1893 San Roque hurricane, Impact, Puerto Rico
Both the city and outlying rural areas of Manatí incurred widespread damage, with dozens of thatch roofs blown off and some homes left uninhabitable. The basement of a colecturía, or tithe barn, was provided as temporary shelter to poor and injured storm victims. Numerous people in Hatillo were left homeless, and reports there described trees being blown far from where they once stood. Severe damage befell Vega Baja, with at least 28 houses destroyed and many banana, coconut, and other fruit trees toppled.


1893 San Roque hurricane, Impact, Puerto Rico
Eight houses were destroyed in Isabela, and one family required rescue after its home was crushed under the dislocated roof of an adjacent building. Many poor families became homeless; some were offered shelter in the homes of local government and Civil Guard officials. A church atrium in the town was destroyed.


1893 San Roque hurricane, Impact, Puerto Rico
Many more peasant huts were destroyed in Bayamón, along with the roofs of more substantial structures. All telegraph wires and poles in the community were blown down. Seven or eight houses were destroyed in Trujillo Alto. The effects proved less severe than feared in Utuado, though banana plantations suffered. In Dorado, numerous houses were damaged and six were destroyed, their residents forced to seek shelter in government buildings. The storm was not as severe in San Juan as in other towns, although destruction remained widespread. One hospital was badly damaged, with the roof over the maternity ward peeled away.


1893 San Roque hurricane, Impact, Puerto Rico
Timbers and metal roofing tiles were blown a great distance from the structure, and patients had to be transferred to a nearby military hospital. Another hospital in the Puerta de Tierra subbarrio was also unroofed. With telegraph wires downed in all directions, San Juan initially had no contact with the rest of the island. Many gas lanterns were broken. Palm and fruit trees were uprooted throughout the city, while garden fences and awnings were blown down. Many houses, huts, businesses, and public facilities around San Juan sustained varying degrees of structural damage. Several houses in the nearby town of Cataño were demolished.


1893 San Roque hurricane, Impact, Puerto Rico
Heavy rainfall lasted two to three days in some locations. San Juan recorded 2.36 in (60 mm) of precipitation. Further inland, rivers overflowed their banks with the torrential rainfall, inundating wide tracts of low-lying terrain. Among the major rivers flooded were the Río Grande de Arecibo, Río Grande de Manatí, and Santiago. Floodwaters ruined harvests of crops like rice, corn, and sugar cane. One farmer in Humacao, near the eastern coast, reported the loss of about 80 acres (32 ha) of sugar cane fields. The neighborhood of Marina in Gurabo had to be evacuated due to river flooding.


1893 San Roque hurricane, Impact, Puerto Rico
The mayor of the town started a donation drive for poor families. One worker on a hacienda died, and his burial was delayed until flooding in the local cemetery receded. Many railways and thoroughfares, including the road between Cataño and Bayamón, were made impassable by both fallen trees and deep floodwaters. With mail routes blocked and telegraph communications severed, the full extent of the destruction was slow to be revealed. On the day after the storm, workers began to clear railways and reestablish communications.


1893 San Roque hurricane, Impact, Puerto Rico
Several ships were destroyed and others left stranded on the beach. The schooner Enriqueta broke free and crashed into a pier; the sloop Tomasito grounded out, crushing its keel; and another sloop, the Maria Artau, went ashore at Palo Seco, with all hands saved by another crew. At Arecibo, the British schooner Robbie Godfrey broke free from its moorings in port while being loaded with sugar. The ship was driven aground and destroyed, along with its cargo, but all hands were able to reach the shore with the assistance of rescue brigades. One crewman was hospitalized for an arm injury. The schooner Martiniguesi, loaded with cattle en route to Martinique, went ashore at Maunabo, with one crewman and numerous head of cattle killed. The sloop Pepito was lost at Cataño. Sea baths along the shore were destroyed.


1893 San Roque hurricane, Impact, Puerto Rico
Among all agricultural losses, that of the year's coffee crop was most significant. Losses to the coffee harvest in Lares alone were estimated at 500,000 Puerto Rican pesos. In some localities, only crops in sheltered valleys survived. As much as 60% of the coffee harvest was lost to the storm in Comerío. The storm was locally referred to as "San Roque" since it began on the feast day of Saint Roch, known as San Roque in Spanish. It was among the last significant tropical cyclones to affect Puerto Rico before the island came under United States rule in 1898. Some contemporary accounts drew comparisons to the devastating San Felipe hurricane of 1876. The hurricane caused four known fatalities in Puerto Rico.


1893 San Roque hurricane, Impact, United States
On the far western periphery of the hurricane, parts of Florida experienced gusty winds, reaching 35 mph (56 km/h) in Key West and 38 mph (61 km/h) in Jupiter, on August 20. A closer pass by New England the following day resulted in severe nor'easter-like conditions, with winds peaking at 72 mph (116 km/h) on Block Island and 52 mph (84 km/h) on Nantucket. In Woods Hole, Massachusetts, winds up to 60 mph (97 km/h) were reported. Tropical storm-force winds extended north to Eastport.


1893 San Roque hurricane, Impact, United States
The Hartford Courant described the hurricane "the most severe August storm known for many years" in Chatham; in Oak Bluffs (then called Cottage City) on Martha's Vineyard, it was "without a precedent during the summer season" according to The Boston Globe. The U.S. Weather Bureau had predicted bad weather for several days, and warning signals were raised along the coast 24 hours before onset. Consequently, shipping interests generally endured the storm without major losses.


1893 San Roque hurricane, Impact, United States
Throughout Cape Cod and the Islands, trees, fences, and utility wires were blown down. Apple and pear trees were stripped of their fruit, and vegetable crops suffered. Floodwaters inundated streets and cellars while the driving rain forced its way inside east-facing walls. Many roads were littered with the broken branches of large trees; some smaller trees and shrubs were uprooted entirely. Part of the Nantucket Railroad was washed out at Tom Nevers Head, and wharves on the island received minor damage. In the mid-morning on August 21, the Portland, Maine-based fishing schooner Mary Lizzie sank in heavy seas off Nantucket.


1893 San Roque hurricane, Impact, United States
Six of the seven crew members drowned. The one survivor held to floating debris for 33 hours until he was rescued by a passing steamship. The racing yacht Volunteer, winner of the 1887 America's Cup, broke free from her anchorage and was tossed onto the rocks near the entrance to Hadley's Harbor on Naushon Island, Massachusetts. Pounding seas battered the vessel, breaking up much of its deck and flooding the hull.


1893 San Roque hurricane, Impact, United States
After an unsuccessful attempt by another yacht to rescue Volunteer with the storm still raging, a tugboat was able to dislodge the stricken craft and tow her to a nearby wharf. The storm disabled several ships around Martha's Vineyard, including the schooners Sarah Louise and Clara Jane, both of which were damaged, and the sloop Cassie, left stranded on the shore. Numerous other fishing vessels lost their anchors, sails, or seine fishing boats. The maritime havoc extended westward to New Jersey's Sandy Hook, where a yacht was wrecked.


1893 San Roque hurricane, Impact, United States
President Grover Cleveland sheltered in his summer home of Gray Gables  during the storm. His yacht was narrowly saved from being swept ashore. Rainfall in Boston commenced in the late evening of August 20 and continued through the following afternoon, totaling 1.65 in (42 mm); the Charles River breached its banks, flooding the Cambridgeport neighborhood of Cambridge up to 3 ft (0.9 m) deep. At Nantasket Beach in the town of Hull, immense swells drew crowds of onlookers, photographers, and artists before the surf action began damaging boardwalks and carnival game booths. Roads in Plymouth were littered with broken tree limbs, and several pleasure craft in Plymouth Harbor were blown aground.


1893 San Roque hurricane, Impact, United States
Great damage to grain crops also plagued the neighboring state of Rhode Island. Two sailors were rescued after their boat capsized in Newport Harbor. A fishing schooner drifted to sea with its crew aboard; it was ultimately rescued by a tug south of the Brenton Reef Light. Numerous ships rode out the storm in the shelter of Dutch Island in the West Passage of Narragansett Bay, being "tossed like cockle shells on the swirling waters" as described by the Fall River Daily Evening News .


1893 San Roque hurricane, Impact, United States
One of Ethel Swift's two anchor chains broke, resulting in a wreck on the western shore of the bay. The schooner's crew of four was safely rescued. Further up the bay, three ships were blown aground on Prudence Island. A yacht race set for August 21 around Newport was postponed because of the bad weather. Some 17 fire alarm call boxes in Charlestown, Rhode Island, were rendered inoperative, so firefighters had to patrol the town continuously through the night of August 20–21.


1893 San Roque hurricane, Impact, Canada
Though in a weakened state, the cyclone battered the Atlantic provinces of Canada. Writing for Cape Breton's Magazine, Michael L. MacDonald wrote that it was "one of the most notorious marine storms in the history of Nova Scotia". There, the storm came to be known as the "Second Great August Gale", in reference to a catastrophic hurricane in August 1837. Throughout the Maritimes, dozens of large ships were stranded or destroyed. Warning signals were hoisted in Nova Scotia on the evening of August 20, and ultimately lowered near midday on August 22.


1893 San Roque hurricane, Impact, Canada
In Halifax, rain and wind began in the early afternoon on August 21 and grew in severity through the night. The city was plunged into darkness and cut off from the outside world as electricity and communications wires fell. Severed power lines sparked small fires and posed a hazard to public safety; a young girl was electrocuted and killed by a live wire, and two more people received non-life-threatening shocks while attempting to recover her body. Parks, public gardens, and cemeteries throughout the city suffered extensive damage, with many large trees destroyed.


1893 San Roque hurricane, Impact, Canada
Many ships and boats were wrecked or blown ashore in Halifax Harbour. In one instance, after colliding with a wharf and being struck by two pontoon boats, the schooner Janie R.'s cargo of lime swelled with the influx of seawater such that the ship burst open. Trees were uprooted and chimneys toppled in Liverpool. The storm was less severe in Yarmouth, at the western end of the province, but still washed out streets and blew down trees. The winds damaged trees, fences, and some buildings in Amherst, and flattened crops in the surrounding countryside.


