1868 and 1869 United States Senate elections, Minnesota
The Minnesota U.S. Senate election was held by the state legislature on January 19, 1869 with each chamber voting separately. Republican Senator Alexander Ramsey received 16 of 21 votes in the state Senate and 36 of 44 in the state House. The legislature declared Ramsey the duly elected U.S. Senator in a joint convention on January 20, 1869. Democratic nominee Charles W. Nash was an attorney from Hastings, former state Senator for the 7th Senate District (1862-1864), and the Democratic nominee for lieutenant governor in 1865.


1868 and 1869 United States Senate elections, New York
The election in New York was held on January 19, 1869 by the New York State Legislature. Republican Edwin D. Morgan had been elected in February 1863 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1869. At the State election in November 1867, 17 Republicans and 15 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1868-1869) in the State Senate. At the State election in November 1868, Democrat John T. Hoffman was elected Governor, and 75 Republicans and 53 Democrats were elected for the session of 1869 to the Assembly. The 92nd New York State Legislature met from January 5 to May 11, 1869, at Albany, New York.


1868 and 1869 United States Senate elections, New York
The caucus of Republican State legislators met on January 16, Assemblyman John H. Selkreg presided. All 92 legislators were present. They nominated Ex-Governor Reuben E. Fenton for the U.S. Senate. The incumbent U.S. Senator Edwin D. Morgan was very keen on his re-election, but was voted down. Speaker Truman G. Younglove had held back the appointments to the standing Assembly committees until after the caucus, and subsequent election, of a U.S. Senator, and was accused by the Morgan men to have made a bargain to favor the Fenton men with appointments after the election was accomplished. After the caucus, comparing notes, the assemblymen discovered that some of the most important committee chairmanships had been promised to a dozen different members by Speaker Younglove.


1868 and 1869 United States Senate elections, New York
Note: On the first ballot, 93 votes were cast, one too many, and it was annulled without announcing the result. The above stated result transpired unofficially. The blank vote caused some debate if the result was really invalidated by it, but it was finally agreed to take a second ballot.


1868 and 1869 United States Senate elections, New York
The caucus of the Democratic State legislators met on January 18. State Senator Henry C. Murphy was again nominated, like in 1867.


1868 and 1869 United States Senate elections, New York
In the Assembly, Republicans DeWitt C. Hoyt (Saratoga Co.) and James O. Schoonmaker (Ulster Co.); and Democrats James Irving (NYC), Lawrence D. Kiernan (NYC), Harris B. Howard (Rensselaer Co.), James B. Pearsall (Queens), John Tighe (Albany Co.) and Moses Y. Tilden (Columbia Co.); did not vote.


1868 and 1869 United States Senate elections, New York
In the State Senate, Republicans Matthew Hale (16th D.) and Charles Stanford (15th D.); and Democrats Cauldwell, Thomas J. Creamer, Michael Norton (5th D.) and John J. Bradley (7th D.); did not vote.


1868 and 1869 United States Senate elections, New York
Reuben E. Fenton was the choice of both the Assembly and the State Senate, and was declared elected.


1868 and 1869 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania
The Pennsylvania election was held January 19, 1869. John Scott was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly. The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on January 19, 1869, to elect a Senator to serve the term beginning on March 4, 1869. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:


1868 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1868 in Australia.


1868 in Australian literature
This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1868.


1868 in Australian literature, Births
A list, ordered by date of birth (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of births in 1868 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of death.


1868 in Australian literature, Deaths
A list, ordered by date of death (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of deaths in 1868 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of birth.


1868 in Canada, Historical documents
Indigenous people assert claim to their reserve at Lake of Two Mountains (Oka), Quebec


1868 in Canada, Historical documents
"The moment was fraught with danger" - British spy addresses large rally of Fenians


1868 in Canada, Historical documents
Report by a visitor to newly opened settler lands in Muskoka, Ontario


1868 in Canada, Historical documents
In his last Commons speech, D'Arcy McGee lauds anyone "prepared[... ]to sacrifice himself [for] principles[... ]adopted as those of truth"


1868 in Canada, Historical documents
Federal deputy minister of agriculture says connoisseur in France finds Canadian wine to be vin d'ordinaire second only to their own


1868 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1868 in Chile.


1868 in Denmark, Events
On the facade there is today "Hotel du Nord", but it refers to the former property on the spot where there was a hotel.


1868 in Japan
Events from the year 1868 in Japan. It corresponds to Keiō 4 and Meiji 1 in the Japanese calendar. In the history of Japan, it marks the beginning of the Meiji period on October 23 under the reign of Emperor Meiji.


1868 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during 1868 in New Zealand.


1868 in New Zealand, Incumbents, Government and law
The 4th Parliament continues. The first four Māori MPs are elected in 1868.


1868 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1868 in South Africa.


1868 in Uruguay, Deaths
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1868 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1868 to Wales and its people.


1868 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1868.


1868 in paleontology, Arthropoda, Newly named insects
Fossil formicine ant., moved to Formica constrictus in 1915 Synonym of Cataglyphoides constrictus


1868 in paleontology, Arthropoda, Newly named insects
Fossil Dolichoderine ant, moved to Bothriomyrmex goepperti in 1893, jr synonym of Ctenobethylus goepperti


1868 in paleontology, Arthropoda, Newly named insects
Fossil myrmicine ant, moved to Aeromyrma antiqua in 1891 Synonym of Carebara antiqua


1868 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1868 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1868 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1868 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1868.


1868 in science
The year 1868 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.


1868 in sports
1868 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1869
1869 (MDCCCLXIX) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1869th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 869th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 69th  year of the 19th century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1860s decade. As of the start of 1869, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


1869 (video game)
1869 is a strategy and economics trading game developed and released by the Austrian company Max Design in 1992.


1869 (video game)
Music was composed by Hannes Seifert for the Adlib OPL sound card.


1869 (video game), Gameplay
The game is played by managing a trading company during the golden age of clipper ships, purchasing goods at one port, moving them to another and selling them at a profit. Passengers can also be transported on certain ships.


1869 (video game), Gameplay
The game supports up to 4 players who take turns giving orders to their ships. If there is more than one player then the game starts with a ship auction of a number of Schooners, the starting price is lower than they can be found for in game and the number available is always one less than the number of players.


1869 (video game), Gameplay
Additional bonus revenues can be earned from running naval blockades, shipping tea to England or making a priority goods delivery.


1869 Antrim by-election
The Antrim by-election of 1869 was fought on 21 August 1869. The by-election was fought due to the death of the incumbent MP of the Conservative Party, George Henry Seymour. It was won by the Conservative candidate Hugh de Grey Seymour.


1869 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1869 Atlantic hurricane season was the earliest season in the Atlantic hurricane database in which there were at least ten tropical cyclones. Initially there were only three known storms in the year, but additional research uncovered the additional storms. Meteorologist Christopher Landsea estimates up to six storms may remain missing from the official database for each season in this era, due to small tropical cyclone size, sparse ship reports, and relatively unpopulated coastlines. All activity occurred in a three-month period between the middle of August and early October.


1869 Atlantic hurricane season
Out of the ten tropical storms, seven reached hurricane intensity, of which four made landfall on the United States. The strongest hurricane was a Category 3 on the modern-day Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale which struck New England at that intensity, one of four storms to do so. It left heavy damage, killing at least twelve people. The most notable hurricane of the season was the Saxby Gale, which was predicted nearly a year in advance. The hurricane was one of six to produce hurricane-force winds in Maine, where it left heavy damage and flooding. The Saxby Gale left 37 deaths along its path, with its destruction greatest along the Bay of Fundy; there, the hurricane produced a 70.9 ft (21.6 m) high tide near the head of the bay.


1869 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One
The first tropical cyclone of the season was observed on August 12, about 500 mi (800 km) southeast of Cape Race, Newfoundland. Its entire track was unknown, and its existence was only confirmed for 24 hours, based on three ship reports. The second, a barque, the Prinze Frederik Carl, sustained damage to all of its sails. The Hurricane Research Division (HRD) assessed the storm to have moved northeastward in its limited duration, and based on the ship reports estimated peak winds of 105 mph (165 km/h); this would make it a Category 2 hurricane on the modern-day Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale.


1869 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two
By August 16, a strong hurricane was located in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico south of Louisiana. With estimated winds of 105 mph (165 km/h), it tracked westward and struck Texas on Matagorda Island before passing near Refugio. The hurricane quickly weakened over land and dissipated late on August 17. Damage from the hurricane was heaviest in Refugio and Indianola. In the latter city, strong waves damaged wharves and boats while the storm surge flooded the streets with about 1 ft (0.30 m) of water. Intense winds knocked down several houses as well as a church, and many buildings lost their roofs. In Sabine Pass, the winds ruined a variety of fruit crops.


1869 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
The third hurricane of the season was only known due to it affecting one ship. A vessel in the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company reported a hurricane on August 27, about halfway between Bermuda and the Azores. The storm was estimated to have been moving north-northwestward with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h), although its entire track is unknown.


1869 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Four
A tropical storm was first observed on September 1 to the east of the Bahamas. There, it left heavy damage to a brig sailing from Nassau to New York City. The storm tracked generally northeastward, damaging another ship on September 2 near Bermuda.


1869 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five
On September 4, a hurricane was located in the northern Gulf of Mexico, moving north-northwestward. The next day, it moved ashore in southeastern Louisiana with winds estimated at 80 mph (130 km/h), passing west of New Orleans. It dissipated early on September 6. The hurricane dropped heavy rainfall along its path that caused flooding. In addition, strong winds uprooted trees and damaged fences. High tides flooded Grand Isle with 2 ft (0.61 m) of water.


1869 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six
On September 7, three ships observed hurricane-force winds over the western Atlantic Ocean, between the Bahamas and Bermuda. The storm moved northward, impacting several other ships as it paralleled the east coast of the United States; one of them reported a pressure of 956 mbar (28.24 inHg), which indicated the system was an intense hurricane. Late on September 8, it reached a peak intensity of 115 mph (185 km/h) with a pressure of 950 mbar (28.05 inHg). After brushing Long Island, the hurricane weakened slightly and made landfall on southwestern Rhode Island at peak intensity. It was one of three hurricanes, along with the 1938 New England hurricane and Hurricane Carol in 1954, to strike New England as a major hurricane, or Category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Simpson scale.


