1891 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Butler
In the second half, Pearson and Van Inwagen each scored two more touchdowns. Dygert kicked three goals. One of Butler's players was disqualified for slugging Michigan's quarterback, Roger Sherman. The disqualified player later came onto the field and interfered with Van Inwagen and refused to leave when directed to step back by one of the officials.


1891 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Butler
Michigan's starting lineup was Ralph Hayes (right end), Harry Mowrey (right tackle), Charles Thomas (right guard), Edward Dana Wickes (center), Berry (left guard), William Pearson (left tackle), Hiram Powers (left end), Roger Sherman (quarterback), James Van Inwagen (right halfback and captain), Frank Crawford (left halfback), and George Dygert (fullback).


1891 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Butler
One hour prior to the game, Michigan's trainer and assistant football coach, Mike Murphy, oversaw a series of foot races, including contests at 100 yards, 220 yards, and 440 yards.


1891 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Chicago University Club
On November 14, 1891, Michigan lost to the Chicago University Club. Although University of Michigan records reflect the score as 10-0, contemporaneous press accounts report the score as 20-0 with the Chicago club scoring four touchdowns and kicking two goals from touchdown. The Detroit Free Press reported: "After a hard fight, during which neither side scored until the second innings, the Chicago University team won the great foot ball match against the University of Michigan by 20 points to nothing. It was a gallant battle, the Michigan men contesting every inch gained by their opponents."


1891 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Chicago University Club
Michigan's lineup against the Chicago University Club was as follows: Hayes and Griffin (right end), Tupper (right tackle), Mowrey (right guard), Jefferis (center), Wickes (left guard), Pearson and Thomas (left tackle), Powers (left end), Roger Sherman (captain and quarterback), James Van Inwagen (right halfback), Rittenger (left halfback), George Dygert (fullback).


1891 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Cornell (Detroit)
The 1891 season included two games against Cornell, played in Detroit on November 21, 1891, and in Chicago on November 28, 1891. In the first game, played at D.A.C. Park, Cornell won by a lopsided score of 58-12. The Detroit Free Press reported that the game was played in the rain and, while the crowd of 2,300 persons was "made up of the best class of people including many ladies, the rain doubtless kept fully as many away who would have been on hand but for the thought that the game would be played in the mist and mud." Michigan's scoring came on touchdowns by Van Inwagen and Rittinger, and two successful goal kicks by Dygert.


1891 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Cornell (Detroit)
Despite the lopsided score of the first Cornell game, the Chicago Daily Tribune reported: "The Cornell-University of Michigan football at D.A.C. Park this afternoon was undoubtedly the finest exhibition of sport ever seen in Detroit. The game was one-sided, but was by no means a walkaway for the victors." Michigan coach, Mike Murphy, also saw some positive signs in Michigan's performance, as the Free Press reported: "Michigan has the greater weight on the rush line and with practice will be far stronger than at present. In fact Murphy is jubilant and thinks that next year he can hustle them all."


1891 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Cornell (Detroit)
Michigan's lineup in the first Cornell game was as follows: Southworth (left end), Pearson and Griffin (left tackle), Tupper (left guard), Jefferis (center), Wickes (right guard), Mowrey (right tackle), Hayes (right end), Sherman (quarterback), Rittinger (left halfback), Van Inwagen (right halfback), and Dygert (fullback).


1891 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Cleveland Athletic Club
On November 26, 1891, Michigan lost a mid-week road game against the Cleveland Athletic Club. The game was played at the Cleveland Athletic Club grounds in Cleveland. The Michigan team arrived in Cleveland at 8:30 a.m., and the game was played at 11:00 a.m. in front of a crowd estimated at 3,000 persons. The game was played on a slippery field described by the Detroit Free Press as follows: "A part of the field was covered by turf, but the greater part had been recently broken and rolled, and was in miserable condition.


1891 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Cleveland Athletic Club
Besides, there was about an inch or two of soft mud on top of frozen ground, making it very slippery." Cleveland took an 8-0 lead before Michigan's fullback, George Dygert, broke through for a touchdown in the second half. Cleveland won by a final score of 8-4. The Detroit Free Press attributed the loss to a strategic mistake by Michigan's captain: "A fatal mistake was made when Capt. Van Inwagen consented to play thirty-minute halves, instead of forty-five, for the Cleveland team was 'beefy' and did not have good wind. One of the Buckeye players, in particular, was stretched out on the ground nearly half of the time, merely to give his men time to recover their wind."


1891 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Cleveland Athletic Club
Michigan's starting lineup against Cleveland was as follows: Edward P. De Pont (left end), Harry Mowrey (left tackle) Virgil Tupper (left guard), Albert W. Jefferis (center), Charles Thomas (right guard), Willard W. Griffin (right tackle), Ralph Hayes (right end), Roger Sherman (quarterback), Charles F. Rittinger (right halfback), James Van Inwagen (captain and left halfback), and George Dygert (fullback).


1891 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Cornell (Chicago)
The final game was played on November 28, 1891, at the South Side Baseball Grounds in Chicago, with Cornell winning 10-0. The New York Times called it "one of the prettiest foot-ball games ever played in the West" and described the wintry conditions of the game: "The field was covered with a six-inch blanket of snow, the air was icy, and frosted feet and hands were among the thousands of spectators ... Three minutes after the game began the ball was covered with ice, but the dazzling white ground soon began to look as though a herd of elephants had been tramping on it."


1891 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Cornell (Chicago)
The Detroit Free Press reported that Michigan gave Cornell "a sharp tussle" and that six of Cornell's points "were scored on a fluke, the ball being fumbled on a pass back." Powers, left end; Mowrey, left tackle; Thomas, left guard; Jeffries, center; Tupper, right guard; Griffin, right tackle;Hayes, right end, Sherman, quarterback; Van Inwagen, left half; Riitenger, right half; Dygert, fullback.


1891 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Formation of the Western Intercollegiate Athletic Association
In April 1892, an athletic league, to include football, baseball, and track, was formed at Chicago between Michigan, the University of Wisconsin, the University of Minnesota, and Northwestern University. "The plans of the league are to have a series of base ball games in the spring, an inter-collegiate field day to be held in Chicago in June and a series of foot-ball games in the fall." The new athletic league, named the Western Intercollegiate Athletic Association, was later renamed the Big Ten Conference.


1891 Michigan Wolverines football team, Personnel, Varsity letter winners
The following 13 players were awarded varsity letters in football for the 1891 season, according to University of Michigan records.


1891 Michigan Wolverines football team, Personnel, Substitutes
The following players are recorded as substitutes for the 1891 football team, according to University of Michigan records.


1891 Mid Armagh by-election
The Mid Armagh by-election, 1891 was a parliamentary by-election held for the United Kingdom House of Commons constituency of Mid Armagh on 17 December 1891. The vacancy arose because of the death of the sitting member, Sir James Corry of the Irish Unionist Party.


1891 Mid Armagh by-election
Only one candidate was nominated, Dunbar Barton of the Irish Unionist Party, who was therefore elected unopposed. Barton remained as member for Mid Armagh until 1900, when he was appointed as a judge.


1891 Milwaukee Brewers season
The Milwaukee Brewers were an American baseball team. They were brought into the American Association from the Western League in August 1891 to replace the Cincinnati Kelly's Killers, who had ceased operations on August 17. In their only season as a major league team, they finished with a record of 21–15, finishing with a better winning percentage than all but two teams in the AA. After the season, the American Association itself folded, as did the Brewers.


1891 Milwaukee Brewers season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1891 Milwaukee Brewers season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1891 Milwaukee Brewers season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1891 Milwaukee Brewers season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1891 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team
The 1891 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team represented the University of Minnesota in the 1891 college football season. It was the only season under head coach Edward Moulton and it saw Minnesota's first out-of-state trip with a pair of games in Iowa. The first of these games was against Iowa College and ended in a 12–12 tie. The second game was Minnesota's first meeting with long-time rival Iowa and resulted in an 42–4 Minnesota victory.


1891 Mino–Owari earthquake
The Nōbi earthquake (濃尾地震, Nōbi Jishin) struck the former Japanese provinces of Mino and Owari (present-day Gifu Prefecture) in the Nōbi Plain in the early morning of October 28 with a surface wave magnitude of 8.0 and a moment magnitude of 7.5. The event, also referred to as the 1891 Mino–Owari earthquake (美濃・尾張地震, Mino-Owari Jishin), the Great Gifu earthquake (岐阜大地震, Gifu Daijishin), or the Great Nōbi earthquake (濃尾大地震, Nōbi Daijishin), is the largest known inland earthquake to have occurred in the Japanese archipelago.


1891 Mino–Owari earthquake
The earthquake came at a time when Japan was undergoing a transformation into a more industrial nation and while advancing its scientific understanding in many fields. Damage from the event was widespread and the loss of life was significant. The many kilometers of visible fault breaks on the surface of the earth presented scientists with opportunities for field investigations that ultimately led to an improved understanding of the fault scarps that earthquakes often generate.


1891 Mino–Owari earthquake, Preface
Records of historical earthquakes and tsunami extend further back in time in Japan than any other country that lies along the Pacific Rim (the first documented event occurred in 416 AD). These historical documents supported the date verification of the 1700 Cascadia earthquake that occurred off the Pacific Northwest coast of North America. The dilemma of earthquakes in Japan was made a priority following the 1854 Ansei-Nankai event that brought great destruction to the southwest portion of the country. With the onset of the Meiji period, the feudal government system was superseded by an empire that began to focus on advancing the Japanese society up to Western standards, especially in science.