1893 San Roque hurricane, Impact, Canada
In Cumberland County, the Palmerston Bridge over the upper Pugwash Harbor was badly damaged, and two barques were blown ashore at Northport. Several schooners were wrecked along the shores of Cape Breton; in Ingonish, two ships were left stranded on the shore and six fishing boats drifted out to sea. Residents of the rural community fled their homes at the height of the storm to seek shelter in nearby valleys.


1893 San Roque hurricane, Impact, Canada
Late on the night of August 21, the steamship Dorcas, with barge Etta Stewart in tow, wrecked on the notoriously hazardous reef surrounding Shut-In Island, near the entrance to Three Fathom Harbour. Both vessels were loaded with coal en route from Sydney to Halifax. It is likely that the barge took on water in the heavy seas, making it impossible to steer and causing both ships to drift inexorably toward shore in the strong southerly winds. After hitting the rocks, the steamer overturned, losing its engine, boilers, and cargo, and came to rest inverted on the beach.


1893 San Roque hurricane, Impact, Canada
The barge broke up, littering the shore with timbers. All crew-members and passengers, totaling 24 people, were killed: Dorcas carried a crew of 10, plus the chief engineer's pregnant wife and 4 children in their care, while 8 crewmen and one passenger were on Etta Stewart. All bodies but one were recovered.


1893 San Roque hurricane, Impact, Canada
The small community of Louisbourg, home to 16 of the victims and many of their families, was left reeling, and a rare government inquiry into the disaster was opened; it concluded that the wreck was beyond the control of Captain Angus Ferguson of Dorcas, who "sacrificed his own life in his endeavour to save those on board the two vessels". The commissioner of the inquiry acknowledged that cutting the barge free may have increased the chance of survival for the crew and passengers of Dorcas, but dismissed this as a viable option:


1893 San Roque hurricane, Impact, Canada
"It may be considered by some that it would have been more prudent and wise for the master of the Dorcas to have disconnected his steamer from the barge at some safe time before approaching the breakers, in order to enable his vessel to reach off shore and thus have made an effort to save the larger number of people on board the steamer at the sacrifice of the less number of people on board the barge.


1893 San Roque hurricane, Impact, Canada
"Had Captain Ferguson, however, acted in such a manner and been successful in saving the steamer with those on board, he would have forever been branded as a coward when he reached the land and laid himself open to the serious charge of deliberately and wilfully sacrificing the lives of many human beings for the sake of saving his own. To a brave man this would have been intolerable and it must be acknowledged that in acting as he did he displayed the genuine characteristics of a noble seaman, when, amidst the dangers of such a hurricane and wild sea, he met death at the post of duty."


1893 San Roque hurricane, Impact, Canada
Despite the tragedy at Shut-In Island, the loss of life in Nova Scotia was considered low relative to the large number of shipwrecks.


1893 San Roque hurricane, Impact, Canada
Extensive storm damage, including downed trees and telegraph wires, collapsed barns, and sunk vessels along the coast, was reported in parts of New Brunswick. At Point Escuminac, winds blew at 60 to 62 mph (97 to 100 km/h) for three hours and many fishing boats were blown ashore. A similar situation presented itself further north in Shippagan. The cyclone severed communications between Prince Edward Island and the mainland, and inflicted widespread damage upon the province. Streets in the capital city of Charlottetown were strewn with downed tree limbs; in rural sectors, barns were destroyed.


1893 San Roque hurricane, Impact, Canada
A stretch of breakwater in Souris was washed out. Fishing boats in Tignish were shattered. In Percé, on the eastern tip of Quebec's Gaspé Peninsula, 14 fishing vessels were destroyed. The extratropical remnants of the cyclone continued to produce strong winds over Newfoundland, ruining crops and damaging homes that were under construction. The sinking of a boat in Trinity Bay resulted in the drowning deaths of two men, including member of the General Assembly of Newfoundland, David C. Webber. St. John's reported powerful winds that toppled trees.


1893 Sea Islands hurricane
The 1893 Sea Islands hurricane was a deadly major hurricane that struck the Sea Islands which was near Savannah, Georgia on August 27, 1893. It was the 7th deadliest hurricane in the United States history, and was one of the three deadly hurricanes during the 1893 Atlantic hurricane season; the storm killed an estimated 1,000–2,000 people, mostly from storm surge. This is also the storm that made United States Life-Saving Service Keeper Dunbar Davis famous, by rescuing 4 ships.


1893 Sea Islands hurricane, Meteorological history
Modern analysis of historical records has allowed the history of this storm to be pieced together, although the analysis is only an estimate since few accurate meteorological records were taken.


1893 Sea Islands hurricane, Meteorological history
On August 15, 1893, a tropical storm formed east of Cape Verde. It likely passed directly through the islands on the 16th, leaving their vicinity during the evening of the 17th. It became a hurricane on the 19th, while crossing the Atlantic between the Cape Verde Islands and the Lesser Antilles. The hurricane continued to strengthen, attaining Category 3 status on August 22 while located northeast of the Lesser Antilles. By the evening of the 25th, the storm was approaching the Bahamas. During the approach it began to deviate from its westerly course and arc west-northwest. It is believed that the first effects of the storm were beginning to be felt in the Sea Islands area, with the winds steadily increasing during the night of the 25th.


1893 Sea Islands hurricane, Meteorological history
Some of the inhabitants anticipated the storm and left the islands as quickly as possible. The conditions soon rapidly deteriorated on the island and the hurricane passed over sometime on the 26th. By now the hurricane was turning more and more towards the north. It moved parallel to the coast for about one hundred miles before making landfall.


1893 Sea Islands hurricane, Meteorological history
Landfall occurred near Savannah, Georgia, on August 27. Reports from the time say that wind during landfall was around 120 mph (190 km/h), making it a category 3 storm. Pressure in Savannah was measured at 960 mbar (28 inHg); modern estimates put the pressure around 954 mbar (28.2 inHg) at landfall, and possibly as low as 931 mbar (27.5 inHg) out at sea. This would have made the hurricane most likely stronger than a Category 3 storm on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale. The hurricane passed north over South Carolina on August 28 and moved up the U.S. East Coast before becoming extratropical over Atlantic Canada. The storm likely intensified to a Category 4, or 5, but there are no reports of this occurring.


1893 Sea Islands hurricane, Impact
The hurricane carried with it a heavy storm surge (16 ft or 4.9 m, according to Clara Barton, although the modern NOAA SLOSH model calculates that some areas may have been inundated up to 30 feet), which caused great destruction along the coastline and offshore Sea Islands in Georgia and South Carolina. An estimated 1,000 to 2,000 people were killed (mostly by drowning), putting it on-par with 2005's Hurricane Katrina as the sixth-deadliest hurricane in US history. St. Helena was estimated to have 6,000 African-Americans living there while 2,000 were women. The majority of the African-Americans owned land there and some rented. A lot of structures in that area were not elevated higher than 2 feet; therefore, they were covered by the first waves that went above the normal water mark.


1893 Sea Islands hurricane, Impact
Although the hurricane was devastating, the American Red Cross did not arrive until October 1, possibly because of ongoing efforts following another hurricane that hit South Carolina in June. After the Red Cross arrived, a warehouse of clothing and food was started at Beaufort, South Carolina, to provide services to the affected. Relief efforts were impeded by a second Category 3 hurricane that struck just north of the area, near Charleston, South Carolina, on October 13. During a massive 10-month relief campaign, success was declared, with the Sea Islands population living in decent houses producing their own food again. Damages from the storm totaled to at least $1 million (1893 USD), equivalent to $29 million in 2020.


1893 Sea Islands hurricane, Impact
Damage was reported as far north as Maine. Some areas, particularly New York City and Long Island, were already reeling from what later came to be known as the 1893 New York hurricane that had struck the region just days before, on August 24, and were damaged anew by this storm. "Immense" damage was reported to shade trees and telegraph and telephone wires in Washington. In Annapolis, Maryland "hardly a tree was left standing" and Baltimore reported the worst flooding since 1868.


1893 Sea Islands hurricane, Impact
In New Jersey, damage was "heavy" in the New Brunswick area, and many trees were downed and roofs were blown off in Trenton. Damage was heavy all along the New Jersey coast and breakers were described as the biggest ever witnessed. Railroad tracks were under four feet of water between Bay Head and Berkley. In New York, several lives were lost in The Rockaways, and a number of people were killed at points along the Hudson River when tow boats were destroyed. Crops were heavily damaged in Pennsylvania and upstate New York.


1893 Sea Islands hurricane, Impact
Boats were wrecked and sunk in the Dunkirk area. In Brooklyn, where 13 houses under construction were destroyed, damage was "severe" and Gravesend Bay was "littered with the wrecks of small yachts and boats." In Coney Island, roofs were lifted off big buildings and carried for blocks. Waves topped the seawall by 15 feet at Battery Park. Damage was heavy at resorts on Long Island and it was the worst storm on the New England coast in 20 years.


1893 Sewanee Tigers football team
The 1893 Sewanee Tigers football team represented the Sewanee Tigers of Sewanee: The University of the South in the 1893 college football season.


1893 Shamrock
The 1893 Shamrock, built by the Mimna Brothers, is Canada's second oldest registered car and first internal combustion engine. The oldest car in Canada is the 1867 Henry Seth Taylor Steam Buggy built in Stanstead, Quebec.


1893 Shamrock, History
William Mimna and his brother Charles were stonemasons who lived in the small town of Wardsville, located on the Thames River, north of Chatham, Ontario. The brothers began a quest to build their own automobile in 1893. William worked on the car in Wardsville, Ontario for many years on his own without much help from anyone else. In 1904 he finally finished his vehicle, and some speculation has been put into the year the vehicle should be placed in. However one Wardsville resident remembers the vehicle in its early years back in 1893, and thus the vehicle has been dated to that year.


