1888 Ritter Island tsunami, Background, Pre-1888 Ritter Island
Soon after the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, scientists concluded that Ritter Island would have the same eruptive characteristics as Krakatoa.


1888 Ritter Island tsunami, Eruption and collapse
The eruption of Ritter Island resulted in a massive lateral collapse of the volcano, the largest ever recorded in historical times. There were no detected precursor events that led up to this event. About 5 cubic kilometers (1.2 cu mi) of material making up the summit of the island, was deposited northwest. Its volume was almost two times greater than that of the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. The only remnants of the volcano above sea level are a crescent-shaped island and a small islet near its southern tip. As the summit had entirely collapsed, the height of the island was greatly reduced to just 140 meters (460 ft), from 780 meters (2,560 ft).


1888 Ritter Island tsunami, Eruption and collapse
Since there were no direct observations and accounts of the collapse, volcanologists could only make presumptions of the collapse sequence. During the eruption, at 6:00 am, a portion of the flank that failed slid for one to two kilometers (0.62 to 1.24 mi). The slide may have come down in one whole piece, or in a few massive blocks. Upon sliding, the block or blocks further broke apart and formed a debris avalanche. The larger blocks of deposit halted while the rest of the avalanche consisting of smaller debris continued on its path, between the islands of Sakar and Umboi. Its final resting place lies at the edge of the Bismarck Sea, some 70 kilometers (43 mi) from the remnant of the island, burying a 100-square-kilometer (39 sq mi) area under volcanic deposits with an average thickness of 46 meters (151 ft).


1888 Ritter Island tsunami, Eruption and collapse
Based on reports of the tsunami manifesting in one series, the landslide was likely a single, uninterrupted phase, beginning with a lateral spreading event which then accelerated to a violent collapse. The Ritter collapse did not involve a magmatic eruption, as suggested by researchers, rather, they were phreatomagmatic or phreatic eruptions. Its collapse characteristic is similar to that of Mount Bandai that same year. In both events, the landslide tore off the magma conduit thus would have allowed seawater to interact and cause the explosion.


1888 Ritter Island tsunami, Eruption and collapse
According to locals, the event was devoid of huge explosive activity during the collapse, but the sound of small explosions were heard, along with earthquakes. These eyewitnesses described hearing the explosions and comparing them to shots. The eruption itself was very short, apparently lasting a mere 30 minutes in a single episode. Ashfall from the volcano was also insignificant. These have been associated with phreatic explosions as magma interacted with seawater, therefore it is unlikely that explosions caused the tsunami.


1888 Ritter Island tsunami, Eruption and collapse, Post-collapse
After the collapse, only a crescent-shaped island, 140 meters (460 ft) high was left. A steep, amphitheater-like scar forms the headwall and landslide scarp above the water. The scar faces a west-northwest direction and extends some 900 meters (3,000 ft) to the western base of the volcanic cone. The volcano is still active, and minor eruptions took place for the first time since the collapse in 1972.


1888 Ritter Island tsunami, Tsunami
At 6:30 am local time, a witness at Finschhafen heard the sound of thunder that was later followed-up by the receding of the sea. The water level at the town was so low, it posed dangers to ships at the harbor. In two minutes, a reef near Madang was exposed some 1.5 to 1.8 meters (5 to 6 ft) due to the retreating sea. The tsunami caused some moderate damage to coastal houses, while some canoes were taken out to sea and lost.


1888 Ritter Island tsunami, Tsunami
On the shores of New Britain, the tsunami killed 13 people in an expedition from Finschhafen. The group consisted of two Germans, four Malays, and 12 Melanesians from the Duke of York Islands which had arrived on March 6 in search of a place to create a coffee plantation. They were situated along the coast, near a cliff when the waves struck. It washed away tents and parts of the forest on the island. Detritus up to 1.2 meters (3.9 ft) thick dumped by the tsunami, consisting of sand, debris, and dead fish, buried the coast.


1888 Ritter Island tsunami, Tsunami
The waves had also eroded away parts of the coastline, shaving parts of the forest and exposing the soil. On the evening of the March 15, a German captain visited the site and found it totally devastated. A search party was sent out to rescue the two Germans missing, but found only five Melanesians. They had survived by clutching onto the branches of trees before the tsunami struck. The remaining five survivors that were later rescued measured a maximum wave height of 12 to 15 meters (39 to 49 ft) based on tidemarks left on trees.


1888 Ritter Island tsunami, Tsunami
In Hatzfeldhaven, the waves were seven to eight meters (23 to 26 ft) high when they arrived. It destroyed a yam store and a boat shelter and brought along with it some lumber that was to be used for a bridge. Meanwhile, in Kelana, another village, poorly constructed houses were swept away.


1888 Ritter Island tsunami, Tsunami
On Umboi Island, many inhabitants along the coasts drowned when the tsunami advanced towards them. Along the northern coast of the island, the tsunami completely wiped out villages. Every village situated along the Dampier Strait was destroyed by the tsunami, but the exact number of casualties is not known, possibly in the hundreds.


1888 Ritter Island tsunami, Tsunami
In Arica, Chile, four large waves were seen approaching the shore. Ships docked at the port were said to have been smashed by the waves while others capsized.


1888 Ritter Island tsunami, Tsunami
Tide gauges in Sydney recorded unusual readings not associated with tidal floods on March 15 to 17 that were attributed to the tsunami.


1888 Rutgers Queensmen football team
The 1888 Rutgers Queensmen football team represented Rutgers University in the 1888 college football season. The Queensmen compiled a 1–7–1 record and were outscored their opponents, 341 to 36. The team had no coach, and its captain was Arthur J. Collier.


1888 Río de la Plata earthquake
The 1888 Río de la Plata earthquake occurred on 5 June measuring 5.5 on the Richter magnitude scale, and shook the upper Río de la Plata at 3:20 UTC-3. The epicentre was located 15 kilometres (9 mi) southwest of Colonia del Sacramento (Uruguay) and 42 kilometres (26 mi) east of Buenos Aires (Argentina), with a hypocentre at a depth of 30 kilometres (19 mi).


1888 Río de la Plata earthquake, Newspaper articles
On 5 June 1888, the Montevideo journal La Tribuna Popular reported the earthquake and its effects: The houses' woodwork creaked loudly, lamps swung, furniture moved and paintings fell off walls. Glassware objects broke and porcelain could be seen jolting out of cupboards. Astonished at the strong earthquake, inhabitants have had a sleepless night...


1888 Río de la Plata earthquake, Newspaper articles
Also, a Colonia del Sacramento local journal La Lucha  reported on a particular event: The steamer 'Saturno' en route from the neighbouring country's capital (Buenos Aires) was calmly sailing in 20 feet (6 m) of water along the centre of the channel when she came to a sudden halt, as though she had run aground. The captain had soundings taken but the vessel, as if moved by some hidden force, was freed from the ground and continued on her way.


1888 Río de la Plata earthquake, Consequences
Every settlement along the Río de la Plata's shore was affected, especially the cities of Buenos Aires and Montevideo. Only slight damage occurred since there were no high buildings or underground trains in those cities at the time. However, at no time since this earthquake have antiseismic building measures been taken in either of the two nations.


1888 Río de la Plata earthquake, Background, precedents and provisions
The panic caused by this earthquake among the inhabitants of both banks of Río de la Plata was marked, because they were unfamiliar with seismic events, as are today's inhabitants. However, a previous event had been recorded: the 15 August 1848 earthquake which, just as that of 1888, caused no major damage and may have been seen as an isolated phenomenon or since its epicentre was faraway from the continent and thus distant from settlements, it may have been considered that future quakes would probably occur in those latitudes and cause no damage on the continent. It is worth mentioning, though, that there are no aseismic regions in the world. Such an event could therefore happen again in the River Plate as evidenced by 26 June 1988 and 10 January 1990 earthquakes, the latter being the only one registered on Uruguayan mainland territory.


1888 Río de la Plata earthquake, Background, precedents and provisions
These earthquakes are believed to have originated in a particular region, the Punta del Este basin, which is highly faulted and where tectonic plates might experience certain movement thus causing the  earthquake waves, according to Alberto Benavídez Sosa MGEOPHYS, agronomical engineer and former president of CERESIS (Seismology Regional Centre for South America)Earthquakes in the easternmost edge of the Pacific tectonic plates can occasionally be felt in the Argentine Atlantic coast, including Buenos Aires and only rarely on the Uruguayan coast.


1888 SAFA season
The 1888 South Australian Football Association season was the 12th season of the top-level Australian rules football competition in South Australia. The Norwood Football Club won their 8th premiership by winning 1 premiership point, or a half a win, more than Port Adelaide. Hotham Club was renamed North Adelaide for the 1888 Season but disbanded at the end of the Season. It has no connection with the North Adelaide Football Club currently in the SANFL. Medinidie joined in 1888 later to be renamed North Adelaide for the 1893 Season.


1888 Scottish Cup Final
The 1888 Scottish Cup final played at the second Hampden Park in Crosshill (today part of Glasgow) on 4 February 1888 was won by Renton, who beat Cambuslang 6–1.


