is perpetuated by The Essex and Kent Scottish.


186th (Kent) Battalion, CEF, Sources
Meek, John F. Over the Top! The Canadian Infantry in the First World War. Orangeville, Ont. : The Author, 1971.


186th Aero Squadron
The 186th Aero Squadron was a United States Army Air Service unit that fought on the Western Front during World War I.


186th Aero Squadron
The squadron was assigned as an Army Observation Squadron, performing long-range, strategic reconnaissance over the entire length of the United States First Army sector of the Western Front in France. After the 1918 Armistice with Germany, the squadron was assigned to the United States Third Army, VII Corps Observation Group at Trier Airfield, Germany as part of the Allied Occupation of the Rhineland.


186th Aero Squadron
The squadron was demobilized in Germany during July 1919 and its members returned to the United States. There is no modern United States Air Force unit that shares its lineage and history.


186th Aero Squadron, History, Origins
The squadron was formed at Kelly Field, Texas, on or about 16 November 1917. It consisted of forty men transferred from the 25th Aero Squadron and 110 previously unassigned recruits from Kelly Field No. #1. The first official duty of the 186th was operation at the flying school where it was organized. From November 1917 to 20 January 1918 the 186th operated at the flying school there at Kelly Field, flying Curtiss JN-4 trainers and learning the basics of flying. With its initial training completed, the squadron was ordered on 20 January to proceed to the Aviation Concentration Center, Camp Mills, Garden City, New York, from which it would proceed overseas for duty.


186th Aero Squadron, History, Origins
The transportation of the squadron from Kelly Field to Camp Mills was accomplished with some good humor, much complaining, a few drunks, a minor accident or two, a few stray kisses administered to the men from patriotic American girls who desired to help make the world "free for democracy", but there were no casualties. The train jumped the track at Basile, Louisiana, which gave the men a chance to sample some good Southern liquor. One man was placed under arrest for disorderly conduct. At Washington, D.C., the Red Cross ladies served sandwiches and coffee, but no liquor. No arrests were made.


186th Aero Squadron, History, Origins
The 186th arrived at Aviation Concentration and Supply Camp No. 2, about two miles from Hempstead, New York, on 24 January 1918. At this point most of the troops went A.W.O.L. to visit relatives and others, principally others. After five days through the worst weather that Long Island is capable of, the 186th embarked on the White Star Line RMS Adriatic. At Halifax, Nova Scotia, the Adriatic waited for three days for a convoy, prior to the trans-Atlantic crossing. The northern climate froze you stiff. The squadron was inspected on the deck with the thermometer at sixteen below zero.


186th Aero Squadron, History, Origins
Three enlisted men were taken from the ship here on account of mumps. The voyage across the Atlantic lasted sixteen days. Many were seasick and therefore had no fear of submarines. A seasick man had one advantage over the rest; a submarine would relieve his misery. The 186th won the majority of prizes in the boxing contests of the Adriatic, Kid Dayton starred.


186th Aero Squadron, History, Training in England
The 186th arrived at Liverpool, England on 16 February 1918 where three men were admitted to the hospital, two for measles and the other for suspected meningitis. They left Liverpool the same date, proceeding to Rest Camp Woodley, Romsey, near Winchester, arriving late that night. The squadron stayed at Romsey ten days under quarantine during which time all flying and medical personnel were transferred out. The squadron was split here into four flights and sent to different posts in England for additional training prior to being sent into combat in France. The division was as follows: "A" Flight to RFC Lilbourne, near Rugby; "B" Flight to RFC Castle Bromwich, Birmingham, and "C" and "D" Flights to RFC Rendcombe, near Cirencester. All flights were placed under the instruction of the Royal Flying Corps (RFC).


186th Aero Squadron, History, Training in England
On 5 April 1918, "A" Flight was transferred to RFC Port Meadow, Oxford, and "B" Flight to RFC Rendcombe. During "B" Flights stay in Castle Bromwich, mumps developed and the entire flight was placed under quarantine for three weeks during which time they were put to work on a farm. This flight participated in the Allied parade in the city of Birmingham which was given in the honor of the Red Cross. The flights at Rendcombe went to Cheltenham, on 4 July and were entertained by the citizens of the city. There was a baseball game between the 186th and the 199th Aero Squadron, both of which were guests of the town.


186th Aero Squadron, History, Training in England
While the squadron was in England they received instruction with different types of English planes, some of which are as follows: Bristol F.2 Fighters, Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2Es, Avro 504s, D.H. 6's, R.E. 8's. Sopwith Camels, Sopwith Pups and Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5s. This instruction was all practical; the men worked on the planes and were made responsible for their upkeep and efficiency.


186th Aero Squadron, History, Arrival in France
After six months training in England, on 17 August 1918 the squadron was re-assembled in Winchester, where they were equipped for duty in France. The 186th started for Southampton on 23 August 1918 where they went into camp awaiting transportation across the Channel. Embarked on board the S.S. Yale on 27 August, the cross-channel journey was made and the squadron disembarked at Le Havre, France the next morning. The squadron left Le Havre the next morning in French box cars fittingly called by the men "side door Pullmans". Their destination was unknown to them.


186th Aero Squadron, History, Arrival in France
After two-day and three nights they arrived at the St. Maixent Aerodrome, which was the processing base for new American units arriving in France. On 7 September the squadron were again loaded in the boxcars and arrived at Air Service Production Center No. 2, Romorantin Aerodrome, after two days of monotonous riding. After one week at Romoratin the 186th was again loaded into the famous side door Pullmans en route to the 1st Air Depot at Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome, arriving on 17 September for equipment issue. It then proceeded to the Autreville Aerodrome from there in trucks.


186th Aero Squadron, History, Arrival in France
It was expected that the squadron's stay at Autreville would be no longer than the time necessary to draw supplies and get filled up with pilots and observers. At the time it was realized that a shortage of pilots and observers existed but it was never thought that it would take six weeks to get them ten of each. There were at this time about six squadrons in the neighborhood of Colombey-les-Belles waiting for their flyers. While here ships were drawn, which consisted of eighteen Salmson 2A2s, supposedly the last word in French observation airplanes.