1869 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six
At landfall, the hurricane was compact, estimated around 60 mi (97 km) wide. However, less than 10 miles (16 km) west of the center, there were no strong winds. The hurricane produced a storm surge of 8 ft (2.4 m), which was lessened due to it moving ashore at low tide. In Providence, Rhode Island, high waves damaged coastal wharves and left flooding. The hurricane weakened quickly over land, passing just west of Boston early on September 9 as a minimal hurricane. There, the winds downed many trees and left severe damage.


1869 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six
All telegraph lines between New York and Boston were cut, although the storm did produce beneficial heavy rainfall. Shortly thereafter it dissipated over Maine. There was one confirmed death in Massachusetts. Offshore Maine, a schooner capsized, killing all but one of the twelve crew. The storm also caused at least $50,000 (1869 USD) in damage in Maine alone.


1869 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Seven
A ship about halfway between South America and Cape Verde reported a hurricane on September 11. The storm tracked generally west-northwestward, affecting several other ships with damaging winds. On September 15, a ship traveling from St. Thomas to England encountered the hurricane and observed a minimum barometric pressure of 979 mbar (28.90 inHg); this suggested peak winds of 105 mph (165 km/h). By September 16 the hurricane had weakened slightly as its track turned to the north and northeast. It was last observed on September 18 to the west of the Azores as a tropical storm.


1869 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Eight
The only basis for identifying the eighth tropical cyclone of the season was from a report by the bark Crescent Wave. On September 14, the ship encountered strong winds and heavy rainfall about halfway between the Lesser Antilles and Cape Verde. At the time, the storm was at least 600 mi (970 km) east of the previous hurricane.


1869 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Nine
On October 1, the brig Jenny observed "a revolting gale lasting 3 days" off the south coast of Puerto Rico, which indicated a tropical storm in the region. Despite being located near several islands in the Caribbean, no land stations experienced any effects from the storm.


1869 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Ten
The final hurricane of the season was first observed on October 4 by a ship off the southeast coast of North Carolina. With winds estimated at 105 mph (165 km/h), the storm tracked northeastward, passing just east of Martha's Vineyard before moving across Cape Cod late on October 4. As it moved along the coast, the storm produced heavy precipitation, reaching 12.25 in (311 mm) in Canton, Connecticut. The strongest winds did not affect Massachusetts, although a few hours later the hurricane struck just east of Portland, Maine at peak intensity.


1869 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Ten
This made it one of six storms to produce hurricane-force winds in Maine, along with Hurricane Carol in 1953, Hurricane Edna in 1954, Hurricane Donna in 1960, Hurricane Gerda in 1969, and Hurricane Gloria in 1985. In Maine, the high rainfall caused widespread flooding, while the high winds destroyed at least 90 houses. The hurricane quickly weakened over land, and after turning northeastward into Atlantic Canada dissipated on October 5 near the Gulf of St. Lawrence.


1869 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Ten
The hurricane was referred as Saxby's Gale after Lieutenant S.M. Saxby of the Royal Navy predicted in November 1868 that an unusually violent storm would produce very high tides on October 5; he did not specify the location, however. Although heavy damage occurred in New England, the devastation was greatest in Atlantic Canada along the Bay of Fundy.


1869 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Ten
The hurricane produced a storm surge of around 7 ft (2.1 m), which, in combination with the winds, the low pressure, and being in a region of naturally occurring high tides, produced a 70.9 ft (21.6 m) high tide near the head of the bay. The high tides surpassed the dykes across New Brunswick and left widespread flooding, killing many cattle and sheep and washing away roads. In the Cumberland Basin, the floods washed two boats about 3 mi (5 km) inland. In Moncton, water levels rose about 6.6 ft (2 m) higher than the previous highest level. There were 37 deaths between Maine, New Brunswick, and New York.


1869 Bewdley by-election
The Bewdley by-election of 1869 was held on 11 March 1869. The Parliamentary by-election was called due to the voiding of the 1868 election of the incumbent MP, the Conservative Party's Richard Atwood Glass. It was won by the Conservative Party candidate John Cunliffe.


1869 Bewdley by-election
On petition Cunliffe was unseated and his liberal opponent Augustus Anson was declared elected. He was re-elected in the 1874 general election.


1869 Birthday Honours
The 1869 Birthday Honours were appointments by Queen Victoria to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of the British Empire. The appointments were made to celebrate the official birthday of the Queen, and were published in The London Gazette on 2 June 4 June and 1 July 1869.


1869 Birthday Honours
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.


1869 Blackburn by-election
The Blackburn by-election of 1869 was a parliamentary by-election held in England in March 1869. It returned two members of parliament (MPs) to the House of Commons for the borough of Blackburn in Lancashire.


1869 Blackburn by-election
It was a rare double-by-election, caused when the 1868 general election of the borough's two Conservative MPs was nullified. Their sons won the by-election, but the result led to fighting in the town of Blackburn and was denounced by the Liberal Party candidates as a "farce".


1869 Blackburn by-election, The vacancy
On 16 March 1869, the result of the 1868 general election in borough of Blackburn was declared null and void, after an election petition had been lodged. The two Conservatives who had been elected, Joseph Feilden and William Henry Hornby, were unseated when Mr Justice Willes found that there had been widespread intimidation of voters. The candidates themselves were absolved of direct involvement in the intimidation, but their agents were held responsible for a document known as the "screw circular". The circular called on mill-owners, tradesmen, and other employers to secure the election of Conservatives at both the municipal and parliamentary elections, and led to the dismissal of many long-serving employees on the spurious grounds of trivial misconduct, long after the alleged misconduct had occurred.


1869 Blackburn by-election, Candidates
The nominations were made on 29 March 1869, before a gathering of 15,000 people in Blakey Moor, Blackburn.


1869 Blackburn by-election, Candidates
The Liberal Party nominated John Gerald Potter, who had contested Blackburn in 1865 and 1868, and John Morley, a barrister who had taken up journalism and become the editor of the Fortnightly Review.


1869 Blackburn by-election, Candidates
Potter told meeting that if the working classes of Blackburn were allowed to vote freely, he and Morley would both be returned, and that the longer he lived, the more he saw the need for voting to be conducted by secret ballot. He favoured the abolition of the ratepaying qualification for elections, a national system of education, a reduction in taxation and the legalisation of trade unions. Morley said that the Tories had no policy, no spirit and no temper, and that he supported the policies of the present government.


1869 Blackburn by-election, Candidates
The Conservatives also nominated two candidates: Edward Hornby and Henry Master Feilden, both sons of the ousted Conservatives MPs. Both Hornby and Fielden appealed for support as a tribute to their fathers, with Hornby asserting that he had "no vain idea" that his own merits were enough to qualify him as an MP.


1869 Blackburn by-election, Result
There was no secret ballot until 1872, so voting was conducted in public at the hustings, which were attended by a large number of police armed with cutlasses. A show of hands was taken and pronounced to be in favour of Fielden and Hornby, but a vote was demanded on behalf of the Liberal candidates.


1869 Blackburn by-election, Result
Polling took place the following day, 30 March, in 25 locations. Voting began at 8am, and there were no reports of any disturbances. The Times newspaper reported that "only three persons" were arrested for personation, one of whom had been released when it was acknowledged that a mistake had been made.


1869 Blackburn by-election, Result
The results were announced by the Mayor at 6.30pm, when Fielden and Hornby were declared the winnerswith a margin of over 700 votes.


1869 Blackburn by-election, Result
In their acceptance speeches, Fielden and Hornby both pronounced the result as being the true voice of Blackburn once the screw had been removed. Fielden said that he hoped that Potter would not dare challenge the result again, and then a fight broke out, which was speedily broken up the police. There were reports that shots had been fired, but The Times reported that the police had received no accounts of anyone wounded by gunfire.


1869 Blackburn by-election, Result
The Liberal candidates did not appear on the platform at the declaration, and issued a printed statement saying that they were unsurprised by the result. They asserted that the Conservative victory was the result of intimidation, and elections in Blackburn would remain "a farce" without a secret ballot.


1869 Blackburn by-election, Result
At about 7pm, stones were thrown at Conservative supporters in Penny Street. A policeman was shot in the arm, other shots were fired from windows, and there was serious fighting for a few minutes until 60 policemen came to guard the approaches to the street.


1869 Blackburn by-election, Aftermath
Edward Hornby never stood for Parliament again, and held the seat until the 1874 general election, when he retired from the House of Commons. Henry Master Feilden was re-elected in 1874, but died in office in 1875, triggering a by-election in October 1875.


1869 Blackburn by-election, Aftermath
After three unsuccessful candidacies, J. G. Potter did not stand again. John Morley unsuccessfully contested the City of Westminster at the 1880 general election, and was elected as MP for Newcastle-upon-Tyne at a by-election in February 1883. He held a number of senior posts in the Cabinet, and was ennobled in 1908 as Viscount Morley of Blackburn.


1869 Boston mayoral election
The Boston mayoral election of 1869 saw the reelection of Nathaniel B. Shurtleff to a third consecutive term.


1869 Bradford by-election
The Bradford by-election of 1869 was fought on 12 March 1869. The by-election was held due to the previously voided election of the incumbent Liberal MP, Henry William Ripley. In an all Liberal contest, it was won by the Liberal candidate Edward Miall.


1869 Braidwood colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Braidwood on 20 September 1869 because of the resignation of Joshua Josephson to accept an appointment as a judge of the District Court.


1869 Brecon by-election
The Brecon by-election of 1869 was fought on 24 April 1869. The by-election was fought due to the Void election of the incumbent MP of the Conservative Party, Howel Gwyn. It was won by the Liberal candidate Edward Villiers.


1869 Burnett colonial by-election
The 1869 Burnett colonial by-election was a by-election held on 21 April 1869 in the electoral district of Burnett for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.


