1880 Republican National Convention, The convention, Balloting
The Grant backers discussed the other two chief candidates, and found them both to be unacceptable. Some of the men called for Conkling himself as a substitute for Grant. They argued that with Grant out of the race, Conkling would face little resistance for the Republican nomination. However, Conkling refused to accept the idea of being nominated for president. He said "[even] if I were to receive every other vote in the Convention, my own would still be lacking, and that I would not give. I am here as the agent of New York to support General Grant to the end. Any man who would forsake him under such conditions does not deserve to be elected, and could not be elected.


1880 Republican National Convention, The convention, Balloting
The first ballot on Tuesday morning, June 8, saw two major breaks in the voting. Massachusetts switched their twenty-one votes from Senator George Edmunds to John Sherman, spiking his total to 116, the highest thus far. William Chandler also convinced three Minnesota delegates to switch their support from their "favorite son" candidate, William Windom, to James G. Blaine. By the thirty-second ballot, Blaine had dropped six votes from the night before, and Grant had increased his total to 309. Despite the relatively small changes in votes totals Roscoe Conkling confidently claimed that the "[m]embers of the N.Y.


1880 Republican National Convention, The convention, Balloting
Delegation assert that Grant will be nominated before one o'clock." On the thirty-third ballot, nine Wisconsin delegates shifted their support from Grant to Elihu Washburne. On the next ballot, sixteen of twenty Wisconsin delegates changed their vote to James Garfield. Garfield immediately called to chairman Hoar to raise a question of order. Garfield "challenge[d] the correctness of the announcement", claiming that without his consent, he should not be receiving votes.


1880 Republican National Convention, The convention, Balloting
Hoar dismissed Garfield's question, claiming later that he denied Garfield because he did not want to see a presidency be undone by a simple point of order, meaning he did not want Garfield to stop the momentum for his own candidacy. At this point the vote totals for the major candidates stood at 312 for Grant, 275 for Blaine, 107 for Sherman, and 17 for Garfield. Then, during the thirty-fifth ballot roll call, Indiana shifted all 27 of its votes (mostly the Blaine column) to Garfield. Four Maryland delegates and one delegate each from Mississippi and North Carolina also switched their votes to Garfield, bringing his total to 50.


1880 Republican National Convention, The convention, Balloting
Blaine, seeing that his chances for winning the nomination were slipping, came to the conclusion that James Garfield was the most suitable alternative nominee to himself. Garfield was a close friend, and Blaine felt that by supporting Garfield, he could defeat Grant and Conkling and possibly receive an appointment in Garfield's administration. Similarly, Sherman, acting upon advice from his colleagues, decided to shift all his support to Garfield, to "save the Republican Party." Both candidates told their supporters to support Garfield's nomination.


1880 Republican National Convention, The convention, Balloting
With the Blaine and Sherman forces now rallying to Garfield, the move toward the Ohio congressman became a stampede on the next ballot, the convention's thirty-sixth. Garfield won 399 votes, 93 more than Grant, putting him over the top and giving him the Republican nomination. Blaine finished with 42, Washburne had 5, John Sherman had 3, and the remaining were split amongst other minor candidates. Garfield was so overwhelmed with emotion after winning the nomination that an Inter Ocean reporter noted that he looked "pale as death, and seemed to be half-unconsciously to receive the congratulations of his friends."


1880 Republican National Convention, The convention, Balloting
The convention was in a mad frenzy as thousands of people chanted for Garfield, and later joined in the singing of the Battle Cry of Freedom. The Grant followers, like Roscoe Conkling, looked on with "glum faces" and made "no effort to conceal their disappointment." Conkling took great pride in the 306 delegates who had supported Grant throughout the entire balloting. With the Grant supporters, Conkling formed a "Three Hundred and Six Guard" society. The society held annual dinners, and even drew up a commemorative coin with the inscription, "The Old Guard".


1880 Republican National Convention, The convention, Balloting
Afterwards, chairman Hoar banged his gavel and announced, "James A. Garfield, of Ohio, is nominated for President of the United States." Garfield wrote a letter to his wife stating that "if the results meet your approval, I shall be content [with the nomination]." Garfield's wife, Lucretia, was thrilled with her husband's nomination and gave her approval. (Garfield subsequently resigned the Senate seat to which he had been elected for the term beginning in 1881, and the Ohio Legislature then elected Sherman.)


1880 Republican National Convention, The convention, Balloting
Garfield and the Ohio delegation desired a New York Stalwart as Garfield's vice presidential running mate, partly to placate Conkling, and partly to balance the ticket geographically. Levi P. Morton declined after consulting with Conkling, who was still unhappy over Grant's loss and advised Morton not to accept. The nomination was then offered (surreptitiously, and without consulting Garfield) to Chester A. Arthur, who had close Stalwart ties to Conkling, but who had impressed delegates with his work to broker the compromise on the selection of a convention chairman.


1880 Republican National Convention, The convention, Balloting
Conkling tried to talk Arthur out of accepting, urging him to "drop it as you would a red hot shoe from the forge," but Arthur insisted that he would, calling the Vice Presidency "a greater honor than I ever dreamed of attaining." Arthur won the nomination after he received 468 votes, next to the 193 for Elihu Washburne, and 44 for the third major candidate, Marshall Jewell. Former Governor Edmund J. Davis of Texas and several others were also nominated, but received little support. After convention chairman Hoar banged his gavel at 7:25 P.M. on June 8, the longest ever Republican National Convention was adjourned.


1880 Republican National Convention, Aftermath
Garfield led the first front porch campaign for the Presidency. He did not travel that much, and he usually stayed at home to present his presidential agenda to visitors. Garfield enlisted the support of the other candidates from the convention to help with the campaign. The 1880 Democratic National Convention chose Winfield Scott Hancock as the presidential candidate and William Hayden English as his vice-presidential running mate. The election featured a very close popular vote that put Garfield ahead with a majority of less than 10,000; some sources put the margin as low as 2,000. However, Garfield won the election with 214 of the 369 electoral votes in the country.


1880 Republican National Convention, Aftermath
On July 2, 1881, Garfield was shot by a former Chicago lawyer named Charles J. Guiteau at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station in Washington, D.C. Guiteau was a staunch supporter of the Stalwarts, and he even gave speeches in New York to rally Grant supporters. After Garfield was elected president, Guiteau repeatedly tried to contact the president and his Secretary of State James G. Blaine in hopes of receiving the consulship in Paris. After finally being told by Blaine that he would not get the position, Guiteau decided to seek revenge on Garfield. He planned Garfield's assassination for weeks. After shooting Garfield, he proclaimed "I am a Stalwart and Arthur will be President." Garfield died on September 19, more than two and a half months after the shooting. After a lengthy trial, Guiteau was sentenced to death, and he was hanged on June 30, 1882.


1880 Rhode Island gubernatorial election
The 1880 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was held on April 7, 1880. Republican nominee Alfred H. Littlefield defeated Democratic nominee Horace A. Kimball with 44.82% of the vote.


1880 Rutgers Queensmen football team
The 1880 Rutgers Queensmen football team represented Rutgers University as an independent during the 1880 college football season. The team compiled a 2–2 record and was outscored by opponents 12 to 6. The team had no coach, and its captain was John Morrison.


1880 SAFA season
The 1880 South Australian Football Association season was the 4th season of the top-level Australian rules football competition in South Australia.


1880 SAFA season
The season opened on 8 May and concluded on 18 September.


1880 SAFA season, Premiership season, Round 5
Kensington's win over Adelaide was its first since 1877, ending a winless streak of 30 matches.


1880 SAFA season, Ladder
Note: Victorian were ranked above South Adelaide on match ratio (only match was drawn), while Port Adelaide were ranked above Kensington on head-to-head record (1-0-1), and Kensington were ranked above South Park on match ratio (both teams were 1-1 head-to-head).


1880 SAFA season, Intercolonial matches
An Association representative team toured South Australia in August, playing three intercolonial matches – two at even strength against the South Australian Football Association representative team, and one against a team of twenty-three South Australian-born players – and winning all three. J. Gibson (South Melbourne) served as captain of the Association team.


1880 SAFA season, Additional matches
Controversy regarding a goal kicked during the Victorian and South Adelaide game meant the result was not confirmed until it was referred to the SAFA committee. The result of the game was eventually decided to not count towards the premiership.


1880 SAFA season, Additional matches
The Port Adelaide and Victorian football clubs decided to play another game against each other as their two previous matches during the season resulted in draws.


1880 Scottish Cup Final
The 1880 Scottish Cup Final was the seventh final of the Scottish Cup and the final of the 1879–80 Scottish Cup, the most prestigious knockout football competition in Scotland. The match was played at Cathkin Park in Crosshill (today part of Glasgow) on 21 February 1880 and was watched by a crowd of 4,000 spectators. The final was contested by three-time former champions Queen's Park and Thornliebank who had never won the cup.


1880 Scottish Cup Final, Background
Queen's Park reached the final for the fourth time after winning the competition for three consecutive seasons between 1874 and 1876. Prior to the match, both Queen's Park and Vale of Leven had won the Scottish Cup three times, a record at the time.


1880 Scottish Cup Final, Background
No team from Renfrewshire had reached the final before Thornliebank in 1880 – their only appearance in the final. The team's previous best run in the competition came in 1877–78 when they lost to Renton in the fifth round.