1891 Mino–Owari earthquake, Preface
While the government brought in foreign experts (yatoi) during the building of the country's modern infrastructure, the high seismicity in Japan proved to be an ideal laboratory setting during the establishment of the new science of seismology. In 1876, John Milne came from England to teach at the Imperial College of Engineering in Tokyo. Following the earthquake of February 22, 1880, Milne's attention turned to seismology as a primary area of study. That earthquake also triggered the formation of the Seismological Society of Japan, which was an organization to help foreign scientists stay coordinated in their efforts. Shortly thereafter, the Japanese had their own organization (the Japan Meteorological Agency) that had taken control of an earthquake reporting system that was initially created by Milne. Ultimately, the system and the 1891 earthquake provided data by which seismologist Fusakichi Omori developed a law of decay for aftershocks.


1891 Mino–Owari earthquake, Tectonic setting
The four main Japanese islands of Kyushu, Shikoku, Honshu, and Hokkaido lie in a convex arrangement pointing to the Pacific Ocean, while the oceanic trenches that form the western boundary of the Pacific Plate are convex in the opposite direction, toward Eurasia. The continental crust above the subduction zones had previously been associated with the Eurasian Plate, but northern Honshu and Hokkaido have more recently been treated as part of the North American Plate, due to a poorly defined plate boundary between Eastern Siberia and Alaska and a newly forming boundary at the eastern perimeter of the Sea of Japan.


1891 Mino–Owari earthquake, Tectonic setting
This portion of the crust has been known locally as the Okhotsk Plate. The southwestern border of the plate is called the Itoigawa-Shizuoka Tectonic Line. It is a region of faulting that traverses the width of central Honshu, but it has not generated any large earthquakes. Moving westward, though, the Atera, Miboro, Atotsugawa, and Nobi faults have all produced large events. Two of those events occurred beyond the terminus of the 1891 rupture: the 1945 Mikawa earthquake that hit near Nagoya on the Fukozu Fault and the 1948 Fukui earthquake that occurred near the Sea of Japan.


1891 Mino–Owari earthquake, Earthquake
The October 1891 event was the largest recorded inland earthquake in Japan's history. Surface faulting stretched 80 kilometers (50 mi) with horizontal displacement up to 8 meters (26 ft) and vertical slip in the range of 2–3 m (6 ft 7 in–9 ft 10 in). In that era, scientists believed that large shallow earthquakes were the result of magma moving underground or even subterranean explosions. Bunjiro Koto, a professor at the University of Tokyo, was so influenced by the extraordinary surface faulting that he diverged from the traditional belief and proclaimed that sudden fault slip had been the cause and not simply a secondary consequence of the event.


1891 Mino–Owari earthquake, Earthquake
The earthquake was recorded on Gray-Milne-Ewing seismographs at weather observation stations at Gifu, Nagoya, Osaka, and Tokyo as well as a station housed at the Imperial University of Tokyo. Although the units went off scale after 8.5 seconds at Gifu and 13.5 seconds at Nagoya (probably due to an inundation of large S waves) the seismograms they produced have been beneficial for seismologists to develop an understanding of the fault rupture process. The records from the stations at Gifu and Nagoya were especially useful as they were the closest to the fault zone.


1891 Mino–Owari earthquake, Earthquake, Surface faulting
Within the first several decades of the event, Koto and Omori documented the comprehensive fault breaks that were visible on the surface, and a later investigation by T. Matsuda revealed that the breaks followed a general northwest-southeast trend. Matsuda's 1974 survey also documented intermittent and complementary conjugate faults that were aligned northeast-southwest and labeled the arrangement the Nobi fault system. The strike-slip breaks were described as primarily left-lateral offset of three major faults.


1891 Mino–Owari earthquake, Earthquake, Surface faulting
The surface rupture did not extend over the full distance of the individual faults, but the Nukumi segment ran 20 km (12 mi) with a maximum offset of 3 m (9.8 ft). The Neodani and Umehara faults had rupture lengths of 35 km (22 mi) and 25 km (16 mi) and maximum offsets of 8 m (26 ft) and 5 m (16 ft) respectively.


1891 Mino–Owari earthquake, Earthquake, Damage
The shock occurred near Nagoya, and was felt throughout the country, but was the strongest in central Japan. The cities of Gifu and Ogaki experienced heavy damage, due largely to fire, but Osaka and Nagoya were also significantly affected. The earthquake was strong in Tokyo, lasting for many minutes, and knocked items off shelves and stopped clocks.


1891 Mino–Owari earthquake, Earthquake, Damage
The initial report of the disaster in Tokyo's The Asahi Shimbun newspaper gave only limited details. It stated that a new building for the Home Ministry in Tokyo lost several chimneys and that the reason for the loss of power in Yokohama was that a brick chimney had fallen at the power plant and had damaged equipment there. The following day though, the paper revealed that many homes had been lost and other industrial buildings were damaged or destroyed in Osaka, including the Naniwa cotton textile mill, a new western-style three-story brick building. On November 3, as the extent of the damage was becoming clearer, the same paper reported that more than 1,000 Japanese homes and other buildings had collapsed in Nagoya.


1891 Mino–Owari earthquake, Earthquake, Aftershocks
More than 3,000 aftershocks were reported by the Gifu weather observatory in the 14 months following the event. According to a 1976 study by Takeshi Mikumo and Masataka Ando, three or four shocks per year were still being detected. Several university studies of the microearthquake activity were undertaken in the 1960s and 1970s and the areas southwest of the Neodani fault and near Gifu and Inuyama were found to be experiencing elevated activity.


1891 Missouri Tigers football team
The 1891 Missouri Tigers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Missouri as an independent during the 1891 college football season. In the school's second year of intercollegiate football, the team was led by head coach Hal Reid and compiled a 3–1 record.


1891 Missouri tornado
The 1891 Missouri tornado was a destructive F4 tornado that occurred on May 20, 1891. The tornado struck in the rural area of Missouri where it leveled numerous farms and leaving twelve fatalities and $50,000 (1891 USD) in damage.


1891 Missouri tornado, Storm
The tornado was first reported touching down near Sturgeon before moving eastward where it struck several homes. One house was completely leveled with no survivors. The storm continued on where it struck another house killing all of its occupants and then later struck a jail and several farms resulting in eleven more fatalities before continuing eastward before dissipating. During its 35 mile (56.3 km) path, the storm left up to twelve fatalities and $15,000 (1891 USD) in damage.


1891 Missouri tornado, Observation
People observing the tornado noticed the storm exhibiting either several multiple vortices or satellite tornadoes as it continued to do damage. Also there were reports of the tornado glowing and producing lightning which resulted in the deaths of several livestock and damage to the telegraph system in the area.


1891 Navy Midshipmen football team
The 1891 Navy Midshipmen football team represented the United States Naval Academy during the 1891 college football season. The team compiled a 5–2 record and outscored its opponents 205 to 40. In the second installment of the Army–Navy Game, Army prevailed by a 32–16 score. Charles Macklin was the Navy team captain in 1891.


1891 Nebraska Old Gold Knights football team
The 1891 Nebraska Old Gold Knights football team represented the University of Nebraska in the 1891 college football season. The team had no head coach, but Theron Lyman led NU in preparation for its game against Iowa. The team played its single home game at Lincoln Park, in Lincoln, Nebraska.


1891 Nebraska Old Gold Knights football team
Nebraska fielded its second football team in 1891. Although the university did not provide an official head coach, Iowa College coach Theron Lyman assisted Nebraska in preparation for its November 26 game against Iowa, in order to increase the competitiveness of NU's young program against the veteran Hawkeyes. However, Lyman likely did not even attend his single game as "head coach".


1891 Nebraska Old Gold Knights football team
Nebraska's second victory over Doane gave the program a second straight unofficial Nebraska state championship. This was the final year Nebraska was known as the Old Gold Knights. They would later be referred to as the "Tree Planters", "Nebraskans", "The Rattlesnake Boys", "Red Stockings", and "Antelopes", but "Bugeaters" became the university's official nickname in 1892.


1891 Nebraska Old Gold Knights football team, Game summaries, Doane (October)
Nebraska had planned a rematch with Doane during the 1890 season, which was never played, but led to the teams facing each other three times in 1891.


1891 Nebraska Old Gold Knights football team, Game summaries, Doane (October)
Although Doane scored the first points of the game (the first ever scored against Nebraska), Nebraska posted 16 unanswered points before halftime. The game was reportedly very physical, with several players suffering serious injuries, to the point that the Doane squad considered calling off the rest of the game, though they eventually agreed to a shortened 15-minute second half. Nebraska scored 12 more points to win 28-4.


1891 Nebraska Old Gold Knights football team, Game summaries, at Doane (November)
Nebraska, hoping for more playing time before facing the established Iowa Hawkeyes, scheduled a rematch with Doane. Team captain Ebenezer Mockett withdrew from the university prior to the game, leaving the Old Gold Knights without a head coach or captain. Doane reportedly prepared at length for the game, while several Nebraska players remained out with injuries.


1891 Nebraska Old Gold Knights football team, Game summaries, at Doane (November)
Nebraska scored the first points off an early Doane fumble to go ahead 6-0. Doane pulled ahead 10-6 at the beginning of the second half, NU's first-ever deficit. Although the Old Gold Knights responded with six points to regain the lead, Doane responded to hand Nebraska the first loss in program history.


1891 Nebraska Old Gold Knights football team, Game summaries, Iowa
Although Nebraska was supported by temporary head coach Theron Lyman, the Old Gold Knights' lack of experience and substandard equipment made NU heavy underdogs against the Hawkeyes. Despite having played just one more season than NU, Iowa use playing styles and strategies Nebraska had never seen before, such as pre-play signal calling by the quarterback. Despite a strong defensive effort by Nebraska, Iowa pulled away in the second half to win 22–0, Nebraska's first shutout loss.


1891 Nebraska Old Gold Knights football team, Game summaries, at Doane (December)
After splitting two games, Nebraska and Doane arranged a tie-breaking third game to serve as an unofficial state championship game.