1869 Burnett colonial by-election, History
On 6 April 1869, Robert Mackenzie, former Premier and member for Burnett, retired from politics and departed for Europe. Charles Haly won the resulting by-election on 21 April 1869.


1869 Cachar earthquake
The 1869 Cachar earthquake occurred on 10 January with an estimated moment magnitude of 7.4 and a maximum EMS-98 intensity of VII (Damaging). Two people were killed and damage was considered severe. The earthquake was felt in Upper Burma, Bihar, Jharkhand, Bengal and Northeast India.


1869 Cachar earthquake, Earthquake
The cause is said to have been from a 32 kilometres (20 mi) long fissure below the Jaintia Hills, situated north of the Sylhet region.


1869 Cachar earthquake, Further reading
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1869 Cachar earthquake, Further reading
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1869 Caithness by-election
The Caithness by-election of 1869 was fought on 26 August 1869. The by-election was fought due to the resignation of the incumbent MP of the Liberal Party, George Traill. It was won by the Liberal candidate Sir John Sinclair, Bt.


1869 Chester by-election
The Chester by-election of 1869 was contested on 4 December 1869 due to the incumbent Liberal MP, Hugh Grosvenor, succeeding to the peerage as Marquess of Westminster. It was retained by the Liberal candidate Norman de L'Aigle Grosvenor, who was unopposed.


1869 Chicago mayoral election
In the Chicago mayoral election of 1869, Citizens Party nominee Roswell B. Mason defeated Republican nominee George W. Gage by a landslide 27-point margin.


1869 Chicago mayoral election
This was the last mayoral election before the Great Chicago Fire took place.


1869 Chicago mayoral election
Citizens Party candidate Mason was an executive in the Illinois Central Railroad. Republican Party candidate Gage was a businessman who operated the Tremont House and Sherman House hotels.


1869 Chicago mayoral election
The Citizens Reform ticket was a nonpartisan reform slate which aimed to challenge the power of German Republican political boss Anton C. Hesing.


1869 Chicago mayoral election, Aftermath
Mason would only serve a single term as mayor. Gage would go on to serve as the president of the Chicago White Stockings baseball team (today's Chicago Cubs) and serve as Chicago's South Parks Commissioner (during which time he commissioned a park which would subsequently bear his name).


1869 Christchurch earthquake
The 1869 Christchurch earthquake occurred at 8:00 am on 5 June, near New Brighton, with an estimated Richter magnitude of 6.0. The shock had a Mercalli Intensity of VII–VIII.


1869 Christchurch earthquake
The shock damaged several brick and stone buildings in the city, destroying chimneys and damaging the spire of St John's church in Hereford Street.


1869 Christchurch earthquake
The effects of the earthquake on stone buildings such as St. Johns prompted the Church of St Michael and All Angels to be built using timber.


1869 City of Dunedin by-election
The 1869 City of Dunedin by-election was a by-election held  on 5 March 1869 in the City of Dunedin electorate in Dunedin during the 4th New Zealand Parliament.


1869 City of Dunedin by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent, James Paterson.


1869 City of Dunedin by-election
The winner was Thomas Birch. He was opposed by James Gordon Stuart Grant, a local eccentric and frequent candidate.


1869 City of London by-election
The City of London by-election of 1869 was held on 22 February 1869. The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Conservative MP Charles Bell. It was won by the unopposed Liberal candidate Baron Lionel Nathan de Rothschild who had been an MP for the constituency since 1847 until losing in the 1868 general election. The Liberals did not hold this gain in the 1874 general election.


1869 City of London by-election
The by-election was held by a gathering of the electorate at the London Guildhall. Rothschild was nominated by the banker and former Liberal MP Martin Tucker Smith, and as there were no other nominations at the meeting he was declared elected without a vote.


1869 Clare by-election
The Clare by-election of 1869 was fought on 5 January 1869. The by-election was fought due to the incumbent Liberal MP, Sir Colman O'Loghlen, becoming Judge Advocate General. It was retained by O'Loghlen who was unopposed.


1869 Clermont colonial by-election
The Clermont colonial by-election, 1869 was a by-election held on 4 March 1869 in the electoral district of Clermont for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.


1869 Clermont colonial by-election, History
On 1 October 1868, Atkin was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Queensland for the seat of Clermont. He resigned on 29 January 1869, claiming it was the only honourable course of action due to "the treachery, the weakness, and the lust for office" of the leaders of the Queensland Parliament. However, it was suggested that he resigned before his election was voided because his nomination was invalid. Oscar de Satge won the resulting by-election on 4 March 1869.


1869 Colony of British Columbia general election
The 1869 election was the second election to the united colony of British Columbia.


1869 Colony of British Columbia general election
The governor appointed 13 more members to the legislative council.


1869 Connecticut gubernatorial election
The 1869 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 5, 1869. It was a rematch of the 1868 Connecticut gubernatorial election. Republican nominee Marshall Jewell defeated incumbent governor and Democratic nominee James E. English with 50.22% of the vote.


1869 Convention of Colored Citizens of Minnesota
The 1869 Convention of Colored Citizens of Minnesota was the first integrated convention meeting of blacks and whites in Minnesota, and occurred in Ingersoll Hall, Saint Paul a year after the state of Minnesota voted in favor of black suffrage. The convention is distinct from other conventions of the time for having numerous white Republicans speak at the convention.


1869 Convention of Colored Citizens of Minnesota, Background
At the end of the American Civil War voting rights for blacks was becoming a contentious issue in many northern states. The black population in Minnesota had grown rapidly since the years preceding the Civil War, from 39 in 1850 to 700 in 1868, a fact black activists were not unaware of. As a result of these tensions, Republicans in the state continued to push for black suffrage, with fierce opposition from Democrats. In 1868, Minnesota held their third referendum on the issue of black voting rights. The referendum passed with 57% of voters voting yes on the referendum, granting all black men in the state suffrage.


1869 Convention of Colored Citizens of Minnesota, Major Issues of the Convention
The Convention was called to celebrate the successful referendum on black suffrage in 1868. Both white and black speakers were present at the convention, with Republican politicians talking about their own efforts to push forward a referendum to give blacks suffrage.


1869 Convention of Colored Citizens of Minnesota, Major Issues of the Convention
Republican politicians also took part in the festivities, singing songs and eating food alongside the black leaders of the convention The members of the Convention, whether black or white, discussed the contents of the referendum, referencing how it removed the word white from the requirement for voting in the state of Minnesota White attendees of the Convention, mainly Republican political leaders, heaped praise upon what they referred to as the black race. They stressed how they had become increasingly impressed by the intelligence and civility black leaders had expressed, both in the present in the past.


1869 Convention of Colored Citizens of Minnesota, Major Issues of the Convention
They pointed to great black speakers and leaders like Toussaint Louverture and Frederick Douglass, The black members of the convention thanked the white Republicans present numerous times for their efforts, and lead the proceedings of the Convention, which largely involved guest speakers and songs men of both races sang. There were also white Democrats present, which were referenced by White Republicans in a consolatory manner.


1869 Convention of Colored Citizens of Minnesota, Key Figures
William Rainey Marshall, the governor of Minnesota, was invited as a guest speaker. Marshall gave brief remarks at the convention congratulating the African Americans on their newfound rights. Marshall helped put the amendment to give black men the right to vote on the ballot as a referendum.


1869 Convention of Colored Citizens of Minnesota, Key Figures
Maurice Jernigan, a barber in the city of St.Paul, was an early black rights advocate and influential figure in early black suffrage movements. Jernigan served as permanent chairman and temporary president of the convention.


1869 Costa Rican general election
The 1869 Costa Rican presidential election took place while the dictator Jesús Jiménez Zamora was in power after the coup against José María Castro Madriz, whose constitutional term was unable to finish. Jiménez Zamora was the sole candidate, during his government he repressed the press and his political opponents. The 1869 Constitution only allowed men over 25 years old owners of a property that had a value higher than 200 pesos to vote.


1869 County Louth by-election
The County Louth by-election of 1869 was contested on 11 January 1869. The by-election was held because the incumbent Liberal MP, Chichester Fortescue, had become the Chief Secretary for Ireland. Under the law at the time if an MP attained certain government positions, they were required to resign their seat and run for it again. The seat was retained by Fortescue.


1869 Danish Folketing election
Folketing elections were held in Denmark on 22 September 1869. The Mellem Party emerged as the largest factions, winning 27 seats. Christian Emil Krag-Juel-Vind-Frijs remained Prime Minister.


1869 Danish Folketing election, Electoral system
The elections were held using first-past-the-post voting in single-member constituencies. Only 15% of the population was eligible to vote in the elections, with suffrage restricted to men over 30 who were not receiving poor relief (or who had not paid back any previous poor relief received), were not classed as "dependents" (those who were privately employed but did not have a household) and who had lived in their constituency for a certain length of time.


1869 Drogheda by-election
The Drogheda by-election of 1869 took place on 15 March 1869. The by-election arose following an election petition which unseated the incumbent MP, the Liberal Benjamin Whitworth.


1869 Drogheda by-election
The petition alleged that the election result was due to intimidation. Witnesses alleged that on the day of nomination, the Drogheda courthouse was 'filled with a mob of the lowest classes, who appeared to be under the influence of whiskey'. There were allegations that a Roman Catholic clergyman was seen at the head of a mob brandishing sticks, and voters had to be escorted by the military for fear of violence in the streets and at the railway station:


1869 Drogheda by-election
'Missiles came in all directions, and the soldiers asked their officers, "Will you let us be murdered?" "Will you not let us protect ourselves?" The mob shouted, "To H[ell] with the Queen", "Down with your Church" and "Up with the Stars and Stripes!"


1869 Drogheda by-election
'The mob were told that there were 500 Orangemen coming down the next morning. One of the priests told them to give them a warm reception, and hurl them into the Boyne.'


1869 Drogheda by-election
In his decision, Judge Keogh described the town on the day of polling as 'more like a place besieged than one where a free election was going on' and criticised the behaviour and language of the clergy. He decided that intimidation had taken place and that Whitworth and his agent were responsible. He declared the election void, necessitating a by-election.