1880 Scottish Cup Final, Background
The match marked the first and only time Queen's Park and Thornliebank met in a competitive fixture.


1880 Serbian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Serbia on 12 December 1880. As expected, the elections resulted in a majority for the government, whose supporters won 94 seats, whilst Radicals won only 18 seats. By January 1881 the number of government supporters had risen to over 100, whilst the Radicals had split.


1880 Serbian parliamentary election, Background
Prince Milan signed a decree dissolving the National Assembly and calling elections on 5 November. Unlike the previous elections in which many candidates were returned unopposed, most seats were contested.


1880 South Carolina gubernatorial election
The 1880 South Carolina gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1880 to select the governor of the state of South Carolina. Johnson Hagood was nominated by the Democrats and ran against L. W. R. Blair, a Greenback-Labor candidate. Hagood easily won the general election and became the 80th governor of South Carolina.


1880 South Carolina gubernatorial election, Democratic Convention
In 1880, the state Democratic Party was split between the supporters of Wade Hampton and Martin Witherspoon Gary, although Hampton clearly commanded the respect and admiration of the party faithful. Therefore, to thwart a bid by Gary for the governorship, the state executive committee on March 10 announced that the state nominating convention would be held on June 1, a couple months before the anticipated date in August. Gary was viewed negatively during the spring because of his tirades against Hampton and the state Democrats hoped that an early convention would eliminate any possibility of Gary recovering his support.


1880 South Carolina gubernatorial election, Democratic Convention
At the convention in Columbia, a motion to proceed with nominations was immediately brought to a vote and it passed by a margin of 84 to 63. Unable to stop the nominating process and with little support, Gary refused to let his name be nominated for governor so as to avoid the embarrassment of an overwhelming defeat. Johnson Hagood, a conservative Democrat, was nominated for governor by acclamation.


1880 South Carolina gubernatorial election, Republican Convention
The state Republicans held their convention in early September and the sentiment of the delegates heading into the convention was to mount an all-out attempt on the state offices. Led by Thomas E. Miller and other notable black leaders, they reasoned that although they might not win, it would maintain the cohesion and organization of the state party. However, as in the previous gubernatorial election, the party leaders stressed the futility of launching a statewide campaign. Nevertheless, a special committee was created to discuss the issue.


1880 South Carolina gubernatorial election, Republican Convention
The committee not only reported that nominations for statewide offices should be made but also formulated a state ticket. On the ticket for governor was John Winsmith, an elderly white native South Carolinian from Spartanburg, and Thomas E. Miller for lieutenant governor. Other men of vague character made up the rest of the ticket and objections were made as to the lack of quality men on the ticket. The chairman of the committee responded that it was the best that they could do and more respectable Republicans refused to be nominated.


1880 South Carolina gubernatorial election, Republican Convention
Robert B. Elliott, chairman of the state Republican party, then took the floor and reiterated the same arguments against nominations that he made in 1878. He stated that nominating a statewide ticket would only serve to incite the Democrats to wage an aggressive campaign which would ruin the chances of the Republican presidential candidate in the state. Furthermore, if the Republicans simply waited in the shadows, the Democrats would eventually be wreaked by internal dissension because the primary reason for Democratic unity was Republican opposition.


1880 South Carolina gubernatorial election, Republican Convention
Elliott compared the situation of the Democrats to that of the Republicans during Reconstruction, how the splintering campaigns by the Independent Republicans in 1872 and 1874 caused the eventual downfall of the regular Republicans in 1876. He pointed out the rise of agrarian dissatisfaction in the state by the organization of a Greenback party as the beginning of the breakup of the Democratic party.


1880 South Carolina gubernatorial election, Republican Convention
Proponents of the state ticket wavered in their support upon hearing Elliott, and the issue was left with the executive committee of the party. With Elliott as the leader of the party, the matter was buried and no state ticket was formed.


1880 South Carolina gubernatorial election, Greenback-Labor Convention
During September, the Greenback-Labor party held their first convention in the state at Chester. There were only 45 delegates from 8 counties, but they still nominated a statewide ticket for the general election. Despite being newly formed, they fused with the Republicans only in a few isolated places and were considerably ill-equipped to take on a united and formidable Democratic party.


1880 South Carolina gubernatorial election, General election
The general election was held on November 2, 1880 and Johnson Hagood was elected as governor of South Carolina with nominal opposition. Turnout was slightly more than the previous gubernatorial election because there was a somewhat organized opposition candidate.


1880 Southwark by-election
The Southwark by-election of 1880 was fought on 13 February 1880. The byelection was fought due to the death of the incumbent Liberal MP, John Locke. It was won by the Conservative candidate Edward George Clarke.


1880 Southwark by-election
The 21st parliament was dissolved some weeks later and a general election was held. Beresford stood down and the seat was gained by the Liberal candidate Arthur Cohen.


1880 State of the Union Address
The 1880 State of the Union Address was written by Rutherford B. Hayes, the 19th United States president. In it he said these words,


1880 Stevens football team
The 1880 Stevens football team represented Stevens Institute of Technology as an independent during the 1880 college football season. The team compiled a 1–5 record and was outscored by its opponents, 20 to 3.


1880 Swiss constitutional referendum
A constitutional referendum was held in Switzerland on 31 October 1880 aiming at a complete overhaul of the constitution. The constitutional amendments were rejected by 68.2% of voters and a majority of cantons.


1880 Swiss constitutional referendum, Background
In order to pass, any amendments to the constitution needed a double majority; a majority of the popular vote and majority of the cantons. The decision of each canton was based on the vote in that canton. Full cantons counted as one vote, whilst half cantons counted as half.


1880 Troy Trojans season
The 1880 Troy Trojans improved slightly from the previous season, finishing with a 41–42 record and in 4th place in the National League.


1880 Troy Trojans season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1880 Troy Trojans season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1880 Troy Trojans season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1880 Troy Trojans season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1880 Union Hotel
The 1880 Union Hotel, located in Los Alamos, California, is a hotel and saloon and an historic landmark.


1880 Union Hotel, History
It was constructed in 1880 by Wells Fargo agent J. D. Snyder as a telegraph office and Wells Fargo stagecoach stop. It was a telegraph station, a showroom and a hotel for traveling salesmen. It burned down on February 16, 1893. Rebuilt in 1915 by J. P. Loustalot, it then serviced stagecoach and early railroad passengers with food, drink and lodging.


1880 Union Hotel, History
Johnny Cash sang at the hotel in the 1950s. It was named Santa Barbara County Landmark #39 on December 13, 1998. In 1972, then owner Dick Langdon restored the 1880 Union to its original condition.


1880 Union Hotel, Modern use
It was the site of the music video "Say Say Say" by Michael Jackson and Paul McCartney, released in 1983. It served wine from actor Kurt Russell. It now operates as a hotel, saloon and event venue with 14 rooms and the look of the Old West.


1880 Union Hotel, Modern use
The saloon includes only three wine labels, including Kurt Russell's Gogi Wines, Ampelos and Kate Hudson and Matt Bellamy's Hudson-Bellamy rose.


1880 United Kingdom general election
The 1880 United Kingdom general election was a general election in the United Kingdom held from 31 March to 27 April 1880.


1880 United Kingdom general election
Its intense rhetoric was led by the Midlothian campaign of the Liberals, particularly the fierce oratory of Liberal leader William Gladstone. He vehemently attacked the foreign policy of the government of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield, as utterly immoral.


1880 United Kingdom general election
Liberals secured one of their largest-ever majorities, leaving the Conservatives a distant second. As a result of the campaign, the Liberal Commons leader, Lord Hartington (heir presumptive to the Duke of Devonshire) and that in the Lords, Lord Granville, stood back in favour of Gladstone, who thus became Prime Minister a second time. It was the last general election in which any party other than the Conservatives won a majority of the votes (rather than a plurality).


1880 United Kingdom general election, Issues
The Conservative government was doomed by the poor condition of the British economy and the vulnerability of its foreign policy to moralistic attacks by the Liberals. William Gladstone, appealing to moralistic evangelicals, led the attack on the foreign policy of Benjamin Disraeli (now known as Lord Beaconsfield) as immoral. Historian Paul Smith paraphrases the rhetorical tone which focused on attacking "Beaconsfieldism" (in Smith's words) as a:


1880 United Kingdom general election, Issues
Sinister system of policy, which not merely involved the country in immoral, vainglorious and expensive external adventures, inimical to peace and to the rights of small peoples, but aimed at nothing less than the subversion of parliamentary government in favour of some simulacrum of the oriental despotism its creator was alleged to admire.


1880 United Kingdom general election, Issues
Smith notes that there was indeed some substance to the allegations, but: "Most of this was partisan extravaganza, worthy of its target's own excursions against the Whigs."


1880 United Kingdom general election, Issues
Disraeli himself was now the Earl of Beaconsfield in the House of Lords, and custom did not allow peers to campaign. His party was unable to deal effectively with the rhetorical onslaught. Although he had improved the organisation of the Conservative Party, Disraeli was firmly based in the rural gentry,  and had little contact with or understanding of the urban middle class that was increasingly dominating his party.


1880 United Kingdom general election, Issues
Besides their trouble with foreign policy issues, it was even more important that the Conservatives were unable to effectively defend their economic record on the home front. The 1870s coincided with a long-term global depression caused by the collapse of the worldwide railway boom of the 1870s which previously had been so profitable to Britain. The stress was growing by the late 1870s; prices fell, profits fell, employment fell, and there was downward pressure on wage rates that caused much hardship among the industrial working class.