1888 Scottish Cup Final
Renton were favourites going into the match, the Dunbartonshire club having already lifted the trophy in 1885 and finished runners-up to Queen's Park in 1886; in contrast, it was Cambuslang's first and only major final, though the Lanarkshire side had won the first edition of the Glasgow Cup a week earlier, beating Rangers. Reports from the day indicate that despite the outcome the final was very evenly fought for the most part, with Cambuslang having several chances and Renton goalkeeper John Lindsay performing strongly before his team eventually took control of the play. The margin of victory stood as a Scottish Cup Final record outright until being matched in 1972, but has never been surpassed.


1888 Scottish Cup Final
Three months later the same teams contested the final of the Glasgow Merchants Charity Cup at the same venue, Renton again winning by a 4–0 scoreline for what was their third of four successive victories in that competition. A week after that, they became unofficial "World Champions" after challenging and defeating FA Cup holders West Bromwich Albion.


1888 South Carolina gubernatorial election
The 1888 South Carolina gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1888 to select the governor of the state of South Carolina. John Peter Richardson III was renominated by the Democrats and was reelected for a second two-year term.


1888 South Carolina gubernatorial election, Democratic Convention
In 1886, an amendment was added to the constitution of the South Carolina Democratic Party that mandated candidates for Governor and Lieutenant Governor to have at least one meeting in every congressional district with the voters. Benjamin Tillman, an upstate demagogue, engaged Governor Richardson at the meetings in 1888 and soundly trounced him on the stump.


1888 South Carolina gubernatorial election, Democratic Convention
Confident of his support in the state, Tillman sought to name the next governor of South Carolina and told his henchmen to nominate Joseph H. Earle at the Democratic convention. Earle refused the nomination, but Tillman's men nominated him nevertheless stating that "This is a case of the office seeking the man, and not the man seeking the office." A friend of Earle's from Sumter County rose to withdraw his name and Earle's brother declared that Earle would not serve if elected. However, many delegates still voted for Earle and Tillman's growing strength in the Democratic party became evident when his candidate for governor obtained almost 40% of the vote, despite publicly disavowing any candidacy.


1888 South Carolina gubernatorial election, General election
The general election was held on November 6, 1888 and John Peter Richardson III was reelected as governor of South Carolina without opposition. There were very few contested races  and turnout increased for this election over the previous election solely because of a presidential election on the ballot.


1888 South Longford by-election
The South Longford by-election, 1888 was a parliamentary by-election held for the United Kingdom House of Commons constituency of South Longford on 30 June 1888. The vacancy arose because of the resignation of the sitting member, Laurence Connolly of the Irish Parliamentary Party. Only one candidate was nominated, James Gubbins Fitzgerald of the Irish Parliamentary Party, who was elected unopposed.


1888 South Sligo by-election
The South Sligo by-election, 1888 was a parliamentary by-election held for the United Kingdom House of Commons constituency of South Sligo on 6 July 1888. The vacancy arose because of the resignation of the sitting member, Edward Joseph Kennedy of the Irish Parliamentary Party. Only one candidate was nominated, Edmund Leamy of the Irish Parliamentary Party, formerly MP for Waterford City and Cork North East, who was elected unopposed.


1888 Southern Rugby Union Season
The 1888 Southern Rugby Football Union season was the 15th season of the Sydney Rugby Premiership. This was the sixth competition for the Gardiner Challenge Cup which was awarded to the winners of the premiership. The football season was from June till August 1888. The season culminated in the premiership, which was won by Sydney University who were crowned premiers who finished undefeated for the second year in a row. It was during 1888 that the first British Rugby team toured Australia and New Zealand playing two games against a NSW team. The intercolonial matches saw Queensland travel to Sydney to play two games against the home team.


1888 Southern Rugby Union Season, Teams
For the second year in a row the Gardiner Challenge Cup was open for all rugby clubs to enter upon payment of an entry fee. When entries closed on 5 May, eight clubs had entered the competition. Each club entered had competed for the cup during the previous season. Three of last season's clubs were missing from the list of entries. Parramatta had disbanded during 1887 and withdrew from the premiership. Glebe decided not to enter the senior competition and concentrated their efforts on the lower ranked cups.


1888 Southern Rugby Union Season, Teams
Disappointingly, the Gordon Football Club did not enter into the competition and was disbanded. After winning the Cup during their first season of competition in 1886, Gordon suffered an unexplained drop in form in 1887. In April 1888 a meeting was held by the club with all intentions of entering the Cup. However, by the end of the month, it was reported that the club had disbanded and that its demise was "confidently anticipated by all the knowing people."


1888 Southern Rugby Union Season, Rule Changes
The draw created by the union saw the premiership start later than was seen in previous seasons. With the international games against the British touring side scheduled for early June, the first round of cup games was not held until 16 June. A break was also taken for the intercolonial games against Queensland in mid-July and for the extra game against the British in early August. As a result of these interruptions, the Gardiner Challenge Cup saw only 7 rounds of games with no finals series held. The final game for the cup was held on 25 August.


1888 Southern Rugby Union Season, Season summary
Eventual premiers, Sydney University repeated their performance from the previous season. Seventeen wins, one draw, 200 points scored and only 12 points against over two seasons demonstrated their superiority. Their open and fast play closely resembled that of the British team, with long passing, good defence and follow-up. During dribbling rushes, University would see at least three players involved whereas opponents would be content to only watch their team's progress. For the representative matches, University had the fortune of having seven chosen. After a fourth match between NSW and the British fell through, University was quickly drafted in to play against the internationals. University demonstrated excellent skill against the visitors, leading 4 points to 2 at half time. The British team went on to win the match 8 points to 4.


1888 Southern Rugby Union Season, Season summary
The Arfoma Football Club demonstrated that untiring energy and consistent backing up could win a team matches. Despite having a light pack, Arfoma ran riot over many heavier teams. Their regular and effective passing was a feature of their game play. As a result, the team finished second to the undefeated University. Arfoma saw four members of the team chosen to represent their colony in the international matches.


1888 Southern Rugby Union Season, Season summary
Rosedale became one of the three leading clubs in rugby football in 1888. Much of the success of the team during the season was due to the speed of its players and their endurance. Their knowledge of the game assisted them in defeating more established older clubs. Rosedale suffered defeat only once during the season at the hands of eventual premiers University. Against Arfoma, the club drew without scoring. Rosedale saw two of their players selected to represent NSW against the British touring team.


1888 Southern Rugby Union Season, Season summary
Wallaroo boasted strong individual players but underperformed as a team. Individual performances rather than team play hindered the team from gaining success on the football field. Passing was only seen as a means to receive the ball, rather than give to another. However, the Wallaroo club had the fortune of enrolling the highest number of members. This saw the senior team fielding different players each week which was seen as a hindrance to further success.


1888 Southern Rugby Union Season, Season summary
Despite being a successful part of the premiership and a winner of the Gardiner Cup, the Burwood Football Club found itself disbanding during the season. With the Chapman brothers retiring from football at the end of the previous season, the club struggled to display the same form as previously. A small number of loyal players continued with the club in an attempt to keep Burwood competitive. However, the team suffered a couple of large losses and ceased to exist after their third game.


1888 Southern Rugby Union Season, Lower grades
Prior to the season beginning, at a meeting of the Southern Rugby Football Union, the matters of the various cups were considered. It was presented that the conditions attached to the cups precluded its acceptance. Therefore, there were questions whether the Union would accept the cups being offered by the various sponsors. It was decided that if the Junior Cup was not accepted, then no Union Cup would be held either. With Junior clubs now holding a representation within the Union, the Junior clubs decided that they would not accept a cup. The clubs were of the belief that they only needed club matches. Unfortunately, the crowd numbers and interest in the Junior matches were low, with some questioning the wisdom in refusing the competition.


1888 Southern Rugby Union Season, Representative Games, The British Rugby Tour
The 1888 season began with an influential series of games against a touring British Rugby team. A 21-man squad was organised by cricketers James Lillywhite, Alfred Shaw and Arthur Shrewsbury to play a number of games in New Zealand and Australia, including a set of games played in Melbourne to the Australian rules. This tour was not sanctioned by the Rugby Football Union in England but was allowed to proceed. The British team wore jerseys of blue, red and white hoops with white shorts and dark socks.


1888 Southern Rugby Union Season, Representative Games, The British Rugby Tour
Due to the tour not being supported by the RFU, many players declined to be involved. The final team that departed Tilbury on the Thames contained a majority of English players with one Welshman, two Scots and an Irishman. The team was captained by Robert Seddon. Despite the RFU being staunch amateur with no interest in associating with professional football, players were paid to some extent with some players receiving over £200. English forward Jack Clowes of northern club Halifax, was reported to the RFU by a rival team chairman for receiving £15 for clothing.


1888 Southern Rugby Union Season, Representative Games, The British Rugby Tour
The RFU deemed him a professional and was banned from the sport. As he had already left on the tour, Clowes did not play any games while on tour in fear of other players receiving bans. On returning to England in November, the players were allowed to continue playing for their respective clubs after signing a declaration claiming they had not been paid. Clowes was also reinstated to avoid the impression that the "gentleman amateurs" were treated differently than the working class players. It is interesting to note that two thirds of the touring team were members of Northern England clubs that later defected from the RFU to form the professional union that later became known as Rugby League.


1888 Southern Rugby Union Season, Representative Games, The British Rugby Tour
The chief games in Sydney were played against a NSW team at the Association Cricket Ground. The NSW team wore dark maroon jerseys with a blue shield on the chest, white shorts, maroon socks and a maroon cap.


