1865 Pennsylvania State Equal Rights League Convention, Proceedings of the Convention, Legacy of the Convention
A devoted contingent of interracial civil rights activists was established and supported by the work of this Convention, though the emphasis was still on activists of color. The members of the Convention acknowledged and welcomed the input and effort of "... the friends of Equal Rights without regard to color." Members of the Convention petitioned Congress for nationwide citizenship and enfranchisement.


1865 Pennsylvania State Equal Rights League Convention, Proceedings of the Convention, Legacy of the Convention
They published an address to the citizens of Pennsylvania, explaining the reasons for the League's formation, and calling for equal rights to be conferred upon the colored people of Pennsylvania; they reminded citizens and lawmakers that colored people had once been considered legal citizens of the state, and those rights had been taken from them.


1865 Pennsylvania State Equal Rights League Convention, Proceedings of the Convention, Legacy of the Convention
Special mention was made of the women whose work supported the Convention. The Convention offered thanks to the women who worked to alleviate the suffering of African-American soldiers and pledged to help them however possible, though Convention membership was not offered to women.


1865 Pennsylvania State Equal Rights League Convention, Notable Members
Some parties to the convention were prominent civil rights activists. These men were elected to office within the League.


1865 Pennsylvania State Equal Rights League Convention, Notable Members
William Nesbit was elected president of the League. He was instrumental in lobbying Congress for the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment.


1865 Pennsylvania State Equal Rights League Convention, Notable Members
Octavius Catto, George B. Vashon, and Jacob C. White Jr. were elected as secretaries over the longer course of the League's lifespan. For this first meeting, Octavius Catto, Redman Fausett, and Alex T. Harris served as secretaries.


1865 Peruvian presidential referendum
A referendum on Mariano Ignacio Prado becoming provisional President was held in Peru on 28 November 1865. Prado had come to power in April 1865 after launching a military coup against President Juan Antonio Pezet.


1865 Peruvian presidential referendum
After his position was approved in the referendum, on 28 July 1866 he called elections for a Constitutional Council. The Council met for the first time on 15 February 1867, and a new constitution came into force on 19 August. However, Prado left the country on 8 January 1868 after riots, and the following day Congress annulled the new constitution.


1865 Philadelphia mayoral election
The Philadelphia mayoral election of 1865 saw the election of Morton McMichael.


1865 Portuguese legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Portugal on 8 July 1865.


1865 Raglan by-election
The 1865 Raglan by-election was a by-election held on 19 April 1865 in the Raglan electorate during the 3rd New Zealand Parliament.


1865 Raglan by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP Charles John Taylor on 1 April 1865.


1865 Raglan by-election
As no other candidates were nominated, he was declared duly elected; Joseph Crispe had retired from the contest.


1865 Rangitikei by-election
The 1865 Rangitikei by-election was a by-election held on 10 July 1865 in the Rangitikei electorate during the 3rd New Zealand Parliament.


1865 Rangitikei by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP William Fox.


1865 Rangitikei by-election
The by-election was won by Robert Pharazyn. As he was the only candidate nominated, he was duly declared elected.


1865 Rockhamption colonial by-election
The Rockhampton colonial by-election, 1865 was a by-election held on 1 February 1865 in the electoral district of Rockhampton for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.


1865 Rockhamption colonial by-election, History
Under the Additional Members Act 1864, the seats of Clermont, Kennedy, Maryborough, Mitchell, Rockhampton and Warrego were created. By-elections to fill the new seats were held on 1 February 1865 (Maryborough and Rockhampton), on 18 March 1865 (Clermont and Kennedy) and on 25 March 1865 (Mitchell and Warrego). Charles Fitzsimmons was elected in Rockhampton.


1865 South Australian colonial election
Colonial elections were held in South Australia from 20 February to 13 March 1865. All 36 seats in the South Australian House of Assembly were up for election.


1865 South Australian colonial election
Since the inaugural 1857 election, no parties or solid groupings had been formed, which resulted in frequent changes of the Premier. If for any reason the incumbent Premier of South Australia lost sufficient support through a successful motion of no confidence at any time on the floor of the house, he would tender his resignation to the Governor of South Australia, which would result in interested members declaring their intent to run for the vacant position. A parliamentary ballot would then take place, resulting in the member with the most votes being sworn in by the Governor as the next Premier.


1865 South Australian colonial election
Informal groupings began and increased government stability occurred from the 1887 election. The United Labor Party would be formed in 1891, while the National Defence League would be formed later in the same year.


1865 South Carolina State Convention of Colored People
The 1865 South Carolina State Convention of Colored People was a statewide meeting of African American civil rights activists after emancipation and the end of the Civil War. The convention took place November 20—25, 1865, at the Zion Church in Charleston, South Carolina. Delegates discussed various reforms and adopted three documents by the end of the  convention, including the "Address of the State Convention," the "Declaration of Rights and Wrongs," and the "Memorial to Congress."


1865 South Carolina State Convention of Colored People, Organizing the convention, Colored people's conventions
At the time, various conventions were held across Southern states in order to arrange elections and prepare for political reintegration back into the Union. However, none of these conventions included African American representatives, so in an effort to make their voices heard, African Americans held their own "colored people conventions."


1865 South Carolina State Convention of Colored People, Organizing the convention, Colored people's conventions
At the 1865 South Carolina Convention, 52 African American delegates from throughout the state gathered to discuss various issues and potential reforms that could take place in the state. In addition, the state committee published a letter, the "Address of the State Convention," to the white population of South Carolina, highlighting their concerns that African Americans had not been included in the conversation over political integration. They demanded that African Americans had the same rights as any other American.


1865 South Carolina State Convention of Colored People, Organizing the convention, Convention leadership
President Thomas M. Holmes led the convention, while Jacob Mills, J.J. Wright, W.M. Simmons served as vice presidents. Alongside forming a state central committee, individual committees were also appointed for financial and business matters. The state central committee held the duty to advise on the general interests of colored people, and it had the ability to call a state convention of colored people whenever it felt it  needed to.


1865 South Carolina State Convention of Colored People, Outcomes of the convention
African Americans discussed various ideas at the convention, including the establishment of good schools in every neighborhood throughout the state of South Carolina, as well as measures to keep school children in regular attendance. Delegates at the convention wanted to advance the interests of the people, devise a means for mutual protections, and to encourage the industrial interests of the state.


1865 South Carolina State Convention of Colored People, Outcomes of the convention
After a debate, the committee passed a resolution on the topic of maintaining good relations between former slaves and slaveholders. Some  delegates had called for no malice against former slaveholders; they believed chattel slavery was a thing of the past, and African Americans should instead work to establish unity, peace, and brotherhood among all men. By the end of the convention, the committee adopted and distributed three resolutions: the "Address of the State Convention," which was sent to the people of South Carolina; the "Memorial to Congress," which was sent to the U.S Senate and House of Representatives; and the "Declaration of Rights and Wrongs."


1865 South Carolina gubernatorial election
The 1865 South Carolina gubernatorial election was held on October 18, 1865 to select the governor of the state of South Carolina. It was the first gubernatorial election in which the voters of South Carolina were able to directly choose the Governor as a result of the ratification of the South Carolina Constitution of 1865. However, the constitution only permitted for white males to cast ballots and blacks were forbidden from voting.


1865 South Carolina gubernatorial election, General election
The general election was held on October 18, 1865 and James Lawrence Orr was elected as the first postbellum governor of South Carolina. He won a narrow victory over Wade Hampton who campaigned for his supporters not to vote for him. Neither candidate was aligned with any political party for the election.


1865 State of the Union Address
The 1865 State of the Union Address was written by the 17th president of the United States, Andrew Johnson. It was presented to the United States Congress on Monday, December 4, 1865. He stated, "Our thoughts next revert to the death of the late President by an act of parricidal treason. The grief of the nation is still fresh.


1865 State of the Union Address
It finds some solace in the consideration that he lived to enjoy the highest proof of its confidence by entering on the renewed term of the Chief Magistracy to which he had been elected; that he brought the civil war substantially to a close; that his loss was deplored in all parts of the Union, and that foreign nations have rendered justice to his memory." The American Civil War had ended, and now it was time for the Reconstruction era to begin.


1865 Town of Brisbane colonial by-election
The Town of Brisbane colonial by-election, 1865 was a by-election held on 23 November 1865 in the electoral district of Town of Brisbane for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.


1865 Town of Brisbane colonial by-election, History
In November 1865, Charles Blakeney, member for Town of Brisbane, resigned, having accepted an appointment as a District Court judge in the Western District. George Raff won the resulting by-election unopposed on 23 November 1865.


1865 Town of New Plymouth by-election
The 1865 Town of New Plymouth by-election was a by-election held in the Town of New Plymouth electorate during the 3rd New Zealand Parliament, on 19 May 1865. The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent, Charles Brown, and was won unopposed by Henry Sewell. Whilst Sewell was not a local resident, he was a member of the government through his appointment to the Legislative Council, the upper house of Parliament. Sewell accepted the invitation to represent the electorate, as him becoming a member of the lower house was seen to strengthen the government.


1865 Town of New Plymouth by-election, Background, Charles Brown
Aged 33, Brown had been elected the first Superintendent of the Taranaki Province in 1853. He had served until his defeat in 1857 and had been re-elected in 1861, and held that post at the time of the 1865 by-election. Brown had first been elected to the New Zealand House of Representatives in the 1855 election in the Grey and Bell electorate, another constituency in Taranaki. Since an 1864 by-election, he had been representing the Town of New Plymouth electorate.


1865 Town of New Plymouth by-election, Background, Charles Brown
Brown resigned from the House of Representatives on 12 April 1865, and informed the electors via an advertisement in the next edition of the Taranaki Herald of his decision. The advertisement called for a meeting on the day of its publication where Brown would outline his reasons for resigning. Due to the short notice, only ten electors came and the meeting was postponed by a week.