1893 Shamrock, History
The making of the car was originally inspired by steam locomotives, however William decided that gas-powered engines was going to rule the day in transportation so this is what he built. The car ran on one cylinder, put together from whatever parts the two brothers could find in Montreal, Hamilton, Toronto and Detroit, Michigan. Instead of a transmission the Shamrock had a system of belts and clutches helping it to run. The vehicle was named Shamrock the First, and without being aware of it the Mimna Brothers became a part of Canadian history.


1893 Shamrock, Problems and competition from Henry Ford
Canada's first registered car and first internal combustion engine vehicle was not exactly successful however. The vehicle was unable to climb hills with its homemade engine, so the brothers decided to replace their engine with a French one, in hopes that it would have more power and be more efficient. However this did not help as the vehicle still would not climb hills or exceed 10 miles per hour, on level ground. In 1910, six years after completing the car, the brothers made some improvements by adding pneumatic tires and a steering wheel. By this time however Henry Ford was already mass-producing his own vehicle in Detroit. In 1893 Ford was promoted at the Edison Illuminating Company in Detroit to Chief Engineer giving him the time and money to devote his time to the creation and mass manufacturing of the automobile.


1893 Shamrock, Problems and competition from Henry Ford
In 1914, the brothers had a renewed interest in the vehicle and built Shamrock the Second, from stock parts from other cars. This car was built exactly the same as the First but was faster. This speed was not such a positive thing however, especially with the lack of a proper braking system. William hit a cow in his hometown, and the car was thus totalled and never salvaged.


1893 Shamrock, Problems and competition from Henry Ford
Today Shamrock the First rests at the Canadian Transportation Museum and Heritage Village, where it still runs. This museum is located in Kingsville, Ontario, just outside the Detroit-Windsor border, and is home to over 60 vehicles, covering all forms of Canadian automotive history.


1893 Singapore Amateur Football Association Challenge Cup
1893 Singapore Amateur Football Association Challenge Cup was the Second season of the Amateur Challenge Cup, the predecessor of the Singapore Cup.


1893 Singapore Amateur Football Association Challenge Cup
The defending holders, Singapore Engineers were beaten 1–0 in the first round by Singapore Cricket Club., the latter making it to the finals, where they were beaten by the Royal Engineers by the same result.


1893 South Australian colonial election
Elections were held in the colony of South Australia from 15 April to 6 May 1893. All 54 seats in the South Australian House of Assembly were up for election.


1893 South Australian colonial election
The incumbent conservative government led by Premier of South Australia John Downer was defeated by the liberal opposition led by Charles Kingston, with the support of the United Labor Party (ULP) led by John McPherson who formed an informal coalition. Each district elected multiple members, with voters casting multiple votes. This was the first election in which parties and increasingly solid groupings were formed.


1893 South Australian colonial election, Background
A United Trades and Labor Council meeting with the purpose of creating an elections committee was convened on 12 December 1890, and held on 7 January 1891. The elections committee was formed, officially named the United Labor Party of South Australia with McPherson the founding secretary. Later that year, the ULP enjoyed immediate success, electing David Charleston, Robert Guthrie and Andrew Kirkpatrick to the South Australian Legislative Council. A week later, Richard Hooper won the 1891 Wallaroo by-election as an Independent Labor member in the South Australian House of Assembly.


1893 South Australian colonial election, Background
McPherson won the 1892 East Adelaide by-election on 23 January, becoming the first official Labor leader and member of the House of Assembly. At the 1893 election, ten Labor candidates including McPherson and Hooper were elected to the 54-member House of Assembly which gave the ULP the balance of power. So successful, a decade later at the 1905 election, Thomas Price would form the world's first stable Labor government. John Verran led Labor to form the state's first of many majority governments at the 1910 election.


1893 South Australian colonial election, Background
In response to the ULP, the second party in South Australia formed − the National Defence League (NDL), created by the conservative forces in the colony, and this sharpened the existing conflict with the more 'radical groups'. It also reflected a trend for the conservative members to gravitate to the NDL, and the progressive members to support Kingston, a strong advocate of progressive social policy and reform of the Legislative Council. One issue which was increasingly dividing the Kingston liberal group and the NDL was the restrictive franchise for the Legislative Council. By the 1893 election, both the ULP and NDL had built up impressive electoral organisations. There was no "Liberal" or "Kingston" party, but there was a relatively cohesive Kingston group among both independent members and candidates. The Liberal and Democratic Union would not be formed until the 1906 election.


1893 South Sydney colonial by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of South Sydney on 13 February 1893 because of the resignation of James Toohey (Protectionist), in protest at the failure of the Protectionist Dibbs government to implement principles of protection.


1893 Spanish general election
The 1893 Spanish general election was held on Sunday, 5 March and on Sunday, 19 March 1893, to elect the 6th Restoration Cortes of the Kingdom of Spain. All 401 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 180 of 360 seats in the Senate.


1893 Spanish general election, Overview, Background
The Spanish Constitution of 1876 enshrined Spain as a constitutional monarchy, awarding the King power to name senators and to revoke laws, as well as the title of commander-in-chief of the army. The King would also play a key role in the system of El Turno Pacífico (the Peaceful Turn) by appointing and toppling governments and allowing the opposition to take power. Under this system, the Conservative and Liberal parties alternated in power by means of election rigging, which they achieved through the encasillado, using the links between the Ministry of Governance, the provincial civil governors, and the local bosses (caciques) to ensure victory and exclude minor parties from the power sharing.


1893 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
The Spanish Cortes were envisaged as "co-legislative bodies", based on a nearly perfect bicameralism. Both the Congress of Deputies and the Senate had legislative, control and budgetary functions, sharing equal powers except for laws on contributions or public credit, where the Congress had preeminence. Voting for the Cortes was on the basis of universal manhood suffrage, which comprised all national males over twenty-five, having at least a two-year residency in a municipality and in full enjoyment of their civil rights.


1893 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
For the Congress of Deputies, 88 seats were elected using a partial block voting in 26 multi-member constituencies, with the remaining 313 being elected under a one-round first-past-the-post system in single-member districts. Candidates winning a plurality in each constituency were elected.


1893 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
In constituencies electing eight seats or more, electors could vote for no more than three candidates less than the number of seats to be allocated; in those with more than four seats and up to eight, for no more than two less; in those with more than one seat and up to four, for no more than one less; and for one candidate in single-member districts.


1893 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
The Congress was entitled to one member per each 50,000 inhabitants, with each multi-member constituency being allocated a fixed number of seats: 8 for Madrid, 5 for Barcelona and Palma, 4 for Seville and 3 for Alicante, Almería, Badajoz, Burgos, Cádiz, Cartagena, Córdoba, Granada, Jaén, Jerez de la Frontera, La Coruña, Lugo, Málaga, Murcia, Oviedo, Pamplona, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Santander, Tarragona, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza. The law also provided for by-elections to fill seats vacated throughout the legislature.


1893 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
For the Senate, 180 seats were indirectly elected, with electors voting for delegates instead of senators. Elected delegates—equivalent in number to one-sixth of the councillors in each municipal corporation—would then vote for senators using a write-in, two-round majority voting system. The provinces of Álava, Albacete, Ávila, Biscay, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Guipúzcoa, Huelva, Logroño, Matanzas, Palencia, Pinar del Río, Puerto Príncipe, Santa Clara, Santander, Santiago de Cuba, Segovia, Soria, Teruel, Valladolid and Zamora were allocated two seats each, whereas each of the remaining provinces was allocated three seats, for a total of 147.


1893 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
The remaining 33 were allocated to a number of institutions, electing one seat each—the Archdioceses of Burgos, Granada, Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Cuba, Seville, Tarragona, Toledo, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; the Royal Spanish Academy; the Royal Academies of History, Fine Arts, Sciences, Moral and Political Sciences and Medicine; the Universities of Madrid, Barcelona, Granada, Havana, Oviedo, Salamanca, Santiago, Seville, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; and the Economic Societies of Friends of the Country from Madrid, Barcelona, Cuba–Puerto Rico, León, Seville and Valencia.


1893 Spanish general election, Overview, Electoral system
An additional 180 seats comprised senators in their own right—the Monarch's offspring and the heir apparent once coming of age; Grandees of Spain of the first class; Captain Generals of the Army and the Navy Admiral; the Patriarch of the Indies and archbishops; as well as other high-ranking state figures—and senators for life (who were appointed by the Monarch).


1893 Spanish general election, Overview, Election date
The term of each House of the Cortes—the Congress and one-half of the elective part of the Senate—expired five years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The Monarch had the prerogative to dissolve both Houses at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election.


1893 St. Louis Browns season
The 1893 St. Louis Browns season was the team's 12th season in St. Louis, Missouri and the 2nd season in the National League. The Browns went 57–75 during the season and finished 10th in the National League.


1893 St. Louis Browns season
This was the Browns' first season playing in New Sportsman's Park where they would remain until 1920.


1893 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1893 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1893 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1893 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1893 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1893 Stanford football team
The 1893 Stanford football team represented Stanford University in the 1893 college football season. Led by C. D. Bliss, Stanford was undefeated, with one tie against rival California.


1893 Stanford football team, Season summary
The previous season, Stanford was coached by Walter Camp, who had agreed to coach the team on the condition that he complete coaching Yale's football season first. For the 1893 season, Camp returned to the East Coast and Stanford hired C. D. "Pop" Bliss, who had played halfback for Camp's team at Yale and had just graduated. Led by Bliss, Stanford dominated its opponents, outscoring them 284–17 with seven shutouts and only one blemish: a tie with rival California.


1893 Stanford football team, Season summary
This was Bliss's only season at Stanford; Camp returned to Stanford the next season and Bliss moved on to coach Haverford College.