186th Aero Squadron, History, Arrival in France
They were equipped with radio and guns, etc., and as far as the airplanes went the squadron was ready for work on the front about 1 October 1918, but as to flying personnel there was only one complete team assigned, one pilot and one observer. At this place all supplies were drawn, including radio equipment, armament, spare parts, etc., but as to transportation it was not thought necessary. One truck was placed at the disposal of the squadron for about six hours a day to draw all the material from Colombey-les Belles. Since all of the radio equipment was new and untried many radio tests from the air were made at Autreville and others were made later.


186th Aero Squadron, History, Combat operations
On 27 October 1918 the squadron was assigned to the First Army Observation Group and moved on the 29th, to Souilly Aerodrome for combat operations. All supplies, personnel, and equipment were transported the same day. The planes were transported by air. At Souilly one truck was all the transportation in the possession of the squadron. This one truck was used to draw rations, for aerial field service, for transportation of personnel to and from town, for hauling water, for all transportation of supplies and for hauling fuel.


186th Aero Squadron, History, Combat operations
The 186th participated in the operation of the two Argonne-Meuse offensives. The first trip over the lines were made 5 November 1918, by 2d Lt. Donald B. Phillips, pilot and 2d Lt. John B. Holmberg, observer. This plane furnished protection for a plane of the 88th Aerp Squadron which was on the same aerodrome with the 186th and was glad to cooperate in permitting our fliers to acquire experience over the lines in company with their old experienced skippers.


186th Aero Squadron, History, Combat operations
The squadron was held up in starting work over the lines because they were the first American squadron assigned to the long distance reglage work, (flying to strict map coordinates). This was new to them, and it was necessary to make considerable liaisons to the French squadrons that knew how this work should be done. There were also difficulties in the coordination with the infantry units the squadron was programmed to support, with the rapid advance of the units. On 6 November, the 186th moved again, to the nearby Lemmes Aerodrome.


186th Aero Squadron, History, Combat operations
On 8 November, 2d Lt. Fred C. Griffith, pilot and 2d Lt. Kenneth F. Potter, Observer, furnished protection for contact patrol northwest of Verdun. On 10 November a reconnaissance of German territory within the triangle of towns of Stenay, Montmedy and Olizy was made by 1st Lt. Clarence M. Smith, pilot and 1st Lt . Sidney S. Stocking, observer, and considerable valuable information was brought back but the ending of the war the following day impaired a great deal undoubtedly the value of that information. By the Armistice on 11 November the squadron had suffered no casualties nor had they received confirmation of any victories.


186th Aero Squadron, History, Third Army of occupation
As far as the squadron were concerned, the armistice was signed on 16 November for on that night an entire hangar was set aside for a party which included every enlisted man and every officer in the squadron. There were numerous speeches and songs not to mention a twenty-piece band from Rampont.


186th Aero Squadron, History, Third Army of occupation
This party lasted into the wee hours of the morning and everyone "did his bit", and it is hard to tell even to this day which was the utmost in the minds of the jolly squadron that night, the signing of the armistice or a celebration of the anniversary of the organization of the 186th Aero Squadron.


186th Aero Squadron, History, Third Army of occupation
The squadron was back at Souilly Aerodrome on 24 November, and remained there until 15 April 1919 when the First Army Observation Group was demobilized, and the squadron was reassigned to Trier Airdrome, Germany to serve as part of the occupation force of the Rhineland under the Third Army Air Service, VII Corps Observation Group. At Trier, the squadron was able to perform test flights on surrendered German aircraft. Flights of the Fokker D.VII, Pfalz D.XII, Halberstadts and Rumpler aircraft were made and evaluations were made.


186th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization
On 12 May 1919, orders were received from Third Army for the squadron to demobilize. It was ordered to report to the 1st Air Depot at Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome, to turn in all of its supplies and equipment and was relieved from duty with the AEF. The squadron's Salmson aircraft were delivered to the Air Service American Air Service Acceptance Park No. 1 at Orly Aerodrome to be returned to the French. There practically all of the pilots and observers were detached from the squadron. One of the personnel assigned to squadron in May 1919 was Donald Wilson.


186th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization
Personnel at Colombey were subsequently assigned to the commanding general, services of supply, and ordered to report to one of several staging camps in France. There, personnel awaited scheduling to report to one of the base ports in France for transport to the United States and subsequent demobilization. The 186th Aero Squadron returned from Europe in June and was demobilized at Mitchell Field, New York.


186th Air Refueling Wing
The 186th Air Refueling Wing is a unit of the Mississippi Air National Guard stationed at Meridian Regional Airport, Mississippi. The 153d Air Refueling Squadron, assigned to the Wing's 186th Operations Group, was established on 18 August 1939 as the 153d Observation Squadron, one of the 29 National Guard observation squadrons formed before World War II.


186th Air Refueling Wing
The group was first organized in October 1962 as the 186th Tactical Reconnaissance Group. It served in the reconnaissance role until 1992, when it received Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers and converted to an air refueling mission.


186th Air Refueling Wing, Overview
The 186th Air Refueling Wing provides worldwide air refueling support to combat commands of the United States Air Force, and to other United States military forces and the military forces of allied nations flying the KC-135 Stratotanker. With over 1,200 officers and airmen, the 186th is made up of mostly traditional guardsmen, but about one third of the members are full-time air technicians or active Guardsmen or reservists. The 186th also supports a Fairchild RC-26B Metroliner aircraft, modified to conduct intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance mission.


186th Air Refueling Wing, Overview
The 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission recommended that the wing's KC-135R aircraft be transferred to the 128th Air Refueling Wing, 134th Air Refueling Wing and the 101st Air Refueling Wing. Its fire fighter positions would move to the 172d Airlift Wing at Allen C. Thompson Field Air National Guard Base, but its expeditionary combat support would remain in place.


186th Air Refueling Wing, Overview
In 2011, the wing began transferring its KC-135 aircraft in preparation for transition to an airlift wing as the Formal Training Unit for the C-27J Spartan aircraft. In 2013, this decision was reversed following a related decision to eliminate the C-27J from the Air Force and Air National Guard inventory. The wing retained its status as an air refueling wing and began re-equipping again with the KC-135.


