1894 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final
The Cork County Board never accepted this finding and four months later a ceremony was held to award gold medals to the victorius Nil Desperandum players (in those days each county was represented by the previous years' county champions). At the ceremony the Lord Mayor of Cork said that he "was positively certain that the Dublin Gaels always recognised the merits of the Nils, and now hailed them as winners of the Football Championship for '94."


1894 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final
The final went into the records books however as Dublin's third All-Ireland football title of the 1890s, they won three more that decade.


1894 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
The All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship 1894 was the eighth series of the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, Ireland's premier hurling knock-out competition. Cork won the championship, beating Dublin in the final.


1894 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, Teams
Dublin (Rapparees) and Kilkenny (Confederation) were the only teams to enter the Leinster championship. They both automatically qualified for the provincial final.


1894 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, Teams
Four teams, Cork (Blackrock), Kerry (Kilmoyley), Limerick and Tipperary (Drombane), contested the Munster championship.


1894 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, Teams
There were no provincial championships in either Connacht or Ulster.


1894 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, Format
Semi-finals: (2 matches) The four participating teams make up the semi-final pairings. Two teams are eliminated at this stage while the two winning teams advanced to the final.


1894 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, Format
Final: (1 match) The two semi-final winners contest this game. One team is eliminated at this stage while the winners advance to the All-Ireland final.


1894 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, Format
Final: (1 match) The winners of the Munster championship play Dublin, the sole representatives of the Leinster championship, who received a bye to the final.


1894 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final
The 1894 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final was the 7th All-Ireland Final and the culmination of the 1894 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, an inter-county hurling tournament for the top teams in Ireland. The match was held at Clonturk Park, Dublin, on 24 March 1895 between Cork, represented by club side Blackrock, and Dublin, represented by club side Rapparees. The Leinster champions lost to their Munster opponents on a score line of 5-20 to 2-0.


1894 Amherst football team
The 1894 Amherst football team represented Amherst College during the 1894 college football season. One of the sport's best known historians, Parke H. Davis, was coach of the team.


1894 Argentine Primera División
The 1894 Primera División was the 3rd season of top-flight football in Argentina. The season began on April 15 and ended on September 9.


1894 Argentine Primera División
The championship was won by Lomas Athletic, that become the first team to retain the league title. The runner-up was Rosario A.C., which made its debut at the tournament along with Retiro A.C. Most of the results of the games and the goals scored information have been lost.


1894 Argentine Primera División
The English High School club dissolved so the team did not take part of the tournament although its players joined Lanús A.C. and Lobos, which registered to the Association. St. Andrew's, the first Argentine champion, returned to the League. Buenos Aires and Rosario Railway left the tournament soon after it had started.


1894 Arkansas Industrial Cardinals football team
The 1894 Arkansas Industrial Cardinals football team represented the University of Arkansas during the 1894 college football season. On November 29, 1894 (Thanksgiving Day), and after playing two games in October against Fort Smith High School, Arkansas Industrial played its first inter-collegiate football game against Texas Longhorns of the University of Texas. The game was played in Austin, Texas, before a crowd of 1,500 persons. Texas easily defeated Arkansas by a 54 to 0 score.


1894 Arkansas Industrial Cardinals football team
The starting lineup in the Texas game was: H. D. Moore (right end); Campbell (right tackle); Braswell (right guard); James (center rush); Rogers (left guard); Kobel (left tackle); Mook (left end); Lindsay (quarterback); McDaniel (right halfback); Hayden (left halfback); and Ward (fullback). Professor John C. Futrall was the team's 21-year-old "manager". At the beginning of his tenure, Futrall was a recent graduate of the school. He later served as the university's president for 25 years from 1894 until his death in 1939.


1894 Arkansas gubernatorial election
The 1894 Arkansas gubernatorial election was held on September 3, 1894.


1894 Arkansas gubernatorial election
Incumbent Democratic Governor William Meade Fishback did not stand for re-election.


1894 Arkansas gubernatorial election
Democratic nominee James Paul Clarke defeated Republican nominee Harmon L. Remmel and Populist nominee David E. Barker with 58.91% of the vote.


1894 Army Cadets football team
The 1894 Army Cadets football team represented the United States Military Academy in the 1894 college football season. In their first season under head coach Harmon S. Graves, the Cadets compiled a 3–2 record and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 95 to 22. The Army–Navy Game was not played in 1894.


1894 Army Cadets football team
No Army Cadets were honored on the 1894 College Football All-America Team.


1894 Atalanti earthquakes
The first of the 1894 Atalanti earthquakes occurred on 20 April 1894 at 16:52 UTC, with a magnitude of 6.4 on the moment magnitude scale and a maximum perceived intensity of X on the Mercalli intensity scale. It was followed seven days later on 27 April at 19:42 UTC by the second, with a magnitude of 6.9 and a maximum intensity of X. These two earthquakes caused widespread damage in the Locris area, causing a total of 255 deaths. More literature on these destructive events can be seen in the references section.


1894 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1894 Atlantic hurricane season ran through the summer and the first half of fall in 1894. The 1894 season was a fairly inactive one, with seven storms forming, five of which became hurricanes.


1894 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm One
A tropical storm formed between Cuba and Jamaica on June 6. It moved westward, remaining weak until dissipating on June 9 over the Yucatán Channel. No damage or deaths were reported.


1894 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Two
The second storm formed on August 5 in the Gulf of Mexico and drifted northward. After reaching a peak of 60 mph (97 km/h), it hit southern Alabama on August 8. It turned to the west-northwest, and dissipated on August 9, bringing very heavy rainfall and tornadoes.


1894 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
A tropical storm developed on August 30 and lasted until September 9. It formed between Africa and South America, east of the Lesser Antilles. It stayed out at sea and did not hit any land. It dissipated in the North Atlantic. Its maximum sustained winds were at 115 mph (185 km/h).


1894 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
On September 18 a tropical storm was first observed and lasted until September 30. It formed to the east-southeast of the Lesser Antilles. It hit the Lesser Antilles and then the Greater Antilles, later curving north and striking near Punta Rassa, Florida, with winds up to 105 mph (169 km/h). It then went back out to sea and hit South Carolina, tracked through North Carolina, and then made its way out to sea, where it eventually dissipated. On September 20, as the storm passed through the Lesser Antilles, it produced heavy rains and high winds over several islands.


1894 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
On Martinique, high winds and continuous, torrential rains impacted the island. Despite the intensity of the storm, there were no reports of damage in the Lesser Antilles. In Hispaniola, more than 500 homes and two churches were destroyed; numerous other structures sustained damage, mainly having their roofs blown off. The cyclone produced heavy rainfall in Florida, including 13.78 inches (350.01 mm) over a 54-hour period at Tampa; at Titusville, 7.72 inches (196.09 mm) fell in two days. Jacksonville registered a storm total of 11.11 inches (282.19 mm).


1894 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
In southeast Florida, a bridge on the Lake Worth Lagoon was swept away and thousands of dead fish beached at Jupiter, but otherwise only gale-force winds and occurred and damage was insignificant. The ship Jella was stranded at Hillsboro Inlet and the Emily II sank off Key West with a loss of all her crew. Many wine caskets and other debris were found on the beaches between the New River and the Lake Worth Lagoon. In all, the cyclone was responsible for an estimated 200 deaths.


1894 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five
The Florida Panhandle Hurricane of 1894 The fifth storm formed on October 1 and lasted until October 12. It formed to the northwest of the Panama Canal, tracked northwest, and struck the Florida Panhandle with winds of 120 mph (190 km/h), equivalent to a major hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale. It tracked through Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, and Canada. The hurricane caused about $1,000,000 in damage (1894 USD). 10 people were killed and 15 injured in New York City when winds blew a partially constructed building onto a tenement. A girl died in her bed in Englewood, New Jersey, when the roof of her house collapsed upon her. Trees and telegraph wires were blown down and boats stranded in the New York City area.


1894 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six
A tropical storm formed on October 11 southeast of the Lesser Antilles as a tropical storm. It traveled north through the Lesser Antilles and later peaked with winds of 130 mph (210 km/h) and an atmospheric pressure of 27.50 inches of mercury (931.26 mb) over the open Atlantic waters several hundred miles north of Puerto Rico. Continuing to head out to sea, the hurricane weakened, and was last plotted on October 20.


1894 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Seven
The final storm formed on October 21 and lasted until October 31. It formed far north of the Lesser Antilles and traveled westward towards the Bahamas, but then swerved northeast and out to sea, threatening no land. Its maximum sustained winds peaked at 100 mph (161 km/h).


1894 Auburn Tigers football team
The 1894 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 1894 college football season. It was the Tigers' third overall season and they competed as an independent. The team was led by head coach Forrest M. Hall, in his first and only year as head coach of the Tigers. They finished with a record of one win and three losses (1–3). While the team had a losing record and outscored their opponents 106–48, the squad has the distinction of achieving the largest win in Auburn history, defeating Georgia Tech 94–0 on November 17.


1894 Australian shearers' strike
After the 1890 Australian maritime dispute and the 1891 Australian shearers' strike both of which were long, drawn out affairs in which trade unions were defeated, running out of funds, actions by increasingly militant and desperate unions led up to perhaps the most violent shearers' strike, in 1894.


1894 Australian shearers' strike
Particularly due to falling wool prices in London, pastoralists were motivated to cut pay rates and hire non-union labour, which was plentiful due to mass unemployment during the 1890s depression. In May 1894, the Amalgamated Workers Union rose to the defence of the shearers' wages .


1894 Australian shearers' strike
By October 1894 the Queensland Amalgamated Workers Union conceded defeat and called off the strike in the colony of Queensland. However, the strike continued in New South Wales, where possibly 16,000 workers gathered in strike camps. Police were mobilised against them.


1894 Australian shearers' strike
The most famous incident during the strike was the burning and sinking of the steamer Rodney, which was transporting non-union labour up the Darling River. When the boat was moored in a swamp 23 miles (37 km) above Pooncarie, a few miles above the Moorara shearing shed, unionists boarded, took control, offloaded all passengers, then soaked the hold in kerosene and set it alight. The burning boat drifted away and sank after several hours.


