1888 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
On 29 April 1888, Mooncoin won the championship after a 2-02 to 0-00 defeat of Confederation in the final.


1888 Lafayette football team
The 1888 Lafayette football team was an American football team that represented Lafayette College as an independent during the 1888 college football season. Playing without a regular coach, the team compiled a 6–3 record and outscored opponents by a total of 141 to 67. Everet Camp was the team captain, and H. Fay was the manager. The team played its home games on The Quad in Easton, Pennsylvania.


1888 Lake Forest Foresters football team
The 1888 Lake Forest Foresters football team represented Lake Forest College during the 1888 college football season.


1888 Lehigh football team
The 1888 Lehigh football team represented Lehigh University in the 1888 college football season. The team finished with an overall record of 10–2.


1888 Limerick City by-election
The Limerick by-election, 1888 was a parliamentary by-election held for the United Kingdom House of Commons constituency of Limerick City on 17 April 1888. The vacancy arose because of the resignation of the sitting member, Henry Joseph Gill of the Irish Parliamentary Party. In the resulting by-election another Irish Parliamentary Party candidate, Francis Arthur O'Keefe, a solicitor and Mayor of Limerick, was elected unopposed.


1888 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
The 1888 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship was the second staging of the Limerick Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Limerick County Board in 1887.


1888 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
South Liberties won the championship after a 0-01 to 0-00 defeat of Murroe in the final. It was their first ever championship title.


1888 Liverpool City Council election
Elections to Liverpool City Council were held on Saturday 1 November 1888. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.


1888 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 9 Great George, 14 May 1889
Caused by the resignation of Councillor Thomas Bird Hall (Conservative, Great George, elected 1 November 1886) reported to the Council on 1 May 1889.


1888 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 12, Lime Street, 8 August 1889
Caused by the death of Councillor Sir James Allanson Picton (Liberal, Lime Street, elected 1 November 1888)on 15 July 1889.


1888 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 2, Scotland
Caused by the death of Councillor Patrick Edmund O'Hare (Irish Home Rule, Scotland, elected 29 December 1887) on 3 October 1889.


1888 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 2, Scotland
Councillor O'Hare's term of office was due to expire on 1 November 1889.


1888 Liverpool School Board election
Election to the Liverpool School Board were held in November 1888.


1888 Liverpool School Board election
There were twenty-seven candidates for the fifteen Board member positions.


1888 Liverpool School Board election
After the election, the composition of the school board was:


1888 Liverpool West Derby by-election
The 1888 Liverpool West Derby by-election was held on August 10, 1888 after the resignation of the incumbent Conservative Party MP Claud Hamilton. It was retained by the unopposed Conservative Candidate William Cross.


1888 Louisiana gubernatorial election
The 1888 Louisiana gubernatorial election was the second election to take place under the Louisiana Constitution of 1879. As a result of this election Francis T. Nicholls was re-elected Governor of Louisiana. The election saw widespread intimidation of African-Americans which guaranteed the election of the Democratic nominee.


1888 Louisiana hurricane
The 1888 Louisiana hurricane was a major hurricane that caused significant flooding and wind damage to the Mississippi River Delta and the Mississippi Valley in late August 1888. It was the third tropical cyclone and second hurricane of the 1888 Atlantic hurricane season. The cyclone first appeared north-northeast of the Turks and Caicos Islands, but may have formed earlier, undetected. It moved west-northwest, reaching hurricane intensity and making several landfalls in the Bahamas. In the island chain, the hurricane caused some damage to shipping, fruit groves, and fences, but apparently caused no known deaths.


1888 Louisiana hurricane
The storm then peaked as the equivalence of a strong Category 3 hurricane before hitting South Florida near present-day Miami Beach. Few people then lived in the area, so damage was mostly minimal, but a large storm surge affected the coast, and areas farther north on the peninsula reported damage to fruit groves, communications wires, and boats. Afterward, the cyclone crossed the thinly populated southern peninsula into the Gulf of Mexico, which it reached as a weaker hurricane. Re


1888 Louisiana hurricane
-intensifying over the Gulf of Mexico, the hurricane attained a secondary peak intensity of 110 miles per hour (177 km/h) before hitting Louisiana at that intensity. Areas along the Gulf Coast reported significant, widespread destruction from heavy rains, storm surge, and high tides, especially in Louisiana, where the storm destroyed crops and blew down buildings.


1888 Louisiana hurricane
The storm then curved northeast into New England before transitioning into an extratropical low-pressure area. The outer bands of the storm produced gale-force winds in the region and nearby Mid-Atlantic states, downing loose objects such as tree branches, awnings, and wires. Heavy rains washed out transportation networks like roads and railroads, but the worst effects were from a tornado outbreak; several significant tornadoes hit the Mid-Atlantic region, one of which caused 10 of the 12 reported deaths in the outbreak.


1888 Louisiana hurricane, Meteorological synopsis
By 12:00 UTC on August 14, a weak tropical storm with winds of 40 mph (64 km/h) formed about 100 miles (161 km) north-northeast of the Turks and Caicos Islands. Operationally, the U.S. Signal Corps, responsible for weather forecasting at the time, did not issue updates on the system until August 16, when observations first indicated a low-pressure area off the coast of South Florida. (The precise formative date of the cyclone was not documented in available observations, and may have occurred earlier than officially estimated.)


1888 Louisiana hurricane, Meteorological synopsis
Upon formation, the cyclone moved west-northwest toward The Bahamas—then a British crown colony and overseas territory—and steadily strengthened. As a strong tropical storm, the cyclone made its first landfall on the northern tip of San Salvador Island, then known as Watlings Island until 1925. It first attained hurricane intensity by 12:00 UTC on August 15, exactly 24 hours after formation. As it reached hurricane intensity, the storm made its second landfall on Cat Island in The Bahamas with maximum sustained winds of 80 mph (129 km/h).


1888 Louisiana hurricane, Meteorological synopsis
Continuing on its west-northwestward course, the hurricane passed over the northern islands of Exuma with winds of 90 mph (145 km/h). Afterward, it strengthened further to the equivalent of a modern Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale, with winds of 105 mph (169 km/h). Around 00:00 UTC on August 16, the center, or eye, of the cyclone passed 20 mi (32 km) south of the Bahamian capital Nassau, on New Providence Island. Still pursuing a track to the west-northwest, the cyclone made a fourth landfall on the northern portion of Andros Island. It then crossed the island in fewer than six hours, and by 06:00 UTC on August 16 it became a major hurricane—equivalent to a modern Category 3 on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale—with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h).


1888 Louisiana hurricane, Meteorological synopsis
After reaching major hurricane status, the cyclone approached the Gulf Stream off the southeast coast of Florida. By 12:00 UTC on August 16, it attained its first and strongest peak intensity of 125 mph (201 km/h), near the upper threshold of the modern Category 3 on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale. About seven hours later, the hurricane struck the coast of South Florida, just north of present-day Miami Beach, at its peak intensity. (The point of landfall was near the present-day site of Upper Eastside in Miami.)


1888 Louisiana hurricane, Meteorological synopsis
Although few observations were available near the inner core of the cyclone, scientific reassessment conducted by the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project determined that the central pressure at landfall was likely close to 945 millibars (27.91 inHg), based primarily upon an observed storm surge value. The hurricane is one of 15 major hurricanes to have impacted southeast Florida since official records in the Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT) began in 1851. After striking South Florida—now defined as part of the Miami metropolitan area—the cyclone weakened as it moved inland over the Everglades, passing well to the south of Lake Okeechobee.


1888 Louisiana hurricane, Meteorological synopsis
By 06:00 UTC on August 17, the cyclone reached the coast of Southwest Florida near present-day Cape Coral; due to interaction with land, its maximum sustained winds had decreased to 80 mph (129 km/h), equivalent to a modern Category 1 on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale. The storm then passed out into the Gulf of Mexico near present-day Matlacha and Cayo Costa State Park.


1888 Louisiana hurricane, Meteorological synopsis
After entering the Gulf of Mexico off Southwest Florida, the cyclone began to re-intensify and turn to the west. By 18:00 UTC on August 17, the hurricane regained winds equivalent to those of a modern Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale. After having traveled west-northwest for its entire lifespan, at this time its path shifted to the west and began to approach the northern U.S. Gulf Coast. By 00:00 UTC on August 18, the cyclone attained its second peak intensity of 110 mph (177 km/h), just below the modern Category 3 on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale.


1888 Louisiana hurricane, Meteorological synopsis
As it neared the coast of Louisiana, the hurricane maintained its intensity while gradually turning to the northwest and north-northwest. Around 16:00 UTC on August 19, the center of the cyclone made landfall just south of Cocodrie in Terrebonne Parish with winds of 110 mph (177 km/h). As it moved inland over the marshes of southern Louisiana, the hurricane turned northward and slowly weakened. By 18:00 UTC on August 20, the cyclone weakened to a strong tropical storm as it neared the town of Greenville in western Mississippi.


1888 Louisiana hurricane, Meteorological synopsis
Its path gradually inclined to the northeast and accelerated over the Mississippi Valley, reaching the Mid-Atlantic region by 00:00 UTC on August 22. Early on August 22, the storm passed over southern New England, and by 12:00 UTC it became extratropical while centered about 80 mi (129 km) south of Bar Harbor, Maine. The extratropical cyclone was last positioned northeast of Newfoundland and Labrador at 18:00 UTC on August 24.


1888 Louisiana hurricane, Preparations and impact
As the hurricane passed through The Bahamas, it damaged fruit trees, crops, and fences, especially on the Abaco Islands, Harbour Island, and New Providence. According to the New York Times, winds in Nassau, on New Providence, shifted from northeast and southwest, lasting about eight hours, but causing only slight damage to nearby shipping.