1888 Southern Rugby Union Season, Representative Games, The British Rugby Tour
Players selected to represent the colony across the three games included Fred Hillyar (Arfoma), James O'Donnell (Arfoma), Arthur Hale (Arfoma), Tom Perry (Arfoma), Ewen Cameron (Balmain), Ronald Cameron (Balmain), Henry Braddon (Burwood), James Moulton, John Gee (Newtown), George Braund (Rosedale), James McMahon (Rosedale), Harold Baylis (University), Percy Colquhoun (University), Charles Tange (University), Herbert Lee (University), Jack Shaw (University), Leo Neill (University), William Bellbridge (University), Colin Caird (Wallaroo), Greg Wade (Wallaroo), Les Wade (Wallaroo) and J Rice (Wallaroo). Tange was chosen as captain of the team.


1888 Southern Rugby Union Season, Representative Games, The British Rugby Tour
The first game on 2 June saw a crowd of 13,000 at the Association Cricket Ground. The British team had the measure of NSW with the final score being 18 points to 2. The follow up match a week later saw a marked improvement from the NSW team with the scores at half time 6 points to 2 in favour of the home team. The visitors went on to win the game 18 points to 6 in front of a crowd that numbered over 5000. A final match was played 4 August in front of a healthy crowd of 5000.


1888 Southern Rugby Union Season, Representative Games, The British Rugby Tour
Tragedy struck the visiting British team while on the tour. After playing a match in the Maitland region in mid-August, captain Seddon went for a scull on the Hunter River. Reports from the newspapers of the period indicate that the boat was overturned with Seddon swimming a few strokes before presumably suffering cramps and drowning. The tourists had little time to mourn as they were soon playing against a Brisbane team with cricketer Andrew Stoddart as captain.


1888 Southern Rugby Union Season, Representative Games, The British Rugby Tour
The open and fast game that the British team displayed was in advance of the NSW type of play. It was reported in newspapers of the period that NSW were playing a two-year-old style of play compared to that of the British team. Such a demonstration was hoped to encourage improved play in the local clubs.


1888 Southern Rugby Union Season, Representative Games, Intercolonial matches
In 1888 the intercolonial matches were held over two consecutive weeks in July. During these two weekends no matches were held for the Gardiner Challenge Cup. After playing the British team, NSW had developed their play to resemble something closer to that displayed by the British. Queensland put a lighter pack into the field than their opponents with their players displaying excellent support of the ball-carrier. In the first match, they scored 5 tries to NSW's 3. However they lost they game due to Baylis displaying outstanding accuracy with his kicking giving NSW the win 15 points to 13. The second match saw Queensland fail to display the same form as in the first, losing the match 9 points to 2.


1888 St. Louis Browns season
The 1888 St. Louis Browns season was the team's seventh season in St. Louis, Missouri, and its seventh season in the American Association. The Browns went 92–43 during the season and finished first in the American Association, claiming their fourth pennant in a row. In the World Series, the Browns faced the National League champion New York Giants, losing the series 6 games to 4.


1888 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1888 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1888 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1888 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1888 Staten Island Cricket Club football team
The 1888 Staten Island Cricket Club football team was an American football team that represented the Staten Island Cricket Club in the American Football Union (AFU) during the 1888 college football season. The Staten Island team played its home games in Staten Island, New York, and compiled a 3–3–1 record (3–2–1 against AFU opponents).


1888 Staten Island Cricket Club football team
The team was captained by Harry Beecher, a star quarterback and captain of the Yale Bulldogs in 1887, and a major proponent of their championship in the same year.


1888 Sundsvall fire
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Sun Creator (talk | contribs) at 14:00, 17 November 2019 (→History: General fixes, typo(s) fixed: USD  → US$). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1888 Sundsvall fire
The 1888 Sundsvall fire (Swedish: Sundsvallsbranden 1888) was a fire in Sundsvall, Sweden on 25 June 1888. The fire occurred during a storm, allowing the fire to spread fast among the wooden houses in town. The same day, a fire also occurred in Umeå.


1888 Sundsvall fire, History
The spark from the steam boat Selånger traveling on Selångersån landed in the brewhouse of the widow Märta Charlotta Styf on Stora Nygatan. The fire was quick - and devastating. At 12:25 all of the city's bells rang to warn people that a fire had broken out. But the fire was overpowering. Strong winds to the northwest and the dry hot air made did that the wooden houses one by one soon was devoured by the flames. 9,000 people became homeless in just 9 hours.


1888 Sundsvall fire, History
In addition to thousands of people left homeless the property damage was estimated to SEK 30 million, corresponding to almost SEK 2 billion (US$241.42 million) in 2015. In the wake of the fire the city was looted on what was left. When evening came on 25 June the city of Sundsvall was a smoking ruin.


1888 Sundsvall fire, History
A major investigation into the cause of the fire was started, which included hearing of the captain of Selånger. He stated that he saw smoke rising up through the bridge cabin chimney when  passing the Styfska yard, a claim which, however, contested by all the witnesses. There was no other reasonable explanation than that the fire was started by sparks from one of the steamboats Selånger, or possibly Högom. Four people died in the fire: the workers Mikael Olof Norvall and Charlotta Eufrosina Askling, the maritime pilot C.E. Carlsson and a man so severely burned that he could not be identified.


1888 Sundsvall fire, History
The coppersmith journeyman Arvid Göhle from Hudiksvall without regard to himself saved several lives, including the wife of tailor Otzén and her newborn child that was born during the morning of that day. Without considering to first save his own belongings he went into the house and carried out the bed with the wife, the newborn baby and a little girl on the farm. With the bed set on a cart, he pulled the whole equipage through the burning city via Norrmalm and on to Heffners, away from the flames. When he returned to his own home everything he had owned was burnt.


1888 Tennessee gubernatorial election
The 1888 Tennessee gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1888. Incumbent Democrat Robert Love Taylor defeated Republican nominee Samuel W. Hawkins with 51.78% of the vote.


1888 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
The 1888 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship was the second staging of the Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Tipperary County Board in 1887.


1888 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
Clonoulty won the championship after a 1-01 to 0-02 defeat of Boherlahan in the final. It was their first ever championship title.


1888 Transvaal presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Transvaal in 1888. The result was a victory for Paul Kruger, who defeated Piet Joubert by a wide margin.


1888 Trinity Blue and White football team
The 1888 Trinity Blue and White football team represented Trinity College (today known as Duke University) in the 1888 college football season. The game against North Carolina was the first "scientific" game in the state.


1888 U.S. National Championships (tennis)
List of champions of the 1888 U.S. National Championships (now known as the US Open). The men's tournament was held from 22 August to 30 August on the outdoor grass courts at the Newport Casino in Newport, Rhode Island. The women's tournament was held from 12 June to 15 June on the outdoor grass courts at the Philadelphia Cricket Club in Philadelphia, PA. The men's doubles event was played at the Staten Island Cricket Club in Livingston, Staten Island, New York. It was the 8th U.S. National Championships and the second Grand Slam tournament of the year. :


1888 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Champions, Men's Doubles
Oliver Campbell /  Valentine Hall defeated  Clarence Hobart /  Edward MacMullen 6–4, 6–2, 6–2


1888 U.S. National Championships – Doubles
Valentine Hall and Oliver Campbell won their first doubles title at the U.S. championships.


1888 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles
Henry Slocum defeated Howard Taylor 6-4, 6-1, 6-0 in the All Comers' Final to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1888 U.S. National Championships. Henry Slocum won the Challenge Round as reigning champion Richard Sears did not defend his title. The event was held at the Newport Casino, R.I.


1888 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles
Bertha Townsend defeated Marion Wright 6–2, 6–2 in the All Comers' Final of the 1888 U.S. Women's National Singles tennis championship. Bertha Townsend defeated reigning champion Ellen Hansell 6–3, 6–5 in the Challenge Round. The event was held at the Philadelphia Cricket Club, PA.


1888 USC Methodists football team
The 1888 USC Methodists football team was an American football team that represented the University of Southern California during the 1888 college football season. The team competed as an independent under coaches Henry H. Goddard and Frank H. Suffel, compiling a 2–0 record.


1888 United States House of Representatives elections
Elections to the United States House of Representatives held in 1888 were held to choose members of the 51st Congress, and were held at the same time as the election of President Benjamin Harrison.


1888 United States House of Representatives elections
Harrison's Republican Party gained a majority in the House at the expense of the Democratic Party, even though incumbent President Grover Cleveland actually received more votes counted than Harrison. However, as in other elections in the period, widespread vote suppression and fraud was common on behalf of Democrats and against black Republicans in the South. The Republican House majority in uncontested elections unseated a number of initially reported as victorious Democratic candidates in favor of Republican candidates who contested their election loss. The issue of tariffs played a key role in this election.


1888 United States House of Representatives elections
The Democrats, with the support of farmers and laborers, wanted to lower tariffs in order to promote free trade, while the Republicans, backed by industry and big business, believed that higher tariffs were necessary to protect American manufacturing. Especially in industrializing regions, voters chose the Republican view on tariffs, as they gave the party a slim majority in the House.


1888 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries
Seven seats were added, for the six new states of, in order of admission (number of House seats for each new state listed in parentheses): North Dakota (1), South Dakota (2), Montana (1), Washington (1), Idaho (1), and Wyoming (1).