186th Air Refueling Wing, History, Tactical reconnaissance
On 15 October 1962, the Mississippi Air National Guard 153d Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron and its support elements expanded to form a group, and the 186th Tactical Reconnaissance Group was activated. The 153d becoming the group's flying squadron. Other units assigned to the group were the 186th Material Squadron, 186th Combat Support Squadron, and the 186th USAF Dispensary. Initially equipped with Republic RF-84F Thunderflash tactical reconnaissance aircraft, the group trained in normal peacetime operations.


186th Air Refueling Wing, History, Tactical reconnaissance
In 1970 Tactical Air Command retired the group's Thunderstreakss and they were replaced by the McDonnell RF-101C Voodoo. In 1979 the Voodoos were again replaced by McDonnell RF-4C Phantom IIs. In 1990 during the Gulf Crisis, several aircraft and support personnel were activated and deployed to Doha International Airport, Qatar, where they became part of the 35th Tactical Fighter Wing (Provisional) during Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm.


186th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling
In 1992 the squadron's 186th Tactical Reconnaissance Group was realigned to an air refueling unit and its RF-4Cs were retired. The squadron was equipped with Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers. The group has seen worldwide duty with the KC-135, supporting Operation Display Determination, Operation Provide Relief, Operation Restore Hope, Operation Support Justice, Operation Deny Flight, Operation Northern Watch, Operation Noble Eagle, Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom.


186th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling
The wing's additional mission recalls its roots as a reconnaissance unit. Its RC-26 supports law enforcement agencies in their counterdrug efforts and also deploys overseas for imagery collection for combatant commanders. The C-26 program has worked directly with law enforcement agencies since 1996 providing National Guard support to battle illegal narcotics and illicit drugs. Overseas deployments have supported Department of Defense and United States Southern Command objectives in South America. The C-26 is manned full-time and the program is managed through the Mississippi National Guard Counterdrug Coordinator's office.


186th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling
In September 2008 the Air Force and Air National Guard officials agreed to establish a temporary mission qualification training detachment within the wing called "Project Liberty" for the Beechcraft MC-12 Liberty aircraft at Key Field to bolster the Department of Defense's intelligence gathering capability in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. On 29 April 2009, the first MC-12W arrived at Key Field. This mission, designated Project Liberty, will train approximately 1,000 students over a two-year period. All crewmembers, two pilots, a sensor operator and a signals intelligence specialist trained at Key Field.


186th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling
In 2011, the 186th began converting to the C-27J Spartan in preparation to become the formal training unit for all C-27 crew training. However, cuts in Department of Defense spending eliminated the C-27J from the active inventory and in 2013, the wing returned to flying the Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker.


186th Air Refueling Wing, History, Air refueling
During the COVID-19 Pandemic, the Wing provided staff to assist with Covid-19 testing and, later, vaccinations.


186th Air Refueling Wing, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


186th Airlift Squadron
The 186th Airlift Squadron is a unit of the Montana Air National Guard 120th Airlift Wing located at Great Falls International Airport (Air National Guard Base), Montana. The 186th is equipped with the C-130H Hercules.


186th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
The 404th Fighter Squadron was activated at Richmond Army Air Base, Virginia in the summer of 1943 as one of the three original squadrons of the 371st Fighter Group. The squadron trained in the northeastern United States with Republic P-47 Thunderbolts under First Air Force before moving overseas in the spring of 1944.


186th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
Upon arriving in England, the squadron became an element of Ninth Air Force at Bisterne Close, England. The squadron's first combat operation was a fighter sweep over Occupied France. Prior to Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy, the 404th flew fighter sweeps, dive bombing and escort missions.


186th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
On D-Day, 6 June 1944, the squadron patrolled the beachhead. attacking railroads, trains, vehicles. gun emplacements and other targets. Soon after the invasion, the squadron moved to France and participated in the air interdiction that preceded the Allied breakout at St Lo in late July and supported the following drive across northern France. It continued to operate in northeastern France and southwestern Germany through the winter of 1945, attacking storage dumps, marshalling yard, factories, bridges, roads, and vehicles. In December 1944 it provided close air support for ground forces engaged in the Battle of the Bulge.


186th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
The squadron was awarded a Distinguished Unit Citation for its attacks between 15 and 21 March 1945 that contributed to the defeat of Axis forces in southern Germany. It continued combat operations until the Surrender of Germany in May. The squadron remained with the occupation forces in Germany and Austria until October 1945 when it returned to the United States and was inactivated.


186th Airlift Squadron, History, Montana Air National Guard
The wartime 404th Fighter Squadron was redesignated as the 186th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Montana National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Gore Field, Great Falls, Montana and was extended federal recognition on 27 June 1947. The squadron was equipped with F-51D Mustangs and was allotted to the Fourth Air Force, Continental Air Command by the National Guard Bureau.


186th Airlift Squadron, History, Montana Air National Guard
Within two weeks of its activation six F-51Ds arrived. As part of the Continental Air Command Fourth Air Force, the unit trained for tactical bombing missions and air-to-air combat. Eighty-nine days after activation, tragedy struck the fledgling unit. En route to pick up the adjutant general in Helena, the A-26 Invader Lt. Col. Sperry was flying went down in a heavy snowstorm. The wreckage could not be found until the following summer. Aboard also was Sgt. Charles Glover, for whom the street along the east side of building 64 is named.


186th Airlift Squadron, History, Montana Air National Guard
On 1 April 1951, the unit was activated for duty in South Korea. Personnel were sent to Moody AFB, Ga., and ten F-51s were shipped to Korea. The squadron became a F-51D Fighter-Bomber training unit. The 186th was returned to Montana State control in November 1952 and on 1 January 1953, the squadron was reformed at Gore Field with Captain Rodger D. Young as Commander. Promoted to Colonel, Young served as Group Commander until 1966 when he was promoted to Brig. General and Chief of Staff for Air for the 120th Fighter Group until his retirement in 1973. Under the Command of Brig Gen. Young the unit flew the F-86, F-94, F-89, F102 and F-106 fighters.