1888 Louisiana hurricane, Preparations and impact
The hurricane affected few people in South Florida, striking a portion of the coast that was largely unpopulated and devoid of major settlements. Nevertheless, the cyclone produced widespread damage over much of the region, extending as far north as Sebastian. The highest wind speed reported in South Florida was below hurricane intensity—only 60 mph (97 km/h) at Point Jupiter—and only modest rainfall of 2.02 in (51 mm) was measured at the same location.


1888 Louisiana hurricane, Preparations and impact
The highest winds on the east coast of Florida occurred at Sebastian Inlet and were estimated to have reached minimal hurricane intensity, 75 mph (121 km/h), from the northeast. The strong winds downed trees and telegraph poles; additionally, many small boats were reportedly pushed ashore, and nearby fruit groves sustained "several thousand dollars" in damage. Although the storm mostly produced minimal damage, it reportedly generated a large storm surge of 14 feet (4.3 m) "on the beaches near Miami"—one of the highest on record in South Florida.


1888 Louisiana hurricane, Preparations and impact
The surge was comparable to the 14–15 ft (4.3–4.6 m) visually estimated from Coconut Grove in the 1926 Miami hurricane—in fact, it was even higher than the officially measured value of 13.2 ft (4.0 m) in Miami from the same storm—and was only exceeded by the 16.89 ft (5.1 m) measured at the Burger King International Headquarters near Cutler in Dade County during Hurricane Andrew in 1992. However, little information is available about the circumstances of the storm surge value reported in 1888.


1888 Louisiana hurricane, Preparations and impact
As the hurricane passed into the Gulf of Mexico, high tides and strong winds affected the northern U.S. Gulf Coast, beginning in the Big Bend and the Florida Panhandle. The town of Cedar Key experienced light rain as the storm passed well to its southwest. The town also witnessed peak winds of 42 mph (68 km/h) that led to reports of yachts capsizing. The Florida Panhandle, closer to the center of the storm, experienced much higher winds and sustained heavier damages. Winds of 60 mph (97 km/h) affected the town of Pensacola, causing significant damage to property in the area.


1888 Louisiana hurricane, Preparations and impact
Farther west, other communities reported even more severe damage due to high tides and storm surge. For instance, the city of Mobile, Alabama, experienced one of its worst floods on record as a storm surge caused the Mobile River to overflow, submerging the Mobile waterfront to a depth of 3 ft (0.91 m) and spreading floodwater two to three blocks inland. Strong winds that peaked at 55 mph (89 km/h) in the city topped trees, blew down fences, and unroofed some homes. Some damage occurred along the Mississippi coast as waves washed out some coastal structures and winds prostrated trees.


1888 Louisiana hurricane, Preparations and impact
However, the worst damage occurred in the Mississippi River Delta, just to the east of the center, where severe flooding left large sections of countryside underwater. Severe damage occurred to crops in the area, particularly rice and sugarcane: entire rice fields were flooded to a depth of several feet, and much of the sugarcane crop was flattened by strong winds. In the Bayou Teche country, the hurricane blew down numerous outbuildings, unroofed numerous homes, and destroyed some large dwellings and churches. After the storm, growers estimated that 30–60% of the rice crop sustained damage. In many areas at least one-third of the timber was downed.


1888 Louisiana hurricane, Preparations and impact
In the Mid-Atlantic region and southern New England, the storm produced gale-force winds and heavy rainfall, washing out numerous railroad bridges and tracks. Strong winds reached 38 mph (61 km/h) in Norfolk, Virginia, and 44 mph (71 km/h) in New Haven, Connecticut. The winds blew down awnings, signs, and tree branches. In Delaware and Maryland, the cyclone spawned numerous tornadoes—five of which were "significant" (F2 or greater) on the Fujita scale—that killed at least 12 people.


1888 Louisiana hurricane, Preparations and impact
One or more tornadoes may have hit Springfield and Glendale in Montgomery County, Maryland, north of Washington, D.C., destroying a church, a dwelling, and a blacksmith's shop. Winds downed large oak trees, "shattering a car" in the county. One tornado caused a large cannery, two stories tall, to collapse, killing 10 people under mounds of debris near Still Pond, Maryland.


1888 Louisville Colonels season
The 1888 Louisville Colonels season was a season in American baseball. The team finished with a 58–87 record, seventh place in the American Association.


1888 Louisville Colonels season, Regular season
On June 7, shareholder Mordecai Davidson bought out most of the other shareholder, appointing himself president and John R. Botto vice-president. Two days later, he officially took over as manager as well. John Kerins, among others, served as team captain, guiding the team's on-field activities.


1888 Louisville Colonels season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1888 Louisville Colonels season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1888 Louisville Colonels season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1888 Maltese general election
General elections were held in Malta between 1 and 3 March 1888.


1888 Maltese general election, Background
The elections were the first held under the new Knutsford Constitution. The number of elected seats was increased from eight to ten, whilst a further four members were elected to represent nobility and landowners, graduates, clerics and the Chamber of Commerce.


1888 Maltese general election, Results
A total of 9,696 people were registered to vote, of which just 3,487 cast votes, giving a turnout of 36%.


1888 Manitoba general election
The 1888 Manitoba general election was held on July 11, 1888.


1888 Massachusetts Aggies football team
The 1888 Massachusetts Aggies football team represented Massachusetts Agricultural College in the 1888 college football season. The team played its home games at Alumni Field in Amherst, Massachusetts. Massachusetts finished the season with a record of 2–4.


1888 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1888 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1888. Incumbent Republican Governor Oliver Ames was re-elected to a third term in office, defeating Democratic Mayor of Cambridge William Russell.


1888 Massachusetts legislature
The 109th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1888 during the governorship of Oliver Ames. Halsey J. Boardman served as president of the Senate and Charles J. Noyes served as speaker of the House.


1888 Massachusetts legislature
Notable legislation included incorporation of the Massachusetts chapter of the National Woman Suffrage Association.


1888 Mexican general election
General elections were held in Mexico in 1888. Incumbent president Porfirio Díaz was re-elected with 99.7% of the vote.


1888 Miami Redskins football team
The 1888 Miami Redskins football team was an American football team that represented Miami University during the 1888 college football season. The 1888 team was Miami's first football team to compete in intercollegiate football. The team played only one game, a scoreless tie with the University of Cincinnati football team at Oxford, Ohio, on December 8, 1888. The team did not have a paid coach from 1888 to 1894. The 1888 game between Cincinnati and Miami was the first in what later became the Victory Bell series that has been included more than 110 games and is one of the oldest rivalries in college football. It was also the first college football game played in the State of Ohio.


1888 Miami Redskins football team
The players on the first Miami football team included W. Chidlaw, S. Fox, J. Lough, F. McCracken, J. Macready, R. Mason, E. Reed, S. Stephenson, W. Stubbs, and S. Townsend.


1888 Michigan Wolverines football team
The 1888 Michigan Wolverines football team represented the University of Michigan in the 1888 college football season. The team compiled a 2–1 record and outscored its opponents by a combined score of 94 to 36. The team scored 76 points against Albion College, a single-game Michigan record that stood until Fielding H. Yost's 1901 "Point-a-Minute" team scored 128 points against Buffalo. The team closed its season with a Thanksgiving Day game against a "picked team" from the Chicago University Club that The New York Times called "undoubtedly the greatest football event that ever took place in the West." The captain of the 1888 team was halfback James E. Duffy who had set the world's record for dropkick distance in 1886.


1888 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season
In its first issue of the 1888–1889 academic year, The Chronicle (a weekly newspaper at the University of Michigan) expressed concern over the prospects for the school's football team. The newspaper noted that the team had lost some of its most valuable men and urged "everyone who has played foot-ball or who thinks that with practice he could play," to try out for the team. In another article, the same newspaper opined that the 1888 team was "crippled by the general breakup of last year."


1888 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season
The Chronicle repeatedly complained that the professional departments, especially the law and medicine departments, had failed to demonstrate their college spirit by participating on the team. Students who were unable to play were urged to assist the team in its practice sessions or to donate money to a fund to be used in purchasing uniforms and equipment for the team. For those willing to assist the team in practice, The Chronicle wrote: "Don't be afraid of a rough tumble or a laugh for an awkward play."


1888 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season
On September 29, 1888, the seniors defeated the juniors in the annual "football rush." The seniors won the competition "in two straight innings." On October 17, 1888, Theodore Roosevelt, then a "scholar and writer of New York," visited the Michigan campus and delivered a speech. The Chronicle reported on Roosevelt's comments directed at the football team: "Theo. Roosevelt has no fear of the murderous Sioux or of a cattle stampede, but he does claim that it is not healthy to get in the way of the U. of M. rugby team." In late October, the team began practicing every evening at 4 p.m.  All students who were "strong enough for the game" were again reminded to come out and practice with the team.


1888 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season
The team's schedule was established based on challenges between teams. The 1888 Michigan team received challenges from Notre Dame, the Harvard School of Chicago, the Detroit Athletic Club, and Albion College. In the end, only three games were scheduled, the first on November 17 and the last on November 29. The last game was set for Thanksgiving Day in hopes that the game would attract a large crowd and develop a tradition to rival the Thanksgiving Day games played before large crowds in New York.


1888 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Detroit Athletic Club
Michigan played its first game of the year on November 17, 1888, in Detroit. The opponent was the football team from the Detroit Athletic Club, and the game was played at the Club's grounds. As one of the earliest exhibitions of football in Detroit, the game attracted considerable interest and curiosity. The Detroit Free Press emphasized the unfamiliarity of the game in its coverage:


1888 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Detroit Athletic Club
"The spectacle of twenty muscular young men in one colossal heap, struggling, pulling, hauling, pushing, with arms, legs and caps flying in every direction is an exciting and certainly novel one. . . . All the ground and lofty tumbling was for the possession of a leather-covered foot ball, which every one of those twenty-two athletes had evidently determined to possess or perish in the attempt. . . .