1891 Nebraska Old Gold Knights football team, Game summaries, at Doane (December)
Despite losing a physical game to Iowa just one week prior, visiting Nebraska opened the first half with 22 unanswered points. NU halfbacks George Flippin, the first African American to play football for Nebraska, and James Johnston each scored three touchdowns. NU added ten points in the second half en route to a 32–0 victory and the unofficial Nebraska state championship for the second consecutive year.


1891 New South Wales colonial election
The 1891 New South Wales colonial election was held in the then colony of New South Wales between 17 June to 3 July 1891. This election was for all of the 141 seats in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly and it was conducted in 35 single-member constituencies, 20 2-member constituencies, 10 3-member constituencies and nine 4-member constituencies, all with a first past the post system.


1891 New South Wales colonial election
Part 1 (section 10) of the Electoral Act of 1880 set the qualification for election on "every male subject of Her Majesty of the full age of twenty-one years and absolutely free being a natural born or naturalized subject". Seven seats were uncontested. The previous parliament of New South Wales was dissolved on 6 June 1891 by the Governor, The Earl of Jersey, on the advice of the Premier, Sir Henry Parkes.


1891 New South Wales colonial election
The election saw the first appearance of the Labour Party (then known as the Labour Electoral League of New South Wales), which won 35 seats, taking a significant number of votes and seats from both of the previous two major parties in the Assembly, and giving Labour the balance of power. The main political parties in New South Wales, the Protectionist Party and the Free Trade Party both lost seats to Labour. Parkes held on as Premier until October 1891 when he again lost a vote in the Legislative Assembly, causing Parkes to resign as Premier and leader of the Free Trade Party. George Dibbs (Protectionist) became Premier after he arranged for support for his government from Labour.


1891 New South Wales colonial election, Results
New South Wales colonial election, 3 July 1891 Legislative Assembly << 1889–1894 >>


1891 New Year Honours
The New Year Honours 1891 were appointments by Queen Victoria to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by people of the United Kingdom, British India and in the British Empire.


1891 New Year Honours
They were announced in The Times on 1 January 1891, and the various honours were gazetted in The London Gazette on 1 January 1891, 7 January 1891, and 13 January 1891.


1891 New Year Honours
The recipients of honours are displayed or referred to as they were styled before their new honour and arranged by honour and where appropriate by rank (Knight Grand Cross, Knight Commander etc.) then division (Military, Civil).


1891 New York Giants season
The 1891 New York Giants season was the franchise's 9th season. The team finished in third place in the National League with a 71-61 record, 13 games behind the Boston Beaneaters.


1891 New York Giants season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1891 New York Giants season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1891 New York Giants season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1891 New York Giants season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1891 New York state election
The 1891 New York state election was held on November 3, 1891, to elect the governor, the lieutenant governor, the secretary of state, the state comptroller, the attorney general, the state treasurer and the state engineer, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate.


1891 New York state election, History
The Socialist Labor state convention met on May 18 in Albany, New York, and nominated Daniel De Leon for governor; Frank Gesser, of Utica, for lieutenant governor; Frederick Bennets for secretary of state; James Withers, of Brooklyn, for treasurer; Henry Vitalius, of Troy, for comptroller; H. G. Wilshire, of New York City, for attorney general; and Charles Wilson, of New York City, for state engineer.


1891 New York state election, History
The Prohibition state convention met on September 2 and 3 at Albany, New York. Henry Clay Bascom was temporary chairman. They nominated Joseph W. Bruce for governor; George W. Hallock for lieutenant governor; William E. Booth, of Geneseo, for secretary of state; Francis Crawford, of Mount Vernon, for treasurer; William W. Smith for comptroller; Henry P. Forbes, of St. Lawrence County, for state engineer; and Calvin S. Grosser, of Buffalo, for attorney general.


1891 New York state election, History
The Republican state convention met on September 9 at Rochester, New York. W. W. Goodrich was temporary chairman until the choice of James M. Varnum as permanent chairman. Jacob S. Fassett was nominated for governor on the first ballot (vote: Fassett 514, James W. Wadsworth 85, Stewart L. Woodford 83, Philip Becker 52, Joseph B. Carr 33, Andrew D. White 1). John W. Vrooman for lieutenant governor; Eugene F. O'Connor, of Brooklyn, for secretary of state; Arthur C. Wade, of Jamestown, for comptroller; Ira M. Hedges for treasurer; William A. Sutherland, of Rochester for attorney general; and Verplanck Colvin for state engineer, were nominated by acclamation.


1891 New York state election, History
The Democratic state convention met on September 15 and 16 at Saratoga, New York. George Raines was temporary and permanent chairman. Roswell P. Flower was nominated for governor on the first ballot (vote: Flower 334, Alfred C. Chapin 43). William F. Sheehan for lieutenant governor, Secretary of State Frank Rice, Frank Campbell for comptroller, Treasurer Elliott Danforth, Simon W. Rosendale for attorney general and Martin Schenck for state engineer, were nominated by acclamation.


1891 New York state election, Results
Attorney General Simon W. Rosendale was the first Jew elected to a state office in New York.


1891 Newcastle colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Newcastle on 14 April 1891 because of the death of James Fletcher (Protectionist).


1891 Newcastle colonial by-election
The East Sydney by-election was held on the same day.


1891 Newton by-election
The 1891 Newton by-election was a by-election held on 31 March 1891 during the 11th New Zealand Parliament in the Auckland city electorate of Newton.


1891 Newton by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP David Goldie because of the demands of his business.


1891 Newton by-election
The by-election was won by Sir George Grey. He had retired from politics, but had accepted nomination for the vacancy provided he was not opposed, so was declared elected.


1891 Newton by-election
He was in frail health, but had gone as a delegate to the Federation Convention in Australia. Another delegate, tired of Grey's numerous speeches inquired whether New Zealand intended to "come in". Grey replied Not at present, but we are interested in securing a Constitution which may tempt us to come in later on.


1891 North Carolina Tar Heels football team
The 1891 North Carolina Tar Heels football team represented the University of North Carolina in the 1891 college football season. They played two games with a final record of 0–2. There had been no football team since 1889 prior to this season. The team captains for the 1891 season were Mike Hoke and George Graham. William P. Graves has been reported as this team's coach, but he was the coach in the spring of 1891 when UNC was scheduled to play, but did not.


1891 North Kilkenny by-election
The North Kilkenny by-election, 1891 was a parliamentary by-election held for the United Kingdom House of Commons constituency of North Kilkenny on 29 October 1891. The vacancy arose because of the death of the sitting member, Sir John Pope Hennessy of the Irish Parliamentary Party, three weeks earlier. Sir John had been elected in a hard-fought and bitter by-election the previous December, following the split in the Party between the supporters and opponents of Charles Stewart Parnell. On this occasion, however, only one candidate was nominated, Patrick McDermott of the Irish Parliamentary Party, who was elected unopposed.


1891 North Sligo by-election
The North Sligo by-election, 1891 was a parliamentary by-election held for the United Kingdom House of Commons constituency of North Sligo on 2 April 1891. It arose as a result of the death of the sitting member, Peter McDonald of the Irish Parliamentary Party.


1891 North Sligo by-election, Background
In the period before the by-election, the Irish Parliamentary Party had been undergoing a serious crisis. Its leader, Charles Stewart Parnell, had been cited as co-respondent in a divorce case, which he had not contested, causing a scandal. A majority of the party's MPs left to found a new Anti- Parnellite group. The contest at North Sligo was the second of three by-elections which followed the split and gave the voters an opportunity to express their views of the two sides -  as Frank Callanan puts it, 'a staggered plebiscite on [Parnell's] leadership'.


1891 North Sligo by-election, The campaign
Two candidates were nominated: Bernard Collery for the Anti- Parnellite faction, and Valentine Blake Dillon for the Parnellites.


1891 North Sligo by-election, The campaign
The Anti- Parnellite campaign was managed by Maurice Healy and David Sheehy. Clerical opposition to Parnell was strong, with two of the bishops whose dioceses covered parts of the constituency taking a firm anti-Parnell line. But in Tireragh, in the west around the part of Ballina in County Sligo, Parnellite support was strong and the Bishop of Killala, whose diocese included the town, took a neutral line and allowed local priests to canvass for Parnell.


1891 North Sligo by-election, The Voting
Like the previous by-election in North Kilkenny, the result was a triumphant success for the Anti- Parnellites. Collery won 3,261 votes, as opposed to 2,493 for Dillon - a majority of 768. While this was clearly another setback for the Parnellites, they gained a larger proportion of the vote (43%) than they had in North Kilkenny (35%).


1891 North-West Territories general election
The 1891 North-West Territories general election was held on 7 November 1891 to elect 25 members of the Legislative Assembly of the North-West Territories, Canada. It was the second general election in the History of the North-West Territories. The legislature gained three seats, and six new elected members. The three appointed "at large" legal advisors who sat in the assembly in the first legislature were no longer needed. Frederick W. A. G. Haultain was the government leader.


1891 North-West Territories general election
The key issue in this election was the French language question. Politicians had spent the previous three years divided on the issues of eliminating the status of the French language as an official language of the territory, and of assimilation of the French-speaking population. The appointed government made French an official language in Section 11 of the North-West Territories Act of 1877 that gained Royal Assent 28 April 1877. Prior to that, French was an official language while the North-West Territories was administered under the Manitoba Act from 1870 to 1875.


1891 North-West Territories general election
The issue was ignited by Lieutenant Governor Joseph Royal reading the Speech from the Throne in French on 31 October 1888. The outcry caused Royal to read his second throne speech in English only. On 28 October 1889, the issue was made dormant when a Record Division was taken on the "Language Resolution", a motion that stated the assembly did not need official recognition of languages. The vote was 17 for 2 against. But this did not last, because the federal government got involved, and warned the Lieutenant Governor Royal to start making speeches in French again, and tried to legislate official bilingualism back in the territory, through the House of Commons of Canada. The bill was defeated on second reading, however.