1869 Drogheda by-election
The by-election was won by  Whitworth's son Thomas, who ran as a Liberal and was unopposed. Thomas Whitworth was defeated in the 1874 general election, by the 'Liberal and Home Rule' candidate, William Hagarty O'Leary; on O'Leary's death in 1880, Benjamin Whitworth, by now MP for Kilkenny City, resigned that seat and won Drogheda in the ensuing by-election as a Home Rule candidate.


1869 Dumfriesshire by-election
The Dumfriesshire by-election of 1869 was fought on 31 March 1869. The by-election was fought due to the disqualification of the incumbent MP of the Liberal Party, Sydney Waterlow, as he was deemed to be a government contractor. It was won by the Conservative candidate George Gustavus Walker.


1869 East Cheshire by-election
The East Cheshire by-election of 1869 was fought on 6 October 1869. The by-election was fought due to the death of the incumbent MP of the Conservative Party, Edward Christopher Egerton. It was won by the Conservative candidate William Cunliffe Brooks.


1869 Ecuadorian constitutional referendum
A constitutional referendum was held in Ecuador on 1 July 1869 to ratify or reject the constitution drafted by the Ecuadorian Constituent Assembly elected earlier in 1869. The country's eighth constitution, known as the Black Charter, was approved by 13,640 of the 14,154 voters.


1869 Ecuadorian constitutional referendum
After the referendum the new National Constituent Assembly met in Quito and enacted the Constitution on 11 August 1869.


1869 Ecuadorian constitutional referendum, Background
In 1869 Gabriel García Moreno, a conservative, intensely devout Catholic, promulgated a more authoritarian constitution, referred to as the Garciana constitution or Carta Negra (the Black Charter), which extended the presidential term to six years and gave the president almost unlimited powers. It provided for a bicameral parliament, and introduced a religious factor into politics by making membership of the Roman Catholic Church a requisite for citizenship, with other requirements being at least twenty-one years of age, married and literate.


1869 English cricket season
1869 was the 83rd season of cricket in England since the foundation of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). The Cambridgeshire club went into demise, thougha team called Cambridgeshire later played in two specially arranged matches, in 1869 against Yorkshire and in 1871 against Surrey. After that, Cambridgeshire ceased to be a first-class team. The problem was attributed to the lack of available amateurs to back up the famous trio of Bob Carpenter, the first Tom Hayward and George Tarrant, along with the absence of useful patronage and the difficulty of obtaining membership which led to a debt deemed unpayable.


1869 English cricket season
1869 was also the season when W. G. Grace began a record-setting run of batting triumphs. For the first of three consecutive seasons, he established a new record for most runs in a season, and his six centuries doubled the previous record.


1869 English cricket season, Notes
Hampshire, though regarded until 1885 as first-class, played no inter-county matches between 1868 and 1869 or 1871 and 1874 The others were Allan Steel in 1877, Sammy Woods in 1886, Charlie Townsend in 1895 and Jack Crawford in 1904 and 1905


1869 French legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in France on 24 May and 1 June 1869, with a second round on 6 and 7 June. These elections resulted in a victory for the regime of the Second Empire, but the opposition strengthened its presence in the legislature. Nationwide, the regime won 55% of the vote. In Paris, the opposition parties (mostly Republicans) won 75% of the vote; however, the regime won large majorities in the countryside.


1869 French legislative election, Subsequent rioting
On the nights of 8–9 June 1869, the worst rioting in fifteen years, "the 'white overalls' riots", erupted in several cities throughout France. In Paris, on 8 June, demonstrators assembled on the Boulevard Montmartre and sang the "Marseillaise" (banned under the Second Empire until the Franco-Prussian War); but that was over in an hour.


1869 French legislative election, Subsequent rioting
In Belleville the crowd destroyed gas street lamps and shop fronts before marching down the Boulevard du Temple, where they attacked a police van, on their way to the Place de la Bastille, where thirteen people were arrested before order was restored at 2 a.m. by the sergents-de-ville (uniformed police). Many said that the police overreacted to the natural exuberance of the crowd at the favorable showing of liberal candidates in the election, and that the further disturbances on the 9th were in consequence.


1869 French legislative election, Subsequent rioting
The crowds reached as far as the Place du Carrousel on at least one night, disrupting a gala soirée at the Tuileries Palace, although the emperor remained impassive in the face of a stream of telegrams and Émile Waldteufel's baton was steady. On the 10th, the Prefect of Police issued a proclamation saying that such disturbances would no longer be tolerated. Cavalry and infantry units were brought in to patrol the streets. A total of 1,100 people were arrested and confined for a time in Bicêtre fortress.


1869 French legislative election, Subsequent rioting
Similar disturbances took place on 8 June in Bordeaux and Arles, and on 9 June in Nantes.


1869 Glasgow and Aberdeen Universities by-election
The Glasgow and Aberdeen Universities by-election of 1869 was fought on 22 November 1869. The by-election was fought due to the resignation of the incumbent MP of the Liberal Party, James Moncreiff, to become a Lord Justice Clerk. It was won by the Conservative candidate Edward Strathearn Gordon.


1869 Goldfields West colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Goldfields West on 15 February 1869 because of the resignation of George Thornton to visit England.


1869 Grand National
The 1869 Grand National was the 31st renewal of the Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 3 March 1869.


1869 Greek legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Greece on 16 May 1869. Supporters of Thrasyvoulos Zaimis won a majority of the 187 seats. Zaimis remained Prime Minister, having assumed office on 6 February.


1869 Hastings by-election
The Hastings by-election of 1869 was fought on 18 November 1869. The by-election was fought due to the death of the incumbent MP of the Liberal Party, Frederick North. It was won by the Liberal candidate Ughtred James Kay-Shuttleworth.


1869 Hawick Burghs by-election
The Hawick Burghs by-election of 1869 was held on 4 January 1869. The by-election was held due to the incumbent Liberal MP, George Otto Trevelyan, becoming Civil Lord of the Admiralty. It was retained by Trevelyan who was unopposed.


1869 Hereford by-election
The Hereford by-election of 1869 was fought on 30 March 1869. The by-election was fought due to the Void election of both  the incumbent MPs of the Liberal Party George Clive  and  John Wyllie. It was won by the Liberal candidates Edward Clive  and  Chandos Wren-Hoskyns.


1869 Honduran presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Honduras in 1869. The result was a victory for José María Medina.


1869 Honduran presidential election, Background
Incumbent president Medina was constitutionally barred from running for a new term. After urging local authorities to submit a request to the government to amend the constitution, a Constituent Assembly was convened. The Assembly began in Comayagua on 8 August. On 13 August, article 33 was amended by degree, allowing Medina to be re-elected. He was subsequently proclaimed president for a term of 1 February 1870 to 31 January 1874 without elections being required. The Assembly closed on 19 August 1869.


1869 Honduran presidential election, Results
Following protests from opponents, Medina submitted his presidency to a public vote, which he easily won.


1869 Hungarian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Hungary between 9 and 13 March 1869. The main issues were the legitimisation of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and the birth of Austria-Hungary. The compromise was created by the governing party. Hungary got more freedom and autonomy from Austria, but still in a mutual state with Austria and Franz Joseph I of Austria was crowned as the King of Hungary.


1869 Hungarian parliamentary election
At the elections three parties ran for the seats; Deák Party (Hu: Deák Párt), the supporter of the compromise, the Left Centre (Hu: Balközép), partially opponents of it and the Far-Left (Hu: Szélbal) opposing the treaty entirely. Finally the Deák Party won the 55.95% of the seats.


1869 Iowa Senate election
In the 1869 Iowa State Senate elections, Iowa voters elected state senators to serve in the thirteenth Iowa General Assembly. Following the expansion of the Iowa Senate from 49 to 50 seats in 1869, elections were held for 21 of the state senate's 50 seats. State senators serve four-year terms in the Iowa State Senate.


1869 Iowa Senate election
Following the previous election in 1867, Republicans had control of the Iowa Senate with 40 seats to Democrats' eight seats and a lone member from the People's Party. However, three changes occurred during the twelfth general assembly. In the tenth district, Republican Senator Charles Leopold Matthies died on October 16, 1868, causing a vacancy in his seat. In the eighteenth district, Republican Senator John R. Needham died on July 9, 1868, causing a vacancy in his seat. In the twenty-fourth district, Republican Senator William Penn Wolf resigned on March 3, 1869, causing a vacancy in his seat. All three seats were left vacant until the next election. Therefore, by election day in 1869, the Republicans held 37 seats, the Democrats held 8 seats, there was a lone People's Party member, and three seats were vacant (all the vacancies had been held by Republicans).


1869 Iowa Senate election
To claim control of the chamber from Republicans, the Democrats needed to net 18 Senate seats.


1869 Iowa Senate election
Republicans maintained control of the Iowa State Senate following the election with the balance of power shifting to Republicans holding 43 seats and Democrats having seven seats (a net gain of 6 seats for Republicans).


1869 Iowa gubernatorial election
The 1869 Iowa gubernatorial election was held on October 12, 1869. Incumbent Republican Samuel Merrill defeated Democratic nominee George Gillespie with 62.93% of the vote.


1869 Kennedy colonial by-election
The Kennedy colonial by-election, 1869 was a by-election held on 10 July 1869 in the electoral district of Kennedy for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.


1869 Kennedy colonial by-election, History
On 11 June 1869, Thomas Henry FitzGerald, member for Kennedy, resigned. Rt Hon John Bright, an English Radical politician, was nominated as a form of protest, and won the resulting by-election on 10 July 1869. He never took his seat in the Queensland Parliament; indeed it is unknown if he knew he was either nominated or elected.


1869 Kildare by-election
The Kildare by-election of 1869 was fought on 11 January 1869. The by-election was fought due to the incumbent Liberal MP, Lord Otho Fitzgerald, becoming Comptroller of the Household. It was retained by Fitzgerald who was unopposed.