1888 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Detroit Athletic Club
While one unaccustomed to foot ball will naturally be startled by some of the acrobatic feats, still it is impossible to watch the game for any length of time without a tingling of the blood and holding of the breath. It is most intensely exciting, continuous in action and replete with fine points of play."


1888 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Detroit Athletic Club
The teams took to the field at 3 p.m., and the game began at 3:30 p.m. The Free Press described the athletic grounds as "a gay scene" with young men "scampering over the field" in picturesque suits consisting of "close-fitting knitted caps of gay colors, canvas jackets and knickerbockers, stockings of various colors and shoes of all kind."


1888 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Detroit Athletic Club
On the opening play of the game, Michigan's team captain James E. Duffy (who had set the world's record for dropkick distance in 1886) lined up for the kick off, but Michigan halfback Edgar McPherran grabbed the ball on a pre-arranged trick play and ran downfield. Duffy followed with a long run from scrimmage. Michigan scored eight points in the first half of 45 minutes. The points came on a touchdown and goal after touchdown (both scored by Duffy) and a safety. In the second half, Michigan end James Van Inwagen added a touchdown for Michigan. The game ended early due to darkness. Although Michigan records reflect the final score as a 14–6 victory, the account of the game in the Detroit Free Press indicated that the score was 14–0 when the game was "postponed" due to darkness.


1888 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Detroit Athletic Club
The team sent to Detroit consisted of Van Inwagen (right end), Bradley (right tackle), Hagle (right guard), Malley (center), Beach (left guard), Northcroft (left tackle), Smith (left end), Farrand (quarterback), McPherran (halfback), Duffy (halfback), and Ball (goal). DePont and Payne were the substitutes. The umpire was Frederick William Mehlhop, and the referee was Michigan student George P. Codd.


1888 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Albion
Michigan played its only home game against Albion College at the Ann Arbor Fairgrounds on November 24, 1888. Michigan won by a score of 76–4. Michigan's 76 points established a Wolverines' single-game scoring record that was not exceeded until Fielding H. Yost's 1901 "Point-a-Minute" team scored 128 points against Buffalo. Albion's four points were awarded after the visitors disputed a call made by the officials and threatened to leave the grounds. The Albion players were persuaded to continue with the game "upon a concession of four points by the home team." The Detroit Free  Press called it "a splendid game" with "some excellent team work being done by the 'Varsity eleven." The Chronicle wrote: "As usual U. of M. had a walk away. Albion scored her first point through an error."


1888 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Albion
Michigan's lineup against Albion was Van Inwagen (right end), Bradley (right tackle), Malley (right guard), Hagle (center), Beach (left guard), Payne (left tackle), MacMillan (left end), F. L. Smith (quarterback), McPherran (halfback), J. E. Duffy (halfback), and Ball (goal).


1888 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Chicago University club
Michigan concluded its season with a Thanksgiving Day game against the Chicago University club. The game was played at the Chicago Baseball Park, the home field of Cap Anson's 1888 Chicago Whitestockings. It was attended by 3,000 persons, and the proceeds totaling approximately $1,200 were given to charities, including the Geneva Fresh Air Fund, the Lake Side Sanitarium, and the Training School for Nurses. A 15-inch high silver cup valued at $300 was presented to the winning team. The New York Times and Outing magazine both called it "undoubtedly the greatest football event that ever took place in the West."


1888 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Chicago University club
Football was new to Chicago, and the Chicago Daily Tribune therefore published a lengthy summary of the game's rules, jargon, and methods on the day before the game. The Tribune described prize-fighting as "a mild sport" in comparison to football:


1888 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Chicago University club
"In a football game a player who gets possession of the ball may be attacked by anywhere form one to eleven men. . . . Slugging is not allowed, but 'tackling' is. A tackle, as described below, is a delightful and exciting point of play. . . . The man who is tackled, if game, will endeavor to hold the ball while the members of both teams will try to form a mountain on top of him."


1888 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Chicago University club
The Michigan team arrived in Chicago at 7 p.m. on Friday evening and stayed at the Palmer House. After eating supper at the hotel, the team attended a performance of Francis Chassaigne's "Nadjy" at the Chicago Opera House. The Chicago University Club team was a "picked team" selected from the best athletes in the West, many of whom had played college football for Yale, Princeton, Harvard, or Columbia. Chicago's center (Peters) and left guard (Burke) were well-known former college players who were brought in from St. Paul and Nebraska. The New York Times wrote that "the preparatory schools and the universities had been drained for the best talent in sight." The Chicago Daily Tribune wrote that the Chicago team "represented the best men that could be collected from university men resident west of the Alleghenies."


1888 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Chicago University club
The game attracted many representatives of Chicago's high society. The Chicago Daily Tribune wrote: "The finest turnouts of the city with the leaders of Chicago beauty decked in ... and favorite college colors swept into the grounds. Four-in-hands, tally-hos, . . . English carts, mail phaetons, carriages and all sorts of fashionable vehicles . . . Their occupants did not know much about football and did not entirely approve of the rough and gory sport." A bugle on a tally-ho belonging to Chicago quarterback Harry Hamlin announced the arrival of the Chicago team at the playing field.


1888 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Chicago University club
Early in the contest, Michigan's starting center Horace Greely Prettyman was ejected for "slugging" Chicago's center, Peters. The New York Times wrote: "Prettyman lost his temper and struck Peters in the mouth twice with his fist." The Chronicle offered a defense of Prettyman: "The facts in the case are that Prettyman knocked loose the hands of Peters when Peters had grabbed him by the jacket. Peters declared that Prettyman had not hit him on the jaw, but the umpire, a Yale man, knew more than the man who was struck!"


1888 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Chicago University club
The New York Times called Prettyman "the backbone of the Michigan rush line" and noted that the team was disheartened after his ejection. Peters, the player who Prettyman hit, was described as "the giant of the Chicago men." The Detroit Free Press described the difficulties that the Michigan team had in handling Peters after Prettyman was ejected: "Two or three men went for him and were hurled from his shoulders like boys tossed by a long-horned Texas steer, and clearing the mob he knocked down the last remaining opponent and scored a touch-down."


1888 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Chicago University club
The Chicago team took an 18-0 lead at halftime. According to the Chicago Daily Tribune, the halftime intermission allowed the players to "count bruises." The Tribune emphasized the physical nature of the battle: "Not a man on either team had escaped blood. Noses were bleeding profusely, every man's lips were cut and swollen faces were plastered with mud, and lame joints and twitching backs were many."


1888 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Chicago University club
In the second half, Michigan halfback and captain James E. Duffy scored Michigan's only touchdown "by good running and dodging." Duffy was singled out for praise. The New York Times wrote that Duffy played with "wonderful skill" and noted that many observers thought that Duffy's play was "the chief feature of the game."


1888 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Chicago University club
Duffy scored a second touchdown on a long run, but the umpire, Samuel Davis Capen, ruled that Duffy had been offside and disallowed the touchdown. The ruling was disputed, and even the Chicago Daily Tribune wrote that the score should have been allowed. After the game, one Michigan player complained about the officiating: "Those Yale men [Capen was a Yale graduate] are always ferocious, but we don't object to rough treatment. What we didn't like was that our men were ruled off for slugging, while they could slug as much as they pleased."


1888 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Chicago University club
Michigan's captain, Duffy, added: "The only thing that I regret is that we feel that the umpire was unfair. Disqualifying Prettyman disheartened us. He was our mainstay. We have learned that football consists much more in little tricks incessantly played than in plain, fair play." The Chronicle emphasized that the Chicago team treated the Michigan team "most royally and acted as perfect gentlemen," but complained, "'Tis lamentable that as much can not be said of the fairness of the umpire." The Chronicle also opined that, despite the loss, the Michigan team "was well trained, and probably as thoroughly disciplined as any the University has had for some years."


1888 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Chicago University club
Michigan's starting lineup on Thanksgiving Day was Van Inwagen (right end), Bradley (right tackle), Malley (right guard), Prettyman (center), Beach (left guard), Hagle (left tackle), MacMillan (left end), F. L. Smith (quarterback), McPherran (halfback), J. E. Duffy (halfback), and W. D. Ball (goal).


1888 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, at Chicago University club
The game drew more extensive coverage in the press than any previous football game in the West. The Chronicle expressed the hope that the game would spark interest in football in the West and opined that "the fever may now be said to be upon us." The Chicago Times covered the Thanksgiving Day game on the front page and relegated the Yale–Princeton game to page two.


1888 Michigan gubernatorial election
The 1888 Michigan gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1888. Republican nominee Cyrus G. Luce defeated Fusion candidate Wellington R. Burt with 49.20% of the vote.


1888 Mid Lanarkshire by-election
The Mid Lanarkshire by-election, 1888 was a parliamentary by-election held on 27 April 1888 for the House of Commons constituency of Mid Lanarkshire in Scotland.


1888 Mid Lanarkshire by-election, Previous MP
The seat had become vacant in April 1888. The constituency's Liberal Member of Parliament, Stephen Mason resigned from his seat. He did this by being appointed Steward of the Manor of Northstead, a notional offices of profit under the Crown, which is used to permit MPs to vacate their seats as Members of the House of Commons cannot technically resign from their seats.


1888 Mid Lanarkshire by-election, Previous MP
Mason (1832-21 April 1890) was a Glasgow merchant, who had been the MP for the constituency since the 1885 general election. He was known for having written pamphlets on political topics, such as monetary and land questions, the Anglo-French treaty of 1860 and banking in Scotland.