1894 Australian shearers' strike
In September 1894, on Dagworth Station, north-west of Winton), striking shearers fired their rifles and pistols in the air, setting fire to the woolshed. The owner of the homestead and three policemen gave chase to a man named Samuel Hoffmeister – also known as "French(y)". Rather than be captured, Hoffmeister shot and killed himself at the Combo Waterhole. It has been widely accepted that the lyrics of Waltzing Matilda are based the incident.


1894 Baltimore Orioles F.C. season
The 1894 Baltimore Orioles F.C. season was the club's first and only season of existence, participating in the American League of Professional Football, an offseason soccer league established by National League owners to maintain brand relevance. The club was owned and affiliated by the baseball club of the same name.


1894 Baltimore Orioles F.C. season
During the 1894 season, the Orioles played only four matches, winning all four of them. Baltimore scored 24 goals and conceded only three. All four of their matches, however, were against the Washington Senators F.C.


1894 Baltimore Orioles season
The Baltimore Orioles won their first National League pennant in 1894. They won 24 of their last 25 games. After the regular season's conclusion, the Orioles participated in the first Temple Cup competition against the second-place New York Giants. The Orioles lost to the Giants in a sweep, four games to none.


1894 Baltimore Orioles season
The Orioles roster contained six future Hall of Famers: Wilbert Robinson, John McGraw, Dan Brouthers, Hughie Jennings, Wee Willie Keeler and Joe Kelley. Every man in their starting line up hit .300 for the season. They bunted, hit-and-ran, Baltimore chopped, backed up throws, cut off throws, and had pitchers cover first. They also deadened balls by icing them, tilted baselines so bunts would roll fair, and put soap around the mound so opposing pitchers would get slippery fingers if he tried to dry his hands in the dirt.


1894 Baltimore Orioles season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1894 Baltimore Orioles season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1894 Baltimore Orioles season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1894 Baltimore Orioles season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1894 Baltimore Orioles season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1894 Bathurst colonial by-election
A by-election for the seat of Bathurst in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly was held on 14 August 1894 because Sydney Smith (Free Trade) had been appointed Secretary for Mines and Agriculture in the Reid ministry. Such ministerial by-elections were usually uncontested and four ministers were re-elected unopposed, James Brunker (East Maitland), Joseph Carruthers (St George), Jacob Garrard (Sherbrooke) and James Young (The Manning). A poll was required in Bathurst, Hartley (Joseph Cook), Singleton (Albert Gould) and Sydney-King (George Reid) however all were comfortably re-elected.


1894 Belgian general election
Full general elections were held in Belgium on 14 October 1894, with run-off elections held on 21 October 1894.


1894 Belgian general election
The elections followed several major reforms: they were the first held under universal male suffrage for those over the age of 25. This followed the abolition of tax qualifications, and increased the number of voters tenfold. Voting was also made compulsory. Provincial senators were introduced in addition to the existing directly elected ones.


1894 Belgian general election
The electoral reforms were implemented in 1893 under the Catholic government led by Auguste Beernaert, who had been in power for nearly ten years, but who resigned because his proposal for proportional representation was rejected. A government led by Jules de Burlet took over in March 1894.


1894 Belgian general election
The result was a victory for the Catholic Party, which won all seats in every Flemish arrondissement, in Brussels and in seven rural Walloon arrondissements, giving a total of 104 of the 152 seats in the Chamber of Representatives. The Belgian Labour Party gained parliamentary representation for the first time, winning all seats of Mons, Soignies, Charleroi, Verviers, 6 seats in Liège and one in Namur. Meanwhile, the Liberal Party, despite receiving more votes than the socialists, won only 20 seats and thus lost two-thirds of its seats. This was caused by the concentration of socialists in industrial Walloon areas, compared to the dispersed presence of liberal voters throughout the country. This highlighted the need for a proportional system, which would eventually be introduced in 1899.


1894 Belgian general election, Results, Senate
76 senators (half the number of representatives) were directly elected and 26 senators were chosen by the provincial councils, giving a total of 102 senators.


1894 Belgian general election, Constituencies
The distribution of seats among the electoral districts was as follows for the Chamber of Representatives and the Senate. There were no changes in districts and seat distribution compared to the previous election, except for the introduction of provincial senators.


1894 Birthday Honours
The 1894 Birthday Honours were appointments by Queen Victoria to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of the British Empire. The appointments were made to celebrate the official birthday of The Queen, and were published in the London Gazette on 25 May 1894. and in The Times on 26 May 1894.


1894 Birthday Honours
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.


1894 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, Privy Councillor
The Queen appointed the following to Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council:


1894 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, The Most Honourable Order of the Bath, Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB)
The following appointments to the Most Honourable Order of the Bath given in recognition of the services in the recent operations against Fodey Silah in Combo on the Gambia:


1894 Boston Beaneaters season
The 1894 Boston Beaneaters season was the 24th season of the franchise. The team finished in third place in the National League with a record of 83–49, 8 games behind the Baltimore Orioles. They hold the MLB record for most runs scored in a single season by one team with 1,220, a stunning 9.24 runs per contest.


1894 Boston Beaneaters season, Regular season
The Beaneaters' home park, the South End Grounds, was destroyed in a fire on May 15. The team played their home games at Congress Street Grounds until the rebuilt park opened on July 20.


1894 Boston Beaneaters season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1894 Boston Beaneaters season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1894 Boston Beaneaters season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1894 Boston Beaneaters season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1894 Boston Beaneaters season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1894 Boston College football team
The 1894 Boston College football team was an American football team that represented Boston College during the 1894 college football season.


1894 Boston mayoral election
The Boston mayoral election of 1894 occurred on Tuesday, December 11, 1894. Republican candidate Edwin Upton Curtis defeated Democratic candidate Francis Peabody Jr., and two other contenders, to win election as Mayor of Boston.


1894 Boston mayoral election
This was the last Boston mayoral election for a one-year term; the city charter was changed in June 1895, increasing the mayoral term to two years.


1894 Bourne Rural District Council election
The Bourne Rural District Council was established in 1894 and existed until 1931, when it was abolished and replaced with the South Kesteven Rural District Council. Councillors were elected to serve on it for three-year terms. The first elections took place in December 1894. There were 43 seats on the council. All divisions returned one member, except where stated below. No members were returned for three seats, leaving only 39 councillors in place for the RDC's first meeting on 3 January 1895.


1894 Bourne Rural District Council election, Results
The full list of nominations was reported in , Grantham Journal, 8 December 1894, p. 6.


1894 Bourne Rural District Council election, Aftermath
The first meeting of the newly elected council was held on 3 January 1895 and all but three members – Robert Agnew (Bourne), A. W. Dean (Dowsby) and D. J. Millington (Sempringham) – were present. Captain E. Smith (Horbling) acted as temporary chairman and the clerk read out instructions from the Local Government Board. The council then unanimously elected its first chairman, Thomas Pick, who was proposed by W. Hayes and seconded by J. Davenport-Handley. With Pick in the chair, the council then unanimously elected its first vice-chairman, W. Hayes, who was proposed by E. J. Grummitt and J. Worsdall.


1894 Brazilian general election
General elections were held in Brazil on 1 March 1894. The presidential election was won by Prudente de Morais of the Republican Party of São Paulo, who received 80.1% of the vote.


1894 Brigg by-election
The Brigg by-election of 1894 was held on 7 December 1894. The by-election was held due to the appointment of the incumbent Liberal MP, Samuel Danks Waddy as recorder of Sheffield. It was won by the Conservative candidate John Maunsell Richardson.


1894 British Columbia general election
The 1894 British Columbia general election was held in 1894. The number of members remained at 33 with the number of ridings increased to 26 as a result of the partition of the Yale and Westminster ridings.


1894 British Columbia general election, Political context, Non-party system
There were to be no political parties in the new province. The designations "Government" and "Opposition" and "Independent" (and variations on these) functioned in place of parties, but they were very loose and do not represent formal coalitions, more alignments of support during the campaign. "Government" meant in support of the current Premier; "Opposition" meant campaigning against him, and often enough the Opposition would win and immediately become the Government.


1894 British Columbia general election, Political context, Non-party system
Although Labour as a party had run candidates in previous election, this election saw the first victories by Labour candidates (in Nanaimo and Nanaimo City), and a "Farmer" candidate (in the second Nanaimo seat). As well a Labour-oriented Nationalist Party candidate was elected in Vancouver City - Robert Macpherson.


1894 British Columbia general election, Political context, The Robson Government
The government of newspaperman John Robson received a mandate after assuming power the year before. Robson died in office in 1892, yielding to Theodore Davie.


1894 British Columbia general election, Political context, Byelections not shown
Any changes due to byelections are shown below the main table showing the theoretical composition of the House after the election. A final table showing the composition of the House at the dissolution of the Legislature at the end of this Parliament can be found below the byelections. The main table represents the immediate results of the election only, not changes in governing coalitions or eventual changes due to byelections.


1894 British Columbia general election, Political context, List of ridings
The original ridings were thirteen in number, and Cowichan was restored to a two-member seat while Westminster (formerly New Westminster, actually the rural areas of the New Westminster Land District rather than the City of New Westminster, which was and continued to be represented by New Westminster City) was partitioned in four; Vancouver City was increased to three members from two while Cariboo was decreased to two from three. The Victoria, Nanaimo, West Kootenay and Lillooet ridings were partitioned also, and the Alberni and Cowichan ridings were combined into Cowichan-Alberni, which was a two-member seat.


1894 British Columbia general election, Political context, List of ridings
In addition the Nanaimo-area riding of The Islands which had appeared for the first time in 1890 election was no longer on the hustings, although it would re-appear again following the major redistribution that preceded the 1903 election. There were no political parties were not acceptable in the House by convention, though some members were openly partisan at the federal level (usually Conservative, although both Liberal and Labour allegiance were on display by some candidates).