1880 United Kingdom general election, Issues
The free trade system supported by both parties made Britain defenceless against the flood of cheap wheat from North America, which was exacerbated by the worst harvest of the century in Britain in 1879. The party in power got the blame, and Liberals repeatedly emphasised the growing budget deficit as a measure of bad stewardship. In the election itself, Disraeli's party lost heavily up and down the line, especially in Scotland and Ireland, and in the urban boroughs. His Conservative strength fell from 351 to 238, while the Liberals jumped from 250 to 353. Disraeli resigned on 21 April 1880.


1880 United Kingdom general election in Ireland
The 1880 general election in Ireland marked the beginning both of the dominance of the Irish Parliamentary Party in Irish politics and of Charles Stewart Parnell's dominance within the Party.


1880 United Kingdom general election in Ireland
The party won 62 of the 103 Irish parliamentary seats. 2 later defected to the Liberals. Parnell was presumed to have had the support of 25 of the MPs. When the Parliamentary Party reassembled in Westminster Parnell was elected session chairman of the party in place of William Shaw.


1880 United Kingdom general election in Ireland
The IPP would not drop below the number of seats won in the 1880 election again until the 1918 general election, when it experienced an electoral wipeout at the hands of Sinn Féin.


1880 United Kingdom general election in Ireland, Results
Not included in the totals are the two Dublin University seats, which were uncontested and were retained by the Conservatives.


1880 United Kingdom general election in Scotland
These are the results of the 1880 United Kingdom general election in Scotland. The election was held between 31 March and 27 April 1880 and all 60 seats in Scotland were contested. Of particular note was the Scottish-based Midlothian campaign of William Gladstone.


1880 United Kingdom general election in Scotland, Results
Below is a table summarising the results of the 1880 general election in Scotland.


1880 United States House of Representatives elections
Elections to the United States House of Representatives were held in 1880 for Representatives to the 47th Congress, and coincided with the 1880 presidential election which was won by James A. Garfield, who was a member of the House at the time.


1880 United States House of Representatives elections
Issues such as Civil War loyalties, tariffs, graft and corruption dominated the year's elections, though none became substantive a national issue. The economy was growing stronger after emerging from a long Depression. It was in this political environment that Garfield's Republican Party gained 19 seats and regained control of the House from the Democratic Party. The Greenback Party, an emerging party of workers and farmers, also lost seats in these elections, after gaining more than a dozen two years earlier.


1880 United States House of Representatives elections, Early election dates
In 1845, Congress passed a law providing for a uniform nationwide date for choosing Presidential electors. This law did not affect election dates for Congress, which remained within the jurisdiction of State governments, but over time, the States moved their Congressional elections to this date as well.


1880 United States House of Representatives elections, Early election dates
In 1880, no states held their elections after Election Day for the first time (California was the last state to hold late elections, in 1878). But 5 states, with 35 seats among them, held their elections before the rest of the states:


1880 United States House of Representatives elections in California
The United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1880 was an election for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 2, 1880. Democrats gained one district.


1880 United States House of Representatives elections in California, Results
Final results from the Clerk of the House of Representatives:


1880 United States House of Representatives elections in Florida
Elections to the United States House of Representatives in Florida were held November 2, 1880 for the 47th Congress. These elections were held at the same time as the 1880 presidential election and election for governor.


1880 United States House of Representatives elections in Florida, Background
The Democrats had gained complete control of Florida's congressional delegation in 1878, although the results of the election in the 2nd district were successfully challenged, so that a single Republican represented Florida in the House for the last two months of the 46th Congress.


1880 United States House of Representatives elections in Florida, Election results
Incumbent Noble A. Hull (D) of the 2nd district did not run for re-election.


1880 United States House of Representatives elections in Florida, Contested election
For the fourth time in a row, the election in the 2nd district was contested. Horatio Bisbee, Jr. (R) successfully contested the election of Jesse J. Finley (D) and was seated June 1, 1882. Bisbee had also been on the winning side of an electoral dispute after the 1878 election, and on the losing side of an electoral dispute in 1876, while Finley had been on the winning side of electoral disputes in 1874 and 1876.


1880 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina
The 1880 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina were held on November 2, 1880 to elect five representatives Representatives for two-year terms from the state of South Carolina. All five incumbents were re-elected and the composition of the state delegation remained solely Democratic.


1880 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 1st congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman John S. Richardson of the 1st congressional district, in office since 1879, defeated Republican challenger Samuel J. Lee.


1880 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 2nd congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Michael P. O'Connor of the 2nd congressional district, in office since 1879, defeated Republican challenger Edmund W.M. Mackey.


1880 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 3rd congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman D. Wyatt Aiken of the 3rd congressional district, in office since 1877, defeated Republican challenger C.J. Stollbrand.


1880 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 4th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman John H. Evins of the 4th congressional district, in office since 1877, defeated Republican challenger A. Blythe.


1880 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 5th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman George D. Tillman of the 5th congressional district, in office since 1879, defeated Republican challenger Robert Smalls.


1880 United States census
The United States census of 1880 conducted by the Census Bureau during June 1880 was the tenth United States census. It was the first time that women were permitted to be enumerators. The Superintendent of the Census was Francis Amasa Walker. This was the first census in which a city—New York City—recorded a population of over one million.


1880 United States census, Data collected
Five schedules were authorized by the 1880 Census Act, four of which were filled out by the enumerators:


1880 United States census, Data collected
Schedule 4 (Social statistics) was the responsibility of experts and special agents, rather than the enumerators. The majority of the data came from correspondence with officials of institutions providing care and treatment of certain members of the population. Experts and special agents also were employed to collect data on valuation, taxation, and indebtedness; religion and libraries; colleges, academies, and schools; newspapers and periodicals, and wages.


1880 United States census, Data collected
Special agents were also charged with collecting data on specific industries throughout the country, and included the manufactures of iron and steel; cotton, woolen, and worsted goods; silk and silk goods; chemical products and salt; coke and glass; shipbuilding; and all aspects of fisheries and mining, including the production of coal and petroleum.


1880 United States census, Data collected
Full documentation for the 1880 population census, including census forms and enumerator instructions, is available from  the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, which contains microdata.


1880 United States census, Data availability
The original census enumeration sheets were microfilmed by the Census Bureau; after which the original sheets were transferred to various state archives, libraries, or universities. The microfilmed census is available in rolls from the National Archives and Records Administration. Several organizations also host images of the microfilmed census online, along which digital indices.


1880 United States census, Data availability
Microdata from the 1880 population census are freely available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System.


1880 United States census, Results
The 1880 census determined the resident population of the United States to be 50,189,209, an increase of 30.2 percent over the 38,555,983 persons enumerated during the 1870 census. The mean center of United States population for 1880 was in Boone County, Kentucky.


1880 United States census, Results
The results from the census were used to determine the apportionment for the 48th, 49th, 50th, 51st, and 52nd sessions of the United States Congress.


1880 United States census, Results
The processing of the 1880 census data took so long (eight years) that the Census Bureau contracted Herman Hollerith to design and build a tabulating machine to be used for the next census. The 1880 census also led to the discovery of the Alabama paradox.


1880 United States elections
The 1880 United States elections occurred during the Third Party System, and elected the members of the 47th United States Congress. Republicans retained the Presidency and took control of the House. An unclear partisan situation prevailed in the Senate. As the first presidential election after the end of Reconstruction, this election saw the first occurrence of the Democratic Party sweeping the Southern United States; the party would carry an overwhelming majority of Southern states well into the 20th century.


1880 United States elections
In the Presidential election, Republican Representative James Garfield from Ohio defeated Democratic General Winfield Hancock. Though Garfield won a clear majority of electoral votes, he won the popular vote by the smallest margin in history. Incumbent one-term Republican President Rutherford B. Hayes declined to seek re-election. Garfield emerged as the dark horse Republican nominee following the 1880 Republican National Convention, prevailing on the 36th ballot over former President Ulysses S. Grant, Maine Senator James G. Blaine, and Ohio Senator John Sherman. Hancock took the nomination at the 1880 Democratic National Convention on the second ballot, defeating Delaware Senator Thomas F. Bayard and several other candidates. Garfield was the first sitting member of Congress to be elected president, and remains the only sitting member of the House to win a presidential election.


1880 United States elections
Republicans picked up several seats in the House, taking a majority of the chamber for the first time since the 1874 elections.


1880 United States elections
In the Senate, Republicans made small gains at the expense of the Democrats, but neither party had a majority due to the presence of an independent Senator and a Readjuster Senator. The two parties ultimately agreed to share power.


1880 United States presidential election
The 1880 United States presidential election was the 24th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 2, 1880. The voter turnout rate was one of the highest in the nation's history.


1880 United States presidential election
Incumbent President Rutherford B. Hayes did not seek re-election, keeping a promise made during the 1876 campaign. After the longest convention in the party's history, the divided Republicans chose another Ohioan, Representative James A. Garfield, as their standard-bearer. The Democratic Party chose General Winfield Scott Hancock of Pennsylvania as their nominee. The dominance of the two major parties began to fray as an upstart left-wing party, the Greenback Party, nominated another Civil War general for president, Iowa Congressman James B. Weaver.