1888 Mid Lanarkshire by-election, Candidates
Three candidates were nominated. The list below is set out in descending order of the number of votes received at the by-election.


1888 Mid Lanarkshire by-election, Candidates
1. The Liberal Party candidate was John Wynford Philipps (30 May 1860 – 28 March 1938). He was called to the bar of England and Wales in 1886.


1888 Mid Lanarkshire by-election, Candidates
Philipps contested Devizes at the 1886 general election. He was MP for this seat from the by-election until he resigned in 1894. He was subsequently elected MP for Pembrokeshire at an 1898 by-election. He sat for the Welsh county until he was created the 1st Lord St Davids in 1908. He was advanced in the peerage as the 1st Viscount St Davids in 1918.


1888 Mid Lanarkshire by-election, Candidates
2. The Conservative candidate was William Robert Bousfield (12 January 1854 – 16 July 1943), admitted to the bar of England and Wales in 1880.


1888 Mid Lanarkshire by-election, Candidates
Bousfield was elected MP for Hackney North at a by-election in 1892 and retained that seat until he was defeated in 1906.


1888 Mid Lanarkshire by-election, Candidates
3. Representing the Labour interest, as an Independent Labour candidate, was the Lanarkshire born (James) Keir Hardie (15 August 1856 – 26 September 1915).


1888 Mid Lanarkshire by-election, Candidates
Hardie had a background as a manual worker, which was unusual for a political candidate in 1888. Previously some working men, with a trade union background, had been elected to Parliament as Liberal-Labour candidates but none without Liberal support.


1888 Mid Lanarkshire by-election, Candidates
Hardie had worked as a miner. He became a trade unionist and then a journalist. At the time of the by-election he was a member of the Liberal Party, but the local Liberal Association rejected him as its candidate at the by-election.


1888 Mid Lanarkshire by-election, Candidates
Hardie subsequently was a leading figure in the development of the Labour Party. He was elected Independent Labour MP for West Ham South in 1892 and sat until defeated in 1895. During this time he was the person who presided over the meeting which created the Independent Labour Party (ILP) in 1893. Hardie contested Bradford East for the ILP in a by-election in 1896 and Preston at the 1900 general election for the Labour Representation Committee (LRC). He also contested and won Merthyr Tydfil in the 1900 election. The LRC was renamed the Labour Party in 1906. Hardie was the Parliamentary Labour Party Chairman (its de facto leader) from 1906 until 1908. He continued to represent Merthyr Tydfil until he died in 1915.


1888 Minneapolis General Conference
The 1888 Minneapolis General Conference Session was a meeting of the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists held in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in October 1888. It is regarded as a landmark event in the history of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. Key participants were Alonzo T. Jones and Ellet J. Waggoner, who presented a message on justification supported by Ellen G. White, but resisted by leaders such as G. I. Butler, Uriah Smith and others. The session discussed crucial theological issues such as the meaning of "righteousness by faith", the nature of the Godhead, the relationship between law and grace, and Justification and its relationship to Sanctification.


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Introduction
The Seventh-day Adventist Church General Conference Session of 1888 was held in Minneapolis, Minnesota. It was one of the most significant meetings the denomination had ever had up to that time since it was formally organized on May 23, 1863. Church historians, theologians, and laypersons consider the session to be important. They differ in their own perspective and interpretation of the specific events, the message presented there, and the ensuing reactions. The "joint Minneapolis Institute and General Conference, of 1888, involved vastly more than appeared on the surface. It was the culmination of a whole series of developments that led up to it."


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Foundational experience
The founding pioneers of the Seventh-day Adventist Church believed in Jesus Christ as their Lord and Saviour and the Bible as their guide in life. Those who had come through the Millerite Movement had first-hand knowledge of disappointment and discouragement. As they studied the Scriptures concerning end time prophecy, the sanctuary types and their fulfillment, and the perpetuity of the law of God, they saw the necessity for organization as a means for proclaiming these truths to the world. The denomination was formally organized on May 23, 1863, in Battle Creek, Michigan.


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Foundational experience
The men and women who were a part of the development of this denomination came from various religious backgrounds, bringing with them into the new movement some beliefs peculiar to their former associations. Two significant hold-over theological views were semi-Pelagianism and semi-Arianism. The focus of the early Seventh-day Adventist Church tended more toward basic denominational organization and development, emphasis on obedience to the Ten Commandments, and efforts at evangelism and church growth during the anguish of the American Civil War and its aftermath.


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Foundational experience
After its formation the doctrines of Salvation and righteousness by faith were understood and accepted but stayed in the background, mostly because these truths were familiar to most churches, so bringing out of these and other specific theological points awaited later focus and discussion. Though their Biblical arguments brought many to the church, they had minimized the centrality of the indwelling Christ as the only power to obey the commandments and to keep the Sabbath, and self-satisfaction and complacency began to affect the church.


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Foundational experience
"There was nothing wrong with such material progress. . . .It was right and proper that institutes be established, that the work spread into new regions and churches everywhere be raised up. But ministers and laity alike mistook this growth for the true end and purpose of the Advent movement — a spiritual preparation for the return of Christ. Confusion resulted, and self-esteem and complacency began to surface in the weekly reports of 'the advance of the cause' as published in the Review."


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Sources of the developing conflict
By the second generation of the movement, the denomination had become well established across the United States and had mission fields around the world. As the church grew, so did opposition (and in some places, persecution), particularly regarding the seventh-day Sabbath. Emphasis on the Ten Commandments as a part of obedience to God was a firmly established and central tenet of the denomination by the 1870s. Sunday-keeping Christians claimed that keeping the seventh-day Sabbath was a sign of legalism or judaizing.


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Sources of the developing conflict
Convinced of the Biblical correctness of the seventh-day Sabbath, Seventh-day Adventists turned to their Bibles to show the beliefs and doctrines from scripture and teach other Christians, prompting the moniker "People of the Book" to be applied to them, and not a few became decidedly legalistic. So at the 1888 General Conference Session in Minneapolis, the presentation of the message of Christ as the only source of righteousness by two young preachers was going to create conflict with some members including church leaders.


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Sources of the developing conflict, Defending Sabbath observance
Ministers and laypersons alike used scriptures in debating the beliefs of Adventist, including this particular issue from Scripture. However, there was still much opposition to the Sabbath belief, and there were Christians that said that Seventh-day Adventists were indeed legalists who held strictly to the "letter of the law." All the work involved in developing and extending the denomination seemed to force attention upon what the individual could accomplish, opening the door to self-reliance in spiritual matters as well. The Christ centered gospel was displaced by man's efforts.


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Sources of the developing conflict, Defending Sabbath observance
"Powerful arguments were developed to establish [the law's] 'binding obligations.' Debaters and polemicists emerged, stressing the Sabbath, the Law, etc. — like lawyers arguing a case. Spirituality waned, and not a few became decided legalists. . . . Cold intellectualism and dry theory increased. Christ often became secondary, and Righteousness by Faith largely lost sight of, through outward profession without inner experience. The majesty of the message and the law was magnified. But something was lacking. Discussions were logical and convincing, but not Christ centered."


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Sources of the developing conflict, Arianism and the atonement
A second issue that paved the way for the discussions at Minneapolis was the semi-Arian view on the divinity of Christ. This was not an openly discussed theological perspective but was a view that many of the early church leaders had brought in from the churches they came from and some prominent individuals still held on to them such as Uriah Smith. Uriah Smith (1832–1903), long-time editor of the Review and Herald (now Adventist Review), the official organ of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, had expounded this position in his discourse on the Book of Revelation first published in 1865. Commenting on Revelation 1:4, Smith set forth a straight Arian position by claiming that the language of the verse was "applicable only to God the Father," and was "never applied to Christ."


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Sources of the developing conflict, Arianism and the atonement
Another Adventist pioneer who held to the Arian view was Joseph H. Waggoner (1820–1889), Ellet J. Waggoner's father. J.H. Waggoner was an early convert to the Advent movement, serving on the committee called in 1860 to form the legal organization of the denomination. In 1881, Joseph H. Waggoner succeeded James White as editor of the Pacific coast evangelistic magazine, Signs of the Times. Through his several books on the atonement, the elder Waggoner wrote that Christ was only God in "a subordinate sense," and thus not fully divine.


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Sources of the developing conflict, Arianism and the atonement
His main point of dispute was the Trinitarian concept of three divine persons (God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit). In his expanded volume on the atonement, J.H. Waggoner devoted two chapters in his attempt to prove that the Trinitarian view was false because it inferred that Christ, being God, could not have died on the cross of Calvary, and thus full atonement for sin could not have been made.


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Sources of the developing conflict, Arianism and the atonement
Ellen White wrote very clear passages of the oneness of the GodHead and eventually led the Seventh-day Adventist Church to firmly reject Arianism and accept the concept of the Godhead that the Church holds today on the Trinity. Church historians point out that the teachings and writings of Ellen White, who was raised in a Methodist family, ultimately proved influential in shifting the church away from its largely semi-Arian roots towards Trinitarianism.


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Open confrontation
E.J. Waggoner was selected as a delegate from California to attend the 1886 General Conference session held that year at Battle Creek, Michigan. When he arrived he found that church leaders such as Butler strongly opposed his emphasis on Christ as the sole source of righteousness, especially in light of Waggoner's teaching on the law in Galatians. Butler prepared a small booklet titled "The Law in the Book of Galatians" that was handed out to all the delegates at that conference, countering Waggoner's position. (Read a )


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Open confrontation
In this document, Butler presented his position on the law in Galatians, and stated that Waggoner's view would lead the antinomian Christians who opposed Sabbath-keeping to find a reason to claim that the moral law (especially the fourth commandment) was "nailed to the cross" and therefore was "no longer binding" on New Testament Christians.