1869 Liberian general election
Presidential elections were held in Liberia in May 1869. The result was a victory for Edward James Roye of the True Whig Party, defeating incumbent President James Spriggs Payne. The election was very close, with the House of Representatives required to decide the final outcome.


1869 Liberian term of office referendum
A referendum on the length of terms of office was held in Liberia on 4 May 1869. The proposals put forward by Parliament on 29 January 1869 would increase the presidential term from two to four years, increase the term of House of Representatives members from two to four years, and increase the term of office of Senators from four to eight years. President-elect Edward James Roye claimed that the changes were approved and that he would remain in office until 1873. However, the legislature, which oversaw the counting process, declared the proposals to be rejected.


1869 Liechtenstein general election
General elections were held in Liechtenstein in April 1869. Six of the seats in the Landtag were indirectly elected by electors selected by voters.


1869 Liechtenstein general election, Electors
Electors were selected through elections that were held on 18 and 19 April. Each municipality had two electors for every 100 inhabitants.


1869 Liechtenstein general election, Results
The electors met on 29 April in Vaduz to elect six Landtag members and five substitute members. The Landtag members and their substitutes were elected in three ballots. Of the 158 electors, 152 participated in the voting.


1869 Liskeard by-election
The Liskeard by-election of 1869 was fought on 11 May 1869. The by-election was fought due to the death of the incumbent MP of the Liberal Party, Sir Arthur Buller. It was won by a Liberal candidate Edward Horsman, who was opposed by a more advanced Liberal, Francis Lycett, due to Horsman's perceived moderation.


1869 Liverpool Town Council election
Elections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Monday 1 November 1869. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.


1869 Liverpool Town Council election, Election result
Because of the large number of uncontested seats, these statistics should be taken in that context.


1869 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, Aldermanic By Election, 9 November 1869
Following the retirement of Alderman Thomas Bold, Bernard Hall was elected as an alderman by the council on 9 November 1869.


1869 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No. 7, St. Peter's, 14 January 1870
Caused by the resignation of Councillor Jacob Gaitskell Brown (Liberal, St. Peter's, elected 1 November 1867) on 30 December 1869.


1869 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No. 2, Scotland, 3 February 1870
Caused by the resignation of Councillor Joseph Robinson (Liberal, Scotland, elected unopposed on 1 November 1867)


1869 Maine gubernatorial election
The 1869 Maine gubernatorial election was held on September 13, 1869. Republican candidate and war hero Joshua Chamberlain defeated the Democratic candidate Franklin Smith and Prohibition candidate Nathan Griffith Hichborn.


1869 Mallow by-election
The Mallow by-election of 1869 was contested on 4 January 1869. The by-election was held because the incumbent Liberal MP, Edward Sullivan, became Attorney General for Ireland. It was retained by Sullivan who was unopposed.


1869 Marsden by-election
The 1869 Marsden by-election was a by-election held on 25 January 1869 during the 4th New Zealand Parliament in the Northland electorate of Marsden.


1869 Marsden by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP Francis Hull on 14 December 1878.


1869 Marsden by-election
The by-election was won by John Munro. As there were no other candidates, he was declared elected unopposed on 25 January; the papers published several reports of his speeches.


1869 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1869 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 2.


1869 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
Governor William Clafin was re-elected to a second consecutive one-year term, defeating Democrat John Quincy Adams II and Edwin Chamberlain, the nominee of the new Labor Reform Party.


1869 Massachusetts legislature
The 90th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1869 during the governorship of Republican William Claflin. George O. Brastow and Robert Carter Pitman served as presidents of the Senate and Harvey Jewell served as speaker of the House.


1869 Massachusetts legislature
Notable events include the creation of a Joint Special Committee on Woman Suffrage.


1869 Minnesota gubernatorial election
The 1869 Minnesota gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1869 to elect the governor of Minnesota.


1869 New Jersey vs. Rutgers football game
The 1869 New Jersey vs. Rutgers football game occurred between the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) and Rutgers College. It was played on November 6, 1869. The rules governing play were based on the London Football Association's 1863 rules that disallowed carrying or throwing the ball. For spectators, therefore, the game more closely resembled soccer than gridiron football. Moreover, the match was played with a soccer ball. As a result, it is considered the first collegiate soccer match and the birth of soccer in the United States.


1869 New Jersey vs. Rutgers football game
Because gridiron football developed from the rules of association football and rugby football, many also consider the game played on November 6 to be the first gridiron game and the first collegiate football game. Rutgers won the game 6–4.


1869 New Jersey vs. Rutgers football game, Details and rules
Part of the first season of college football, the game took place on November 6, 1869 at a field on College Avenue (now the site of the College Avenue Gymnasium) in New Brunswick, New Jersey. Because the game was played at Rutgers, it was also played under Rutgers' rules. They were based on the Football Association's rules of the time, in which two teams of 25 players attempted to score by kicking the ball into the opposing team's goal. The teams played 10 "games" against each other.


1869 New Jersey vs. Rutgers football game, Details and rules
When a team scored a goal, it counted as the end of that game, and the team with the most goals after 10 games was the winner. It is clear that this format did not resemble the game of college football as known today. The first such game in the United States in which the ball is advanced by physically picking it up and running, where play is stopped by knocking down the ball carrier, and each team fields eleven members was played on June 4, 1875 between Tufts and Harvard colleges.


1869 New Jersey vs. Rutgers football game, Details and rules
William J. Leggett, later a distinguished clergyman of the Dutch Reformed Church, was the Rutgers captain; William Gummere, who later became chief justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey, captained the New Jersey squad. The game was played in front of approximately 100 spectators. The players from Rutgers wore scarlet-colored turbans and handkerchiefs to distinguish themselves from the New Jersey players. The scarlet of the Rutgers Scarlet Knights came from this episode.


1869 New Jersey vs. Rutgers football game, Gameplay
As the first of the 10 games began, two players from each of the teams positioned themselves near the opponent's goal. This was presumably because the participants were hoping to easily score when the ball reached their territory on the field of play. On each team, there were eleven so-called "fielders" who were assigned to defend their own territorial area. There were 12 participants on each team that they named "bulldogs" who were the ones playing in the other team's territory.


1869 New Jersey vs. Rutgers football game, Gameplay
Rutgers was the first to score a goal, as S. G. Gano and G. R. Dixon successfully kicked the ball across the New Jersey goal. At some point early in the contest, the "flying wedge" play was first used as the team with the ball formed a wall-like formation of players, allowing them to charge at the defenders. This flying wedge tactic was successful early on for Rutgers because of their size disadvantage over New Jersey. However, New Jersey countered the tactic when J.E. Michael, better known as "Big Mike", broke up the Rutgers' flying wedge during the fourth game. New Jersey took advantage and tied the score at 2–2.


1869 New Jersey vs. Rutgers football game, Gameplay
A Rutgers player named Madison M. Ball, a wounded veteran of the American Civil War, used his quickness and kicking the ball with the heel of his foot to again take the lead in the contest. Whenever the ball entered Rutgers territory, Ball would get in front of it and use a heel-kick to prevent New Jersey from scoring. Ball was able to successfully use that technique to set up Dixon to score another goal which gave Rutgers a 4–2 lead.


1869 New Jersey vs. Rutgers football game, Gameplay
Rutgers then allowed New Jersey to score a goal as one of their players, whose identity is not known, had kicked a ball towards their own goal. It was blocked by a Rutgers player, but New Jersey soon was able to take advantage to cut the lead down to 4–3. The Tigers scored on their next possession when they used a flying wedge play of their own led by Big Mike to march down the field to score to tie the game again at 4.


1869 New Jersey vs. Rutgers football game, Gameplay
Rutgers captain John W. Leggett had a strategy for his team at this point. He suggested that the Rutgers team keep the ball low on the ground to counter the much taller players on New Jersey team. This strategy appeared to work as Rutgers easily scored the final two goals of the contest to win the first intercollegiate football game played 6 games to 4.


1869 New Jersey vs. Rutgers football game, Gameplay
New Jersey had more size, which would normally be an advantage on a field with 50 total players, but the Tigers had trouble kicking the ball as a team which is something Rutgers did very well. In a 1933 account, a Rutgers player from the game named John W. Herbert said that he thought Rutgers was the smaller team, but that they had more speed than New Jersey.


1869 New Jersey vs. Rutgers football game, Aftermath
In what might be considered a beginning to college football rivalries, immediately after Rutgers won this game, New Jersey's players were literally run out of town by the winning Rutgers students. The New Jersey students reportedly jumped in their carriages and quickly made the 20-mile trip back to their campus.


1869 New Jersey vs. Rutgers football game, Aftermath
In 1968, Arnold Friberg was commissioned by Chevrolet to create a painting commemorating the game. His work The First Game was one of four works that he created to celebrate 100 years of college football.


1869 New York state election
The 1869 New York state election was held on November 2, 1869, to elect the Secretary of State, the State Comptroller, the Attorney General, the State Treasurer, the State Engineer, two Judges of the New York Court of Appeals, a Canal Commissioners and an Inspector of State Prisons, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate. Besides, the amended State Constitution was rejected with 223,935 votes for and 290,456 against it. Only the "Judicial Article" which re-organized the New York Court of Appeals was adopted by a small majority, with 247,240 for and 240,442 against it.


1869 New York state election, History
The Republican state convention met on September 24 at Syracuse, New York. George William Curtis was nominated for Secretary of State, Thomas Hillhouse was nominated for Comptroller and John C. Robinson was nominated for State Engineer. They declined to run, and Sigel, Greeley and Taylor were substituted by the State Committee.


1869 New York state election, Results
The incumbents Nelson, Allen, Champlain, Bristol and Richmond were re-elected. The incumbents Woodruff, Mason and Hayt were defeated.


1869 New York state election, Results
18 Democrats and 14 Republicans were elected to a two-year term (1870-1871) in the New York State Senate.


1869 New York state election, Results
73 Democrats and 55 Republicans were elected for the session of 1870 to the New York State Assembly.