1893 Stanley Cup championship
The Stanley Cup, then named the Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup, was first awarded in 1893 to the Montreal Hockey Club of the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada (AHAC) at the end of the 1893 AHAC season for having placed first in the standings with a 7–1–0 record. The season ended on March 17, but Montreal was officially presented with the trophy on May 15.


1893 Stanley Cup championship, Refusal of the Stanley Cup
The Montreal Hockey Club was affiliated with the Montreal Amateur Athletic Association. In April 1893, the Stanley Cup was ready for presentation for its first winners. The cup's trustees, P. D. Ross and John Sweetland, made preparations to present the Cup to the Montreal Amateur Athletic Association (MAAA) on May 15, 1893, at the association's general meeting.


1893 Stanley Cup championship, Refusal of the Stanley Cup
However, behind the scenes, the members of the Montreal Hockey Club (MHC), told the MAAA board of directors not to accept the trophy as they wished to receive the trophy themselves and to wait until Club representatives "had an opportunity of learning the conditions upon which the said trophy was to be held." MAAA president James A. Taylor refused both demands and the MAAA board of directors met and agreed to accept the trophy at the annual meeting. The Cup was presented to MAAA president Taylor, instead of MHC president James Stewart.


1893 Stanley Cup championship, Refusal of the Stanley Cup
The Cup remained in the possession of the MAAA. At the same annual meeting that the MAAA had accepted the Cup, MHC president Tom Paton was named president of the MAAA. Paton raised the matter of the refusal in November to the MAAA, and a MAAA sub-committee met with the MHC. According to the committee, the Club felt slighted that it had been communicated with directly by the Cup trustees and would not accept the trophy unless all differences between the MHC and the MAAA were resolved.


1893 Stanley Cup championship, Refusal of the Stanley Cup
At that time, the MHC made a request for a loan of $175 to cover season start-up expenses. The MAAA refused the loan, apparently the first time that the MAAA had refused the MHC any request. The MAAA decided to ask the Stanley Cup trustees for advice, and before they did, the MHC wrote to the trustees, stating that the Club had not received the trophy and "would like to know when to apply for same." Cup trustee Ross replied that they were willing to receive any advice "to aid in the proper execution of Lord Stanley's wish to present this Cup to the champions of the Dominion."


1893 Stanley Cup championship, Refusal of the Stanley Cup
The Cup transfer was settled in February 1894 when Ross travelled to Montreal to attend the AHAC meetings and attend a hockey game with his brother Jim Ross, who was a MAAA board member. Ross met with MHC president Stewart as well. After the meetings, letters from Sweetland and Ross were sent to both the MAAA and to the MHC. Sweetland and Ross asked that the MAAA "are hereby requested and authorized to deliver the Stanley hockey challenge cup, which they have kindly had in their care, to the order of Mr. J. A. Stewart, president of the Montreal Hockey Club."


1893 Stanley Cup championship, Refusal of the Stanley Cup
The club received the trophy between March 5 and March 15, 1894. But the matter did not end there. On March 22, MHC defeated Ottawa to retain the trophy. The Club, per the Cup conditions, arranged to have its name engraved on the Cup. The engraving was simply "Montreal 1894", omitting the MAAA of the 1893 engraving.


1893 Stanley Cup championship, Refusal of the Stanley Cup
When the MHC secretary asked the MAAA if the Club's annual report was needed for the MAAA annual report, the MAAA board said it was not, as it was understood that the Club did not want to be connected in any way with the Association. The MAAA board attempted to effect a compromise whereby the Club would become a "department" of the Association but this was defeated. The Club instead decided to become an "affiliate" of the MAAA on its own terms. The MAAA refused the application to affiliate the Club, as all members of the Club were already MAAA members.


1893 Stanley Cup championship, Stanley Cup Centennial
The 100th anniversary of the Stanley Cup was celebrated during the 1992–93 NHL season. Each player wore a patch on their jersey throughout the season, depicted an unnamed player wearing a jersey with the NHL shield and hosting the Stanley Cup. The 1993 Stanley Cup Finals logo included the words "Stanley Cup Centennial".


1893 State of the Union Address
The 1893 State of the Union Address was written on Monday, December 4, 1893, by Grover Cleveland, the 24th United States president, to both houses of the 53rd United States Congress. It was his fifth address, and his fifth year in office.


1893 State of the Union Address
He said, "It is believed that under the recent amendment of the act extending the time for registration the Chinese laborers thereto entitled who desire to reside in this country will now avail themselves of the renewed privilege thus afforded of establishing by lawful procedure their right to remain, and that thereby the necessity of enforced deportation may to a great degree be avoided."


1893 State of the Union Address, Perpetual government
"Beneath all the vagaries and sublimated theories which are attracted to it there underlies this reform a sturdy common-sense principle not only suited to this mundane sphere, but whose application our people are more and more recognizing to be absolutely essential to the most successful operation of their Government, if not to its perpetuity."


1893 State of the Union Address, Conclusion
"In conclusion my intense feeling of responsibility impels me to invoke for the manifold interests of a generous and confiding people the most scrupulous care and to pledge my willing support to every legislative effort for the advancement of the greatness and prosperity of our beloved country. "


1893 Swarthmore Quakers football team
The 1893 Swarthmore Quakers football team was an American football team that represented Swarthmore College as an independent during the 1893 college football season. The team compiled a 6–2–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 222 to 70. Jacob K. Shell was the head coach.


1893 Swedish general election
General elections were held in Sweden in September 1893. Protectionist candidates received a plurality of the vote. Erik Gustaf Boström remained Prime Minister.


1893 Swedish general election, Campaign
The Liberals and the Swedish Social Democratic Party ran joint lists in some constituencies.


1893 Swedish general election, Results
Only 23.7% of the male population aged over 21 was eligible to vote. Voter turnout was 42.4%.


1893 Swiss animal protection referendum
A referendum on animal protection was held in Switzerland on 20 August 1893. Voters were asked whether they approved of prohibiting butchering without the animals being anaesthetised. The proposal was approved by 60.1% of voters and a narrow majority of cantons.


1893 Swiss animal protection referendum, Background
The referendum was a popular initiative, forced by the collection of 100,000 signatures. As it involved changing the constitution, a double majority of both votes and cantons was required for the proposal to pass.


1893 Swiss federal election
Federal elections were held in Switzerland on 29 October 1893. The Radical Left narrowly retained its majority in the National Council.


1893 Swiss federal election, Electoral system
The 147 members of the National Council were elected in 52 single- and multi-member constituencies using a three-round system. Candidates had to receive a majority in the first or second round to be elected; if it went to a third round, only a plurality was required. Voters could cast as many votes as there were seats in their constituency. There was one seat for every 20,000 citizens, with seats allocated to cantons in proportion to their population.


1893 Swiss federal election, Results, National Council, Summary
Voter turnout was highest in Schaffhausen (where voting was compulsory) at 91.5% and lowest in Zug at 17.5%.


1893 Syracuse Orangemen football team
The 1893 Syracuse Orangemen football team represented Syracuse University during the 1893 college football season. The team captain was George H. Bond.


1893 Tennessee Volunteers football team
The 1893 Tennessee Volunteers football team represented the University of Tennessee in the 1893 season. The 1893 season was Tennessee's third season as a varsity squad. The 1893 varsity team was to be the last until 1896 because the university "wanted to put emphasis on academics." The Vols went 2–5, losing the first five games.


1893 Texas Longhorns football team
The 1893 Texas Longhorns football team represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 1893 college football season. In Texas' first year of playing college football they went undefeated pulling off an upset over a Dallas football club.


1893 Thames by-election
The Thames by-election of 1893 was a by-election held during the 11th New Zealand Parliament in the electorate of Thames.


1893 Thames by-election, Background
The by-election was caused after the resignation of Liberal Party MP Alfred Cadman. The Liberals selected the incumbent Mayor of Thames, James McGowan as their candidate for Cadman's seat. After a large public gathering, it was decided not to run another candidate against McGowan in light of a general election being only months away, resulting in McGowan being elected unopposed.


1893 Transvaal presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Transvaal in 1893. The result was a victory for Paul Kruger, although there were concerns that agents of Kruger had manipulated the electoral roll.


1893 Trinity Blue and White football team
The 1893 Trinity Blue and White football team was an American football team that represented Trinity College (later renamed Duke University) as an independent during the 1893 college football season. The team compiled a 3–1 record. The team had no coach; Alphonso Avery, Jr. was the team captain.


1893 Tulane Olive and Blue football team
The 1893 Tulane Olive and Blue football team represented Tulane University during the 1893 college football season and was the first team at Tulane to play intercollegiate games.


1893 U.S. National Championships (tennis)
List of champions of the 1893 U.S. National Championships tennis tournament (now known as the US Open). The men's singles competition was held from 22 August to 28 August on the outdoor grass courts at the Newport Casino in Newport, Rhode Island. The men's doubles event was played at the St. George Cricket Club in Chicago from July 25 through July 29. The women's singles and doubles events, as well as the mixed doubles, were held from 20 June to 23 June on the outdoor grass courts at the Philadelphia Cricket Club in Philadelphia, PA. It was the 13th U.S. National Championships and the second Grand Slam tournament of the year.


1893 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Men's Doubles
Clarence Hobart /  Fred Hovey defeated  Oliver Campbell /  Bob Huntington 6–4, 6–4, 4–6, 6–2


1893 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Women's Doubles
Aline Terry /  Harriet Butler defeated  Augusta Schultz /  Ms Stone 6–4, 6–3


1893 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Mixed Doubles
Ellen Roosevelt /  Clarence Hobart defeated  Ethel Bankson /  Robert Willson Jr. 6–1, 4–6, 10–8, 6–1


1893 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles
Robert Wrenn defeated Fred Hovey 6–4, 3–6, 6–4, 6–4, in the All Comers final to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1893 U.S. National Championships. Last year's champion Oliver Campbell did not defend his title.