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Open confrontation
"The Westerners had reverted to the early Seventh-day Adventist position that the law Paul here referred to as the 'schoolmaster to bring us to Christ' (verse 24) was the whole body of the moral law including the Ten Commandments. This position the Adventists had almost entirely abandoned during the 1860s and 1870s; the 'schoolmaster' was reinterpreted to mean the ceremonial and sacrificial laws of Moses which pointed forward to the Messiah. This reinterpretation had developed largely as a reaction to Protestant clergymen who interpreted Paul's statement in Galatians 3:25 ('we are no longer under the schoolmaster') to mean that the Ten Commandment law had been abrogated; thus, the seventh-day Sabbath was no longer viable."


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Open confrontation
Ellen White initially saw the conflict as a small diversionary topic but quickly realized the danger and that it was counter-productive to the real issue of the fulfillment of Adventist message of Christ's return and moved to resolve the uncomfortable situation.


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Open confrontation, Summary of the forerunning conflict
Thus we find these two main points of contention facing the delegates at Minneapolis: justification is by faith not by works, and the semi-Arian view of the Godhead and its effect on the doctrine of the atonement. Prior to the 1888 Minneapolis conference a third topic of contention developed between Uriah Smith and A.T. Jones. Jones was an avid student of history, especially as it applied to the prophecies of the Bible. He had discovered that the Alemanni and not the Huns were one of the ten horns (tribes or nations) described prophetically in Daniel 7. Smith took grave exception to this new view, relying on the traditional position of the Millerites to support his position.


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Open confrontation, Summary of the forerunning conflict
"Jones was accordingly regarded by some as the fosterer of a new historical 'heresy,' while Waggoner was thought to be projecting a doctrinal deviation — which departures would have to be settled at the Minneapolis Meeting." Preconceived opinions and strong prejudice were firmly entrenched due to the previous two years' contentions between Waggoner and Butler, and Jones and Smith.


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Season of debate, Ministerial Bible Institute
Prior to the actual General Conference session, a Bible Institute was convened beginning on Wednesday Oct. 10, 1888. The General Conference session began on Oct. 18 and ran through more than two full weeks, ending on Sunday Nov. 4, 1888. It was during the Bible Institute that A.T. Jones delivered his evidence supporting the idea that the Alemanni were one of the ten horns of prophecy that succeeded the crumbling Roman Empire.


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Season of debate, Ministerial Bible Institute
"Jones had done his homework well. No one was able effectively to dispute the historical evidence he cited in favor of the Alemanni's right to supplant the Huns as one of the kingdoms succeeding Rome. Uriah Smith, Adventism's most noted prophetic expositor, was placed on the defensive. On one occasion he modestly disclaimed originality for the list of kingdoms he had given in Thoughts on Daniel. Smith admitted having simply followed Millerite and earlier interpreters on this point." Such strong lines were drawn regarding this subject that during the ensuing weeks of the conference when men would pass each other in the halls, they inquired of each other whether they were "Huns" or "Alemanni."


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Season of debate, Ministerial Bible Institute
"Thus did a dispute over a minor point set the pot of controversy boiling before the really significant theological presentation began." "Many had come to the Conference expecting a clash, and so were not disappointed. Such entered it in a fighting spirit, and a definite split developed. The gulf was wide and deep."


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Season of debate, Ministerial Bible Institute
From the onset of the 1888 Minneapolis Conference, Ellen White perceived that a battle over truth was erupting within the denomination. At first, Ellen White rejoiced that the spirit of God was at the meeting and commented that the leaders "heard as it were God speaking to them through his Son. They saw, they felt the divine influence of the Spirit of God and all witnessed to the gracious words that proceeded from His mouth [Ellen White, Manuscript 24, 1888.]."


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Season of debate, Ministerial Bible Institute
Ellen White soon discovered, however, that other forces were deliberately at work planning to disrupt and confuse the mission and message of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. Ellen White was convinced that God had "raised up" for this moment these two young ministers, E. J. Waggoner and A. T. Jones, to give a message to the delegates at the conference. "I believe without a doubt that God has given precious truth at the right time to Brother Jones and Brother Waggoner. Do I place them as infallible?


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Season of debate, Ministerial Bible Institute
Do I say that they will not make a statement or have an idea that cannot be questioned or that cannot be error? Do I say so? No, I do not say any such thing. Nor do I say that of any man in the world. But I do say God has sent light, and do be careful how you treat it."


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Season of debate, General Conference session
When E.J. Waggoner arrived at the Conference, a blackboard had been placed on the speaker's platform with views on the law in Galatians written upon it. J.H. Morrison had affixed his signature under the statement: "Resolved — That the Law in Galatians Is the Ceremonial Law." Waggoner was invited to place his signature under the opposing proposition: "Resolved — That the Law in Galatians Is the Moral Law." Waggoner declined, saying that he had not come to the meetings to debate, but to present truth as it is found in Scripture.


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Season of debate, General Conference session
Waggoner began to present what he had discovered from the Bible on the subject of Christ and His righteousness. "The preaching of the younger men (Waggoner was 33, Jones was 38) was trying to the older leaders. Their vigorous preaching somehow seemed to have a note of authority that was resented." Supported in their resistance by letters of encouragement from G.I. Butler to "stand by the old landmarks" these older men resisted what was being presented.


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Season of debate, General Conference session
J. H. Morrison was selected to offer the rebuttal to Waggoner's presentations. He spoke sincerely and earnestly expressing the fear that Waggoner's view, if adopted, would direct attention away from the Adventist position of explicit obedience to all the commandments of God. When it was again Waggoner's turn at the pulpit, he and A.T. Jones offered a unique reply. Standing before the assembly they opened their Bibles and without personal comment alternately read sixteen passages bearing on the subject at hand.


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Season of debate, General Conference session
Notwithstanding Ellen White's considerable influence to assist Waggoner and Jones, the debate over the law in Galatians soon became heated. Even Ellen White could not stay the negative tide that had enveloped the Conference, and she concluded, "it is evident that a delusion was upon our brethren." Although she supported and protected Waggoner and Jones as much as possible, Ellen White realized that their theological positions were being resisted by the church's leaders.


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Most Precious Message
The claim was that Waggoner's "new light" was nothing more than what Adventists had always presented on justification by faith, which was theoretically true as Adventist taught that salvation comes through faith in Jesus Christ, but the emphasis had tended to be more on works and on sanctification. Placing righteousness by faith squarely on the foundation of Christ and His righteousness, and Christ's work as our High Priest during the antitypical Day of Atonement brought a fresh perspective to the doctrine as it had previously been preached from Adventist pulpits.


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Most Precious Message
Ellen White saw the importance of the 1888 message Jones and Waggoner brought and why it was needed for the members can be seen in her comments on the message of righteousness by faith.


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Most Precious Message
"Many had lost sight of Jesus. They needed to have their eyes directed to His divine person, His merits, and His changeless love for the human family. All power is given into His hands, that He may dispense rich gifts unto men, imparting the priceless gift of His own righteousness to the helpless human agent." Testimonies to Ministers, 92.


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Most Precious Message
"The uplifted Saviour is to appear in His efficacious work as the Lamb slain, sitting upon the throne, to dispense the priceless covenant blessings, the benefits He died to purchase for every soul who should believe on Him. John could not express that love in words; it was too deep, too broad; he calls upon the human family to behold it. Christ is pleading for the church in the heavenly courts above, pleading for those for whom He paid the redemption price of His own lifeblood. Centuries, ages, can never diminish the efficacy of this atoning sacrifice. The message of the gospel of His grace was to be given to the church in clear and distinct lines, that the world should no longer say that Seventh-day Adventists talk the law, the law, but do not teach or believe Christ." Ibid.


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Most Precious Message
"If Christ is all and in all to every one of us, why are not His incarnation and His atoning sacrifice dwelt upon more in the churches?" Selected Messages, vol. 3, 187.


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Most Precious Message
The preachers had proclaimed with a "loud voice" the claims of the law of God, but barely an "inaudible whisper" was heard of the faith of Jesus:


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Most Precious Message
"The faith of Jesus has been overlooked and treated in an indifferent, careless manner. It has not occupied the prominent position in which it was revealed to John. Faith in Christ as the sinner's only hope has been largely left out, not only of the discourses given but of the religious experience of very many who claimed to believe the third angel's message." Ibid., 168.


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Most Precious Message
Thus, the Seventh-day Adventist message was in danger of becoming a lifeless, Christless message with Legalism as its focus rather than Christ


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Most Precious Message
"A legal religion has been thought quite the correct religion for this time. But it is a mistake. The rebuke of Christ to the Pharisees is applicable to those who have lost from the heart their first love. A cold, legal religion can never lead souls to Christ; for it is a loveless, Christless religion." Ibid., vol. l, 388.


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Most Precious Message, Refutation of Arianism
Waggoner centered his logical proof on the fact that Christ possesses "all the fullness of the Godhead" being "by nature the very substance of God, and having life in Himself, He is properly called Jehovah, the self-existent One." This is a truth no Arian would ever admit. However, it is also true that Waggoner would never have utilized the term Arian in a pejorative manner.


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Most Precious Message, Refutation of Arianism
While he rejected the idea that Christ was a created being, he still maintained: "There was a time when Christ proceeded forth and came from God, from the bosom of the Father (John 8:42; 1:18), but that time was so far back in the days of eternity that to finite comprehension it is practically without beginning." The nature and relationship of the Godhead, let alone the divinity of Christ, is too complex for human comprehension. Nonetheless, Waggoner's entire discussion on Christ and His righteousness was linked to the divinity of Christ.