186th Airlift Squadron, History, Montana Air National Guard
After the Korean War, the squadron was equipped with the long-range F-51H Mustang and became a part of Air Defense Command. The unit received its first jet aircraft in December 1952, a T-33 Shooting Star. In early 1953 it was equipped with F-86A Sabre jet interceptors. The squadron was redesignated the 186th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron on 1 November 1953 and adopted the "Charlie Chicken" patch. By July 1955 the transition from the F-51H Mustang to the F-86A Sabre was complete.


186th Airlift Squadron, History, Montana Air National Guard
On 1 July 1955, the 186th was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 120th Fighter Group (Air Defense) was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 186th FIS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 120th Headquarters, 120th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 120th Combat Support Squadron, and the 120th USAF Dispensary. Also in 1955, the F-86A day interceptors were replaced by the F-94A Starfire all-weather interceptor.


186th Airlift Squadron, History, Montana Air National Guard
In 1958, the 120th implemented the ADC Runway Alert Program, in which interceptors of the 186th FIS were committed to a five-minute runway alert, a task that would last for 38 years. The arrival of the F-102 Delta Dagger in 1966 ushered in the supersonic age. In 1968 Air Defense Command was re-designated as Aerospace Defense Command (ADCOM). In 1972, the unit was redesignated the 120th Fighter-Interceptor Group and assigned the F-106 Delta Dart, the first Air National Guard unit to receive this aircraft.


186th Airlift Squadron, History, Montana Air National Guard
With the F-106, the squadron competed in and won its first William Tell, a live-fire missile competition held at Tyndall AFB, Florida. Performed air defense duties along the northern tier of the United States until 1978 when ADCOM was merged into Tactical Air Command. Continued air defense mission for ADTAC component of TAC with the F-106s, transferring to First Air Force when ADTAC was replaced in 1985.


186th Airlift Squadron, History, Montana Air National Guard
The 186th FS converted from the F-106A to the F-16A/B Fighting Falcon in mid-1987. The conversion happened earlier than was scheduled and the 186th FIS was to be the last squadron to lose its F-106s. The first aircraft were older block 5 and 10 models with some block 15 airframes also being delivered to the squadron. Main task for the unit was air defense, as with many ANG units who were equipped with the F-16. In 1991 the F-16s were brought up to the Air Defense Fighter (ADF) variant.


186th Airlift Squadron, History, Montana Air National Guard
This meant a serious leap in performance and capability of this squadron in their defensive role. This situation was maintained up until 2001 when the squadron started receiving more modern F-16C block 30 aircraft with a large intake. This conversion replaced the air defense mission with one of general purpose/air-to-ground as part of the Expeditionary Aerospace Force.


186th Airlift Squadron, History, Montana Air National Guard
With the conversion, unit members felt it was time to consider a change in the aircraft tail markings. The most notable change included the 186th Fighter Squadron's nickname of "Vigilantes". The nickname by the pilots of the 186th is intended to honor the first men in the Montana Territory who organized for the safety and welfare of the people.


186th Airlift Squadron, History, Montana Air National Guard
The squadron once again found itself on alert status after the terrorism attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C. Base personnel implemented the necessary procedures to establish a secure environment while maintaining a 24-hour alert status for aircraft. Throughout 2002, hundreds of unit personnel were activated and deployed to multiple locations in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and the world.


186th Airlift Squadron, History, Montana Air National Guard
As a result of the 2005 BRAC decisions the unit converted to the F-15C/D during 2008 and revert to an all-air defense unit. In early December 2007 the first F-16 left Great Falls being transferred to the 158th Fighter Wing, Vermont ANG. By the summer of 2008, eighteen F-15C Eagles had been transferred from the 131st Fighter Wing at St. Louis due to its conversion to the 131st Bomb Wing, flying the B-2 stealth bomber.


186th Airlift Squadron, History, Montana Air National Guard
As a result of the 2010 Total Force Structure Change, the F-15s of the 120th Fighter Wing were transferred to the 144th Fighter Wing of the California Air National Guard and C-130s of the 19th Airlift Wing from Little Rock AFB, Arkansas were transferred to Great Falls. As a result, the 186th Fighter Squadron was rechristened as the 186th Airlift Squadron.


186th Airlift Squadron, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


186th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)
The 185th Division (Chinese: 第186师) was created in January 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 45th Brigade, 15th Column of Huabei Military Region. Its history could be traced to 3rd Military Sub-district, Taiyue Military District of Jinjiluyu Military Region formed in August 1948.


186th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)
The division was composed of 556th, 557th and 558th Infantry Regiments. As a part of 62nd Corps the division took part in the Chinese Civil War, including the Taiyuan Campaign, Fumei Campaign and Lanzhou Campaign.


186th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)
Since March 1950 the division was combined with Kangding Military Sub-district of Xikang Military District. Since then the division took part in the Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Southwestern China.


186th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)
In September 1952, the division with its 556th, 557th Infantry Regiments, combining with 553rd Infantry Regiment from 185th Division were transferred to 16th Corps' control. Tank Regiment, 185th Division was then activated.


186th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)
In November 1952, the division was transferred to Air Defense Command of Northeastern Military Region.


186th Infantry Regiment (United States)
The 186th Infantry Regiment is a combat regiment of the United States Army made up of soldiers from the Oregon Army National Guard. The 1st battalion of the regiment is currently active and as of February 2007 stateside, however, individual members are in Iraq as replacements for other active duty units. The 1/186th's higher headquarters is the 41st Infantry Brigade Combat Team, headquartered in Tigard, Oregon. Its higher headquarters, in turn, is the 40th Infantry Division


186th Infantry Regiment (United States), History
The 186th Infantry Regiment was constituted on 7 December 1921, as a separate Battalion in the Oregon Army National Guard. By 31 March 1922, it was re-designated the 1st Battalion, 186th Infantry, and was made up of companies from Gresham, Portland, Hood River, Cottage Grove and Medford.


186th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
For nearly twenty years, soldiers of the regiment conducted normal peacetime training, but then, in 1940, they were inducted into Federal service for a year of training. When war broke out with the attack on Pearl Harbor, the year extended into 'the duration' of World War II. The 186th, as a part of the 41st Infantry Division, was one of the first American Combat units to be sent overseas. The regiment served in the Pacific Theater, with the first year spent in further training in Australia.