1865 Town of New Plymouth by-election, Background, Charles Brown
At the next meeting, again held at the Masonic Hall in New Plymouth, 50 electors turned up, and Thomas Kelly took the chair. Brown explained that his principal objective as a member of the House of Representatives was to "watch the progress" of the Taranaki compensation.


1865 Town of New Plymouth by-election, Background, Charles Brown
This compensation was in relation to the First and Second Taranaki War, where settlers were commandeered by the government to join the local militia, and once under military command, they had to watch when their homesteads were destroyed and their cattle were stolen without being able to respond, and the military hierarchy would not let them. Henry Sewell estimated the loss to the settlers at close to £200,000. Another item of interest to him was the exchange of town sections, which the government had since assigned Henry Sewell to resolve.


1865 Town of New Plymouth by-election, Background, Charles Brown
Brown noted that when Parliament was in session in Wellington, he could not simultaneously carry out his duties as Superintendent, as that required him to be in Taranaki, which caused problems for the province. The only issue that justified him remaining in the House of Representatives was to represent the area's interest with regards to the proposed harbour construction, but the cost estimate for this was still several months away. Attendees passed a motion that Brown had fulfilled his duties in an appropriate manner while he represented them in the House of Representatives.


1865 Town of New Plymouth by-election, Background, Henry Sewell
Henry Sewell had first come to New Zealand as the deputy chairman (a paid position) of the Canterbury Association in February 1853. The Association was in financial crisis and Sewell was instrumental in resolving the debt issues for Canterbury Province. In August 1853 Sewell stood in New Zealand's first general election, winning the Town of Christchurch electorate, which he represented in the 1st New Zealand Parliament. Sewell was re-elected in the 1855 election and also elected onto the Canterbury Provincial Council for the Lyttelton electorate in 1855. In May 1856, he became New Zealand's first Premier.


1865 Town of New Plymouth by-election, Background, Henry Sewell
He resigned from Parliament later in 1856 but remained an unofficial member of Parliament's executive and returned to England on ministerial duties. Sewell returned to New Zealand in early 1859 and again took up a previous role as Colonial Treasurer. He was re-elected to the House of Representatives in an 1860 by-election and served until the end of the term in November 1860. At the end of the session, he was dissatisfied with the actions of his former fellow Government ministers and did not seek re-election. Instead, he was appointed Registrar-General of Lands by Edward Stafford. In August 1861, he was appointed to the New Zealand Legislative Council so that he could become part of the 2nd Fox Ministry as Attorney-General. By all accounts, Sewell was a senior politician.


1865 Town of New Plymouth by-election, Election
Electors made a requisition to Henry Sewell, asking him to represent the electorate in the House of Representatives. The Taranaki Herald predicted that Sewell would accept the invitation, as it would strengthen the government by having him as a member of the lower house as opposed to the upper house. The Taranaki Herald further predicted that there would not be any opposition to Sewell's candidature.


1865 Town of New Plymouth by-election, Election
Sewell, who at the time was in Wellington, placed an advertisement in the 6 May edition of the Taranaki Herald accepting the invitation. Sewell stated that he would continue to look after the interests of Taranaki as a member of the government. The acceptance was dated 24 April; there were no telegraphs to New Plymouth at that time, but mail was carried by ship. The Taranaki Herald put its support behind Sewell's candidature, too.


1865 Town of New Plymouth by-election, Election
At the nomination meeting on 19 May, Sewell was the only person proposed. He was thus declared elected unopposed by the returning officer. Sewell resigned from the Legislative Council three days later.


1865 Town of New Plymouth by-election, Election
James Crowe Richmond was appointed to the Legislative Council to fill the vacancy left by Sewell. Richmond was appointed on 8 July 1865, which was soon after the 3rd Parliament began its fifth session. Sewell represented the Town of New Plymouth electorate until the end of the term in 1866, when he returned to live in England for some years.


1865 United Kingdom general election
The 1865 United Kingdom general election saw the Liberals, led by Lord Palmerston, increase their large majority over the Earl of Derby's Conservatives to 80. The Whig Party changed its name to the Liberal Party between the previous election and this one.


1865 United Kingdom general election
Palmerston died in October the same year and was succeeded by Lord John Russell as Prime Minister. Despite the Liberal majority, the party was divided by the issue of further parliamentary reform, and Russell resigned after being defeated in a vote in the House of Commons in 1866, leading to minority Conservative governments under Derby and then Benjamin Disraeli.


1865 United Kingdom general election
This was the last United Kingdom general election until 2019 where a party increased its majority after having been returned to office at the previous election with a reduced majority.


1865 United Kingdom general election, Corruption
The 1865 general election was regarded by contemporaries as being a generally dull contest nationally, which exaggerated the degree of corruption within individual constituencies. In his PhD thesis, Cornelius O'Leary described The Times as having reported "the testimony is unanimous that in the General Election of 1865 there was more profuse and corrupt expenditure than was ever known before". As a result of allegations of corruption, 50 election petitions were lodged, of which 35 were pressed to a trial; 13 ended with the elected MP being unseated. In four cases a Royal Commission had to be appointed because of widespread corrupt practices in the constituency.


1865 United Kingdom general election, Corruption
As a result, when he became Prime Minister in 1867, Benjamin Disraeli announced that he would introduce a new method for election petition trials, which were then determined by a committee of the House of Commons, resulting in the Parliamentary Elections Act 1868, whereby two Judges of the Court of Common Pleas, Exchequer of Pleas or Queen's Bench would be designated to try election petitions with full judicial salaries.


1865 United Kingdom general election in Ireland
The 1865 United Kingdom general election in Ireland took place in July 1865. It was the first election contested by the new Liberal Party. In Ireland, the Liberals led by Palmerston increased by 8 seats.


1865 United Kingdom general election in Ireland
Not included in the results is the University of Dublin constituency, which returned two Conservatives to parliament.


1865 United States House of Representatives election in Florida
An election to the United States House of Representatives was held in Florida for the 39th Congress on November 29, 1865, shortly after the end of the Civil War.


1865 United States House of Representatives election in Florida, Background
On January 21, 1861, Florida's Senate and House seats had become vacant when the State seceded from the Union, subsequently joining the Confederate States of America. Florida had been represented in the Confederate Congress by two Senators and two Representatives. The Civil War had ended in April 1865, and Florida held its first post-War election on November 29


1865 United States House of Representatives election in Florida, Post-election
Along with the other former Confederate States, Florida was not permitted to be represented in Congress until after Reconstruction. Florida was readmitted in 1868, and held its first post-Reconstruction election on May 5, 1868, representation resuming on July 1, 1868, after nearly 7 and a half years' absence from Congress.


1865 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
The 1865 United States Senate election in Massachusetts was held during January 1865. Incumbent Republican Senator Henry Wilson was re-elected easily to a second term as a member of the Republican Party.


1865 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
At the time, Massachusetts elected United States senators by a majority vote of each separate house of the Massachusetts General Court, the House and the Senate.


1865 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Background
At the time, the Massachusetts legislature was dominated the Republican Party, whose members held nearly every seat.


1865 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Election in the House
On January 10, the House voted for Wilson's re-election and sent the vote to the Senate for ratification.


1865 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Election in the Senate
On January 20, the State Senate convened and ratified Wilson's re-election by an overwhelming margin.


1865 Vermont gubernatorial election
The 1865 Vermont gubernatorial election took place on September 5, 1865. In keeping with the "Mountain Rule", incumbent Republican J. Gregory Smith, who had served two one-year terms, was not a candidate for reelection as governor of Vermont. With the election taking during the American Civil War, Dillingham ran as a pro-Union Republican. The Democratic nomination was won by Charles N. Davenport of Wilmington, an attorney and founder of the Brattleboro Reformer newspaper. In the general election, Dillingham was easily elected to a one-year term as governor.


1865 Viroqua tornado
The 1865 Viroqua tornado moved through western Wisconsin on Thursday, June 29, 1865. With at least 22 fatalities, it was one of the first deadly tornadoes recorded in Wisconsin after it became a state 17 years prior.


1865 Viroqua tornado, Synopsis
Approaching Viroqua, Wisconsin, the funnel was accompanied by a "branch whirl holding on like a parasite." Multiple vortex "branches" and "eddies" were observed as the tornado passed through the town. "Death rode upon that sulphury siroc" as "the angry elements at the beck of an invisible power lay waste the fairest portion of the village." Ten people were killed on one street.


1865 Viroqua tornado, Synopsis
A death toll of 17 is usually given for this tornado, but according to the History of Vernon County at least 13 people were killed in Viroqua and as many as 12 others may have died later from injuries. The tornado moved at an estimated 60 mph as it approached a schoolhouse 2 miles east of Viroqua containing a teacher and 24 students. The building was lifted into the air "and dashed to ground", killing the teacher and eight students. Foot-square timbers were carried "long distances; tree tops were filled with feather beds, chairs, and clothing. All kinds of livestock were either dead or writhing on the points of broken branches; 20-ton rocks were rolled, lifted, and broken".


1865 Wairarapa by-election
The 1865 Wairarapa by-election was a by-election held  on 29 July in the Wairarapa electorate in the Wairarapa during the 6th New Zealand Parliament.


1865 Wairarapa by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent, Charles Carter, who had returned to England.


1865 Warrego colonial by-election
The Warrego colonial by-election, 1865 was a by-election held on 25 March 1865 in the electoral district of Warrego for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.