1880 United States presidential election
In a campaign fought mainly over issues of Civil War loyalties, tariffs, and Chinese immigration, Garfield and Hancock each took just over 48 percent of the popular vote. Weaver and two other minor candidates, Neal Dow and John W. Phelps, together made up the remaining percentage. The election of 1880 was the sixth consecutive presidential election won by the Republicans, the second longest winning streak in American history after the Democratic-Republican Party during the period 1800–1824.


1880 United States presidential election
In the end, the popular vote totals of the two main candidates were separated by 1,898 votes (0.11%), the smallest victory in the national popular vote ever recorded. In the electoral college, however, Garfield's victory was much larger; he won the decisive state of New York by 21,033 votes (1.91%). Hancock's sweep of the Southern states was not enough for victory, but it cemented his party's dominance of the region for generations. This is the first presidential election in which people in every state were able to vote directly for presidential electors. This was the most recent election until 2020 when the Republican and Democratic candidate both won the same number of states.


1880 United States presidential election, Background
Since before the Civil War, the two major parties were the Republicans and the Democrats, and after the end of the Reconstruction Era in 1877, the national electorate was closely divided between them. Party membership was only partly based on ideology; party identification often reflected ethnic and religious background, as well as Civil War loyalties that were still keenly felt by many voters. Most Northern Protestants voted Republican, as did black Southerners. On the other hand, white Southerners and Northern Catholics generally voted Democratic.


1880 United States presidential election, Background, Issues
Tariff reform and the gold standard also divided the country and the major parties. The monetary debate was over the basis for the value of the United States dollar. Nothing but gold and silver coin had ever been legal tender in the United States until the Civil War, when the mounting costs of the war forced the United States Congress to issue "greenbacks" (dollar bills backed by government bonds). Greenbacks helped pay for the war, but resulted in the most severe inflation since the American Revolution.


1880 United States presidential election, Background, Issues
After the war, bondholders and other creditors (especially in the North) wanted to return to a gold standard. At the same time, debtors (often in the South and West) benefited from the way inflation reduced the real value of their debts, and workers and some businessmen liked the way inflation made for easy credit. The issue cut across parties, producing dissension among Republicans and Democrats alike and spawning a third party, the Greenback Party, in 1876, when both major parties nominated "hard money" candidates (i.e., candidates who favored the gold-backed currency instead of "soft money" greenbacks that generated inflation). Monetary debate intensified as Congress effectively demonetized silver in 1873 and began redeeming greenbacks in gold by 1879, while limiting their circulation. As the 1880 election season began, the nation's money was backed by gold alone, but the issue was far from settled.


1880 United States presidential election, Background, Issues
Tariff policy was a source of conflict in late 19th-century American politics. During the Civil War, Congress raised protective tariffs to new heights. This was done partly to pay for the war, but partly because high tariffs were popular in the North. A high tariff meant that foreign goods were more expensive, which made it easier for American businesses to sell goods domestically. Republicans supported high tariffs as a way to protect American jobs and increase prosperity.


1880 United States presidential election, Background, Issues
Democrats generally condemned them as a source of higher prices for goods, whereas the higher revenues that they generated for the federal government were not needed after the conclusion of the Civil War. Many Northern Democrats supported high tariffs, however, for the same economic reasons that Northern Republicans did. In the interest of party unity, they often sought to avoid the question as much as possible.


1880 United States presidential election, Background, 1876 election
Four years earlier, in the election of 1876, Republican Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio defeated Democrat Samuel J. Tilden of New York in one of the most hotly contested presidential elections in the nation's history. The results initially indicated a Democratic victory, but the electoral votes of several states were disputed until just a few days before the new president was to be inaugurated. Members of both parties in Congress agreed to convene a bipartisan Electoral Commission, which ultimately decided the race for Hayes.


1880 United States presidential election, Background, 1876 election
For Democrats, the "stolen election" became a rallying cry, and the Democratic majority in the House of Representatives spent much of 1878 investigating it, although they failed to turn up any new evidence against their Republican foes. At first, Tilden was seen as the front-runner for the 1880 nomination. For leading Republicans, Hayes's inauguration in 1877 signaled the start of backroom maneuverings for the nomination in 1880. Even before his election, Hayes had pledged not to run for a second term, leaving the path to the White House open in 1880. His cabinet selections alienated many party leaders as well, deepening the growing divide within the Republican party between forces loyal to New York Senator Roscoe Conkling and those loyal to Maine Senator James G. Blaine.


1880 United States presidential election, Conventions
The parties agreed on their respective platforms and nominees at conventions, which met in the summer before the election.


1880 United States presidential election, Conventions, Republicans
The Republican convention met first, convening in Chicago, Illinois, on June 2. Of the men vying for the Republican nomination, the three strongest candidates leading up to the convention were former president Ulysses S. Grant, Senator James G. Blaine and Treasury Secretary John Sherman. Grant had been the leading military commander for the Northern forces during the Civil War, and had served two terms as president from 1869 to 1877. He was seeking an unprecedented third term in the office. He was backed by Conkling's faction of the Republican Party, now known as the Stalwarts.


1880 United States presidential election, Conventions, Republicans
They were mainly known for their opposition to the civil service reforms sought by President Hayes. Blaine, a senator and former representative from Maine, was backed by the Half-Breed faction of the party, which did support civil service reform. Sherman, the brother of Civil War general William Tecumseh Sherman, was a former senator from Ohio serving in Hayes's cabinet. He was backed by a smaller delegation that supported neither of the major factions.


1880 United States presidential election, Conventions, Republicans
On the first ballot, Grant and Blaine gleaned 304 and 285 votes, respectively, while Sherman received 93. None of the candidates were close to victory, and the balloting continued in order to determine a winner. Many more ballots were taken, but no candidate prevailed. After the thirty-fifth ballot, Blaine and Sherman delegates switched their support to the new "dark horse" candidate, Representative James A. Garfield from Ohio. On the next ballot, Garfield won the nomination when he received 399 votes, most of them former Blaine and Sherman delegates.


1880 United States presidential election, Conventions, Republicans
To placate the Grant faction, Garfield's Ohio supporters suggested Levi P. Morton for vice president. Morton declined, based on Conkling's advice. They next offered the nomination to Chester A. Arthur, another New York Stalwart. Conkling also advised him to decline, but he accepted. He was nominated, and the longest-ever Republican National Convention was adjourned on June 8, 1880.


1880 United States presidential election, Conventions, Democrats
Later that month, the Democrats held their convention in Cincinnati, Ohio. Six men were officially candidates for nomination at the convention, and several others also received votes. Of these, the two leading candidates were Major General Winfield Scott Hancock from Pennsylvania and Senator Thomas F. Bayard from Delaware. Tilden was not officially a candidate, but he wielded a heavy influence over the convention. Tilden was ambiguous about his willingness to participate in another campaign, leading some delegates to defect to other candidates, while others stayed loyal to their old standard-bearer.


1880 United States presidential election, Conventions, Democrats
As the convention opened, some delegates favored Bayard, a conservative senator, while others supported Hancock, a career soldier and Civil War hero. Still others flocked to men they saw as surrogates for Tilden, including Henry B. Payne from Ohio, an attorney and former congressman, and Samuel J. Randall from Pennsylvania, the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. The first round of balloting was inconclusive, with Hancock and Bayard leading the count. Before the second round, Tilden's withdrawal from the campaign became known for certain; delegates then shifted to Hancock, who was nominated. William Hayden English, a conservative politician and businessman from the swing state of Indiana, was nominated for vice president.


1880 United States presidential election, Conventions, Others
The Greenback Party convention gathered in Chicago in mid-June, using the hall recently vacated by the Republicans. The party was a newcomer to the political scene in 1880, having arisen as a response to the economic depression that followed the Panic of 1873, mostly in the nation's West and South. During the Civil War, Congress had authorized "greenbacks", a form of money redeemable in government bonds, rather than in gold, as was traditional. After the war, many Democrats and Republicans in the East sought to return to the gold standard, and the government began to withdraw greenbacks from circulation.


1880 United States presidential election, Conventions, Others
The reduction of the money supply, combined with the economic depression, made life harder for debtors, farmers, and industrial laborers; the Greenback Party hoped to draw support from these groups. Beyond their support for a larger money supply, they also favored an eight-hour work day, safety regulations in factories, and an end to child labor.


1880 United States presidential election, Conventions, Others
Six men were candidates for the Greenback nomination. James B. Weaver, an Iowa congressman and Civil War general, was the clear favorite, but two other congressmen, Benjamin F. Butler from Massachusetts and Hendrick B. Wright from Pennsylvania, also commanded considerable followings. Weaver triumphed quickly, winning a majority of the 850 delegates' votes on the first ballot. Barzillai J. Chambers, a Texas businessman and Confederate veteran, was likewise nominated for vice president on the initial vote. More tumultuous was the fight over the platform, as delegates from disparate factions of the left-wing movement clashed over women's suffrage, Chinese immigration, and the extent to which the government should regulate working conditions.


1880 United States presidential election, Conventions, Others
A convention of the Prohibition Party also met that month in Cleveland, Ohio. The Prohibitionists, more of a movement than a party, focused their efforts on banning alcohol. Most party members came from pietist churches, and most were former Republicans. Only twelve states sent delegates to the convention, and the platform they agreed on was silent on most issues of the day, focusing instead on the evils of alcohol. For president, the Prohibitionists nominated Neal Dow, a Civil War general from Maine.