1891 North-West Territories general election
The interference by the Government of Canada resulted in members being elected to the assembly who favoured English as the only official language. On 19 January 1892 Haultain made a motion that only English would be used in the Assembly. The motion passed on division: 20 for, 4 against.


1891 North-West Territories general election, Election results
The turnout can not be established as no voters lists were in use. Candidates were elected as part of a consensus government, i.e., without political parties.


1891 North-West Territories general election, Election results
Note: No vote returns, are currently available from the Batoche, St. Albert and Souris districts


1891 North-West Territories general election, Members of the Legislative Assembly elected
Note:*in 1892 Charles Boucher was appointed by judicial order, and Charles Nolin was forced to step down.


1891 Northern Maori by-election
The 1891 Northern Maori by-election was a by-election during the 11th New Zealand Parliament. The election was held on 7 February 1891.


1891 Northern Maori by-election
The seat of Northern Maori became vacant following the death of the sitting member Sydney Taiwhanga on 27 November 1890.


1891 Northern Maori by-election
Taiwhango had been re-elected in 1890 for Northern Maori, but died on election day. He also stood in Eastern Maori, and came second.


1891 Northern Maori by-election
Wiremu Katene had represented the electorate from 1871 to 1875 and in 1887 after the 1887 by-election.


1891 Northwestern Purple football team
The 1891 Northwestern Purple football team was an American football team that represented Northwestern University during the 1891 college football season. The team compiled a 2–2–3 record and was outscored by its opponents by a combined total of 72 to 42.


1891 Norwegian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Norway in 1891. The result was a victory for the Liberal Party, which won 63 of the 114 seats in the Storting. The Conservative Party and the Moderate Liberal Party contested the elections in an alliance, although separate lists were used in some constituencies.


1891 Ohio State Buckeyes football team
The 1891 Ohio State Buckeyes football team represented Ohio State University in the 1891 college football season. They played all their home games at Recreation Park and were coached by Alexander S. Lilley. The Buckeyes finished the season with a 2–3 record.


1891 Ohio State Buckeyes football team
This season was very uneven for Ohio State. Richard T. Ellis was elected captain at the beginning of the season, but he broke his leg during the game against Adelbert College (the undergraduate college of Western Reserve University). Frank Haas served as captain during the Kenyon game. Baseball captain George Pearce took over the football team for the Denison game on Thanksgiving. The Denison game gave Ohio State its first victory since their first-ever game on May 3, 1890.


1891 Ohio State Buckeyes football team
Among the members of the Ohio State team in 1891 was future Spink Award-winning sportswriter Hugh Fullerton.


1891 Ohio State Buckeyes football team, 1891 Standings and Players
Right end...Clarence W Withoft (1873-1933),Right tackle...Harrison Hutchinson Richardson (1869-1960),Right guard...Paul Martyn Lincoln (1870-1944),Center... Charles S Powell,Left guard...James Stewart Hine (1866-1930),Left tackle...Louis C Ernst (1871-1949),Left end...Raymond Edward Leo Krumm (1873-1948),Quarterback... George Domer Pearce (1871-1925),Right halfback...Arthur H Kennedy,Left halfback...Austin Peter Gillen (1871-1927),Fullback... G Smith.


1891 Ohio State Buckeyes football team, 1891 Standings and Players
Substitutes...William Nicholas Zurfluh (1870-1964), Mortimer William Lawrence (1873-1909), Renick W Dunlap (1872-1945), Frederick Douglas Patterson (1871-1932), J.J. Walsh and Frank Haas.


1891 Ohio gubernatorial election
The 1891 Ohio gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1891. Republican nominee William McKinley defeated Democratic incumbent James E. Campbell with 48.61% of the vote.


1891 Open Championship
The 1891 Open Championship was the 31st Open Championship, held 6 October at the Old Course at St Andrews, Fife, Scotland. Hugh Kirkaldy won by two strokes from his brother Andrew Kirkaldy and Willie Fernie. This was the last Open Championship contested in a single day over 36 holes. The 1892 Open was contested over 72 holes played on two successive days.


1891 Open Championship
Entries closed on the Saturday before the event but a number of players entered on the Monday and "the committee declined to accept them". These late entries were later allowed to compete "under protest" but received no prize-money.


1891 Open Championship
Hugh Kirkaldy had the best round of the morning. He three-putted the first two holes but still reached the turn in 39. Playing into a strong wind, he came back in 44 for a round of 83. He was closely followed by four players on 84. Willie More reached the turn in 40, coming back in 44. Andrew Kirkaldy had one of the better back nines of 43 to also score 84. The others on 84 were Fernie and Davie Grant, "one of the late entrants".


1891 Open Championship
Rain fell heaving for most of the afternoon but the wind was slightly lighter. Hugh Kirkaldy had seven fours in an outward 38 but took five on every hole on the back nine to come home in 45, a round of 83 and a total of 166. More disappointed with an 87 was Andrew Kirkaldy who had reached the turn in 39 and still reached the 17th tee in a strong position. However he took six at the 17th and then missed a "longish putt" at the last which would have tied his brother. He eventually three-putted for another six. Fernie reached the turn in 42 but had an excellent 42 coming home to tie with Andrew Kirkaldy. None of the other players challenged Hugh Kirkaldy although the amateur Samuel Mure Fergusson had a three at the last to take fourth place.


1891 Open Championship
The 1891 Open was the last time there was a play-off for prize money. Andrew Kirkaldy and Fernie played an 18 hole play-off on the following day. Kirkaldy won and took the second prize, Fernie taking third prize. "The day was beautifully fine, and the players had a large following".


1891 Open Championship, Final leaderboard
Nineteen-year-old William Auchterlonie, the 1893 Champion, played as an amateur. David Brown and Tom Vardon entered late and received no prize money.


1891 Open Championship, Final leaderboard, Playoff
Andrew Kirkaldy beat Willie Fernie in an 18-hole play-off for the second and third prizes. Kirkaldy scored 85 and won £6, Fernie scored 87 and took home £5.


1891 Orange Athletic Club football team
The 1891 Orange Athletic Club football team was an American football team that represented the Orange Athletic Club in the American Football Union (AFU) during the 1890 football season. The Orange team played its home games in East Orange, New Jersey, and compiled a 3–5 record (1–1 against AFU opponents).


1891 Paisley by-election
The Paisley by-election, 1891 was a parliamentary by-election held on 1 June 1891 for the British House of Commons constituency of Paisley in Scotland. It was caused by the death of the constituency's sitting Liberal Member of Parliament William Boyle Barbour who had held the seat since the 1885 general election.


1891 Paisley by-election, Result
The seat was held for the Liberals by William Dunn, a Paisley born, self-made, merchant banker.


1891 Penn Quakers football team
The 1891 Penn Quakers football team represented the University of Pennsylvania in the 1891 college football season. The Quakers finished with an 11–2 record in their fourth year under head coach E. O. Wagenhorst. Significant games included victories over Rutgers (32–6), Lafayette (15–6 and 12–10), and Lehigh (42–0 and 32–0), and losses to Princeton (24–0) and undefeated national champion Yale (48–0). The 1891 Penn team outscored its opponents by a combined total of 267 to 109. Penn center John Adams was selected by Caspar Whitney as a first-team player on the 1891 College Football All-America Team.


1891 Penn State football team
The 1891 Penn State football team was an American football team that represented Pennsylvania State College—now known as Pennsylvania State University–as a member of the Pennsylvania Intercollegiate Football Association (PIFA) during the 1891 college football season. The team played its home games on the Old Main lawn in University Park, Pennsylvania.


1891 Philadelphia Athletics season
The 1891 Philadelphia Athletics season was a season in American baseball. The team, which had played the 1890 season in the defunct Players' League, joined the American Association as a replacement for the previous version of the Philadelphia Athletics, who were expelled after the 1890 season. They finished with a 73–66 record and fifth place in the AA. This league folded after the 1891 season and the team disbanded with it.


1891 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1891 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1891 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1891 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1891 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1891 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1891 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1891 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1891 Philadelphia mayoral election
The Philadelphia mayoral election of 1891 saw the election of Erwin Sydney Stuart.


1891 Pittsburgh Athletic Club football season
The 1891 Pittsburgh Athletic Club football season  was their first season in existence. The team finished with an undefeated record of 7–0.


1891 Pittsburgh Pirates season
The 1891 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the 10th season of the Pittsburgh Pirates franchise (and the first under the "Pirates" name); their 5th in the National League. The Pirates finished eighth and last in the National League with a record of 55–80.


1891 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1891 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1891 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1891 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1891 Princeton Tigers football team
The 1891 Princeton Tigers football team represented Princeton University in the 1891 college football season. The team finished with a 12–1 record. The Tigers recorded 12 shutouts and outscored opponents by a combined total of 391 to 0 in their first 12 games. The team's sole loss was in the final game of the season by a 19–0 score against Yale.


1891 Princeton Tigers football team
Three Princeton players, quarterback Philip King, fullback Sheppard Homans, Jr., and guard Jesse Riggs, were consensus first-team honorees on the 1891 College Football All-America Team.


1891 Purdue football team
The 1891 Purdue football team was an American football team that represented Purdue University during the 1891 college football season. The team compiled a 4–0 record in the university's fourth season fielding an intercollegiate football team. For the 1891 season, Purdue hired Knowlton Ames as its football coach. Ames played for Princeton from 1886 to 1889 and was considered one of the greatest players ever to play college football, after scoring 730 points for Princeton. The 1891 Purdue team shut out all four opponents, outscoring Wabash, DePauw, Indiana, and Butler by a combined score of 194 to 0. Purdue's 60–0 victory over Indiana was the first installment in a rivalry which later became noted for the award of the Old Oaken Bucket trophy.