1865 Warrego colonial by-election, History
Under the Additional Members Act 1864, the seats of Clermont, Kennedy, Maryborough, Mitchell, Rockhampton and Warrego were created. By-elections to fill the new seats were held on 1 February 1865 (Maryborough and Rockhampton), on 18 March 1865 (Clermont and Kennedy) and on 25 March 1865 (Mitchell and Warrego). Frederick Forbes was elected in Warrego.


1865 Wisconsin gubernatorial election
The 1865 Wisconsin gubernatorial election was held on November 7, 1865. Republican Party candidate Lucius Fairchild won the election with nearly 55% of the vote, defeating Democratic candidate Harrison Carroll Hobart.


1865 Wisconsin gubernatorial election
The incumbent Governor, James T. Lewis, refused nomination for re-election.


1865 Wisconsin gubernatorial election
The American Civil War had concluded just a few months before this election was held; both major party candidates in this election were retired brigadier generals who had served with distinction in the war.


1865 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Democratic Party
Harrison Carroll Hobart had served as a Union Army officer through the entire war, rising from captain to brigadier general, operating as colonel of the 21st Wisconsin Infantry Regiment and brigadier in XIV Corps in the western theater of the war. He was captured and escaped captivity during the war. Prior to the war, Hobart had served in the Wisconsin State Assembly, and had served as Speaker of the Assembly in the 1849 session. He had also served as in the Wisconsin State Senate during the 1st Wisconsin Legislature. This was Hobart's second attempt at election for Governor of Wisconsin, having been defeated by Alexander Randall in the 1859 election.


1865 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Republican Party
Lucius Fairchild was the incumbent Wisconsin Secretary of State at the time of the 1865 election, having been elected in the 1863 election on the Democratic Party ticket. Fairchild was one of the first Wisconsin men to volunteer for service in the Union Army, rising from captain to colonel with the 2nd Wisconsin Infantry Regiment in the famous Iron Brigade in the eastern theater of the war. He led the regiment in fierce fighting during the first day of the Battle of Gettysburg. At Gettysburg, Fairchild was wounded and captured. He was quickly released from captivity, but his left arm had been crushed and had to be amputated. He returned to Madison to recuperate, and was then nominated for Wisconsin Secretary of State. President Lincoln awarded him an honorary promotion to brigadier general.


1865 Yass Plains colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Yass Plains on 6 November 1865 because Peter Faucett accepted an appointment as a judge of the Supreme Court.


1865 flooding of Bucharest
As a result of snowmelt, Bucharest, the capital of Romania, was hit by the worst flooding in its history. Although the death toll is unknown, documents attest a large number of dead and displaced people. At people's pressure, Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza started a project of sewering the Dâmbovița River, which concretized only in 1880, after the plans of engineer Grigore Cerkez. Modern facilities were built to supply water to the city and 12 bridges.


1865 flooding of Bucharest, Flooding
The sixth decade of the 19th century was marked by severe flooding in the area surrounding the capital, mainly caused by torrential rains. Additional snowmelt in the spring of 1865 caused one of the most devastating natural disasters in the history of Bucharest. Then, the Dâmbovița River flooded large parts of Bucharest, lying from Grozăvești to Vitan. According to some documents cited by historian Dan Falcan, the water level reached up to three meters in some areas, ravaging Calea Rahovei, the Manuc's Inn and the Mihai Vodă Hill. Moreover, the circulation was totally interrupted, and water and food supply were made with great difficulty.


1865 flooding of Bucharest, Flooding
In an article from The Illustrated London News appears that "nearly one-half of the straggling extent of Bucharest is submerged", showing the ampleness of the flood.


1865 flooding of Bucharest, Reactions
The troops, especially the artillery and engineers, were deployed on the spot with boats. Bread, meat, wine and spirits were voluntarily furnished by the wealthier inhabitants of the upper districts.


1865 flooding of Bucharest, Reactions
The press began a violent campaign against the government, accused that spent the money from taxes on unnecessary things, such as theaters, gardens, cattle breed improvement, etc., although the population was exposed to such calamities.


1865 flooding of Bucharest, Reactions
At the request of Prince Cuza, the government passed a law to dismantle the manorial mills that hindered the flow of Dâmbovița River. Likewise, it's passed a law according to that all mills and sluices that "throttle" waters to be dismantled, in order not to repeat the catastrophe. Historians note that work began immediately, with hundreds of prisoners taken to work from prisons around Bucharest. The river bed was cleaned and widened to 20 meters, and bridges with pylons in water were destroyed.


1865 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1865 in Australia.


1865 in Australian literature
This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1865.


1865 in Australian literature, Births
A list, ordered by date of birth (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of births in 1865 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of death.


1865 in Australian literature, Deaths
A list, ordered by date of death (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of deaths in 1865 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of birth.


1865 in Belgium, Balance of trade
In 1865 imports to Belgium were valued at 1.364 million francs, with exports of 1.204 million francs.


1865 in Canada, Historical documents
Confederation Canada must be aware of might of United States


1865 in Canada, Historical documents
U.S. Congress resolves to withdraw from treaty limiting navies on Great Lakes


1865 in Canada, Historical documents
Powerful British MP Benjamin Disraeli says Britain would be foolish to lose Canada


1865 in Canada, Historical documents
Governor General orders flags flown at half-mast following President Lincoln's assassination


1865 in Canada, Historical documents
Arrest on U.S.A.-bound Canadian ship of man ready to kill "Yankees"


1865 in Canada, Historical documents
Province of Canada law requires prostitutes available to sailors and soldiers to report for medical inspection if summoned


1865 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1865 in Chile.


1865 in Denmark
The following lists events that happened during 1865 in Denmark.


1865 in France
The following lists events that happened during 1865 in the French Empire.


1865 in Michigan, Population
In the 1860 United States Census, Michigan was recorded as having a population of 749,113, an increase of 88.4% from the 1850 Census when the population was 397,654. By 1870, Michigan's population had increased by another 58.1% to 1,184,059.


1865 in Michigan, Population, Cities
The following is a list of cities in Michigan with a population of at least 3,000 based on 1860 U.S. Census data. Historic census data from 1850 and 1870 is included to reflect trends in population increases or decreases.


1865 in Michigan, Population, Counties
The following is a list of counties in Michigan with populations of at least 20,000 based on 1860 U.S. Census data. Historic census data from 1850 and 1870 are included to reflect trends in population increases or decreases.


1865 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during 1865 in New Zealand.


1865 in New Zealand, Sport, Horse racing
The race which becomes the New Zealand Cup in 1883, is run for the first time at Riccarton Racecourse.


1865 in New Zealand, Sport, Rowing
The Star Boating Club is formed in Wellington. (other sources state 1867)


1865 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1865 in South Africa.


1865 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1865 to Wales and its people.


1865 in architecture
The year 1865 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1865 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1865.


1865 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1865.


1865 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1865 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1865 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1865 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1865.


1865 in science
The year 1865 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.


1865 in sports
1865 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1865 in the United States
Events from the year 1865 in the United States. The American Civil War ends with the surrender of the Confederate States, beginning the Reconstruction era of U.S. history.


1865–66 Nottingham Forest F.C. season
The 1865–66 season was Nottingham Forest's first season in existence. Nottingham Forest Football Club originally emerged from a group of "shinty" players who played a then popular game very similar to hockey. At a time when football began to emerge as a growing force, a special meeting took place in 1865 at the Clinton Arms, Shakespeare Street to discuss a proposition moved by J.S.Scrimshaw to switch games from "shinty" to football. This was passed, and the first official football match played was on 22 March 1866 against Notts County (who had been formed in 1862). Following a brief transitional period and the establishment of new committee the playing of shinty was dropped and the name "Nottingham Forest Football Club" was born.


1865–66 Nottingham Forest F.C. season, Team kit
The year 1865 was of equal importance in that at the same meeting at the Clinton Arms, the other main resolution passed was for the team to purchase a dozen red caps, complete with tassels, thereby establishing the official club colour: "Garibaldi Red", named after the leader of the Italian freedom fighters known as the Redshirts, who were universally popular in England at that time.


1865–66 Nottingham Forest F.C. season, Matches, Summary
Nottingham Forest played their first ever match on 22 March 1866 against local opposition, Notts County, at the Forest Recreation Ground. 17 of Forest's players played just 11 of Notts' and it finished 0–0. They played again less than a month later which also finished 0–0.


1866
1866 (MDCCCLXVI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1866th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 866th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 66th  year of the 19th century, and the  7th   year of the 1860s decade. As of the start of 1866, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1866 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1866 Atlantic hurricane season was originally one of only four Atlantic hurricane seasons in which every known tropical cyclone attained hurricane status, along with 1852, 1858, and 1884. Initially, there were three known storms during the season, but a re-analysis confirmed the increased activity. There were also two other systems that were included as tropical cyclones at one time, although both were considered to have been other storms already in the database. All tropical activity occurred between the middle of July and the end of October. There may have been additional unconfirmed tropical cyclones during the season. Meteorologist Christopher Landsea estimates that up to six storms were missed from the official database, due to small tropical cyclone size, sparse ship reports, and relatively unpopulated coastlines.


1866 Atlantic hurricane season
Every storm but the fourth hurricane affected land during the season. The first hurricane hit Matagorda, Texas in July, the only one of the season to hit the United States as a hurricane. A month later a hurricane made two landfalls in Mexico. The third hurricane of the season formed near Bermuda and was last observed along the southern coast of Newfoundland. A few weeks later another storm executed a similar track, although it struck Newfoundland as a hurricane and caused damage.


1866 Atlantic hurricane season
The most notable storm of the season was the Great Nassau Hurricane, which killed at least 383 people in the Turks and Caicos, Bahamas, and the western Atlantic Ocean. It attained winds of 140 mph (220 km/h), which is a Category 4 on the modern-day Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. The final hurricane developed over the Bahamas and later struck New Jersey, producing strong winds and high tides across New England.