1880 United States presidential election, Conventions, Others
As mayor of Portland, Dow helped to pass the "Maine law", which banned the sale of alcohol in the city; it became the model for temperance laws around the country. Finally, a revived Anti-Masonic Party nominated John W. Phelps, another Civil War general, on a platform of opposition to Freemasonry. Political prognosticators gave Weaver little chance of victory, and Dow and Phelps none at all.


1880 United States presidential election, Candidates, Garfield
James Abram Garfield was raised in humble circumstances on an Ohio farm by his widowed mother. He worked at various jobs, including on a canal boat, in his youth. Beginning at age 17, he studied at Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts, from which he graduated in 1856. A year later, Garfield entered politics as a Republican. He married Lucretia Rudolph in 1858, and served as a member of the Ohio State Senate (1859–1861).


1880 United States presidential election, Candidates, Garfield
Garfield opposed Confederate secession, served as a major general in the Union Army during the Civil War, and fought in the battles of Middle Creek, Shiloh, and Chickamauga. He was first elected to Congress in 1862 to represent Ohio's 19th District. Throughout Garfield's extended congressional service after the Civil War, he firmly supported the gold standard and gained a reputation as a skilled orator. Garfield initially agreed with Radical Republican views regarding Reconstruction, but later favored a moderate approach for civil rights enforcement for freedmen.


1880 United States presidential election, Candidates, Garfield
After his nomination, Garfield met with party leaders in an attempt to heal the schism between the Stalwarts and Half-Breeds. In his formal letter to the party accepting his nomination, written with advice from party leaders, he endorsed the ideas of high tariffs and sound money, but drew particular attention to the issues of Chinese immigration and civil service reform. On both, Garfield sought a moderate path. He called for some restrictions on the former, through treaty renegotiation with the Chinese government.


1880 United States presidential election, Candidates, Garfield
He straddled the divide on civil service reform, saying that he agreed with the concept, while promising to make no appointments without consulting party leaders, a position 20th-century biographer Allan Peskin called "inconsistent". As was traditional at the time, Garfield conducted a "front porch campaign", returning to his home for the duration of the contest, and leaving the actual campaigning to surrogates.


1880 United States presidential election, Candidates, Hancock
Winfield Scott Hancock was born and raised in Pennsylvania. He attended the United States Military Academy at West Point and served in the Army for four decades, including service in the Mexican–American War and as a Union general in the Civil War. Known to his Army colleagues as "Hancock the Superb", he was noted in particular for his personal leadership at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863, where he led the defense of Pickett's Charge, getting wounded in the process.


1880 United States presidential election, Candidates, Hancock
His military service continued after the Civil War, as Hancock participated in the military Reconstruction of the South and the Army's presence at the Western frontier. During Reconstruction, he sided with then-President Andrew Johnson in working for a quick end to military occupation of the South and a return to government by the pre-war establishment. Hancock's reputation as a war hero at Gettysburg, combined with his status as a prominent Democrat with impeccable Unionist credentials and pro-states' rights views, made him a quadrennial presidential possibility.


1880 United States presidential election, Candidates, Hancock
Hancock was officially notified of his nomination in July, and responded with the traditional letter of acceptance. As Garfield had, the Democratic nominee sought to cause no controversy in his statement, which according to biographer David M. Jordan was "bland and general". After scorning the previous years of Republican rule, Hancock sought to tamp down fears that election of a Democrat would overturn the results of the war and Reconstruction, a common Republican campaign theme. Unlike Garfield, Hancock had no record in elected office, but the acceptance letter gave no further indication of his political preferences. Hancock remained on active duty during the campaign at his post on Governors Island in New York Harbor.


1880 United States presidential election, Candidates, Weaver
James Baird Weaver was born in Ohio, and moved to Iowa as a boy when his family claimed a homestead on the frontier. He became politically active as a young man and was an advocate for farmers and laborers, joining and quitting several political parties in the furtherance of the progressive causes in which he believed. After serving in the Union Army in the Civil War, Weaver returned to Iowa and worked for the election of Republican candidates.


1880 United States presidential election, Candidates, Weaver
After making several unsuccessful attempts at Republican nominations to various offices, and growing dissatisfied with the conservative wing of the party, in 1877 Weaver switched to the Greenback Party, advocating an increased money supply and stricter regulation of big business. As a Greenbacker with Democratic support, Weaver won election to the House of Representatives in 1878.


1880 United States presidential election, Candidates, Weaver
Unlike the major party candidates, Weaver planned to take the field himself, giving speeches around the country. His running mate, Chambers, was to do the same, until a fall from a train in July disabled him for the duration of the campaign. As the Greenbackers had the only ticket that included a Southerner, he hoped to make inroads in that region. Weaver's path to victory, already unlikely, was made more difficult by his refusal to run a fusion ticket in states where Democratic and Greenbacker strength might have combined to outvote the Republicans. His party's message of racial inclusion also presaged difficulty in the South, as the Greenbackers would face the same obstacles the Republicans did in the face of increasing black disenfranchisement.


1880 United States presidential election, Campaign, Bloody shirt
Hancock and the Democrats expected to carry the Solid South, while much of the North was considered safe territory for Garfield and the Republicans; most of the campaign would involve a handful of close states, including New York and a few of the Midwestern states (national elections in that era were largely decided by closely divided states there).


1880 United States presidential election, Campaign, Bloody shirt
Practical differences between the major party candidates were few, and Republicans began the campaign with the familiar theme of "waving the bloody shirt", reminding Northern voters that the Democratic Party was responsible for secession and four years of civil war, and that if they held power they would reverse the gains of that war, dishonor Union veterans, and pay Confederate soldiers' pensions out of the federal treasury. With fifteen years having passed since the end of the war, and Union generals at the head of all of the major and minor party tickets, the appeal to wartime loyalties was of diminishing value in exciting the voters.


1880 United States presidential election, Campaign, Bloody shirt
The Democrats, for their part, campaigned on the character of the candidates. They attacked Garfield for his connection with the Crédit Mobilier of America scandal of the early 1870s, in which many members of Congress were bribed by the Crédit Mobilier corporation, a railroad construction company. Garfield's precise involvement was unknown, but modern biographers agree that his account of his dealings with the construction syndicate were less than perfectly honest. Democrats used the incident as a contrast with Hancock who, as a career army officer, stood apart from Congress and lobbyists.


1880 United States presidential election, Campaign, Bloody shirt
Many in the Republican Party were reluctant to directly criticize the "hero of Gettysburg", but they did characterize Hancock as uninformed on the issues, and some of his former comrades-in-arms gave critical speeches regarding his character. Democrats never made clear what about their victory would improve the nation; Jordan later characterized their message as simply "our man is better than your man".


1880 United States presidential election, Campaign, Bloody shirt
The Greenbackers saw the impact of Civil War loyalties more acutely as they vied for Southern votes. Weaver embarked on a speaking tour of the South in July and August. Although the local Greenback parties had seen some recent success, the national party, with an ex-Republican Union general at the head of the ticket, faced more opposition. The party's courtship of black voters, too, threatened the white Democratic establishment, leading to violent outbursts at Weaver's rallies and threats against his supporters.


1880 United States presidential election, Campaign, Bloody shirt
As Weaver campaigned in the North in September and October, Republicans accused him of purposely dividing the vote to help Democrats win a plurality in marginal states. Although Weaver refused to cooperate with Democrats in running fusion slates of presidential electors, in state-level races, Greenback candidates did often combine with Democrats to defeat Republican candidates. In the September gubernatorial race in Maine, one such fusion ticket nominated Harris M. Plaisted, who narrowly defeated the incumbent Republican in what was thought to be a safe state for that party. The surprise defeat sent a shock through the Garfield campaign, and caused them to rethink their strategy of waving the bloody shirt.


1880 United States presidential election, Campaign, Tariffs and immigration
After their defeat in Maine, the Republicans began to emphasize policy differences more. One significant difference between them and the Democrats was a purposely vague statement in the Democratic platform endorsing "a tariff for revenue only". Garfield's campaigners used this statement to paint the Democrats as unsympathetic to the plight of industrial laborers, a group that benefited from a high protective tariff. The tariff issue cut Democratic support in industrialized Northern states, which were essential in establishing a Democratic majority. Hancock made the situation worse when, attempting to strike a moderate stance, he said "the tariff question is a local question". While not completely inaccurate—tariff preferences often reflected local concerns—the statement was at odds with the Democrats' platform and suggested that Hancock did not understand the issue.


1880 United States presidential election, Campaign, Tariffs and immigration
The change in tactics appeared to be effective, as October state elections in Ohio and Indiana resulted in Republican victories there, discouraging Democrats about their chances the following month. Democratic party leaders had selected English as Hancock's running mate because of his popularity in Indiana. With their state-level defeat there, some talked of dropping English from the ticket, but he convinced them that the October losses owed more to local issues, and that the Democratic ticket could still carry Indiana, if not Ohio, in November.


1880 United States presidential election, Campaign, Tariffs and immigration
In the last weeks before the election, the issue of Chinese immigration entered the race. Both major parties (as well as the Greenbackers) pledged in their platforms to limit immigration from China, which native-born workers in the Western states believed was depressing their wages. On October 20, however, a Democratic newspaper published a letter, purportedly from Garfield to a group of businessmen, pledging to keep immigration at the current levels so that industry could keep workers' wages low.