186th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
Papua-New Guinea was the site of the regiment's first combat. Working with the other regiments of the division and elements of the Australian Army, the 186th helped overcome difficult resistance by Japanese troops. The Papuan campaign lasted from early January into September 1943. The regiment landed in New Guinea in April 1944 and helped secure that archipelago by late July. Following reorganization, the effort shifted to the invasion of the Philippines.


186th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II
The 186th went ashore on Palawan Island, in the southern Philippines, in February, 1945. That campaign lasted for the remainder of the war. With the 186th scheduled to take part in the invasion of Japan, planned for November, the end of the war allowed the regiment to enter Japan peacefully, as occupation troops instead. In December 1945, the regiment, and the 41st Division, were deactivated in Japan, and left active service.


186th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Post-World War II
The regiment was re-organized in December 1946, with headquarters originally located in Portland. In 1968, another re-organization reduced the regiment to a single battalion, and headquarters was moved to Ashland. The primary mission since World War II has been to train for war, though no units have been mobilized for a war mission since that time.


186th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Post-World War II
Training takes place locally most of the year. The two-week annual training normally is conducted at Ft. Lewis, Washington; Camp Roberts, CA, or Camp Rilea, OR. Companies have also traveled to England and Japan for training, and the entire 41st Brigade trained at JRTC in Louisiana in 1998.


186th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Post-World War II
Members of the 1st Battalion have also been mobilized to fight forest fires or provide assistance during floods. The increasing need for troops to supplement active Army missions has also resulted in the first federal mobilization of one of the battalion's rifle companies since World War II. As a result, Bravo company spent four months near Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, to provide security for Patriot missile batteries.


186th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Operation Enduring Freedom
As of mid-April 2002, the 1-186th Infantry was preparing to deploy for a six-month rotation and assume peacekeeping duties in the Sinai region of Egypt in July 2002, as part of the U.S. portion of the Multinational Force and Observers (MFO) mission. The unit was slated to replace the active-duty 172nd Separate Infantry Brigade out of Fort Wainwright, Alaska, which had originally been tasked to provide one of its battalions for the next MFO rotation.


186th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Operation Enduring Freedom
The switch was to enable freeing an active-duty unit for other missions related to the War on Terrorism if needed, and marked only the second time a reserve-component unit has been called upon to perform the Sinai mission. As of mid-April 2002, the 1-186th was scheduled to train at Fort Carson, CO, for the last of its mobilization requirements in May, and formally assume the U.S. portion of the MFO mission in July.


186th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Operation Enduring Freedom
The battalion also sent a company from Medford, Oregon to Afghanistan in 2006 with the 41st Infantry Brigade Combat Team as part of Combined Joint Task Force Phoenix V.


186th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom
The 1st Battalion, 186th Infantry sent one company from Roseburg, Oregon to Iraq in 2003 as part of the 2nd Battalion, 162nd Infantry. In 2005 the battalion deployed to Louisiana to conduct disaster relief operations following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita.


186th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom
In 2009 the battalion deployed to Iraq. Headquartered at Ali Air Base near Tallil, Iraq, it conducted convoy security operations as part of Multi-National Forces - Iraq and the 13th Expeditionary Sustainment Command. One company was detached to Camp Korean Village in the western desert, and the battalion had two additional companies attached to it: the 1055th Transportation Company from South Carolina and the 720th Convoy Security Company from New Mexico. The battalion returned from the deployment in April, 2010.


186th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia
A Gold color metal and enamel device 1 1⁄8 inches (2.9 cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Azure a tower (with doors partly opened) Argent masoned Or debruised by two dexter arms embowed fessways the forearms in saltire habited in chain armor each hand grasping a sword of the last the swords crossed in saltire. On a chief of the third a rose Gules barbed and seeded Proper. Attached below and to the sides of the shield a Blue scroll inscribed "CUSTODES ? PORTAE ? OCCIDENTIS" in Gold letters.


186th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia
The rose is the general flower of the Northwest. The two arms interlocked are indicative of military strength, ready to strike at an enemy who endeavors to enter the United States through the "Western Gate" (represented by the gateway in the tower). They further allude to the fact that the parent organization, the 186th Infantry Regiment, had elements in both Idaho and Oregon. The motto translates to "Guards of the Western Gate."


186th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia
The distinctive unit insignia was approved on 18 May 1925.


186th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon
Azure a tower (with doors partly opened) Gray masoned Sable debruised by two dexter arms embowed fessways the forearms in saltire habited in chain armor each hand grasping a sword Or hilted Sable the swords crossed in saltire. On a chief of the fourth a rose Gules barbed and seeded Proper.


186th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon
That for the regiments and separate battalions of the Oregon Army National Guard: On a wreath of the colors Or and Azure, a demi-disc Gules charged with the setting sun with twelve light rays Or (the shoulder sleeve insignia of the 41st Division), behind a beaver sejant Proper. Motto "Custodes Portae Occidents" (Guardians of the Western Gates)


186th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism
The rose is the general flower of the Northwest. The two arms interlocked are indicative of military strength, ready to strike at an enemy who endeavors to enter the United States through the "Western Gate" (represented by the gateway in the tower). They further allude to the fact that the parent organization, the 186th Infantry Regiment, had elements in both Idaho and Oregon.


186th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism
The crest is that of the Oregon Army National Guard.


186th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Background
The coat of arms was approved on 28 May 1924. It was amended to delete the crest for the State of Idaho on 22 April 1949.


186th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Current Units
The companies are located in seven separate towns located in Southern Oregon.


186th New York State Legislature
The 186th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 9, 1985, to December 31, 1986, during the third and fourth years of Mario Cuomo's governorship, in Albany.


186th New York State Legislature, Background
Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1938 and the U.S. Supreme Court decision to follow the One man, one vote rule, re-apportioned in 1982 by the Legislature, 61 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts for two-year terms. Senate and Assembly districts consisted of approximately the same number of inhabitants, the area being apportioned contiguously without restrictions regarding county boundaries.


186th New York State Legislature, Background
At this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The Conservative Party, the Liberal Party, the Right to Life Party, the Libertarian Party, the Communist Party, the New Alliance Party and the Workers World Party also nominated tickets.