1891 Rhode Island gubernatorial election
The 1891 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was held on April 1, 1891. Republican nominee Herbert W. Ladd defeated Democratic incumbent John W. Davis with 46.19% of the vote.


1891 Richmond Colts football team
The 1891 Richmond Colts football team was an American football team that represented Richmond College—now known as the University of Richmond—as an independent during the 1891 college football season. The team went winless and was coached by Dana Rucker.


1891 Rutgers Queensmen football team
The 1891 Rutgers Queensmen football team represented Rutgers University in the 1891 college football season. In their first and only season under head coach William A. Reynolds, the Queensmen compiled an 8–6 record and outscored their opponents, 265 to 137. The team's captain was Philip Milledoler Brett, who later served as Rutgers University president.


1891 SAFA season
The 1891 South Australian Football Association season was the 15th season of the top-level Australian rules football competition in South Australia.


1891 SAFA season
The 1891 SAFA season marked the height of interest in South Australian football attendance wise during the 19th century with average attendances not being surpassed until the following century.


1891 Salvadoran presidential election
Presidential elections were held in El Salvador in January 1891. Provisional president General Carlos Ezeta was the only candidate and was elected with only 19 votes against.


1891 San Diego mayoral election
The 1891 San Diego mayoral election was held on April 7, 1891 to elect the mayor for San Diego. Matthew Sherman was elected Mayor with a majority of the votes.


1891 San Diego mayoral election, Campaign
Unlike the 1889 election, which was contested solely between Republicans on different tickets, the 1891 featured candidates from both the Republicans and the Democrats. Matthew Sherman was the candidate on the Republican side running against J.W. Hughes on the Democratic side.


1891 San Diego mayoral election, Campaign
On April 7, 1891, Sherman was elected mayor with 50.6 percent of the vote to Hughes's 49.4 percent.


1891 Scottish Cup Final
The 1891 Scottish Cup Final was played on 7 February 1891 at the second Hampden Park (now known as Cathkin Park) in Glasgow and was the final of the 18th season of the Scottish Cup. Hearts and Dumbarton contested the match. Hearts won the match 1–0, thanks to a 15th-minute goal from Willie Mason.


1891 Sewanee Tigers football team
The 1891 Sewanee Tigers football team represented the Sewanee Tigers of Sewanee: The University of the South during the 1891 college football season. In the inaugural season of Sewanee football, the Tigers compiled a 1–2 record. The team's quarterback was Ellwood Wilson, considered the "founder of Sewanee football." He had come from Lawrenceville, New Jersey, where he played football before, to Sewanee in 1889. While introducing the sport to Sewanee, he was forced to use a piece of wood shaped like a football until he found a real one. Sewanee's first intercollegiate game was the first instance of the Sewanee–Vanderbilt rivalry and Vanderbilt's second ever game. The win over Tennessee was that program's first game.


1891 South Dorset by-election
The 1891 South Dorset by-election was held on 7 May 1891 after the death of the incumbent Conservative MP Charles J. T. Hambro. The seat was retained by the Conservative candidate William Brymer.


1891 South Molton by-election
The 1891 South Molton by-election was held on 13 November 1891 after the incumbent Liberal Unionist MP Newton Wallop was elevated to the peerage. The election was won by the Liberal candidate, George Lambert who would hold the seat with one short interruption until 1945.


1891 Southern Rugby Union Season
The 1891 Southern Rugby Football Union season was the 18th season of the Sydney Rugby Premiership. This was the second competition for the Agricultural Society Challenge Cup which was awarded to the winners of the premiership. The football season lasted from May to August. The premiership was won for the fifth time in succession by the Sydney University Football Club, who were undefeated once again, winning the final against Zealandia. The Junior Badges saw Wentworth defeat the Pirates for the second year in succession. The Second Junior Badges, previously known as the Union Cup, saw Carlton defeat Sydney University 2nd in the final. A Third Junior Badges was created and won by Randwick Austral, who defeated Roslyn in the final.


1891 Southern Rugby Union Season, Teams
For the 1891 premiership, 10 teams submitted entries for the senior cup. These teams had all competed in the premiership during the prior season. Of the teams that had participated last year, Elvira failed to survive into the new season. Unfortunately the decision was made by the club to not put together a team as many of their players had moved across to other clubs within the Balmain area.


1891 Southern Rugby Union Season, Rule Changes
With the new season, the Union decided to make changes in regards to the number of competitions for junior clubs. In addition to the Senior Cup, Junior Badges and Second Junior Badges (formally the Union Cup) the Union decided to add a Third Junior Badges. Clubs could submit entries to the competition of their choice with second fifteens not allowed to participate in the Junior Badges. The Agricultural Society Cup was to be handed to the winner of the senior competition. For the Junior Badges, AJ Torning supplied silver medals for the winners.


1891 Southern Rugby Union Season, Rule Changes
Entries closed during the first week in May with the Union writing the draw for each of the four competitions. Games would begin on 30 May with regular season matches finishing on 25 July for the senior clubs and 15 August for the Junior Badges. At the conclusion of the regular matches the top four ranked teams would progress to the semi finals.


1891 Southern Rugby Union Season, Season Summary
During the season, it was seen that a few clubs struggled to field a team. As soon as a club began to encounter a few losses the players became dissatisfied and started to desert the club. Rather than working hard at turning around the performance of the team, these players began to fervently seek places at a winning club. As a result, some clubs became defunct. Calls were made for the Union to step in and stop this behaviour. Victims of this type of behaviour were Rosedale and Arfoma. Both clubs had seen much success in previous seasons.


1891 Southern Rugby Union Season, Season Summary
Prior to the premiership games starting, Arfoma were already losing prominent players with some failing to appear at trial matches. Albert Sefton, the club secretary, was doing his best at holding the club together. The same was happening at Rosedale with most of their prominent players having already deserted the club prior to the season. Players James McMahon and Arthur Braund had already signed up with the Sydney club. By the second round of games on 6 June, both clubs were barely existing. Arfoma forfeited their match against Parramatta that caused some poor feeling towards the struggling club.


1891 Southern Rugby Union Season, Season Summary
By the following week the club had ceased to exist with Sefton putting on the Randwick colours and seeing out the season with them. Rosedale were able to muster 13 men to play their second round match against Strathfield. Within the first few minutes Strathfield began to score freely causing the Rosedale players to lose heart. Players began to leave the field with Rosedale eventually left with only 9 players to stop their opponents from scoring more points. The game was called after 25 minutes in the favour of Strathfield. Rosedale soon withdrew their senior team from the premiership, releasing their players to join other clubs.


1891 Southern Rugby Union Season, Season Summary
Sydney University had the fortune of receiving three forfeits during the regular games. With both games against Rosedale and Arfoma called off, the Zealandia also failed to muster a team to play the eventual premiers. This gave the Varsity an advantage during the middle of the season. Despite this, the team easily dispatched their opponents in most games. After being on a winning streak since 1887, the Varsity were finally held to a draw. Their match against Strathfield ended in a 3 all draw. This was their first draw since the first round of the 1887 season, ending their winning streak at 41. Despite this, the Varsity were firm favourites entering the final. The team left no doubt of their superiority with a commanding display to take their fifth premiership in as many years.


1891 Southern Rugby Union Season, Season Summary
After winning their first game of the season, a mid-season slump nearly saw the Zealandia club miss out on the finals. However, a brace of wins in the final rounds of the qualifying games saw them in contention for the final spot. Zealandia secured their spot in the finals in a peculiar way. Earlier in the season, the team forfeited their match against University A due to not being able to field the players. This forfeit had seen them receive no points against them on the for and against.


1891 Southern Rugby Union Season, Season Summary
With their opponents receiving a large score against them in their games against the Varsity, Zealandia were able to take the fourth position in the finals based on their points difference. The club took advantage of the unfortunate absence of players in the Strathfield team to progress to the final. Once there, Zealandia did not show their best game against the eventual premiers and were beaten comprehensively.


1891 Southern Rugby Union Season, Season Summary
During the off-season, the Strathfield club was most prominent in attempting to encourage players to switch to their club. With the addition of a few prominent players, it was hoped that they would be a match for the dominant University. Unfortunately they met with little success on this front as players refused to change clubs. Despite this, Strathfield performed well during the season, losing only one match prior to the finals. The team displayed promise when they held the dominate University to a 3 all draw. However, the team were missing some vital players in their semi final match against Zealandia, ending their premiership chances.


1891 Southern Rugby Union Season, Season Summary
Wallaroo were considered to be the only club to be able to compete with the eventual premiers. It was believed that their defence was almost perfect with only two tries scored against them prior to the final match against University A. The club remained undefeated until they faced the Varsity in the final round of the qualifying matches. A close game saw Wallaroo lose the match 8 points to 3. With the semi finals decided by ballot, Wallaroo had the poor fortune of meeting the Varsity again the following week. Another tight contest saw the club bow out of the premiership.


1891 Southern Rugby Union Season, Finals
The semi finals were arranged by ballot with Sydney University playing against Wallaroo and Zealandia playing against Strathfield. Both matches were held on the Agricultural Society Ground. The match between Strathfield and Zealandia saw the Kiwi's win 16 points to nil. Despite the final scoreline, Strathfield displayed excellent defence for much of the match and with a few less errors the score may have been more favourable towards them. Missing from their team were goal kicking master Robert Lusk, who was still injured from a previous match, and try scoring wizard Harry Moses.


1891 Southern Rugby Union Season, Finals
James McCausland shone for Zealandia, kicking two goals from the field. Sydney University began with great pace in their match against Wallaroo, causing their opponents much trouble during the first half. Wallaroo were continually required to defend their lines from the fierce attacks of James Moulton, Harry Abbott and Percy Colquhoun. Within the first 15 minutes of the match, University scored all of their points. Tiredness soon set in for the Varsity in the second half which allowed Wallaroo to hold them back from adding to their total. Wallaroo were able to score late in the match to bring the final scoreline to 10 points to 5 in favour of the University.