1893 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles
Aline Terry won the singles tennis title by defeating Augusta Schultz 6–1, 6–3 in the final of the All Comers' tournament of the 1893 U.S. Women's National Singles Championship. Reigning champion Mabel Cahill did not participate and could therefore not defend her title in the challenge round. The tournament was played on outdoor grass courts and held at the Philadelphia Cricket Club in Wissahickon Heights, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia from June 20 through June 23, 1893.


1893 USC Methodists football team
The 1893 USC Methodists football team was an American football team that represented the University of Southern California during the 1893 college football season. The team competed as an independent without a head coach, compiling a 3–1 record.


1893 United States House of Representatives elections
There were seven elections in 1893 for United States House of Representatives in the 53rd United States Congress. There were no special elections that year for the 52nd United States Congress, which ended March 3, 1893.


1893 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
The 1893 United States Senate election in Massachusetts was held during January 1893. Republican incumbent Henry L. Dawes chose not to seek a fourth term in office, and was replaced by Republican Congressman Henry Cabot Lodge.


1893 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
At the time, Massachusetts elected United States senators by a majority vote of the combined houses of the Massachusetts General Court.


1893 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Background
In the 1892 state elections, Republicans won 186 of 280 seats in the legislature.


1893 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Nominating caucuses, Republican
The primary candidates for the nomination were Congressmen Henry Cabot Lodge and William W. Crapo.


1893 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Nominating caucuses, Republican
On January 4, Republican legislators from both houses met to caucus and determine their nominee. Crapo supporters, led by State Senator William Morgan Butler, attempted to delay the caucus until January 12 but were unsuccessful. A motion to adjourn lost, with 124 votes against to 40 votes in favor. The caucus proceeded to a final ballot, with 94 votes needed for nomination. Lodge won easily.


1893 United States Senate election in New York
The 1893 United States Senate election in New York was held on January 17, 1893, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 1) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.


1893 United States Senate election in New York, Background
Republican Frank Hiscock had been elected to this seat in 1887, and his term would expire on March 3, 1893.


1893 United States Senate election in New York, Background
At the controversial State election in November 1891, 17 Democrats,  14 Republicans and 1 Independent were elected for a two-year term (1892-1893) in the State Senate. This was the only time a Democratic majority was seated in the State Senate between 1874 and 1910. At the State election in November 1892, 74 Democrats and 54 Republicans were elected for the session of 1893 to the Assembly. The 116th New York State Legislature met from January 3 to April 20, 1893, at Albany, New York.


1893 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates, Democratic caucus
The Democratic caucus met on January 10. 90 State legislators attended, only Assemblyman John Cooney, of Brooklyn, was absent due to illness. State Senator Amasa J. Parker, Jr. presided. Edward Murphy, Jr., a wealthy brewer of Troy, and Chairman of the Democratic State Committee, was nominated by a large majority.


1893 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates, Democratic caucus
The New York Times had suggested earlier to nominate Carl Schurz, a former Republican U.S. Senator from Missouri and U.S. Secretary of the Interior, who lived now in New York City,  but the political machines of upstate boss David B. Hill and Tammany Hall chose a loyal party machine man rather than an Ex-Republican advocate of civil service reform. Even President-elect Grover Cleveland had voiced his disapproval of Murphy, to no avail.


1893 United States Senate election in New York, Candidates, Republican caucus
The Republican caucus met on January 11. State Senator Thomas Hunter presided. They re-nominated the incumbent U.S. Senator Frank Hiscock by acclamation.


1893 United States Senate election in New York, Result
Edward Murphy, Jr., was the choice of both the Assembly and the State Senate, and was declared elected. State Senator James T. Edwards (32nd D.), of Randolph, voted for the defeated Republican vice presidential candidate of 1892, Whitelaw Reid.


1893 United States Senate election in New York, Result
Note: The votes were cast on January 17, but both Houses met in a joint session on January 18 to compare nominations, and declare the result.


1893 United States Senate election in New York, Aftermath
When Murphy took his seat, for the first time since 1849 New York was represented by two Democrats in the U.S. Senate. Murphy served a single term, remaining in the U.S. Senate until March 3, 1899. In January 1899, Murphy was defeated for re-election by Republican Chauncey M. Depew.


1893 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania
The 1893 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on January 17, 1893. Incumbent Matthew Quay was re-elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.


1893 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Results
The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on January 17, 1893, to elect a Senator to serve the term beginning on March 4, 1893. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:


1893 United States gubernatorial elections
United States gubernatorial elections were held in 1893, in five states.


1893 United States gubernatorial elections
Virginia holds its gubernatorial elections in odd numbered years, every 4 years, following the United States presidential election year. Massachusetts and Rhode Island at this time held gubernatorial elections every year, which they would abandon in 1920 and 1912, respectively. Iowa and Ohio at this time held gubernatorial elections in every odd numbered year.


1893 VAMC football team
The 1893 VAMC football team represented Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College in the 1893 college football season. The team was led by their head coach E. A. Smyth and finished with a record of zero wins and two losses (0–2).


1893 VAMC football team, Players
The following players were members of the 1893 football team according to the roster published in the 1903 edition of The Bugle, the Virginia Tech yearbook. The roster is also found in the Virginia Tech University Archives.


1893 VAMC football team, Season summary, Emory and Henry
On October 21, 1893, VAMC played football against Emory and Henry College in Emory, Virginia. VAMC lost 0–6 due to captain H. B. Wills "making a mistake of trying for a sensational field goal when we were gaining ten and twenty yards at every down and were within a few yards of the goal."


1893 VAMC football team, Season summary, Randolph–Macon Academy
The second and final game of the season was against Randolph-Macon Academy in Bedford, Virginia on November 18, 1893. VAMC lost 6–34. However, two newspaper articles from the time list the score as 6–38, and 6–35.


1893 VFA season
The 1893 Victorian Football Association season was the 17th season of the Australian rules football competition.


1893 VFA season
The premiership was won by the Essendon Football Club, which was unbeaten during the season; Essendon finished with a record of 18 wins and 2 draws from 20 matches. It was Essendon's third consecutive premiership, out of a sequence of four consecutive premierships won from 1891 to 1894.


1893 VFA season, Association membership
The playing membership of the Association was unchanged from 1892. On the administrative side, the representation of the three Ballarat-based clubs – Ballarat, Ballarat Imperial and South Ballarat – was diminished, with each club now represented by only one delegate on the Board of Management instead of the two delegates to which each other club was entitled.


1893 VFA season, Association membership
Efforts to reduce Ballarat representation had been occurring since as early as 1891, as Ballarat's control of almost 20% of Association delegates was seen to give excessive voting power to a city which played fewer games than and did not compete in the premiership with the metropolitan teams. The Ballarat-based clubs remained affiliated to the Association with lesser representation, but also started up their own body, the Ballarat Football Association, this same year.


1893 VFA season, Ladder
Teams did not play a uniform number of premiership matches during the season. As such, in the final standings, each team's premiership points were adjusted upwards proportionally to represent a 21-match season – e.g., Essendon played 20 matches, so its tally of premiership points was increased by a factor of 21/20. After this adjustment, there was no formal process for breaking a tie.


1893 VMI Keydets football team
The 1893 VMI Keydets football team represented the Virginia Military Institute (VMI) in their third season of organized football. VMI went 3-1, suffering their first loss in the short team history.


1893 Vanderbilt Commodores football team
The 1893 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University during the 1893 college football season. The team's head coach and team captain was W. J. Keller, who only coached one season in that capacity at Vanderbilt. The season started 2–1 and finished with a four-game winning streak.


1893 Virginia Cavaliers baseball team
The 1893 Virginia Cavaliers baseball team represented the Virginia Cavaliers of the University of Virginia in the 1893 college baseball season.


1893 Virginia Cavaliers baseball team
The Cavaliers advanced to the first national championship event for college baseball, held at the Chicago World's Fair and pitting top teams from the East, South, and West. Virginia defeated three other schools for the opportunity to face the top teams from New England. They finished third in that event, but were widely considered the second-best team in the tournament.


1893 Virginia Cavaliers football team
The 1893 Virginia Cavaliers football team represented the University of Virginia in the 1893 college football season. Led by first-year coach Johnny Poe, the team went 8–2 and claims a Southern championship.


1893 Virginia gubernatorial election
The 1893 Virginia gubernatorial election was held on November 7, 1893 to elect the governor of Virginia.


1893 Wake Forest Baptists football team
The 1893 Wake Forest Baptists football team was an American football team that represented Wake Forest College during the 1893 college football season.


1893 Wanganui by-election
The Wanganui by-election of 1893 was a by-election held on 9 June 1893 during the 11th New Zealand Parliament in the central North Island seat of Wanganui.


1893 Wanganui by-election
The election was held due to death of sitting Member, Prime Minister John Ballance. The contest for his former seat was won by his longtime friend and business partner Archibald Willis, who received support from the constituents by keeping the "Ballance tradition" alive.


1893 Washington & Jefferson football team
The 1893 Washington & Jefferson football team was an American football team that represented Washington & Jefferson College as an independent during the 1893 college football season. Led by Joseph Hamilton in his first and only year as head coach, the team compiled a record of 5–3.


1893 Washington Senators season
The 1893 Washington Senators baseball team finished the season with a 40–89 record, last place in the National League.


1893 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1893 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1893 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1893 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1893 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1893 Washington football team
The 1893 Washington football team was an American football team that represented the University of Washington during the 1893 college football season. In its second season under W. B. Goodwin, the Washington team compiled a 1–3–1 record and was outscored by its opponents by a combined total of 86 to 18. D. A. Ford was the team captain.


1893 West Virginia Mountaineers football team
The 1893 West Virginia Mountaineers football team represented West Virginia University in the 1893 college football season. Led by F. William Rane in his first year, the Mountaineers finished the season with a record of two wins and one loss (2–1).


1893 Western Maryland Green Terror football team
The 1893 Western Maryland Green Terror football team was an American football team that represented Western Maryland College (now known as McDaniel College) as an independent during the 1893 college football season. It was the third season in school history.