186th New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1984, was held on November 6. No statewide elective offices were up for election. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for U.S. president, was: Republicans 3,377,000; Democrats 3,120,000; Conservatives 288,000; Liberals 118,000; Libertarians 12,000; Communists 4,000; New Alliance 3,000; and Workers World 2,000.


186th New York State Legislature, Elections
Twenty of the 23 women members of the previous legislature—State Senators Mary B. Goodhue (Rep.), a lawyer of Mount Kisco; and Olga A. Méndez (Dem. ), of East Harlem; and Assemblywomen Elizabeth Connelly (Dem. ), of Staten Island; Pinny Cooke (Rep.), of Rochester; Geraldine L. Daniels (Dem. ), of the Bronx; Gloria Davis (Dem. ), of the Bronx; Eileen C. Dugan (Dem. ), of Brooklyn; Aurelia Greene (Dem. ), of the Bronx; Julia Harrison (Dem. ), of Queens; Rhoda S. Jacobs (Dem. ), of Brooklyn; Cynthia Jenkins (Dem. ), a librarian of Queens; Gerdi E. Lipschutz (Dem. ), of Queens; Helen M. Marshall (Dem. ), a teacher and librarian of Queens; Nettie Mayersohn (Dem. ), of Queens; Mary M. McPhillips (Dem. ), of Middletown; May W. Newburger (Dem. ), of Great Neck; Barbara Patton (Dem. ), a lawyer of Hempstead; Toni Rettaliata (Rep.), of Huntington; Louise M. Slaughter (Dem. ), of Fairport; and Helene Weinstein (Dem. ), a lawyer of Brooklyn—were re-elected.


186th New York State Legislature, Elections
Nancy Larraine Hoffmann (Dem. ), of Syracuse; Velmanette Montgomery (Dem. ), of Brooklyn; and Suzi Oppenheimer (Dem. ), of Mamaroneck; were also elected to the State Senate. Catherine Nolan (Dem. ), of Queens, was also elected to the Assembly. Thus the 186th Legislature began having 24 women members, surpassing the previous record of 23 in the 185th New York State Legislature (1983–1984).


186th New York State Legislature, Elections
The New York state election, 1985, was held on November 5. One vacancy in the State Senate was filled.


186th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the first regular session (the 208th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 9, 1985; and recessed indefinitely on June 30.


186th New York State Legislature, Sessions
Warren M. Anderson (Rep.) was re-elected Temporary President of the Senate. On February 1, 1985, Lt. Gov. DelBello resigned, and Anderson acted as lieutenant governor until the end of 1986.


186th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for a special session on December 10, 1985. This session was called by Governor Cuomo to consider legislation concerning malpractice insurance rates; the sale of all State holdings in companies which do business in South Africa; the time limit for suits in cases of harm by toxic substances; hostile corporate takeovers; low-income housing in New York City; and municipal liability insurance rates.


186th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for the second regular session (the 209th) at the State Capitol in Albany on January 8, 1986; and recessed indefinitely on July 3.


186th New York State Legislature, Sessions
The Legislature met for another special session from December 11 to 30, 1986. This session was called by Governor Cuomo to consider legislation concerning the creation of 23 judgeships in New York City; the financing of the mass transit system in New York City; a revision of the State's tax system; and subsidies for elderly people to buy prescription drugs.


186th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Eugene Levy changed from the Assembly to the Senate.


186th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


186th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assembly members
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.


186th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assembly members
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


186th Ohio Infantry Regiment
The 186th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 186th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 186th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


186th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 186th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, in February 1865 and mustered in for one year service under the command of Colonel Thomas Francis Wilder.


186th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 2nd Separate Division, Department of the Cumberland, to May 1865. 2nd Brigade, 1st Separate Division, District of the Etowah, Department of the Cumberland, to July 1865. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, District of East Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to September 1865.


186th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 186th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service September 18, 1865, at Nashville, Tennessee, and was discharged September 25, 1865, at Columbus, Ohio.


186th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Left Ohio for Nashville, Tennessee, March 2. Moved to Murfreesboro, Tennessee, March 8, 1865; then to Cleveland, Tennessee, and duty there until May. Moved to Dalton, Georgia, May 2; then to Chattanooga, Tennessee, May 10, and duty there until July 20. Moved to Nashville, Tennessee, July 20, and duty there until September 19. Ordered to Columbus, Ohio, September 19, and mustered out September 25, 1865.


186th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 50 enlisted men during service; 1 killed and 49 due to disease.


186th Paratroopers Regiment "Folgore"
The 186th Paratroopers Regiment "Folgore" (Italian: 186° Reggimento Paracadutisti "Folgore") is an active unit of the Italian Army based in Siena in Tuscany. The regiment is part of the army's infantry corps' Paracadutisti speciality  and operationally assigned to the Paratroopers Brigade "Folgore".


186th Paratroopers Regiment "Folgore", Current structure
As of 2019 the 186th Paratroopers Regiment "Folgore" consists of:


186th Paratroopers Regiment "Folgore", Current structure
The Command and Logistic Support Company fields the following platoons: C3 Platoon, Transport and Materiel Platoon, Medical Platoon, and Commissariat Platoon. The regiment is equipped with VTLM Lince vehicles. The 11th Paratroopers Maneuver Support Company is equipped with 120mm mortars and Spike MR anti-tank guided missiles.


187
Year 187 (CLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Quintius and Aelianus (or, less frequently, year 940 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 187 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


187 (number)
187 (one hundred [and] eighty-seven) is the natural number following 186 and preceding 188.


187 (slang)
Section 187 (often referenced in slang simply as 187) of the California Penal Code defines the crime of murder. The number is commonly pronounced by reading the digits separately as "one-eight-seven", or "one-eighty-seven", rather than "one hundred eighty-seven".


187 (slang)
The number "187" has been used by gangs throughout the United States and elsewhere as a synonym for murder; this usage has been documented in Florida, Wisconsin, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Norway. It also features widely in hip-hop culture, such as in Dr. Dre's "Deep Cover".


