1872 Atlantic hurricane season, Season summary
Hurricane Two, the strongest storm of the season, traveled across the Atlantic from Cape Verde to Newfoundland between August 20 and September 1. Hurricane Three grew from a tropical storm that formed east of the Lesser Antilles. It traveled north and developed into a hurricane, but never made landfall and was last observed on September 19. Hurricane Four also never made landfall. Growing from a tropical storm first seen south-west of the Cape Verde Islands, it traveled across the Atlantic and was last seen near the Azores on October 6. The final storm of the season began as a tropical storm in the Gulf of Mexico on October 22. It crossed the Florida peninsula and hit South Carolina as a category 1 hurricane. It was last sighted on October 27.


1872 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm One
Tropical Storm One formed in the central Gulf of Mexico on July 9. Tropical Storm One struck Louisiana and Mississippi before being last seen over Tennessee on July 13.


1872 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two
Hurricane Two formed near Cape Verde on August 20. Hurricane Two headed across the Atlantic but then curved north and passed near Bermuda. Hurricane Two persisted until it was last seen near Newfoundland on September 2.


1872 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
On September 9, a tropical storm was observed east of the Lesser Antilles. Over the following two days, it moved slowly north-northwestward through the islands, before reaching hurricane status on September 12. It turned more toward the north, and passed east of Bermuda on September 15. It was last observed on September 19.


1872 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
A tropical storm formed on September 30 to the southwest of the Cape Verde islands. It tracked northwestward for several days, reaching hurricane status on October 3. Two days later it curved to the northeast, and the hurricane was last observed on October 6 near the Azores.


1872 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five
In the southern Gulf of Mexico, a tropical storm developed on October 22. It crossed Florida from Cedar Key to Jacksonville as a 60 mph (97 km/h) tropical storm, and hit South Carolina as a minimal hurricane. It caused 4-8 inches of rain in the Norfolk area.


1872 Baltic Sea flood
The 1872 Baltic Sea flood (German: Ostseesturmhochwasser 1872), often referred to as a storm flood, ravaged the Baltic Sea coast from Denmark to Pomerania, also affecting Sweden, during the night between 12 and 13 November 1872 and was, until then, the worst storm surge in the Baltic. The highest recorded peak water level was about 3.3 m above sea level (NN).


1872 Baltic Sea flood, Course
In the days before the storm tide, a storm blew from the southwest across the Baltic that drove the sea towards Finland and Balticum. The result was flooding there and extreme low water levels on the Danish-German coastlines. As a result, large quantities of water were able to flow into the western Baltic from the North Sea. The storm increased in strength, and changed direction. The winds now blew from the northeast, and drove the water masses back in a south-westerly direction. Because the water could only flow slowly back into the North Sea, huge waves caught coastal dwellers by surprise on the morning of 13 November 1872 and caused floods over a metre high in coastal towns and villages.


1872 Baltic Sea flood, Short-term impact
Of all the German coastal settlements, Eckernförde was most heavily damaged due to its location on the Bay of Eckernförde which was wide open to the northeast. The entire town was flooded, 78 houses were destroyed, 138 damaged and 112 families became homeless. In Mecklenburg and West Pomerania 32 people lost their lives on land due to the floods. The Danish island of Lolland, which still has areas enclosed by dykes today that lie below sea level, was badly hit. In the Greifswald village of Wieck almost all the buildings were destroyed and nine people drowned. Houses were rubbled as far as the centre of Greifswald. Peenemünde was completely swamped. On Falster 52 died; on Lolland 28.


1872 Baltic Sea flood, Short-term impact
In all the flood cost the lives of at least 271 people on the Baltic Sea coast; 2,850 houses were destroyed or at least badly damaged and 15,160 people left homeless as a result.


1872 Baltic Sea flood, Long-term impact
As a result of this disaster, which also flooded large parts of Prerow on the Darß, the Prerower Strom, which had hitherto separated the island of Zingst from Darß, silted up. In 1874, the Prerow-Strom was finally filled in and protected with a dyke; Zingst thus became a peninsula.


1872 Baltic Sea flood, Long-term impact
The Koserower Damerow was destroyed and the island of Usedom near Koserow split in two. Following a further flood in February 1874, in which the remains of the buildings were destroyed and a layer of sand up to 60 cm thick left behind, Damerow was abandoned.


1872 Baltic Sea flood, Classification
This flood counts statistically as a 100-year flood. A storm flood of similar dimensions today would cause far more damage because the coastal region is much more densely populated than at that time.


1872 Baltimore Canaries season
The Baltimore Canaries played their first season in 1872 as a member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players. They finished second in the league with a record of 35-19. Outfielder Lip Pike led the NA in home runs, with 7, and runs batted in, with 60. Pitcher Bobby Mathews paced the circuit in strikeouts. Baltimore's other pitcher, Cherokee Fisher, led in earned run average.


1872 Baltimore Canaries season
Several of the team's players were later suspended from baseball for fixing games; Bill Craver, George Hall, and Dick Higham were banned for life.


1872 Baltimore Canaries season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1872 Baltimore Canaries season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1872 Baltimore Canaries season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1872 Bedfordshire by-election
The Bedfordshire by-election of 1872 was fought on 27 June 1872. The byelection was fought due to the Succession to a peerage of the incumbent MP of the Liberal Party, Francis Russell. It was won by the Liberal candidate Francis Bassett.


1872 Belgian general election
Partial general elections were held in Belgium on Tuesday 11 June 1872. In the elections for the Chamber of Representatives the result was a victory for the Catholic Party, which won 71 of the 124 seats. Voter turnout was 55.5%, although only 54,933 people were eligible to vote.


1872 Belgian general election
Under the alternating system, elections were only held in five out of the nine provinces: Antwerp, Brabant, Luxembourg, Namur and West Flanders.


1872 Belgian general election
The incumbent government was a Catholic government led by Jules Malou.


1872 Belgian general election, Results, Chamber of Representatives
The results exclude the voting figures for the Nivelles constituency.


1872 Birthday Honours
The 1872 Birthday Honours were appointments by Queen Victoria to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of the British Empire. The appointments were made to celebrate the official birthday of the Queen, and were published in The London Gazette on 31 May 1872 and 4 June 1872.


1872 Birthday Honours
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.


1872 Boston Red Stockings season
The 1872 Boston Red Stockings season was the second season of the franchise. They won the National Association championship.


1872 Boston Red Stockings season
Managed by Harry Wright, Boston finished with a record of 39–8 to win the pennant by 7.5 games. Pitcher Al Spalding started all 48 of the Red Stockings' games and led the NA with 38 wins. Second baseman Ross Barnes won the league batting title with a .430 batting average. Harry Wright, Al Spalding, and shortstop George Wright have all been elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame.


1872 Boston Red Stockings season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1872 Boston Red Stockings season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1872 Boston Red Stockings season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1872 Boston Red Stockings season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1872 Boston mayoral election
The Boston mayoral election of 1872 saw the election of Henry L. Pierce, who narrowly unseated incumbent mayor William Gaston.


1872 Brooklyn Atlantics season
The Brooklyn Atlantics played their first  season of professional baseball in 1872 as a  member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players after many years as a successful amateur team. They finished sixth in the league with a record of 9-28.


1872 Brooklyn Atlantics season, Player stats, Batting
Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In


1872 Brooklyn Eckfords season
The Brooklyn Eckfords played their first and only season of professional baseball in 1872 as a  member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players. They finished ninth in the league with a record of 3-26.


1872 Brooklyn Eckfords season, Player stats, Batting
Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In


1872 California-Nevada State Boundary Marker
The 1872 California-Nevada State Boundary Marker marks the initial point for the 1872 survey delineation of the state line between California and Nevada. It is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.


1872 California-Nevada State Boundary Marker, History
When California attained statehood in 1850, it adopted 120 degrees west longitude as its eastern border. Between 1855 and 1900 there were six surveys to locate 120 degrees, with each locating 120 degrees of longitude differently. In 1872, Alexey W. Von Schmidt undertook the survey of the state line. He marked his survey line with stones, wood, and iron markers; the only one who placed such markers A new survey in 1893 showed that the Von Schmidt line was 1,600 to 1,800 feet west of the actual 120 degrees. However, California and Nevada both recognize the 1872 Von Schmidt survey and the 1893 survey as the state line.


1872 California-Nevada State Boundary Marker, History
The 1872 marker near Verdi, Nevada is a four-sided cast iron pylon eight feet tall. It includes the words "CALIFORNIA" on the west face of the pylon, "NEVADA" on the east face, "1872, LONGITUDE 120 WEST OF GREENWICH, A.W. VON SCHMIDT, U.S." on the south face, and "170 MILES 47 CHAINS TO OREGON" on the north face. The marker is surrounded by a wrought iron fence.


1872 California-Nevada State Boundary Marker, History
The marker was listed in the National Register of Historic Places because it represents the initial point of survey for the California-Nevada border, and is a remnant of this survey.


1872 California-Nevada State Boundary Marker, History
NGS gives current  for another 1872 marker that may still exist at the northeast corner of California.


1872 Canadian federal election
The 1872 Canadian federal election was held from July 20 to October 12, 1872, to elect members  of the House of Commons of Canada of the 2nd Parliament of Canada. Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald's Conservative Party remained in power, defeating the Liberals. However, the Liberals increased their parliamentary representation considerably, while the Conservative seat count remained static, giving them only five more seats than the Liberals. The election produced the country's first minority government. The support of two independent Conservative MPs functionally gave Macdonald an extremely slim majority that allowed it to survive for two years, until it fell due to scandal.


1872 Canadian federal election
Edward Blake, who had a seat in both the House of Commons of Canada and the Ontario legislature, resigned as Premier of Ontario in order to run in the 1872 federal election as dual mandates had been abolished. Had the Liberals won the election, he likely would have been offered the position of Prime Minister of Canada. The party had no formal leader as such until 1873 when Alexander Mackenzie was given the title after Blake declined due to ill health. Blake was ill during much of the 1872 campaign, and it was Mackenzie who essentially led the Liberal campaign in Ontario, though not outside the province.