1888 United States House of Representatives elections, Election summaries
The previous election had 4 third-party candidates, 2 Labor, 1 Greenback, and 1 Independent.


1888 United States House of Representatives elections, Election dates
All states elected their members November 6, 1888 except, three states, with 7 seats among them:


1888 United States House of Representatives elections, Arkansas
In the 1st district, initial returns showed William H. Cate (Democratic) winning the election, but the election was contested by Lewis P. Featherstone (Labor), and on May 5, 1890, he was declared the winner.


1888 United States House of Representatives elections, Arkansas
In the 2nd district, Clifton R. Breckinridge (Democratic) was initially declared re-elected. John M. Clayton successfully contested the election, but was assassinated before the contest was complete, so the House declared the seat vacant. Breckinridge was subsequently re-elected November 4, 1890 to finish the term.


1888 United States House of Representatives elections, South Carolina
In the 7th district, Elliott was initially declared re-elected, but Miller successfully challenged the election and was seated in his place in September 1890.


1888 United States House of Representatives elections in California
The United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1888 was an election for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 6, 1888. Republicans and Democrats each swapped a district.


1888 United States House of Representatives elections in Florida
Elections to the United States House of Representatives in Florida were held November 6, 1888 for the 51st Congress. These elections were held concurrently with the 1888 Presidential election and election for governor.


1888 United States House of Representatives elections in Florida, Background
Florida was represented by two Representatives from 1872 through 1900. Since 1884, both Representatives had been Democrats, with the Republicans in permanent minority status, which would not end until 1954.


1888 United States House of Representatives elections in Florida, Election results
Incumbent Charles Dougherty of the 2nd district did not run for re-election.


1888 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina
The 1888 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina were held on November 6, 1888 to select seven Representatives for two-year terms from the state of South Carolina. All seven incumbents were initially reported as re-elected and the composition of the state delegation remained solely Democratic, however Thomas E. Miller successfully contested the result in the 7th congressional district, claiming voter suppression of black Republican votes.


1888 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 1st congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Samuel Dibble of the 1st congressional district, in office since 1883, defeated Republican challenger S.W. McKinlay.


1888 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 2nd congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman George D. Tillman of the 2nd congressional district, in office since 1883, defeated Republican challenger Seymour E. Smith.


1888 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 3rd congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman James S. Cothran of the 3rd congressional district, in office since 1887, was unopposed in his bid for re-election.


1888 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 4th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman William H. Perry of the 4th congressional district, in office since 1885, defeated D.R. Duncan in the Democratic primary was unopposed in the general election.


1888 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 5th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman John J. Hemphill of the 5th congressional district, in office since 1883, was unopposed in his bid for re-election.


1888 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 6th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman George W. Dargan of the 6th congressional district, in office since 1883, was unopposed in his bid for re-election.


1888 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 7th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman William Elliott of the 7th congressional district, in office since 1887, defeated Republican challenger Thomas E. Miller. However, Miller successfully contested the election in the Republican controlled House of Representatives and replaced Elliott in September 1890.


1888 United States elections
The 1888 United States elections occurred during the Third Party System, and elected the members of the 51st United States Congress. North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Washington, Idaho, and Wyoming were admitted during the 51st Congress. This election was the first time that one party had won a majority in both chambers of Congress since the 1874 elections.


1888 United States elections
In the Presidential election, Democratic President Grover Cleveland was defeated by Republican former Senator Benjamin Harrison of Indiana. At the 1888 Republican National Convention, Harrison was nominated on the eighth ballot, defeating Ohio Senator John Sherman, former Governor Russell A. Alger of Michigan, and several other candidates. As in 1876, the Republican candidate won the presidency despite the Democratic candidate's greater share of the popular vote, albeit, also as in 1876, with widespread allegations of voter suppression and fraud aimed at Republican black voters in the South. This situation would not be repeated until the 1960 election. Despite the popular vote margin, Harrison won a comfortable majority of the electoral college, and took most of the states outside the South.


1888 United States elections
Despite the close presidential race, Republicans picked up several seats in both houses of Congress. Republicans won major gains in the House, re-taking the majority for the first time since the 1882 elections. In the Senate, the Republicans won major gains, growing their majority in the chamber.


1888 United States gubernatorial elections
United States gubernatorial elections were held in 1888, in 26 states, concurrent with the House, Senate elections and presidential election, on November 6, 1888 (except in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Maine, Rhode Island and Vermont, which held early elections).


1888 United States gubernatorial elections
In New Hampshire, the newly elected Governor's term began in the June following the election for the last time. Following an 1889 amendment to the State Constitution, the Governor's term would begin in the January following the election, beginning in 1890.


1888 United States presidential election
The 1888 United States presidential election was the 26th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 6, 1888. Republican nominee Benjamin Harrison, a former Senator from Indiana, defeated incumbent Democratic President Grover Cleveland of New York. It was the third of five U.S. presidential elections (and second within 12 years) in which the winner did not win a plurality of the national popular vote, and the last until the 2000 US presidential election.


1888 United States presidential election
Cleveland, the first Democratic president since the American Civil War, was unanimously re-nominated at the 1888 Democratic National Convention. Harrison, the grandson of former President William Henry Harrison, emerged as the Republican nominee on the eighth ballot of the 1888 Republican National Convention. He defeated other prominent party leaders such as Senator John Sherman and former Governor Russell Alger.


1888 United States presidential election
Tariff policy was the principal issue in the election, as Cleveland had proposed a dramatic reduction in tariffs, arguing that high tariffs were unfair to consumers. Harrison took the side of industrialists and factory workers who wanted to keep tariffs high. Cleveland's opposition to Civil War pensions and inflated currency also made enemies among veterans and farmers. On the other hand, he held a strong hand in the South and border states, and appealed to former Republican Mugwumps.


1888 United States presidential election
Cleveland won a plurality of the popular vote, but Harrison won the election with a majority in the Electoral College. Harrison swept almost the entire North and Midwest, and narrowly carried the swing states of New York and Indiana.


1888 United States presidential election
As of 2021, this is the last time both Virginia and West Virginia voted for the losing candidate.


1888 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination
The Republican candidates were former Senator Benjamin Harrison from Indiana; Senator John Sherman from Ohio; Russell A. Alger, the former governor of Michigan; Walter Q. Gresham from Indiana, the former Secretary of the Treasury; Senator William B. Allison from Iowa; and Chauncey Depew from New York, the president of the New York Central Railroad.


1888 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination
By the time Republicans met in Chicago on June 19–25, 1888, frontrunner James G. Blaine had withdrawn from the race because he believed that only a harmonious convention would produce a Republican candidate strong enough to upset incumbent President Cleveland. Blaine realized that the party was unlikely to choose him without a bitter struggle. After he withdrew, Blaine expressed confidence in both Benjamin Harrison and John Sherman. Harrison was nominated on the eighth ballot.


1888 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party nomination
The Republicans chose Harrison because of his war record, his popularity with veterans, his ability to express the Republican Party's views, and the fact that he lived in the swing state of Indiana. The Republicans hoped to win Indiana's 15 electoral votes, which had gone to Cleveland in the previous presidential election. Levi P. Morton, a former New York City congressman and ambassador, was nominated for vice-president over William Walter Phelps, his nearest rival.


1888 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination
The Democratic National Convention held in St. Louis, Missouri, on June 5–7, 1888, was harmonious. Incumbent President Cleveland was re-nominated unanimously without a formal ballot. This was the first time an incumbent Democratic president had been re-nominated since Martin Van Buren in 1840.


1888 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination
After Cleveland was re-nominated, Democrats had to choose a replacement for Thomas A. Hendricks. Hendricks ran unsuccessfully as the Democratic nominee for vice-president in 1876, but won the office when he ran again with Cleveland in 1884. Hendricks served as vice-president for only eight months before he died in office on November 25, 1885. Former Senator Allen G. Thurman from Ohio was nominated for vice-president over Isaac P. Gray, his nearest rival, and John C. Black, who trailed behind. Gray lost the nomination to Thurman primarily because his enemies brought up his actions while a Republican.


1888 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party nomination
The Democratic platform largely confined itself to a defense of the Cleveland administration, supporting reduction in the tariff and taxes generally as well as statehood for the western territories.


1888 United States presidential election, Nominations, Prohibition Party nomination, Nominees
The 5th Prohibition Party National Convention assembled in Tomlinson Hall in Indianapolis, Indiana. There were 1,029 delegates from all but three states.


1888 United States presidential election, Nominations, Prohibition Party nomination, Nominees
Clinton B. Fisk was nominated for president unanimously. John A. Brooks was nominated for vice-president.


1888 United States presidential election, Nominations, Union Labor Party nomination, Nominees
The Union Labor Party National Convention assembled in Cincinnati, Ohio. The Union Labor Party had been formed in 1887 in Cincinnati.


1888 United States presidential election, Nominations, Union Labor Party nomination, Nominees
The convention nominated Alson Streeter for president unanimously. Samuel Evans was nominated for vice president but declined the nomination. Charles E. Cunningham was later selected as the vice-presidential candidate.


1888 United States presidential election, Nominations, Union Labor Party nomination, Nominees
The Union Labor Party garnered nearly 150,000 popular votes, but failed to gain widespread national support. The party did, however, win two counties.