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Most Precious Message, Refutation of Arianism
For Waggoner, the equality of Christ with God magnifies his condescension and humility in assuming humanity. In fact, Waggoner wrote: "Let no one, therefore, who honors Christ at all, give Him less honor than he gives the Father, for this would be to dishonor the Father by just so much; but let all, with the angels in heaven worship the Son, having no fear that they are worshiping and serving the creature instead of the Creator." The everlasting covenant promise God made to fallen Adam in the Garden of Eden (Gen. 3:15) was that Emmanuel—God with us—would "save His people from their sin" (Matt. 1:21). Jesus fulfilled this promise in every aspect.


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Most Precious Message, Refutation of Arianism
"Think of it; God swore by Himself! That is, He pledged Himself, and His own existence, to our salvation in Jesus Christ. He put Himself in pawn. His life for ours, if we are lost while trusting Him. His honour is at stake."


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Most Precious Message, Refutation of Arianism
Such an expanded concept on the length and breadth of the atonement had never been heard before from any pulpit. Ellen White declared it to be "a most precious message," a message that "was to bring more prominently before the world the uplifted Saviour, the sacrifice for the sins of the whole world. It presented justification through faith in the Surety; it invited the people to receive the righteousness of Christ, which is made manifest in obedience to all the commandments of God."


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Most Precious Message, Foundation for Righteousness by Faith
Far from promoting antinomian sentiments, Waggoner's message presented Christ in all His glory as the Saviour of all mankind, it brought balance between Justification and Sanctification. When properly understood through a heart appreciation of what it cost the Godhead to redeem fallen man from sin, this truth results in a heart surrender to the will of God, producing faithful obedience to all the commandments of God.


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Most Precious Message, Foundation for Righteousness by Faith
"'Do you mean to teach universal salvation?' someone may ask. We mean to teach just what the Word of God teaches — that the 'grace of God hath appeared, bringing salvation to all men.' Titus 2:11. God has wrought out salvation for every man, and has given it to him;' but the majority spurn it and throw it away. The judgment will reveal the fact that full salvation was given to every man and that the lost have deliberately thrown away their birthright possession."


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Most Precious Message, Foundation for Righteousness by Faith
This was the message of Christ and His righteousness presented by E.J. Waggoner and A.T. Jones at the 1888 Minneapolis General Conference. Due to the conflict, Jones and Waggoner's presentations were coolly received or outrightly rejected by many of the leaders of the denomination, notwithstanding Ellen Whites words that it was the "old light",  something that she had been preaching for decades. Even so, these two men were invited to preach at subsequent camp meetings, worker's meetings, and ministerial institutes over the next several years.


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Most Precious Message, Foundation for Righteousness by Faith
E.J. Waggoner wrote extensively on the subject of Christ and His righteousness, developing the stenographic notes made by his wife during the 1888 conference into a book with that title. A.T. Jones would be a principal speaker at the next several General Conference sessions, and would write an exposition on the work of Christ as our High Priest relating to the perfection of Christian character, titled Consecrated Way to Christian Perfection (1901).


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Most Precious Message, Foundation for Righteousness by Faith
Ellen White supported Waggoner's and Jones' Christ centered view on justification by faith and their refutation of Arianism, and later wrote that she had been teaching for "forty-five years"  this same message as Jones and Waggoner had presented it at that session  Eight years later, in 1896, Ellen White wrote, "In this scripture [Gal. 3:24], the Holy Spirit through the apostle is speaking especially of the moral law. The law reveals sin to us, and causes us to feel our need of Christ and to flee to Him for pardon and peace."


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Most Precious Message, Foundation for Righteousness by Faith
Although no manuscripts of the exact words from the 1888 conference are known to exist or preserved, save Ellen White's comments, in E.J. Waggoner's book, Christ and His Righteousness, we are given a glimpse into what might have been said. These chapters (series of articles) are the first writings of Waggoner on the subject written in the early part of 1889 just weeks after the 1888 general conference session.


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Most Precious Message, Foundation for Righteousness by Faith
The focus in this book, as well as other later books like, The Gospel in Creation, contain the building blocks with a definition of a true righteousness by faith theology and experience. Namely the Holy Spirit's use of Power of the Word of God in the believer. Meaning that because the Word has innate power by virtue of its supernatural origination and through the Holy Spirit's ability to use it, forms Christ within the believer. Therefore, His righteousness internally replaces our internal unrighteousness.


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Most Precious Message, Foundation for Righteousness by Faith
This concept has been lost sight of through the years in Adventist circles. Since 1986, certain members in good standing of the church, have written their own books defining the tenets of what they believe Jones and Waggoner taught as the 1888 message. One tenet of belief heavily stressed by Robert Wieland and others was "Universal Justification". While this subject is worthy of study and discussion, it was not the foundation of Waggoner or Jones teaching.


1888 Minneapolis General Conference, Most Precious Message, Foundation for Righteousness by Faith
Both men's books taught the concept of The Power of the Word as the central key, which ironically is absent from all books written in the last 50 years that attempt to define what the 1888 message is. Reading primary sources will be the only way to unlock this mystery, with an answer as to why Ellen White regarded E.J. Waggoner and A.T. Jones"s sermons, at the 1888 general conference, as the beginning of the Latter Rain.


1888 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team
The 1888 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team represented the University of Minnesota during the 1888 college football season. This was the third and final season under head coach Frederick S. Jones. Following the 14-0 Minnesota win over Shattuck, the Ariel reported that "The game was followed by a bus-ride about the city, and the University and Shattuck yells combined to make the day hideous till supper time."


1888 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team
Team of 1888: Rush Line, S.S. Start, J. Paul Goode, M.E. Trench, William H. Hoyt, M. H. Gerry, William C. Leary, Birney E. Trask (captain); Quarterback, Alf F. Pillsbury; Halfbacks, John F. Hayden, George K. Belden; Fullback, Grant B. Rossman.


1888 Minnesota gubernatorial election
The 1888 Minnesota gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1888 to elect the governor of Minnesota.


1888 Missouri gubernatorial election
The 1888 Missouri gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1888 and resulted in a victory for the Democratic nominee, Mayor of St. Louis David R. Francis, over the Republican candidate Elbert E. Kimball, Union Labor candidate Ahira Manring, and Prohibition candidate Frank M. Lowe.


1888 Moradabad hailstorm
The 1888 Moradabad Hail was a severe hailstorm that occurred on 30 April 1888 in Moradabad, in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It had the highest mortality associated with a hailstorm, and killed 246 people, 1600 cattle and sheep with hailstones as large as “goose eggs and oranges and cricket balls. The hailstones were reportedly as big as oranges and in some places accumulated to up to 2 feet in height.


1888 Navy Midshipmen football team
The 1888 Navy Midshipmen football team represented the United States Naval Academy during the 1888 college football season. The team compiled a 1–4 record and were outscored by its opponents 73 to 35. In the eighth installment of the Johns Hopkins–Navy football rivalry, Navy lost by a 25 to 12 score. In the final game of the 1888 season, the Midshipmen lost to St. John's College by a 22–6 score, with a brawl breaking out at the end of the game. The team captain was George Hayward.


1888 New Hampshire gubernatorial election
The 1888 New Hampshire gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1888. Republican nominee David H. Goodell defeated Democratic nominee Charles H. Amsden with 49.45% of the vote.


1888 New York Athletic Club football team
The 1888 New York Athletic Club football team was an American football team that represented the New York Athletic Club in the American Football Union (AFU) during the 1888 college football season. The New York team compiled a 1–3–1 record (all against AFU opponents).


1888 New York Giants season
The 1888 New York Giants season was the franchise's 6th season.


1888 New York Giants season
Claiming six future Hall of Famers (Roger Connor, Mickey Welch, Buck Ewing, Tim Keefe, Jim O'Rourke, and John Montgomery Ward), the team won the National League pennant by nine games and defeated the St. Louis Browns in the "World's Championship."


1888 New York Giants season
Keefe led the league in several major statistical categories, including wins, winning percentage, strikeouts, and earned run average.


1888 New York Giants season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1888 New York Giants season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1888 New York Giants season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1888 New York Giants season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1888 New York Giants season, 1888 World Series
The Giants beat the American Association champion St. Louis Browns in the World Series, six games to four.


1888 New York state election
The 1888 New York state election was held on November 6, 1888, to elect the governor, the lieutenant governor and a judge of the New York Court of Appeals, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly.


1888 New York state election, History
The Prohibition state convention met on June 26 at the Alhambra Rink in Syracuse, New York. Frank E. Baldwin, of Chemung County, was temporary chairman until the choice of W. Martin Jones as president. The convention re-assembled on June 27. W. Martin Jones was nominated after the second ballot (first ballot: W. Jennings Demorest 398, Benson J. Lossing 389, Jones 249, Guy C. Humphreys 26; second ballot: Lossing 466, Jones 417, Demorest 178). George Powell for lieutenant governor; and Charles W. Stevens, of Steuben County, for the Court of Appeals, were nominated by acclamation.


1888 New York state election, History
The Republican state convention met on August 28 at the Skating Rink in Saratoga, New York. Benjamin F. Tracy was temporary chairman until the choice of Gen. George S. Batcheller as president. Warner Miller was nominated for governor by acclamation. Stephen V. R. Cruger was nominated for lieutenant governor on the first ballot (vote: Cruger 409, John B. Weber 180, Cornelius R. Parsons 72, Norman M. Allen 32). William Rumsey was nominated for the Court of Appeals by acclamation.


1888 New York state election, History
The Democratic state convention met on September 12 at Buffalo, New York. George Raines was temporary chairman until the choice of D. Cady Herrick as president. The incumbents, Governor David B. Hill, Lieutenant Governor Edward F. Jones and Judge John Clinton Gray, were re-nominated by acclamation.