1866 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One
The first hurricane of the season was observed on July 11, when a schooner encountered heavy seas to the south of the Florida Panhandle. As the hurricane moved westward, it remained a short distance off the Gulf Coast of the United States, bringing strong winds to New Orleans on July 12. High tides surrounded the lighthouse at Timbalier Bay for about 24 hours, prompting the lighthouse keeper to resign from loneliness and from fear of the weather.


1866 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One
On July 15, the hurricane moved ashore near Matagorda Bay in Texas, with winds estimated around 105 mph (165 km/h), or a Category 2 on the Saffir-Simpson scale. At landfall, the minimum barometric pressure was estimated at 969 mbar (28.61 inHg). The hurricane's strong winds broke all of the boats from their moorings in the Matagorda harbor. Four ships were either lost or wrecked, and one schooner was washed ashore. The storm dissipated early on July 16 after progressing further inland.


1866 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two
On August 13, a ship encountered a severe hurricane in the eastern Caribbean Sea. Based on observations, it is estimated the hurricane attained winds of 105 mph (165 km/h). There were no reports for several days, although based on continuity it is estimated the storm passed south of Jamaica on August 15. The following day, the hurricane struck the eastern Yucatán Peninsula, washing seven boats ashore. It is estimated to have weakened to a tropical storm while moving over land, although the system re-intensified into a hurricane in the Bay of Campeche. It made its second and final landfall near Veracruz before dissipating on August 18.


1866 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
The third hurricane of the season was first encountered on September 4 by a ship 200 mi (320 km) north of Bermuda; the vessel sustained damage to its foretopmast. The storm affected another ship later that day, leaving similar heavy damage. Tracking generally northeastward, the hurricane was last observed on September 7 near Newfoundland.


1866 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
On September 18 and for two days subsequently, a barque sailed through a hurricane near the Cape Verde islands. The vessel was en route from New York to Shanghai, but due to a leak from the storm it had to return to New York for repairs. Aside from a single reported location, the track of the hurricane is unknown. Winds were estimated around 80 mph (130 km/h).


1866 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five
A ship named "Honduras" observed the fifth hurricane of the season on September 22 to the south-southeast of Nova Scotia. The ship lost its masts and sails from the storm, and based on the observations the winds were estimated around 105 mph (165 km/h). Additional ship reports indicated the hurricane maintained a northeast track toward Newfoundland. Late on September 23, the hurricane made landfall in south-central Newfoundland, although it quickly weakened to tropical storm intensity. The winds spread across much of the island, severing the telegraphs in and around St. John's.


1866 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five
Late on September 24, the storm was last observed to the north of the island. Around August 14, the emigrant bark Laura left Bremen en route to Baltimore, Maryland. According to a contemporary account in the Baltimore Sun, "She reports having encountered a hurricane on the 22d September, shipping a tremendous sea, which washed overboard seven passengers and one of the crew, besides slightly injuring fifty others."


1866 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six
The Great Nassau Hurricane of 1866 or The Great Bahamas Hurricane of 1866 was the sixth hurricane of the season and was also the longest-lasting. The brig Jarien encountered the hurricane on September 24 to the west-southwest of the Cape Verde islands. The track is unknown for the following five days, until another ship reported a hurricane about 20 miles (32 km) north of Anegada in the British Virgin Islands. The hurricane affected the Leeward Islands, washing several ships ashore and destroying a pier in St. Thomas. On September 30 through the following day, the cyclone moved through the Turks and Caicos Islands, becoming what was considered "one of the most terrific hurricanes ever known". About 75% of the population was left homeless and moneyless.


1866 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six
After affecting the Turks and Caicos Islands, the hurricane passed through the Bahamas. The eye crossed over Nassau, where a barometric pressure of 938 mbar (27.70 inHg) was reported. Based on this observation, the hurricane is estimated to have had sustained winds of 140 mph (220 km/h). The hurricane struck without warning in the Bahamas, either washing ashore or sinking every ship but one in Nassau. In addition, strong winds downed trees and destroyed roofs. Every building in Nassau was damaged or destroyed. After moving through the islands, the hurricane curved northeastward, affecting dozens of other ships and wrecking four.


1866 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six
On October 4, it passed north of Bermuda, where it produced Force 11 winds on the Beaufort scale. The hurricane was last observed on October 5 to the southeast of Atlantic Canada. Along its path through the Turks and Caicos, the Bahamas, and the western Atlantic, the hurricane killed at least 383 people, making it among the 100 deadliest Atlantic hurricanes.


1866 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Seven
The final storm of the season was first observed on October 28 over the Bahamas, and may have been a hybrid or subtropical cyclone. It moved north-northwestward through the island chain, followed by a turn to the north-northeast over the western Atlantic. Several ships encountered the tropical storm, and one lost their supply of molasses. On October 30, the cyclone, at the time transitioning to extratropical, struck on the southern end of Long Beach Island with winds of 70 mph (110 km/h).


1866 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Seven
As it moved through the northeastern United States, the storm dropped heavy rainfall, causing flooding near Jersey City and Hoboken, New Jersey. In Brooklyn, the storm moved the rail cars off their tracks, while in Providence, Rhode Island the winds destroyed three buildings and wrecked the roofs of two others. Further northeast, the storm disrupted shipping and cut telegraph lines, although no fatalities were reported. The post-tropical storm was last observed over Vermont late on October 30.


1866 Bathurst colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Bathurst on 21 December 1866 because James Kemp resigned.


1866 Belgian general election
Partial general elections were held in Belgium on 12 June 1866. In the elections for the Chamber of Representatives the result was a victory for the Liberal Party, which won 70 of the 122 seats. Voter turnout was 70%, although only 51,465 people were eligible to vote.


1866 Belgian general election
Under the alternating system, elections were only held in four out of the nine provinces: Hainaut, Limburg, Liège and East Flanders. Special elections were held in the arrondissements of Antwerp, Brussels and Leuven.


1866 Belgian general election, Constituencies
The distribution of seats among the electoral districts was as follows for the Chamber of Representatives, with the difference compared to the previous election due to population growth:


1866 Birthday Honours
The 1866 Birthday Honours were appointments by Queen Victoria to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of the British Empire. The appointments were made to celebrate the official birthday of the Queen, and were published in The London Gazette on 25 May and 29 May 1866.


1866 Birthday Honours
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.


1866 Boston mayoral election
The Boston mayoral election of 1866 saw the election of Otis Norcross.


1866 Carroll Pioneers men's soccer team
The 1866–67 Carroll Pioneers men's soccer team represented Carroll University during the 1866–67 college soccer season. The program was retroactively declared national champions by the American Soccer History Archives. This was by the virtue of being the only known college with known results during this time.


1866 Carroll Pioneers men's soccer team
The club played two matches during this time, both against the local town club of Waukesha. Both matches were played on the County Fairgrounds, and the first match was won by Carroll while the second was won by Waukesha.


1866 Carroll Pioneers men's soccer team
By some records, each of the days the matches were played were individual games, where the first team to score a goal won the game. By this metric, the team had an record of 8–7–0, although most record keeping sites declare the team having one win and one loss.


1866 Chilean presidential election
The Chilean presidential election of 1866 took place through a system of electors, and resulted in the election as President of José Joaquín Pérez.


1866 Clarence colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of the Clarence on 27 August 1866 following the resignation of John Laycock.


1866 Colombian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in the United States of Colombia in February 1866. The result was a victory for Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera of the Liberal Party.


1866 Colombian presidential election, Electoral system
The 1863 constitution changed the electoral system from a direct vote to an indirect vote. The President was now elected on the basis of which candidate received the most votes in each state, with a candidate required to win in at least five of the nine states to be elected. If no candidate received a majority, Congress would elect the President from the main contenders.


1866 Colony of British Columbia general election
The 1866 election was the first election to the united colony of British Columbia.


1866 Colony of British Columbia general election
Members elected:Amor De Cosmos - VictoriaJohn Sebastian Helmcken VictoriaJoseph Despard Pemberton Victoria DistrictJohn Robson New WestminsterRobert Thompson Smith Columbia River and KootenayJoseph L. Southgate NanaimoEdward Stamp LillooetGeorge Anthony Walkem CaribooFrancis Jones Barnard Yale and LyttonThe Governor also appointed 14 members to the Legislative Council.


1866 Connecticut gubernatorial election
The 1866 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 2, 1866. Civil War general and Republican nominee Joseph Roswell Hawley defeated Democratic nominee James E. English with 50.30% of the vote.


1866 Connecticut gubernatorial election
As this was the first election held after the American Civil War, some aspects of the National Union Party were still present. The Republican convention held in Hartford on February 14 still sometimes referred to itself as the "Union" convention, and it passed a resolution expressing confidence in President Andrew Johnson. The party would split with Johnson later that same year, and all references to the National Union label were dropped by the end of the 1860s.


1866 Constitution of Romania
The 1866 Constitution of Romania was the fundamental law that capped a period of nation-building in the Danubian Principalities, which had united in 1859. Drafted in a short time and closely modeled on the 1831 Constitution of Belgium, then considered Europe's most liberal, it was substantially modified by Prince (later King) Carol and adopted by the Constituent Assembly. The newly installed Prince then promulgated it on 13 July [O.S. 1 July] 1866. This was done without input from the major powers, including the Ottoman Empire, which still had formal sovereignty over Romania.