1893 Western University of Pennsylvania football team
The 1893 Western University of Pennsylvania football team was an American football team that represented the Western University of Pennsylvania (now known as the University of Pittsburgh) as an independent during the 1893 college football season.


1893 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Season recap
The 1893 Western University of Pennsylvania (WUP) football team started the season with a seven game schedule arranged by manager Robert C. Brown. This was the first year the WUP contingent had a coach. Anson Harrold, a tackle on the Franklin & Marshall and later the Princeton football eleven, took on the assignment. Joe Trees was appointed captain. In its first and only season under head coach Anson Harrold, the team compiled a 1–4 record and was outscored by a total of 70 to 14.


1893 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Season recap
According to Edwin V. D. Johnston (Mechanical Engineering, 1897) in a February 16,1921 Pitt Weekly article: "The 1893 team was managed by R. C. Brown and was considered very good for those times, including such men as 'Joe' Trees, Floyd Rose, the Fiscus brothers and 'Ted' Boden, a fellow who had the spiral punt down to perfection. We also had a good second team which I believe won every game it played. I was proud to be manager and right end for that team and we were greatly shocked when W. & J. beat our first team."


1893 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, at Pittsburgh Athletic Club
The opener was played October 7th against the Pittsburgh Athletic Club (PAC) in front of a thousand fans on the East End Club grounds. The game started as a defensive struggle but after twenty minutes of play PAC halfback Grant Dibert was able to score on a thirty yard run. Reed kicked the goal and the tally was 6-0 in favor of PAC at halftime. The second half was again a defensive struggle. Captain Burt Aull finally broke through the line from three yards out and scored another touchdown for PAC. The kick for goal failed and the score stood at 10-0 in favor of the PAC when the game came to an end.


1893 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, at Pittsburgh Athletic Club
The WUP lineup for the Pittsburgh A.C. game was Jesse Price (left end), A.F. Harrold (left Tackle), Ross Fiscus (left guard), Ruben Rose (center), Newell Fiscus (right guard), Joe Trees (right tackle), Al Marshall (right end), Floyd Rose (quarterback), George Neale (left Halfback), L. Marchand (right halfback) and Ted Boden (fullback). Ross Fiscus replaced Coach Harrold at left tackle and Samuel Hill replaced Ross Fiscus at left guard.


1893 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, at Allegheny Athletic Association
On a rainy October 14th the Allegheny Athletic Association and the WUP elevens played in the mud. Due to the conditions, this game was a defensive struggle with fumbles occurring frequently. Price, Flowers, Neale and Harrold all played well for WUP as they advanced the ball to the 15 yard line as time expired in the first half. Midway through the second half George Neale was able to skirt the end for thirty-five yards and score a touchdown. Coach Harrold's try for goal failed and the score read 4-0 in favor of the Western U. The Alleghenies continued to battle with Valentine, Wright and Van Cleve gaining good yardage but the WUP defense prevailed for the 4-0 victory.


1893 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, at Allegheny Athletic Association
The WUP lineup for the A.A.A. game was Jesse Price (left end), A.F. Harrold (left Tackle), Samuel Hill (left guard), Ruben Rose (center), Ross Fiscus (right guard), Joe Trees (right tackle), Al Marshall (right end), Floyd Rose (quarterback), George Neale (left Halfback), L. Marchand (right halfback) and John Flowers (fullback).


1893 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, at Greensburg Athletic Association (cancelled)
In a strange twist of events, coach Anson Harrold, Joseph Trees and Ross Fiscus promised to play for the Allegheny Athletic Association on Oct. 21st and were not available for the WUP contest with the Greensburg Athletic Association. This predicament would become a recurring problem for the WUP football teams for the next ten years. Manager Brown cancelled the game rather than play without three of the WUPs best players in the line-up.


1893 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, at Pittsburgh Athletic Club
The WUP eleven was at full strength for the second match versus the PAC. The weather was again a factor producing slippery playing conditions. Dibert of the PAC scored three minutes into the game and Read kicked the goal after for an early 6-0 lead. Midway through the half Dibert again raced toward the goal but was tackled by Boden on the one yard line. Bert Aull scored on the next play and the PAC led 10-0 as Read missed the goal after kick.


1893 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, at Pittsburgh Athletic Club
On the ensuing drive the WUP offense successfully moved the ball down the field with McNeal and Boden doing most of the ball carrying. Neale finally pushed the ball over the goal for a WUP touchdown, which was the first score against the PAC in the 1893 season. Boden kicked the goal after and the score stood 10-6 in favor of PAC at the halftime break. After an exchange of possessions in the second half Martin and Dibert of PAC moved the ball close to the WUP goal line and Ritchie carried it into the end zone.


1893 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, at Pittsburgh Athletic Club
Read's kick after was successful and the score was 16-6 in favor of the PAC. The PACs were on the move again but Martin fumbled and Joe Trees picked up the ball and raced 65 yards for the WUP score. The final tally stood at 16 -10 in favor of the PAC.


1893 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, at Pittsburgh Athletic Club
The  WUP lineup for the Pittsburgh A.C. rematch was Jesse Price (left end), A.F. Harrold (left Tackle), Samuel Hill (left guard), Ruben Rose (center), Ross Fiscus (right guard), Joe Trees (right tackle), Al Marshall (right end), Floyd Rose (quarterback), George Neale (left Halfback), McNeil (right halfback) and Ted Boden (fullback).


1893 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, at Penn State
The first game played between the Western University of Pennsylvania and the Pennsylvania State College was scheduled for November 4th but “Mother Nature” decided to deposit a heavy coat of snow on the  borough of State College. The game was rescheduled for Monday the 6th. The State College eleven were wonderful hosts for the weekend but totally outplayed the University eleven on their new football field - Beaver Stadium. The Staties scored five touchdowns and offensively spent most of the game on the WUP end of the field. The WUPs had no answer and lost 32-0.


1893 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, at Penn State
The WUP lineup for the Penn State game was Jesse Price (left end),L. Marchand (left Tackle), Samuel Hill (left guard), Hall (center), Ross Fiscus (right guard), Joe Trees (right tackle), Al Marshall (right end), Floyd Rose (quarterback), George Neale (left Halfback), McNeil (right halfback) and John Flowers(fullback). Ted Boden replaced John Flowers at fullback.


1893 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, at Geneva
On November 11 the WUP team again failed to appear for their scheduled game. They were supposed to be in Beaver Falls to battle the Geneva College football team. Geneva was able to play a game with the Y.M.C.A. but The Pittsburgh Press criticized the behavior of the Western University. The actions of the three WUPs playing for the Club team and not the University team caused the manager to again forfeit a game.


1893 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, at Washington & Jefferson
The WUPs concluded their 1893 season with a trip to Washington, Pennsylvania to take on the Washington & Jefferson. The Western U. boys moved the ball on the opening drive to the Washington & Jefferson five yard line where Ross Fiscus fumbled. The WUPs would not get that close again. The scoreless first half ended as W & J was on the one yard line ready to score. Five minutes into the second half fullback Brownlee of W & J scampered thirty yards into the end zone for a touchdown. The kick after was good and the Washington & Jefferson led 6-0. When W & J got the ball back they moved it steadily downfield and scored again. The final tally was 12-0.


1893 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Game summaries, at Washington & Jefferson
The WUP lineup for the Washington & Jefferson game was Jesse Price (right end), L. Marchand (left Tackle), Samuel Hill (left guard), Ruben Rose (center), Ross Fiscus (left halfback), Joe Trees (right guard), Al Marshall (left end), Floyd Rose (quarterback), George Neale (right tackle), McNeil (right halfback) and Ted Boden(fullback). George Neale was disqualified for slugging and replaced by John Cherry. The Western University of Pennsylvania finished the season with one win and four losses.


1893 Western University of Pennsylvania football team, Roster
The roster of the 1893 Western University of Pennsylvania football team:


1893 William & Mary Orange and White football team
The 1893 William & Mary football team represented the College of William & Mary during the 1893 college football season. In the fall of 1893, Charles L. Hepburn brought together the first official football team at William & Mary—the college's first organized athletic team. The 1893 team played three games, starting with the first contest in school history against a YMCA team from nearby Norfolk, Virginia.


1893 Wimbledon Championships
The 1893 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The tournament ran from 10 July until 20 July. It was the 17th staging of the Wimbledon Championships, and the first Grand Slam tennis event of 1893.


1893 Wimbledon Championships, Champions, Gentlemen's Doubles
Joshua Pim /  Frank Stoker defeated  Harry Barlow /  Ernest Lewis, 4–6, 6–3, 6–1, 2–6, 6–0


1893 Wimbledon Championships – Gentlemen's Doubles
Joshua Pim and Frank Stoker defeated Herbert Baddeley and Wilfred Baddeley 6–2, 4–6, 6–3, 5–7, 6–2 in the All Comers' Final, and then defeated the reigning champions Harry Barlow and Ernest Lewis 4–6, 6–3, 6–1, 2–6, 6–0 in the Challenge Round to win the Gentlemen' Doubles tennis title at the 1893 Wimbledon Championships.


1893 Wimbledon Championships – Gentlemen's Singles
Joshua Pim defeated Harold Mahony 9–7, 6–3, 6–0 in the All Comers' Final, and then defeated the reigning champion Wilfred Baddeley 3–6, 6–1, 6–3, 6–2 in the Challenge Round to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1893 Wimbledon Championships.


1893 Wimbledon Championships – Ladies' Singles
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1893 Wimbledon Championships – Ladies' Singles
Blanche Hillyard defeated Maud Shackle 6–3, 6–2 in the All Comers' Final, but the reigning champion Lottie Dod defeated Hillyard 6–8, 6–1, 6–4 in the Challenge Round to win the Ladies' Singles tennis title at the 1893 Wimbledon Championships.


1893 Wisconsin Badgers football team
The 1893 Wisconsin Badgers football team represented the University of Wisconsin in the 1893 college football season.