187 (slang)
In California, suspects are usually charged by reference to one or more Penal Code (PC) sections. Thus, the charging documents for a suspect charged with murder would be inscribed with "PC 187(a)" or just "PC 187". If a suspect is charged with attempted murder, then the relevant code would be "PC 664/187" because attempt is defined in Penal Code section 664.


187 (slang), Notable uses
In the song “Deep Cover” by Dr. Dre featuring Snoop Dogg made for the film of the same name, the lyrics “And screamin’ 1-8-7 on a undercover cop” are used in reference to the police code “187” used in Los Angeles.


187 (slang), Notable uses
In the song "April 29, 1992 (Miami)" by Sublime, Bradley Nowell used the lyrics "And screamin' 1-8-7 on a motherfuckin' cop," alluding to Dr. Dre’s song. The lyrics are related to the riots that ensued after the video evidence and eye witnesses of police brutality, the beating of Rodney King and the violence that was evident during that year.


187 (slang), Notable uses
in Magic: The Gathering, destroying a creature or other permanent card via an "enters the battlefield" effect is sometimes referred to as "187".


187 BC
Year 187 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lepidus and Flaminius (or, less frequently, year 567 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 187 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


187 Fac
187 Fac, was an American rap group from Hayward, California, with two members: Den Fenn (Alvin Dennis Thomas, Jr.) and G-Nut (Gregory Savoy Brown, Jr). After releasing their debut album, The U.N.E., in 1993, they made their first guest appearance on Ant Banks' 1995 album, Do or Die. Before releasing their second album, Fac Not Fiction on Penalty Recordings in 1997, they appeared together on several albums, including: Murder Squad Nationwide,  The Rompalation, and Have Heart Have Money.


187 Fac
In 1996, they appeared on the Red Hot Organization's compilation CD, America is Dying Slowly, alongside Biz Markie, Wu-Tang Clan, and Fat Joe, among many other prominent hip hop artists. The CD, meant to raise awareness of the AIDS epidemic among African American men, was heralded as "a masterpiece" by The Source magazine.


187 Fac, Background
187 Fac's second album, Fac Not Fiction, was released in 1997 and peaked at number 81 on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. It was executive produced by Spice 1 and features guest performances by Ant Banks, B-Legit, V-Dal, Big Lurch, Captain Save 'Em and Spice 1. The group then went on to appear on several Bay Area artists' albums and compilations as a group and as solo artists.


187 Fac, Background
In 2000, the group changed their name to DenGee and released their final album, DenGee Livin'. It was produced entirely by E-A-Ski & CMT. Along with a single, a music video was released to promote the album, "VIP Status", and features a cameo appearance by producer E-A-Ski.


187 Fac, Background
G-Nut died on 9 May 2018 at the age of 46.


187 He Wrote
187 He Wrote is the second studio album by American rapper Spice 1. It was released on September 28, 1993 via Jive Records. It peaked at number 1 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and at number 10 on the Billboard 200, and being certified gold by the RIAA.


187 Lamberta
Lamberta (minor planet designation: 187 Lamberta) is a main-belt asteroid that was discovered by Corsican-born French astronomer Jérôme Eugène Coggia on April 11, 1878, and named after the astronomer Johann Heinrich Lambert. It was the second of Coggia's five asteroid discoveries.


187 Lamberta
The spectrum matches a classification of a C-type asteroid, which may mean it has a composition of primitive carbonaceous materials. It is a dark object as indicated by the low albedo and has an estimated size of about 131 km.


187 Lockdown
187 Lockdown was a British speed garage act, comprising Danny Harrison and Julian Jonah. The duo produced one album, with four singles released from it, and remixed many songs towards the end of the 1990s.


187 Lockdown
The duo also recorded under a number of other aliases, such as Gant, Ground Control, Nu-Birth and M Factor. Of these, M Factor was the most commercially successful, notching up a UK top 20 hit with the vocal version of "Mother".


187 Lockdown
After M Factor, Harrison went on become part of remix outfit Moto Blanco. Jonah still continues to work as a producer.


187 Ride By
187 Ride By is the debut album of the gangsta rapper Tweedy Bird Loc.


187 Ride or Die
187 Ride or Die is a video game for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox, developed and published by Ubisoft. It is a vehicular combat racing game and was released for the PS2 and Xbox before being ported to the PlayStation Portable under the title Street Riders.


187 Ride or Die, Gameplay
In order to become "top dog" of the game, the player must race and defeat opponents through a variety of different stages all set in Los Angeles's infamous South Central region. If playing with another player, one can be the driver and the other can be the shooter (co-op). This can be done in the story and online mode. There are a variety of modes available to the player.


187 Ride or Die, Reception
187 Ride or Die received mixed reviews on both platforms according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.


187 Strassenbande
187 Strassenbande (German for "187 streetgang") is a German hip hop and urban music formation joining a great number of German rappers mostly based in Hamburg formed in 2006. It is made up of Gzuz, Bonez MC, Maxwell, LX and Sa4, taggers and graffiti artists Frost, Gel and Track and producer Jambeatz and Lukas H and 95a. Other members included AchtVier, Hasuna and Mosh36 who left for various reasons between 2013 and 2015. The formation is considered part of the gangsta rap movement in Germany.


187 Strassenbande, Career
The group was established by Bonez MC and Frost releasing their rap work Deep Cover. Starting initially as a hip hop graffiti crew, it developed into a street band as a collaboration between many rappers mainly from Hamburg. After self-released independent releases, Bonez MC's album Krampfthaft Kriminell charted on the German albums chart in 2012. The same year the Berlin-based Mosh36 joined. Gzuz, a rapper in the band was jailed for 3 years prompting the band organizing the Free Gzuz Tour. In 2014, AchtVier left the band. The same year the album High & Hungrig by band members Gzuz and Bonez MC made it to the Top 10 of albums on the German chart. In 2015, Maxwell and LX released their joint Obststand.


187 Strassenbande, Career
Because of their popularity, band has accompanied the group Wu-Tang Clan in their German tour in 2015. The same year, Gzuz released his solo album Ebbe und Flut. In 2016, Bonez MC's album with rapper RAF Camora topped the German charts.


187 Strassenbande, Career
187 Strassenbande's 2017 release Sampler 4 has topped the German, Austrian and Swiss Albums Charts.