1869 New York state election, Sources
Result in  compiled by Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune


1869 Newfoundland general election
The 1869 Newfoundland general election was held in 1869 to elect members of the 10th General Assembly of Newfoundland in the Newfoundland Colony. 21 Anti-Confederates (A-C) were elected against 9 Confederates (Con), ending for a moment the debate over joining the Dominion of Canada.


1869 Newton by-election
The 1869 Newton by-election was a by-election held on 19 March 1869 during the 4th New Zealand Parliament in the Auckland electorate of Newton.


1869 Newton by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP George Graham.


1869 Newton by-election
He was replaced by Robert James Creighton. Some electors were opposed to the centralising of government in Wellington which they suggested Wrigg favoured.


1869 Nottingham by-election
The Nottingham by-election of 1869 was fought on 16 June 1869. The by-election was fought due to the death of the incumbent MP of the Liberal Party, Sir Robert Juckes Clifton. It was won by the Liberal candidate Charles Seely.


1869 Oamaru by-election
The 1869 Oamaru by-election was a by-election on 25 May 1869 in the Oamaru electorate during the 4th New Zealand Parliament.


1869 Oamaru by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP Robert Campbell.


1869 Oamaru by-election
He was replaced by Charles Christie Graham. As there were no other nominations, he was duly declared elected. He acknowledged that he was not a local man.


1869 Ohio gubernatorial election
The 1869 Ohio gubernatorial election was held on October 12, 1869. Incumbent Republican Rutherford B. Hayes defeated Democratic nominee George H. Pendleton with 50.74% of the vote.


1869 Open Championship
The 1869 Open Championship was the tenth Open Championship and was held on 16 September at Prestwick Golf Club. Tom Morris, Jr. won the championship for the second successive time, by 11 strokes from Bob Kirk. Just 14 players entered the Championship.


1869 Open Championship
Tom Morris, Jr. dominated the championship, leading by three strokes after the first round, four after second and eventually winning by 11 strokes. After the first round Davie Strath and Bob Kirk were both three shots behind Morris. Strath was in second place after two rounds but finished with a 60 to finish third behind Kirk who scored 57.


1869 Open Championship
Morris's first round included a hole-in-one at the 8th hole and his total of 50 (6-4-4-6-5-5-3-1-6-3-3-4) was only one behind his record of the previous year. In the second round Kirk took four strokes in one bunker (the "Alps"), scoring 10, while in the last round he took three shots in another (the "Cardinal's Nob"). He had four twos over the three rounds.


1869 Open Championship, Final leaderboard
The remaining five players withdrew and did not complete the 36 holes.


1869 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election
The 1869 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election occurred on October 12, 1869. Incumbent governor John W. Geary, a Republican, was a candidate for re-election. Geary defeated Democratic candidate Asa Packer to win another term.


1869 Philoctetes
1869 Philoctetes /fɪləkˈtiːtiːz/ is a Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 23 kilometers in diameter.


1869 Philoctetes
It was discovered on September 24, 1960, by the Dutch and Dutch–American astronomers Cornelis van Houten, Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld and Tom Gehrels at Palomar Observatory on Palomar Mountain, California. The asteroid was named after  Philoctetes from Greek mythology. On the same night, the same group also discovered 1868 Thersites.


1869 Philoctetes, Orbit and classification
Philoctetes orbits in the L4 Lagrangian point of the Sun–Jupiter system, in the "Greek Camp" of Trojan asteroids. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.9–5.6 AU once every 11 years and 11 months (4,353 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic.


1869 Philoctetes, Physical characteristics
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Philoctetes measures 22.7 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.104.


1869 Philoctetes, Physical characteristics
As of 2017, the body's rotation period and shape remain unknown.


1869 Philoctetes, Survey designation
The survey designation P-L stands for Palomar–Leiden, named after Palomar Observatory and Leiden Observatory, which collaborated on the fruitful Palomar–Leiden survey in the 1960s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Cornelis Johannes van Houten and Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld at Leiden Observatory. The trio are credited with several thousand asteroid discoveries.


1869 Philoctetes, Naming
This minor planet was named after the Greek mythological figure Philoctetes, famed archer and participant in the Trojan War, where he killed Paris, son of the Trojan King Priam. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1975 (M.P.C. 3826).


1869 Pictorial Issue
The 1869 Pictorial Issue is a series of definitive United States postage stamps released during the first weeks of the Grant administration. Ten types of stamp in denominations between one cent and ninety cents were initially offered in the series, with eight of these introduced on March 19 and 20, 1869 and the two greatest values being distributed somewhat later.


1869 Pictorial Issue
During May, however, the Post Office began distributing a revised version of the 15-cent stamp, in which the original, poorly aligned frame had been modified (a diamond shape was added above the vignette); and collectors consider this eleventh stamp an integral part of the Pictorial Issue. The two 15-cent stamps were assigned separate Scott Catalogue numbers: 118 and 119.


1869 Pictorial Issue
The term "pictorial" denotes a revolutionary aspect of the 1869 series. Here the designers rethought the concept of what constituted an appropriate stamp subject, changing the established convention that U.S. postage stamps should present images only of dead statesmen. Such statesman-portraits appear, in fact, on only three values of the pictorial issue: the 1-cent Franklin, the 6-cent Washington and the 90-cent Lincoln. The other seven denominations contain a variety of images. Three stamps illustrate means of postal transportation: delivery on horseback (2 cent), by locomotive (3 cent) and by steamship (12 cent).


1869 Pictorial Issue
Two others present historical tableaux drawn from famous paintings of crucial hemispheric events: John Vanderlyn's Landing of Columbus (15 cent) and John Trumbull's Declaration of Independence (24 cent). The 30 cent was designed to be similar to the 15 cent and 24 cent stamps. It was to use a vignette that showed the British surrender after the Battle of Saratoga in 1777. The Post Office decided at the last minute not to annoy the British and so used the 10 cent Patriotic Eagle and Shield design again with the addition of flags.


1869 Pictorial Issue
An innovation no less striking of the 1869 pictorials was the introduction of the first two-color stamps of U.S. postal history, on the four denominations of 15 cents and greater. Each color had to be printed separately; and on a few sheets of the 15-cent, 24-cent and 30-cent stamps, the paper was placed in the press upside down for the second printing, resulting in America's first invert errors. These error stamps command high prices: at an auction in early 2011, used copies of the three inverts realized a total of a quarter of a million U.S. dollars.


1869 Pictorial Issue
During the past century, the pictorial series has enjoyed warm praise in philatelic commentaries: some have expressed admiration for the boldness of its concept and the skill of its miniaturistic engraving by James Smillie, others, affection for the period charm of its illustrations. The 12-cent value, with its image of the S. S. Adriatic, is described often as a particularly beautiful stamp. The S.S. Adriatic was the Concorde of her day. Very fast across the Atlantic, subsidized by the government, but still an economic disaster. By 1860, the ship had been sold to the British.


1869 Pictorial Issue
Still others writers cite the nostalgic associations of the pictorials, noting that for most collectors of American stamps, the 3-cent locomotive—- a common item of which many cheap copies are available—- was the first issue of real antiquity they were able to collect, in the otherwise empty early pages of their albums. Most other values in the series, by contrast, are rare, especially the greater denominations, and for this reason as well the issue is venerated by many collectors.


1869 Pictorial Issue, The controversy over the series
Quite different, however, was the reception the pictorials faced in the months after their release during 1869. Early philatelic reviews were favorable, but soon severe criticism began to appear in the press, and the stamps rapidly became disreputable. As early as September, newspapers announced that the Post Office was planning a new definitive issue to supplant the unpopular series, and the replacements went on sale during April, 1870— less than thirteen months after the pictorials had first been vended.


1869 Pictorial Issue, The controversy over the series
The new issue cost the taxpayer nothing, for the National Banknote Company's contract for U.S. stamp production required it to furnish—- as the Postmaster stated in a written report—- "new designs and plates ... at the pleasure of the Postmaster General, without additional cost to the department". The remarkably brief tenure of the pictorials meant that relatively few stamps could be printed, which accounts for their present scarcity.


1869 Pictorial Issue, The controversy over the series
Many accounts characterize the strident criticism that greeted the pictorials as a spontaneous, broad-based public reaction, motivated by the patriotic conviction that national heroes were the only acceptable subjects for U.S. stamps. The truth, however, seems to be more complicated, for the tone of much of the press commentary about the pictorials suggests that an organized campaign was attempting to discredit them.


1869 Pictorial Issue, The controversy over the series
To liken the design on the 30-cent stamp to "a bunch of rags hung out of a junk shop" as least raises an aesthetic issue; but the statement that the 2-cent stamp represented "Booth's Death ride into Maryland" is surely defamation pure and simple, indicating an agenda that has little to do with the question of stamp design.


1869 Pictorial Issue, The controversy over the series
That the pictorials had been created by the widely reviled Johnson administration was scarcely likely to win them adherents. Grant's postmaster and his team were constrained to issue them without having had any say in their design or production, and thus had no reason either to like or to defend the new issue. Moreover, even before the pictorials appeared they had already acquired enemies as a result of the previous year's unusually contentious competition for the contract to produce the 1869 U.S. stamps.


1869 Pictorial Issue, The controversy over the series
The designs and printing proposals offered by the National Banknote Company during June 1868 had been chosen by the Post Office, despite the fact that another company—- Butler, Carpenter—- had submitted a lesser bid. The deciding factor may have been that National had the rights to the patented apparatus used for incising stamps with grill-patterns, a procedure the Post Office had recently adopted in hopes of making it impossible to clean the cancellations from stamps and reuse them.


1869 Pictorial Issue, The controversy over the series
Nevertheless, Butler, Carpenter strenuously protested the rejection of their low bid and mustered an array of allies in a protracted attempt to have the contract reassigned to them—- even contriving to have an investigation begun by a Congressional committee, which delayed the actual signing of the contract with National until December.


1869 Pictorial Issue, The controversy over the series
In this climate of ill will, a set such as the pictorials—- an issue that avoided moderate solutions—- was particularly vulnerable, for features of the new stamps that were unfamiliar could easily be characterized as hopeless flaws by opponents who had been involved with the Butler, Carpenter fight. The pictures, in fact, were only one unusual factor. The stamps were smaller in dimension than previous ones and nearly square in format, in contrast to the oblong shape that had been customary.