1891 Southern Rugby Union Season, Finals, Final, 8 August
A large number of people came out to watch the final between Sydney University and Zealandia at the Agricultural Society Ground. Entering into the match, the Varsity were favourites with some considering it a foregone conclusion. The sunny weather saw the Varsity immediately press their opponents from the kick-off. Within the first twenty minutes, they put up 9 points to nil. Colquhoun of Sydney University played his usual exceptional game. McCausland defended well for the Zealandia, stopping a number of runs. By half time, the University had stretched the scoreline out to 12 points to nil.


1891 Southern Rugby Union Season, Finals, Final, 8 August
A humorous and strange thing happened during the early part of the first half. The ball from the Wentworth-Pirates match, which was playing on the adjoining ground, was kicked just beyond the Varsity forwards during a scrum. Some of the Zealandia players made off with the ball and managed to get across the University line with no opposition. In celebrating what they thought was a try, they soon realised that their opponents were pressing their teammates hard with the correct game ball. The crowd were highly entertained by this embarrassing mistake.


1891 Southern Rugby Union Season, Finals, Final, 8 August
After changing ends, the Zealandia began to press the University hard with George Lusk managing to kick a goal to put points on the board for his team. Zealandia were fired up as a result and continue to put pressure on the Varsity goal line. However, their work came to no end with the Varsity taking the ball back to their opponents goal line. University got behind the Zealandia line a number of times from this moment, raising the scoreline to 28 points to 4. In the last minutes, McCausland managed to score a goal from the field. Time was called soon after. Sydney University left no doubt as to their superiority as they ran over their opponents with the final score standing at 28 points to 8. Questions were asked as to the worthiness of Zealandia as runner-up with some considering them earning the position through luck.


1891 Southern Rugby Union Season, Lower Grades, Junior Badges
Eleven clubs submitted entries for the Junior Badges with a draw released to include games from 30 May to 15 August. Teams would continue to be ranked by points, with the top four being admitted into the semi finals to contest for the badges. The Union maintained that the Junior competition would not include second fifteens of teams. Once again, AJ Torning offered silver medals for the winners of the Junior Badges, the offer being accepted by the Union.


1891 Southern Rugby Union Season, Lower Grades, Junior Badges
At the conclusion of the regular season matches, the top three teams finished on the same number of points with the fourth team only two points behind. The semi finals saw Wentworth defeat Burwood 11 points to nil and the Pirates defeat Double Bay by 8 points to nil. With the final being played at the Agricultural Society Ground, the match was very reminiscent of the previous season's with the same two teams playing for the badges. The Pirates were favourites for the final, with the hope they would be able to reverse the result from the previous season. However, Wentworth proved to be the superior club, winning the final and the premiership. The match remained close until late in the second half, when Wentworth scored three unanswered tries. Wentworth were premiers for a second time.


1891 Southern Rugby Union Season, Lower Grades, Second Junior Badges
Twenty-two clubs submitted entries for the Second Junior Badges, previously known as the Union Badges. Like the Junior Badges, the competition continued to rank teams by points with the top four progressing to the semi finals. Interestingly, the Rosedale club continued to have a presence in the Second Junior competition despite their senior team pulling out of the Agricultural Cup. At the end of the preliminary matches Randwick 2nd and Carlton finished tied on the top of the table. Both University 2nd and Liverpool finished in the top four to also progress to the semi finals.


1891 Southern Rugby Union Season, Lower Grades, Second Junior Badges
The draw for these matches saw Randwick 2nd up against University 2nd at the Agricultural Society Ground and Carlton drawn against Liverpool at Burwood. The Varsity defeated their opponents 13 points to 3 to progress to the finals. The second match saw Carlton defeat Liverpool 8 points to 3. The final was eagerly anticipated with both University and Carlton having played a draw during the preliminary matches. A keenly contested match saw Carlton defeat the Varsity by 10 points to 3.


1891 Southern Rugby Union Season, Lower Grades, Third Junior Badges
In 1891 it was decided by the Union to create a Third Junior Badges. Twenty-three clubs submitted entries for the new competition. After the regular matches, Surrey and Randwick Austral finished on equal points at the top of the table with Redfern Parkhurst and Roslyn also qualifying for semi finals. The draw for the semi finals saw Austral and Surrey play against each other on the Agricultural Ground. The match was a tight one which went into extra time with Austral scoring 8 points to Surrey's nil to win the match.


1891 Southern Rugby Union Season, Lower Grades, Third Junior Badges
The second semi was another stubborn affair with Roslyn defeating Redfern Parkhurst 4 points to 3. Despite expectations for Austral to run away with the match, the final turned out to be a better contest. The match was not a great example of Rugby play, however the final result saw Austral narrowly defeat Roslyn 3 points to nil.


1891 Southern Rugby Union Season, Representative Games, Intercolonial Matches
At the end of the Sydney Rugby Premiership, a contingent of players were sent to Queensland to represent NSW in the Intercolonial matches. Unfortunately, many of the more prominent players were not available for selection, with the team considered to not be the best that could have been put into the field. Those that could not make themselves available did so mostly due to the scheduling of the matches and having to travel to Queensland to play.


1891 Southern Rugby Union Season, Representative Games, Intercolonial Matches
The first match saw heavy clouds gather over the ground prior to the beginning of the match. As the game proceeded, the weather turned nasty with heavy rain making the ground muddy and the ball slippery. Queensland were deemed to have the best of the match with the team crossing over for three tries to New South Wales one. The first half saw an even contest with NSW leading into the break 9 points to 3. With the rain making everything slippery, it was believed that the visitors should have had the advantage during the second half.


1891 Southern Rugby Union Season, Representative Games, Intercolonial Matches
However, the Queensland forwards played brilliantly resulting in the team scoring 6 more points to bring the scoreline level. With better luck, the local team may have won the match. Twice the Queenslanders crossed the visitors line failing to ground the ball and any kicks with the sodden ball did not find their mark. It was obvious that the New South Wales players were tired and out of condition in the second half.


1891 Southern Rugby Union Season, Representative Games, Intercolonial Matches
The return match between the two old sparring partners was played a week later. The match saw a decisive win for the Queenslanders with the final score 11 points to nil. However, before the match had begun, controversy was seen with the choice of referee for the match. Mr FC Lea was chosen by the local team to umpire the match, however questions were raised by the visitors in regards to his fairness. An ultimatum was put to the NSW team: accept the umpire chosen or the match would not go ahead.


1891 Southern Rugby Union Season, Representative Games, Intercolonial Matches
It was believed that the Northern Union did a great disservice to the visitors in insisting their choice be accepted with some suggesting that the NSW team should have stood their ground. The play during the first half was rather even with neither team being able to score. However, the Queenslanders did all of the scoring in the second half. This was done in spite of the winners playing much of the half with  a man down. Once again, the visitors tired in the second half.


1891 Spanish general election
The 1891 Spanish general election was held on Sunday, 1 February and on Sunday, 15 February 1891, to elect the 5th Restoration Cortes of the Kingdom of Spain. All 401 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 180 of 360 seats in the Senate. The electorate consisted of about 27.3 % of the country's population.


1891 Spanish general election, Overview, Background
The Spanish Constitution of 1876 enshrined Spain as a constitutional monarchy, awarding the King power to name senators and to revoke laws, as well as the title of commander-in-chief of the army. The King would also play a key role in the system of El Turno Pacífico (the Peaceful Turn) by appointing and toppling governments and allowing the opposition to take power. Under this system, the Conservative and Liberal parties alternated in power by means of election rigging, which they achieved through the encasillado, using the links between the Ministry of Governance, the provincial civil governors, and the local bosses (caciques) to ensure victory and exclude minor parties from the power sharing.


1891 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
The Spanish Cortes were envisaged as "co-legislative bodies", based on a nearly perfect bicameralism. Both the Congress of Deputies and the Senate had legislative, control and budgetary functions, sharing equal powers except for laws on contributions or public credit, where the Congress had preeminence. Voting for the Cortes was on the basis of universal manhood suffrage, which comprised all national males over twenty-five, having at least a two-year residency in a municipality and in full enjoyment of their civil rights.


1891 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
For the Congress of Deputies, 88 seats were elected using a partial block voting in 26 multi-member constituencies, with the remaining 313 being elected under a one-round first-past-the-post system in single-member districts. Candidates winning a plurality in each constituency were elected.


1891 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
In constituencies electing eight seats or more, electors could vote for no more than three candidates less than the number of seats to be allocated; in those with more than four seats and up to eight, for no more than two less; in those with more than one seat and up to four, for no more than one less; and for one candidate in single-member districts.


1891 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
The Congress was entitled to one member per each 50,000 inhabitants, with each multi-member constituency being allocated a fixed number of seats: 8 for Madrid, 5 for Barcelona and Palma, 4 for Seville and 3 for Alicante, Almería, Badajoz, Burgos, Cádiz, Cartagena, Córdoba, Granada, Jaén, Jerez de la Frontera, La Coruña, Lugo, Málaga, Murcia, Oviedo, Pamplona, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Santander, Tarragona, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza. The law also provided for by-elections to fill seats vacated throughout the legislature.


1891 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
For the Senate, 180 seats were indirectly elected, with electors voting for delegates instead of senators. Elected delegates—equivalent in number to one-sixth of the councillors in each municipal corporation—would then vote for senators using a write-in, two-round majority voting system. The provinces of Álava, Albacete, Ávila, Biscay, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Guipúzcoa, Huelva, Logroño, Matanzas, Palencia, Pinar del Río, Puerto Príncipe, Santa Clara, Santander, Santiago de Cuba, Segovia, Soria, Teruel, Valladolid and Zamora were allocated two seats each, whereas each of the remaining provinces was allocated three seats, for a total of 147.