1872 Canadian federal election
The 1872 general election was the first to include the new provinces of Manitoba and British Columbia, which had both joined Canada after the Confederation of 1867. By-elections had been held in both provinces to elect Members of Parliament in the newly created ridings, with Manitoba receiving four seats and British Columbia five. In 1873, PEI joined Confederation and six more seats were added to the House of Commons, all filled by acclamations.


1872 Canadian federal election, Results, National
Note:1 Though identifying themselves as Liberal-Conservatives, these MPs and those identifying as Conservatives were both led by Sir John A. Macdonald (himself a Liberal-Conservative) and sat together in the House of Commons.


1872 Caversham by-election
The 1872 Caversham by-election was a by-election held on 28 August 1872 in the Caversham electorate in the Otago region of New Zealand during the 5th New Zealand Parliament.


1872 Caversham by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent Richard Cantrell, on 31 July 1872.


1872 Caversham by-election
The by-election was won by William Tolmie. His opponent William Cutten had also stood in the 1870 Caversham by-election. James Crowe Richmond was nominated but withdrew before the election; he received one vote.


1872 Caversham by-election, Results
There were five polling booths. Tolmie won at four of them, and Cutten had a majority at the Andersons Bay booth.


1872 Cavite mutiny
The Cavite mutiny (Spanish: El Mótin de Cavite) of 1872 was an uprising of Filipino military personnel of Fort San Felipe, the Spanish arsenal in Cavite, Philippine Islands (then also known as part of the Spanish East Indies) on 20 January 1872. Around 200 locally recruited colonial troops and laborers rose up in the belief that it would elevate to a national uprising. The mutiny was unsuccessful, and government soldiers executed many of the participants and began to crack down on a burgeoning Philippines nationalist movement. Many scholars believed that the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 was the beginning of Filipino nationalism that would eventually lead to the Philippine Revolution of 1896.


1872 Cavite mutiny, Causes of the Cavite mutiny
The causes of the Cavite Mutiny can be identified through examining the different accounts in this historic event.


1872 Cavite mutiny, Causes of the Cavite mutiny, Spanish Accounts of the Mutiny
Jose Montero y Vidal is a Spanish Historian, who interpreted that the Mutiny was an attempt to remove and overthrow the Spanish Colonizers in the Philippines. His account, corroborated with the account of Governor - General Rafael Izquidero y Gutierrez, the governor-general of the Philippine Islands during the Mutiny. They mentioned that the mutiny was powered by a group of native clergy.


1872 Cavite mutiny, Causes of the Cavite mutiny, Spanish Accounts of the Mutiny, Account of Jose Montero y Vidal
The Cavite Mutiny is an aim of natives to get rid of the Spanish government in the Philippines, due to the removal of privileges enjoyed by the laborers of the Cavite arsenal such as exemption from the tribute and forced labor. The democratic and republican books and pamphlets, the speeches and preaching of the apostles of these new ideas in Spain and the outburst of the American publicists and the cruel policies of the insensitive governor whom the reigning government sent to govern the country. Filipinos put into action these ideas where the occurring conditions which gave rise to the idea of achieving their independence.


1872 Cavite mutiny, Causes of the Cavite mutiny, Spanish Accounts of the Mutiny, Account of Governor-General Rafael Izquierdo y Gutiérrez
He insisted that the mutiny is stimulated and prepared by the native clergy, mestizos and lawyers as a signal of objection against the injustices of the government such as not paying provinces for tobacco crops, pay tribute and rendering of forced labor. It is not clearly identified if Indios planned to inaugurate a monarchy or a republic because they don't have a word in their own language to describe this different form of government, whose leader in Filipino would be called "hari". However, it turned out that they would set at the supreme of the government a priest, that the leader selected would be Jose Burgos or Jacinto Zamora which is the plan of the rebels who guided them, and the means they counted upon its realization.


1872 Cavite mutiny, Causes of the Cavite mutiny, Other Accounts of the Mutiny, Account of Trinidad Pardo de Tavera
The event is just a simple mutiny since up to that time the Filipinos have no intention of separation from Spain but only secure materials and education advancements in the country. However, the mutiny was used at a powerful level. Also, in this time, the central government deprived friars of the powers of involvement in civil government and in governing and handling universities.


1872 Cavite mutiny, Causes of the Cavite mutiny, Other Accounts of the Mutiny, Account of Trinidad Pardo de Tavera
This resulted in the friars afraid that their leverage in the Philippines would be a thing in the past, took advantage of the mutiny and reported it to the Spanish government as a broad conspiracy organized throughout the archipelago with the object of abolishing Spanish sovereignty. The Madrid government without any attempt to investigate the real facts or extent of the alleged revolution reported by Izquierdo and the friars believed the scheme was true.


1872 Cavite mutiny, Causes of the Cavite mutiny, Other Accounts of the Mutiny, Account of Edmund Plauchut
He traced the immediate cause to a peremptory order from the governor, Izquierdo, exacting personal taxes from the Filipino laborers in the engineering and artillery corps in the Cavite arsenal, and requiring them to perform forced labor like ordinary subjects. Until then, these workers in the arsenal had been enjoying exemptions from both taxes and forced labor. January 20, the day of the revolt, was payday and the laborers found the amount of taxes as well as the corresponding fee in lieu of the forced labor deducted from their pay envelopes. It was the last straw. That night they mutinied.


1872 Cavite mutiny, Causes of the Cavite mutiny, Other Accounts of the Mutiny, Account of Edmund Plauchut
Forty infantry soldiers and twenty men from the artillery took over command of the Fort of San Felipe and fired cannonades to announce to the world their moment of triumph. It was a short-lived victory. Apparently, the mutineers had expected to be joined by their comrades in the 7th infantry company assigned to patrol the Cavite plaza. They became terror-stricken, however, when they beckoned to the 7th infantry men from the ramparts of the fort and their comrades did not make any move to join them. Instead, the company started attacking them.


1872 Cavite mutiny, Causes of the Cavite mutiny, Other Accounts of the Mutiny, Account of Edmund Plauchut
The rebels decided to bolt the gates and wait for morning when support from Manila was expected to come. He gave a dispassionate account of it and its causes in an article published in the Revue des Deux Mondes in 1877. He traced that the primary cause of the mutiny is believed to "be an order from Governor-General Carlos to subject the soldiers of the Engineering and Artillery Corps to personal taxes, from which they were previously exempt. The taxes required them to pay a monetary sum as well as to perform forced labor called, polo y servicio. The mutiny was sparked on January 20, 1872 when the laborers received their pay and realized the taxes as well as the falla, the fine one paid to be exempt from forced labor, had been deducted from their salaries.


1872 Cavite mutiny, Causes of the Cavite mutiny, Other Accounts of the Mutiny, Account of Edmund Plauchut
Different accounts in the Cavite mutiny also highlighted other probable causes of the "revolution" which includes Spanish Revolution which overthrew the secular throne, dirty propagandas proliferated by unrestrained press, democratic, liberal and republican books and pamphlets reaching the Philippines, and most importantly, the presence of the native clergy who out of animosity against the Spanish friars, "conspired and supported" the rebels and enemies of Spain.


1872 Cavite mutiny, Causes of the Cavite mutiny, Other Accounts of the Mutiny, Account of Edmund Plauchut
In addition, accounts of the mutiny suggest that the Spanish Revolution in Spain during that time added more determination to the natives to overthrow the current colonial Spanish government.


1872 Cavite mutiny, The Execution of Gomburza
On February 15, 1872, the Spanish colonial authorities sentenced three martyr Fathers Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez and Jacinto Zamora to death by garrote at Bagumbayan, Philippines and charged with treason and sedition, and subversion. Two days after their verdict, they were executed. The charges against Fathers Gomez, Burgos and Zamora was their alleged complicity in the uprising of workers at the Cavite Naval Yard. It was believed by Governor Rafael Izquierdo that the Filipinos will create its own government and allegedly, the three priests were nominated as the leader of the planned government in order to break free of the Spanish government.


1872 Cavite mutiny, The Execution of Gomburza
The death of Gomburza awakened strong spirits of anger and resentment among the Filipinos. They grilled Spanish authorities and demanded reforms due to the prejudicial governance of the Spanish Authorities. The martyrdom of the three priests, ironically, assisted in the creation of the Propaganda Movement which aimed to seek reforms and inform the Spanish people on the abuses of its colonial authorities in the Philippine Islands.


1872 Cavite mutiny, The Execution of Gomburza
Besides from Gomburza execution, on January 28, 1872 the military court sentenced 41 mutineers to death. However, on the next day Governor Rafael Izquierdo pardoned 28 mutineers and the rest were confirmed to sentence. On February 6, 1872, 11 mutineers were sentenced to death but Governor Izquierdo commuted their death sentences to life imprisonment. Together with execution of garrotte to the three martyrs was Enrique Paraiso, Maximo Innocencio and Crisanto Delos Reyes were imposed to ten years imprisonment.


1872 Cavite mutiny, The Execution of Gomburza
Furthermore, there were people being sentenced by the military court of Spain to exile them to the Marianas (now Guam): Fr. Pedro Dandan, Fr. Mariano Sevilla, Toribio H. del Pilar (brother of Marcelo H. del Pilar), Agustin Mendoza, Jose Guevara, Miguel Lasa, Justo Guazon, Fr. Aniceto Desiderio, Fr. Vicente del Rosario, Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, Antonio Ma. Regidor, Jose Basa y Enriquez, Mauricio de Leon, Pedro Carillo, Gervasio Sanchez, Jose Ma. Basa, Pio Basa, Balvino Mauricio, Maximo Paterno (father of Pedro Paterno), and Valentin Tosca.


1872 Cavite mutiny, Battle
Their leader was Fernando La Madrid, a mestizo sergeant with his second in command Jaerel Brent Senior, a moreno. They seized Fort San Felipe and killed eleven Spanish officers. The mutineers thought that fellow Filipino indigenous soldiers in Manila would join them in a concerted uprising, the signal being the firing of rockets from the city walls on that night. Unfortunately, what they thought to be the signal was actually a burst of fireworks in celebration of the feast of Our Lady of Loreto, the patron of Sampaloc.