1894 British Columbia general election, Political context, Polling conditions
Natives (First Nations) and Chinese were disallowed from voting, although naturalized Kanakas (Hawaiian colonists) and American and West Indian blacks and certain others participated. The requirement that knowledge of English be spoken for balloting was discussed but not applied.


1894 Brooklyn Grooms season
The 1894 Brooklyn Grooms finished in fifth place in a crowded National League pennant race.


1894 Brooklyn Grooms season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = runs; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; SB = Stolen bases


1894 Brooklyn Grooms season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = runs; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; SB = Stolen bases


1894 Brooklyn Grooms season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; BB = Bases on balls; SO = Strikeouts; CG = Complete games


1894 Brooklyn Grooms season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; BB = Bases on balls; SO = Strikeouts; CG = Complete games


1894 Brooklyn Grooms season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned Run Average; BB = Bases on balls; SO = Strikeouts


1894 Brown Bears football team
The 1894 Brown Bears football team represented Brown University in the 1894 college football season. The team's coach was William G. Norton.


1894 Buchtel football team
The 1894 Buchtel football team represented Buchtel College (now Akron University) in the 1894 college football season. The team was led by second-year head coach John Heisman. They outscored their lone opponent Ohio State, 12–6, and finished with a record of 1–0.


1894 Bulgarian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Bulgaria on 23 September 1894. Voter turnout was unusually high.


1894 California Golden Bears football team
The 1894 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California, Berkeley during the 1894 college football season. The team competed as an independent under head coach Charles O. Gill and compiled a record of 0–1–2.


1894 California gubernatorial election
The 1894 California gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1894, to elect the governor of California. This was the last election until 1938 in which a Democrat was elected Governor of California.


1894 Carlisle Indians football team
The 1894 Carlisle Indians football team represented the Carlisle Indians football team of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School during the 1894 college football season.


1894 Carmarthen Rural District Council election
The first election to the Carmarthen Rural District Council in Carmarthenshire, Wales was held in December 1894. It was followed by the 1898 election. The successful candidates were also elected to the Carmarthen Board of Guardians. In rural parishes, many councillors were returned unopposed.


1894 Carmarthen Rural District Council election
The rural district included the parishes of Abergwili, Abernant, Cynwyl Elfed, Laugharne, Llanarthney, Llanddarog, Llandyfaelog, Llanddowror, Llanfihangel Abercowyn, Llangain, Llangyndeyrn, Llangynog (with Llandeilo Abercywyn), Llangynin, Llangunnor, Llanllawddog, Llanpumsaint, Llansteffan, Llanwinio, Merthyr, Meidrym, Newchurch, St Clears, St Ishmaels, and Trelech a'r Betws.


1894 Carmarthen Rural District Council election, Outcome
The majority of those elected to the first Rural District Council were farmers. Women were eligible to stand in contests for district councils, and in St Ishmaels, Elizabeth Mary Gwyn was successful by a small majority. Political affiliations were generally not declared during the election.


1894 Carmarthen Rural District Council election, Outcome
Due to "a curious blunder" no councillor was elected to represent the Llandawke and Llansadurnen ward.


1894 Carmarthen Rural District Council election, The 1894-98 Council
The first meeting of the authority took place at the Shire Hall, Carmarthen on 29 December 1894. A vote was taken to elect a chairman, and John Phillips of Caerlleon, Llanwinio defeated David E. Stephens by sixteen votes to ten. Phillips was a prominent Liberal who was also a member of Carmarthenshire County Council. Stephens, in contrast, had stood unsuccessfully in county elections at Llangunnor in 1889 and Cynwyl Elfed in 1892.


1894 Carmarthen Rural District Council election, Ward Results, Llandyfaelog (one seat)
It was reported that the contest had been instigated after Rees defeated the local Independent minister, Evan Powell, at a parish meeting.


1894 Carmarthen Rural District Council election, Carmarthen Board of Guardians
All members of the District Council also served as members of Carmarthen Board of Guardians. In addition, six members were elected to represent the borough of Carmarthen. Edith Hancock was a member of a prominent Carmarthen family, being the daughter of David Archard Williams, incumbent of St David's Church for 37 years until his death in 1879


1894 Centenary Gentlemen football team
The 1894 Centenary Gentlemen football team was an American football team that represented the Centenary College of Louisiana as an independent during the 1894 college football season. In their first year while located at the Jackson, Louisiana campus, the team compiled an 0–1 record.


1894 Centre football team
The 1894 Centre football team represented Centre College in the 1894 college football season. The head coach was Eugene Messler, coaching his first season with the Praying Colonels.


1894 Chicago Athletic Association football team
The 1894 Chicago Athletic Association football team represented the Chicago Athletic Association, or C. A. A., during the 1894 college football season. In Harry Cornish's second year with the athletic club, CAA compiled a  7–3–1 record, and outscored their opponents 129 to 118. The team played its home games at CAA Field, located on the corner of 35th Street and Wentworth Avenue, in Chicago.


1894 Chicago Athletic Association football team, Second team schedule
The CAA also operated a 2nd team, which played one known contest against the Chicago Maroons, and lost 20–0.


1894 Chicago Colts season
The 1894 Chicago Colts season was the 23rd season of the Chicago Colts franchise, the 19th in the National League and the 2nd at West Side Park. The Colts finished eighth in the National League with a record of 57–75.


1894 Chicago Colts season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1894 Chicago Colts season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1894 Chicago Colts season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1894 Chicago Colts season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1894 Chicago Colts season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1894 Chicago Maroons football team
The 1894 Chicago Maroons football team represented the University of Chicago during the 1894 college football season.


1894 Chicago vs. Stanford football game
The 1894 Chicago vs. Stanford football game, played on December 25, 1894 was a college football game between the Chicago Maroons and Stanford. Chicago won 24 to 4. The game was played in San Francisco, California. It was the first postseason intersectional contest, foreshadowing the modern bowl game. Herbert Hoover was Stanford's student financial manager.


1894 Chicago vs. Stanford football game, Game summary
Neither team scored in the first half. Freshman Clarence Herschberger played well.


1894 Chicago vs. Stanford football game, Aftermath
Stanford won a rematch in Los Angeles on December 29 by 12 to 0.


1894 Cincinnati Reds season
The 1894 Cincinnati Reds season was a season in American baseball. The team finished in tenth place in the National League with a record of 55–75, 35 games behind the Baltimore Orioles.


1894 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season
After a somewhat disappointing 1893 season, in which the Reds had a 65–63 record to finish in sixth place, the club was hoping to rebound in 1894. Player-manager Charles Comiskey would return to manage the team for a third season. During the off-season, the Reds acquired outfielder Dummy Hoy from the Washington Senators in a trade. Hoy had batted .245 with no home runs, 45 RBI, and 48 stolen bases with the Senators in 1893. Hoy led the National League in stolen bases with 82 while with the Washington Nationals in 1888.


1894 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season
Bug Holliday had a huge season for the Reds, hitting a team high .376 with a team record 123 RBI. He also hit thirteen home runs, which tied him with Jim Canavan, and had 126 runs. Canavan batted .275 and had 74 RBI to go with his thirteen homers. Hoy batted .304 with five home runs and 71 RBI while scoring 118 runs in his first season with Cincinnati. Bid McPhee hit .313 with five home runs and 93 RBI, while Arlie Latham also batted .313, hitting four home runs and collecting 60 RBI while stealing a team-high 62 bases.


1894 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season
The Reds pitching staff struggled, as they had the worst ERA in the league at 5.99. Frank Dwyer led the team with a 19–21 record with a team best 5.07 ERA in 45 games, 39 of them starts. Tom Parrott was 17–19 with a 5.60 ERA in 41 games, while Ice Box Chamberlain was the only Cincinnati pitcher to have a winning record, as he was 10–9 with a 5.77 ERA in 23 games.


1894 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season, Season summary
After opening the season with three wins, the Reds lost eight of their next ten to fall to a 5–8 record and eighth place. Cincinnati responded with a four-game winning streak to bump themselves over .500, but fell into a slump and won only five of their next twenty-five games.


1894 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season, Season summary
Pitching was a problem, as during their slump, the team allowed over ten runs a game eight times, and twice allowed over twenty runs a game, which included a 20–11 loss to the Boston Beaneaters, and a 21–8 loss to the Philadelphia Phillies. Cincinnati went on an eleven-game winning streak to close within three games of the .500 level, and broke over the .500 level with a 39–38 record after winning eight in a row later in the season.


1894 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season, Season summary
From that point on, however, the Reds were never a factor in the pennant race, as they were 16–37 over their last 53 games to finish the year with a dreadful 55–75 record, in tenth place, 35 games behind the Baltimore Orioles.


1894 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1894 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1894 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1894 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1894 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1894 Cincinnati football team
The 1894 Cincinnati football team was an American football team that represented the University of Cincinnati as an independent during the 1894 college football season. In their first season under head coach W. Durant Berry, the Bearcats compiled a 3–3 record. Berry was also the team captain. The team played its home games at Union Ball Park in Cincinnati.


1894 Cleveland Spiders season
The 1894 Cleveland Spiders finished with a 68–61 record, good for sixth place in the National League.


1894 Cleveland Spiders season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In


1894 Cleveland Spiders season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In


1894 Colgate football team
The 1894 Colgate football team represented Colgate University in the 1894 college football season. The team captain for the 1894 season was Spencer Ford.


1894 College Football All-America Team
The 1894 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans for the 1894 college football season, as selected by Caspar Whitney for Harper's Weekly and the Walter Camp Football Foundation. Whitney began publishing his All-America Team in 1889, and his list, which was considered the official All-America Team, was published in Harper's Weekly from 1891 to 1896.


1894 Colonial Conference
The 1894 Colonial Conference was called by the government of Canada to continue discussion begun at the 1887 Colonial Conference on a proposal to lay a telegraph cable at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean to create a communications link between Canada and Australasia and, by extension, to the rest of the British Empire as part of what became referred to as the All Red Line network of cables throughout the Empire.