1880 United States presidential election, Campaign, Tariffs and immigration
Garfield denounced the letter as a ruse, but not before one hundred thousand copies of the newspaper were mailed to California and Oregon. Once the letter was exposed as a forgery, Garfield biographer Peskin believes it may even have gained votes for the Republican in the East, but it likely weakened him in the West.


1880 United States presidential election, Results
The extremely close election, with very high turnout, reflected the typical pattern of the Gilded Age. Democrats were assured of a Solid South electoral vote, as well as most of the border states. Republicans captured the Northeast and Midwest, winning the critical swing states of New York, Ohio and Indiana. The Republicans captured the electoral vote 214–155, but the popular vote margin was under 8000 out of over 9 million votes cast. Republicans won the House of Representatives 147–135, but the Senate was evenly split, with the vice president casting the deciding vote.


1880 United States presidential election, Results
When all the ballots were counted, fewer than 2,000 votes separated Garfield and Hancock, the closest popular vote of any American presidential election before or since. The voters showed their interest in the election by turning out in record numbers; 78 percent of eligible voters cast a ballot, among largest percentages in American history. Each major party candidate earned just over 48 percent of the vote. Weaver won more than 3 percent, tripling the Greenback total of four years earlier. The other minor party candidates fared far worse, as Dow and Phelps earned 0.1 and 0.01 percent, respectively.


1880 United States presidential election, Results
The narrow victory carried over into the Congressional vote, as the Republicans won the House by a twelve-seat margin and the Senate was evenly divided. Garfield carried the crucial state of New York by 20,000 votes out of 1.1 million cast there. Other states were much closer; Hancock's margin of victory in California was only about 144 votes. In the electoral college, the vote was more decisive. As expected, Hancock carried the South and border states, but Garfield swept all but one of the Northern states (the exception was New Jersey, which he lost by just two thousand votes).


1880 United States presidential election, Results
Both candidates carried nineteen states, but Garfield's triumphs in the more populous North translated into a 214–155 electoral college victory. The sectional divide of the vote more deeply enforced the Republicans' retreat from the South after Reconstruction, and demonstrated that they could win without competing there. Weaver's resistance to fusion had no effect on the result; the combined Democratic and Greenback vote would have carried Indiana, but not any other of the states Garfield won, and the result would still have been a Republican majority in the electoral college. Hancock was convinced that the Republicans won New York by fraud. Lacking evidence, and mindful of the turmoil caused by the disputed election four years earlier, the Democrats did not pursue the matter.


1880 United States presidential election, Results, Irregularities
In Virginia, a split in the Democratic Party over the payment of state debts led to two Democratic electoral slates being nominated, one by the regular debt-paying "Funder" Democrats, the other by the "Readjuster" or anti-debt paying faction of the party. Both slates were pledged to the Hancock ticket. Republicans initially hoped the split could lead Garfield to win the state, but the results were otherwise. The Readjuster ticket received 31,527 votes, but the Funder Democrats took 96,449 votes, enough to defeat the Republicans, whose slate had 84,020.


1880 United States presidential election, Results, Irregularities
Although Hancock won Georgia's popular vote easily, there was an irregularity in that state's electoral votes. According to Article II, Section 1, clause 3 of the Constitution, "The Congress may determine the Time of choosing the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States." In 1792, Congress had set the date for the Electoral College to vote on the first Wednesday in December, which in 1880 fell on December 1. However, Georgia's electors failed to cast their ballots on December 1, instead voting on the following Wednesday, December 8. Congress chose to count Georgia's vote in the official tally anyway; had they not done so, Hancock's electoral vote would have been 144, not 155.


1880 United States presidential election, Results, Close states
Margin of victory between 1% and 5% (131 electoral votes):


1880 United States presidential election, Results, Close states
Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (58 electoral votes):


1880 United States presidential election, Aftermath
As Garfield entered office in March 1881, the Republican party schism that had been patched up for the election tore apart once more. Garfield appointed Blaine to the cabinet, and Conkling's Stalwart faction became irked at their lack of control over patronage, even in Conkling's home state of New York. Garfield appointed William H. Robertson, a civil service reform supporter, to the most lucrative government post in New York, and refused to withdraw the nomination despite Conkling's protests; in response, Conkling and his allies brought all legislative action in the closely divided Senate to a halt.


1880 United States presidential election, Aftermath
In May, Conkling and fellow New York Senator Thomas C. Platt resigned from the Senate in protest. The two Stalwarts expected the New York legislature to reelect them in triumph; instead, the legislature deadlocked for months, eventually declining to return either man to the Senate. Before that result was known, however, Charles Guiteau, a mentally unstable man angry about not receiving a patronage appointment, shot Garfield in Washington, D.C. on July 2, 1881.


1880 United States presidential election, Aftermath
Garfield lingered for two-and-a-half months before dying on September 19, 1881. Vice President Chester A. Arthur, the New York Stalwart, was sworn in as president that night. Garfield's murder by a spoilsman inspired the nation to reform the civil service—and Arthur, erstwhile member of the Conkling machine, joined the cause. In 1883, a bipartisan majority in Congress passed the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act to reform the worst of the office-seeking system, and Arthur signed the measure into law.


1880 United States presidential election, Aftermath
Congress also settled the issue of Chinese immigration, passing the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882. Arthur initially vetoed a similar measure, which he believed contradicted the United States' treaty with China, but eventually signed a compromise bill, which banned immigration from China for ten years. Tariffs, a major issue in the campaign, remained largely unchanged in the four years that followed, although Congress did pass a minor revision that reduced them by an average of less than 2 percent. After a half-hearted attempt at the nomination in 1884, Arthur retired and died two years later.


1880 United States presidential election, Aftermath
Hancock did not long survive his electoral opponent. After the election, he remained on duty as commander of the Division of the Atlantic. He attended Garfield's inauguration and served loyally under him and Arthur. In 1885, he visited the Gettysburg battlefield, the site of his most famous triumph two decades earlier. Hancock died the following year, after an abscess in his leg became infected. Weaver survived both of his more popular opponents, returning to Congress for four years in the 1880s, and running for president again as the nominee of the Populist Party in 1892.


1880 United States presidential election in Alabama
The 1880 United States presidential election in Alabama took place on November 2, 1880, as part of the nationwide presidential election. Alabama voters chose ten representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1880 United States presidential election in Alabama
Alabama was won by General Winfield Scott Hancock (D–Pennsylvania), running with former Representative William Hayden English, with 59.99% of the popular vote, against Representative James A. Garfield (R-Ohio), running with the 10th chairman of the New York State Republican Executive Committee, Chester A. Arthur, with 37.10% of the vote.


1880 United States presidential election in Arkansas
The 1880 United States presidential election in Arkansas took place on November 2, 1880, as part of the 1880 United States presidential election. Voters chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1880 United States presidential election in Arkansas
Arkansas voted for the Democratic nominee, Winfield Scott Hancock, over the Republican nominee, James A. Garfield by a margin of 17.47%.


1880 United States presidential election in California
The 1880 United States presidential election in California was held on November 2, 1880, as part of the 1880 United States presidential election. State voters chose six representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1880 United States presidential election in California
California narrowly voted for the Democratic nominee, United States Army officer Winfield Hancock, over the Republican nominee, Ohio representative James A. Garfield. The 144-vote margin was the smallest in any statewide presidential election since Henry Clay won Maryland by only four votes in 1832, and as of 2020 it stands as by percentage of the vote the eleventh-closest statewide presidential election result on record – although California would later see even closer results in 1892 and 1912. One electoral vote was awarded to Garfield. This was the first occasion in which California's electoral vote was split, rather than being awarded to a single candidate. This would only subsequently occur in California three additional times (1892, 1896, and 1912.


1880 United States presidential election in California
This result constituted the first Democratic victory in California since 1856 when the Republican Party had only recently formed. The Democrats wouldn't carry the state again until 1892. The unexpected Democratic win was due almost entirely to the fact that Garfield was viewed as weaker than Hancock on the hot-bed issue of controlling immigration from China – which both major parties promised to do and which the California electorate was overwhelmingly in favor of.


1880 United States presidential election in California
As a result of Garfield's loss, he became the first Republican to win the presidency without carrying California. This would not occur again until 120 years later.


1880 United States presidential election in Colorado
The 1880 United States presidential election in Colorado took place on November 2, 1880, as part of the 1880 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1880 United States presidential election in Colorado
Colorado voted for the Republican nominee, James A. Garfield, over the Democratic nominee, Winfield Scott Hancock. Garfield won the state by a margin of 5.23 points. Before Populist candidate James Weaver's 1892 victory transitioned the state into being Democratic-leaning, this was the closest a Democrat came to winning the state. Additionally, it was the only time a Democrat won any counties other than Las Animas, Bent, and Huerfano until 1896.


1880 United States presidential election in Colorado
Hancock's strength was part of a brief surge for Democrats in the Rocky Mountains and Pacific: Democrats captured California for the first time since 1856, Nevada for the first time ever, and fell only 1.63% short in Oregon. This surge can largely be attributed to a letter attributed to Garfield, first printed in a New York newspaper named Truth, that declared Garfield was in favor of allowing Chinese immigration for its cheap labor. Despite the fact that it was a blatant falsehood, it cost Republicans in the west where Chinese immigrants were often accused of stealing jobs from American laborers.