1872 Cavite mutiny, Battle
The plan was to set fires in Tondo in order to distract the authorities while the artillery regiment and infantry in Manila could take control of Fort Santiago and use cannon shots as signals to Cavite. All Spaniards were to be killed, except for the women. News of the mutiny reached Manila, supposedly through the lover of a Spanish sergeant, who then informed his superiors, and the Spanish authorities feared for a massive Filipino uprising. The next day, a regiment led by General Felipe Ginovés besieged the fort until the mutineers surrendered. Ginovés then ordered his troops to fire at those who surrendered, including La Madrid. The rebels were formed in a line, when Colonel Sabas asked who would not cry out, "Viva España", and shot the one man who stepped forward. The rest were imprisoned.


1872 Cavite mutiny, Aftermath
In the immediate aftermath of the mutiny, some Filipino soldiers were disarmed and later sent into exile on the southern island of Mindanao. Those suspected of directly supporting the mutineers were arrested and executed. The mutiny was used by the colonial government and Spanish friars to implicate three secular priests, Mariano Gomez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, collectively known as Gomburza. They were executed by garrote in Luneta, also known in Tagalog as Bagumbayan, on February 17, 1872. These executions, particularly those of the Gomburza, were to have a significant effect on people because of the shadowy nature of the trials. José Rizal, whose brother Paciano was a close friend of Burgos, dedicated his work, El filibusterismo, to these three priests.


1872 Cavite mutiny, Aftermath
On January 27, 1872, Governor-General Rafael Izquierdo approved the death sentences on forty-one of the mutineers. On February 6, eleven more were sentenced to death, but these were later commuted to life imprisonment. Others were exiled to other islands of the colonial Spanish East Indies such as Guam, Mariana Islands, including the father of Pedro Paterno, Maximo Paterno, Antonio M. Regidor y Jurado, and José María Basa. The most important group created a colony of Filipino expatriates in Europe, particularly in the Spanish capital of Madrid and Barcelona, where they were able to create small insurgent associations and print publications that were to advance the claims of the seeding Philippine Revolution.


1872 Cavite mutiny, Aftermath
Finally, a decree was made, stating there were to be no further ordinations/appointments of Filipinos as Roman Catholic parish priests. In spite of the mutiny, the Spanish authorities continued to employ large numbers of native Filipino troops, carabineros and civil guards in their colonial forces through the 1870s–1890s until the Spanish–American War of 1898.


1872 Cavite mutiny, Behind the story of Cavite Mutiny
During the short trial, the captured mutineers testified against José Burgos. The state witness, Francisco Zaldua, declared that he had been told by one of the Basa brothers that the government of Father Burgos would bring a navy fleet of the United States to assist a revolution with which Ramón Maurente, the supposed field marshal, was financing with 50,000 pesos. The heads of the friar orders held a conference and decided to get rid of Burgos by implicating him to a plot. One Franciscan friar disguised as Burgos and suggested a mutiny to the mutineers.


1872 Cavite mutiny, Behind the story of Cavite Mutiny
The senior friars used an una fuerte suma de dinero or a banquet to convince Governor-General Rafael Izquierdo that Burgos was the mastermind of the coup. Gómez and Zamora were close associates of Burgos, so they too were included in the allegations. Also, Francisco Zaldua had been the principal informer against the three priests. His statement had been the main basis for the convictions and he had been promised pardon in exchange for his testimony, however, he was condemned along with the three. He was the first to be executed among them on February 17, 1872.


1872 Cavite mutiny, Behind the story of Cavite Mutiny
The Central Government of Madrid proclaimed that they want to deprive the friars of all the power of intervention in matters of civil government and direction and management of educational institutions. The friars feared that their dominance in the country would become a thing of the past, and that they needed something to justify their perpetuation, with the mutiny providing such an opportunity. However, the Philippine Institute was introduced by the Spanish government as an educational decree fusing sectarian schools once ran by the friars. This decree aimed to improve the standard of education in the Philippines by requiring teaching positions in these schools to be filled by competitive examinations, an important step welcomed by most Filipinos.


1872 City of Nelson by-election
The 1872 City of Nelson by-election was a by-election held on 27 May 1872 in the City of Nelson electorate during the 5th New Zealand Parliament.


1872 City of Nelson by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP Martin Lightband.


1872 City of Nelson by-election
His victory was described as a victory for the government; his opponents were James Crowe Richmond and Alfred Saunders.


1872 Cleveland Forest Citys season
The Cleveland Forest Citys played their second and final season in 1872 as a member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players. They finished seventh in the league with a record of 6-16. The team folded at the conclusion of the season.


1872 Cleveland Forest Citys season, Player stats, Batting
Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In


1872 Coleridge by-election
The 1872 Coleridge by-election was a by-election held on 23 July 1872 in the Coleridge electorate in the Canterbury region of New Zealand during the 5th New Zealand Parliament.


1872 Coleridge by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP John Karslake Karslake on 12 April 1872.


1872 Coleridge by-election
The by-election was won by William Bluett, by the narrow margin of seven votes (with several votes not allowed as electors were either not qualified or arrived late).


1872 Colombian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in the United States of Colombia in 1872. The result was a victory for Manuel Murillo Toro of the Liberal Party.


1872 Colombian presidential election, Electoral system
The 1863 constitution changed the electoral system from a direct vote to an indirect vote. The President was now elected on the basis of which candidate received the most votes in each state, with a candidate required to win in at least five of the nine states to be elected. If no candidate received a majority, Congress would elect the President from the main contenders.


1872 Columbia football team
The 1872 Columbia football team represented Columbia University in the 1872 college football season. They finished with a 1–2–1 record.


1872 Connecticut gubernatorial election
The 1872 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 1, 1872. Incumbent governor and Republican nominee Marshall Jewell defeated Democratic nominee Richard D. Hubbard with 50.02% of the vote.


1872 Cork City by-election
The Cork City by-election of 1872 was fought on 6 December 1872[20 3]. The byelection was fought due to the death of the incumbent MP of the Liberal Party, John Francis Maguire. It was won by the Home Rule candidate Joseph Philip Ronayne.


1872 Costa Rican general election
After the coup against dictator Jesús Jiménez Zamora on April 27, 1870, and after the brief government of Bruno Carranza Ramírez,  Tomás Guardia Gutiérrez succeeded on August 8 and elections were called by the then provisional president Guardia on 8 of May 1872. It was the first time that the presidency was exercised by a military.


1872 Costa Rican general election
For these elections the Constitution of 1871 was in force, which established that all Costa Rican males of 20 years of age or 18 if they were married or were professors of a science or whose income was according to their social condition, could vote. This allowed the majority of male citizens to vote (female suffrage was approved until 1949) since it did not required to know how to read or write and the economic requirement was very ambiguous and could be applied to almost any person of any social class. The vote was public and only chose the second-degree electors. The second-degree electors had to be over 21 years old, literate and had an annual income of 150 pesos or more or at least 500 pesos in property.


1872 Cup
The 1872 Cup – also known as the 1872 Challenge Cup – is a men's rugby union tournament contested every year between the two Scottish professional clubs, Glasgow Warriors and Edinburgh Rugby.


1872 Cup
Glasgow Warriors and Edinburgh Rugby use selected United Rugby Championship league matches against one another to decide the Cup winners. The highest aggregate score in the home and away ties decides the 1872 Champions.


1872 Cup
Not only is the Glasgow – Edinburgh fixture the oldest inter-district rugby match in the world, but the derby is classed as one of the biggest in world rugby. Former Edinburgh coach, the South African Alan Solomons states: "These games are massive. For me, this is one of the big derbies of world rugby."


1872 Cup
Not all Glasgow Warriors versus Edinburgh Rugby fixtures are deemed 1872 Cup matches. Should the sides play more matches against one another in a season than the nominated 1872 Cup matches, these other derby matches have no bearing on the 1872 Cup. For example, the Pro14 match of 28 August 2020 in the 2019-20 season between the clubs was the pair's fourth fixture together that season. The 1872 Cup was already decided in the derby fixture the week before, and the 28 August 2020 match was a normal Pro14 league match. Similarly the Glasgow Warriors versus Edinburgh Rugby fixture of 15 May 2021 was a normal Pro14 Rainbow Cup match, the 1872 Cup for that season decided in the Rainbow Cup match in the previous week.


1872 Cup, History
The 1872 Cup marks the history of the world's oldest representative match. On 23 November 1872 a Glasgow District side met an Edinburgh District side at Burnbank Park, the home ground of Glasgow Academicals. Rugby Union was 20 a side in those days. Edinburgh won the first match. However, there was no cup to be won – and no cup was won until 1995.


1872 Cup, History, District sides
Scotland was to have 4 District Sides: North and Midlands; South; Glasgow District and Edinburgh District. These sides would regularly play each other and a Scottish Inter-District Championship was introduced in 1953. A Scottish Exiles side was also introduced in the later McEwans District Championship.


1872 Cup, History, Professionalism and the Inter-City Cup
The 4 District Sides North and Midlands, South, Glasgow and Edinburgh were to become Caledonia Reds, Border Reivers, Glasgow Warriors and Edinburgh Rugby with professionalism. These teams challenged in the Inter-District Championship for European qualification to the Heineken Cup. A Cup was offered by the Sponsors, the estate agents Slater, Hogg and Howison in 1995. In 1997–98 the competition received a new sponsor: Inter-City Trains – and the Cup became known as the Inter-City Cup.


1872 Cup, History, Professionalism and the Inter-City Cup
When Caledonia Reds and Border Reivers were merged into the Glasgow and Edinburgh sides, Glasgow and Edinburgh played one-off matches for the Inter-City Cup from 1998 to 2002. The Cup became the Virgin Trains Cup with sponsorship in 2001–02 with the Welsh-Scottish League matches between the pair being used to determine the winner.


1872 Cup, History, Professionalism and the Inter-City Cup
When the Border Reivers were revived in 2002 the Inter-City Cup was forgotten about and it sat in the old Glasgow & District Rugby Union office in Somerset Place, Glasgow for a few years. Unfortunately the Reivers folded again in 2007.