1888 New York state election, History
The United Labor state convention met on September 20. The convention endorsed, with a vote of 124 to 103, the Republican candidate for governor, Warner Miller, because his party was "committed to ballot reform." Then the convention voted 131 to 67 to nominate a separate ticket, and John H. Blakeney was nominated for Lieutenant Governor and Lawrence J. McParlin for the Court of Appeals.


1888 New York state election, History
The Socialist Labor state convention met on October 21 at the Labor Lyceum in New York City. J. Edward Hall was nominated for governor, Christian Pattberg, of Brooklyn for lieutenant governor, and Dr. Frank Gereau, of New York City for Judge of the Court of Appeals.


1888 North Canterbury earthquake
The 1888 North Canterbury earthquake occurred at 4:10 am on 1 September following a sequence of foreshocks that started the previous evening, and whose epicentre was in the North Canterbury region of the South Island of New Zealand. The epicentre was approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi) west of Hanmer.


1888 North Canterbury earthquake
In Christchurch, about 100 kilometres (62 mi) southeast of the epicentre, shaking lasted for 40 to 50 seconds. The magnitude of the earthquake is estimated to be in the range 7.0–7.3. Severe damage to farm buildings in the epicentral region was reported and the top 7.8 metres (26 ft) of the spire of ChristChurch Cathedral collapsed. It was the first earthquake observed to be associated with mainly horizontal fault displacement.


1888 North Canterbury earthquake, Tectonic setting
New Zealand lies along the boundary between the Australian and Pacific plates.


1888 North Canterbury earthquake, Tectonic setting
The earthquake occurred on the Hope Fault, one of the group of dextral strike-slip structures known as the Marlborough Fault System that transfer displacement between the mainly transform and convergent type plate boundaries in a complex zone at the northern end of South Island. Alexander McKay, a geologist working for the geological survey, observed horizontal offsets in farm fences between 1.5 and 2.6 metres (4.9 and 8.5 ft) along the fault. He was the first to associate a strike-slip displacement with an earthquake.


1888 North Canterbury earthquake, Damage
In the North Canterbury region many buildings were severely damaged, particularly in the Hope Valley and Hanmer areas. Landslides occurred in unconsolidated sediment and fissures up to 30 centimetres (12 in) wide were observed.


1888 North Canterbury earthquake, Damage
In Christchurch, the top 7.8 metres (26 ft) of the Cathedral spire fell down and minor damage, such as broken chimneys, affected many houses. The Durham Street Methodist Church, Christchurch's first church build with permanent materials, suffered some damage to its stonework. Another building affected was the Christchurch Normal School, where chimneys fell down and ceilings were cracked.


1888 North Canterbury earthquake, Damage
Damage was greatest in the northern and northwestern suburbs, probably due to the peaty sub-soil.


1888 North Carolina Tar Heels football team
The 1888 North Carolina Tar Heels football team represented the University of North Carolina in the 1888 college football season. They played four games with a final record of 1–3. This was the first season the University fielded a football team. The team captains for the 1888 season were Bob Bingham and Steve Bragaw. The game against Wake Forest was the first in the state, and the first against Trinity the first "scientific" game in the state. Ergo, one or the other is the first intercollegiate game in North Carolina. Princeton star Hector Cowan traveled south and trained the team.


1888 North Carolina gubernatorial election
The 1888 North Carolina gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1888. Democratic nominee Daniel Gould Fowle defeated Republican nominee Oliver H. Dockery with 51.97% of the vote.


1888 North-West Territories general election
The 1888 North-West Territories general election was the first general election in the history of the North-West Territories, Canada. Elections were held in various districts between 20 June and 30 June 1888. This was the only general election, where the writs were issued to return on various days.


1888 North-West Territories general election
Prior to 1888, members of the 1st Council of the North-West Territories were elected in by-elections to supplement members appointed by the Government of Canada. In order to have an elected member, a constituency needed to be set up in an area 1,000 square miles (2,600 km2) with 1,000 people. Others members were appointed. This created a patchwork of represented and unrepresented areas across the sprawling and sparse territory.


1888 North-West Territories general election
Twenty-two members were elected in this election. Robert Brett was appointed government leader by Lieutenant Governor Joseph Royal. His official title was Chairman of the Lt. Governor's Advisory Council.


1888 North-West Territories general election
Three judges were appointed to the legislative assembly to provide legal advice, but they were not able to vote. They represented the territory at large.


1888 North-West Territories general election
Voters in this election cast their votes by telling the returning officer who they want to vote for. This system lasted until 1894 when a secret ballot was first used in a by-election in the Whitewood district.


1888 North-West Territories general election, Election results
Three members were acclaimed, but the turnout cannot be established as no voters lists were in use. Candidates were all elected as part of a consensus government.


1888 North-West Territories general election, Legal Advisors
Three Members were appointed by Lieutenant Governor Joseph Royal after the election. The purpose was to bring experience in procedure, protocol and amending and introducing legislation. The Legal Advisors held seats at large, were allowed to participate in debates and were paid a salary of $250.00.


1888 North-West Territories general election, Legal Advisors
The three members of the assembly who were appointed, already served as members of the Assembly previously. There were no Legal Advisors reappointed after dissolution of the 1st North-West Legislative Assembly in 1891.


1888 North-West Territories general election, Medicine Hat
In the Medicine Hat electoral district, candidate William Finlay had withdrawn before election day. The returning officer declared Thomas Tweed elected by acclamation. Finlay lost his nomination deposit of $200.00


1888 Northwest United States cold wave
In mid-January 1888, a severe cold wave passed through the northern regions of the Rocky Mountains and Great Plains of the United States, then considered to be the northwestern region of the nation. It led to a blizzard for the northern Plains and upper Mississippi valley where many children were trapped in schoolhouses where they froze to death. This tragedy became known as the Schoolhouse Blizzard, Schoolchildren's Blizzard, or The Children's Blizzard. This cold snap and blizzard were part of a month when temperatures averaged below normal by 6 to 12 °F (3.3 to 6.7 °C) across much of the northern and western United States.


1888 Northwest United States cold wave, Synoptic overview
The cold wave was initiated by a storm system which dropped southward from Canada on January 11 into Colorado on January 12 and onward into the Great Lakes on January 13. The subsequent cold wave extended all the way into the citrus growing areas of southern California. The cyclone led to a blizzard across Nebraska, North Dakota, and Minnesota. Since there had recently been a warm spell, many people were caught off guard by the cold and snow. Hundreds of adults and children alike fell victim, while thousands of cattle died during the event.


1888 Northwest United States cold wave, Severity of the event
Record low temperatures were set, including −65 °F (−53.9 °C) at Fort Keogh (near Miles City, Montana) on January 14. At the time, it was the lowest temperature ever recorded in the continental United States. It was not until 1933 that a lower temperature was read in the lower 48 states (−66 °F or −54.4 °C in West Yellowstone, Montana).


1888 Northwest United States cold wave, Severity of the event
Other notable records set during this cold wave are −41 °F (−40.6 °C) in St. Paul, Minnesota, −30 °F (−34.4 °C) in Spokane, Washington, −28 °F (−33.3 °C) in Boise, Idaho, −2 °F (−18.9 °C) in downtown Portland, Oregon, 1 °F (−17.2 °C) in Newport, Oregon, and 20 °F (−6.7 °C) in Eureka, California. All of these readings still stand as the record low for each location. Further, high temperatures of −10 °F (−23.3 °C) in Spokane and 9 °F (−12.8 °C) in Portland still stand as the coldest maximum temperatures ever recorded.


1888 Northwest United States cold wave, Severity of the event
In Denver, while not record setting, temperatures fell to −18 °F (−27.8 °C) while winds peaked at 60 mph (97 km/h). In California on January 14, temperatures fell to 20 °F (−6.7 °C) in Eureka and 29 °F (−1.7 °C) in San Francisco.


1888 Northwestern Purple football team
The 1888 Northwestern Purple football team was an American football team that represented Northwestern University during the 1888 college football season. Prior to 1888, Northwestern had played only four football games spread over 12 years and had never put together a winning record. The 1888 Northwestern team compiled a 2–1 record. The team opened its season on November 22, 1888, with a 16–6 victory over Chicago West Division High School and concluded with two games against Lake Forest College. Lake Forest won the first game, 18–4, in Lake Forest, Illinois, on November 24, 1888. Northwestern won the latter game, 12–6, at Evanston on December 1, 1888.


1888 Norwegian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Norway in 1888. Although the Liberal Party received the most votes, the result was a victory for the Conservative Party, which won 51 of the 114 seats in the Storting. The Conservatives formed a government led by  Emil Stang.


1888 Notre Dame football team
The 1888 Notre Dame football team was an American football team that represented the University of Notre Dame in the 1888 college football season. The team had no coach and played only one game during the fall of 1888, a 20–0 victory over Harvard Prep School  (a preparatory school in Chicago, also known as Chicago Harvard School) at South Bend, Indiana, on December 6, 1888. The win over Harvard Prep was the first victory in the history of the Notre Dame Fighting Irish football program.


1888 Notre Dame football team
It was also the programs first blowout win, first undefeated season, and most points scored against an opposing football team. The 20–0 win was twice the number of points scored during the entire 1887 season. Although they only played a single game, Harvard Prep had declared themselves champions of Illinois after going undefeated prior to the contest with Notre Dame, and when Notre Dame defeated them, the South Bend Tribune asserted that University was "Champions of the Northwest".


1888 Open Championship
The 1888 Open Championship was the 28th Open Championship, held 6 October at the Old Course at St Andrews, Fife, Scotland. Jack Burns won the Championship by a stroke from David Anderson Jr. and Ben Sayers.


1888 Open Championship
Willie Campbell led after 18 holes for the third successive year and was the leader on 84 with Sayers on 85 and a group of four players on 86.