1866 Constitution of Romania, Outline
The document proclaimed Romania a constitutional monarchy. Like its Belgian counterpart, it was bourgeois-liberal in character, declaring that the government was organised on the basis of separation of powers and on the principle of national sovereignty. The throne was a hereditary office of the male descendants of Carol, "perpetually excluding women and their descendants." The Prince's person was proclaimed "inviolable." He was the head of the army, named and dismissed ministers, sanctioned and promulgated laws, named and confirmed men to all public functions, and signed treaties and conventions on commerce and navigation with foreign countries. He had the right to grant political amnesty, to pardon criminals or reduce their sentences, to confer military ranks and decorations, and coin money. At the same time, he opened and closed sessions of Parliament, which he could convoke in emergency session and which he could dissolve.


1866 Constitution of Romania, Outline
Legislative power was exercised by the Prince and Parliament (composed of an Assembly of Deputies and a Senate). Following the Belgian model, executive power was entrusted to the Prince, but he was not responsible for exercising it. Rather, the Prince exercised his powers through the ministers; his acts were only valid if countersigned by a minister, who then became politically responsible for the act in question. The political regime was liberal but not democratic; elections were held with a limited franchise; voters, all men, were divided into four colleges based on their wealth and social origins.


1866 Constitution of Romania, Outline
Citizens' rights and freedoms were of the most modern vintage: enshrined in the document were the freedom of conscience, of the press, of assembly, of religion; equality before the law, regardless of class; individual liberty; inviolability of the home. Capital punishment was abolished in peacetime, while property was considered sacred and inviolable. The Romanian Orthodox Church was accorded superior status ("the dominant religion of the Romanian state"), while article 7 provided that non-Christians could not become citizens (which chiefly affected Jews). The Constitution also did little to advance the position of women.


1866 Constitution of Romania, Outline
In 1879, under Western pressure, article 7 was ostensibly diluted but in fact it remained nearly impossible for Jews to gain citizenship. In 1881, the constitution was amended to proclaim Romania a kingdom, and the word "prince" was replaced by the word "king." In 1884, the number of electoral colleges was reduced to three, thus expanding the franchise. In 1917, the Constitution underwent two major modifications in order to fulfill promised made to the soldiers then fighting World War I: the college-based electoral system was abolished, and the right to property weakened so that land reform could be carried out. It remained in effect until it was replaced by the 1923 Constitution.


1866 Constitution of Romania, Elections
Although every adult male could vote, the value of their vote was strongly tilted towards the wealthiest.


1866 Constitution of Romania, Elections
As of 1909, the Chamber of Deputies was divided into three colleges, based on incomes and wealth:


1866 Constitution of Romania, Elections
The Senate gave even more power to the large property owners, while 98% of the voters were not represented at all:


1866 Costa Rican general election
In the 1866 Costa Rican general election José María Castro Madriz was elected president of Costa Rica in April 1st, 1866 for the 1866-1869 period, which would not finish since in 1868 he was overthrown by his predecessor Jesús Jiménez Zamora. Madriz had previously been president and had been overthrown in his first presidency.


1866 Delaware gubernatorial election
The 1866 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1866. On March 1, 1865, Republican Governor William Cannon died in office, elevating State Senate Speaker Gove Saulsbury, a Democrat, to the governorship. Saulsbury ran for re-election in 1866, the first Governor to do so since Joshua Clayton in 1792. He faced Republican nominee James Riddle, a prominent industrialist. Saulsbury defeated Riddle by a decisive margin, ushering in a large Democratic majority in both houses of the legislature.


1866 Delaware gubernatorial election, Bibliography
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1866 East Suffolk by-election
The 1866 East Suffolk by-election was a double by-election held in the United Kingdom on 25 July 1866. The election was a Conservative seat with two Conservative MPs.


1866 East Suffolk by-election
The incumbent Conservative MP John Henniker-Major became Baron Hartismere a new creation which, as it sat in the House of Lords, meant that he could no longer sit in the House of Commons. Although he had for some time had the inherited title of Baron Henniker, this was an Irish Peerage and so meant that he could sit in the House of Commons. The other incumbent Conservative MP, Fitzroy Kelly, had become Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer, a senior judge and so had to resign his seat.


1866 East Suffolk by-election
There were only two candidates, both Conservatives, and so they were elected unopposed. The candidates were John Henniker-Major's son John Henniker-Major and Edward Kerrison, who had resigned his seat in the nearby seat of Eye, thereby causing the 1866 Eye by-election which was also uncontested. Edward Kerrison was too ill to make an acceptance speech.


1866 East Sydney colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of East Sydney on 17 February 1866 because of the resignation of John Caldwell.


1866 English cricket season
1866 was the 80th season of cricket in England since the foundation of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). The highlight was the emergence of W. G. Grace as the game's leading batsman with the highest first-class score since William Ward's innings in 1820. James Southerton emerged as an outstanding bowler and the first known "century before lunch" was scored.


1866 Eye by-election
The 1866 Eye by-election was held on 27 July 1866 after the incumbent Conservative MP Edward Kerrison resigned to contest East Suffolk. The seat was uncontested and won by George Barrington who was the Private Secretary to the Earl of Derby.


1866 Gallatin County race riot
The 1866 Gallatin County Race Riot took place from August 3 past August 13 a year after the close of the American Civil War in Gallatin County, Kentucky. It was part of waves of violence by whites against blacks in the state, and even in northern Kentucky, where the black population was relatively small. According to historians Lowell H. Harrison and James C. Klotter, "A band of five hundred whites in Gallatin County... forced hundreds of blacks to flee across the Ohio River."


1866 Gallatin County race riot, Background
This was part of white insurgent violence throughout the state against blacks. In the aftermath of war, most veterans had retained their arms. The Freedmen's Bureau reported "hundreds of outrages" against blacks during this year. The Civil Rights Act of 1866 had been passed by Congress, giving blacks the right to testify against whites in court, but Kentucky courts ignored the law, and white vigilantes went largely unpunished.


1866 Gallatin County race riot, Background
In areas with a relatively small black population, like Gallatin County, whites sometimes tried to drive all blacks away. During the 1866 race riot, for example, some 500 whites in Warsaw were "whipping Blacks, stealing their property, and ordering them to leave the area," according to a letter by the local Freedman's Bureau office.


1866 Gallatin County race riot, Background
Freedmen's Bureau agent J.J. Landrum reported by letter dated August 3, 1866 to the area office in Covington, Kentucky, "Some 200 negroes I'm informed crossed the Ohio above this place today others are preparing to leave for fear of... other abuses." In a second letter describing the situation in Warsaw 10 days later, J.J Landrum concluded that Union soldiers, or bluecoats", were needed in order to stop the violence. There is no documentation for when that spate of violence ended. Violence against blacks in northern Kentucky continued into the next year, when blacks were attacked and pushed out of Kenton, Boone and Grant counties in August 1867, seeking shelter in Covington.


1866 Georgia State Freedmen's Conventions
The Georgia State Freedmen’s Convention meetings, where both whites and blacks would come together to solve local problems and discuss politics, took place in 1866. The Freedmen’s Convention took place in Augusta, Georgia. This was after the Civil War, emancipation, and just one year after the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. President Lincoln is mentioned many times in these meetings as being a savior of the African American people in the United States. Early prominent leaders of this organization include Captain John Emory Bryant, who was named the first president, Captain C. H. Prince and Thomas P. Beard.


1866 Georgia State Freedmen's Conventions, January 10th, 1866 Meeting
The first convention meeting on January 10, 1866 details the rules, routines, and leaders of the Freedmen’s Convention. It was held in the Springfield Colored Baptist Church in Augusta, Georgia. One of the first actions of the convention was to change the name of the organization to the Georgia Equal Rights Association, which was known in the coming years. During this meeting, Captain J.E. Bryant, a white Republican, was named the convention’s first president after a vote. After this, the rules and routines of the convention were established in the form of The Constitution of the Georgia Equal Rights Association.


1866 Georgia State Freedmen's Conventions, January 10th, 1866 Meeting
Some of these rules include the times the convention would meet, a required prayer before the proceedings of the convention, and the roles of the leaders of the organization, When it came to decorum during the meetings, the rules of the Convention were very similar to Robert’s Rules of order. Another aspect of the meeting was thanking President Lincoln for his sacrifice before and during the Civil War to help black people in the United States.


1866 Georgia State Freedmen's Conventions, April 4, 1866 Meeting
The second convention took place on April 4, 1866 in the Office of the Loyal Georgian, a newspaper produced by the Georgia Equal Rights Association from 1866-1867. At this meeting, President J.E. Bryant urged his members to elect a black man to be sent to the U.S. Congress as a representative of blacks in the United States. He also told the members to be law-abiding citizens, especially when it came to taxes. According to Bryant, the thousands of black, tax-paying, law abiding Americans deserved representation.


1866 Georgia State Freedmen's Conventions, April 4, 1866 Meeting
When it came to representation, no one could have done it better than one of their own, a black person. Bryant also brings to light the Loyal Georgian newspaper, which played a vital role in the Georgia Equal Rights Association. During this meeting, the Georgia Equal Rights Association voted to allocate funds from the membership fees for the production and publication of the Loyal Georgian. The men who were in charge of the finances were also chosen during this time, Captain C.H. Prince and Thomas P. Beard, a white man and a black man respectively.


1866 Georgia State Freedmen's Conventions, April 4, 1866 Meeting
There was also a similar structure for the editors of the paper, one black man and one white man. This was done because in order for their organization to succeed, it was necessary for them to work with white allies who had more access and rights than they did. Bryant was also a huge advocate for education in the black community, especially when it came to equalizing public schools for black children.


1866 Georgia State Freedmen's Conventions, Outcome of Meetings
After the April 1866 meeting, the Loyal Georgian went on to run for another year until falling out of print. J.E. Bryant remained the editor of the Loyal Georgian until the end. However, there is no mention of J.E. Bryant after the meetings in 1866 and no information about him except his relation to the Loyal Georgian and the early meetings of the Georgia Equal Rights Association. The other important men like C. H. Prince and Thomas P. Beard also seem to disappear in history after the meetings. In the years 1869-1888, the Georgia state conventions were moved to Macon, Georgia.