1894 Colonial Conference
The opening ceremonies were in the Senate Chamber in the Centre Block of the Canadian parliament buildings but day-to-day meetings occurred in the offices of the Minister of Trade and Commerce.


1894 Colonial Conference
The Earl of Jersey attended the conference as the representative of the British government and was instructed to listen and report back but not to make any commitments on behalf of the government.


1894 Colonial Conference
All self-governing British colonies were invited to send delegates with the exception of Newfoundland Colony. Western Australia and Natal Colony did not send representatives due to domestic priorities. The colony of Fiji was also invited due to its geographical location on the proposed route of the cable but declined. Delegates were sent to the conference by Canada, New Zealand, the Australian self-governing colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania and Victoria and the South African colony of Cape Colony. Unlike other colonial conference, the colonial delegates were cabinet ministers or legislators or government representatives rather than Prime Ministers.


1894 Colonial Conference
Resolutions were proposed to the conference and it was agreed that decisions would be made on the basis of "one colony, one vote" but the resolutions were not binding on the British government or the Colonial Office.


1894 Colonial Conference
In addition to discussing telecommunications issues, the conference also approved a resolution favouring preferential trade within the Empire, however, this resolution was opposed by Australia's largest colonies, New South Wales and Queensland, who were suspicious the Canadian initiative seemed designed to undermine Australia's protective tariffs. The proposal would be made again to the 1897 Colonial Conference but was not agreed to and would not be acted upon until the British Empire Economic Conference in 1932.


1894 Colonial Conference, Participants
The conference was hosted by Canada with representatives of the governments of various colonies in attendance.


1894 Colorado Agricultural football team
The 1894 Colorado Agricultural football team represented Colorado Agricultural College (now known as Colorado State University) in the Colorado Football Association (CFA) during the 1894 college football season. In its rivalry game with Colorado, played on October 27 in Boulder, the team lost by a 67 to 0 score. The team had no coach.


1894 Colorado Silver and Gold football team
The 1894 Colorado Silver and Gold football team was an American football team that represented the University of Colorado during the 1894 college football season. The season marked the program's first conference championship and first head coach, Harry Heller. The team recorded a record of 5–0 in the CFA and 8–1 overall.


1894 Colorado gubernatorial election
The 1894 Colorado gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1894. Republican nominee Albert McIntire defeated People's Party incumbent Davis Hanson Waite with 51.95% of the vote.


1894 Connecticut gubernatorial election
The 1894 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1894. Republican nominee Owen Vincent Coffin defeated Democratic nominee Ernest Cady with 54.18% of the vote. Coffin defeated Samuel E. Merwin in the Republican primary.


1894 Constitution of the Republic of Hawaii
The 1894 Constitution of the Republic of Hawaii was the fundamental law of the short-lived Republic of Hawaii before it was annexed by the United States. It was promulgated by a constitutional convention of 35 members: 19 from the Executive and Advisory Councils of the Provisional Government of Hawaii and 18 delegates elected by those who were eligible to do so. While based on the American system of government, there were several notable changes.


1894 Constitution of the Republic of Hawaii, Preparations for the constitutional convention
When it was obvious that annexation to the United States would not be immediate, the Provisional Government decided to end their temporary form of government and establish a more permanent system of government. A resolution to elect a constitutional convention to draft a permanent constitution passed the Provisional Government on February 15, 1894, who appointed a committee to draft a law for it. That committee came back with a draft on March 8, which was passed into law a week later on March 15.


1894 Constitution of the Republic of Hawaii, Preparations for the constitutional convention
The election was set for May 2, 1894. The method of election was changed from those of previous ones in Hawaii: each voter had as many votes as delegates his district were to choose, and could split them however they wish. Voters were required to be male and at least twenty years old, to have lived in Hawaii for at least a year and be a registered voter, to swear allegiance to the Provisional Government, to be "of Hawaiian, American or European birth or descent", and to have paid their taxes for 1893. Those who had not paid their taxes or resided in Hawaii for the required time could still vote, though, if they could prove they were soldiers, militiamen, or policemen on January 1, 1894.


1894 Constitution of the Republic of Hawaii, Preparations for the constitutional convention
Some supporters of the Provisional Government, not to mention supporters of the Kingdom of Hawaii, opposed the allocation of delegates since it ensured members of the government would always have a majority. That opposition did not prompt any changes in the apportionment of delegates. Clubs supportive of annexation combined to form an American Union Party, which requested government endorsement but was denied as in their view it would be "impolitic".


1894 Constitution of the Republic of Hawaii, Preparations for the constitutional convention
The government also encouraged Native Hawaiians to register, and asked Albert S. Willis, the ambassador of the United States to Hawaii, to issue a statement that the monarchy was over; he refused because he stated he did not have the authority to do so. Portuguese on the islands were also enticed to vote by the promise that the oath to the Provisional Government would not affect their status as Portuguese citizens. In April 1894 the Provisional Government began to prepare a draft for the convention to consider when writing the final document.


1894 Constitution of the Republic of Hawaii, Preparations for the constitutional convention
Eight to twelve people from Honolulu advised them, and Lorrin A. Thurston, Hawaiian minister to the US at the time, also sent in his thoughts on the matter. They also received many proposals from the United States, but discarded most of them because they did not consider them "in line with existing circumstances".


1894 Constitution of the Republic of Hawaii, Preparations for the constitutional convention
There was some competition, but no organized opposition parties, in the election. Against the wishes of the administration that government officials not be nominated, a judge was nominated in a Honolulu district, while another campaigned for the constitution to be ratified by popular vote, not just by the convention. A little more than four thousand people were reported to be registered, less than half the number of those registered for the preceding one. On the day of the election, 2,904 people voted, about three-quarters of those registered and 2.9 percent of the whole population of the islands. While people from many countries with many political views were elected, none were opposed to annexation.


1894 Constitution of the Republic of Hawaii, The convention
The convention opened at 11 AM on May 30, 1894, at the legislative hall in the Judiciary Building. President Sanford B. Dole gave the opening address, in which he declared that the monarchy had come to its end by attempting to deprive the people of their rights. He also reminded the delegates that they had a "difficult and delicate...duty...to perform. ", as the people of Hawaii came from many countries and were "without a common origin, religion or purpose". He stated voting was a duty, not a right, which only intelligent people could perform well, and recommended that only people who owned a certain amount of property should be allowed to vote, as in his view this would reflect intelligence.


1894 Constitution of the Republic of Hawaii, The convention
After settling a dispute over whether one of its members had been lawfully elected, the Convention decided upon how it was to approve the constitution: there would be two readings, in each of which the constitution would be considered article by article. Later a third reading was added "for purposes of revision only."


1894 Constitution of the Republic of Hawaii, The convention
The first thirteen articles, relating to the rights of the people, were mostly passed by unanimous consent, but a clause banning advocacy for restoring the monarchy, violently overthrowing the government, or invading the country, was shot down and replaced by a clause banning "the publication or public utterance of seditious or indecent language". A section allowing the government to make laws for the "registration, supervision, control and identification of all persons or of any class or nationality of persons" was placed in the very first article. At the second reading it was decided that the government should have the right to appeal acquittals in criminal cases, but later it was repealed.


1894 Constitution of the Republic of Hawaii, The convention
The question of who could vote and be a citizen hung over the convention. The draft allowed people who had lived in Hawaii for a year, spoke English, come from a country "with express treaty stipulations with the Republic of Hawaii concerning naturalization", had a way to support themselves, owned $200, and swore an oath of loyalty to the Republic of Hawaii to be naturalized. After much debate between those who favored one and three years of residence in Hawaii to qualify for citizenship, a compromise at two years of residence was carried by one vote.


1894 Constitution of the Republic of Hawaii, The convention
The requirement for the naturalized person to come from a nation with treaty relations with the Republic of Hawaii led the Chinese population of the islands, whose government did not have a treaty with Hawaii, to petition the convention twice requesting equal rights, as well as the Japanese consul on Hawaii to demand equal rights of suffrage for his people, but the convention did not amend this clause. In fact, there were no countries in the world who had signed a naturalization treaty with Hawaii, but the problem was solved with the mechanism of "denization".


1894 Cork Senior Football Championship
The 1894 Cork Senior Football Championship was the eighth staging of the Cork Senior Football Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887.


1894 Cork Senior Football Championship
Nils won the championship following a 1-13 to 0-01 defeat of Kinsale Blacks & Whites in the final. This was their first ever championship title.


1894 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
The 1894 Cork Senior Hurling Championship was the eighth staging of the Cork Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887.


1894 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
On 2 September 1894, Blackrock won the championship following a 1-5 to 0-2 defeat of Blarney in the final. This was their fifth championship title and their second title in succession.


1894 Cornell Big Red football team
The 1894 Cornell Big Red football team was an American football team that represented Cornell University during the 1894 college football season. In their first season under head coach Marshall Newell, the Big Red compiled a 6–4–1 record and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 178 to 58. Pop Warner was the team's captain.


1894 Cornell Big Red football team, Game summaries, Michigan
On November 24, Cornell lost to Michigan, 12–4. The result was the first victory by a Michigan football team against one of the elite Eastern football teams, and "the Michigan men went wild" as blue and yellow were "all the colors that could be seen." The Detroit Free Press filled its front page with a lengthy account of the game under the headline, "GLORIOUS! ", and proclaimed the start of "halcyon days at the university" and opined that "the day of logy teams, slow signalling and dumb playing at the university are but pages in history now."


1894 Cornell Big Red football team, Game summaries, Michigan
The Free Press predicted that the victory would mark a turning point in the popularity of football in the West, such that "it will become the only acknowledged game of the fall, and its devotees will outnumber those of any other game." The University of Michigan yearbook, The Palladium, wrote: "The enthusiasm of that day at Detroit transformed our foot ball team from the practically 'backwoods' organization that they were to skillful, scientific players of the great American game of foot ball. Let the good work go on."