1891 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
The remaining 33 were allocated to a number of institutions, electing one seat each—the Archdioceses of Burgos, Granada, Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Cuba, Seville, Tarragona, Toledo, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; the Royal Spanish Academy; the Royal Academies of History, Fine Arts, Sciences, Moral and Political Sciences and Medicine; the Universities of Madrid, Barcelona, Granada, Havana, Oviedo, Salamanca, Santiago, Seville, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; and the Economic Societies of Friends of the Country from Madrid, Barcelona, Cuba–Puerto Rico, León, Seville and Valencia.


1891 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
An additional 180 seats comprised senators in their own right—the Monarch's offspring and the heir apparent once coming of age; Grandees of Spain of the first class; Captain Generals of the Army and the Navy Admiral; the Patriarch of the Indies and archbishops; as well as other high-ranking state figures—and senators for life (who were appointed by the Monarch).


1891 Spanish general election, Overview, Election date
The term of each House of the Cortes—the Congress and one-half of the elective part of the Senate—expired five years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The Monarch had the prerogative to dissolve both Houses at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election.


1891 St. Louis Browns season
The 1891 St. Louis Browns season was the team's tenth season in St. Louis, Missouri and the tenth season in the American Association. The Browns went 85–51 during the season and finished second in the American Association.


1891 St. Louis Browns season
This was the Browns final season in the American Association. The league folded after the season, and the Browns moved to the National League where they remain today as the St. Louis Cardinals.


1891 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1891 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1891 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1891 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1891 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1891 Stanford football team
The 1891 Stanford football team represented Stanford University in the 1891 college football season. This was the inaugural year of both the University and the football team: the University opened in October 1891 and the four-game season was played in early 1892.


1891 Stanford football team, Origins
Soon after Stanford opened on October 1, 1891, students set out to form a football team. One transfer student, John Whittemore, had played football at Washington University. He was chosen as captain and began to organize the team.


1891 Stanford football team, Origins
Whittemore acted as de facto coach, drawing up plays and organizing practices. The team won its first two games against Hopkins Academy and Berkeley Gym before losing to a team from San Francisco's Olympic Club. In its final game of the first season, Stanford upset a more experienced team from the University of California, Berkeley, setting the stage for what would become the longstanding Big Game rivalry.


1891 Stanford football team, Game summaries, California
Soon after formation of Stanford's team, players at the University of California, Berkeley, which had been playing football for 10 years, contacted the team to set up a Thanksgiving Day game; as the Stanford team was still organizing, a spring game was eventually agreed to.


1891 Stanford football team, Game summaries, California
On March 19, 1892, the Stanford and California teams met to play at Haight Street Grounds in San Francisco. Stanford's team manager was future U.S. President Herbert Hoover; Hoover had printed 10,000 tickets for the game, but soon an overflow crowd forced Hoover to collect cash payment for admission. As the game was about to begin, both teams realized that no one had brought a ball. An owner of a sporting goods store who was in attendance was dispatched on horseback to retrieve a ball and the game eventually started an hour late.


1891 Stanford football team, Game summaries, California
Stanford employed some trick plays and scored the first three touchdowns of the game (touchdowns were worth 4 points at that time) and held on to upset the more experienced California team 14–10.


1891 Stanford football team, Legacy
The next season, Whittemore wrote to legendary Yale coach Walter Camp asking him to recommend a coach for Stanford; to Whittemore's surprise, Camp agreed to coach the team himself, on the condition that he coach the season at Yale first.


1891 Stanford football team, Legacy
Whittemore's son, also named John Whittemore and also a Stanford student, lived to the age of 104 and was renowned as a masters track and field athlete.


1891 State Normal School at Cheney fire
The 1891 State Normal School at Cheney fire was a conflagration on the morning of August 27, 1891, that consumed the only building then housing the State Normal School at Cheney in Cheney, Washington. No lives were lost, but the destruction of the building sparked a multi-year battle with the governor and state legislature regarding whether the normal school would be shuttered, or whether the state would authorize funds for the construction of a replacement building.


1891 State Normal School at Cheney fire, Background
At the time of the fire, the institution originally known as the Benjamin P. Cheney Academy had only been in place for nine years, operating for most of those years as a school for local children. The campus's original building, built in the fall of 1881, was a wooden structure, measuring 36×66 ft; by August 1891, the school (renamed the State Normal School at Cheney shortly after Washington became a state in 1889) was constructing an addition of four classrooms and a gymnasium to accommodate rising enrollment and the needs of the new normal school curriculum.


1891 State Normal School at Cheney fire, Background
The town around the campus, Cheney, Washington, has been described by historians as a "tough little town," and "the last camping-ground of the American frontier." It was home to speculators and opportunists, like most other frontier towns at the time.


1891 State Normal School at Cheney fire, Fire
Early on the morning of August 27, 1891 (at around 12:45 am), just one week before the fall term was scheduled to begin, the Cheney fire department responded to a blaze at the State Normal School. According to the Spokane Daily Chronicle, fire officials believed the fire began when a leaking hydrant soaked a pile of lime next to the building, where new construction at the building site was underway.


1891 State Normal School at Cheney fire, Fire
J. Orin Oliphant, writing the institution's first published history in 1924, cited the reminiscences of a Cheney resident in claiming that "the fire started on the northeast side, in a heated mortar bed, which was too close to the wooden basement wall." According to the Chronicle, the fire department arrived on the scene almost immediately, but the flames consumed the building so quickly that "the efforts of the firemen were useless."


1891 State Normal School at Cheney fire, Immediate impact
The building, then valued at $10,000, burned to the ground as a total loss. It had contained a large number of new books and materials, along with a brand new piano, that had just been acquired for the upcoming school year. Since the structure had contained the entire institution, the school had to make arrangements to resume classes in another building while the state debated an appropriation to rebuild. The university had an insurance policy on the building, but the policy had been made payable to the Washington State Legislature instead of to the school itself. This left the university in limbo without any funding to rebuild.


1891 State Normal School at Cheney fire, Immediate impact
The community immediately helped to secure a location by September 2, 1891, so the normal school could open in time for the fall term. There are some discrepancies in available sources regarding exactly what arrangements were made. Oliphant indicates that, for the first week of the term, the trustees of Cheney's public school offered the temporary use of their building until more permanent accommodations could be found; in contrast, the August 28, 1891 edition of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer claims that by that date, the normal school's Board of Trustees had already made arrangements for rented storefronts in downtown Cheney.


1891 State Normal School at Cheney fire, Immediate impact
Regardless, sources agree that by the end of the term's first week the normal school had set up in rented space in the Pomeroy building in downtown Cheney. The temporary school "location was poor, the rooms small, and the hallways dark and narrow," but despite that reality, the normal school remained in operation there until 1893.


1891 State Normal School at Cheney fire, Long-term impact
The loss of the building, which was under-insured, threw the future of the school into doubt. Established originally as an academy by a private endowment from Benjamin Pierce Cheney, the school had only begun to operate as a normal school in October 1890. Funding normal schools in the state had been a contentious budget issue.


1891 State Normal School at Cheney fire, Long-term impact
Governor McGraw exercised his veto in the spring of 1893 to hold back $85,000 of funds that had been approved by the legislature to rebuild the school; the veto was widely derided by newspaper editorials around the state, including pieces in the Cheney Sentinel, the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, and the Seattle Telegraph.


1891 State Normal School at Cheney fire, Long-term impact
In response, the residents of Cheney voted overwhelmingly (262–13 in favor) for a bond measure to finance the building of a public school building, which the city would loan to the State Normal School until such time as its own building could be erected. The principal of the State Normal School at Cheney, William J. Sutton, described the loaned building as "a commodious 2-storied brick building ... one of the most complete and convenient school buildings in the state. It will be supplied with water from the city water works, with electric light, electric bells and heated by steam." The normal school would occupy this loaned public school building from the fall of 1893 until 1896.


1891 State Normal School at Cheney fire, Long-term impact
Governor McGraw's biennial budget priorities for 1895 remained opposed to the rebuilding of the State Normal School at Cheney: in his annual message, McGraw emphasized that "it was owing to no personal feeling or antipathy of opinion that the veto power was exercised in the cases of the Cheney and Whatcom Normal Schools," but reiterated his conviction that the people of the state should not be required to pay additional taxes for the requested construction work.


1891 State Normal School at Cheney fire, Long-term impact
McGraw's resolve weakened, however: he was influenced in part by the opinion of C. W. Bean, the state superintendent of public instruction (whose research had concluded that McGraw's preferred model of a single central state normal school had not succeeded in other states). Perhaps as importantly, McGraw had been impressed by the survival and increasing enrollment numbers reported by the State Normal School at Cheney, which, as it had been achieved during years in temporary quarters with meager appropriations from the state, indicated the overall health of the institution. When the legislature passed a bill in March 1895 authorizing $60,000 for the construction of a new normal school building in Cheney, McGraw added his assent, and the construction was scheduled to begin.


1891 State Normal School at Cheney fire, Long-term impact
Infighting between the citizens of Cheney and the normal school's administration, as well as disputes over the new construction, ultimately delayed the opening of the state's new building until 1897. The controversy brought a new newspaper to town, the Cheney Free Press, which was established "to support the interests of the Normal School administration."


1891 State of the Union Address
The 1891 State of the Union Address was written by Benjamin Harrison, the 23rd president of the United States. It was to both houses of the 52nd United States Congress on Wednesday, December 9, 1891, by a clerk. He said, "The vista that now opens to us is wider and more glorious than ever before. Gratification and amazement struggle for supremacy as we contemplate the population, wealth, and moral strength of our country."