1893 Wofford Terriers football team
The 1893 Wofford Terriers football team represented Wofford College in the 1893 college football season. The team compiled an 0–1 record, losing its only game to Furman on November 30 by an 18–4 score. The game was played at Greenville, South Carolina.


1893 Women's Suffrage Petition
The 1893 women's suffrage petition was the third of three petitions to the New Zealand Government in support of women's suffrage and resulted in the Electoral Act 1893, which gave women the right to vote in the 1893 general election. The 1893 petition was substantially larger than the 1891 petition, which had around 9,000 signatures, and larger still than the 1892 petition, which contained some 20,000 signatures. The third petition was the largest petition presented to Parliament at that point with nearly 32,000 signatures. The petition was signed in various parts of the country by women, aged 21 or older, who signed their names and addresses.


1893 Women's Suffrage Petition
The petition was submitted to Parliament on 28 July 1893. The main petition has more than 500 individual sheets together to form a roll which stretched more than 270 metres (890 ft). There were another 12 smaller petitions which have not survived.


1893 Women's Suffrage Petition
Politicians John Hall, Alfred Saunders, and Premier John Ballance were all in favour of women's suffrage, but the effort was largely led by the New Zealand branch of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union led by Kate Sheppard from 1887.


1893 Women's Suffrage Petition
The petition is on display at the National Library of New Zealand in Wellington as part of the  exhibition. It remains, however, under the care of the Chief Archivist and Archives New Zealand. It has been on the UNESCO Memory of the World register since 1997.


1893 Women's Suffrage Petition
The 1891 petition has not survived but the 1892 petition is held by Archives New Zealand.


1893 Worcester Tech football team
The 1893 Worcester Tech football team was an American football team that represented Worcester Polytechnic Institute in the 1893 college football season.


1893 World Allround Speed Skating Championships
The 1893 World Allround Speed Skating Championships took place at 13 and 14 January at the ice rink Museumplein in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. It is the fourth World Allround Speed Skating Championships organised at the Museumplein in Amsterdam. (The championships in 1892 were canceled due to thaw). It was the first official World Allround Speed Skating Championship after the foundation of the International Skating Union (ISU) in 1892. The Dutch skater Jaap Eden became the first official ISU-World allround by winning the 1500, 5000 en 500 meter. He did not need to finish the 10000m according to the rules. Oskar Fredriksen from Norway skated the championship the first World record at the 10000 meter.


1893 World Allround Speed Skating Championships, Rules
Four distances had to be skated: 500, 1500, 5000 and 10,000 m. One could earn the world title only by winning at least three of the four distances, otherwise the title would be vacant. The winner of the 500 and 1500 meter was decided by a skate off of the best four skaters of the distance. Silver and bronze medals were not awarded.


1893 Yale Bulldogs baseball team
The 1893 Yale Bulldogs baseball team represented Yale University in the 1893 college baseball season. The Bulldogs competed as an Independent, with a student manager.


1893 Yale Bulldogs baseball team
The Bulldogs advanced to the first national championship event for college baseball, held at the Chicago World's Fair and pitting top teams from the East, South, and West. Yale won the tournament, defeating Amherst in the final game 9–0.


1893 Yale Bulldogs football team
The 1893 Yale Bulldogs football team represented Yale University in the 1893 college football season. The team finished with a 10–1 record and, despite losing to Princeton, was retroactively named as the national champion by one selector, Parke H. Davis. Yale's 1893 season was part of a 37-game winning streak that began with the final game of the 1890 season and stopped at the end of the 1893 season.


1893 college baseball season
The 1893 college baseball season, play of college baseball in the United States began in the spring of 1893. Play largely consisted of regional matchups, some organized by conferences, and ended in June. For the first and only time prior to 1947, a national championship event was organized by Amos Alonzo Stagg. With competition at the Chicago World's Fair, the champions of the East, South, and West met, with Yale defeating Amherst 9–0 in the final game.


1893 college baseball season, Chicago World's Fair Tournament
The champions of the West and South played a double-elimination tournament prior to the arrival of teams from the East (New England).


1893 college baseball season, Chicago World's Fair Tournament
A second bracket consisting of Virginia and the four teams from New England followed next, with several games played at South Side Park.


1893 college football season
The 1893 college football season was the season of American football played among colleges and universities in the United States during the 1893–94 academic year.


1893 college football season
The 1893 Princeton Tigers football team, led by captain Thomas Trenchard, compiled a perfect 11–0 record, outscored opponents by a total of 270 to 14, and has been recognized as the national champion by the Billingsley Report, Helms Athletic Foundation, Houlgate System, and National Championship Foundation. Despite Yale's loss to Princeton, one selector (Parke H. Davis) recognized the Bulldogs as the national champion.


1893 college football season
All eleven players selected by Caspar Whitney and Walter Camp to the 1893 All-America college football team came from the Big Three (Princeton, Yale, and Harvard). Seven of the honorees have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame: quarterback Philip King, fullback Charley Brewer (Harvard), end Frank Hinkey (Yale), tackle Marshall Newell (Harvard), tackle Langdon Lea (Princeton), guard Art Wheeler (Princeton), and guard Bill Hickok (Yale).


1893 college football season
New programs established in 1893 included Boston College, LSU, Oregon State, Texas, and Washington State.


1893 college football season, Princeton v. Yale
As the Princeton and Yale teams prepared to meet in late November 1893, an unprecedented amount of media and public attention fell upon the big game, which was being billed as the championship game of the season. Both teams entered the game with undefeated with records of 10–0. Yale had outscored its opponents 336-6 and was riding a 37-game winning streak dating back to a loss to Harvard in 1890. Princeton had outscored its opponents by a cumulative total of 264–14, and was seeking to avenge its 12–0 loss to Yale the previous year.


1893 college football season, Princeton v. Yale
A crowd of 40,000, the largest ever to see a football game up to that time, showed up at the Polo Grounds in New York to see the two teams take the field. Three-time Consensus All-American Phil King led Princeton into the game. He would later head the Princeton Football Association and help coach. King had just developed the double wingback formation with the ends deployed on the wings of the line.


1893 college football season, Princeton v. Yale
From the double wingback formation, Princeton precisely executed a complete set of plays and completely befuddled the Yale eleven, captained by college football Hall of Famer Frank Hinkey. The New York Sun noted that “Princeton in 1893 had the finest offensive machine it had developed up to this time – a team with continuity of attack, the ability to pile first down upon first down.”   Princeton was able to cross the goal once and held Yale scoreless, thus winning 6–0 and claiming the national championship.


1893 college football season, Princeton v. Yale
However, the game did not pass without engendering some controversy. The New York Herald declared in a scathing commentary: "Thanksgiving Day is no longer a solemn festival to God for mercies given. It is a holiday granted by the State and the Nation to see a game of football. The kicker now is king and the people bow down to him. The gory nosed tackler, hero of a hundred scrimmages and half as many wrecked wedges, is the idol of the hour.


1893 college football season, Princeton v. Yale
With swollen face and bleeding head, daubed from crown to sole with the mud of Manhattan Field, he stands triumphant amid the cheers of thousands. What matters that the purpose of the day is perverted, that church is foregone, that family reunion is neglected, that dinner is delayed if not forgot. Has not Princeton played a mighty game with Yale and has not Princeton won? This is the modern Thanksgiving Day."


1893 college football season, Princeton v. Yale
The Yale-Princeton Thanksgiving Day game of 1893 earned $13,000 for each school from gate receipts, as the big games became the primary source of revenue for the college's athletic programs.


1893 college football season, Conference standings
The following is a potentially incomplete list of conference standings:


1893 in Argentine football
1893 in Argentine football saw the first league tournament organized by current Argentine Football Association. This league had been established by Alexander Watson Hutton, considered "the father" of Argentine football. Lomas Athletic Club won its first title.


1893 in Argentine football
Only Buenos Aires al Rosario Railway survived from the 1891 championship.


1893 in Argentine football, Primera división
The championship took the format of a league of 5 teams, with each team playing the other twice.


1893 in Argentine football, Primera división, Argentine Association Football League
1 It was registered as the football team of the School. The English High School Athletic Club would be established in 1898.


1893 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1893 in Australia.


1893 in Australian literature
This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1893.


1893 in Australian literature, Births
A list, ordered by date of birth (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of births in 1893 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of death.


1893 in Australian literature, Deaths
A list, ordered by date of death (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of deaths in 1893 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of birth.


1893 in Australian soccer
The 1893 season was the tenth season of competitive association football in Australia. There were two league competitions and two cup competitions fielded by Northern District British Football Association (Northern NSW) and the South British Football Soccer Association (New South Wales).


1893 in Australian soccer, Cup competitions
(Note: figures in parentheses display the club's competition record as winners/runners-up.)


1893 in Canada, Historical Documents
Indian agent reports on Moose Woods Reserve and day school, Assiniboia, N.W.T.


1893 in Canada, Historical Documents
Ethnologist takes part in Dogrib caribou hunt near Great Slave Lake


1893 in Canada, Historical Documents
Mackenzie King joins in on Halloween mischief at University of Toronto


1893 in Canadian football, Canadian Football News in 1893, Final regular season standings
Note: GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, PF = Points For, PA = Points Against, Pts = Points


1893 in Canadian football, Dominion Championship
1893 Dominion Championship Game: Montreal AAA Grounds - Montreal, Quebec


1893 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1893 in Chile.


1893 in Italy, Events
The year is characterized by the Banca Romana scandal, discrediting the whole political system, and increasing violence in Sicily as a result of the Fasci Siciliani (Sicilian Leagues), a popular movement of democratic and socialist inspiration in 1891–1894.


1893 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during 1893 in New Zealand.


1893 in New Zealand
With the sudden death of John Ballance on 27 April the 13 years of Richard Seddon as Prime Minister begins. On 28 November New Zealand women become the first in the world to vote in a national election.


1893 in New Zealand, Incumbents, Government and law
The Electoral Bill granting women the franchise is given Royal Assent by Governor Lord Glasgow on 19 September, and women voted for the first time on 28 November (see Women's suffrage in New Zealand).