1866 Grand National
The 1866 Grand National was the 28th renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 7 March 1866.


1866 Grand National
The winning jockey, Alec Goodman, had also ridden the 1852 winner.


1866 Helston by-election
The Helston by-election of 1866 was an election held on 1 May 1866 to return an MP for the  constituency of Helston. The by-election was brought about due to the declaration that Adolphus Young's election in the 1865 United Kingdom general election was null and void due to bribery. Two candidates contested the election: Robert Campbell (Liberal) and William Brett (Conservative). On the original count, both candidates received 153 votes but Campbell was declared the winner after the returning officer (the Mayor of Helston, Thomas Hyne Edwards) who on the consultation of a legal textbook, made a casting vote.


1866 Helston by-election
The decision was appealed and a Commission decided the returning officer had no right to a deciding vote and should have declared both candidates elected. Upon scrutiny, Brett was declared the winner after it was found that Campbell had received a vote from a local priest who did not have the right to vote.


1866 Helston by-election
This election led to Parliament deciding that "according to the law and usage of Parliament, it is the duty of the sheriff or other returning officer in England, in the case of an equal number of votes being polled for two or more candidates at an election, to return all such candidates".


1866 Honduran presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Honduras in January 1866. The result was a victory for José María Medina.


1866 Honduran presidential election, Results
Medina won the popular vote, and was subsequently appointed president by Congress.


1866 Illawarra colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Illawarra on 10 September 1866 following the resignation of Patrick Osborne.


1866 Illawarra colonial by-election, Candidates
John Stewart had been the unsuccessful candidate at the 1860 election, receiving 46.% of the vote, and again at the 1864 election receiving 43.3% of the vote.


1866 Ipswich colonial by-election
The Ipswich colonial by-election, 1866 was a by-election held on 4 August 1866 in the electoral district of Ipswich for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.


1866 Ipswich colonial by-election, History
On 21 July 1866, Ratcliffe Pring was appointed Attorney-General of Queensland by Premier Robert Herbert. As such, he was required to resign and contest a ministerial by-election for his own seat of Ipswich. On 4 August 1866, he lost the seat to George McCullagh Reed.


1866 Leominster by-election
The Leominster by-election of 1866 was an uncontested election held on 26 February 1866. The by-election was brought about due to the resignation of the incumbent Conservative MP, Gathorne Hardy in order to take up his Oxford University seat. It was won by the Conservative candidate Richard Arkwright, who was the only declared candidate.


1866 Liechtenstein general election
General elections were held in Liechtenstein in March and April 1866. Six of the seats in the Landtag were indirectly elected by electors selected by voters.


1866 Liechtenstein general election, Electors
Electors were selected through elections that were held between 4 March and 22 April. Each municipality had two electors for every 100 inhabitants.


1866 Liechtenstein general election, Results
The electors met on 3 May in Vaduz to elect six Landtag members and one substitute member. The Landtag members and the substitute were elected in three ballots. Of the 156 electors, 154 participated in the voting.


1866 Liechtenstein general election, Results
Josef Bargetze declined his election and was replaced by Baptist Quaderer.


1866 Liverpool Town Council election
Elections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Thursday 1 November 1866. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.


1866 Liverpool Town Council election, Election result
Because twelve of the sixteen seats were uncontested seats, these statistics should be taken in that context.


1866 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No. 6, Castle Street, 1 November 1866 - 2 seats
Caused by the retirements of Councillors John Cheshyre Blythe (Conservative, elected for the Castle Street ward on 1 November 1864) and Thomas Chilton (Liberal, elected 1 November 1865).


1866 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No. 10, Rodney Street, 1 November 1866
Caused by the retirement of Councillor C. J. English (Liberal, Rodney Street, elected 1 November 1865)


1866 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No. 13, St. Anne Street, 1 January 1867
Caused by the resignation of Councillor Joseph Bennion (Conservative, elected 1 November 1865)


1866 Maine gubernatorial election
The 1866 Maine gubernatorial election was held on September 10, 1866. Republican candidate and war hero Joshua Chamberlain defeated the Democratic candidate Eben F. Pillsbury.


1866 Maine gubernatorial election, General election, Candidates, Republican
During the American Civil War, Chamberlain played a crucial role at the Battle of Gettysburg. This gave Chamberlain a war hero status.


1866 Maine gubernatorial election, General election, Results
The extremely popular Chamberlain was able to win election to a one year term as governor. Chamberlain won a majority of 27,687 votes, trouncing his Democratic opponent.


1866 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1866 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 6.


1866 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
Governor Alexander Bullock was re-elected to a second term in office, defeating Democrat Theodore Sweetser.


1866 Massachusetts legislature
The 87th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1866 during the governorship of Alexander H. Bullock. Joseph Adams Pond served as president of the Senate and James M. Stone served as speaker of the House.


1866 Massachusetts legislature
Notable legislation included the Factory Inspection Act which aimed to  improve workplace safety.


1866 Melbourne Cup
The 1866 Melbourne Cup was a two-mile handicap horse race which took place on Thursday, 1 November 1866.


1866 Melbourne Cup
This year was the sixth running of the Melbourne Cup. The race was run by 6/1 favourite The Barb nicknamed 'The Black Demon' beating Exile. Falcon was placed third by the stewards the day after the race. The race saw two horses named Falcon take part and the VRC judge failed to recognize it's colors which were different to the official program. The Barb became the first horse to win the Melbourne Cup and the AJC Derby as The Barb had won the race back in September. The race now takes place in the Autumn.


1866 Melbourne Cup
This is the list of placegetters for the 1866 Melbourne Cup.


1866 Michigan gubernatorial election
The 1866 Michigan gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1866. Incumbent Republican Henry H. Crapo defeated Democratic nominee Alpheus S. Williams with 58.59% of the vote.


1866 Mitchell colonial by-election
The Mitchell colonial by-election, 1866 was a by-election held on 22 February 1866 in the electoral district of Mitchell for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.


1866 Mitchell colonial by-election, History
On 1 January 1866, John Gore Jones, the member for Mitchell, resigned. Theodore Harden won the resulting by-election on 22 February 1866.


1866 Mount Herbert by-election
The 1866 Mount Herbert by-election was a by-election held  on 27 July in the Mount Herbert electorate in Canterbury during the 4th New Zealand Parliament.


1866 Mount Herbert by-election
The by-election was caused by William Sefton Moorhouse who was elected for two electorates in the 1866 election, and chose to represent Westland.


1866 Mount Herbert by-election
Potts was the only nomination, so was declared elected unopposed.


1866 National Union Convention
The National Union Convention (also known as the Loyalist Convention, the Southern Loyalist Convention, the National Loyalists' Loyal Union Convention, or the Arm-In-Arm Convention) was held on August 14, 15, and 16 1866, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.


1866 National Union Convention, Convention
The convention was called in Philadelphia before of the midyear elections of 1866 in an attempt to encourage political support for US President Andrew Johnson, who was under attack by both moderate and Radical Republicans. Johnson's friends tried to rally support for his lenient pro-South Reconstruction policies. Some hoped to create a new political party, but that goal was not realized.


1866 National Union Convention, Convention
Delegates gathered at a hastily-built temporary structure that was designed to accommodate the several thousand people expected to attend. Formally called "the Wigwam," the immense edifice was on Girard Avenue, between 19th and 20th Streets, across from Philadelphia's Girard College.


1866 National Union Convention, Convention
About 7000 prominent politicians and activists attended the convention. At its opening, representatives from Massachusetts (General Darius Nash Couch) and South Carolina (Governor James Lawrence Orr) paraded arm-in-arm to symbolize national reconciliation and social equity. The convention was called to order by US Postmaster General Alexander Randall. General (and former New York Governor and Senator) John Adams Dix served as the temporary chairman and Wisconsin Senator James R. Doolittle served as permanent convention president.


1866 National Union Convention, Convention
In the end, the convention was not successful in unifying the country behind Johnson. He launched a speaking tour (known as the "Swing Around the Circle") hoping to regain public and political support. On the speaking tour, Johnson at times attacked his Republican opponents with crude and abusive language and on several occasions appeared to have had too much to drink. Ultimately, the tour was a disaster for Johnson and emboldened Congress to override him and to impeach him in 1868.


1866 New Brunswick general election
The 1866 New Brunswick general election was held in May and June 1866 to elect 41 members to the 21st New Brunswick Legislative Assembly. This was the 21st general election for the British colony of New Brunswick, but is considered the 1st general election for the Canadian province of New Brunswick as New Brunswick joined Canadian Confederation on July 1, 1867, during the life of the Legislative Assembly.


1866 New Brunswick general election
Of forty-one MLAs, thirty-three were confederationalists, supporting confederation, and eight were constitutionalists, opposed to confederation, who formed the opposition.


1866 New Brunswick general election, Further reading
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1866 New Orleans mayoral election
The mayoral election of New Orleans, Louisiana for 1866 was won by John T. Monroe. This election and later actions by Mayor Monroe against black suffragists would result in the New Orleans massacre of 1866.


1866 New York state election
The 1866 New York state election was held on November 6, 1866, to elect the governor, the lieutenant governor, a Canal Commissioner and an Inspector of State Prisons, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly. Besides, the voters were asked if a Constitutional Convention should be held in 1867, which was answered in the affirmative with 352,854 votes for, and 256,364 against the convention.