1894 Costa Rican general election
The 1894 Costa Rican general election was held between 4 and 6 of February (first degree) and 1 April of that year (second degree). The election was quite controversial due to the questionable practices from the government of José Joaquín Rodríguez Zeledón who supported his son-in-law Rafael Yglesias using all sorts of measures to assure his victory, going as far as to even arrest his main rival.


1894 Costa Rican general election
In the previous election Rodríguez won thanks to the endorsement of the Catholic Church and the up to that point marginalized conservatives over liberal and freemason Ascensión Esquivel Ibarra. However, the intent of the then liberal government of Bernardo Soto Alfaro of almost reject the results and appoint Esquivel anyway almost caused a Catholic uprising. Ironically, this date is commemorated in Costa Rica as "Democracy's Day".


1894 Costa Rican general election
After the victory, Rodríguez' party, the Constitutional Party broke away forming two new parties; the ultra-Catholic, conservative and anti-Masonic Catholic Union led by Costa Rican bishop of German origin Bernard Thiel, and the loosely liberal Civil Party led by Rodriguez' son-in-law Yglesias. Rodriguez used all sorts of pressures and trick against Trejos, pressuring the Electoral College (as at the time Costa Rican elections were indirect) and forcing the results in favor of his relative. Soon after Yglesia's victory the Constitution was amended forbidding the existence of religious-based parties, thus making Catholic Union illegal.


1894 County Championship
The 1894 County Championship was the fifth officially organised running of the County Championship, and ran from 14 May to 30 August 1894. Surrey reclaimed the title that Yorkshire had taken from them the previous season.


1894 Crescent Athletic Club football team
The 1894 Crescent Athletic Club football team was an American football team that represented the Crescent Athletic Club in the American Football Union (AFU) during the 1894 college football season. The team played its home games at Eastern Park in Brooklyn and compiled a 2–7 record. Harry Beecher was the official coach of the team, assisted by Duncan Edwards, Wyllys Terry, William H. Ford, and William Bull. George B. Pratt, formerly of Amherst College, was the team captain.


1894 Currie Cup
The 1894 Currie Cup was the second edition of the Currie Cup, the premier domestic rugby union competition in South Africa.


1894 Currie Cup
The tournament was won by  Western Province for the second time, who won three of their matches in the competition and drew the fourth.


1894 Dartmouth football team
The 1894 Dartmouth football team represented Dartmouth College in the 1894 college football season.


1894 Delaware gubernatorial election
The 1894 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1894. Incumbent Democratic Governor Robert J. Reynolds was barred from seeking a second term. Sussex County Clerk of the Peace Ebe W. Tunnell won the Democratic nomination to succeed Reynolds and faced businessman Joshua H. Marvil, the Republican nominee, in the general election. Though the Republican Party had long been dormant in the state, it had almost won the 1890 gubernatorial election. This year, Marvil narrowly defeated Tunnell, becoming the first Republican to win a gubernatorial election since 1862. However, Marvil's term as Governor did not last long; he died on April 8, 1895, elevating State Senate President William T. Watson to the governorship. Tunnell would later go on to be elected Governor in 1896.


1894 Drake Bulldogs football team
The 1894 Drake Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented Drake University as an independent during the 1894 college football season. In its first and only season under head coach W. W. Wharton, the team compiled a 2–2 record and was outscored by a total of 48 to 34.


1894 Drexel Dragons football team
The 1894 Drexel Dragons football team represented the Drexel Institute of Technology (renamed Drexel University in 1970) as an independent during the 1894 college football season. The team did not have a head coach.


1894 Drexel Dragons football team
In either the team's first exhibition game against Penn freshman, or the regular season game against Hamilton School (there are conflicting reports), Knight, playing at fullback, suffered a fractured skull which killed him. This is one of the earliest recorded deaths of an American football player due to injuries sustained during a game.


1894 Dutch general election
General elections were held in the Netherlands on 10 April 1894. The Liberal Union remained the largest party, winning 57 of the 100 seats in the House of Representatives.


1894 Edinburgh Corporation election
An Election to the Edinburgh Corporation was held on 6 November 1894, alongside municipal elections across Scotland, and the wider British local elections. Elections took place in 5 of the cities 13 wards, with candidates in the remaining 8 being returned unopposed. A candidate, Thomas Blake, had intended to run against incumbent Lord Provost James Russell in St Cuthbert's Ward; however, due to a mistake at the nomination, Blake could not be accepted as a candidate.


1894 Edinburgh Corporation election
Following the election the balance of power on the Corporation remained unchanged, divided between 21 Unionists and 20 Liberals. The composition, combined with a number of Liberals pledging to oppose the re-election of the Liberal Lord Provost James Russell, saw Russell replaced as Lord Provost with the Unionist candidate; Sir Andrew McDonald.


1894 Edinburgh Corporation election
Turnout in the contested wards was 12,145 out of a total electorate of 18,741 (64.80%).


1894 Edmonton municipal election
The 1894 Edmonton municipal election was held January 2, 1894 to elect the town council, consisting of a mayor and six aldermen, each elected for a one-year term.


1894 Edmonton municipal election, Voter turnout
Voter turnout was 175 out of 240 eligible voters, or 72.9%.


1894 English cricket season
1894 was the fifth season of County Championship cricket in England. The championship culminated in a close battle between Surrey and the 1893 champions Yorkshire. Before the round of 23 August, the two teams were tied on 10 points, with one match left to play and all other teams out of contention. Yorkshire travelled to Taunton to play Somerset and, after the first day was rained off, Somerset had to bat on a rain-affected pitch.


1894 English cricket season
George Hirst took seven for 32 as Somerset were dismissed for 99, but Yorkshire never got the chance to reply as the third day was rained off. Meanwhile, at Hove, Surrey's Tom Richardson and Bill Lockwood bowling Sussex out for 44 and 109 to secure victory by an innings and 15 runs, giving Surrey their fourth official title.


1894 English cricket season
Although the term had been in common usage for many years, there was no clear understanding of what constituted first-class cricket. The issue was addressed in a meeting at Lord's in May and the official definition was applied from the beginning of the 1895 season.


1894 European Figure Skating Championships
The 1894 European Figure Skating Championships were held on January 28th in Vienna, Austria. Elite figure skaters competed for the title of European Champion in the category of men's singles. The competitors performed only compulsory figures.


1894 European Rowing Championships
The 1894 European Rowing Championships were rowing championships held on the Saône in the French city Mâcon on 16 September. The competition was for men only, and the regatta had four boat classes (M1x, M2+, M4+, M8+). This was the second edition of the European Rowing Championships and the first time that the coxed pair boat class was included.


1894 European Rowing Championships
At the FISA Congress held on 15 September, five federations were represented.


1894 European Rowing Championships, Event schedule
FISA, the International Rowing Federation, had been founded in 1892 and one of the motivations for having the body is to standardise the rules of racing which varied greatly, even within countries. Race distances were variable. The 1894 European Rowing Championships were raced over a 2000 m distance for all four boat classes; it just so happened that the available straight on the Saône allowed for this race distance. Nevertheless, this became the standard race distance and the 1894 Championships are credited with having set this distance.


1894 European Rowing Championships, Event schedule
Four races took place on 16 September 1896. As only four teams competed, no heats had to be rowed. The teams represented France, Italy and Belgium. In addition, there was a team from Trieste. That city had only just (in 1891) lost its status as a free port and belonged to the Austria-Hungarian Empire. Contemporary sources list Trieste as being represented rather than Austria-Hungary. A rowing union had formed in Trieste and the decision had been made to send a coxed four to France. There were four rowing clubs competing for the honour to represent the port city. Three regattas were held during August that were all won by the team from Ginnastica.


1894 FA Cup Final
The 1894 FA Cup Final was contested by Notts County and Bolton Wanderers at Goodison Park. Notts County won 4–1, with goals by James Logan (3) and Arthur Watson. Jim Cassidy scored for Bolton. Notts County became the first team from outside the top flight to win the FA Cup.


1894 Forfarshire by-election
The Forfarshire by-election, 1894 was a parliamentary by-election held for the British House of Commons constituency of Forfarshire, Scotland on 17 November 1894. The result was a gain by the  Liberal Unionists from the Liberal Party.


1894 Forfarshire by-election, Background
Traditionally, Forfarshire had elected Liberals to the Commons, but in 1886 the sitting MP J W Barclay had defected to the Liberal Unionist Party. John Rigby, previously member for Wisbech in Cambridgeshire, England, was chosen by the Liberals as their candidate at the 1892 general election. Although a stranger to Scottish politics, Rigby won the seat in the Liberal interest by a majority of 866 votes. Following his appointment as Attorney General for England and Wales, he was obliged to seek re-election, and was returned unopposed in August 1892.


1894 Forfarshire by-election, Background
The seat became vacant when Rigby was appointed a Lord Justice of Appeal on 19 October 1894.


1894 Forfarshire by-election, The campaign and candidates
The electorate of the constituency was approximately 12,000. The towns of the county were very diverse socially: the burghs of Broughty Ferry, Carnoustie and Monifieth were largely suburbs of the City of Dundee. They contained large numbers of wealthy manufacturers and merchants, as well as working class voters engaged in the fishing, chemical, boot-making and textile industries. Kirriemuir, at the north of the constituency, was regarded as Radical: in the past Chartism had been strong among the weavers of the town. In the east were fishing villages.


1894 Forfarshire by-election, The campaign and candidates
In the rural parts of the county the farmers were considered to be almost exclusively Unionist voters. The most important voting bloc, numbering about 3,000, were the farm servants. They were regarded as being "singularly shrewd, well-informed and independent politicians".


1894 Forfarshire by-election, The campaign and candidates
The Liberals chose Henry Robson to defend the seat. Robson, although Scottish born, had made his living as a stockbroker in London. The choice of the "stranger", Robson, rather than the popular Dundee merchant, Martin White, was resented locally. The Unionists, by contrast, chose a local landowner, the Honorable Charles Maule Ramsay. Ramsay was the younger brother of the late Earl of Dalhousie, who had sat as a Liberal MP for Liverpool.