1872 Cup, 1872 Cup begins
The Cup was revived and rebranded by Glasgow Warriors and Edinburgh Rugby as the 1872 Cup in season 2007–08. 1872 thus marking the date of the oldest derby match in rugby union history between the original Glasgow and Edinburgh amateur district sides on which the professional clubs were founded.


1872 Cup, Format of the Challenge Cup
From 2006 to 2017 the two league encounters of the Celtic League or the Pro12  were used to decide the winner of the 1872 Challenge Cup. Usually, these fixtures were scheduled as double-headers; home/away to rival one week and away/home to rival the next. These double-headers were often  scheduled around the weekends of Christmas and New Year.


1872 Cup, Format of the Challenge Cup
The 2016–17 season's 1872 Cup matches did not follow the double header format.


1872 Cup, Format of the Challenge Cup
From 2017 to 2021 the format of the 1872 Cup was deemed a best-of-three format using Pro14 or Pro14 Rainbow Cup matches.


1872 Cup, Format of the Challenge Cup
In 2021, with the advent of the United Rugby Championship, Glasgow Warriors and Edinburgh Rugby reverted back to the traditional two league fixtures for the 1872 Cup.


1872 Cup, Format of the Challenge Cup
The aggregate score of Glasgow Warriors and Edinburgh Rugby in the fixtures is taken into account in deciding the winner.


1872 Cup, Format of the Challenge Cup
Where the aggregate score is tied the holder retains the trophy.


1872 Cup, Sponsorship
The cup was originally sponsored by Greaves Sports. Crabbie's have been announced as the sponsor of the 2016–17 season's 1872 Cup.


1872 Cup, List of results, Two-match format (2007–08 to 2016–17)
When the first Glasgow - Edinburgh derbies were played in 1872 onwards, these were twice a season fixtures (for the first 4 seasons). It was decided that a 2 match format would then decide the 1872 Cup.


1872 Cup, List of results, Three-match format (2017–18 to 2020–21)
With the introduction of the South African teams, the Cheetahs and the Southern Kings, and the new league format named the Pro14; Glasgow and Edinburgh were designated to different conferences, resulting in one meeting during the season. As well as this, two additional derby matches were scheduled by the league, resulting in a three-game format for the Cup. The winner of the Cup will be the team that wins most matches, with the previous format of aggregate scores now being the first tie-break criteria. In a coronavirus pandemic affected 2020-21 season, neither the Cheetahs and the Southern Kings entered the Pro14 that season, the Kings having the misfortune to disband. However the Pro14 organised an additional tournament, the Rainbow Cup, which ensured Glasgow and Edinburgh had 3 1872 Cup fixtures in that season.


1872 Cup, List of results, Two-match format (2021–22 onwards)
The introduction of 4 more South African teams, the Bulls, Lions, Sharks and Stormers, and the new league format now renamed the United Rugby Championship; Glasgow and Edinburgh were designated the same conference, resulting in the traditional 2 league meetings during the season.


1872 Danish Folketing election
Folketing elections were held in Denmark on 20 September 1872. The result was a victory for the United Left, which won 53 seats. Ludvig Holstein-Holsteinborg remained Prime Minister following the elections.


1872 Danish Folketing election, Electoral system
The elections were held using first-past-the-post voting in single-member constituencies. Only 15% of the population was eligible to vote in the elections, with suffrage restricted to men over 30 who were not receiving poor relief (or who had not paid back any previous poor relief received), were not classed as "dependents" (those who were privately employed but did not have a household) and who had lived in their constituency for a certain length of time.


1872 Democratic National Convention
The 1872 Democratic National Convention was a presidential nominating convention held at Ford's Grand Opera House on East Fayette Street, between North Howard and North Eutaw Streets, in Baltimore, Maryland on July 9 and 10, 1872.


1872 Democratic National Convention
It resulted in the nomination of newspaper publisher Horace Greeley of New York and Governor Benjamin Gratz Brown of Missouri for president and vice president, a ticket previously nominated by the rump Liberal Republican faction convention meeting, also held in Baltimore's newly built premier Opera House of nationally well-known theatre owner/operator John T. Ford (infamous as the owner of the Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. where 16th President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated in April 1865) of the major Republican Party, which had already re-nominated incumbent President Ulysses S. Grant of the regular Republicans for another term.


1872 Democratic National Convention
The convention was called to order by Democratic National Committee chairman August Belmont. Thomas Jefferson Randolph served as the convention's temporary chairman and James R. Doolittle served as permanent president. At six hours in length, stretched over two days, the convention was the shortest meeting of a major political party convention in history.


1872 Democratic National Convention, The convention
Accepting the "Liberal Republican" platform meant the Democrats had accepted the "New Departure", rejecting the anti-Reconstruction platform of 1868: they realized that in order to win, they had to look forward and not try to refight the Civil War.


1872 Democratic National Convention, The convention
While Greeley's long reputation in the years before as the most aggressive attacker of the earlier Democratic Party, its principles, its leadership, and its activists cooled enthusiasm among many of the delegates for the potential nominee, it was accepted that the Democrats would only split the anti-Grant vote and all but assure Grant of re-election if they nominated any other candidate.


1872 Democratic National Convention, Presidential nomination, Presidential candidates
Horace Greeley received 686 of the 732 delegate votes cast on the first ballot. The motion to have Greeley's nomination be declared unanimous was carried.


1872 Democratic National Convention, Vice Presidential nomination, Vice Presidential candidates
Benjamin G. Brown received 713 of the 732 delegate votes cast on the first ballot.


1872 Democratic National Convention, Straight-Out Democrats Convention
A splinter, conservative group of Democrats broke off due to their dissatisfaction with the nomination of Greeley.


1872 Democratic National Convention, Straight-Out Democrats Convention
Calling themselves the Straight-Out Democrats, they held a Straight-Out Democratic National Convention in Louisville, Kentucky. They nominated for President Charles O'Conor, who told them by telegram that he would not accept their nomination, and John Quincy Adams II for vice president. The candidates received 23,054 votes (0.35%) in the election, and no Electoral College electors.


1872 East Gloucestershire by-election
The East Gloucestershire by-election of 1872 was fought on 11 March 1872. The byelection was fought due to the Resignation of the incumbent MP of the Conservative Party, Robert Stayner Holford. It was won by the Conservative candidate John Reginald Yorke, who was unopposed.


1872 Egmont by-election
The 1872 Egmont by-election was a by-election held on 3 October 1872 during the 5th New Zealand Parliament in the Taranaki electorate of Egmont.


1872 Egmont by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP William Gisborne, who had been appointed Commissioner for the Government Life Insurance Office.


1872 Egmont by-election
The by-election was won by future Premier Harry Atkinson, who was returning to politics to defeat a candidate allied with William Fox; saying he would "not see a Foxite get in". He also opposed Julius Vogel, also a supporter of Māori land rights, for his reckless borrowing (see The Vogel Era).


1872 Egmont by-election
Atkinson was opposed by William Sefton Moorhouse, a personal friend of Fox and supporter of Vogel's Public Works policy. Atkinson and Ballance both supported Edward Stafford.


1872 Egmont by-election
Future Premier John Ballance had considered entering national politics by standing here but withdrew. Ballance's campaign lasted ten days, starting with a meeting at Patea on 18 September when he spoke for over three hours, a wonderfully good speech. Atkinson was present at his Hawera meeting. So Ballance decided to withdraw in favour of Atkinson as Atkinson and Moorhouse were much more experienced candidates. He had the excuse that "about 80" freeholders in Patea had been rejected from enrolling (later found to be 58 rejections as against 15 in 1871, probably from mistakes in proving their entitlement as landowners). Atkinson won with a slim margin of 24 votes and his vote in Patea (46 to 17) was critical.


1872 English cricket season
In the 1872 cricket season, the first experiment in pitch covering was carried out. Prince's Cricket Ground opened in Chelsea, London.


1872 English cricket season, Notes
Nottinghamshire and Yorkshire played a third match at the short-lived Prince's Cricket Ground, Chelsea Hampshire, though regarded until 1885 as first-class, played no inter-county matches between 1868 and 1869 or 1871 and 1874


1872 FA Cup Final
The 1872 FA Cup Final was a football match between Wanderers and Royal Engineers on 16 March 1872 at Kennington Oval in London. It was the final of the first staging of the Football Association Challenge Cup (known in the modern era as the FA Cup), which became the primary cup competition in English football and the oldest football competition in the world. Fifteen teams entered the competition in its first season and, due to the rules in place at the time, Wanderers reached the final having won only one match in the four preceding rounds. In the semi-finals, they drew with the Scottish club Queen's Park, but reached the final when the Scots withdrew from the competition as they could not afford to return to London for a replay.


1872 FA Cup Final
The final was decided by a single goal, scored after fifteen minutes by Morton Betts of Wanderers, who was playing under the pseudonym "A.H. Chequer". The Engineers were praised for their innovative use of passing, then referred to as the "Combination Game", at a time when most teams relied almost solely on dribbling tactics. Despite this they could not manage to score a goal. The winning Wanderers team did not receive the trophy until the following month, when it was presented to them at a special reception at the Pall Mall Restaurant.


1872 FA Cup Final, Route to the final
Wanderers and Royal Engineers were among fifteen teams who entered the inaugural FA Cup competition, and both were allocated home matches in the first round. Wanderers were paired with Harrow Chequers, a team consisting of former pupils of Harrow School, and the Engineers were set to face Reigate Priory. Neither match actually took place, however, as in both cases the away team withdrew from the competition, sending the home team through to the next round on a walkover. In the second round, both teams played away matches and emerged victorious. Wanderers defeated Clapham Rovers 1–0 in December and the Engineers beat Hitchin 5–0 the following month.


1872 FA Cup Final, Route to the final
At the quarter-final stage, Wanderers drew 0–0 with Crystal Palace (a former amateur club not thought to be connected to the current professional club of the same name). Rather than be made to replay the match, however, both teams were permitted to go through to the semi-finals under one of the competition's original rules, which stated that in the event of a drawn match the teams would either be made to play again or both progress to the next round, at the organising committee's discretion. The Engineers beat Hampstead Heathens 2–0.