1869 Pictorial Issue, The controversy over the series
The reduced size enabled National to fit 150 stamp-images on a pane instead of the normal 100, and Butler, Carpenter had characterized this shrinkage as a penny-pinching short-cut that reeked of unfair competition. It is perhaps not a coincidence that public criticisms frequently deplored the small size and unfamiliar shape of the pictorials.


1869 Pictorial Issue, The controversy over the series
Not all objections, however, can be dismissed as illegitimate. It was surely impolitic to oust Washington from his accustomed place on the normal first-class-letter stamp and replace him with a Baldwin locomotive. The New York Evening Mail fulminated: "Our old three cent stamps were as perfect as they well could be…. They were National and American, as they ought to have been. The head of Washington was venerable…. But now think of the miserable, confused looking thing, with its wretched printing, that the Post Office has given us for the present three cent stamp.


1869 Pictorial Issue, The controversy over the series
It is neither historical, national, [nor] beautiful…. What is there in a big chimney on a railroad carriage to indicate the nationality of our postal system[?]." Some critics registered complaints about poor quality gum, which may have been justified. Deriding the small size of the stamps, "[t]he comic papers exhibited caricatures in which the people were looking for their stamps in their pocket books with powerful microscopes." And the designs were particularly vulnerable to being rendered unattractive or even risible by the poor quality control exercised by the still infant stamp production industry. Only collectors of exceptional affluence are able to afford well-centered copies of the pictorials; less fortunate hobbyists must often settle for lopsided examples that must have been even more displeasing to those who bought them at post offices during 1869.


1869 Pictorial Issue, Design and production
By early 1868, the existing definitive series of U.S. stamps had been used for more than six years and plates were no longer in pristine condition. Problematic as well was that these stamps had indelible associations with the Civil War, a calamity that was an unpopular association in America. The printer of these stamps, the National Banknote Company, was operating under a contract that expired in February 1869, which meant that the Post Office would soon have to solicit bids for a new four-year stamp-production contract.


1869 Pictorial Issue, Design and production
These circumstances made 1868 an ideal year for the Post Office to plan a new definitive stamp series: for bidders on the contract could be required to submit essays for new stamp designs along with their proposals. The Post Office advertisement for bids recommended a new imaginative method, even stating "that there should be variety in the sizes as well as the designs of the stamps". While a variety of sizes was not ultimately produced, this stipulation may have been the germ of the decision to adopt a new size and new shape for the pictorials.


1869 Pictorial Issue, Design and production
In fact, the 1869 issue was the first that offered designers the opportunity to plan an omnibus U.S. definitive series as a coherent whole, with the subjects and visual styles of individual stamps chosen to harmonize with one another in the context of an overall plan. The 1851–61 series had grown piecemeal, beginning with only three stamps to which five more were haphazardly added, resulting in a lopsided pantheon (Washington graced no fewer than five of the stamps).


1869 Pictorial Issue, Design and production
The next issue, of 1861, had to be prepared hastily (the aim was to prevent the Confederacy from converting previous U.S. stamps into cash), and as a result, no thought was given to appropriate stamp subjects: on each denomination the same statesman was depicted as in the previous series.


1869 Pictorial Issue, Design and production
In contrast to these almost accidental accumulations, "the new series was intended in some sort to portray the history of the Post Office in the United States, beginning with Franklin, the Continental postmaster and the post rider of the early days, followed by the locomotive of a later day and the Ocean Steamer carrying the mails…, the most important scenes in the early history of the country, its triumphant arms, and Washington its first and Lincoln its last President."


1869 Pictorial Issue, Design and production
In keeping with the suggestions in the Post Office advertisement, the essays that National Banknote Company submitted for the new issue on July 22, 1869, indeed represented a fresh approach. Six of the designs (1¢, 2¢, 3¢, 12¢, 15¢ and 24¢) were accepted with few alterations (most of the changes involved making the numerals larger—- which, on some values, was not an aesthetic improvement). The remaining essays were quite different from the stamps ultimately issued.


1869 Pictorial Issue, Design and production
One interesting feature is that this July 22 version of the series placed Washington on two denominations—- not a surprising duplication, given that so many Washington stamps had been included in the two previous definitive series. National submitted both five-cent and ninety-cent Washington essays. A five-cent stamp had been included in both preceding series, but this denomination was discarded late in the production of the pictorials in favor of a more useful six-cent value (easily created by revamping the five-cent Washington design). This was the first six-cent stamp ever issued by the U.S. Post Office. The ninety-cent essay uses the same Washington image that had been employed for the 90-cent Washington stamp from 1861, and it places this portrait in the same frame that would later enclose Lincoln in the 1869 issue's final version.


1869 Pictorial Issue, Design and production
The July essays assigned Lincoln to the 10-cent value, while the 15- and 24-cent tableaux were accompanied by a third historical scene for the 30-cent denomination, drawn from John Trumbull's painting The Surrender of General Burgoyne at the Battle of Saratoga (this design was never produced in two colors, but has been conjecturally colorized here in the approximate shades of the 30-cent stamp that was issued). After Lincoln had been moved to the 90-cent stamp, a 10-cent version of the Signing of the Declaration was mooted, but around September, National provided the present Eagle-and-Shield design for the denomination.


1869 Pictorial Issue, Design and production
Late in production, the Post Office eliminated the Burgoyne stamp, fearing it would offend the British. The resulting vacancy in the series was filled by an ingenious adaptation of the Eagle and Shield: this tableau appears in red on 30-cent value, framed by flags, stars and halations of light printed in blue (while the flags are monocolored, the general red, white and blue impression of the stamp as a whole carries over to them).


1869 Pictorial Issue, Design and production
Many years later, during 1927, another engraving of Trumbull's painting would appear on a 2-cent sesquicentennial commemorative (prompting no British objection); and during 1994 the original Burgoyne 1869 tableau was finally issued on a stamp in a replica, printed entirely in blue but now somewhat enlarged in size and valued one dollar rather than the original 30-cents. The Postal Service labeled this stamp "The Battle of Saratoga", downplaying the tableau's aspect as an image of English defeat.


1869 Pictorial Issue, Design and production
Owing to the new size of the pictorials, the National Banknote company embossed them with a smaller grill pattern—- the so-called G-Grill—- than had been used on the previous series. The G-Grill is found only on this 1869 issue.


1869 Pictorial Issue, A second competitor
However much of a role Butler, Carpenter played in the press campaign against the 1869 Pictorials, another of National's rivals—- the Continental Bank Note Company—- considered the issue's failure as an opportunity to expand its own government business. Continental already supplied the nation with revenue stamps, and the company now attempted to wrest the postage stamp contract from National. During late 1869, Continental prepared preliminary essays for a new series of definitive stamps and submitted them to the Postmaster. These designs resembled the company's revenue stamps, engraved in a distinctive style marked by intricate fine-line filigree meant to combat counterfeiting.


1869 Pictorial Issue, A second competitor
Yet Continental's essays were also planned to satisfy two criteria specific to the postage stamp controversy. First, in a rebuke to the Pictorials, each stamp featured a portrait of a statesman, as postal tradition had dictated. In addition, however, Continental attempted to provide the sort of national overview that the Pictorials' historical tableaux had suggested (neglecting this aspect might conceivably have invited unfavorable comparison). Thus on the Continental essays, each image of a president was accompanied by text that cited one of his significant contributions.


1869 Pictorial Issue, A second competitor
The word "Independence" and the year "1776" accordingly appeared at the top of the 1¢ Washington stamp, while "Emancipation" and "Proclamation" surrounded the "3" on the Lincoln stamp. In the 6¢ "Monroe Doctrine" essay, a blank oval—unquestionably intended to be filled by a bust of Monroe—was provided within the numeral. Apparently, the Post Office returned these essays to Continental as rejected at the end of the year. Indeed, no basis existed for ousting National, given that that firm—in punctilious compliance with its contract—had been submitting satisfactory essays for a new definitive issue since September.


1869 Pictorial Issue, Aftermath
The failure of the 1869 issue had lasting consequences for U.S. postage stamp design. For the 1870 series, in response to complaints about the small dimensions of the pictorials, the Post Office adopted a larger size for postage stamps than ever before. Bidders on the 1873 production contract were not asked to submit stamp essays because the Post Office intended to retain the 1870 designs; accordingly, the winner—the Continental Banknote Company—took over National's 1870 printing plates, making small "secret mark" alterations to identify their product.


1869 Pictorial Issue, Aftermath
All during the 1870s and 80s these designs remained; and while some were reengraved and a few new denominations were added, the Post Office did not dare to change the general appearance of U.S. stamps until 1890. Pictorial designs did not appear on stamps for ordinary mail until 1893: and those issues were carefully promoted as a special series in honor of that year's Columbian Exposition—one that would soon disappear, leaving national heroes as the sole subjects for definitives. It was not until the series of 1922–25 that the Post Office again placed pictures on definitive stamps—confining them, however, to values of 15 cents and above; the lower denominations still presented the normal portraits presidents and other famous Americans.


1869 Pictorial Issue, Aftermath
The 1869 pictorials had a brief moment of re-exposure when reprints of them appeared in 1875 (the Post Office that year reprinted many of its old issues, intending to display every U.S. postage stamp ever produced in its exhibit at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition in 1876). In contrast to the rejection these designs met in 1869, centennial collectors welcomed the reprints and hastened to acquire them. The most obvious distinction between the originals and the 1875 versions is that the latter have no grills.


1869 Pictorial Issue, Aftermath
Another difference is that yet a third type of the 15-cent stamp now appeared, similar in framing to the first 1869 version, but with some shading behind the vignette removed. Used re-issues are much less common than the regular issues – there are around 5,000 used 90 cent compared with about 40 re-issues. There are less than 500 used examples in total for the ten denominations, less than 100 of any one denomination. The 3 cent Locomotive is the rarest re-issue, with about 16 copies known, followed by the 12 cent with about 20.