1894 Forfarshire by-election, The campaign and candidates
As the campaign went on, it became clear that the votes of the agricultural labourers would prove crucial. Sir John Rigby had proved popular with them as he promised to campaign for a half-holiday a week for ploughmen. However, he had not lived up to their expectations, instead concerning himself with the Home Rule question at Westminster. When he vacated his seat to take up a judicial appointment he was accused of neglecting his constituents, and simply using his parliamentary seat as a stepping stone in his career. This perceived slight, and the imposition of an outside candidate saw a big swing in the agricultural vote towards Ramsay.


1894 Forfarshire by-election, Results
Ramsay was elected by a majority of 288 votes. The size of the majority was unexpected and caused jubilation among the Unionists and despair among the Liberals. It was felt that where the Unionists had been highly organised, the Liberals had been lax in their campaigning.


1894 Forfarshire by-election, Results
The Unionist victory was short-lived, however. At the general election held in the following year, the Liberals learned from their mistakes. The preferred local candidate, Martin White, was this time selected, and the seat regained by the party.


1894 Geneva Covenanters football team
The 1894 Geneva Covenanters football team was an American football team that represented Geneva College as an independent during the 1894 college football season. Led by fifth-year head coach William McCracken, Geneva compiled a record of 5–1.


1894 Georgetown football team
The 1894 Georgetown Hoyas football team represented the Georgetown University during the 1894 college football season. Georgetown finished the season with a 4–5 record. Bob Carmody served as player-coach. They played home games at Georgetown Field. During the final game against Columbia AC, Shorty Bahen was seriously injured and left partially paralyzed. He died from his injuries four months later. Georgetown disbanded its football team for three years as a result. When the team reformed in 1898, only collegiate opponents were permitted.


1894 Georgia Bulldogs football team
The 1894 Georgia Bulldogs football team represented the Georgia Bulldogs of the University of Georgia in the 1894 college football season and completed the year with a 5–1–record. In 1894, the Bulldogs played their first game against South Carolina, won 40–0, and started a rivalry that continues to the present day. Georgia also secured its first victory over Auburn. This was the team's one and only season under the guidance of head coach Robert Winston. Winston was the first paid coach for the Bulldogs.


1894 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Additional sources
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1894 Georgia Tech football team
The 1894 Georgia Tech football team represented the Georgia Institute of Technology during the 1894 college football season. It was the team's third ever season.


1894 Grand National
The 1894 Grand National was the 56th renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 30 March 1894.


1894 Greensburg Athletic Association season
The 1894 Greensburg Athletic Association season was their fifth season in existence. The team finished 6–1–1.


1894 Grenfell colonial election re-count
In October 1894 the Elections and Qualifications Committee conducted a re-count of the 1894 Grenfell election, in which George Greene (Free Trade) had been declared elected by a margin of 2 votes over Michael Loughnane (Labour). The Elections and Qualifications Committee consisted of 9 members, 5 Free Trade (Thomas Bavister, William McMillan, Philip Morton, Varney Parkes and Bernhard Wise) and four Protectionist (Paddy Crick, James Gormly, James Hayes, and Francis Wright).


1894 Grenfell colonial election re-count
The committee declared that George Greene (Free Trade) had not been elected the member for Grenfell, however no by-election was conducted. Instead instead the committee declared that Michael Loughnane (Labour) based on its own count of the result.


1894 Grenfell colonial election re-count, Aftermath
This was the 6th and final occasion on which the Elections and Qualifications Committee overturned the result of an election without ordering a fresh election. A public meeting at Grenfell expressed indignation at the unfairness of the decision. The meeting called for the abolition of the parliamentary Elections and Qualifications Committee and its replacement by a tribunal outside of parliament. The committee continued however until 1928 when the Court of Disputed Returns was established as a special jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.


1894 Grenfell colonial election re-count, Aftermath
Michael Loughnane only held the seat for 8 months, as he did not stand for the 1895 Grenfell election and George Greene regained the seat.


1894 Hampden–Sydney Tigers football team
The 1894 Hampden–Sydney football team represented Hampden–Sydney College during the 1894 college football season. In their only game of the 1894 season, Hampden–Sydney beat the then-unnicknamed William & Mary for their football program's first ever win.


1894 Harrow on the Hill Urban District Council election
The 1894 Harrow on the Hill Urban District Council election took place in December 1894 to elect members of Harrow on the Hill Urban District Council in London, England. The council had been created under the Local Government Act 1894, and the whole council was up for election.


1894 Hartley colonial by-election
A by-election for the seat of Hartley in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly was held on 14 August 1894 because Joseph Cook had been appointed Postmaster General in the Reid ministry. Such ministerial by-elections were usually uncontested and four ministers were re-elected unopposed, James Brunker (East Maitland), Joseph Carruthers (St George), Jacob Garrard (Sherbrooke) and James Young (The Manning). A poll was required in Bathurst (Sydney Smith), Hartley, Singleton (Albert Gould) and Sydney-King (George Reid) however all were comfortably re-elected.


1894 Hartley colonial by-election, Background
Cook was one of 35 Labour members elected at the 1891 New South Wales colonial election and was the leader of the Parliamentary Labour Party from 1893. The party was divided on the question of free trade or protectionism, with Cook on the side of free trade, but increasingly at odds with the party. The party decided that members must sign a "pledge" to be bound by decisions of the Caucus and Cook was the leader of those parliamentarians who refused to sign, contesting the 1894 election as an Independent Labour candidate. Cook's decision, immediately after the election, to join the Free Trade ministry under George Reid was seen as an opportunistic act which saw Cook labeled as a class traitor.


1894 Harvard Crimson football team
The 1894 Harvard Crimson football team represented Harvard University in the 1894 college football season. The team finished with an 11–2 record under first-year head coach William A. Brooks. The team won its first 11 games by a combined total of 326 to 16, but lost the final two games to Yale (4–12) and Penn (4–18).


1894 Hendon Rural District Council election
The 1894 Hendon Rural District Council election took place in December 1894 to elect members of Hendon Rural District Council in London, England. The council had been created under the Local Government Act 1894, and the whole council was up for election.


1894 Hillsdale Dales football team
The 1894 Hillsdale Dales football team was an American football team that represented Hillsdale College in the 1894 college football season. The Dales compiled a 3–3 record overall with a 1–2 mark in the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MIAA) and outscored their opponents 158 to 58.


1894 Home Nations Championship
The 1894 Home Nations Championship was the twelfth series of the rugby union Home Nations Championship. Six matches were played between 6 January and 17 March. It was contested by England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales.


1894 Home Nations Championship, Results, Scoring system
The matches for this season were decided on points scored. A try was worth three points, while converting a kicked goal from the try gave an additional two points. A dropped goal and a goal from mark were both worth four points. Penalty goals were worth three points.


1894 Home Nations Championship, The matches, England vs. Wales
England: JF Byrne (Moseley), F Firth (Halifax), Charles Hooper (Middlesex Wands. ), S Morfitt (West Hartlepool), R E Lockwood (Heckmondwike) capt., EW Taylor (Rockcliff), Cyril Wells (Harlequins), F Soane (Bath), J Hall (North Durham), J Toothill (Bradford), H Bradshaw (Bramley), T Broadley (Bingley), Harry Speed (Castleford), William Eldon Tucker (Cambridge U. ), Alfred Allport (Blackheath)


1894 Home Nations Championship, The matches, England vs. Wales
Wales: Billy Bancroft (Swansea), Norman Biggs (Cardiff), William McCutcheon (Oldham), Arthur Gould (Newport) capt., Conway Rees (Llanelli), Percy Phillips (Newport), Fred Parfitt (Newport), Frank Mills (Swansea), Charles Nicholl (Llanelli), David Daniel (Llanelli), Jim Hannan (Newport), Frank Hill (Cardiff), Arthur Boucher (Newport), Tom Graham (Newport), Wallace Watts (Newport)


1894 Home Nations Championship, The matches, England vs. Ireland
England: JF Byrne (Moseley), F Firth (Halifax), Charles Hooper (Middlesex Wands. ), S Morfitt (West Hartlepool), R E Lockwood (Heckmondwike) capt., EW Taylor (Rockcliff), R Wood (Liversedge RFC), F Soane (Bath), J Hall (North Durham), J Toothill (Bradford), H Bradshaw (Bramley), T Broadley (Bingley), Harry Speed (Castleford), William Eldon Tucker (Cambridge U. ), Alfred Allport (Blackheath)


1894 Home Nations Championship, The matches, England vs. Ireland
Ireland: W Sparrow (Dublin U. ), HG Wells (Bective Rangers), S Lee (NIFC), W Gardiner (NIFC), Lucius Gwynn (Dublin U. ), WS Brown (Dublin U. ), Benjamin Tuke (Bective Rangers), JN Lytle (NIFC), EG Forrest (Wanderers) capt., H Lindsay (Dublin U. ), Thomas Crean (Wanderers), G Walmsley (Bective Rangers), JH O'Conor (Bective Rangers), CV Rooke (Dublin U. ), JH Lytle (NIFC)


1894 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Wales vs. Scotland
Wales: Billy Bancroft (Swansea), William Llewellyn Thomas (Newport), Tom Pearson (Oldham), Arthur Gould (Newport) capt., Dai Fitzgerald (Cardiff), Percy Phillips (Newport), Fred Parfitt (Newport), Frank Mills (Swansea), Charles Nicholl (Llanelli), David Daniel (Llanelli), Jim Hannan (Newport), Frank Hill (Cardiff), Harry Day (Newport), Tom Graham (Newport), Wallace Watts (Newport)


1894 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Wales vs. Scotland
Scotland: J Rogerson (Kelvinside Acads. ), GT Campbell (London Scottish), Gregor MacGregor  (London Scottish) capt., James Gowans (Cambridge U. ), Henry Gedge (London Scottish), JW Simpson (Royal HSFP), William Wotherspoon (West of Scotland), HF Menzies (West of Scotland), JB Wright (Watsonians), WMC McEwan (Edinburgh Acads), A Dalgleish (Gala), WR Gibson (Royal HSFP), WB Cownie (Watsonians), GT Neilson (West of Scotland), Robert MacMillan (London Scottish)