1872 FA Cup Final, Route to the final
In the semi-finals Wanderers took on the leading Scottish club Queen's Park who, due to a combination of walkovers and byes, had reached this stage of the competition without actually playing a match. The rules of the competition stated that all matches from the semi-final stage onwards would take place at Kennington Oval in London and, after being held to a 0–0 draw, the Scottish club could not afford to make the lengthy trip from Glasgow a second time for a replay and withdrew from the competition, sending Wanderers into the final. The Engineers also drew their semi-final at the Oval 0–0, and beat Crystal Palace 3–0 in the replay.


1872 FA Cup Final, Match, Summary
As was common at the time, both teams focused mainly on attack rather than defence, the Engineers lining up with seven forwards and Wanderers with eight. Wanderers forward Morton Betts played under the pseudonym "A. H. Chequer", derived from his membership of the Harrow Chequers club. Some sources state that he played under an assumed name to disguise the fact that he was cup-tied, having been a registered player of the Chequers club at the start of the competition and therefore ineligible to play for another club in that season's cup. This, however, is unlikely to be true, as in the early amateur era of football players were not required to be formally registered with clubs. Cuthbert Ottaway, a future captain of the England national team, played for two different clubs in consecutive rounds of the 1871–72 FA Cup without incident.


1872 FA Cup Final, Match, Summary
Wanderers captain C. W. Alcock won the coin toss and chose to defend the Harleyford Road end of the ground, meaning that the Engineers, who were considered the favourites at the start of play, initially had the sun and wind in their faces. Early in the game, Edmund Creswell of the Royal Engineers suffered a broken collar bone in a melee. He refused to leave the pitch but due to his injury was forced to spend the remainder of the match as a "passenger" on the wing. Wanderers' tactics centred on the dribbling skills of individual players, while the Engineers favoured passing the ball, a style then known as the "Combination Game" and considered innovative, of which they were leading exponents.


1872 FA Cup Final, Match, Summary
Wanderers took the lead fifteen minutes into the game when Betts opened the scoring from an acute angle after Walpole Vidal's long dribble. Under the rules in use at the time, the teams changed ends after each goal, but the Engineers were unable to take advantage of the fact that the sun and wind were now behind them, and the Wanderers players remained dominant. After twenty minutes Alcock put the ball past the Engineers' goalkeeper, William Merriman, but the goal was disallowed because Charles Wollaston had handled the ball.


1872 FA Cup Final, Match, Summary
Wanderers continued to exert further pressure on the Engineers' goal and only Merriman's skill was able to prevent them from increasing their lead. One newspaper later described his performance as "perfect". Despite a late rally from the Engineers, Wanderers were able to hold on to their lead and the game ended in a 1–0 victory. Newspaper The Field called the final "the fastest and hardest match that has ever been seen at The Oval" and said that the Wanderers displayed "some of the best play, individually and collectively, that has ever been shown in an Association game".


1872 FA Cup Final, Post-match
The Cup was presented by the President of the Football Association, Mr E. C. Morley, at the annual dinner of the Wanderers at the Pall Mall Restaurant, Charing Cross, on 11 April. The Football Association also gave each player in the winning team a silk badge commemorating the victory and the Wanderers' committee presented each player with an inscribed gold medal. As cup-holders, Wanderers received a bye straight to the final of the following year's FA Cup, in keeping with the original concept of the competition being a "challenge cup". This was the only time this rule was used.


1872 FA Cup Final, Post-match
In 1938, The Times published an obituary for Thomas Hooman and stated that he had scored the winning goal in the 1872 cup final, citing an interview the player gave shortly before his death. This claim is not backed up by contemporary newspaper reports, all of which list Betts as the goalscorer, and, as other quoted aspects of Hooman's reminiscences about the match were incorrect, it seems that in his old age he was confusing the 1872 final with another match in which he played.


1872 FA Cup Final, Post-match
In 2010, the only known surviving medal from the final was offered for sale at an auction in London. It had been purchased by a jeweller as part of a house clearance in the 1950s and was expected to sell for up to £50,000, but was ultimately purchased by the Professional Footballers' Association for £70,500. On 7 November 2012, the match was replayed by the reformed Wanderers side and the Royal Engineers team at the original venue, The Oval.


1872 Flint Boroughs by-election
The Flint Boroughs by-election of 1872 was fought on 16 October 1872. The byelection was fought due to the incumbent Liberal MP, Sir John Hanmer, being elevated to the peerage. It was won by the Liberal candidate Sir Robert Cunliffe, who was unopposed.


1872 Flintshire by-election
The Flintshire by-election of 1872 was fought on 2 March 1872. The byelection was fought due to the incumbent MP of the Liberal Party, Lord Richard Grosvenor, becoming Vice-Chamberlain of the Household. It was won by the Liberal candidate Lord Richard Grosvenor, who was unopposed.


1872 Florida gubernatorial election
The 1872 Florida gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1872. Republican nominee Ossian B. Hart defeated the Liberal Republican Party nominee William D. Bloxham.


1872 Florida gubernatorial election
After this election, no Republican would win election until 1966.


1872 Galway County by-election
The Galway County by-election of 1872 was held on 8 February 1872. The byelection was held due to the resignation of the incumbent MP of the Liberal Party, William Henry Gregory, as he became Governor of Ceylon. It was won by the Home Rule candidate John Philip Nolan but this was overturned on petition.


1872 Galway County by-election
Nolan beat his opponent, William Le Poer Trench, the third son of the Earl of Clancarty, winning by a large majority. Of the 4,686 available electors, who were chiefly Catholic, 2,823 voted for Nolan and 658 for Le Poer Trench.


1872 Galway County by-election
Le Poer Trench appealed the result, claiming on petition that there was widespread intimidation during the election campaign. The local Catholic bishops and clergy had strongly supported Nolan, chiefly because the Clancartys were active in proselytism.


1872 Galway County by-election
The trial of the Galway County election petition was held before Judge William Keogh, a Catholic and former MP for the pro Home-Rule Independent Irish Party. The trial started on 1 April and ended on 21 May 1872. Keogh found that Nolan had been elected by the undue influence and intimidation.


1872 Galway County by-election
In his report stated that he found 36 persons guilty of undue influence and intimidation, including the Archbishop John MacHale, the Archbishop of Tuam, the Bishop of Clonfert, Patrick Duggan, and the Bishop of Galway, John McEvilly, and twenty-nine named priests, the majority of Catholic parish priests in the constituency. They were held to have used all influence to overthrow all free will.


1872 Galway County by-election
A special case decided that notices put up by Le Poer Trench alerting voters to Nolan's previous involvement in treating were sufficient to inform voters that he was disqualified.


1872 Galway County by-election
The findings were that there was an undue election as there had been treating, undue influence and that the candidate was disqualified as he had previously been guilty of corrupt practices. As a result, Captain Nolan was unseated on 13 June, the seat going to Captain Le Poer Trench.


1872 Galway County by-election
The judgement caused an uproar; the judge was threatened with removal from the bench and his reputation never recovered.


1872 Galway County by-election
Nolan retook the seat at the 1874 election. He remained MP after the 1885 constituency reforms as MP for Galway North until 1895.


1872 Grand National
The 1872 Grand National was the 34th renewal of the Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, in 1872.


1872 Greek legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Greece on 25 February 1872. Supporters of Alexandros Koumoundouros and Dimitrios Voulgaris both won 65 seats of the 190 seats. Voulgaris remained Prime Minister until 20 July, when he was replaced by Epameinondas Deligiorgis.


1872 Hamada earthquake
1872 Hamada earthquake (Japanese: 浜田地震) is  an earthquake occurred on March 14, 1872 at off coast Hamada, Shimane Prefecture in Japan. This quake occurred at 16:40 local time.


1872 Hamada earthquake, Damage
According to the official confirmed report, 4506 houses were damaged by the earthquake, 230 houses were burned, 551 people were killed, and landslides destroyed 6567 homes in the affected area.


1872 Heathcote by-election
The 1872 Heathcote by-election was a by-election for the electorate of Heathcote during the 5th New Zealand Parliament, and resulted when the previous incumbent John Hall resigned.


1872 Heathcote by-election
Hall resigned on 19 July 1872 as he was appointed to the Legislative Council. On 22 July, John Cracroft Wilson advertised his candidacy for the position.


1872 Heathcote by-election
The nomination meeting was held at the Road Board office in Ferry Road.


1872 Heathcote by-election
There was no vote as Wilson was the only candidate, and he was declared elected when the writs closed for candidates on 30 July. Wilson had previously been in Parliament for the seat of Coleridge, but had retired in 1870 due to an "unfortunate accident".


1872 Hungarian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Hungary between 12 June and 9 July 1872. The result was a victory for the Deák Party, which won 245 of the 427 seats.


1872 Illinois gubernatorial election
The 1872 Illinois gubernatorial election was the fifteenth election for this office. Republican nominee, Former Governor Richard J. Oglesby defeated the Democratic and Liberal Republican nominee Gustavus Koerner. B. G. Wright represented Independent Democrats unwilling to ally with Liberal Republicans. Oglesby had agreed to run for the Governorship but to resign upon being elected so that Lt. Governor John Lourie Beveridge could assume the office. Oglesby was in turn appointed to the U.S. Senate.


1872 Illinois gubernatorial election
At this time in Illinois history, the Lieutenant Governor was elected on a separate ballot from the governor. This would remain so until the 1970 constitution.


1872 Indiana gubernatorial election
The 1872 Indiana gubernatorial election was held on October 8, 1872. Democratic nominee Thomas A. Hendricks defeated Republican nominee Thomas M. Browne with 50.12% of the vote.


1872 Kerry by-election
The Kerry by-election of 1872 was fought on 6 February 1872[20 3]. The byelection was held due to the incumbent Liberal MP Valentine Browne succeeding to the peerage as Earl of Kenmare. It was won by the Home Rule candidate Rowland Blennerhassett. The by-election was important in the decline of the Catholic Union whose candidate was defeated by Blennerhassett, who although a Home Ruler was a Protestant. The Bishop of Kerry had condemned the Home Rule campaign.


1872 Kincardineshire by-election
The Kincardineshire by-election of 1872 was held on 10 December 1872. The byelection was held due to the death of the incumbent Liberal MP, James Dyce Nicol. It was won by the unopposed Liberal candidate George Balfour.