1888 United States presidential election, Nominations, United Labor Party nomination
The United Labor Party convention nominated Robert H. Cowdrey for president on the first ballot. W.H.T. Wakefield of Kansas was nominated for vice-president over Victor H. Wilder from New York by a margin of 50–12.


1888 United States presidential election, Nominations, Greenback Party
The Greenback Party was in decline throughout the entire Cleveland administration. In the election of 1884, the party failed to win any House seats outright, although they did win one seat in conjunction with Plains States Democrats (James B. Weaver) and a handful of other seats by endorsing the Democratic nominee. In the election of 1886, only two dozen Greenback candidates ran for the House, apart from another six who ran on fusion tickets. Again, Weaver was the party's only victor. Much of the Greenback news in early 1888 took place in Michigan, where the party remained active.


1888 United States presidential election, Nominations, Greenback Party
In early 1888, it was not clear if the Greenback Party would hold another national convention. The fourth Greenback Party National Convention assembled in Cincinnati on May 16, 1888. So few delegates attended that no actions were taken. On August 16, 1888, George O. Jones, chairman of the national committee, called a second session of the national convention. The second session of the national convention met in Cincinnati on September 12, 1888. Only seven delegates attended. Chairman Jones issued an address criticizing the two major parties, and the delegates made no nominations.


1888 United States presidential election, Nominations, Greenback Party
With the failure of the convention, the Greenback Party ceased to exist.


1888 United States presidential election, Nominations, American Party nomination
The American Party held its third and last National Convention in Grand Army Hall in Washington, DC. This was an Anti-Masonic party that ran under various party labels in the northern states.


1888 United States presidential election, Nominations, American Party nomination
When the convention assembled, there were 126 delegates; among them were 65 from New York and 15 from California. Delegates from the other states bolted the convention when it appeared that New York and California intended to vote together on all matters and control the convention. By the time the presidential balloting began, there were only 64 delegates present.


1888 United States presidential election, Nominations, American Party nomination
The convention nominated James L. Curtis from New York for president and James R. Greer from Tennessee for vice-president. Greer declined to run, so Peter D. Wigginton of California was chosen as his replacement.


1888 United States presidential election, Nominations, Equal Rights Party nomination
The second Equal Rights Party National Convention assembled in Des Moines, Iowa. At the convention, mail-in ballots were counted. The delegates cast 310 of their 350 ballots for the following ticket: Belva A. Lockwood for president and Alfred H. Love for vice-president.


1888 United States presidential election, Nominations, Equal Rights Party nomination
Love declined the nomination, and was replaced with Charles S. Welles of NY.


1888 United States presidential election, Nominations, Industrial Reform Party nomination
The Industrial Reform Party National Convention assembled in Grand Army Hall, Washington, DC. There were 49 delegates present.


1888 United States presidential election, Nominations, Industrial Reform Party nomination
Albert Redstone won the endorsement of some leaders of the disintegrating Greenback Party. He told the Montgomery Advertiser that he would carry several states, including Alabama, New York, North Carolina, Arkansas, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri.


1888 United States presidential election, General election campaign, Issues
Cleveland set the main issue of the campaign when he proposed a dramatic reduction in tariffs in his annual message to Congress in December 1887. Cleveland contended that the tariff was unnecessarily high and that unnecessary taxation was unjust taxation. The Republicans responded that the high tariff would protect American industry from foreign competition and guarantee high wages, high profits, and high economic growth.


1888 United States presidential election, General election campaign, Issues
The argument between protectionists and free traders over the size of the tariff was an old one, stretching back to the Tariff of 1816. In practice, the tariff was practically meaningless on industrial products, since the United States was the low-cost producer in most areas (except woolens), and could not be undersold by the less efficient Europeans. Nevertheless, the tariff issue motivated both sides to a remarkable extent.


1888 United States presidential election, General election campaign, Issues
Besides the obvious economic dimensions, the tariff argument also possessed an ethnic dimension. At the time, the policy of free trade was most strongly promoted by the British Empire, and so any political candidate who ran on free trade instantly was under threat of being labelled pro-British and antagonistic to the Irish-American voting bloc. Cleveland neatly neutralized this threat by pursuing punitive action against Canada (which, although autonomous, was still part of the British Empire) in a fishing rights dispute.


1888 United States presidential election, General election campaign, Issues
Harrison was well-funded by party activists and mounted an energetic campaign by the standards of the day, giving many speeches from his front porch in Indianapolis that were covered by the newspapers. Cleveland adhered to the tradition of presidential candidates not campaigning, and forbade his cabinet from campaigning as well, leaving his 75-year-old vice-presidential candidate Thurman as the spearhead of his campaign.


1888 United States presidential election, General election campaign, Blocks of Five
William Wade Dudley (1842–1909), an Indianapolis lawyer, was a tireless campaigner and prosecutor of Democratic election frauds. In 1888, Benjamin Harrison made Dudley Treasurer of the Republican National Committee. The campaign was the most intense in decades, with Indiana dead even. Although the National Committee had no business meddling in state politics, Dudley wrote a circular letter to Indiana's county chairmen, telling them to "divide the floaters into Blocks of Five, and put a trusted man with the necessary funds in charge of these five, and make them responsible that none get away and that all vote our ticket."


1888 United States presidential election, General election campaign, Blocks of Five
Dudley promised adequate funding. His pre-emptive strike backfired when Democrats obtained the letter and distributed hundreds of thousands of copies nationwide in the last days of the campaign. Given Dudley's unsavory reputation, few people believed his denials. A few thousand "floaters" did exist in Indiana—men who would sell their vote for $2. They always divided 50-50 (or perhaps, $5,000-$5,000) and had no visible impact on the vote. The attack on "blocks of five" with the suggestion that pious General Harrison was trying to buy the election did enliven the Democratic campaign, and it stimulated the nationwide movement to replace ballots printed and distributed by the parties with secret ballots.


1888 United States presidential election, General election campaign, Murchison letter
A California Republican named George Osgoodby wrote a letter to Sir Lionel Sackville-West, the British ambassador to the United States, under the assumed name of "Charles F. Murchison," describing himself as a former Englishman who was now a California citizen and asked how he should vote in the upcoming presidential election. Sir Lionel wrote back and in the "Murchison letter" indiscreetly suggested that Cleveland was probably the best man from the British point of view.


1888 United States presidential election, General election campaign, Murchison letter
The Republicans published this letter just two weeks before the election, where it had an effect on Irish-American voters exactly comparable to the "Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion" blunder of the previous election: Cleveland lost New York and Indiana (and as a result, the presidency). Sackville-West was removed as British ambassador.


1888 United States presidential election, Election results
The election focused on the swing states of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Harrison's home state of Indiana. Harrison and Cleveland split these four states, with Harrison winning by means of notoriously fraudulent balloting in New York and Indiana.


1888 United States presidential election, Election results
Had Cleveland won his home state, he would have won the electoral vote by an electoral count of 204-197 (201 electoral votes were needed for victory in 1888). Instead, Cleveland became the third of only five candidates to obtain a plurality or majority of the popular vote but lose their respective presidential elections (Andrew Jackson in 1824, Samuel J. Tilden in 1876, Al Gore in 2000, and Hillary Clinton in 2016).


1888 United States presidential election, Election results
Cleveland bested Harrison in the popular vote by slightly more than ninety thousand votes (0.8%), aided by disenfranchisement of Republican blacks in the South. Harrison won the Electoral College by a 233-168 margin, largely by virtue of his 1.09% win in Cleveland's home state of New York.


1888 United States presidential election, Election results
Four states returned results where the winner won by less than 1 percent of the popular vote. Cleveland earned 24 of his electoral votes from states he won by less than one percent: Connecticut, Virginia, and West Virginia. Harrison earned fifteen of his electoral votes from a state he won by less than 1 percent: Indiana. Harrison won New York (36 electoral votes) by a margin of 1.09%. Despite the narrow margins in several states, only two states switched sides in comparison to Cleveland's first presidential election (New York and Indiana).


1888 United States presidential election, Election results
Of the 2,450 counties/independent cities making returns, Cleveland led in 1,290 (52.65%) while Harrison led in 1,157 (47.22%). Two counties (0.08%) recorded a Streeter plurality while one county (0.04%) in California split evenly between Cleveland and Harrison.


1888 United States presidential election, Election results
Upon leaving the White House at the end of her husband's first term, First Lady Frances Cleveland is reported to have told the White House staff to take care of the building since the Clevelands would be returning in four years. She proved correct, becoming the only First Lady to preside at two nonconsecutive administrations.


1888 United States presidential election, Election results
This was the last election in which the Republicans won Colorado and Nevada until 1904. It was also the last election until 1968 when bellwether Coös County, New Hampshire did not support the winning candidate.


1888 United States presidential election, Election results, Geography of results
Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote


1888 United States presidential election, Election results, Results by state
Source: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836–1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247–57.


1888 United States presidential election, Election results, Close states
Margin of victory between 1% and 5% (150 electoral votes):


1888 United States presidential election, Election results, Close states
Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (93 electoral votes):


1888 United States presidential election, In popular culture
In 1968 the Michael P. Antoine Company produced the Walt Disney Company musical film The One and Only, Genuine, Original Family Band which centers around the election of 1888 and the annexing and subdividing of the Dakota Territory into states (which was a major issue of the election).


1888 United States presidential election in Alabama
The 1888 United States presidential election in Alabama was held on November 6, 1888, as part of the concurrent Presidential election in which all thirty-eight contemporary states participated. Alabama voters chose ten electors, or representatives to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice-President.