1880 United States presidential election in Connecticut
The 1880 United States presidential election in Connecticut took place on November 2, 1880, as part of the 1880 United States presidential election. Voters chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1880 United States presidential election in Connecticut
Connecticut voted for the Republican nominee, James A. Garfield, over the Democratic nominee, Winfield Scott Hancock. Garfield won the state by a narrow margin of 2.01%. This would be the last time that a Republican would carry the state until William McKinley won it in 1896.


1880 United States presidential election in Delaware
The 1880 United States presidential election in Delaware took place on November 2, 1880, as part of the 1880 United States presidential election. State voters chose three representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1880 United States presidential election in Delaware
Delaware was won by General Winfield Scott Hancock (D–Pennsylvania), running with former Representative William Hayden English, with 51.53% of the popular vote, against Representative James A. Garfield (R-Ohio), running with the 10th chairman of the New York State Republican Executive Committee Chester A. Arthur, with 48.03% of the vote.


1880 United States presidential election in Florida
The 1880 United States presidential election in Florida took place on November 2, 1880, as part of the 1880 United States presidential election. Florida voters chose four representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1880 United States presidential election in Florida
Florida was won by General Winfield Scott Hancock (D–Pennsylvania), running with former Representative William Hayden English, with 54.17% of the popular vote, against Representative James Garfield (R-Ohio), running with the 10th chairman of the New York State Republican Executive Committee Chester A. Arthur, with 41.05% of the vote.


1880 United States presidential election in Georgia
The 1880 United States presidential election in Georgia took place on November 2, 1880, as part of the wider United States Presidential election. Voters chose 11 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1880 United States presidential election in Georgia, Background and vote
Following Reconstruction, Georgia would be the first former Confederate state to substantially disenfranchise its newly enfranchised freedmen and many poor whites, doing so in the early 1870s. This largely limited the Republican Party to a few North Georgia counties with substantial Civil War Unionist sentiment – chiefly Fannin but also to a lesser extent Pickens, Gilmer and Towns – and in presidential elections to a small number of counties elsewhere where blacks were not fully disenfranchised.


1880 United States presidential election in Georgia, Background and vote
The Democratic Party served as the guardian of white supremacy against a Republican Party historically associated with memories of Reconstruction, and the main competition became Democratic primaries, which were restricted to whites on the grounds of the Democratic Party being legally a private club. This restriction was done by local county laws, but combined with the highly efficacious cumulative poll tax introduced in 1877 meant that turnout would begin a decline to be consistently lower than any other former Confederate state except South Carolina.


1880 United States presidential election in Georgia, Background and vote
Despite the failure of outgoing President Rutherford B. Hayes to convert any of the formerly Whig landowners to the GOP, Democratic nominee Winfield Scott Hancock declined by seven percent upon Samuel J. Tilden’s performance in Georgia from 1876, as mountain country whites who could pay the poll tax were nonetheless dissatisfied with the spending cuts of the “Redeemers” and their economic problems from deflation and a regressive and malapportioned tax system.


1880 United States presidential election in Illinois
The 1880 United States presidential election in Illinois took place on November 2, 1880, as part of the 1880 United States presidential election. Voters chose 21 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1880 United States presidential election in Illinois
Illinois voted for the Republican nominee, James A. Garfield, over the Democratic nominee, Winfield Scott Hancock. Garfield won the state by a margin of 6.55%.


1880 United States presidential election in Indiana
The 1880 United States presidential election in Indiana took place on November 2, 1880, as part of the 1880 United States presidential election. Voters chose 15 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1880 United States presidential election in Indiana
Indiana voted for the Republican nominee, James A. Garfield, over the Democratic nominee, Winfield Scott Hancock. Garfield won the state by a narrow margin of 1.42%.


1880 United States presidential election in Iowa
The 1880 United States presidential election in Iowa took place on November 2, 1880, as part of the 1880 United States presidential election. Voters chose 11 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1880 United States presidential election in Iowa
Iowa voted for the Republican nominee, James A. Garfield, over the Democratic nominee, Winfield Scott Hancock. Garfield won the by a margin of 24.19%.


1880 United States presidential election in Iowa
With 10.02% of the popular vote, Iowa would prove to be Greenback Party candidate James B. Weaver's second strongest state after Texas.


1880 United States presidential election in Kansas
The 1880 United States presidential election in Kansas took place on November 2, 1880, as part of the 1880 United States presidential election. Voters chose five representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1880 United States presidential election in Kansas
Kansas voted for the Republican nominee, James A. Garfield, over the Democratic nominee, Winfield Scott Hancock. Garfield won the state by a margin of 30.68%.


1880 United States presidential election in Kansas
With 60.40% of the popular vote, Kansas would be Garfield's fifth strongest victory in terms of percentage in the popular vote after Vermont, Nebraska, Minnesota and Rhode Island. The state would also prove to be Weaver's fourth strongest state after Texas, Iowa, and Michigan.


1880 United States presidential election in Kentucky
The 1880 United States presidential election in Kentucky took place on November 2, 1880. All contemporary thirty-eight states were part of the 1880 United States presidential election. Kentucky voters chose twelve electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1880 United States presidential election in Kentucky, Background and vote
Ever since the Civil War, Kentucky had been shaped politically by divisions created by that war between secessionist, Democratic counties and Unionist, Republican ones, although the state as a whole leaned Democratic throughout this era and the GOP would never carry the state during the Third Party System at either presidential or gubernatorial level. Following Samuel J. Tilden’s 24-point victory in the state in 1876, the tobacco-growing Jackson Purchase and Western Coal Field were affected by the Greenback movement. This aimed to restore the fiat money system used to pay for the Civil War, in order to pay off farmer’s debts. It also was aimed at regulating the railroads which the western landowners – many former slaveholders – saw as siphoning the profit from their cash crop economy.


1880 United States presidential election in Kentucky, Background and vote
The Greenback movement managed to carry 8.3 percent of the vote in the 1879 gubernatorial election, but a rebound in tobacco prices and the adoption of some key elements of the Greenback platform by Democrats ensured that this decline was arrested and Greenback nominee James B. Weaver won only 4.39 percent of Kentucky’s ballots. Weaver did best in the regions where the Greenback insurgency was always strongest, but received no votes at all in fourteen of Kentucky’s 117 counties (most of those lying in the Eastern Coalfield). Democratic nominee Winfield Scott Hancock thus comfortably carried the state, although his margin was only two-thirds that of Tilden. As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last occasion when Rockcastle County voted for a Democratic presidential candidate.


1880 United States presidential election in Louisiana
The 1880 United States presidential election in Louisiana took place on November 2, 1880, as part of the 1880 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1880 United States presidential election in Louisiana
Louisiana voted for the Democratic nominee, Winfield Scott Hancock, over the Republican nominee, James A. Garfield. Hancock won the state by a margin of 24.96%.


1880 United States presidential election in Maine
The 1880 United States presidential election in Maine took place on November 2, 1880, as part of the 1880 United States presidential election. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1880 United States presidential election in Maine
Maine voted for the Republican nominee, James A. Garfield, over the Democratic nominee, Winfield Scott Hancock. Garfield won the state by a narrow margin of 6.14%. Hancock's relatively strong showing was due to his firm stance against immigration, toward which Garfield was relatively favorable, but which was a major issue for Maine voters who feared immigration would depress their wages. He proved the only Democrat to carry any of Maine's counties between 1856 and 1896 inclusive, and was the last to carry Aroostook County until Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964, and the last to carry Lincoln County and Waldo County until Woodrow Wilson in 1912.


1880 United States presidential election in Maryland
The 1880 United States presidential election in Maryland took place on November 2, 1880, as part of the 1880 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1880 United States presidential election in Maryland
Maryland voted for the Democratic nominee, Winfield Scott Hancock, over the Republican nominee, James A. Garfield by a margin of 8.82%.


1880 United States presidential election in Massachusetts
The 1880 United States presidential election in Massachusetts took place on November 2, 1880, as part of the 1880 United States presidential election. Voters chose 13 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1880 United States presidential election in Massachusetts
Massachusetts voted for the Republican nominee, James A. Garfield, over the Democratic nominee, Winfield Scott Hancock. Garfield won the state by a margin of 18.95%.


1880 United States presidential election in Michigan
The 1880 United States presidential election in Michigan took place on November 2, 1880, as part of the 1880 United States presidential election. Voters chose 11 electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1880 United States presidential election in Michigan
Michigan voted for Republican nominees James A. Garfield of Ohio and his running mate Chester A. Arthur over Democratic candidates Winfield Scott Hancock of Pennsylvania and running mate William Hayden English and Greenback candidates James B. Weaver of Iowa and his running mate Barzillai J. Chambers of Texas.


1880 United States presidential election in Michigan
With 9.88% of the popular vote, Michigan would prove to be Weaver's third strongest state in terms of popular vote percentage after Texas and Iowa.


1880 United States presidential election in Minnesota
The 1880 United States presidential election in Minnesota took place on November 2, 1880, as part of the 1880 United States presidential election. Voters chose five representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1880 United States presidential election in Minnesota
Minnesota voted for the Republican nominee, James A. Garfield, over the Democratic nominee, Winfield Scott Hancock. Garfield won the state by a margin of 30.25%.


1880 United States presidential election in Minnesota
With 62.28% of the popular vote, Minnesota would be Garfield's third strongest victory in terms of percentage in the popular vote after Vermont and Nebraska.