1866 New York state election, History
The delegates to the "Conservative Union" state convention arrived on September 10 at Albany, New York. This convention was the result of the still ongoing party re-alignment after the American Civil War. It was called by the Democratic Party with the intention to give the War Democrats, who had joined the Republicans in the National Union, and other conservative Republicans, an opportunity to return to the Democratic Party. Thurlow Weed was a delegate. John Adams Dix was talked of to be nominated for governor. The convention met on September 11 and 12 at Tweddle Hall.


1866 New York state election, History
Sanford E. Church was temporary chairman and president. Mayor of New York John T. Hoffman (a Democrat of Tammany Hall) was nominated for governor by acclamation. Robert H. Pruyn (a Republican) was nominated for lieutenant governor on the first ballot (vote: Pruyn 169, Harlow L. Comstock 85). William W. Wright (who had been Canal Commissioner from 1862 to 1863) for Canal Commissioner, and Francis B. Gallagher for prison inspector, were also nominated by acclamation.


1866 New York state election, Result
The whole Republican ticket was elected in a tight race, with a majority of about 14,000 votes out of more than 700,000.


1866 New York state election, Result
82 Republicans and 46 Democrats were elected for the session of 1865 to the New York State Assembly.


1866 New Zealand general election
The 1866 New Zealand general election was held between 12 February and 6 April to elect 70 MPs to the fourth term of the New Zealand Parliament.


1866 New Zealand general election
In 1867 four Māori electorates were created, initially as a temporary measure for five years. The first Māori elections for these seats were held in 1868, with universal suffrage for Māori males over 21.


1866 New Zealand general election
The first four Māori members of parliament were Tareha Te Moananui (Eastern Maori), Frederick Nene Russell (Northern Maori) and John Patterson (Southern Maori), who all retired in 1870; and Mete Paetahi (Western Maori) who was defeated in 1871.


1866 New Zealand general election, Results
a Moorhouse was elected in both the Mount Herbert and Westland electorates. He chose to represent Westland.


1866 North Carolina gubernatorial election
The 1866 North Carolina gubernatorial election was held on October 18, 1866. Incumbent Democrat Jonathan Worth defeated National Union nominee Alfred Dockery with 75.87% of the vote.


1866 Open Championship
The 1866 Open Championship was the seventh Open Championship and was held on 13 September at Prestwick Golf Club. Willie Park, Sr. won the championship for the third time, by two shots from his brother Davie Park. There were 16 competitors.


1866 Open Championship
Played in a strong wind Willie Park was in the first group out and set the pace with a score of 54. Defending champion, Andrew Strath and Davie Park were four behind, scoring 58. Willie Park extended his lead to five stokes after the second round. Despite a final round of 59 Willie Park set a useful target of 169. Davie Park's final round of 56 gave him a total of 171 and second place. Robert Andrew was third, a further five strokes behind.


1866 Oregon gubernatorial election
The 1866 Oregon gubernatorial election took place on June 4, 1866 to elect the governor of the U.S. state of Oregon. The election matched Republican George Lemuel Woods against Democrat James Kerr Kelly.


1866 Patrick's Plains colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Patrick's Plains on 8 February 1866 because Bowie Wilson had been appointed Secretary for Lands in the second Martin ministry. Such ministerial by-elections were usually uncontested however on this occasion a poll was required in Patrick's Plains and Yass Plains (Robert Isaacs). Both ministers were comfortably re-elected with more than 70% of the vote. The other ministers James Martin (The Lachlan), Henry Parkes (Kiama), James Byrnes (Parramatta) and Geoffrey Eagar (West Sydney) were re-elected unopposed.


1866 Patrick's Plains colonial by-election
Mr E E Darvall was a bank clerk, the son of John Darvall, the former attorney general. This was the only occasion on which he stood for parliament.


1866 Patrick's Plains colonial by-election
John Heuston was a burlesque candidate, apparently winning a £10 bet for nominating, but withdrew before the poll.


1866 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election
The 1866 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election occurred on October 9, 1866. Incumbent governor Andrew Gregg Curtin, a Republican, was not running for re-election. Republican candidate John W. Geary defeated Democratic candidate Hiester Clymer to become Governor of Pennsylvania.


1866 Petersfield by-election
The 1866 Petersfield by-election was held on Monday 23 July 1866.


1866 Petersfield by-election
The previous incumbent Sir William Jolliffe had been raised to the peerage as Baron Hylton, of Hylton in the County Palatine of Durham and of Petersfield in the County of Southampton.


1866 Petersfield by-election
The election took place at Petersfield Town Hall, then in front of St Peter's Church. The Mayor S.W. Seaward presided and called for someone to propose "A fit and proper person to represent the town in parliament". The MP for Winchester, John Bonham-Carter proposed William Nicholson with a Mr Elkington seconding. There being no other candidate, Nicholson was declared elected.


1866 Port Chalmers by-election
The 1866 Port Chalmers by-election was a by-election held on 15 December 1866 during the 4th New Zealand Parliament in the Otago electorate of Port Chalmers.


1866 Port Chalmers by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP Thomas Dick.


1866 Port Chalmers by-election
Dick had spoken in favour of separation of the two islands, as he could not prevent "our money being spent on absurd and unnecessary Maori difficulties" in the North Island.


1866 Port Chalmers by-election
He was renominated. As there were no other candidates, he was declared elected unopposed.


1866 Port Curtis colonial by-election
The Port Curtis colonial by-election, 1866 was a by-election held on 19 March 1866 in the electoral district of Port Curtis for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.


1866 Port Curtis colonial by-election, History
On 1 February 1866, John Douglas, the member for Port Curtis, was appointed as a minister. As such, he was required to resign and contest a ministerial by-election for his own seat. On 19 March 1866, he lost the by-election to Arthur Hunter Palmer.


1866 Romanian prince referendum
A referendum on Prince Karl Ludwig of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen becoming ruling prince was held in Romania on 20 April 1866. The proposal was approved by 99.97% of the votes cast, and Prince Karl Ludwig was subsequently enthroned as Prince Carol I on 23 October. His title was later raised to King of Romania in 1881.


1866 Sisyphus
1866 Sisyphus /ˈsɪsɪfəs/ is a binary stony asteroid, near-Earth object and the largest member of the Apollo group, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter.


1866 Sisyphus
It was discovered on 5 December 1972, by Swiss astronomer Paul Wild at Zimmerwald Observatory near Bern, Switzerland, and given the provisional designation 1972 XA. It was named after Sisyphus from Greek mythology.


1866 Sisyphus, Orbit and classification
This S-type asteroid (composed of rocky silicates) orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 0.9–2.9 AU once every 2 years and 7 months (952 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.54 and an inclination of 41° with respect to the ecliptic.


1866 Sisyphus, Orbit and classification
The Apollo asteroid has an Earth minimum orbit intersection distance of 0.1037 AU (15,500,000 km), which corresponds to 40.4 lunar distances. It will pass 0.11581 AU (17,325,000 km) from Earth on 24 November 2071, and will peak at roughly apparent magnitude 9.3 on 26 November 2071. When it was discovered it peaked at magnitude 9.0 on 25 November 1972. It is one of the brightest near-Earth asteroids.


1866 Sisyphus, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Sisyphus is a common stony S-type asteroid.


1866 Sisyphus, Physical characteristics, Binary system
In 1985, this object was detected with radar from the Arecibo Observatory at a distance of 0.25 AU. The measured radar cross-section was 8 square kilometers. During the radar observations, a small minor-planet moon was detected around Sisyphus, although its existence was not reported until December 2007. Robert Stephens confirmed that it is a suspected binary, and Brian Warner added additional weight to this conclusion, giving 27.16±0.05 hours as the satellite's orbital period, longer than the 25 hours previously reported by Stephens.


1866 Sisyphus, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
With a measured mean diameter in the range of 5.7–8.9 kilometers, it is the largest of the Earth-crossing asteroids, comparable in size to the Chicxulub object whose impact contributed to the extinction of the dinosaurs. Larger near-Earth asteroids which are neither classified as Apollos nor Earth-crossers include 1036 Ganymed (32 km), 3552 Don Quixote (19 km), 433 Eros (17 km), and 4954 Eric (10.8 km).


1866 Sisyphus, Naming
This minor planet is named after Sisyphus from Greek mythology and refers to the cruel king of Ephyra, punished by being given the task of rolling a large stone up to a hill in the underworld, only to have it roll down again each time he neared the top. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 December 1974 (M.P.C. 3758).


1866 State of the Union Address
The 1866 State of the Union Address was given by Andrew Johnson, the 17th president of the United States, on Monday, December 3, 1866. It was not a spoken address, but a written one. The Reconstruction Era had begun, and Johnson wanted a policy that pardoned the leaders of the Confederate States of America. He began with, "In all of the States civil authority has superseded the coercion of arms, and the people, by their voluntary action, are maintaining their governments in full activity and complete operation."


1866 State of the Union Address
In the middle, he said,"In our efforts to preserve "the unity of government which constitutes as one people" by restoring the States to the condition which they held prior to the rebellion, we should be cautious, lest, having rescued our nation from perils of threatened disintegration, we resort to consolidation, and in the end absolute despotism, as a remedy for the recurrence of similar troubles." The rebellion he is referring to is the American Civil War, which ended in 1865.


1866 Swedish general election
General elections were held in Sweden in 1866. They were the first elections for the new Second Chamber (Andra kammaren) in the Riksdag, which would serve a three-year term. Suffrage was given to men over the age of 21 who either had a taxable income of at least 800 riksdaler a year, owned a property worth at least 1,000 riksdaler, or rented a property taxed to at least 6,000 riksdaler. This meant that around 5.5% of the population were able to vote, a slight reduction from the 6% that had been eligible under the previous Estates system. The changes had been approved following a 60,000-strong petition and a vote in the House of Nobility in December 1865 during which crowds had gathered outside to pressure the nobles into approving it.