1888 United States presidential election in Alabama
Alabama was won easily by the Democratic nominee, former President and Governor of New York Grover Cleveland, over the Republican nominee, former Indiana Senator Benjamin Harrison. Increasing intimidation of African Americans who attempted to vote meant that Cleveland increased his margin of 22% in 1884 to 34.51%. Increasingly blatant electoral fraud in the region against the Republican Party – associated at this state with the memories of Reconstruction – meant that Cleveland carried every Black Belt county, and lost only five counties in North Alabama that were unfavourable to his Bourbon Democrat policies and image.


1888 United States presidential election in Arkansas
The 1888 United States presidential election in Arkansas took place on November 6, 1888, as part of the 1888 United States presidential election. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1888 United States presidential election in Arkansas
Arkansas voted for the Democratic nominee, incumbent President Grover Cleveland, over the Republican nominee, Benjamin Harrison. Cleveland won the state by a margin of 16.76%.


1888 United States presidential election in California
The 1888 United States presidential election in California was held on November 6, 1888 as part of the 1888 United States presidential election. State voters chose eight representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1888 United States presidential election in California
California narrowly voted for the Republican challenger, former Indiana United States Senate Benjamin Harrison, over the Democratic incumbent, Grover Cleveland.


1888 United States presidential election in Colorado
The 1888 United States presidential election in Colorado took place on November 6, 1888, as part of the 1888 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1888 United States presidential election in Colorado
Colorado voted for the Republican nominee, Benjamin Harrison, over the Democratic nominee, incumbent President Grover Cleveland. Harrison won the state by a margin of 14.38 points.


1888 United States presidential election in Colorado
With 55.22 percent of the popular vote, Colorado proved to be Harrison's fifth strongest victory in terms of percentage in the popular vote after Vermont, Nevada, Maine and Kansas. This was nonetheless the last election of an era when Colorado had like the Plains States to its east been solidly Republican, with that party continuously controlling the legislature and holding the governorship for five of seven terms.


1888 United States presidential election in Colorado
Widespread criticism of the national party for its monetary policy in a state that was the major producer of silver in the United States and was resentful of the Northeast – where the Republican Party’s power base was located – would turn the state into a Populist stronghold and then a Democratic-leaning state until after World War I.


1888 United States presidential election in Connecticut
The 1888 United States presidential election in Connecticut took place on November 6, 1888, as part of the 1888 United States presidential election. Voters chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1888 United States presidential election in Connecticut
Connecticut voted for the Democratic nominee, incumbent President Grover Cleveland over the Republican nominee Benjamin Harrison. Cleveland won the state by a very narrow margin of 0.22%.


1888 United States presidential election in Delaware
The 1888 United States presidential election in Delaware took place on November 6, 1888, as part of the 1888 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1888 United States presidential election in Delaware
Delaware voted for the Democratic nominee, incumbent President Grover Cleveland, over the Republican nominee, Benjamin Harrison. Cleveland won the state by a margin of 11.64%.


1888 United States presidential election in Florida
The 1888 United States presidential election in Florida took place on November 6, 1888. All contemporary 38 states were part of the 1888 United States presidential election. Florida voters chose four electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1888 United States presidential election in Florida
Florida was won by the Democratic nominees, incumbent President Grover Cleveland of New York and his running mate Allen G. Thurman of Ohio.


1888 United States presidential election in Florida
This is the last election until 2020  that Florida increased it's margin to an incumbent whom lost re-election nationally.


1888 United States presidential election in Georgia
The 1888 United States presidential election in Georgia took place on November 6, 1888, as part of the wider United States Presidential election. Voters chose 12 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1888 United States presidential election in Georgia, Background and vote
Following Reconstruction, Georgia would be the first former Confederate state to substantially disenfranchise its newly enfranchised freedmen and many poor whites, doing so in the early 1870s. This largely limited the Republican Party to a few North Georgia counties with substantial Civil War Unionist sentiment – chiefly Fannin but also to a lesser extent Pickens, Gilmer and Towns – and in presidential elections to a small number of counties where blacks were not fully disenfranchised.


1888 United States presidential election in Georgia, Background and vote
The Democratic Party served as the guardian of white supremacy against a Republican Party historically associated with memories of Reconstruction, and the main competition became Democratic primaries, which were restricted to whites on the grounds of the Democratic Party being legally a private club. This restriction was done by local county laws, but combined with the highly efficacious cumulative poll tax introduced in 1877 meant that turnout declined steadily throughout the 1880s, unlike any other former Confederate state except South Carolina.


1888 United States presidential election in Georgia, Background and vote
Despite economic problems in the mountain counties due to deflation produced by the gold standard and large-scale government spending reductions by the “Redeemer” Democrats, voter turnout, especially for opposition parties, would maintain its poll tax-driven decline until the Populist movement, which did not affect the 1888 election. Consequently, Cleveland would gain five percent on his 1884 percentage in Georgia as opposition turnout fell by one-seventh.


1888 United States presidential election in Illinois
The 1888 United States presidential election in Illinois took place on November 6, 1888, as part of the 1888 United States presidential election. Voters chose 22 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1888 United States presidential election in Illinois
Illinois voted for the Republican nominee, Benjamin Harrison, over the Democratic nominee, incumbent President Grover Cleveland. Harrison won the state by a narrow margin of 2.96%.


1888 United States presidential election in Indiana
The 1888 United States presidential election in Indiana took place on November 6, 1888, as part of the 1888 United States presidential election. Voters chose 15 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1888 United States presidential election in Indiana
Indiana voted for the Republican nominee, Benjamin Harrison, over the Democratic nominee, incumbent President Grover Cleveland. Harrison won the state by a narrow margin of 0.44%.


1888 United States presidential election in Iowa
The 1888 United States presidential election in Iowa took place on November 6, 1888, as part of the 1888 United States presidential election. Voters chose 13 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1888 United States presidential election in Iowa
Iowa voted for the Republican nominee, Benjamin Harrison, over the Democratic nominee, incumbent President Grover Cleveland. Harrison won the state by a margin of 7.85%.


1888 United States presidential election in Kansas
The 1888 United States presidential election in Kansas took place on November 6, 1888, as part of the 1888 United States presidential election. Voters chose nine representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1888 United States presidential election in Kansas
Kansas voted for the Republican nominee, Benjamin Harrison, over the Democratic nominee, incumbent President Grover Cleveland. Harrison won the state by a margin of 18.14%.


1888 United States presidential election in Kansas
With 55.23% of the popular vote, Kansas would prove to be Harrison's fourth strongest victory in terms of percentage in the popular vote after Vermont, Nevada and Maine.


1888 United States presidential election in Kentucky
The 1888 United States presidential election in Kentucky took place on November 6, 1888. All contemporary thirty-eight states were part of the 1888 United States presidential election. Kentucky voters chose thirteen electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1888 United States presidential election in Kentucky, Background and vote
Ever since the Civil War, Kentucky had been shaped politically by divisions created by that war between secessionist, Democratic counties and Unionist, Republican ones, although the state as a whole leaned Democratic throughout this era and the GOP would never carry the state during the Third Party System at either presidential or gubernatorial level.


1888 United States presidential election in Kentucky, Background and vote
What would become a long-lived partisan system after the state was freed from the direct control of former Confederates would not be seriously affected by the first post-war insurgency movement – that of the Greenback Party at the tail end of the 1870s in the secessionist Jackson Purchase region. Incumbent president Grover Cleveland lost four points on his 1884 performance, but still carried the state comfortably against GOP nominee Benjamin Harrison.


1888 United States presidential election in Kentucky, Background and vote
As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last occasion when a Democratic presidential candidate passed thirty percent in rock-ribbed Unionist and Republican Clinton County.


1888 United States presidential election in Louisiana
The 1888 United States presidential election in Louisiana took place on November 6, 1888, as part of the 1888 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1888 United States presidential election in Louisiana
Louisiana voted for the Democratic nominee, incumbent President Grover Cleveland, over the Republican nominee, Benjamin Harrison. Cleveland won the state by a large margin of 46.91%.


1888 United States presidential election in Maine
The 1888 United States presidential election in Maine took place on November 6, 1888, as part of the 1888 United States presidential election. Voters chose six representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1888 United States presidential election in Maine
Maine voted for the Republican nominee, Benjamin Harrison, over the Democratic nominee, incumbent President Grover Cleveland. Harrison won the state by a margin of 18.14%.


1888 United States presidential election in Maine
With 57.49% of the popular vote, Maine would prove to be Harrison's third strongest victory in terms of percentage in the popular vote after Vermont and Nevada.


1888 United States presidential election in Maryland
The 1888 United States presidential election in Maryland took place on November 6, 1888, as part of the 1888 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1888 United States presidential election in Maryland
Maryland voted for the Democratic nominee, incumbent President Grover Cleveland, over the Republican nominee, Benjamin Harrison. Cleveland won the state by a narrow margin of 2.94%.


1888 United States presidential election in Massachusetts
The 1888 United States presidential election in Massachusetts took place on November 6, 1888, as part of the 1888 United States presidential election. Voters chose 14 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1888 United States presidential election in Massachusetts
Massachusetts voted for the Republican nominee, Benjamin Harrison, over the Democratic nominee, incumbent President Grover Cleveland. Harrison won the state by a margin of 9.38%.