1872 Liberal Republican convention
An influential group of dissident Republicans split from the party to form the Liberal Republican Party in 1870. At the party's only national convention, held in Cincinnati in 1872, New York Tribune editor Horace Greeley was nominated for President on the sixth ballot, defeating Charles Francis Adams. Missouri Governor Benjamin Gratz Brown was nominated for vice-president on the second ballot. They were also nominated at the 1872 Democratic National Convention two months later.


1872 Liberal Republican convention, Platform
The Liberal platform called for an end to the hatreds of the American Civil War and Reconstruction (sections 2 and 3), demanded civil service reform to curb corruption (section 5), and hedged on the tariff issue (section 6).


1872 Liberal Republican convention, Platform
We, the Liberal Republicans of the United States in National Convention assembled at Cincinnati, proclaim the following principles as essential to just government.


1872 Liechtenstein general election
General elections were held in Liechtenstein in March 1872. Seven of the seats in the Landtag were indirectly elected by electors selected by voters.


1872 Liechtenstein general election, Electors
Electors were selected through elections that were held between 1 and 8 March. Each municipality had two electors for every 100 inhabitants.


1872 Liechtenstein general election, Results
The electors met on 18 March in Vaduz to elect seven Landtag members and five substitute members. The Landtag members and their substitutes were elected in three ballots. Of the 158 electors, 150 participated in the voting.


1872 Liverpool Town Council election
Elections to Liverpool Town Council were held on Monday 1 November 1872. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.


1872 Liverpool Town Council election
The Ballot Act 1872 received Royal Assent on 18 July 1872, introducing the Secret Ballot.


1872 Liverpool Town Council election, Election result
Because of the large number of uncontested seats, these statistics should be taken in that context.


1872 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, Aldermanic By Election 6 January 1873
The death of alderman Oliver Holden was reported to the Council on 1 January 1873. Former Councillor John Birch Melladew (Conservative, West Derby, last elected 1 November 1869) was elected as an alderman by the Council (Councillors and aldermen) on 6 January 1873.


1872 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, Aldermanic By Election, 9 April 1872
Thomas Carey was elected as an alderman by the Council (Councillors and Aldermen) on 9 April 1873.


1872 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No. 15, South Toxteth, 28 March 1873
The death of Councillor John Parrat (Conservative, South Toxteth, elected 1 November 1871) was reported to the Council on 24 March 1873.


1872 Liverpool Town Council election, By-elections, No. 12, Lime Street, 22 July 1873
The death of Councillor Henry Hornby (Conservative, Lime Street, elected 1 November 1871) was reported to the Council on 6 August 1873


1872 Londonderry City by-election
The Londonderry City by-election of 1872 was held on 23 November following the resignation of incumbent Liberal Party member of parliament Richard Dowse to become a Baron of the Exchequer. The Liberal vote was split as their candidate, Christopher Palles, was considered by Catholics as a "priest-hunter" for his prosecution of clergy as Attorney-General and denounced by Protestants for his views on education along denominational lines. The election was won by the Irish Conservative Party's Charles Lewis who secured a 174-vote majority. The election was the first Irish election to the British Parliament to be held by secret ballot.


1872 Londonderry City by-election, Background
Richard Dowse was a Liberal Party politician who was first elected to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom for the Londonderry City constituency at the 17 November 1868 general election. A lawyer, Dowse had been appointed Solicitor-General for Ireland in February 1870, an appointment that, under the law of the time, triggered a ministerial by-election. Dowse stood in the by-election of 15 February and received 680 votes, defeating a challenge from Robert Baxter of the Irish Conservative Party, who received 592. This was considered unusual in a time when such by-elections were becoming increasingly uncontested.


1872 Londonderry City by-election, Background
Dowse later became Attorney-General for Ireland and on 1 November 1872 Dowse was appointed a Baron of the Exchequer, necessitating his resignation from the House of Commons. A by-election was held on 27 November 1872 to select a new member.


1872 Londonderry City by-election, Candidates
The Liberal Party selected Christopher Palles, who had succeeded Dowse as Attorney-General, as their candidate. Palles had previously served as Solicitor-General for Ireland, in which role he had prosecuted Catholic clergy; this upset some of his fellow Catholics who decried him as a "priest-hunter" and a "government hack". He also upset many Presbyterians (Protestants) with his support for segregation of education along denominational lines. The Ballymoney Free Press considered that the Liberal Party made a mistake in selecting Palles. The Irish Conservative Party characterised him as the candidate of Irish Catholic Archbishop of Dublin Paul Cullen. Palles eventually received the support of Francis Kelly, the Bishop of Derry, though the church initially chose to remain impartial in the by-election.


1872 Londonderry City by-election, Candidates
The Irish Conservative Party's candidates were Charles Lewis and Bartholomew McCorkell. Lewis had been nominated first and as a Presbyterian solicitor had been selected to capitalise on the conflict within the Liberal Party on the education issue. The local association disagreed with the decision of the Conservative Central Office to select Lewis and chose McCorkell, a local merchant, as their candidate.


1872 Londonderry City by-election, Candidates
The Home Rule League put up Joseph Biggar as their candidate. It was clear that Biggar had little chance of winning the seat, but his candidature threatened to further split the Catholic Liberal vote.


1872 Londonderry City by-election, Results
The election seems to have been fought largely on the issue of education. The election was the first parliamentary election in Ireland to be held as a secret ballot, introduced by the Ballot Act 1872.


1872 Londonderry City by-election, Results
Lewis won the seat for the Conservatives, overturning the 88-seat majority won by Dowse in 1870. Lewis secured 696 votes, Palles 522, Biggar 89, and McCorkall 2. The result was regarded as a major setback for the Liberals in Ulster, who were reduced to two members in that province. It showed evidence that the party was liable to split in areas where Protestants felt their interests were at risk, with some voting with the Conservatives. The failure of Biggar to make an impact is considered evidence that, despite the fears of some contemporaries, so-called Fenian flying columns of voters had little effect.


1872 Louisiana gubernatorial election
The 1872 Louisiana gubernatorial election was the second election to take place under the Louisiana Constitution of 1868. As a result of this election William Pitt Kellogg was elected Governor of Louisiana, but not before federal troops stepped in to enforce his election. The results of this election were highly contentious and resulted in racial violence across the state, including the Colfax massacre. U. S. President Ulysses S. Grant had to step in and formally recognize Kellogg as Governor to resolve the violence. Kellogg's Democratic opponent John McEnery finally conceded the election in September 1874 after briefly overthrowing Kellogg's government.


1872 Maine gubernatorial election
The 1872 Maine gubernatorial election was held on September 9, 1872. Incumbent Republican Governor Sidney Perham defeated the Democratic candidate Charles P. Kimball.


1872 Mallow by-election
The Mallow by-election of 1872 was fought on 7 June 1872. The by-election was fought due to the resignation of the incumbent MP of the Liberal Party, George Waters, as he became Chairman of the Quarter Sessions of the County of Waterford. It was won by the Liberal candidate William Felix Munster.


1872 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1872 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1872. Republican Governor William B. Washburn was re-elected to a second term in office over, Francis W. Bird, a Liberal Republican nominated with support of the Democratic Party.


1872 Massachusetts legislature
The 93rd Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1872 during the governorship of Republican William B. Washburn. Horace H. Coolidge served as president of the Senate and John E. Sanford served as speaker of the House.


1872 Metropolitan Police strike
The 1872 Metropolitan Police strike was a refusal to work by 180 men of 'D' (Marylebone), 'E' (Holborn) and 'T' (Kensington) Divisions of the Metropolitan Police of London on 16 November. The strike was held in protest at the dismissal of PC Henry Goodchild, who had acted as a secretary coordinating meetings amongst police who were demanding improvements over pay and conditions. It is considered the first strike by police in the United Kingdom.


1872 Metropolitan Police strike
The strike only lasted a few hours. Of the police who stopped work, 69 were dismissed from the force. The rest were allowed back on duty after having had apologised for their conduct. They gained improvements in pay and conditions, but did not form a trade union – most officers considered the police a quasi-military institution and so would not consider this. This action was significant for establishing a precedent for collective action by police in order to improve working conditions.


1872 Mexican presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Mexico in 1872 following the death of president Benito Juárez. The result was a victory for Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, who received 92% of the vote.


1872 Michigan gubernatorial election
The 1872 Michigan gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1872. Republican nominee John J. Bagley defeated Democratic nominee William Montague Ferry Jr. with 61.93% of the vote.


1872 Middletown Mansfields season
The Middletown Mansfields played their first and only season in 1872 as a  member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players. They finished eighth in the league with a record of 5-19.


1872 Middletown Mansfields season, Player stats, Batting
Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In


1872 Missouri gubernatorial election
The 1872 Missouri gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1872 and resulted in a victory for the Democratic nominee, Silas Woodson, over the Republican candidate, former Senator John B. Henderson.


1872 Mudgee colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Mudgee on 2 January 1872 because of the resignation of Henry Stephen.


1872 Murray colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Murray on 5 August 1872 because of the resignation of Patrick Jennings. William Hay was elected with 61% of the vote.


1872 New South Wales colonial election
The 1872 New South Wales colonial election was held between 13 February and 28 March 1872. This election was for all of the 72 seats in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly and it was conducted in 52 single-member constituencies, six 2-member constituencies and two 4-member constituencies, all with a first past the post system. Suffrage was limited to adult white males. The previous parliament of New South Wales was dissolved on 3 February 1872 by the Governor, Lord Belmore, on the advice of the Premier, Sir James Martin.


1872 New South Wales colonial election
There was no recognisable party structure at this election; instead the government was determined by a loose, shifting factional system.


1872 New South Wales colonial election, Results
New South Wales colonial election, 13 February 1872 – 28 March 1872 Legislative Assembly << 1869–70–1874–75 >>


1872 New York Mutuals season
The New York Mutuals baseball team finished third in the  National Association in 1872 with a record of 34-20.