1894 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Ireland vs. Scotland
Ireland: PJ Grant (Bective Rangers), HG Wells (Bective Rangers), S Lee (NIFC), W Gardiner (NIFC), Lucius Gwynn (Dublin U. ), WS Brown (Dublin U. ), Benjamin Tuke (Bective Rangers), JN Lytle (NIFC), EG Forrest (Wanderers) capt., H Lindsay (Dublin U. ), Thomas Crean (Wanderers), ATW Bond (Derry), JH O'Conor (Bective Rangers), CV Rooke (Dublin U. ), JH Lytle (NIFC)


1894 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Ireland vs. Scotland
Scotland: AWC Cameron (Watsonians), GT Campbell (London Scottish), Gregor MacGregor  (London Scottish), William Wotherspoon (West of Scotland), HTS Gedge (London Scottish), JW Simpson (Royal HSFP), WP Donaldson (Oxford U. ), HTO Leggatt (Watsonians), JD Boswell (West of Scotland) capt., AH Anderson (Glasgow Acads), A Dagleish (Gala), WR Gibson (Royal HSFP), WB Cownie (Watsonians), GT Nielson (West of Scotland), Robert MacMillan (London Scottish)


1894 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Scotland vs. England
Scotland: Gregor MacGregor  (London Scottish), James Gowans (Cambridge U. ), Willie Neilson (Cambridge U. ), GT Campbell (London Scottish), HTS Gedge (London Scottish), JW Simpson (Royal HSFP), William Wotherspoon (West of Scotland), HTO Leggatt (Watsonians), JD Boswell (West of Scotland) capt., WMC McEwan (Edinburgh Acads), HF Menzies (West of Scotland), WR Gibson (Royal HSFP), WB Cownie (Watsonians), WG Nielson (Merchiston Castle), Robert MacMillan (London Scottish)


1894 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Scotland vs. England
England: JF Byrne (Moseley), F Firth (Halifax), Charles Hooper (Middlesex Wands. ), S Morfitt (West Hartlepool), Walter Jesse Jackson (Halifax), EW Taylor (Rockcliff) capt., Cyril Wells (Harlequins), F Soane (Bath), J Hall (North Durham), William Walton (Castleford), H Bradshaw (Bramley), T Broadley (Bingley), Harry Speed (Castleford), Albert Elliott (St. Thomas' Hosp. ), Alfred Allport (Blackheath)


1894 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Ireland vs. Wales
Ireland: PJ Grant (Bective Rangers), R Dunlop (NIFC), S Lee (NIFC), W Gardiner (NIFC), Lucius Gwynn (Dublin U. ), WS Brown (Dublin U. ), Benjamin Tuke (Bective Rangers), JN Lytle (NIFC), JH Lytle (NIFC), EG Forrest (Wanderers) capt., H Lindsay (Dublin U. ), Thomas Crean (Wanderers), ATW Bond (Derry), JH O'Conor (Bective Rangers), CV Rooke (Dublin U.)


1894 Home Nations Championship, The matches, Ireland vs. Wales
Wales: Billy Bancroft (Swansea), Norman Biggs (Cardiff), Tom Pearson (Oldham), Jack Elliott (Cardiff), Dai Fitzgerald (Cardiff), Ralph Sweet-Escott (Cardiff), Fred Parfitt (Newport), Frank Mills (Swansea), Fred Hutchinson (Neath), David Daniel (Llanelli), Jim Hannan (Newport), Frank Hill (Cardiff) capt., Harry Day (Newport), David Nicholl (Llanelli), Wallace Watts (Newport)


1894 Honduran presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Honduras in December 1894. Policarpo Bonilla was elected with over 98% of the vote.


1894 Honduran presidential election, Background
Domingo Vásquez had been elected president in September 1893. However, in December, forces led by Liberal Party founder Policarpo Bonilla invaded from Nicaragua with support from Nicaraguan president José Santos Zelaya. Bonilla set up a new government in Los Amates on 24 December, which was recognised by Zelaya the following day. Following a siege of several weeks, Bonilla's forces took the capital Tegucigalpa on 22 February 1894 and he was appointed president.


1894 Honduran presidential election, Background
In April Bonilla called Constituent Assembly elections, which were held in June. The newly elected Assembly met on 1 July and drafted a new constitution. Although women's suffrage was supported by three deputies, it did not appear in the final constitution. The new constitution was promulgated on 14 October. It prohibited presidents from seeking re-election and provided for the direct election of Supreme Court judges.


1894 Hong Kong plague
The 1894 Hong Kong plague, part of the third plague pandemic, was a major outbreak of the bubonic plague in Hong Kong. While the plague was harshest in 1894, it returned annually between 1895 and 1929, and killed over 20,000 in total, with a fatality rate of more than 93%. The plague was a major turning point in the history of colonial Hong Kong, as it forced the colonial government to reexamine its policy towards the Chinese community, and invest in the wellbeing of the Chinese.


1894 Hong Kong plague, Origins
It is thought that the pandemic originated from Yunnan, China, which saw an outbreak as early as 1792, in 1855 and again in 1866–7. An outbreak in neighboring city of Guangzhou from January 1894 onwards killed 80,000. From March 1894, British scientists and doctors in Hong Kong became aware of the outbreak in China. By the end of April, the government in Hong Kong requested Dr. Alexander Rennie, the consular surgeon for Canton, to report on the disease. Rennie identified it as the bubonic plague, but said it would not be not particularly contagious except to those living in filth, poor ventilation, and with a poor water supply.


1894 Hong Kong plague, Origins
The spread to Hong Kong from Guangdong was accelerated by the unrestricted movement of workers and boats into Hong Kong. The outbreak also coincided with the replacement of junks with steamships, which made travel between infected ports faster and more convenient, and the return of Chinese celebrating Qingming Festival from Guangzhou to Hong Kong. On March 2, 1894, a large Chinese procession was held in Hong Kong, which involved the arrival of 40,000 laborers from Canton.


1894 Hong Kong plague, Origins, Living conditions of the Chinese
The Chinese-majority Taipingshan district, where the first cases appeared, was characterized by having poor ventilation, drainage and sanitary services, and was overcrowded.


1894 Hong Kong plague, Origins, Living conditions of the Chinese
In 1880, Colonial Surgeon Dr. Philip Burnard Chenery Ayres reported that, while he was investigating the sanitary conditions of the Chinese, "many and many a time have I come out of the houses to vomit in the street, in spite of using strong scents and essences to prevent it," and he warned that "while this state of things continues we stand in danger of being visited at any moment by some fearful epidemic, and I do not think the most advanced sanitary authority at home would combat this opinion."


1894 Hong Kong plague, Origins, Living conditions of the Chinese
In 1881, Royal Commissioner Osbert Chadwick was sent to Hong Kong to investigate the sanitation situation of Hong Kong. Chadwick proposed improvements on drainage, water supply and night soil removal system, which he hoped to be implemented "without waiting for the necessity to be demonstrated by the irresistible logic of a severe epidemic." His recommendations were not acted upon on, save for the establishment of the Sanitary Board.


1894 Hong Kong plague, Origins, Living conditions of the Chinese
The summer of 1894 saw Hong Kong suffering from a dry spell, which did not wash away the usual house refuse accumulating on the streets. This helped the growth of rats and fleas, and was thought to have accelerated the spread of the plague.


1894 Hong Kong plague, Spread in Hong Kong
The first case was discovered by Scottish doctor James Alfred Lowson, acting superintendent of the Government Civil Hospital, on May 8, 1894. The patient, named "A. Hung", was a ward boy, presumably working in the Government Civil Hospital. "A. Hung" died 5 days later. On May 10, 1894, the city was declared an infected port. On the same day, a Sanitary Board meeting was convened. The Sanitary Board was headed by James Stewart Lockhart. At the meeting, Lowson argued for a strong quarantine policy, including the removal of Chinese from their houses. Some on the Board, including Dr. Kai Ho, expressed concerns that the policy would offend the Chinese, and that the Chinese would refuse to comply to such government policies. The Sanitary Board opted to follow the advice of Lowson.


1894 Hong Kong plague, Spread in Hong Kong
On May 12, a Permanent Committee was formed to enforce quarantine measures. The committee was chaired by J. J. Francis and included Captains-superintendent Francis Henry May and Ayres. Lowson was given de facto charge to contain and combat the plague.


1894 Hong Kong plague, Spread in Hong Kong, The Whitewash Brigade
On May 11, legislation was passed to make the reporting of cases compulsory, and to allow authorities to enter houses to search for and remove infected persons for isolation. House-to-house inspection and disinfection performed by the local garrison, the Shropshire Light Infantry. The inspection and disinfection team was known as the "Whitewash Brigade", consisting of around 300 men and 8 officers.


1894 Hong Kong plague, Spread in Hong Kong, The Whitewash Brigade
During an inspection, the occupants were given new clothes, and sent to temporary lodgings on Chinese boats anchored off Stonecutters Island or to government-hired buildings, including the Alice Memorial and Nethersole Hospitals. Their own clothes and fabrics in the house would be sent to a steam disinfecting station. The house was then sprayed with a solution of perchloride of mercury or fumigated by chlorine gas, the floor and furniture cleaned with Jeyes Fluid and the walls lime-washed ("whitewashing"). Household items suspected of being contaminated were burnt.


1894 Hong Kong plague, Spread in Hong Kong, The Whitewash Brigade
Members of the Shropshire regiment became the first Europeans to be affected by the plague. At least one officer died to the disease.