1888 United States presidential election in Michigan
The 1888 United States presidential election in Michigan took place on November 6, 1888, as part of the 1888 United States presidential election. Voters chose 13 electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1888 United States presidential election in Michigan
Michigan voted for Republican nominees Benjamin Harrison of Indiana and his running mate Levi P. Morton of New York over Democratic incumbent Grover Cleveland.


1888 United States presidential election in Minnesota
The 1888 United States presidential election in Minnesota took place on November 6, 1888, as part of the 1888 United States presidential election. Voters chose seven representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1888 United States presidential election in Minnesota
Minnesota voted for the Republican nominee, Benjamin Harrison, over the Democratic nominee, incumbent President Grover Cleveland. Harrison won the state by a margin of 14.47%.


1888 United States presidential election in Minnesota
With 5.82% of the popular vote, Minnesota would be the Prohibition Party candidate Clinton Fisk’s strongest victory in terms of percentage in the popular vote.


1888 United States presidential election in Mississippi
The 1888 United States presidential election in Mississippi took place on November 6, 1888, as part of the 1888 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1888 United States presidential election in Mississippi
Mississippi voted for the Democratic nominee, incumbent President Grover Cleveland, over the Republican nominee, Benjamin Harrison. Cleveland won the state by a margin of 47.81%.


1888 United States presidential election in Missouri
The 1888 United States presidential election in Missouri took place on November 6, 1888, as part of the 1888 United States presidential election. Voters chose 16 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1888 United States presidential election in Missouri
Missouri voted for the Democratic nominee, incumbent President Grover Cleveland, over the Republican nominee, Benjamin Harrison. Cleveland won the state by a margin of 4.93%.


1888 United States presidential election in Nebraska
The 1888 United States presidential election in Nebraska took place on November 6, 1888, as part of the 1888 United States presidential election. Voters chose five representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1888 United States presidential election in Nebraska
Nebraska voted for the Republican nominee, Benjamin Harrison, over the Democratic nominee, incumbent President Grover Cleveland. Harrison won the state by a margin of 13.76%.


1888 United States presidential election in Nevada
The 1888 United States presidential election in Nevada took place on November 6, 1888, as part of the 1888 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1888 United States presidential election in Nevada
Nevada voted for the Republican nominee, Benjamin Harrison, over the Democratic nominee, incumbent President Grover Cleveland. Harrison won the state by a margin of 15.79%.


1888 United States presidential election in Nevada
With 57.73% of the popular vote, Nevada would prove to be Harrison's second strongest victory in terms of percentage in the popular vote after Vermont.


1888 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
The 1888 United States presidential election in New Hampshire took place on November 6, 1888, as part of the 1888 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1888 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
New Hampshire voted for the Republican nominee, Benjamin Harrison, over the Democratic nominee, incumbent President Grover Cleveland. Harrison won the state by a narrow margin of 2.50%.


1888 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
This would be the last election when bellwether Coös County in the far north voted for a losing presidential candidate until voting for Hubert Humphrey over Richard Nixon in 1968. It would also be the last election when a Democratic presidential candidate carried Merrimack and Rockingham Counties until 1912, when the Republican Party was divided between Progressive Theodore Roosevelt and conservative incumbent Taft, and the last when those went Democratic in a two-way contest until Lyndon Johnson in 1964.


1888 United States presidential election in New Jersey
The 1888 United States presidential election in New Jersey took place on November 6, 1888, as part of the 1888 United States presidential election. Voters chose nine representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1888 United States presidential election in New Jersey
New Jersey voted for the Democratic nominee, incumbent President Grover Cleveland, over the Republican nominee, Benjamin Harrison. Cleveland won his birth state by a very narrow margin of 2.35%.


1888 United States presidential election in New Jersey
The Republican nominee would not win the White House without New Jersey again for until 2000, 112 years later, when Al Gore won New Jersey by a landslide but lost the election.


1888 United States presidential election in New York
The 1888 United States presidential election in New York took place on November 6, 1888. All contemporary 38 states were part of the 1888 United States presidential election. Voters chose 36 electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1888 United States presidential election in New York
New York was won by the Republican nominees, former Senator Benjamin Harrison of Indiana and his running mate former Congressman Levi P. Morton of New York. Harrison and Morton defeated the Democratic nominees, incumbent President Grover Cleveland of New York and his running mate former Senator Allen G. Thurman of Ohio.


1888 United States presidential election in New York
Harrison narrowly carried New York State with a plurality of 49.28% of the vote to Cleveland's 48.19%, a victory margin of 1.09%. In a distant third came the Prohibition Party candidate Clinton B. Fisk with 2.29%.


1888 United States presidential election in New York
New York weighed in for this election as less than 2% more Republican than the national average.


1888 United States presidential election in New York
Cleveland's narrow defeat in his home state, losing its 36 electoral votes, ultimately cost him the 1888 election, despite the fact that Cleveland won the nationwide popular vote by nearly a point. Cleveland had narrowly won New York State four years earlier in his initial 1884 presidential campaign, but strong opposition to Cleveland from the corrupt Tammany Hall machine, which held significant influence over New York's politics, helped to narrowly tip the state to Harrison in 1888. Had Cleveland instead won New York, he would have won reelection by seven electoral votes.


1888 United States presidential election in New York
Cleveland performed most strongly downstate in the New York City area, where he won New York County, Kings County, Queens County, and Richmond County. Cleveland also won nearby Westchester County and Rockland County. Harrison, however, dominated in much of upstate New York, including a victory in Erie County, home to the city of Buffalo, although Cleveland did manage to win Albany County, home to the state capital of Albany, along with several rural upstate counties.


1888 United States presidential election in North Carolina
The 1888 United States presidential election in North Carolina took place on November 6, 1888, as part of the 1888 United States presidential election. North Carolina voters chose 11 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1888 United States presidential election in North Carolina
North Carolina was won by the incumbent President Grover Cleveland (D–New York), running with the former Senator and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio Allen G. Thurman, with 51.79% of the popular vote, against former Senator Benjamin Harrison (R-Indiana), running with Levi P. Morton, the 31st governor of New York, with 47.20% of the vote.


1888 United States presidential election in North Carolina
The Union Labor Party chose Alson Streeter, a former Illinois state representative, and Charles E. Cunningham as their presidential and vice-presidential candidates and received 0.01% of the vote. The Prohibition Party ran brigadier general Clinton B. Fisk and John A. Brooks and received 0.99% of the vote.


1888 United States presidential election in Ohio
The 1888 United States presidential election in Ohio was held on November 6, 1888 as part of the 1888 United States presidential election. State voters chose 23 electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1888 United States presidential election in Ohio
Ohio was narrowly won by Republican Party candidate, Benjamin Harrison, with 49.51% of the popular vote. The Democratic Party candidate, incumbent President Grover Cleveland, garnered 47.18% of the popular vote.


1888 United States presidential election in Oregon
The 1888 United States presidential election in Oregon took place on November 6, 1888, as part of the 1888 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1888 United States presidential election in Oregon
Oregon voted for the Republican nominee, Benjamin Harrison, over the Democratic nominee, incumbent President Grover Cleveland. Harrison won the state by a margin of 10.94%.


1888 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania
The 1888 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place on November 6, 1888, as part of the 1888 United States presidential election. Voters chose 30 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1888 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania voted for the Republican nominee, Benjamin Harrison, over the Democratic nominee, incumbent President Grover Cleveland. Harrison won Pennsylvania by a margin of 7.97%.


1888 United States presidential election in Rhode Island
The 1888 United States presidential election in Rhode Island took place on November 6, 1888, as part of the 1888 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1888 United States presidential election in Rhode Island
Rhode Island voted for the Republican nominee, Benjamin Harrison, over the Democratic nominee, incumbent President Grover Cleveland. Harrison won the state by a margin of 10.89%.


1888 United States presidential election in South Carolina
The 1888 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place on November 6, 1888, as part of the 1888 United States presidential election. Voters chose 9 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1888 United States presidential election in South Carolina
South Carolina voted for the Democratic nominee, incumbent President Grover Cleveland, over the Republican nominee, Benjamin Harrison. Cleveland won the state by a landslide margin of 65.11%.


1888 United States presidential election in Tennessee
The 1888 United States presidential election in Tennessee took place on November 6, 1888, as part of the 1888 United States presidential election. Tennessee voters chose 12 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1888 United States presidential election in Tennessee, Background and vote
For over a century after the Civil War, Tennessee’s white citizenry was divided according to partisan loyalties established in that war. Unionist regions covering almost all of East Tennessee, Kentucky Pennyroyal-allied Macon County, and the five West Tennessee Highland Rim counties of Carroll, Henderson, McNairy, Hardin and Wayne voted Republican – generally by landslide margins – as they saw the Democratic Party as the “war party” who had forced them into a war they did not wish to fight.


1888 United States presidential election in Tennessee, Background and vote
Contrariwise, the rest of Middle and West Tennessee who had supported and driven the state’s secession was equally fiercely Democratic as it associated the Republicans with Reconstruction. After the state’s white landowning class re-established its rule in the early 1870s, black and Unionist white combined to forge adequate support for the GOP to produce a competitive political system for two decades, although during this era the Republicans could only capture statewide offices when the Democratic Party was divided on this issue of payment of state debt.