1866 Swedish general election
The 190 seats consisted of one representative from every Domsaga (or two for Domsaga with a population exceeding 40,000) and one representative for every 10,000 residents of a town (with smaller towns merged into combined constituencies). Candidates were required to be at least 25 years old.


1866 Swedish general election
Around 187,000 voters qualified by real estate, 9,500 through their rental arrangements and 10,500 through their income. Many property owners were farmers, giving the rural Lantmanna Party a dominant position in the second chamber.


1866 Swedish general election
The other house in the Riksdag, the 125-seat First Chamber, was dominated by the upper classes, with membership restricted to the 6,000 wealthiest people in the country, less than 1% of the population.


1866 Swedish general election, Results
Of the 190 elected members, 107 had previously served in the Estates.


1866 Swiss federal election
Federal elections were held in Switzerland on 28 October 1866. The Radical Left remained the largest group in the National Council.


1866 Swiss federal election, Electoral system
The 128 members of the National Council were elected in 47 single- and multi-member constituencies; there was one seat for every 20,000 citizens, with seats allocated to cantons in proportion to their population. The elections were held using a three-round system; candidates had to receive a majority in the first or second round to be elected; if it went to a third round, only a plurality was required. Voters could cast as many votes as there were seats in their constituency. In six cantons (Appenzell Innerrhoden, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Glarus, Nidwalden, Obwalden and Uri), National Council members were elected by the Landsgemeinde.


1866 Swiss federal election, Results, National Council, Summary
Voter turnout was highest in the Canton of Schaffhausen (where voting was compulsory) at 86.3% and lowest in the Canton of Schwyz at 18.7%.


1866 Swiss referendum
A nine-part referendum was held in Switzerland on 14 January 1866. Only two proposals received a majority of votes in favour, and only one had both a majority of votes and majority of cantons.


1866 Swiss referendum, Background
In order to pass, the referendums needed a double majority; a majority of the popular vote and majority of the cantons. The decision of each canton was based on the vote in that canton. Full cantons counted as one vote, whilst half cantons counted as half.


1866 Texas gubernatorial election
The 1866 Texas gubernatorial election was held on June 25, 1866 to elect the Governor of Texas. Incumbent Governor Andrew J. Hamilton, who had been appointed by President Andrew Johnson, did not run for a full term. The election was won by James W. Throckmorton, who received 80% of the vote.


1866 Tumut colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of The Tumut on 20 August 1866 because the seat of Charles Cowper Jr. had been declared vacant as he was absent from parliament for an entire session.


1866 United States elections
The 1866 United States elections occurred in the middle of National Union/Democratic President Andrew Johnson's term, during the Third Party System and Reconstruction. Johnson had become president on April 15, 1865, upon the death of his predecessor, Abraham Lincoln. Members of the 40th United States Congress were chosen in this election. As this was the first election after the Civil War, many ex-Confederates were barred from voting, and several Southern states did not take part in the election. Delegations from Arkansas, Florida, Alabama, North Carolina, Louisiana, and South Carolina were re-admitted during the 40th Congress.


1866 United States elections
President Andrew Johnson held a National Union Convention in hopes of rallying supporters against the Radical Republicans. However, the Republican Party maintained a dominant majority in both houses of Congress, and ultimately impeached Johnson in 1868.


1866 United States elections
In the House, both parties picked up several seats, but Republicans retained a majority.


1866 United States elections
In the Senate, Republicans won massive gains and increased their already-dominant majority, while Democrats suffered slight losses.


1866 Vermont gubernatorial election
The 1866 Vermont gubernatorial election took place on September 4, 1866. In keeping with the "Mountain Rule", Incumbent Republican Paul Dillingham was a candidate for a second one-year term as governor of Vermont. With the election taking place soon after the American Civil War, Dillingham ran as a pro-Union Republican. The Democratic nomination was won by Charles N. Davenport of Wilmington, an attorney and founder of the Brattleboro Reformer newspaper, who was also the Democratic nominee in 1865. In the general election, Dillingham was easily elected to a second one-year term as governor.


1866 West Moreton colonial by-election
The West Moreton colonial by-election, 1866 was a by-election held on 11 September 1866 in the electoral district of West Moreton for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.


1866 West Moreton colonial by-election, History
On 7 August 1866, the Premier of Queensland and member for West Moreton, Robert Herbert, resigned. Joseph Fleming won the resulting by-election on 11 September 1866.


1866 West Sydney colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of West Sydney on 17 January 1866 because John Robertson had been re-appointed Secretary for Lands in the fourth Cowper ministry. Such ministerial by-elections were usually uncontested however on this occasion a poll was required at both West Sydney and The Williams (Marshall Burdekin). Both Robertson and Burdekin were defeated, with the Cowper government falling, replaced by the second Martin ministry.


1866 West Virginia gubernatorial election
The 1866 West Virginia gubernatorial election took place on October 25, 1866, to elect the governor of West Virginia.


1866 Yass Plains colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Yass Plains on 8 February 1866 because Robert Isaacs had been appointed Solicitor General in the second Martin ministry. Such ministerial by-elections were usually uncontested however on this occasion a poll was required in Patrick's Plains (Bowie Wilson) and Yass Plains. Both ministers were comfortably re-elected with more than 70% of the vote. The other ministers James Martin (The Lachlan), Henry Parkes (Kiama), James Byrnes (Parramatta) and Geoffrey Eagar (West Sydney) were re-elected unopposed.


1866 Yass Plains colonial by-election
Robert Ross campaigned for free trade and free selection before survey and had been unsuccessful in three previous elections, for Cumberland Boroughs in 1856, Windsor in 1859 and The Hastings in 1860. This was the final occasion on which he stood for parliament.


1866 and 1867 United States House of Representatives elections
Elections to the United States House of Representatives were held in 1866 to elect Representatives to the 40th United States Congress.


1866 and 1867 United States House of Representatives elections
The elections occurred just one year after the American Civil War ended when the Union defeated the Confederacy.


1866 and 1867 United States House of Representatives elections
The 1866 elections were a decisive event in the early Reconstruction era, in which President Andrew Johnson faced off against the Radical Republicans in a bitter dispute over whether Reconstruction should be lenient or harsh toward the vanquished white South.


1866 and 1867 United States House of Representatives elections
Most of the congressmen from the former Confederate states were either prevented from leaving the state or were arrested on the way to the capital. A Congress consisting of mostly Radical Republicans sat early in the Capitol and aside from the delegation from Tennessee who were allowed in, the few Southern Congressmen who arrived were not seated.


1866 and 1867 United States House of Representatives elections, Background
Johnson, a War Democrat, had been elected Vice President in the 1864 presidential election as the running mate of Abraham Lincoln, a Republican. (The Republicans had chosen not to re-nominate Hannibal Hamlin for a second term as Vice President).


1866 and 1867 United States House of Representatives elections, Background
Lincoln and Johnson ran together under the banner of the National Union Party, which brought together Republicans (with the exception of some hard-line abolitionist Radical Republicans who backed John C. Frémont, who eventually dropped out of the race after brokering a deal with Lincoln) and the War Democrats (the minority of Democrats who backed Lincoln's prosecution of the war, as opposed to the Peace Democrats, or Copperheads, who favored a negotiated settlement with the Confederates).


1866 and 1867 United States House of Representatives elections, Background
After the assassination of Lincoln, Johnson became President. He immediately became embroiled in a dispute with the Radical Republicans over the conditions of Reconstruction; Johnson favored a lenient Reconstruction, while Radical Republicans wanted to continue the military occupation of the South and force Southern states to give freedmen (the newly freed slaves) civil rights (and the right to vote).


1866 and 1867 United States House of Representatives elections, Campaign and results
Johnson stumped the country in a public speaking tour known as the Swing Around the Circle; he generally supported Democrats but his speeches were poorly received.


1866 and 1867 United States House of Representatives elections, Campaign and results
The Republicans won in a landslide, capturing enough seats to override Johnson's vetoes. Only the border states of Delaware, Maryland, and Kentucky voted for Democrats. Recently Reconstructed Tennessee sent a Republican delegation. The other 10 ex-Confederate states did not vote. As a percentage of the total number of seats available in the House of Representatives, the Republican majority attained in the election of 1866 has never been exceeded in any subsequent Congress. The Democratic Party was able to achieve similar success only in the political environment of the era of the Great Depression in the 1930s.


1866 and 1867 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries
Seven secessionist states were readmitted during this Congress, filling 32 vacancies, but are not included in this table if they were not elected within 1866 through 1867.


1866 and 1867 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries
The party affiliations of the 4 Representatives elected in Texas's rejected elections are unknown.


1866 and 1867 United States House of Representatives elections, Nebraska
There were two elections in the new state of Nebraska in 1866: on June 6 for the remainder of the current term, and October 9 for the next term.


1866 and 1867 United States House of Representatives elections, Ohio
Democrats gained one seat this election in Ohio. It was later contested and awarded to the Republican for a net gain of zero.


1866 and 1867 United States House of Representatives elections, Wisconsin
Wisconsin elected six members of congress on Election Day, November 4, 1866.


1866 and 1867 United States Senate elections
The United States Senate elections of 1866 and 1867 were elections that saw the Republican Party gain two seats in the United States Senate as several of the Southern States were readmitted during Reconstruction, enlarging their majority.


1866 and 1867 United States Senate elections
As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.


1866 and 1867 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 39th Congress
In these special elections, the winners were seated during 1866 or in 1867 before March 4; ordered by election date.


1866 and 1867 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 40th Congress
In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1867; ordered by state.


1866 and 1867 United States Senate elections, New York
The New York election was held on January 15, 1867, by the New York State Legislature. Republican Ira Harris had been elected in February 1861 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1867.