1872 New York Mutuals season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1872 New York Mutuals season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1872 New York Mutuals season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1872 New York Mutuals season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1872 New York state election
The 1872 New York state election was held on November 5, 1872, to elect the governor, the lieutenant governor, a Canal Commissioner, an Inspector of State Prisons and a U.S. Representative-at-large, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly.


1872 New York state election, History
The Republican state convention met on August 21 at Utica, New York. William A. Wheeler was president. John Adams Dix was nominated for governor by acclamation. John C. Robinson was nominated for lieutenant governor, Lyman Tremain for U.S. Representative-at-large, Reuben W. Stroud for Canal Commissioner and Ezra Graves for Prison Inspector.


1872 New York state election, History
The Democratic state convention met on September 4 at Wieting Hall in Syracuse, New York. Lester B. Faulkner was temporary chairman until George M. Beebe was elected as president. The Liberal Republican state conventions met on the same day at Shakespeare Hall in Syracuse, New York. Reuben E. Fenton and John Cochrane were the most influential delegates. Truman G. Younglove was temporary chairman. DeWitt C. Littlejohn was to be president, but had not arrived. During the day, haggling with the Democratic delegates about the state ticket continued, then the convention adjourned.


1872 New York state election, History
On September 5, the conference committees of both conventions agreed upon a division of the slate, and the Democrats proceeded to nominate Francis Kernan for governor in the middle of taking a second ballot (on the first ballot, Sanford E. Church had received 15 to 20 votes), and John F. Hubbard, Jr. for Canal Commissioner. The Liberal Republicans then nominated Chauncey M. Depew for lieutenant governor by acclamation.


1872 New York state election, Result
The whole Republican ticket was elected. None of the incumbents ran for re-election.


1872 New York state election, Result
A large Republican majority was elected to the State Assembly for 1873.


1872 Newcastle colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Newcastle on 27 May 1872. The by-election was triggered because George Lloyd had been appointed Postmaster-General in the first Parkes ministry.


1872 Newcastle colonial by-election
Henry Parkes comfortably retained his seat at the East Sydney by-election held the week before, while the five other ministers were re-elected unopposed.


1872 North Carolina gubernatorial election
The 1872 North Carolina gubernatorial election was held on August 1, 1872. Incumbent Republican Tod Robinson Caldwell defeated Democratic nominee Augustus Summerfield Merrimon with 50.49% of the vote.


1872 North Cascades earthquake
The 1872 North Cascades earthquake occurred at 9:40 p.m. local time on December 14 in central Washington state. A maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe) was assessed for several locations, though less intense shaking was observed at many other locations in Washington, Oregon, and British Columbia. Some of these intermediate outlying areas reported V (Moderate) to VII (Very strong) shaking, but intensities as high as IV (Light) were reported as far distant as Idaho and Montana. Due to the remote location of the mainshock and a series of strong aftershocks, damage to structures was limited to a few cabins close to the areas of the highest intensity.


1872 North Cascades earthquake
Because the earthquake occurred before seismometers were operating in the region, the magnitude of the shock and its location were never precisely determined, but the intensity reports that are available for the event were studied, and various epicenters for the event were proposed based on these limited data. One study presented an estimated Mw of 6.5–7.0, with a proposed location on the east side of the Cascade Range near Lake Chelan. The results of a separate study indicated that it may have been a larger event, placing the shock in the North Cascades, just south of the Canada–United States border at Ross Lake.


1872 North Cascades earthquake, Preface
The Cascadia subduction zone rarely influences the western portion of Washington state, but the November 1873 M7.3 shock near the California–Oregon border may have been associated with it. Although activity in the Pacific Northwest (especially west of the Cascades in Washington) has occasionally been located near the subduction zone, earthquakes there (1949 Olympia, 1965 Puget Sound, 2001 Nisqually) have mostly been intraslab events. A large M7 earthquake on the Seattle Fault in 900 C.E. may have generated a tsunami in Puget Sound. The 1872 event east of the Cascades is not understood well due to the lack of instrumental records and reliable felt intensity reports.


1872 North Cascades earthquake, Earthquake
As there were only six seismometers operating in Washington state and western British Columbia even as late as 1969, there are insufficient instrumental records for older events in the region. Focal depths are unknown for shocks that occurred before that time, but seismologists Bakun et al. concluded that the event occurred on a shallow fault on the east side of the Cascade Range. They employed a method that was developed by W. H. Bakun and C. M. Wentworth for using earthquake intensity information that could be mapped to a corresponding moment magnitude.


1872 North Cascades earthquake, Earthquake
The intensities for twelve 20th-century Pacific Northwest earthquakes were used for calibration before analyzing the known intensities for the 1872 event in an attempt to resolve the location and magnitude. The reports were interpreted in a way that placed the epicenter near the south end of Lake Chelan, but other considerations left other plausible focal points both north and northeast of the lake. The magnitude was estimated to be 6.5–7.0 with 95% confidence.


1872 North Cascades earthquake, Earthquake
Using a similar strategy, S. D. Malone and S. Bor analyzed the known intensities for the 1872 shock, then compared intensity patterns for a number of instrumentally recorded earthquakes that also occurred in the Pacific Northwest.


1872 North Cascades earthquake, Earthquake
A factor that was taken into consideration was that for earthquakes that have either circular or slightly elliptical isoseismal maps, the epicenter is usually close to the center of the pattern, but that for shocks where instrumental information are also available, the epicenter is sometimes not where it would have been assumed to be, had only the intensity information (and no instrumental information) been available.


1872 North Cascades earthquake, Earthquake
An isoseismal map of the 1949 Olympia earthquake was presented as an example of a distorted or convoluted pattern that was attributed to local geological conditions that either attenuated or amplified the seismic waves, and it was emphasized that not taking into account these local features could lead to a misinterpretation of the felt intensities and to a misplaced epicenter.


1872 North Cascades earthquake, Earthquake
Malone and Bor ran three simulations, with a projected M7.4 event occurring at a depth of 37 miles (60 km), but took into consideration the differences in attenuation both east and west of the Cascades. Three exploratory locations were investigated, including the setting at the south end of Lake Chelan that reportedly had significant ground disturbances, their preferred location near Ross Lake, and a third location north of the Canada–United States border that had been proposed much earlier by W. G. Milne.


1872 North Cascades earthquake, Earthquake
The Ross Lake site was chosen because it most closely matched their isoseismal pattern, but it was not strongly preferred over the Milne site, and the Lake Chelan location was excluded as being the epicenter, due to the regional attenuation characteristics that required a location further to the west. Several depths were investigated, but each had little impact on the isoseismal patterns below intensity VI, and since most northwest earthquakes occur between 25–37 miles (40–60 km) deep, they believe the shock was also near that depth, but did not dismiss the possibility that it was a shallower event.


1872 North Cascades earthquake, Earthquake
More recently, Sherrod, using LIDAR, identified a fault scarp in Spencer Canyon. Subsequent field work determined that this fault scarp most likely is the ground rupture for the 1872 earthquake.


1872 North Cascades earthquake, Earthquake, Damage
Though the earthquake was felt over a very wide area (from the Pacific Ocean to Montana, and British Columbia to Oregon) the area that was most affected was largely unpopulated, and very few homes existed. A log building that was built on unconsolidated river sediment close to the mouth of the Wenatchee River had dislodged roof logs, and the kitchen became detached from the rest of the structure. Another log cabin between Entiat and Winesap also had roof damage. Mercalli intensities as high as VI (Strong) reached the western portion of the state, near the highly populated Puget Sound region, and to the southeast beyond where the Hanford nuclear reactor site later stood.


1872 North Cascades earthquake, Earthquake, Aftershocks
A relationship exists between the depth of the mainshock and the occurrence of aftershocks, and several Pacific Northwest earthquakes illustrate this link, like the February 1981 M5.5 Elk Lake event in southwest Washington that was followed by more than 1,000 in the first two years. The M7.3 1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake in Montana had a significant sequence of aftershocks, and the shallow M7 1983 Borah Peak event was followed by four aftershocks.


1872 North Cascades earthquake, Earthquake, Aftershocks
In opposition, the intraslab events (and crustal shocks above the subduction zone) on the west side of the Cascades have had insignificant aftershock sequences, usually amounting to a minimal number of small aftershocks. For example, the 2001 Nisqually shock occurred nearly 18.6 miles (30 km) deep and was followed by only four small aftershocks, and there was a similar procession for the 1946 Vancouver Island earthquake, a M7.6 crustal shock that also had a focal depth near 18.6 miles (30 km).


1872 North Cascades earthquake, Earthquake, Aftershocks
Aftershocks did follow the 1872 event, and during the initial 24 hours they were strong enough to be felt over a broad area, from Idaho and into southern British Columbia. The intensity of the shocks waned as time passed, and after a year they were still occurring, but were only being felt at Wenatchee, Lake Chelan, and Entiat. Bakun et al. listed the considerable aftershock sequence as a strong indication that the initial event was shallow.


1872 North Cascades earthquake, Earthquake, Aftershocks
The Entiat area remained seismically active well into the 20th century, leading to speculation that earthquakes were long-lived aftershocks from the 1872 event.


1872 North Nottinghamshire by-election
The North Nottinghamshire by-election of 1872 was fought on 26 February 1872. The byelection was fought due to the incumbent Liberal MP, Evelyn Denison, becoming a peer. It was won by the Conservative candidate George Monckton-Arundell.


1872 Northern West Riding of Yorkshire by-election
The Northern West Riding of Yorkshire by-election of 1872 was fought on 3 February 1872[20 2]. The byelection was fought due to the Death of the incumbent MP of the Liberal Party, Sir Francis Crossley. It was won by the Conservative candidate Francis Sharp Powell.


1872 Oldham by-election
The Oldham by-election of 1872 was fought on 5 June 1872. The byelection was fought due to the death of the incumbent MP of the Liberal Party, John Platt. It was won by the Conservative candidate John Morgan Cobbett.


1872 Open Championship
The 1872 Open Championship was the 12th Open Championship, held 13 September at Prestwick Golf Club in Prestwick, South Ayrshire, Scotland. Tom Morris, Jr. won the Championship for the fourth successive time, by three strokes from runner-up Davie Strath, having been five shots behind Strath before the final round. He was just 21 years and 146 days old.