1894 Hong Kong plague, Spread in Hong Kong, Clashes with Chinese community
At the time, Chinese residents of Hong Kong had a deep mistrust for Western medical science, making the containment of the plague difficult. The distrust was exacerbated by ineffective treatment and highly intrusive policies by the colonial government. The Chinese would hide their sick from the authorities, and infected bodies would be thrown out at night to avoid detection. The western practice of using ice to cool down a fever was rejected by the Chinese, who viewed extreme cold as damaging to the body. The quick and hasty burials performed by the government, with the bodies covered in quicklime, were also offensive to the Chinese. In 1903, the government had to reimburse the cost of disinfected clothing to the Chinese, as they had disliked the smell of disinfectant.


1894 Hong Kong plague, Spread in Hong Kong, Clashes with Chinese community
The house-to-house inspection was especially resisted by the Chinese community. Chinese ladies were reluctantly to let strangers, let alone foreigners, enter their boudoirs. Rumors of British soldiers seeking to rape Chinese women arose. In one instance, on May 19, the Whitewash Brigade was pelted with stones, bricks and rubbish. In another instance, around 100 women, relatives of the deceased, organized a meeting at Tung Wah Hospital, where they wailed and cried against the community leaders and hospital administration.


1894 Hong Kong plague, Spread in Hong Kong, Clashes with Chinese community
The government responded to the meeting by forbidding searchers to enter Chinese households without permission, and by allowing patients to choose Chinese treatment in Chinese hospitals. Members of the Chinese community continued to petition Governor William Robinson to halt the cleansing operations completely, and to allow patients to travel to China to seek treatment. Robinson initially refused, but when compradors of major hongs threatened to have their staff leave their posts, Robinson allowed patients to travel to Guangzhou for treatment, and corpses to be transported there for burials. However, the whitewashing operations was to be continued.


1894 Hong Kong plague, Spread in Hong Kong, Clashes with Chinese community
As a result, an anti-government poster campaign was launched in Canton and Hong Kong. This inflamed more rumours against the English doctors, who were said to be making medicine with the bodies of plague victims. Robinson responded by moving the gunboat HMS Tweed to Taipingshan and offering a reward for information leading to the arrest of the poster distributors. Viceroy Li Hanzhang of Canton was also requested to make a statement to deny the rumours. However, these efforts proved ineffective in building trust between the Western and Chinese communities. Whitewashing could only continue after a great deal of persuasion and explanation by both the government and some esteemed members of the Chinese community. After a time, the operations were suspended.


1894 Hong Kong plague, Spread in Hong Kong, Temporary hospitals
Established hospitals around the major areas of outbreak would only accept suspected patients for observation. Once the symptoms of plagues appeared, they would be moved to specialized plague hospitals. The plague hospitals included a temporary hospital at the Kennedy Town Police Station (known as the "Kennedy Town Hospital", opened on May 14) and the hospital ship Hygeia (Chinese: 海之家), ran by staff of the Nethersole Hospital.


1894 Hong Kong plague, Spread in Hong Kong, Temporary hospitals
When patients were removed according to the policy from Tung Wah Hospital to Hygeia, violent protest erupted in the city. Tung Wah Hospital had been a reputable hospital in the Chinese community. It practiced Chinese medicine and was seen as a symbol of Chinese independence in a colonial city. Thus, the hospital came under fire from the Chinese community when they allowed patients to be transferred away to plague hospitals. At one point, doctors had to carry pistols to protect themselves.


1894 Hong Kong plague, Spread in Hong Kong, Temporary hospitals
The riots led to the establishment of a temporary plague hospital at Kennedy Town glass works, known as the "Glassworks Hospital" on May 21. This hospital would be manned by staff from the Tung Wah Hospital. The patients were offered a choice between the Glassworks Hospital and plague hospitals with European staff. The Chinese-majority patients overwhelmingly chose the Glassworks Hospital. The hospital quickly becoming overcrowded and sanitary conditions worsened. On June 8, another temporary hospital at an unfinished pig depot was also set up, known as the "Slaughterhouse Hospital", again manned by staff from Tung Wah Hospital, in hopes of relieving the situation at the Glassworks Hospital.


1894 Hong Kong plague, Spread in Hong Kong, Temporary hospitals
When the Chinese medicine offered by the Glassworks Hospital proved to be ineffective, and conditions of the hospital continued to worsen, it was closed down on June 16, and its patients were transferred to either Guangzhou or to the Slaughterhouse Hospital. Subsequently, a "New Glassworks Hospital" was set up at the site, this time staffed by European doctors from the Alice Memorial and Nethersole Hospitals. In July, a hospital was established in Lai Chi Kok near a graveyard but it did not receive any patients. This was attributed to the Chinese refusing to be admitted into the hospital as they felt "they were sure to die." Hygeia was later used only to house European, Eurasian and Japanese patients.


1894 Hong Kong plague, Spread in Hong Kong, Economic downturn
The plague saw a mass exodus of panic-stricken Chinese workers back to China, causing a significant economic downturn in the city. The North-China Herald noted that "it is not the plague they are flying from, as they are going to the nest at Canton from which [the plague] came to Hong Kong. They seem rather to be flying from the sanitary measures taken in Hong Kong." Some were seeking a proper burial on Chinese grounds. At the height of the plague, around 1,000 persons were leaving Hong Kong daily.


1894 Hong Kong plague, Spread in Hong Kong, Economic downturn
In May and June, it was estimated that 80,000 to 90,000 Chinese, out of a population of 200,000, left Hong Kong Island. Owners of hongs left for China, leaving the businesses to caretakers, slowing down the business operations. The colony suffered a severe labour shortage. Inflation followed, with prices of food items rising by 30 to 50 percent. As visitors to Hong Kong had to be quarantined, trade between Hong Kong and China was decimated. In June, Robinson reported to Secretary of State for the Colonies Lord Ripon that "without exaggeration I may assert that so far as tradeand commerce are concerned the plague has assumed the importance of an unexampled calamity."


1894 Hong Kong plague, Spread in Hong Kong, Land resumption
On May 31, a bylaw drawn up by the Sanitary Board allowed for the eviction and closure of houses deemed unfit for habitation. Houses on the streets of Kau Yu Fong (Chinese: 九如坊), Sin Hing Lee (Chinese: 善慶里), Nga Choi Hong (Chinese: 芽菜巷) and Mei Lun Lee (Chinese: 美侖里) were demolished, and a brick wall was erected surrounding those areas.


1894 Hong Kong plague, Spread in Hong Kong, Land resumption
In September, 1894, the Taipingshan Resumption Ordinance was passed, allowing the resumption of an area of about 10 acres in the Taipingshan district. The area accounted for 50 percent of the cases, and 385 houses in the area were destroyed. Around 7,000 inhabitants were displaced. The area was walled up, and guards were stationed to prevent residents from re-entry. This drastic measure called for, as described by Robinson, "the destruction and rebuilding of one tenth part of Hong Kong."


1894 Hong Kong plague, Spread in Hong Kong, Land resumption
Reconstruction began in the end of 1895 and lasted until 1898. Drainage systems were improved, and balconies were installed for better ventilation. An area was marked out for the construction of a Bacteriological Institute. A public park was also constructed. It was named Blake Garden after then-Governor Henry Arthur Blake. Today, a plaque stands at the park, commemorating the deadly epidemic.


1894 Hong Kong plague, Spread in Hong Kong, End of the 1894 plague
At the peak of the 1894 plague, admissions to hospital averaged at 80 a day, and death peaked at over 100 per day. Taipingshan was not the only area affected by the plague. Areas such as Bowrington (now between today's Wan Chai and Causeway Bay), Sai Ying Pun, Shek Tong Tsui and Kennedy Town saw more deaths than Taipingshan. Internationally, steamships from Hong Kong carried the bacillus to every major seaport in the world, including to India.


1894 Hong Kong plague, Spread in Hong Kong, End of the 1894 plague
The plague subsided with the arrival of cold weather, in the winter of 1894.


1894 Hong Kong plague, Spread in Hong Kong, Endemic
In 1895, only 44 cases were reported, but the plague returned strongly in 1896, affecting mostly Chinese in the Taipingshan district. Once again it subsided in winter, and returned almost annually thereafter. The plague lasted until 1929, when the last cases were recorded.


1894 Hong Kong plague, Spread in Hong Kong, Statistics
In total, between 1894 and 1929, there were over 24,000 cases with a mortality rate of over 90%. Between 1894 and 1923, there were 21,867 cases and 20,489 deaths, with a fatality rate of 93.7%. In 1894 there was no law to enforce the notification of deaths. Women suffered a higher mortality rate than men, most likely due to their role as the caretakers of the sick.


1894 Hong Kong plague, Investigation on the cause of the disease
At the beginning of the outbreak, the plague agent was unknown. Although the germ theory was gaining attention in the 1880s, the medical circle of United Kingdom was still deeply influenced by the miasma theory. For example, the decision by the colonial government to place patients on ships and to demolish houses were, in part, influenced by the miasma theory. Lowson speculated on the origins of the disease as "poison is probably developed from atmospheric conditions underneath houses in certain districts, and that it is caused simply by poverty and dirt. In the ordinary sense the disease is not infectious or contagious."


1894 Hong Kong plague, Investigation on the cause of the disease
The means of transmission, now known to be the Oriental rat flea, was also not ascertained. For several years, it had been widely accepted that infection was through the gastrointestinal tract via contaminated food. Before 1901, no efforts were made to remove rats and rat corpses as there was no consensus about their role in the transmission of the plague. In 1895, Lowson wrote that "the question of the infection of rats previous to the epidemic being noticed in human beings has been made too much of."


1894 Hong Kong plague, Investigation on the cause of the disease, Discovery of plague bacillus
On June 12, 1894, Japanese bacteriologist Kitasato Shibasaburō arrived in Hong Kong to investigate the plague. On June 14, Kitasato discovered that the bacillus, now known as Yersinia pestis, that was the direct cause of the plague. However, he was doubtful of its significance as the autopsy was done 11 hours after death. His finding was reported by Lowson, who had supported Kitasato's work, to The Lancet. His report was published a week later on August 25. Following Kitasato's discovery, Lowson reversed his position and adopted the germ theory.