1869 Pictorial Issue, Aftermath
Toward the end of the twentieth century, the U.S. Postal Service took a renewed interest in the pictorials. In 1989, at the World Stamp Expo (held in Washington, D.C. in conjunction with the 20th Congress of the Universal Postal Union), the Postal Service issued a souvenir sheet containing four images of the 90-cent Lincoln stamp from 1869: one in the original red and black colors, the other three in various trial color combinations. Five years later, two new stamps appeared to commemorate the 125th anniversary of the pictorials.


1869 Pictorial Issue, Aftermath
One offered the Battle of Saratoga design from the 1869 30-cent essay, reworked (as aforesaid) as a one-dollar stamp. The other was a five-dollar issue based on a distinctly odd experimental three-cent essay probably intended for the pictorials: a design for a diamond-shaped stamp (corners top and bottom) presenting a dual portrait of Washington and Jackson.


1869 Portuguese legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Portugal on 11 April 1869.


1869 Princeton Tigers football team
The 1869 Princeton Tigers football team represented the College of New Jersey, more commonly known as Princeton College, in the 1869 college football season. The team finished with a 1–1 record and was retroactively named national champions by the Billingsley Report and National Championship Foundation, and as the co-national champions by Parke H. Davis. Princeton's first captain was William S. Gummere, who was 17 during the season.


1869 Princeton Tigers football team
On November 6, the team played at Rutgers in what has been called the first intercollegiate American football game. Rutgers won the game 6–4, which was played using rules adapted from the Football Association rules of the time, which more closely resembled soccer than current American football. Rutgers traveled to Princeton the next week to play under Princeton's rules, the Tigers won 8–0.


1869 Radnor Boroughs by-election
The Radnor Boroughs by-election of 1869 was fought on 25 February 1869. The by-election was fought due to the resignation of the incumbent MP of the Liberal Party, Richard Green-Price. It was won by the Liberal candidate, the Marquess of Hartington.


1869 Renfrewshire by-election
The Renfrewshire by-election of 1869 was fought on 25 January 1869. The by-election was fought due to the death of the incumbent Liberal MP Archibald Alexander Speirs. It was won by the unopposed Liberal candidate Henry Bruce.


1869 Rockhampton colonial by-election
The Rockhampton colonial by-election, 1869 was a by-election held on 6 December 1869 in the electoral district of Rockhampton for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.


1869 Rockhampton colonial by-election, History
On 19 November 1869, Archibald Archer, member for Rockhampton, resigned. Henry Milford won the resulting by-election on 6 December 1869, but did not take his seat in parliament.


1869 Rockhampton colonial by-election, History
Eventually this triggered another by-election in June 1870; although Milford contested this by-election, he was defeated  by Alexander Fyfe.


1869 Roslyn by-election
The 1869 Roslyn by-election was a by-election for the electorate of Roslyn in Dunedin on 12 February 1869 during the 4th New Zealand Parliament.


1869 Roslyn by-election
The by-election resulted from the resignation of the previous member George Hepburn on 9 January 1869.


1869 Roslyn by-election
The by-election was won by Henry Driver who defeated Colin Allen by 215 votes to 89, giving him a majority of 126 votes. In his acceptance speech Driver doubted if the result would be received with pleasure by the Government in Wellington. Driver got a majority of votes in North East Valley, Mornington and Caversham, while Allen got a majority of votes in his home district of Kaikorai.


1869 Rutgers Queensmen football team
The 1869 Rutgers Queensmen football team represented Rutgers University in the 1869 college football season. The team finished with a 1–1 record and was retroactively named the co-national champion by Parke H. Davis. They played Princeton two times, splitting the series one game apiece. The team had no coach, and its captain was William Leggett.


1869 Salisbury by-election
The Salisbury by-election of 1869 was fought on 5 August 1869. The by-election was fought due to the resignation of the incumbent MP of the Liberal Party, Edward William Terreck Hamilton. It was won by the Liberal candidate Alfred Seymour.


1869 Saxby Gale
The Saxby Gale was a tropical cyclone which struck eastern Canada's Bay of Fundy region on the night of October 4–5, 1869. The storm was named for Lieutenant Stephen Martin Saxby, a naval instructor who, based on his astronomical studies, had predicted extremely high tides in the North Atlantic Ocean on October 1, 1869, which would produce storm surges in the event of a storm.


1869 Saxby Gale, Effects
The hurricane caused extensive destruction to port facilities and communities along the Bay of Fundy coast in both New Brunswick and Nova Scotia as well as Maine, particularly Calais, St. Andrews, St. George, Saint John, Moncton, Sackville, Amherst, Windsor and Truro.


1869 Saxby Gale, Effects
Much of the devastation was attributed to a two-metre storm surge created by the storm which coincided with a perigean spring tide; the Bay of Fundy having one of the highest tidal ranges in the world. The Saxby Gale storm surge produced a water level which gave Burntcoat Head, Nova Scotia, the honor of having the highest tidal range ever recorded. It is also thought to have formed the long gravel beach that connects Partridge Island, Nova Scotia, to the mainland.


1869 Saxby Gale, Effects
The storm also produced waves which, combined with the storm surge, breached dykes protecting low-lying farmland in the Minas Basin and the Tantramar Marshes, sending ocean waters surging far inland to inundate farms and communities. Sailing ships in various harbors were tossed about and/or broken up against wharves and breakwaters which were also destroyed. Farmers trying to rescue livestock from fields along shorelines drowned after dykes were breached. There were at least 37 deaths between Maine, New Brunswick, and New York. The gale destroyed miles of the newly completed Windsor and Annapolis Railway along the Minas Basin near Horton and Wolfville, Nova Scotia.


1869 Saxby Gale, Naming of the storm
The storm (which pre-dated the practice of naming hurricanes) was given the name "Saxby" in honor of Lieutenant Stephen Martin Saxby, Royal Navy, who was a naval instructor and amateur astronomer. Lt . Saxby had written a letter of warning, published December 25, 1868, in London's The Standard newspaper in which he notes the astronomical forces predicted for October 5, 1869, which would produce extremely high tides in the North Atlantic Ocean during the height of hurricane season. Lt . Saxby followed this warning with a reminder published on September 16, 1869, to The Standard in which he also warns of a major "atmospheric disturbance" that would coincide with the high water level at an undetermined location. Many newspapers took up Saxby's warning in the coming days.


1869 Saxby Gale, Naming of the storm
In a monthly weather column published October 5, 1869, in Halifax's The Evening Express, amateur meteorologist Frederick Allison relayed Lt. Saxby's warning for a devastating storm the following week.


1869 Saxby Gale, Naming of the storm
Despite the warning, many readers throughout the United Kingdom, Canada, Newfoundland and the United States dismissed Saxby since there were frequent gales and hurricanes during the month of October. The fact that the high tides occurred throughout the North Atlantic basin was unremarkable and astronomically predictable, except for their coinciding with the hurricane which struck the Gulf of Maine and Bay of Fundy to produce the devastating storm surge. Lt . Saxby's predictions were considered quite lunatic at the time. Some believed that his predictions were founded upon astrology, which was not the case.


1869 Saxby Gale, Naming of the storm, Letter to the Editor, Dec. 25, 1868
Sir, – on the 1st June, 1863, you, in your journal, kindly permitted me to offer a special warning as to the period between the 10th and 13th December of that year. After giving my reasons for expecting very serious weather in that December, I said, "Now let any man tell me what other influence can be adduced to coincide for that period so as to increase the chance of our having the most destructive storm and the most dangerous tide with which the earth can without miracle be visited." Well-known and widely-known fulfillments justified this prediction, and those results are my apology for asking permission to acquaint the world through your columns with what threatens, not only us in Great Britain, but all parts of the earth as about to happen in the coming year.


1869 Saxby Gale, Naming of the storm, Letter to the Editor, Dec. 25, 1868
Some of your readers may probably be incredulous as to weather warnings given so long an interval before an expected danger: allow me, therefore, first to give at least one authentic instance of absolute fulfillment (as published by me some time early in 1864).


1869 Saxby Gale, Naming of the storm, Letter to the Editor, Dec. 25, 1868
A stranger to me, Captain Sturley, of Burnhamovery, wrote to me on 2d November, 1863, as follows: – "Observing your letter in the Standard of 1st June," &c., … "would you still advise us to take every precaution against this coming tide?" (I strongly renewed my advice as to the sea walls of the Lincolnshire and Norfolk fens). On 21st December, 1863, he again wrote: – "the tide made its appearance much earlier than usual – at 7:45 (a.m.


1869 Saxby Gale, Naming of the storm, Letter to the Editor, Dec. 25, 1868
Sunday 13th), the tide was at its highest, being a very large tide; should we have had a gale from the northwest it would have overflowed all our banks. I think you were perfectly justified in giving warning. I may say your warning has induced a long neglected sea bank to be put in repair."


1869 Saxby Gale, Naming of the storm, Letter to the Editor, Dec. 25, 1868
I need to say no more, except that on the same day (Dec.13) the dock master of the Victoria Dock, London, found 30 feet water on the dock sill, which enabled him to dock the largest merchant ship afloat (The Great Republic), and also the ironclad Monitor (their being an excessive rise of about eight feet).


1869 Saxby Gale, Naming of the storm, Letter to the Editor, Dec. 25, 1868
I now beg leave to the state, with regard to 1869, that at seven a.m., on October 5, the moon will be at that part of her orbit which is nearest to the earth. Her attraction will, therefore, be at its maximum force.


1869 Saxby Gale, Naming of the storm, Letter to the Editor, Dec. 25, 1868
At noon of the same day the moon will be on the earth's equator, a circumstance which never occurs without mark atmospheric disturbance, and at two p.m. of the same day lines drawn from the earth center would cut the sun and moon in the same arc of right ascension (the moon's attraction and the sun's attraction will therefore be acting in the same direction); in other words, the new moon will be on the earth's equator when in perigee, and nothing more threatening can, I say, occur without miracle. (The earth, it is true, will not be in perihelion and by some 16 or 17 seconds of semi-diameter.)