1888 United States presidential election in Tennessee, Background and vote
White Democrats in West Tennessee were always aiming to eliminate black political influence, and during the 1880s they attempted to do this by election fraud and stuffing of ballot boxes. During the 1888 elections, this fraud increased substantially and the GOP’s fortures showed a decline at the state level to just 35 out of 132 state legislators.


1888 United States presidential election in Tennessee, Background and vote
This would lead to much more drastic changes in the future, but in the presidential race Democratic nominee and incumbent President Grover Cleveland, running with the former Senator and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio Allen G. Thurman won only 52.26 percent of the popular vote, against former Indiana Senator Benjamin Harrison (R-Indiana), running with Levi P. Morton, the 31st governor of New York who gained 45.76 percent. Cleveland’s margin was, given the political changes taking place, only a small improvement over his 1884 win in Tennessee; however, he did re-establish the majority-black far southwestern part of the state as rock-ribbed Democratic until the party turned towards Civil Rights under Harry S. Truman.


1888 United States presidential election in Tennessee, Background and vote
The Union Labor Party chose Alson Streeter, a former Illinois state representative, and Charles E. Cunningham as their presidential and vice-presidential candidates and received 0.02% of the vote. The Prohibition Party ran brigadier general Clinton B. Fisk and John A. Brooks and received 1.97% of the vote.


1888 United States presidential election in Texas
The 1888 United States presidential election in Texas took place on November 6, 1888, as part of the 1888 United States presidential election. State voters chose 13 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1888 United States presidential election in Texas
Texas was won by the incumbent President Grover Cleveland (D–New York), running with the former Senator and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio Allen G. Thurman, with 65.70% of the popular vote, against former Senator Benjamin Harrison (R-Indiana), running with Levi P. Morton, the 31st governor of New York, with 24.73% of the vote and former Illinois state representative Alson Streeter (L–Illinois), running with Charles E. Cunningham, with 8.24% of the vote.


1888 United States presidential election in Texas
The Prohibition Party ran brigadier general Clinton B. Fisk and John A. Brooks and received 1.33% of the vote.


1888 United States presidential election in Vermont
The 1888 United States presidential election in Vermont took place on November 6, 1888, as part of the 1888 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1888 United States presidential election in Vermont
Vermont voted for the Republican nominee, Benjamin Harrison, over the Democratic nominee, incumbent President Grover Cleveland. Harrison won Vermont by a margin of 43.40%.


1888 United States presidential election in Vermont
With 69.05% of the popular vote, Vermont would be Harrison's strongest victory in terms of percentage in the popular vote.


1888 United States presidential election in Vermont
Vice President-elect Levi P. Morton was born in Shoreham, Vermont.


1888 United States presidential election in Virginia
The 1888 United States presidential election in Virginia took place on November 6, 1888, as part of the 1888 United States presidential election. Voters chose 12 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1888 United States presidential election in Virginia
Virginia voted for the Democratic candidate, incumbent President Grover Cleveland over the Republican candidate, former U.S. Senator Benjamin Harrison. The contest in Virginia was very close and Cleveland narrowly won the state by a margin of just 0.53%. This was the closest the Republican Party came to winning an ex-Confederate state between the Compromise of 1877 and Warren G. Harding’s 1920 win in Tennessee, and was effectively the last election with the expended Reconstruction Era electorate. So complete was to be the disfranchisement of Virginia's lower classes with the new Constitution of 1902 that it was 1952, with a much larger population, before the electorate returned to the same numbers observed in 1888.


1888 United States presidential election in West Virginia
The 1888 United States presidential election in West Virginia took place on November 6, 1888, as part of the 1888 United States presidential election. West Virginia voters chose six representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1888 United States presidential election in West Virginia
West Virginia was won by the incumbent President Grover Cleveland (D–New York), running with the former Senator and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio Allen G. Thurman, with 49.35% of the popular vote, against former Senator Benjamin Harrison (R-Indiana), running with Levi P. Morton, the 31st governor of New York, with 49.03% of the vote.


1888 United States presidential election in West Virginia
The Union Labor Party chose Alson Streeter, a former Illinois state representative, and Charles E. Cunningham as their presidential and vice-presidential candidates and received 0.95% of the vote. The Prohibition Party ran brigadier general Clinton B. Fisk and John A. Brooks and received 0.68% of the vote.


1888 United States presidential election in Wisconsin
The 1888 United States presidential election in Wisconsin was held on November 6, 1888 as part of the 1888 United States presidential election. State voters chose 11 electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1888 United States presidential election in Wisconsin
Republican Party candidate Benjamin Harrison won Wisconsin with 49.79 percent of the popular vote, winning the state's eleven electoral votes.


1888 VFA season
The 1888 Victorian Football Association season was the 12th season of the Australian rules football competition.


1888 VFA season
The premiership was won by the South Melbourne Football Club. It was the third premiership in the club's history, and the first out of a sequence of three consecutive premierships won from 1888 to 1890.


1888 VFA season, Association membership
Prior to 1888, the Williamstown and South Williamstown clubs amalgamated, with the merged entity known as Williamstown. The South Williamstown club had been established in 1886 as the result of a dispute between the Williamstown Football Club and Williamstown Cricket Club over the use of the Williamstown Cricket Ground for football; this schism persisted for two seasons, with unsatisfactory outcomes, including poor onfield performances resulting from the fact that Williamstown, which was then a small fishing village, could not supply enough talented players to sustain two competitive senior teams. The football and cricket clubs came to agreeable terms over the 1887-88 summer, and formed a single entity which fielded one senior cricket team and one senior football team, both of which played at the cricket ground. The amalgamated club went on to finish third for the season.


1888 VFA season, Association membership
Additionally, the neighbouring clubs of Prahran and St Kilda, which had both begun competing as senior clubs in 1886, amalgamated into one club; the merged entity retained the name and history of St Kilda, and adopted St Kilda's red, white and black guernsey with Prahran's blue trousers as its uniform.


1888 VFA season, Association membership
As a result of these two amalgamations, the size of the Association contracted from eighteen senior teams to sixteen in 1889.


1888 VFA season, Association membership
The borough of Hotham was renamed North Melbourne, and the Hotham Football Club was accordingly renamed the North Melbourne Football Club.


1888 VFA season, 1888 VFA Ladder
For the first time, the senior clubs were formally ranked into a full premiership ladder of the type understood in the modern era. The teams were ranked under a new system designed by Theo Marshall:


1888 VFA season, 1888 VFA Ladder
This system meant that for the first time, the premiership was an official title conferred and endorsed by the Association, replacing the previous approach whereby the premier club was determined by an unofficial consensus but was conventionally understood to be won by the club which suffered the fewest defeats for the season – a system which was flawed because it treated wins and draws as equal in value. The Association also instituted the awarding of a premiership cap – in the Association's navy blue and gold colours – to players of the premiership team.


1888 VFA season, 1888 VFA Ladder
The full ladder is shown below. Of the sixteen clubs, Footscray, University and the three Ballarat-based clubs failed to play the minimum eighteen matches required to qualify for the premiership; they are still shown ranked by adjusted points, but are not given a finishing position.


1888 Vermont gubernatorial election
The 1888 Vermont gubernatorial election took place on September 4, 1888. Incumbent Republican Ebenezer J. Ormsbee, per the "Mountain Rule", did not run for re-election to a second term as Governor of Vermont. Republican candidate William P. Dillingham defeated Democratic candidate Stephen C. Shurtleff to succeed him.


1888 Virginia Cavaliers football team
The 1888 Virginia Cavaliers football team represented the University of Virginia in the 1888 college football season.


1888 Wake Forest Baptists football team
The 1888 Wake Forest Baptists football team was an American football team that represented Wake Forest College during the 1888 college football season. In its first year of intercollegiate football, the team defeated North Carolina by a 6–4 score in a game played on October 18, 1888, at the State Fair Grounds in Raleigh, North Carolina. After the game, The News & Observer wrote:


1888 Wake Forest Baptists football team
"Decidedly one of the most interesting features of the whole fair was the game of foot ball yesterday between Wake Forest and Chapel Hill, resulting in a victory for Wake Forest. The game was exciting and was played by excellent teams on both sides. It was witnessed by a tremendous crowd. The players were uniformed and were a skilled and active set of boys."


1888 Wake Forest Baptists football team
W. C. Dowd was the coach of the Wake Forest team. The game was the first intercollegiate football game played in the state of North Carolina. The game was also the first in the history of the North Carolina Tar Heels football program.


1888 Washington Nationals season
The 1888 Washington Nationals finished with a 48–86 record in the National League, finishing in last place.


1888 Washington Nationals season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1888 Washington Nationals season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1888 Washington Nationals season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1888 Washington Nationals season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1888 West Virginia gubernatorial election
The 1888 West Virginia gubernatorial election took place on November 6, 1888, to elect the governor of West Virginia.


1888 West Virginia gubernatorial election
The Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia ruled that outgoing governor Emmanuel Willis Wilson would remain Governor; State Senate President Robert S. Carr had claimed authority until the Court reached its decision. In 1890, the Legislature agreed that Fleming had defeated Nathan Goff, Jr. As a result, Fleming did not assume the office until February 6, 1890.


1888 Williams Ephs football team
The 1888 Williams Ephs football team represented the Williams College during the 1888 college football season. The team finished with a final record of 4–4.