1872 Open Championship
In 1870, Tommy Morris, Jr. had won the Challenge Belt for the third successive year and gained permanent possession of it. The Championship was, therefore, without a trophy. At the 1871 Spring Meeting of Prestwick Golf Club (which had run and hosted the Championship from its start in 1860), it was agreed that they would invite The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews and the Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers at Musselburgh to share in the running and hosting of the Championship. Discussions proceeded slowly and thus there was no Championship in 1871.


1872 Open Championship
The Championship was announced in August 1872, although the final minute of agreement between Prestwick, the Royal and Ancient and the Honourable Company to host The Open jointly was not signed until 11 September. Each of the three clubs would host the Championship in rotation and each agreed to contribute £10 towards the cost of the new trophy. The first Championship under this agreement was played at Prestwick just two days later, on 13 September. There was no time to get the new trophy made and winner was presented with a medal instead as well as the £8 first prize.


1872 Open Championship
There were only 8 competitors and the contest started at 10 a.m. The pairings were Tom Morris, Jr. (St Andrews) and William Hunter (Prestwick St Nicholas), Tom Morris, Jr. (St Andrews) and Davie Park (Musselburgh), Charlie Hunter (Prestwick) and William Doleman (Prestwick St Nicholas), Davie Strath (St Andrews) and Hugh Brown (Prestwick). There was a strong wind all day which made for difficult playing conditions.


1872 Open Championship
Tom Morris, Jr. scored 57 in the first round, missing four short putts. Davie Strath went one better, scoring 56. Charles Hunter had the third best score with 60. At the 4th hole of his second round Morris's third shot ended up against the wall at the back of the green. Morris couldn't play towards the green and so he hit the ball into the wall to try to make it rebound onto the green. However the ball jumped into the air, went over the wall and landed on the far side. Morris then played a blind niblick shot over the wall and "laid it dead at the hole". He finished with a 56 and a total of 113. Strath, however, had a 52, for a total of 108 and a 5-shot lead. Park was now third, but 10 strokes behind Strath.


1872 Open Championship
In the final round, Morris had a good score of 53 and set a target of 166. Strath started the round well "but after the second hole he played an unfortunate iron shot, which caused him three strokes." He lost another shot at the last after going in the water. He ended up with a round of 61 and a total of 169, three strokes behind Morris.


1872 Owens Valley earthquake
The 1872 Owens Valley earthquake – also known as the Lone Pine earthquake – struck on March 26 at 02:30 local time  in the Owens Valley (California, along the east side of the Sierra Nevada), with the epicenter near the town of Lone Pine. Its magnitude has been estimated at Mw 7.4 to 7.9, with a maximum Mercalli Intensity of X (Extreme). It was one of the largest earthquakes to hit California in recorded history and was similar in size to the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Twenty-seven people were killed and fifty-six were injured.


1872 Owens Valley earthquake, Tectonic setting
The earthquake resulted from sudden vertical movement of 15 to 20 feet (4.6 to 6.1 m) and right-lateral movement of 35 to 40 feet (11 to 12 m) on the Lone Pine Fault and part of the Owens Valley Fault. These faults are part of a twin system of normal faults  that run along the base of two parallel mountain ranges; the Sierra Nevada on the west and the Inyo Mountains on the east of the Owens Valley. It created fault scarps from north of Big Pine, 55 miles (89 km) north of Lone Pine, to Haiwee Reservoir (30 miles (48 km)) south of Lone Pine.


1872 Owens Valley earthquake, Earthquake
The earthquake occurred on a Tuesday morning and leveled almost all the buildings in Lone Pine and nearby settlements. Of the estimated 250–300 inhabitants of Lone Pine, 27 are known to have perished and 52 of the 59 houses were destroyed. One report states that the main buildings were thrown down in almost every town in Inyo County. About 130 kilometers (81 mi) south of Lone Pine, at Indian Wells, adobe houses sustained cracks. Property loss has been estimated at $250,000 (equivalent to $5,400,694 in 2020). As in many earthquakes, adobe, stone and masonry structures fared worse than wooden ones which prompted the closing of nearby Camp Independence which was an adobe structure destroyed in the quake.


1872 Owens Valley earthquake, Earthquake
The quake was felt strongly as far away as Sacramento, where citizens were startled out of bed and into the streets. Giant rockslides in what is now Yosemite National Park woke naturalist John Muir, then living in Yosemite Valley, who reportedly ran out of his cabin shouting, "A noble earthquake!" and promptly made a moonlit survey of the fresh talus piles. This earthquake stopped clocks and awakened people in San Diego to the south, Red Bluff, to the north, and Elko, Nevada, to the east. The shock was felt over most of California and much of Nevada. Thousands of aftershocks occurred, some severe.


1872 Owens Valley earthquake, Aftermath
Researchers later estimated that similar earthquakes occur on the Lone Pine fault every 3,000–4,000 years. However, the Lone Pine fault is only one of many faults on two parallel systems.


1872 Owens Valley earthquake, Aftermath
This earthquake also formed a small graben that later was filled by water, creating 86-acre (350,000 m2) Diaz Lake.


1872 Owens Valley earthquake, Aftermath
The common grave of the earthquake's victims is now registered as California Historical Landmark #507.


1872 Owens Valley earthquake, California Historical Landmark
Grave of 1872 Earthquake Victims is a California Historical Landmark number 507, assigned on July 31, 1953.


1872 Parramatta colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Parramatta on 20 May 1872 caused by the resignation of sitting member Hugh Taylor immediately after the election as he had received conflicting legal advice as to whether his contract to supply articles to a destitute institution disqualified him from office. He was concerned that the Committee of Elections and Qualifications was hostile to the Parkes ministry which he supported.


1872 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election
The 1872 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election occurred on October 8, 1872. Incumbent governor John W. Geary, a Republican, was not a candidate for re-election. Republican candidate John F. Hartranft defeated Democratic candidate Charles R. Buckalew to become Governor of Pennsylvania.


1872 Philadelphia Athletics season
In its second year in the National Association, the 1872 Athletic Baseball Club of Philadelphia finished in fourth place with a record of 30-14.


1872 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1872 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1872 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1872 Pontefract by-election
The Pontefract by-election of 1872 was fought on 15 August 1872. The ministerial by-election was fought due to the incumbent Liberal MP, Hugh Childers, becoming Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Paymaster General. It was retained by Childers.


1872 Pontefract by-election
It was the first UK Parliamentary election that was held by secret ballot held shortly after the Ballot Act of 1872 ended the old practice of open voting had come into effect. There was considerable interest in the outcome, many observers believed that support for the rival politicians may be drastically different as voters were able to make their choice in secret. However, the election results were reflective of the political preference of the constituency prior to the Ballot Act.


1872 Pontefract by-election
One of the main arguments made in support of voting by ballot was that it would put a stop to the riots and disorders so prevalent at previous elections. The Pontefract election conclusively proved that secret voting reduced riotous behaviour. Hugh Childers was re-elected on 15 August 1872 following his appointment as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.


1872 Pontefract by-election
The Pontefract museum holds the original ballot box, sealed in wax with a Pontefract cake liquorice stamp.


1872 Preston by-election
The Preston by-election of 1872 was fought on 13 September 1872. The byelection was fought due to the death of one of the constituency's two Conservative MPs, Sir Thomas Fermor-Hesketh. It was won by the Conservative candidate John Holker.


1872 Princeton Tigers football team
The 1872 Princeton Tigers football team represented the College of New Jersey, then more commonly known as Princeton College, in the 1872 college football season. The team finished with a 1–0 record and was retroactively named the national champion by the Billingsley Report and National Championship Foundation and as the national co-champion by Parke H. Davis. Princeton played Rutgers once, winning 4 goals to 1. David T. Marvel was the team captain.


1872 Princeton Tigers football team
This season marked the first of four consecutive national championships, and one of 11 in a 13-year period between 1869 and 1881.


1872 Prohibition National Convention
The 1872 Prohibition National Convention was a presidential nominating convention held at Comstock's Opera House, in Columbus, Ohio on February 22, 1872, to select the presidential ticket for the 1872 presidential election. It was the first presidential nominating convention of the newly organized Prohibition Party and would continue nominating presidential candidates in every presidential election leading it to become the longest continuous third party in the United States.


1872 Prohibition National Convention, Presidential nomination
On December 9, 1871, a national convention was called to occur on February 22, 1872, by the National Prohibition Committee and was attended by 194 delegates. Simeon B. Chase was selected as the chairman of the party after being introduced by incumbent Chairman John Russell.


1872 Prohibition National Convention, Presidential nomination
The delegates at the convention proposed Chairman Simeon B. Chase, Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase, former Liberty Party presidential nominee Gerrit Smith, former Portland Mayor Neal Dow, Major general Benjamin Butler, Justice David Davis, James Black, Horace Greeley, and John Russell as presidential nominees and Henry Fish, James Black, John Blackman, Secretary Gideon T. Stewart, Julius A. Spencer, John Russell, and Stephen B. Ransom for the vice presidential nomination.


1872 Prohibition National Convention, Presidential nomination
The candidates were sent to a special committee and it chose James Black for the presidential nomination and former Chairman John Russell for the vice presidential nomination. The committee rejected Greeley, who had won the nominations of both the Liberal Republican and Democratic parties,  for not being supportive of women's suffrage and Butler for his stances on alcoholic prohibition; Black and Russell were sent back to the delegates and approved by acclamation.


1872 Republican National Convention
The 1872 Republican National Convention was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, June 5–6, 1872. President Ulysses S. Grant was unanimously nominated for reelection by the convention's 752 delegates. Vice President Schuyler Colfax was for some time considered a potential rival to Grant for the presidential nomination, and had declared himself open to the prospect should Grant decide not to run for a second term, a stance that alienated him from both the President and his many supporters. Further damage resulted when a small movement within the Liberal Republican Party sought to enter his name for their presidential nomination. While neither amounted to more than speculation, it likely cost him his chances for renomination. Colfax narrowly missed the mark, garnering 321.5 delegates to Massachusetts Senator Henry Wilson's 399.5, President Grant being among those many notables who remained on the sidelines as the balloting had taken place.