1888 Open Championship
In the afternoon Sayers, in the first group, scored 87 and took an early lead on 172. Campbell made a number of mistakes and scored 90 for a total of 174. Sayers was then joined on 172 by David Anderson. Playing a few groups behind, Burns scored an 85 and took the lead on 171, a score none of the later players could match.


1888 Open Championship
Burns's score for his first round had originally been added up to 87 but a Royal and Ancient Golf Club member noticed that it was added up incorrectly and the total wr&as adjusted to 86, making Burns the champion.


1888 Open Championship, Final leaderboard, Playoff
Anderson and Sayers played an 18-hole play-off two days later. Sayers won and took the second prize of £6, Anderson taking the third prize of £3.


1888 Orange Athletic Club football team
The 1888 Orange Athletic Club football team was an American football team that represented the Orange Athletic Club in the American Football Union (AFU) during the 1888 college football season. The Orange team played its home games in East Orange, New Jersey, and compiled a 3–3–1 record (3–2–1 against AFU opponents).


1888 Paddington colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Paddington on 12 January 1888 because William Trickett (Free Trade) was appointed to the Legislative Council.


1888 Paddington colonial by-election, Aftermath
With a margin of just 14 votes, Charles Hellmrich challenged the result in the Elections and Qualifications Committee. The Committee consisted of 2 Free Trade members (Jacob Garrard and Albert Gould) and 3 Protectionist members (Joseph Palmer Abbott, Robert Smith and John See). The committee scrutinised the ballot papers and held that Allen was properly elected, finding that the true result was Allen 1,689, Hellmrich 1,653, Knapp 608 and Cansdell 191, formal 4,141, informal 114, total 4,255.


1888 Penn Quakers football team
The 1888 Penn Quakers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Pennsylvania during the 1888 college football season. In its first season under head coach Woody Wagenhorst, the team compiled a 9–7 record and outscored opponents by a total of  to . Halfback Tom Hulme was the team captain. The team played its home games at the University Athletic Grounds located at 37th and Spruce Streets.


1888 Penn State football team
The 1888 Penn State football team was an American football team that represented Pennsylvania State College—now known as Pennsylvania State University–as an independent during the 1888 college football season. The team played its home games on the Old Main lawn in University Park, Pennsylvania. The 1888 team is the only winless team in Penn State history. Harry Leyden (1887–1889) played quarterback in 1888.


1888 Penn State football team, Schedule
‡There is a score discrepancy. Lehigh lists the final score as 32–0.


1888 Philadelphia Athletics season
The 1888 Philadelphia Athletics finished with an 81–52 record and finished in third place in the American Association.


1888 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1888 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1888 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1888 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1888 Philadelphia Quakers season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1888 Philadelphia Quakers season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1888 Philadelphia Quakers season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1888 Philadelphia Quakers season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1888 Pittsburgh Alleghenys season
The 1888 Pittsburgh Alleghenys season was the 7th season of the Pittsburgh Alleghenys franchise and their 2nd in the National League. The Alleghenys finished sixth in the league standings with a record of 66–68.


1888 Pittsburgh Alleghenys season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1888 Pittsburgh Alleghenys season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1888 Pittsburgh Alleghenys season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1888 Pittsburgh Alleghenys season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1888 Princeton Tigers football team
The 1888 Princeton Tigers football team represented Princeton University in the 1888 college football season. The team compiled an 11–1 record. The team held its first ten opponents scoreless, winning those games by a combined 589 to 0 score. The team's sole loss was by a 10-0 score in the final game of the season against an undefeated Yale team that has been recognized as the 1888 national champion.


1888 Princeton Tigers football team
The practice of selecting All-American football teams began the following year with the 1890 College Football All-America Team. However, Princeton's roster in 1888 included a number of star players, including fullback Knowlton "Snake" Ames, end Jesse Riggs, right tackle Hector Cowan.


1888 Queensland colonial election
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Kerry Raymond (talk | contribs) at 05:17, 20 June 2020 (→top: oz tags, replaced: → {{Use Australian English|date=June 2020}}). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1888 Queensland colonial election
Elections were held in the Australian state of Queensland between 28 April 1888 and 26 May 1888 to elect the members of the state's Legislative Assembly.


1888 Queensland colonial election, Key dates
Due to problems of distance and communications, it was not possible to hold the elections on a single day.


1888 Redfern colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Redfern on 8 September 1888 because of the death of James Farnell (Free Trade).


1888 Republican National Convention
The 1888 Republican National Convention was a presidential nominating convention held at the Auditorium Building in Chicago, Illinois, on June 19–25, 1888. It resulted in the nomination of former Senator Benjamin Harrison of Indiana for president and Levi P. Morton of New York, a former Representative and Minister to France, for vice president. During the convention, Frederick Douglass was invited to speak and became the first African-American to have his name put forward for a presidential nomination in a major party's roll call vote; he received one vote from Kentucky on the fourth ballot.


1888 Republican National Convention
The ticket won in the election of 1888, defeating President Grover Cleveland and former Senator Allen G. Thurman from Ohio.


1888 Republican National Convention, Issues addressed
Issues addressed in the convention included support for protective tariffs, repeal of taxes on tobacco, support for the use of gold and silver as currency and support for pensions for veterans. The party also expressed its opposition to polygamy.


1888 Republican National Convention, Presidential nomination
The early favorite for the nomination was James G. Blaine. After he disclaimed interest, several candidates vied for the prize, with the frontrunners being Russell A. Alger, Walter Q. Gresham, Chauncey Depew, and John Sherman. After several ballots, none of the leading candidates was able to obtain a majority. Benjamin Harrison, who had served in the U.S. Senate from 1881 to 1887, but had lost reelection after the Democrats gained control of the Indiana legislature, was a dark horse candidate. Republicans were dispirited after losing the presidency in 1884 and were attracted to Harrison because of the speech announcing his presidential candidacy, in which he described himself as a "living and rejuvenated Republican." Harrison won the nomination on the eighth ballot and "Rejuvenated Republicanism" became the party's campaign slogan.


1888 Republican National Convention, Vice Presidential nomination
Former Representative and Minister to France Levi P. Morton from New York was asked to accept the nomination. He had been asked in 1880, but had declined. This time Morton decided to accept. He was easily elected on the first ballot.


1888 Republican National Convention, Accusation of delegate vote-buying
Nearly a decade later, Ohio candidate John Sherman accused Michigan candidate, millionaire Russell A. Alger, of buying the votes of Southern delegates who had already confirmed their vote for Sherman. In Sherman's 1895 two-volume book "Recollections" he asserted, "I believe, and had, as I thought, conclusive proof, that the friends of Gen. Alger substantially purchased the votes of many of the delegates from the Southern States who had been instructed by their conventions to vote for me."


1888 Republican National Convention, Accusation of delegate vote-buying
Once accused, Alger submitted correspondence to the New York Times, who published one letter from 1888, written after the convention to Alger, where Sherman states, "if you bought some [votes], according to universal usage, surely I don't blame you." Later in the same New York Times article, Alger insisted neither he or friends bought a single vote. The article also quotes another delegate, James Lewis, who claimed that "the colored delegates of the South will unite on a Union soldier in preference" instead of a civilian.


1888 Republican National Convention, Accusation of delegate vote-buying
When Sherman introduced his antitrust legislation two years later, his main example of unlawful combination drew from a Michigan Supreme Court case involving Diamond Match Company and Alger's participation as president and stock holder.


1888 Rhode Island gubernatorial election
The 1888 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was held on April 4, 1888. Republican nominee Royal C. Taft defeated Democratic incumbent John W. Davis with 52.33% of the vote.


1888 Richmond Colts football team
The 1888 Richmond Colts football team was an American football team that represented Richmond College—now known as the University of Richmond—as an independent during the 1888 college football season.


1888 Ritter Island tsunami
On the morning of March 13, 1888, an explosion took place on Ritter Island, a small volcanic island in the Bismarck and Solomon Seas, between New Britain and Umboi Island. This event is the largest volcanic island sector collapse in recent history.


1888 Ritter Island tsunami
The explosion resulted in the almost complete loss of the island and generated a tsunami with runups of up to 20 meters (66 ft) that caused damage more than 600 kilometers (370 mi) away and killed anywhere between 500 and 3,000 on neighbouring islands, including scientists and explorers.


1888 Ritter Island tsunami, Background
Ritter Island in the Bismarck Archipelago is an active stratovolcano located off the northeast coast of Papua New Guinea. It is one of the many active volcanoes in Papua New Guinea as a result of subduction of the Solomon Sea Plate beneath the Bismarck Plate along the New Britain Trench. This process has also resulted in earthquakes both on the subduction zone and within the two tectonic plates. A magnitude 8.1 earthquake in Morobe Province, for example, occurred as a result of the ongoing subduction of the two plates. That event triggered a tsunami and caused some damage to the region.


1888 Ritter Island tsunami, Background, Pre-1888 Ritter Island
Before the eruption of 1888, the island was described as a steep-sided and almost circular volcanic cone. An eruption in 1700 was described as impressive and was a notable feature to sailors passing through the Dampier Strait. It had an estimated height of 780 meters (2,560 ft). Based on sketches done in the 1830s, the sides of the volcano had an average angle of 45°, with the western flank thought to be steeper as it had perhaps experienced very small landslides. In other illustrations, the slopes were measured at up to 50°, and are likely exaggerations.


1888 Ritter Island tsunami, Background, Pre-1888 Ritter Island
Earlier signs of activity were recorded in 1699 and 1793, displaying Strombolian-style eruptions while the 1835 and 1848 events were associated with smoking and steaming. The eruptions in 1887 and 1878 are somewhat debated, some sources claiming they had indeed occurred on the island while others suggest otherwise. An account written anonymously stated that ashfall and tremors possibly from Ritter Island were recorded at Finschhafen in February 1887, almost a year before its destruction.