1893 in New Zealand, Incumbents, Government and law
The Liberal Party is re-elected on 28 November and begins the 12th New Zealand Parliament.


1893 in New Zealand, Incumbents, Parliamentary opposition
Leader of the Opposition – William Rolleston (Independent) until 8 November, then William Russell (Independent).


1893 in New Zealand, Sport, Athletics
The first Australia and New Zealand Championships are held. Tim O'Connor (in the Shot Put) is the first New Zealander to win an event. These combined Championships are held biennially until 1927 except during World War I.


1893 in New Zealand, Sport, Athletics
The hammer throw is held for the first time at a New Zealand National Championships.


1893 in New Zealand, Sport, Billiards
The second firm in the country to begin the manufacture of billiard tables does so in Auckland.


1893 in New Zealand, Sport, Chess
National Champion: Franz Vaughan Siedeberg of Dunedin. (his 2nd title)


1893 in New Zealand, Sport, Golf
The New Zealand Amateur Championships are held for the first time. They are hosted by the Otago Golf Club and staged at the Balmacewan course.


1893 in Norwegian music
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 21:51, 18 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): eponymous category first, per MOS:CATORDER; fixed sort key; WP:GENFIXES, added Empty section (1) tag). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1893 in Norwegian music
The following is a list of notable events and releases of the year 1893 in Norwegian music.


1893 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1893 in South Africa.


1893 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1893 to Wales and its people.


1893 in architecture
The year 1893 in architecture, involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1893 in association football
The following are the association football events of the year 1893 throughout the world.


1893 in baseball
The following are the baseball events of the year 1893  throughout the world.


1893 in basketball
The following are the basketball events of the year 1893  throughout the world.


1893 in birding and ornithology
Birds described in 1893 include Attwater's prairie chicken, the Auckland rail, blue-winged racket-tail, black-winged petrel, Laysan albatross, Chatham petrel, Mauritius night heron, Mauritius owl, purple-breasted sunbird, violet-throated metaltail, white-bellied tyrannulet, Whyte's barbet and the white-bellied crested flycatcher.


1893 in film
The following is an overview of the events of 1893 in film, including a list of films released and notable births.


1893 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1893.


1893 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1893.


1893 in paleontology, Arthropods, Newly named insects
Fossil Dolichoderine ant, moved to Iridomyrmex goepperti in 1915, jr synonym of Ctenobethylus goepperti


1893 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1893 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1893 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1893 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1893.


1893 in science
The year 1893 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.


1893 in sports
1893 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1893 in the Congo Free State
The following lists events that happened during 1893 in the Congo Free State.


1893: A World's Fair Mystery
1893: A World's Fair Mystery is an educational work of interactive fiction by American author Peter Nepstad, written in the TADS programming language. It takes place during the Chicago World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. The exposition is recreated in detail, with archival photographs from the fair and in-depth descriptions detailing each of the few hundred locations.


1893: A World's Fair Mystery
An early text-only version won the 2002 XYZZY Award for Best Setting, and 1893 was declared runner-up for Games' Best RPG/Adventure 2004.


1893: A World's Fair Mystery, Plot
During the 1893 World's Colombian Exposition, eight diamonds have been stolen from the exhibition pavilion of the fictional Kimberly Diamond Mining Company. Among them is one of the largest diamonds in the world that the mining company had bestowed to Queen Victoria, who then gave it to the exposition as a loan. The player assumes the role of a detective who investigates the case. The theft soon develops into a kidnapping case, and the player even has to investigate a murder.


1893: A World's Fair Mystery, Reception
Specialist magazine Adventure Gamers pointed out that among all game genres only adventures enabled the player to retrospectively participate in historic events. Editor Evan Dickens praised an entertaining and well-written narrative and an authentic reconstruction of the exposition, but criticized that the open world game world that is accessible to the player from the beginning on might overexcert inexperienced players. As a whole Dickens rated 1893 as "one of the most phantastic adventure games" he had ever played. Just Adventure noted a "solid story" that Nepstad had weaved across his reconstruction of the exhibition. Editor Ricardo Pautassi praised the interface and the characters of the game but criticized thet the large open game world makes the player lose the overview over where to find certain items to solve the puzzles.


1893–94 Ardwick A.F.C. season
The 1893–94 season was Ardwick A.F.C. 's third season of league football and second season in the Football League. In the latter half of the season, financial difficulties forced the reorganisation of the club into the team Manchester City F.C. on the day of their last league game of the season. By this name the club have been known for the rest of their history.


1893–94 Ardwick A.F.C. season
The season saw the unusual event of Ardwick being forced to play one game - away versus Crewe Alexandra - with only ten players. In a season in which Ardwick lost two thirds of their games and recorded one of their worst ever league results, they drew the match 1–1.


1893–94 Aston Villa F.C. season
The 1893–94 season was Aston Villa's sixth season in the Football League since its formation. They finished the season as champions for the first time, and for the next few years they would be very much the dominant side of English football, winning a total of five championships and two FA Cups by 1900.


1893–94 Aston Villa F.C. season
For the first two of these championship seasons, they were based at Wellington Road. Though reporters claimed gates of 20,000, it is not clear how many of these would have been able to see the game!


1893–94 Aston Villa F.C. season
Villa built up a six-point lead by the end of December and maintained that margin to the end of the season, with only Sunderland providing a serious challenge.


1893–94 Aston Villa F.C. season
Jack Devey was an all-round sportsman who enjoyed a long cricket career with Warwickshire. He played football for local clubs in Birmingham before joining Villa in 1891. He was capped twice by England.


1893–94 Aston Villa F.C. season
Jimmy Cowan was an attacking centre-half in the days when this was a common tactic. He was well known as a sprinter and won the Powderhall Handicap in 1896. He was just 5 ft 61⁄2 in (1.69 m) tall, but his quoted weight of 12 st 3 lbs (77.6 kg) indicates a sprinter’s powerful build.


1893–94 Aston Villa F.C. season, First Division
Aston Villa won the league title in the final match of the season 3-1 against Everton with goals from top scorer Guy Jones.


1893–94 Bristol & District League
The 1893–94 season was the second in the history of the Bristol & District League, which was renamed the Western League in 1895. After a single division the previous season, a second division was formed, mostly of reserve teams from Division One clubs.


1893–94 Bristol & District League
Warmley were the Division One champions again, having won the league in its initial season the previous year. Their reserve team won the new Division Two.


1893–94 Bristol & District League, Final tables, Division One
Two new clubs joined Division One for this season, increasing the number of clubs from nine to ten after the resignation of Wells City.


1893–94 Bristol & District League, Final tables, Division Two
Ten teams formed the new Division Two, including seven reserve teams from Division One clubs.


1893–94 British Home Championship
The 1893–94 British Home Championship was an edition of the annual international football tournament played between the British Home Nations. It was won by Scotland in a close competition in which neither Scotland nor England lost a game but Scotland managed to accumulate one more point than England with a victory over Ireland.


1893–94 British Home Championship
Wales and Ireland began the tournament, Wales winning the match easily 4–1 and gaining an early advantage. Ireland's second match was against England and the Irish managed to hold their opponents to a 2–2 draw in a very tough match. England recovered to beat Wales, scoring five goals, but this total was matched by Scotland in their first match. Scotland also managed to beat Ireland, the Irish again only narrowly missing out on victory, losing 1–2. In the final game of the competition England and Scotland played, Scotland only needing a draw to achieve the trophy. Despite a very strong encounter, the Scots held England to a 2–2 draw and took the tournament by a single point.


1893–94 Burslem Port Vale F.C. season
The 1893–94 season was Burslem Port Vale's second consecutive season of football in the English Football League. Winning their opening seven league games, Vale seemed destined for First Division football, however they won just six of their final 22 games and ended up in mid-table. Their remarkable start to the season has not been equalled by any Vale team to date, and counting the previous season's final game, which was a victory, their streak of eight league wins is still a club record. Vale had remedied their scoring trouble, with five players all besting the previous season's top scorer tally of five goals.


1893–94 Burslem Port Vale F.C. season
One of the club's most successful seasons, only in 1930–31 did Port Vale finish higher than seventh in the second tier of the Football League. With 16 teams in the First Division, Vale finished in 23rd place overall, their highest ever ranking at the end of any season.


1893–94 Burslem Port Vale F.C. season, Overview, Second Division
September 1893 was a perfect month for the "Valeites", achieving as they did seven wins out of seven games, scoring 30 goals in the process. Although two of these came against whipping boys Northwich Victoria, they did take apart eventual runners-up Small Heath 5–0. However this run came to an end with an 8–1 collapse at a highly physical Manchester City. During this run, on 9 September 1893, Lewis Campbell became the first Vale player to score a hat-trick, and also four goals in one game, as his team brushed aside Walsall Town Swifts 5–0.


1893–94 Burslem Port Vale F.C. season, Overview, Second Division
They finished the season with a respectable 2–1 defeat to champions Liverpool at Anfield. Vale racked up 30 points, 10 points away from both the chance of promotion and the risk of relegation. Meshach Dean, Bob McCrindle, Billy Beats, and Alf Wood were all ever-presents, with Jimmy Scarratt and Lewis Campbell missing just one game each. At the end of the season McCrindle moved South, Campbell also left the area due to his wife not liking Burslem, though star striker Beats remained.


1893–94 Burslem Port Vale F.C. season, Overview, Cup competitions
For the second successive season they exited the FA Cup at the first qualifying stage thanks to defeat at home to Burton Swifts. In the Staffordshire Senior Cup they exited in the Second Round to Wolverhampton Wanderers after a 6–4 loss – Billy Beats scored a hat-trick yet still finding himself on the losing side. In the Birmingham Senior Cup they left at the Second Round after a 3–1 defeat at West Bromwich Albion.


1893–94 Celtic F.C. season
During the 1893–94 Scottish football season, Celtic competed in the Scottish First Division.