1891 Stowmarket by-election
The 1891 Stowmarket by-election was held on 5 May 1891 after the death of the incumbent Conservative MP Edward Greene. It was gained by the Liberal candidate Sydney Stern.


1891 Swansea County Borough Council election
The annual election to Swansea County Borough Council took place in November 1891. It was followed by the 1892 election.


1891 Swarthmore Quakers football team
The 1891 Swarthmore Quakers football team was an American football team that represented Swarthmore College a member of the Pennsylvania Intercollegiate Football Association (PIFA) during the 1891 college football season. The team compiled a 9–2 record and outscored opponents by a total of 302 to 94. Jacob K. Shell was the head coach.


1891 Swiss referendums
Five referendums were held in Switzerland in 1891. The first was held on 15 March on a federal law on federal officials who had become unemployable due to disability, and was rejected by 79.4% of voters. The second was held on 5 July on a constitutional amendment, and was approved by 60.3% of voters. Two referendums were held on 18 October, one on revising article 39 of the federal constitution and one on a federal law on Swiss tariffs; both were approved. The last was held on 6 December on the question of whether the federal government should purchase the Swiss Central Railway, but was rejected by 68.9% of voters.


1891 Swiss referendums, Background
The two constitutional referendums were mandatory referendums, which required both a majority of voters and cantons. The other three were optional referendums, which meant that only a majority of the public vote was required for the proposals to be approved.


1891 Syracuse Orangemen football team
The 1891 Syracuse Orangemen football team represented Syracuse University during the 1891 college football season. The head coach was William Galbraith, coaching his first season with the Orangemen.


1891 Te Aroha by-election
The 1891 Te Aroha by-election was a by-election held on 9 July 1891 during the 11th New Zealand Parliament in the Waikato electorate of Te Aroha. The 1890 general election in the Te Aroha electorate had been contested by William Shepherd Allen and William Fraser. Allen was elected, but Fraser mounted a successful election petition, and Allen was disqualified from standing again. The by-election was contested by Fraser and Sir Walter Buller, the well known ornithologist, who both represented the Liberal Party, plus a third candidate who was not taken seriously. Shortly before the election, the Liberal Government made Fraser its official candidate. A candidate representing the opposition pulled out of the contest in late June, as it was clear that only a Liberal Party supporter could win. Fraser won the by-election, obtaining more than 60% of the votes.


1891 Te Aroha by-election, Background
The Te Aroha electorate was first formed for the 11th New Zealand Parliament in 1890. William Shepherd Allen and William Fraser contested the 1890 election. Allen had a majority of 235 votes and was declared elected. Fraser petitioned against the election on three grounds: that Allen (who at the time of the election was overseas) had not given his consent to being nominated, that scrutineers had not been appointed by Allen in writing, and charges of bribery, corruption and treating of Allen's agents.


1891 Te Aroha by-election, Background
The case was heard over two and a half days by Chief Justice James Prendergast and by Justice Edward Conolly. They issued their judgement on 3 April 1891, and declared that Allen's nomination was legal, charges of bribery or corruption were not proven, but that T. O. Hammond having been a paid agent of Allen was in violation of the Corrupt Practices Prevention Act, 1881, and the election was thus declared void.


1891 Te Aroha by-election, Background
There was then legal argument that Fraser should be declared duly elected instead, but Justice Conolly rejected this, stating that it was up to the House of Representatives to decide on that. The judges disqualified Allen from standing in the Te Aroha electorate for 12 months, but he could contest by-elections in other electorates should they arise. Allen regretted that he could not contest the upcoming by-election. Some of his friends decided to petition parliament to have the disqualification overturned. The Public Petition Committee reported to the House on 10 July (i.e. the day after the by-election) and recommended that the Government pass a bill to remove the stigma of disqualification.


1891 Te Aroha by-election, Candidates
Various potential candidates were approached by the electors and discussed in the newspapers. Fraser, a supporter of the Liberal Party, confirmed that he would contest the by-election on 15 April, after it had previously been reported that he would not stand again. William Herries of Shaftesbury in the Piako District was asked to become a candidate in April. Joseph Dargaville, who had previously represented the Auckland West electorate, was discussed as a probable candidate, and the potential candidacy of Sir Maurice O'Rorke, who after 29 years in Parliament had been defeated at the 1890 election, was rumoured.


1891 Te Aroha by-election, Candidates
The lawyer and ornithologist Walter Buller, who had previously been unsuccessful in the 1876 and 1881 elections, started canvassing in the electorate as a supporter of the Liberal Government during April. William McCullough, a former Mayor of Thames, was asked in mid June to stand in the upcoming by-election. William Murray, who had until 1881 represented the Te Aroha electorate, was understood to be a candidate for the opposition to the ruling Liberal Government. Dr. Charles Broome of Huntly announced his candidacy in late June, but his nomination was regarded as a "joke" by the local newspaper, the Thames Star. Lemuel Bagnall was another candidate. He retired from the contest in late June, as the public showed strong support for the government, and that as opposition candidate he would not find sufficient support.


1891 Te Aroha by-election, Election
Nominations were received by 29 June from Fraser, Buller, and Broome. On 1 July, the government decided to make Fraser its official candidate. The by-election was held on 9 July 1891 and was won by Fraser. The following table gives the election results:


1891 Te Aroha by-election, Election
Fraser represented the electorate until the end of the parliamentary term in 1893, when the electorate was abolished again.


1891 Tennessee Volunteers football team
The 1891 Tennessee Volunteers football team represented the University of Tennessee in the 1891 season. This was the first Tennessee Volunteers football team. They traveled on Thanksgiving Day to Chattanooga, Tennessee to face Sewanee. They had no head coach and were mainly an intramural team.


1891 Toronto municipal election
Municipal elections were held in Toronto, Canada, on January 5, 1891. Edward Frederick Clarke, was re-elected to his fourth term in office, defeating former alderman Ernest A. Macdonald.


1891 Trinity Blue and White football team
The 1891 Trinity Blue and White football team represented Trinity College (today known as Duke University) in the 1891 college football season. The team went 3–0  and beat its opponents by a combined score of 122 to 4. The team claimed a Southern championship.


1891 Trinity Blue and White football team
The 1891 team was led by senior player and captain Tom Daniels, who later played for Auburn University.


1891 U.S. National Championships (tennis)
List of champions of the 1891 U.S. National Championships (now known as the US Open). The men's tournament was held from 22 August to 31 August on the outdoor grass courts at the Newport Casino in Newport, Rhode Island. The women's tournament was held from 23 June to 27 June on the outdoor grass courts at the Philadelphia Cricket Club in Philadelphia, PA. It was the 11th U.S. National Championships and the second Grand Slam tournament of the year. :


1891 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Men's Singles
Oliver Campbell defeated  Clarence Hobart  2–6, 7–5, 7–9, 6–1, 6–2


1891 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Men's Doubles
Oliver Campbell /  Bob Huntington defeated  Valentine Hall /  Clarence Hobart 6–3, 6–4, 8–6


1891 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Women's Doubles
Mabel Cahill /  Emma Leavitt Morgan defeated  Grace Roosevelt /  Ellen Roosevelt 2–6, 8–6, 6–4


1891 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Mixed Doubles
Mabel Cahill / Wright defeated  Grace Roosevelt / Lee  6–4, 6–0, 7–5 †


1891 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Mixed Doubles
† - The Mixed Doubles event was not an official event in 1891


1891 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles
Oliver Campbell defended his title in the challenge round by beating Clarence Hobart 2–6, 7–5, 7–9, 6–1, 6–2 to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1891 U.S. National Championships.


1891 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles
Mabel Cahill won the singles tennis title by defeating reigning champion Ellen Roosevelt  6–4, 6–1, 4–6, 6–3 in the Challenge Round of the 1891 U.S. Women's National Singles Championship. Cahill had won the right to challenge Ellen Roosevelt by defeating her sister Grace Roosevelt 6–3, 7–5 in the final of the All Comers' competition. The event was played on outdoor grass courts and held at the Philadelphia Cricket Club in Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia from June 23 through June 27, 1891.


1891 USC Methodists football team
The 1891 USC Methodists football team was an American football team that represented the University of Southern California during the 1891 college football season. The team competed as an independent without a head coach, compiling a 1–2 record.


1891 United Kingdom census
The United Kingdom Census 1891 was a census of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland carried out on Sunday 5 April 1891. A question was added to record the number of rooms in a household, in response to concerns about overcrowding in cities. This was also the first census to employ women census takers and the first to ask in Wales about the ability to speak Welsh.


1891 United States House of Representatives elections
There were eight special elections in 1891 in the United States House of Representatives to the 52nd United States Congress.


1891 United States Senate election in Kansas
The 1891 United States Senate election in Kansas was held on January 28, 1891, to elect Kansas' Class III senator in its delegation.


1891 United States Senate election in Kansas, Farmers' Alliance/People's nomination
The Farmers' Alliance and People's Party were split into two factions that either supported Peter Percival Elder, who was expected to become the Speaker of the Kansas House of Representatives, or William A. Peffer for the senatorial nomination. It was speculated that Jerry Simpson would be chosen as a compromise candidate between the two factions.


1891 United States Senate election in Kansas, Farmers' Alliance/People's nomination
On January 27, 1891, the Farmers' Alliance caucus in the state legislature convened to select the party's nominee for the senate election. The balloting started with seventeen candidates and after seventeen ballots Peffer won, with fifty-six votes, against J. T. Willitts, with thirty-eight votes.


1891 United States Senate election in Kansas, Results
On January 27, 1891, both chambers of the Kansas Legislature informally voted separately on the senatorial candidates. In the House of Representatives, 96 members voted for Peffer, 23 members voted for Ingalls, and 5 members voted for Democratic nominee C. W. Blair. In the Senate, 35 members voted for Ingalls, 1 member voted for Peffer, and 2 voted for other candidates.