187 Strassenbande, Discography, Bonez MC
Bonez MC, real name John Lorenz Moser was born in Hamburg on 23 December 1985. In addition to membership in 187 Strassenbande, in 2012 he appeared on his own label Toprott Muzik with his solo album Krampfhaft kriminell followed in 2013 with the EP Kontra K. In 2014, he released his collaborative album with Gzuz titled High & hungrig. It rose to # 9 in the German charts and paved the way for commercial success and the follow up High & hungrig 2 in 2016. It topped the German Albums Chart. His uncle plays guitar in the English band The Stranglers.


187 Strassenbande, Discography, Gzuz
Gzuz, real name Kristoffer Jonas Klauß also known as Gazo was born in Hamburg on 29 June 1988. His artistic name Gzuz comes from Ghetto-Zeug unzensiert. In October 2010, he was sentenced to three years and six months in prison for robbery theft. During his imprisonment, 187 Strassenbande completed a "Free Gzuz Tour" in 2012 and sold Gzuz merchandise, such as Free Gzuz T-shirts to support him financially while incarcerated.


187 Strassenbande, Discography, Gzuz
After his release in 2013 he took part in the tour and had big success in his collaboration  with Bonez MC with the album High & hungrig in 2014 and High & hungrig 2 in 2016 with the latter topping the German Albums Chart. Between the two albums, on October 9, 2015 he released his solo album Ebbe & Flut with the album reaching number 2 in German Albums Chart.


187 Strassenbande, Discography, Maxwell
Maxwell, real name Max Kwabena, was born in Hamburg on 23 March 1993 and grew up in Hamburg's Hohenfelde district. He spent a lot of time with Bonez MC and Gzuz initially but somehow relations cooled off. A few years later, he met Bonez MC again and was incorporated in 187 Strassenbande. He was included in two tracks in High & hungrig. Being close to LX, another member of 187 Strassenbande and in 2015 he released a collaborative album Obststand with LX making it to number 5 on the German Album Chart. Together with LX, he was nominated at the Echoverleihung awards in 2016 as "Best newcomer". On March 24, 2017 Maxwell released his debut album Kohldampf, a 3-CD album. It reached number 2 on the German Albums Chart.


187 Strassenbande, Discography, LX
LX was born as Alexander Hutzler in Hamburg on 3 September 1986. He had a very difficult childhood growing up in Hamburger Plattenbauten. He started rapping in 2006 eventually joining 187 Strassenbande debuting with the third sampler of the group after being picked by Bonez MC. His pseudonym LX is an abbreviation for his civil name Alex. He was close to Maxwell another member of 187 Strassenbande  and in 2015 he released a collaborative album Obststand with Maxwell making it to number 5 on the German Album Chart.


187 Strassenbande, Discography, LX
Less than a month after the release of the album, LX was arrested and charged with several violent crimes and sentenced to 22 months in prison, before being released after serving only a part of his jail sentence. Together with Maxwell, he was nominated at the Echoverleihung awards in 2016 as "Best newcomer". However he could not attend the celebrations because he did not get a clearance for the event.


187 Strassenbande, Discography, Sa4
Sa4 was born as Anton Kolja Pehrs in Hamburg. He met Bonez MC while on the label Jentown Crhyme. 187 Strassenbande was more like a graffiti crew at the time. In 2009 Sa4 released his mixtape Undercover. In 2016, he released the Nebensache EP, which was part of the box set of the album High & Hungrig 2 by Bonez MC and Gzuz. His EP was made available as a stand-alone EP in January 2017 for downloads. Sa4 was represented on all four samplers of the 187 Strassenbande with several contributions. On 10 November 2017, he released his debut solo album Neue Deutsche Quelle that made it to number 3 on the German Albums Chart. Like most member outputs of 187 Strassenbande, his style is gangsta rap and street rap talking about crime on Hamburg streets.


187 Strassenbande, Former members, AchtVier
AchtVier, real name Timo Molloisch, was born on 26 October 1984. He left the band in 2014. AchtVier was keen on following a solo career after his first solo album Aufstand in 2011. In 2013 he released his second album  Wohlstand in 2013 making it to the Top 20 in the German Albums Chart. He announced his separation from the band on June 14, 2014. He has continued to release further solo album and in 2016 AchtVier founded his own record label Steuerfrei Money signing Hamburg rapper TaiMo.


187 Strassenbande, Former members, Hasuna
Hussain M. (Hasuna) was born in 1991 (or 1992) and comes from Lebanon. He entered 187 Strassenbande in 2010. A few months later, in 2011, he was imprisoned for about three years due to attack with a knife. He got kicked out of the gang in 2015 because of attempted murder against one of the gang members.


187 Strassenbande, Former members, Mosh36
Mosh 36, real name Shervin Rahmani, is a rapper with Iranian roots and was born in Berlin-Spandau on 25 December 1987 before moving to Hamburg in 2008. While in 187 Strassenbande, he pursued a solo career and in 2010 together with rapper Said, he had his first EP Jib followed two years later by the debut album Moshroom. In autumn of 2013, Mosh36 released his mixtape BZ (standing for Berlins Zukunft). He left the band in 2013. His third album Unikat and his first after leaving 187 Strassenbande  released in 2015 reached number 7 on the German Albums Chart. On December 15, 2016, it was announced that Mosh36 had signed on PA Sports label Life is Pain and will release his music from there.


1870
1870 (MDCCCLXX) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1870th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 870th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 70th  year of the 19th century, and the  1st   year of the 1870s decade. As of the start of 1870, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1870 (film)
1870 (Italian: Correva l'anno di grazia 1870) is a 1971 Italian drama film directed by Alfredo Giannetti.


1870 (magazine)
1870 Magazine (formerly UWeekly) is a monthly magazine based in Columbus, Ohio that primarily serves the central portion of Columbus and the Ohio State University community. Its first issue was published on September 21, 2005. The paper's writing staff is largely students from Ohio State, which are also its main audience; it is considered a student magazine in this regard, though it has no official affiliation with the university. Wayne T. Lewis is the publisher and founder. Madi Task is the Editor-In-Chief.