1880 United States presidential election in Mississippi
The 1880 United States presidential election in Mississippi took place on November 2, 1880, as part of the 1880 United States presidential election. Mississippi voters chose eight representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1880 United States presidential election in Mississippi
Mississippi was won by General Winfield Scott Hancock (D–Pennsylvania), running with former Representative William Hayden English, with 64.71% of the popular vote, against Representative James A. Garfield (R-Ohio), running with the 10th chairman of the New York State Republican Executive Committee Chester A. Arthur, with 29.76% of the vote and representative James B. Weaver (G–Iowa), running with Barzillai J. Chambers, a former Confederate, with 4.95% of the popular vote.


1880 United States presidential election in Missouri
The 1880 United States presidential election in Missouri took place on November 2, 1880, as part of the 1880 United States presidential election. Voters chose 15 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1880 United States presidential election in Missouri
Missouri voted for the Democratic nominee, Winfield Scott Hancock, over the Republican nominee, James A. Garfield by a margin of 13.83%.


1880 United States presidential election in Nebraska
The 1880 United States presidential election in Nebraska took place on November 2, 1880, as part of the 1880 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1880 United States presidential election in Nebraska
Nebraska voted for the Republican nominee, James A. Garfield, over the Democratic nominee, Winfield Scott Hancock. Garfield won the state by a margin of 30.25%.


1880 United States presidential election in Nebraska
With 62.87% of the popular vote, Nebraska would be Garfield's second strongest victory in terms of percentage in the popular vote after Vermont.


1880 United States presidential election in Nevada
The 1880 United States presidential election in Nevada took place on November 2, 1880, as part of the 1880 United States presidential election. State voters chose three representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1880 United States presidential election in Nevada
Nevada was won by General Winfield Scott Hancock (D–Pennsylvania), running with former Representative William Hayden English, with 52.40% of the popular vote, against Representative James A. Garfield (R-Ohio), running with the 10th chairman of the New York State Republican Executive Committee Chester A. Arthur, with 47.60% of the vote.


1880 United States presidential election in Nevada
This was the first time Nevada voted for a Democratic presidential candidate, with Hancock's victory being generally attributed to the fact that Garfield was viewed as weaker than Hancock on the hot-bed issue of controlling immigration from China – which both major parties promised to do and which the Nevada electorate was overwhelmingly in favor of.


1880 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
The 1880 United States presidential election in New Hampshire took place on November 2, 1880, as part of the 1880 United States presidential election. Voters chose five representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1880 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
New Hampshire voted for the Republican nominee, James A. Garfield, over the Democratic nominee, Winfield Scott Hancock. Garfield won the state by a narrow margin of 4.70%. This would be the last occasion any Democratic presidential candidate won Grafton County until Woodrow Wilson in 1912, and the last occasion a Democrat won an absolute majority of the presidential vote in Grafton or Belknap Counties until Lyndon B. Johnson did so in his 1964 landslide.


1880 United States presidential election in New Jersey
The 1880 United States presidential election in New Jersey took place on November 2, 1880, as part of the 1880 United States presidential election. Voters chose nine representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1880 United States presidential election in New Jersey
New Jersey voted for the Democratic nominee, Winfield Scott Hancock, over the Republican nominee, James A. Garfield. Hancock won the state by a very narrow margin of 0.82%.


1880 United States presidential election in New Jersey
A Democratic candidate would not win New Jersey while losing the national popular vote again until 2004.


1880 United States presidential election in New York
The 1880 United States presidential election in New York took place on November 2, 1880. All contemporary 38 states were part of the 1880 United States presidential election. Voters chose 35 electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1880 United States presidential election in New York
New York was won by the Republican nominees, Congressman James A. Garfield of Ohio and his running mate former Collector of the Port of New York Chester A. Arthur of New York. Garfield and Arthur defeated the Democratic nominees, famed Civil War General Winfield Scott Hancock of Pennsylvania and his running mate former Congressman and banker William Hayden English of Indiana.


1880 United States presidential election in New York
Garfield narrowly carried New York State with 50.32% of the vote to Hancock's 48.42%, a victory margin of 1.90%. In a distant third came the Greenback Party candidate James B. Weaver with 1.12%.


1880 United States presidential election in New York
New York weighed in for this election as less than 2% more Republican than the national average.


1880 United States presidential election in New York
Hancock performed most strongly downstate in the New York City area, where he won New York County, Kings County, Queens County, and Richmond County. Hancock also won nearby Westchester County, and Rockland County. Garfield won much of upstate New York, including a victory in Erie County, home to the city of Buffalo, although Hancock did manage to win Albany County, home to the state capital of Albany, along with several rural upstate counties.


1880 United States presidential election in North Carolina
The 1880 United States presidential election in North Carolina took place on November 2, 1880, as part of the 1880 United States presidential election. Voters chose ten representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1880 United States presidential election in North Carolina
North Carolina voted for the Democratic candidates, Major General Winfield Scott Hancock and his running mate William Hayden English, over the Republican candidates, U.S. Representative James A. Garfield and his running mate Chester A. Arthur. Hancock won North Carolina narrowly by a margin of 3.57 percent.


1880 United States presidential election in Ohio
The 1880 United States presidential election in Ohio was held on November 2, 1880 as part of the 1880 United States presidential election. State voters chose 22 electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1880 United States presidential election in Ohio
Ohio was narrowly won by the Republican Party candidate and native son, James A. Garfield, won the state with 51.73% of the popular vote. The Democratic Party candidate, Winfield Scott Hancock, garnered 47.01% of the popular vote.


1880 United States presidential election in Oregon
The 1880 United States presidential election in Oregon took place on November 2, 1880, as part of the 1880 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1880 United States presidential election in Oregon
Oregon voted for the Republican nominee, James A. Garfield, over the Democratic nominee, Winfield Scott Hancock. Garfield won the state by a narrow margin of 1.63%.


1880 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania
The 1880 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place on November 2, 1880, as part of the 1880 United States presidential election. Voters chose 29 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1880 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania voted for the Republican nominee, James A. Garfield, over the Democratic nominee, Winfield Scott Hancock. Garfield won Pennsylvania by a margin of 4.27%. Had Hancock won the state, The election would've been decided by one electoral vote like the 1876 election.


1880 United States presidential election in Rhode Island
The 1880 United States presidential election in Rhode Island took place on November 2, 1880, as part of the 1880 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1880 United States presidential election in Rhode Island
Rhode Island voted for the Republican nominee, James A. Garfield, over the Democratic nominee, Winfield Scott Hancock. Garfield won the state by a margin of 25.37%.


1880 United States presidential election in Rhode Island
With 62.24% of the popular vote, Rhode Island would be Garfield's fourth strongest victory in terms of percentage in the popular vote after Vermont, Nebraska and Minnesota.


1880 United States presidential election in South Carolina
The 1880 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place on November 2, 1880, as part of the 1880 United States presidential election. Voters chose 7 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1880 United States presidential election in South Carolina
South Carolina voted for the Democratic nominee, Winfield Scott Hancock, over the Republican nominee, James A. Garfield. Hancock won the state by a margin of 31.38%.


1880 United States presidential election in Tennessee
The 1880 United States presidential election in Tennessee took place on November 2, 1880, as part of the 1880 United States presidential election. Tennessee voters chose 12 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1880 United States presidential election in Tennessee, Background and vote
For over a century after the Civil War, Tennessee’s white citizenry was divided according to partisan loyalties established in that war. Unionist regions covering almost all of East Tennessee, Kentucky Pennyroyal-allied Macon County, and the five West Tennessee Highland Rim counties of Carroll, Henderson, McNairy, Hardin and Wayne voted Republican – generally by landslide margins – as they saw the Democratic Party as the “war party” who had forced them into a war they did not wish to fight. Contrariwise, the rest of Middle and West Tennessee who had supported and driven the state’s secession was equally fiercely Democratic as it associated the Republicans with Reconstruction.


1880 United States presidential election in Tennessee, Background and vote
In 1868, Ulysses S. Grant easily carried the state due to disfranchisement of former confederates and the Ku Klux Klan Act. However, in the year after that election, Tennessee was the first state where Reconstruction was ended, and with the aid of the resurgent Klan, white Democrats rewrote the state’s constitution to regain some of their lost power. Nevertheless, blacks and Unionist whites forged adequate support for the GOP to create a competitive political system during that decade, although the Democratic Party won all statewide elections.


1880 United States presidential election in Tennessee, Background and vote
However, at the beginning of the 1880s, a divide in the Democratic Party on this issue of payment of state debt allowed the GOP to claim the governor’s mansion, but this did not seriously alter presidential voting and Tennessee was won by General Winfield Scott Hancock (D–Pennsylvania), running with former Representative William Hayden English, with 53.26 percent of the popular vote, against Representative James A. Garfield (R-Ohio), running with the 10th chairman of the New York State Republican Executive Committee Chester A. Arthur, with 44.26 percent of the vote.


1880 United States presidential election in Tennessee, Background and vote
This would be the last time a Democratic presidential candidate carried Unionist Pennyroyal Macon County until Bill Clinton in 1992.


1880 United States presidential election in Texas
The 1880 United States presidential election in Texas was held on November 2, 1880, as part of the 1880 United States presidential election. State voters chose eight electors to represent the state in the Electoral College, which chose the president and vice president.